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Yard Sale - very large Today Sunday 10/23/16 Tools, clothing, Baby items, Toys, Stuffed animals.... → Read More
Large Family Yard Sale Today. Why Let The Cold Bother You???
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Estate Sale: Entire Contents Of House
...., pictures, rugs, lamps, smart TV, sheets, pillows, blankets, riding lawnmower, clothes, office and craft.... → Read More
Tag Sale In The Garage Sunday October 23
....I didn't like them) Clothes: Wedding dress, Tuxedo, women's leather coats, women's Australian coat...., women's jeans and other clothes. ( small) A electric steamer for clothes. Electronics: Small TV with.... → Read More
....Kids Clothing and Shoes -sizes from infant to 12yrs- Including some Halloween Costumes and Winter Gear.... → Read More
Yardsale 27 & 33 Blaine Ave, Worcester Sunday, 10/23 8-2
Yardsale 27 & 33 Blaine Ave, Worcester Sunday, 10/23 8-2 Kids clothes Kids toys and bikes stroller....clothes Video games Spray paint art Puzzles Baseball and hockey cards Golf balls Cable modems Trumpet.... → Read More
Yard sale! Maternity clothes, toddler girl clothes and shoes, baby boy clothes and shoes, woman's....clothes and shoes. Baby bouncers, baby tub, umbrella stroller, play mat. Rugs, furniture, grill.... → Read More
Huge Clothing and Jewelry Estate Sale!!! All items $1-$5
HUGE SALE !!! Sunday October 23rd, 9-3pm. 1 Greenview court, Johnston RI 80% of clothing, jewelry.... → Read More
We are having a big yard sale & bake sale on Saturday, October 29 from 7am to 1pm! Lots of clothes.... → Read More
...., power lift recliner, women's clothing, Halloween decorations, and tons of Christmas items (including.... → Read More
..... RI New items arriving, Large selection of miscellaneous items, furniture, table and chairs, clothes etc.... → Read More
many household and kitchen items and clothes small furniture and chairs Glassware Ornamental.... → Read More
YardSales.net is the fastest growing yard sale site, with 47 sale photos and 31 garage sales in Pomfret, Connecticut. YardSales.net offers you the best list of Pomfret yard sales every week.

subset: commoncrawl


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Phone: (289) 320-8250
1238 Dominion Road
Fort Erie, Ontario, L2A 1H7
To view our complete product offer in your area, we suggest you select this RONA.
At anytime you can select another RONA store or a RONA L'Entrepôt/ Home & Garden. The product selection listed will match the selected store.
Galvanized Brad Nails -15 GA - 2 1/2" - 4M BoxThese Prime Fasteners Brad Nails are made with 15-guage galvanized steel for durable, dependable performance. They are typically used in finishing, hardie siding and door casing applications. The brad nails are glue collated and feature a 33-degree angle.
Ecological Attributes
Environmental Issues
This product is eco-responsible because it reduces the impacts associated with the following environmental issues:
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to see why this product is eco-responsible
There are no significant environmental benefits at this stage in the life cycle.
There are no significant environmental benefits at this stage in the life cycle.
1238 Dominion Road, Fort Erie,
Ontario, L2A 1H7
Need help? Call us at
© RONA 2016, All Rights Reserved


text:
SunTouch Mats can be shaped to fit any area. See how the orange mat is cut (not the blue heating wire!) and turned to fill the space. In more complex areas, the wire can be removed from the mat and shaped. We can help you with layout and design! Call the radiant floor heating experts at 1-866-558-3369
Knowledge Center
- Select Category:
I have two questions regarding the use of your warming mats. First, what nominal height or thickness will these mats add to a finished, tiled floor? Secondly, in areas under tile not installed with the mat, what do you recommend as a spacer to bring the other tile up to finished height over the mat?
G. Herndon
Hi George!
All SunTouch mats are low-profile, roughly 1/8" in height.
Overall a mat system will raise the floor just under a quarter of an inch (1/4") after mortar is applied.
Since the mats are so thin, no spacers are needed to keep the tiles level, just a little extra thin-set mortar in the areas where there is no mat.
If you have any more questions, please don't hesitate to contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com or give us a call at (866) 558-3369. We're here to help!
- Jacquelyn Sutterman
Still have questions?
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Mon-Fri 6:30 to 5:00pm PST


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April 11, 2014
Sterling Lux Dress on sale now for $45. Originally $85 #shopmaude #maudesale
October 24, 2016
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Very aesthetically pleasing design. I preferred other concepts that did not delete the patio door.
I like this design. I love that the foyer also has an entryway to the kitchen and hallway to the dining room. The kitchen design is not ideal; it still looks outdated. The drink station in the living room is wonderful.


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Chris Brown Height
oh Dan and Phil imgfave.com/collection/271013/Dan-Howell
Year in review part 2
A modern Lalique glass pendant, in the form of a coiled serpent in green opalescent glass, with green and brown silk tassel drop and to matching green and brown silk necklace, signed Lalique, height of pendant (excluding tassel) 7cm, in original box #ukauctioneers #antiquehour #glass
(Wrapping) Christmas Wrapping Ideas |u could use tissue paper, brown paper bags or burlap too! Keepin' it cheap & rustic!

Sleeveless round neckline dress in olive green handwoven wool.Front and back panels with stitched pleats, open below waistline.Side seam pockets.Mother-of-pearl buttons fastening to the back.

100% Wool

The folding of this piece is simple but effective. I do not like the colours which have been used. I also do not like the brown areas where the fabric is no longer folded.
Monkey Pod More
Lego Super Heroes Cracked Wall Full colour print Wall Art Sticker Decal Mural
Chris Brown. I remember his first hit song " Lemme see if you can run it run it" lol hmm not nearly the same boy.


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30 September 2016
Los Angeles-based private equity investor Varsity Healthcare Partners has returned to the market after a two-year pause looking to get $250m for its second fund.
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The private equity arm of Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement System (OMERS) has acquired a majority interest in US company Forefront Dermatology.
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Los Angeles-based venture investor Varsity Healthcare Partners has reported gathered at least $200m for its debut fund.
The outlook for infrastructure private equity and venture industry - from the latest AltAssets' LP-GP Forum
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$2,000.00 4 days ago
2000 honda crv - $2000 (Corpus Christi)
Great running vehicle, clean interior, new radiator, great tires! Asking $2000 call show contact infoor show contact infoif interested
4 days ago
Corpus Christi, TX
$2,400.00 5 days ago
$2,400, 2000 Honda CRV
DRIVES GREATGREAT CONDITION VERY CLEAN INSIDE AND OUT LOW PRICE GREAT BUY116,407 miles 15551 WEST DIXIE HIGHWAY NORTH MIAMI BEACH,33162 google map | yahoo map
5 days ago
Miami, FL
$5,000.00 6 days ago
OFFROAD/DAILY 2000 HONDA CRV PRICE DROP - $5000 (San Luis Obispo)
Hi! I've had this car for two years, and in that time, have done a ton of mods that make this a great car for camping, off-roading, daily driving, and even mild rock crawling. Below is a list of modifications or additions that have been done, but this thing has brand new tires and still gets 20 mpg. It's insanely clean inside and out, and has all the service records for serviced rendered on a regu
6 days ago
San Luis Obispo, CA
$1,800.00 1 week ago
2000 Honda CRV - $1800 (Dundee)
This is our Daughters Honda and it has rust but is very Reliable! She wants to get a car now. The only thing that it needs is some new front tires and little tlc. Mileage is 170,965 and she drives it daily. It has a check engine light but it has evap code something simple. Brake light is on but abs i beleive. Other than that everything works as it should. Would make a great suv for winter or good
1 week ago
Tuscarawas, OH
$2,200.00 1 week ago
2000 HONDA CRV - $2200 (Corpus Chrsiti)
Great running vehicle, clean interior, new radiator, great tires! current tags Asking $2200 call show contact infoor show contact info
1 week ago
Corpus Christi, TX
$1,000.00 2 weeks ago
2000 Honda CRV AWD - $1000 (Fort Collins)
2000 Honda CRVIt runs...BUT WILL overheat after about 30 min. (Warped Heads?) HAIL DAMAGE TOO.Ran great until it over heated...now it keeps overheating at stoplights.Purchase AS IS.If you can fix it, you will have a GREAT mountain SUV. TEXT ONLY....I never answer calls. Make no mistake....this vehicle is in fair shape and will need work.$1000 or best offer Cash ONLY (Best offer will be notified at
2 weeks ago
Fort Collins, CO
Contact Us 2 weeks ago
2000 Honda Crv $100
Honda Cr-v Factory Rims~Honda Factory Rims $100 takes all 4~Excellent Condition~Fits most Honda Cr-v's~Removal able center caps~First come, First serveText or Call Frank 404-five20-9633
2 weeks ago
Macon, GA
Contact Us
$2,400.00 2 weeks ago
2000 Honda CRV - $2400 (clarksville)
2000 Honda CRV AWD 208k miles 4cyl Automatic transmission Power windows and locks Cold A/C Runs and Drives Great $2400 FIRM NO TRADES show contact info
2 weeks ago
Clarksville, TN
$2,000.00 2 weeks ago
1998 Honda CRV All wheel drive - $2000 (leland)
Runs good. New timing belt. Tires like new, Air works well,5 speed manual, 198,000 miles show contact info
2 weeks ago
Chicago, IL
$3,099.00 3 weeks ago
2000 Honda CRV (All Wheel Drive) Sport Utility - $3099 (SW Rke County)
FALL is here & WINTER will be here before you know it! Get this Beauty now before the Snowy Seasons come and the PRICES go up due to demant!!!2000 Honda CRV $3099.00 (Kelly Blue Book in VG Condition = $3,252.00) 4cyl Fuel Injection Engine (original) Auto Trans w/overdrive (Original) All Wheel Drive Air Bags AM/FM/CD Radio/Player (needs code from Dealership) Cruise Control Alloy Wheels Power Steeri
3 weeks ago
Roanoke, VA
$1,100.00 3 weeks ago
2000 Honda Crv - $1100 (Morris)
Selling a 2000 honda crv. It has almost 200k miles and have some things that need to be worked on. The brakes, muffler, and spark plugs need to be fixed. Asking 1,100 or obo. Can have it for a teenagers first car or for parts!It is silver. If you want pictures, text me. Thank you!
3 weeks ago
LaSalle, IL
$2,000.00 3 weeks ago
99' Honda CRV - $2000 (Nashville)
99' Honda CRV sold as is. It needs a new timing belt and is currently sitting at the shop and not yet driveable . $2000 OBO. Sale is final. Email or text show contact infofor details.
3 weeks ago
Nashville, TN
$2,000.00 1 month ago
2000 Honda CRV - $2000
2000 Honda CRV 178,000 miles on car. 6,000 on the motor. Motor came out of a car in a salvage. Interior is good and the body has a few dings nothing bad. Tires are good. Transmission less an yr old. New radiator and electric fan. NEEDS HEAD GASKET Less than 10,000 miles on motor now. $2,000 oboCall show contact info
1 month ago
Stillwater, OK
$3,990.00 1 month ago
2000 Honda CRV -- EASY FINANCE -- YOU ARE APPROVED..! - $3990 (321/250-6704 -- www.goodcleancars.com)
2000 HONDA CRV -- Dark Blue Exterior With Gray Cloth Interior, 4 Door, Automatic Transmission, Brand New After Market Rims ('Platinum Wheels' by Ultra), Great Tires All Around, Ice Cold AC, A Definite Must See -- A Small SUV That Drives Like a Dream..! TRADES GLADLY ACCEPTED, CARFAX AVAILABLE....Call Dave for Info about our EASY Financing Options -- 321-250-6704. We Help People Who Have Bad Credit
1 month ago
Space Coast, FL
$2,000.00 1 month ago
1999 Honda Crv 4x4 - $2000 (Waterbury)
Automatic transmission ac power windows power locks cd excellent condition 230 k highway miles 4x4 runs great show contact info
1 month ago
Hartford, CT
$2,800.00 1 month ago
2000 Honda CRV ALL WHEEL DRIVE - $2800 (Boonsboro)
im selling a really nice CRV It has the extremely reliable 4 cylinder engine it , it's also great on gas, automatic transmission that works great , it's on demand all wheel drive.. NO TRADES. CASH ONLY. TXT WORKS BEST ,....... Runs and drives great, 192,xxx miles on it. Went through md inspection a few months ago no problem at all, passed md emissions no problem, I bought it for a commuter transpo
1 month ago
Frederick, MD
$2,000.00 1 month ago
2001 Honda CRV $2,000! - $2000
2001 Honda CRV. We have no use for the CRV anymore as it is an "extra" vehicle at this point. However I do drive it often to keep it in good working order. Several times a month I will drive it from Elmira to Ithaca, just to keep it in good working order without, any issues at all. This is a GREAT winter car, that I drive most in the winter, to climb those hills to Ithaca safely.Leather interior,
1 month ago
Ithaca, NY
$2,000.00 1 month ago
2001 Honda CRV $2,000! - $2000
2001 Honda CRV. We have no use for the CRV anymore as it is an "extra" vehicle at this point. However I do drive it often to keep it in good working order. Several times a month I will drive it from Elmira to Ithaca, just to keep it in good working order without, any issues at all. This is a GREAT winter car, that I drive most in the winter, to climb those hills to Ithaca safely.Leather interior,
1 month ago
Elmira, NY
$1,500.00 1 month ago
2000 Honda Crv - $1500 (Springfield)
Runs good needs Drive shaft for the All wheel drive to work,,, but still can be driven as a front wheel drive. Just did the exhaust will do an oil change and fix the power window for $1500 as is....
1 month ago
Westernmass, MA
$2,000.00 1 month ago
Honda crv awd - $2000 (Connersville)
00 Honda crv awd new tires struts ,tune up,dc shaft and battery daily driver 237,000miles has exhaust leak and squeaky brake $2000 obo txt 765 six nine eight 86 three four. Only trade for crew cab 4x4
1 month ago
Richmond, IN


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Join us on a lazy tour of the Myall River. Experience the tranquility of the mangroves, learn about the river's history and observe wildlife up close. Keep a lookout for eagles and dolphins as we glide leisurely along. The tour takes 2 hours and is suitable for beginners. Light refreshments included.
We have spaces available on the following guided tours. Bookings essential.
Monday 24 October 9am
Sunday 30 October 9am
Tours are also available at a time to suit you. Call us today on 0412 832 220.


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This leather ankle boot is a piece you can wear and treasure and wear again. Providing support and a breathable leather upper, this lace-up boot is super comfortable and great to wear with anything and everything.
- Heel Height: 4 cm
- Upper: Suede
- Lining: Fabric
- Sole: Man-Made
- Lace-up closure
- Grippy outsole
- Padded collar
Please note: When ordering shoes from this brand we recommend you go half a size smaller.
No Reviews
Gabor - Mia Fango


text:
List all words starting with escarped
Only the word escarped was found, nothing longer.
Some random words: wo wha nil fiacre eryngo jo tuladi
This is not a dictionary, it's a word game wordfinder.
- Help and FAQ - Examples - Home
Privacy and Cookies Policy - Share - © Copyright 2004-2016 Morewords.com - 4.911mS


text:
ibis Budget Auckland Central, Auckland
Main amenities
- 141 smoke-free guestrooms
- Breakfast available
- WiFi in the lobby
- 24-hour front desk
- Air conditioning
- Daily housekeeping
- Self-serve laundry
- Luggage storage
For families
- Microwave
- Refrigerator
- Private bathroom
- Television
- Daily housekeeping
- Laundry facilities
What's around
- In Auckland Central Business District
- Sky Tower (0.2 mi / 0.4 km)
- University of Auckland (0.5 mi / 0.9 km)
- Queen Street Shopping District (0.1 mi / 0.1 km)
- Auckland Town Hall (0.5 mi / 0.7 km)
- Auckland Domain (1.2 mi / 2 km)
ibis Budget Auckland Central, Auckland
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $56
- Studio, 1 Double Bed
- Studio, 2 Single Beds
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 141 rooms
- Check-in time starts at 2 PM
- Check-out time is 11 AM
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
- Minimum check-in age is 18
Travelling with others
- Pets not allowed (service animals welcome)
- WiFi in public areas *
- WiFi in rooms *
- No parking
Other information
- Smoke-free property
In the hotel
- Continental breakfast daily (surcharge)
- 24-hour front desk
- Laundry facilities
- Luggage storage
- Elevator/lift
In the room
- Air conditioning
- Coffee/tea maker
- Iron/ironing board
- Balcony
- Private bathroom
- Shower only
- Hair dryer (on request)
- Cable/satellite TV channels
- Desk
- Free newspaper
- WiFi (surcharge)
- Phone
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
- Daily housekeeping
More great choices
ibis Budget Auckland Central, Auckland's small print
Also known as
- Auckland ibis Styles
- ibis Budget Central
- Ibis Budget Auckland Central New Zealand
- Formule 1 Hotel Auckland
- All Seasons Auckland Hotel Central
- ibis Styles Auckland
- ibis Styles Hotel Auckland
- All Seasons Auckland Hotel Auckland Central
- Auckland Formule 1 Hotel
- Ibis Styles Auckland New Zealand
- ibis Budget Auckland Central Hotel
- ibis Budget Auckland Central
- ibis Budget Central Hotel
The credit card presented at check-in should be the same card used at time of booking. If the credit card holder is not on the reservation, guests must contact the property in advance of arrival to confirm identification. Please contact the office using the information on the reservation confirmation received after booking.
Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms.
The name on the credit card used at check-in to pay for incidentals must be the primary name on the guestroom reservation.
Optional extras
Onsite credit card charges are subject to an extra charge
Parking is available nearby and costs NZD 32 per night
Continental breakfast is offered for an extra charge of NZD 15 per person (approximately)
WiFi is available in guestrooms for NZD 10 per hour (rates may vary)
WiFi is available in public areas for NZD 10 per hour (rates may vary)
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
Recent reviews
Good 3.0 /5 from 342 reviews
Good service
Great hotel for the money. Rooms were extremely small but very clean. Great location.
great location close to casino
Great location. Good service. Small room but clean and comfortable. Good value.
Staff was EXTREMELY helpful and accommodating to everyone - very nice. Room was tiny, but clean and had everything. 1 block to bus stops to go almost anywhere, including airport shuttle. Supermarket half a block away. Parking is close but pricey.
Is the description of this hotel not correct? Tell us


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Publication date: 25.10.2012
Number of pages: 0
Winner of the Waterstones' Children's Picture Book Prize.
It's lunchtime for one little girl, but she's just not hungry. A visiting crocodile, bear and wolf, however, are starving. It's just as well that children taste revolting!
Lunchtime, by critically acclaimed author-illustrator Rebecca Cobb, is a beautifully illustrated tale of food, friendship and fun.
Rebecca Cobb is a rising star in children's picture books. Since graduating from Falmouth College of Arts in 2004, she has illustrated for many clients including Guardian Guide, Guardian Weekend magazine, The Independent and Waitrose Food Illustrated. Rebecca has collaborated on two picture storybooks with the Orange-Prize winner Helen Dunmore, both set in her native Cornwall. In 2011 Macmillan published Rebecca's debut solo project, the hugely accomplished MISSING MUMMY which approached the subject of child bereavement with great honesty, senstivity and integrity. LUNCHTIME is Rebecca's second solo picture book, and although wholly different in subject matter from her first, features the same stunning illustration style, child-friendly voice and warmth.
Read More
Want to hear more about Pan Macmillan? Sign up for great extra content and free extracts.
07 January 2016
By Julia Donaldson
Listen to a brand new song written and performed by Julia Donaldson, the perfect accompaniment to the book.
Listen to Julia Donaldson's wonderful There's an Owl in My Towel song, the perfect accompaniment to the book.


text:
Tags: General Political
In an email earlier today, likely GOP presidential candidate Newt Gingrich previewed his upcoming speech to CPAC, the Conservative Political Action Conference.
One of the "four main themes" of Gingrich's speech will be a call to abolish the EPA and replace it with a weaker "Environmental Solutions Agency" which would, according to Gingrich, represent a departure from the "regulatory model of the current EPA."
It's important to note that Gingrich's plan to abolish the EPA is hugely unpopular--polling shows that 67% of Americans oppose abolishing the EPA and that 63% actually want the EPA to "do more to hold polluters accountable and protect the air and water."


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Author Archives: drmarkgriffiths
Game on: A brief look at gambling on eSports
Like daily fantasy sports, betting on eSports (i.e., professional video gaming) has increased in popularity over the last few years and has given rise to allegations of unregulated and underage gambling. The eSports market is large. According to a 2016 report by Superdata, professional eSports is growing exponentially and is worth an estimated $612 (US) million a year. Furthermore, Eilers and Krejcik Gaming estimate that real money betting on eSports betting will reach $10 billion (US) by 2020. The professionalization and sportification of this entertainment form has brought sports-world elements to it: stadium-like facilities, cheering stands, sponsors, big rewards, and competition. Instant replays, jumbotrons (i.e., super-huge television screens), and referees add to the sport dramatisation. In some notorious cases, prizes have gone beyond the $10 million [US] threshold in a packed arena housing 73,000 fans. According to by John McMullan and Delthia Miller in a 2008 issue of the Journal of Gambling Issues, sportification is the process of incorporating the logics of sport to non-sporting contexts (e.g., poker, eSports. This can materialise in many ways but most commonly occurs when (i) other industries capitalise on the positive attributes of sport (e.g., popularity, engagement, or sanity and health inferences); and (ii) non-sport fields try to increase the entertainment and playability of their products and their association with joy and excitement.
Twitch, an online platform that streams live video gaming, informs its' advertisers that it has 100 million monthly viewers, who watch for an average of 106 minutes a day. Betting on eSports presents new challenges. As a news report in Bloomberg news observed in relation to betting on the game Counterstrike: Global Offensive (CSGO):
"Gambling – licensed, regulated, and by adults – is generally accepted in eSports. There is growing concern, though, that teenagers are being attracted to different forms of betting facilitated by third-party providers. One such platform is CSGO Lounge (an independent site not affiliated with Valve Software, which develops the game itself). The site allows spectators to bet in-game add-ons known as skins – weapons, tools and the like – on the results of matches. Not all skins are created equal, and the rarity of some means they can cost hundreds of real dollars on marketplace sites like SkinXchange.com. The temptation is too much for some".
Put simply, skin gambling is the use of virtual goods and items (typically cosmetic elements that have no direct influence on gameplay) as virtual currency to bet on the outcome of professional matches. The Bloomberg article also claims on the basis of interviews with industry insiders that underage skin gambling is a "huge problem". Justin Carlson (lead developer of SkinXchange) claims there are "countless" parents whose children have used their credit cards without their knowledge to buy skins and bet on gaming on other sites. Although anecdotal, Carlson claims that some minors have "racked up hundreds or thousands of dollars in skins on 'SkinXchange' just to lose them all on some betting or jackpot site". It's clear that people trading skins in eSports has grown over the last few years and various regulators around the world – such as the UK Gambling Commission (UKGC) – are considering regulation and says it is an "emerging product" and an "area for continuing future focus". More specifically, the UKGC's 2016 Annual Report notes:
"The growing market in esports and computer gaming has scope to present issues for regulation and player protection – issues which are being examined by gambling regulators in other international markets…These issues range from the emergence of real money esports betting markets, to trading in-game items which blur the lines between gambling and social gaming. Our focus will be to understand developments, including engaging with key stakeholders, and we will work wherever we can to ensure the risks associated with these, particularly to children and young people, are minimised".
One of the complicating factors for eSports gambling is that while cash is the currency for many gamblers, there is a growing trend towards the use of virtual currencies, or 'in-game items' which, according to the UKGC, can be "won, traded, sold or used as virtual currency to gamble with and converted into money or money's worth". These, according to the UKGC, "include digital commodities (such as 'skins') which can be won or purchased within the confines of computer games and can then be used as a form of virtual currency on a growing number of gambling websites". No academic research has examined underage skin gambling but this is an issue that is unlikely to diminish over the coming years.
It is also worth noting that this massive interest in eSports followed by a massive audience has led most major betting operators to include eSports in their daily gambling offer. However, the singularities of eSports market pose new challenges that conventional online betting sites struggle to address. Suraj Gosai, co-founder of Blinkpool, an eSports dedicated betting platform, laid out two main problems: in-play betting limitations and odds algorithmic programming. For in-play betting to be viable, companies need to get access to reliable, instantaneous, and unambiguous data that can settle bets and separate winners from losers. Data companies like Perform do that in sport, and betting operators rely on their data to offer in-play action to gamblers. The problem in eSports is that actions are not as quantified and standardised as in real-life sports. To counteract that, Blinkpool created a computer vision technology that extracts data from real-time action and promotes hyper-contextual opportunities, that is, 10- to 45-second in-play betting mini-markets concerning very specific developments in the narrative of the games.
Odds programming in sports betting is fundamentally based on historical data from hundreds of thousands of games, from which each factor (home advantage, table position, head-to-head, etc.) is weighted in to determine the probability of an event occurring. In the fixed-odds betting market, the bookmaker makes available to bettors that probability plus a benefit margin. When placing a bet, an individual bets against the probability that the house has predicted. This is not yet feasible in eSports because the historical data are scarce and the modelling is complex. Companies are circumventing this problem by offering exchange betting rather than fixed-odds. This method comprises peer betting, that is, bettors do not bet against the house but between one another. This way, the house gets a commission from winning bets and operates a much less risky business.
Dr. Mark Griffiths, Professor of Behavioural Addictions, International Gaming Research Unit, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
Further reading
Bracken, G. (2016). We hope to be the home of eSports betting. Gambling Insider. Available from: https://www.gamblinginsider.com/in-depth/1909/we-hope-to-be-the-home-of-esports-betting
Gambling Commission (2015). Explaining our approach to social gaming. Located at: http://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/Gambling-data-analysis/Social-media/Explaining-our-approach-to-social-gaming.aspx
Gambling Commission (2016). Annual Report 2015/16. Birmingham: Gambling Commission.
McMullan, J. L., & Miller, D. (2008). All in! The commercial advertising of offshore gambling on television. Journal of Gambling Issues, 22, 230-251.
Melbourne, K. & Campbell, M. (2015). Professional gaming may have an underage gambling problem. Bloomberg, September 7. Available at: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-07/professional-video-gaming-has-an-underage-gambling-problem
Superdata (2016). eSports Market Report. Available at: https://www.superdataresearch.com/market-data/esports-market-brief/
Wingfield, N. (2014) In e-Sports, video gamers draw real crowds and big money. New York Times, August 30. Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/31/technology/esports-explosion-brings-opportunity-riches-for-video-gamers.html?_r=0
Wood, J. (2016). UK Gambling Commission: We'll work to minimize risks from emerging esports betting markets. Esports Betting Report, July 19. Available at: http://www.esportsbettingreport.com/uk-regulators-address-esports-betting/
Teaming with gain: Are daily fantasy sports a form of gambling?
Fantasy sports games have been popular for many years and involves individuals assuming the role of a professional sports team manager (typically football) and assembling a virtual team of sportsmen to compete against other players within a private or public league. For decades, the game was played out across the whole season with the winners being those that had accumulated the most points (with the points gained being based on the real-life statistics of individual sportsmen using a predetermined scoring system).
However, fantasy sports have changed dramatically over the last few years. Although the game can still be played over a whole season, the playing of daily fantasy sports (DFS) has become increasing popular (particularly in countries such as the USA, Canada, and Australia) and can operate over much shorter time periods. In DFS, players can pay to play and this has led to the blurring of lines of whether the activity is a game or whether it is gambling. As Dr. Dylan Pickering and his colleagues noted in a 2016 issue of Current Addiction Reports:
"Daily fantasy sports (DFS) is the most recent and controversial of FS games…It is an accelerated version of FS conducted over much shorter time periods: generally a single game (per day) or weekly round of competition. Users pay entry fees ranging from US 25 cents to US $5000 per league, which is deposited into a prize pool typically paid out to the highest ranked users in the contest. A portion of the entry fees also goes to the operator as commission. Accordingly, DFS, as such, is most associated with wagering. Currently, the US DFS market is dominated by 'FanDuel' and 'DraftKings' (combined with about 95 % of the market)".
According to figures in the same paper, in the USA, the fantasy sports (FS) market is currently estimated to be between $3 billion and $4 billion. In 2015, approximately 57 million Americans played FS. Research suggests that the prevalence rates are higher in North America than elsewhere with 19% of Canadian adults and 16% of American adults engaging in FS compared to 10% of British adults and 6% of Australian adults (Pickering et al., 2016). However, these figures relate to FS rather than DFS and many FS players do not pay money to participate in the game and simply play for fun. Some research by Dr. Joris Drayer and colleagues in a 2013 issue of the European Sport Management Quarterly also suggests that those who engage in playing DFS do not typically engage in other forms of gambling. Furthermore, in a 2011 issue of Journal of Sport Management, Dr. Brendan Dwyer and Dr. Yongjae Kim reported that compared to more traditional forms of gambling, the elements of fun, excitement, competition play a bigger role than winning money in the playing of DFS games.
A study carried out by Dr. Ryan Martin and Dr. Sarah Nelson published in a 2014 issue of Addictive Behaviors found that college students who were FS users (free and fee-based) were five times more likely to incur gambling problems than non-FS users, and students who played FS for money had significantly higher rates of gambling problems than those who played in free leagues. A more recent 2016 study by Loredana Marchica and Dr. Jeff Derevensky in the International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction examined data from national surveys of collegiate athletes and reported a steady rise in FS participation among college students between 2004 and 2012. They reported that approximately half of the male and a quarter of the female college athletes who qualified as at-risk or problem gamblers also reported wagering on FS.
There has been much debate (particularly by US legislators) as to whether playing DFS for money is classed as a legitimate form of gambling. If gambling is defined as "an agreement between two or more parties to deliberately stake something of value (typically money) with intent to profit on the outcome of an event that is determined wholly, or partially by chance" (by Pickering and colleagues), then DFS could well be a form of gambling as they argue:
"DFS can be construed as representing a form of gambling: (a) DFS includes an agreement between an individual and others, (b) money is staked on the relative performances of athletes across a certain number of sporting events with the outcome determined by both chance and skill, and (c) chance is involved given that multiple unknown factors can influence outcomes. In this regard, similarities are found in horse and sports wagering where some skill in selecting horse/sports outcomes is present, but unpredictable variables influence results (i.e., chance)…Literature from the legal field asserts that gambling must contain three elements: (a) consideration (staking something of value in order to participate), (b) chance (luck is a substantial factor in determining results), and (c) prizes (cash, merchandise, services, or points) are redeemable…While the first and third elements are clearly present in DFS, the second element, chance, is the source of current disagreement".
The US legislation on gambling rests on whether an activity is more skill than chance determined. If DFS is predominantly a game of skill it is not deemed to be a form of gambling. The DFS operators claim that DFS games are not gambling because of the "substantial" amount of skill involved in the selection and management of FS teams. But is this any different for the professional gambler who bets on horse racing given the many factors that the person gambling has to take into account (the form of the horse, the skill of the jockey, the weather conditions, the state of the track, the number of other horses involved in the race, etc.). Similarly, poker and blackjack are both games that players can win big if they are skilful. Personally, I believe that playing DFS games for money is definitely a form of gambling, and even if it isn't legally classed as a form of gambling, the games contain structural elements (including high event frequencies, low entry fee per game, lots of games, etc.) that can facilitate excessive use and expose vulnerable players to harm. DFS operators also allow team line-ups from a previous sporting event to populate other events which increases the speed of play, another factor that can facilitate habitual use. Furthermore, as Dr. Samantha Thomas and her colleagues argued in a recent 2015 report, the enhanced participatory role that fantasy games introduce could facilitate the illusion of control as they perform actions, making bettors overestimate the importance of skills and knowledge for the outcome of the competitions.
Dr. Mark Griffiths, Professor of Behavioural Addiction, International Gaming Research Unit, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
Further reading
Drayer, J., Dwyer, B., & Shapiro, S. L. (2013). Examining the impact of league entry fees on online fantasy sport participation and league consumption. European Sport Management Quarterly, 13(3), 339-335.
Dwyer, B., & Kim, Y. (2011). For love or money: Developing and validating a motivational scale for fantasy football participation. Journal of Sport Management, 25(1), 70-83.
Marchica, L., & Derevensky, J. (2016). Fantasy sports: A growing concern among college student-athletes. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-15. Epub ahead of print.
Martin, R. J., & Nelson, S. (2014). Fantasy sports, real money: Exploration of the relationship between fantasy sports participation and gambling-related problems. Addictive Behaviors, 39(10), 1377-138.
Pickering, D., Blaszczynski, A., Hartmann, M., & Keen, B. (2016). Fantasy sports: Skill, gambling, or are these irrelevant issues? Current Addiction Reports, 3(3), 307-313.
Thomas, S., Bestman, A., Pitt, H., Deans, E., Randle, M., Stoneham, M., & Daube, M. (2015). The marketing of wagering on social media: An analysis of promotional content on YouTube, Twitter and Facebook. Victoria, Australia: Victorian Responsible Gambling Foundation.
No joking on smoking: My top ten tips for giving up smoking this Stoptober
Although most of my academic research is on behavioural addiction, I have published quite a few papers on more traditional addictions such as alcohol addiction and nicotine addiction (see 'Further reading' below). In 2012, I had to watch my mother fight a losing battle with smoking-related lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. She died in September 2012 aged 66 years, and had chain-smoked most of her adult life. This followed the death of my father who also died of smoking-related heart disease, aged just 54.
In my previous blog I looked at ways to reduce alcohol intake as part of the 'Go Sober For October' campaign. In today's blog I provide my advice for giving up smoking as part of the annual 'Stoptober' campaign. In the UK smoking accounts for approximately one in four cancer deaths, and as I said, it's something I've witnessed first-hand. I'm sure most people reading this are aware of the addictive nature of nicotine. As soon as nicotine is ingested via cigarettes, it can pass from lungs to brain within ten seconds and stimulates the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine. The release of dopamine into the body provides reinforcing mood modifying effects. Despite nicotine being a stimulant, many people use cigarettes for both tranquillising and euphoric effects.
Most authorities accept that nicotine is one of the most addictive drugs on the planet and that smokers can become hooked quickly. One of the reasons my own parents were never able to give up was because of the prolonged withdrawal effects they experienced whenever they went more than a few hours without smoking. This would lead to intense cravings for a cigarette. Watching both my parents' die of smoking-related diseases is enough incentive for me to never smoke a cigarette. Hopefully, others can find the incentives they need to help them give up permanently. Here are my top ten tips to help you (or someone you know and love) stop smoking:
- (1) Develop the motivation to stop smoking: Many smokers say they would like to stop but don't really want to. When you take stock, make sure you are clear as to why you want to give up. It may be to save money, to improve your health, to prevent yourself getting a smoking-related disease, or to protect your family from passive smoking. (It could of course be all of the above). Really wanting to give up is the best predictor of successful smoking cessation.
- (2) Get all the emotional support you can: Another good predictor of whether someone will overcome their addiction to nicotine is having a good support network. You need people around you that will support your efforts to quit. Tell as many people that you know that you are trying to quit. It could be the difference between stopping and starting again.
- (3) Avoid 'cold turkey': Although some people can stop through willpower alone, most people will need to reduce their nicotine intake slowly. The best way of doing this is to replace cigarettes with a safe form of nicotine such as those available from the pharmacy, or on prescription from the doctor.
- (4) Get support from a professional: Even if you are using a safe form of nicotine from your pharmacist or doctor, cutting out cigarettes completely can be hard. Getting support from a trained NHS stop smoking adviser can double your chances of stopping smoking. To find your nearest free NHS stop smoking service (in the UK call 0300 123 1044) or visit the Smokefree website.
- (5) Use non-nicotine cigarette shaped substitutes: Smoking is also a habitual behaviour where the feel of it in your hands may be as important as the nicotine it contains. The use of plastic cigarettes or e-cigarettes will help with the habitual behaviour associated with smoking but contain none of the addictive nicotine.
- (6) Use relaxation techniques: When cravings strike, use relaxation exercises to help overcome the negative feelings. At the very least take deep breaths. There are dozens of relaxation exercises online. Practice makes perfect.
- (7) Treat yourself: One of the immediate benefits of stopping smoking will be the amount of money you save. At the start of the cessation process, treat yourself to rewards with the money you save.
- (8) Focus on the positive: Giving up smoking is one of the hardest things that anyone can do. Write down lists of all the positive things that will be gained by stopping smoking. Constantly remind yourself of what the long-term advantages will be that will outweigh the short-term benefits of smoking a cigarette. In short, focus on the gains of stopping rather than what you will miss about cigarettes.
- (9) Know the triggers for your smoking: Knowing the situations in which you tend to smoke can help in overcoming the urges. Lighting up a cigarette can sometimes be the result of a classically-conditioned response (e.g. having a cigarette after every meal). These often occur unconsciously so you need to break the automatic response and de-condition the smoking. You need to replace the unhealthy activity with a more positive one and re-condition your behaviour.
- (10) Fill the void: One of the most difficult things when cigarette craving and withdrawal symptoms strike is not having an activity to fill the void. Some things (like engaging in physical activity) may help you in forgetting about the urge to smoke. Plan out alternative activities and distraction tasks to help fill the hole when the urge to smoke strikes (e.g. chew gum, eat something healthy like a carrot stick, call a friend, occupy your hands, do a word puzzle, etc.). However, avoid filling the void with other potentially addictive substances (e.g. alcohol) or activities (e.g. gambling).
Dr Mark Griffiths, Professor of Gambling Studies, International Gaming Research Unit, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
Further reading
Griffiths, M.D. (1994). An exploratory study of gambling cross addictions. Journal of Gambling Studies, 10, 371-384.
Griffiths, M.D. (2005). A 'components' model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substance Use, 10, 191-197.
Griffiths, M.D. (2012). First person: Highly-addictive drug killed both of my parents. Nottingham Post, October 1, p.13.
Griffiths, M.D., Parke, J. & Wood, R.T.A. (2002). Excessive gambling and substance abuse: Is there a relationship? Journal of Substance Use, 7, 187-190.
Griffiths, M.D., Wardle, J., Orford, J., Sproston, K. & Erens, B. (2010). Gambling, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and health: findings from the 2007 British Gambling Prevalence Survey. Addiction Research and Theory, 18, 208-223.
Griffiths, M.D., Wardle, J., Orford, J., Sproston, K. & Erens, B. (2011). Internet gambling, health. Smoking and alcohol use: Findings from the 2007 British Gambling Prevalence Survey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 9, 1-11.
Resnick, S. & Griffiths, M.D. (2010). Service quality in alcohol treatment: A qualitative study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 8, 453-470.
Resnick, S. & Griffiths, M.D. (2011). Service quality in alcohol treatment: A research note. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 24, 149-163.
Resnick, S. & Griffiths, M.D. (2012). Alcohol treatment: A qualitative comparison of public and private treatment centres. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 10, 185-196.
Sussman, S., Lisha, N. & Griffiths, M.D. (2011). Prevalence of the addictions: A problem of the majority or the minority? Evaluation and the Health Professions, 34, 3-56.
Umeh, K. & Griffiths, M.D. (2001). Adolescent smoking: Behavioural risk factors and health beliefs. Education and Health, 19, 69-71.
Go sober this October: How to lower your alcohol intake this month
Last week I was interviewed by the Daily Telegraph about this year's 'Go Sober For October' ("Octsober") campaign. In addition to wanting some tips on how to cut down alcohol intake (see below), they wanted to know why people are so reliant on alcohol to relieve stress, socialise and escape. On a very simple level, alcohol is a pharmacological depressant that enhances disinhibition (i.e., a disregard for social conventions) and which is both physiologically and psychologically rewarding. Like most addictive behaviours it is a mood modifier that can either get individuals high, excited, buzzed up and aroused or (somewhat paradoxically) do the exact opposite and help them escape, numb, relax and de-stress. The fact that it's socially condoned and widely available make it a perfect substance for individuals to use and misuse.
The remainder of today's blog provides some tips on the simplest ways to cut down on alcohol intake. They are not aimed at problem drinkers as they require extra external support and interventions from family, friends, doctors and/or therapists. The tips below come from a variety of sources (listed in 'Further reading'). I don't claim to be an expert on alcohol addiction (although I have published more than a few papers on alcohol problems over the years – again, see some of these in 'Further reading' below) but most of these tips are practical and common sense:
Don't go it alone: If you really want to cut down your alcohol intake, try do it with your friends and family together. Doing it with others rather than on your own means you will have others around you going through the same thing as yourself as well as having a ready made support group.
Don't buy rounds of drinks in pubs and clubs: If you've ever been out on a pub crawl with friends, you will know that you tend to drink at the pace of the quickest drinker in the group (and this may be at a quicker rate than you would ideally prefer). If you do want to drink in rounds, then try opting out every other round and/or try to drink with a smaller group of friends (as larger groups typically lead to more alcohol being drunk over the course of an evening).
Spread out your drinking and drink more slowly: Sounds obvious but it's true. (As I noted above, in places where alcohol is very expensive this becomes a natural option). A related option is to have one alcoholic drink followed by one non-alcoholic drink throughout the evening.
Don't buy pints, doubles or large glass drinks: When you do drink in pubs and clubs, order smaller measures (wine in a small glass rather than a large one, halves instead of pints, a bottle of lager rather than a pint of lager). All of these smaller options mean a reduced 'alcohol by volume' ratio (i.e., less alcohol actually consumed). If you are the kind of person who says to yourself 'I never have more than two glasses of wine a night', then changing to a smaller glass will have an immediate and appreciable effect in lowering overall alcohol intake.
Where possible choose non–alcoholic drinks: When you eat out or dine at home, have a soft drink, juice or water rather than wine or beer with your meal.
Dilute alcoholic drinks: If the option of a non-alcoholic drink isn't always possible or simple doesn't appeal, then dilute your drinks. Have a lager shandy or a white wine spritzer.
Have 'alcohol-free' days: If you drink every day, start by trying to drink alcohol every other day. If you drink alcohol a few times a week, try to drink just once a week. Just cutting down on your normal weekly pattern will help you to realise that you can go without alcohol.
Avoid cocktails: Cocktails often contains a lot more alcohol than people think.
Drink alcohol free beers and lagers: If you love the taste of lager or beer, there are alcohol free options. There are also an increasing number of fake cocktails ('mocktails').
Reward yourself for not drinking alcohol: Many people drink as a way to alleviate the stresses and strains of every day life (or to do the exact opposite – to celebrate the fact that you've done something well or because it is a special occasion). The money not spent on alcohol could go towards giving yourself another kind of treat or reward (a massage, the new CD you wanted, watching a film at the cinema, etc.).
Tell everyone in your social circle you're cutting down alcohol intake: By telling everyone you know including family, friends and work colleagues, you will be more committed to not drinking alcohol than if you told no-one.
Avoid temptation: One of the key factors in any potentially addictive activity is knowing what the 'triggers' are (e.g., walking past a pub, watching television, having an argument with your loved one, etc.). Knowing what the triggers are can be a strategy for avoiding temptation (e.g., changing the routes on your way back home to avoid walking past your favourite pub, doing something else instead of watching television, etc.).
Get a new hobby: Changing one aspect of your routine life can also help change other aspects. Sometimes, changing one aspect of your life (such as introducing daily exercise) goes hand-in-hand with other areas of your life (drinking less alcohol, eating more healthily).
Think of the benefits of not drinking alcohol: Not drinking alcohol can bring lots of positives. In six months without alcohol I've lost about 6.35kg in weight because alcohol is high in calories (and that's without exercise!). Other benefits include more money for other things, better quality sleep, less stress (because alcohol is a depressant), and better health.
Use alcohol tracking tools: Many apps are now available to help you keep track of your alcohol intake. For instance, the MyDrinkaware tool allows you to see how alcohol is affecting you on a number of different dimensions including your health (how many units you are consuming over time), weight (how many calories you are consuming over time), and finances (how much money you are spending on alcohol over time).
Dr. Mark Griffiths, Professor of Behavioural Addiction, International Gaming Research Unit, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
Further reading
Drinkaware (2015). Tips for cutting down when out. Located at: https://www.drinkaware.co.uk/make-a-change/how-to-cut-down/cutting-down-when-out-and-about/tips-for-cutting-down-when-out
Drinkaware (2015). Track your drinking. Located at: https://www.drinkaware.co.uk/unitcalculator#unitcalculator
Griffiths, M.D. (2014). I drink, therefore I am: The UK's alcohol dependence. Intervene, April, 20-23.
Griffiths, M.D., Wardle, J., Orford, J., Sproston, K. & Erens, B. (2010). Gambling, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and health: Findings from the 2007 British Gambling Prevalence Survey. Addiction Research and Theory, 18, 208-223.
Griffiths, M.D., Wardle, J., Orford, J., Sproston, K. & Erens, B. (2011). Internet gambling, health. Smoking and alcohol use: Findings from the 2007 British Gambling Prevalence Survey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 9, 1-11.
Glynn, S. (2012). Living close to a bar increases chance of risky drinking. Medical News Today, November 7. Located at: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/252462.php
NHS Choices (2015). Tips on cutting down [alcohol]. Located at: http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/alcohol/Pages/Tipsoncuttingdown.aspx
Resnick, S. & Griffiths, M.D. (2010). Service quality in alcohol treatment: A qualitative study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 8, 453-470.
Resnick, S. & Griffiths, M.D. (2011). Service quality in alcohol treatment: A research note. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 24, 149-163.
Resnick, S. & Griffiths, M.D. (2012). Alcohol treatment: A qualitative comparison of public and private treatment centres. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 10, 185-196.
A cite for more I's? A brief personal look at obsessive self-citation
All of us who are involved in any kind of academic writing have to conform to minimum standards such as the meticulous recording of source material in the form of cited references. Griffiths (2005) noted that there are three main reasons why people use references. These being (i) the expression of an idea has been put forward more clearly elsewhere by someone else, (ii) to make specific reference to relevant past literature, and (iii) to provide suggestions for further background reading.
These reasons can also be applied to self-citation. However, self-citation has additional advantages. Griffiths (2005) also notes that self-citation references can also be used to (i) let journal reviewers and referees know who has written the paper (which may not always be a good thing!), (ii) to establish to readers your reputation in a given area and/or (iii) satisfy cravings to see your name in print! In today's blog I aim to examine the art of obsessive self-citation in academic writing and give some effortless hints and tips.
It has previously been asserted that self-citation is academia's way of expressing one's ego although this was based on anecdotal evidence rather than any kind of empirical investigation (Griffiths, 2016a). After an exhaustive literature search it perhaps came as no surprise that I found absolutely nothing on the subject of self-citation except an unpublished paper by myself (Griffiths, 2013) which has been described as "the best article in this area" (Griffiths, 2016b).
So what can the experienced and obsessive self-citation expert get up to in the course of a single article? Self-citation aficionados are known to use such tricks as referring to themselves in less conventional formats such as letters to national newspaper (e.g. Griffiths, 1998), articles in international newspapers (Griffiths, 2014), articles in national newspapers (e.g. Griffiths, 2016c), articles in local newspapers (Griffiths, 2016d), educational leaflets (e.g. Griffiths, 1993a), consultancy reports (e.g. Griffiths, 2002a) or blogs (Griffiths, 2016e).
However, these work most effectively if they are buried away amongst more conventional references such as books and refereed journal articles. Those experienced in obsessive self-citation will often sink to even murkier depths. For instance, self-citation is an excellent way of introducing something that seems implausible into your argument. Two common ways to disguise implausibility is the liberal use of such phrases as "paper forthcoming", "manuscript submitted for publication", "internal report" or "personal communication" (however, the latter should be used very sparingly as it suggests that the author is someone who talks about things more than writing them). If you sprinkle these into an article and intersperse them with a few very genuine citations such as books you wrote which received very good reviews (Griffiths, 1995; 2002b) or some of your good and/or highly cited refereed journal papers spread across a number of years (Auer & Griffiths, 2015; Cole & Griffiths, 2007; Griffiths, 1991a; 1993b; 1994; 1996; 1997; 1999; 2000; 2001; 2003; 2004; 2008; 2010; Griffiths, Kuss, Billieux & Pontes, 2016; Kuss, Griffiths & Binder, 2013) it can look very professional and in some cases impressive (or just show you to be the egomaniac that you are).
For the really experienced, secondary self-citation or embedded self-citations can often be useful. This is a technique where you can use quotes attributed to you in a newspaper or magazine article written by someone else (e.g. Griffiths, 1991b) although it looks as though it is one of the author's bona fide references.
However, as my last word on the subject, I will leave you with one practice you should definitely avoid. I am referring to the inclusion of self-citation by pseudonym that has been described by Mithgriffs (2015) as "a despicable habit that should be stamped out".
Dr. Mark Griffiths, Professor of Behavioural Addiction, International Gaming Research Unit, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
Auer, M. & Griffiths, M.D. (2015). Testing normative and self-appraisal feedback in an online slot-machine pop-up message in a real-world setting. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 339. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00339.
Cole, H. & Griffiths, M.D. (2007). Social interactions in Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing gamers. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 10, 575-583.
Griffiths, M.D. (1991a). The observational study of adolescent gambling in UK amusement arcades. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 1, 309-320.
Griffiths, M.D. (1991b). Cited in Neustatter, A. "Keyboard junkies". The Independent on Sunday Review, November 17, p.64.
Griffiths, M.D. (1993a). Your child and video games: Advice for parents. Coventry: National Council for Educational Technology (leaflet).
Griffiths, M.D. (1993b). Tolerance in gambling: An objective measure using the psychophysiological analysis of male fruit machine gamblers. Addictive Behaviors, 18, 365-372.
Griffiths, M.D. (1994). The role of cognitive bias and skill in fruit machine gambling. British Journal of Psychology, 85, 351-369.
Griffiths, M. (1995). Adolescent Gambling. London: Routledge.
Griffiths, M.D. (1996). Pathological gambling and its treatment. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35, 477-479.
Griffiths, M.D. (1997). Video games and clinical practice: Issues, uses and treatments. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36, 639- 641.
Griffiths, M.D. (1998). Unlucky number for under-16s. The Guardian, February 25, p.15.
Griffiths, M.D. (1999). Counselling in the treatment of pathological gambling: An overview. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 27, 179-190.
Griffiths, M.D. (2000). Internet addiction – Time to be taken seriously? Addiction Research, 8, 413-418.
Griffiths, M.D. (2001). Sex on the Internet: Observations and implications for sex addiction. Journal of Sex Research, 38, 333-342.
Griffiths, M.D. (2002a). The Social Impact of Casinos. Nottingham: Browne-Jackson.
Griffiths, M.D. (2002b). Gambling and Gaming Addictions in Adolescence. Leicester: British Psychological Society/Blackwells.
Griffiths, M.D. (2003). The therapeutic use of videogames in childhood and adolescence. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 8, 547-554.
Griffiths, M.D. (2004a). Odds and sods: You (nearly) win again. The Guardian, April 20, p. 6.
Griffiths, M.D. (2004b). Can videogames be good for your health? Journal of Health Psychology, 9, 339-344.
Griffiths, M.D. (2005). Self-citation: A practical guide. Null Hypothesis: The Journal of Unlikely Science ('Best of' issue), 15-16.
Griffiths, M.D. (2008). The biopsychosocial and "complex" systems approach as a unified framework for addiction. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 31, 446-447.
Griffiths, M.D. (2010). The role of context in online gaming excess and addiction: Some case study evidence. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 8, 119-125.
Griffiths, M. (2013). The art of self-citation. Article submitted for publication.
Griffiths, M.D. (2014). Sunshine: As addictive as heroin? Washington Post. June 24. Located at http://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2014/06/24/sunshine-as-addictive-as-heroin/
Griffiths, M. (2016a). Personal communication with myself. September 29, 2016.
Griffiths, M.D. (2016b). Personal communication with myself. September 29, 2016.
Griffiths, M.D. (2016c). It will rule your life but addicts can be helped. Sunday Mirror, May 1, p.5.
Griffiths, M.D. (2016d). Sorry may be the hardest word but more people than ever are saying it. Nottingham Post, April 11, p.14.
Griffiths, M.D. (2016e). Market forces: Does gambling advertising increase problem gambling? August 22. Located at: https://drmarkgriffiths.wordpress.com/2016/08/22/market-forces-does-gambling-advertising-increase-problem-gambling/
Griffiths, M.D., Kuss, D.J., Billieux J. & Pontes, H.M. (2016). The evolution of internet addiction: A global perspective. Addictive Behaviors, 53, 193–195.
Kuss, D.J., Griffiths, M.D. & Binder, J. (2013). Internet addiction in students: Prevalence and risk factors. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 959-966.
Mithgriffs, G. (2015). Whose self-citation is it anyway? Occasional Made-Up Paper (No.3).
Dying for it: Bizarre autoerotic deaths (Part 2)
In my previous blog I examined some of the most bizarre autoerotic deaths reported in the medical forensic literature. Here are another five.
Case 1: Autoerotic death by aerosol propellant
Source: Medicine, Science and the Law. Personal details: 32-year old white US man. Single. Computer programmer.
- Bizarre death event: Found dead in bed with cassette recorder next to him. He was wearing headphones which playing "snorting" horse sounds. There was also a can of aerosol propellant. At the end of the bed was a large painting of a male strapped to the hind legs of a horse who was being anally penetrating by the horse. The horse was ridden by a leather-clad woman. He was also wearing some kind if homemade masturbatory device. His death was recorded as cardio-respiratory failure consistent with aerosol propellant abuse (death by misadventure). Self-administration of the chemical agent to modify the sensations of masturbation. He was covered in dry semen stains.
Case 2: Autoerotic death by clothing
Source: Medicine, Science and the Law. Personal details: 25-year old Japanese male. Single.
- Bizarre death event: Man found dead in his bed one morning. naked except for clothing wrapping his head and underpants which were pulled down. He was covered in dry semen stains. He had put a black skirt on his face and then pulled a second skirt upside down over his head and turned down the bottom of it. He then put a plastic bag over these two garments followed by a pair of tights. The legs of the tights were used to tie a knot around the bottom of the skirts. He then wrapped a third skirt around all of this. Death was due to suffocation.
Case 3: Autoerotic death by hanging (female)
Source: Handbook of Forensic Pathology. Personal details: 19-year old white female. Single. College student.
- Bizarre death event: Woman was found dead in her bedroom hanging from the hinge of her closet door dressed as an Oriental "harem girl". A window sash cord was tied around her body in a complicated fashion and she was also wearing a blindfold and mouth gag (made from the belt of her dressing gown). Next to her lay an underground magazine (this was folded out and showed a bizarre dance involving a clock – the minute hand being a nude male who would make love with the other figure on the hour), a paperback Hitchcock book which explained her fantasy. The paperback contained the story about an Oriental harem master. In this story the harem master provides girls to his lord who stored them by hanging them around his walls on hooks
Case 4: Autoerotic death by vacuum cleaner
Source: American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. Personal details: 57-year old white US male. Single. History of heart disease and chronic pancreatitis
- Bizarre death event: Man was found naked slumped over his vacuum cleaner after a neighbour wondered why the vacuum cleaner had been on continuously for a long time. The man was found leaning against the dining table with his testicles, buttocks and thighs tightly bound with women's tights. Near the table was a jar of urine, jars of lubricant and a wooden table leg covered in fecal excrement. The man was covered in burns from the vacuum cleaner. No defect was found in the vacuum cleaner. The man basically had a heart attack while engaged in autoerotic activity. The wooden table leg had been used in an attempt to stimulate orgasm via anal penetration. His wife had caught him masturbating with the vacuum cleaner before (they hadn't had sex for five years). The death was classed as natural rather than accidental.
Case 5: Autoerotic death by hydraulic tractor shovel
Source: Journal of Forensic Sciences. Personal details: 62 year-old US white male. Married. Farmer.
- Bizarre death event: Found dead in a barn lying on his front pinned under the hydraulic shovel of his tractor. His body was covered with semen stains and there was evidence of masochistic sexual bondage. His clothes were folded neatly away nearby. He was found naked except for a pair of women's red shoes (with 8 inch heels), knee high stockings and tape duct wrapped around his ankles. Ropes led from his feet to the tractor which when raised would lift his inverted body causing complete suspension. It is not known exactly what happened but it is likely that the engine stalled and he was crushed underneath the tractor shovel. He died of positional asphyxiation by chest compression. This was an atypical autoerotic fatality because he did not purposely use asphyxiation but it did cause his death.
Dr. Mark Griffiths, Professor of Behavioural Addiction, International Gaming Research Unit, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
Further reading
Aggrawal A. (2009). Forensic and Medico-legal Aspects of Sexual Crimes and Unusual Sexual Practices. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Byard, R. W. (1994). Autoerotic death—characteristic features and diagnostic difficulties. Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine, 1(2), 71-78
Cordner, S.M. (1983). An unusual case of sudden death associated with masturbation. Medicine, Science and the Law, 23(1), 54-56
Dietz, P. E., & O'Halloran, R.L. (1993). Autoerotic fatalities with power hydraulics. Journal of Forensic Science, 38(2), 359-364.
Ikeda, N., Harada, A., Umetsu, K., & Suzuki, T. (1988). A case of fatal suffocation during an unusual auto-erotic practice. Medicine, Science and the Law, 28(2), 131-134.
Imami, R. H., & Kemal, M. (1988). Vacuum cleaner use in autoerotic death. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 9(3), 246-248.
Love, B. (2001). Encyclopedia of Unusual Sex Practices. London: Greenwich Editions.
Sauvageau, A., & Racette, S. (2006). Autoerotic deaths in the literature from 1954 to 2004: A review. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 51(1), 140-146.
Dying for it: Bizarre autoerotic deaths (Part 1)
In previous blogs I have examined many different sexual paraphilias that have ended up in death for individuals engaged in such practices. Many of these are from autoerotic asphyxiation but also from other sexual practices such as electrophilia and anaesthesiophilia. Today's blog takes a brief look at some of the most bizarre autoerotic deaths reported in the medical forensic literature.
Case 1: Autoerotic death by car
Source: Journal of Forensic Sciences. Personal details: 40-year old white US male airline pilot. Married and father of two children.
- Bizarre death event: A man left his home at 6am in the morning and told his wife that he was going shooting in the country. He was found naked except for a large-link 10-foot chain harness secured around his body. (The harness was tied around the man's neck in a moderately tight loop and bolted. The chain then went down his chest and was tied into another loop around his waist. This was tied to the bumper of the car) at 7.30am in the morning in a remote area crushed against the left fender of his car (equivalent of a VW beetle). The engine was still running, ignition was on and the driver's door was still open. The steering wheel was tied so that it would go round in anti-clockwise circles. His clothes were in the boot of the car. Reconstruction of the events leading to his death showed that he was either being dragged round by the car or following the car producing feelings of asphyxia. When he had finished his sexual turn-on he had tried to approach the car door but had forgotten to undo the chain from the bumper. The chain had got tangled up in the car's axle and the man was found strangled to death by the chain.
Case 2: Autoerotic death by hanging (male)
Source: American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. Personal details: 57-year old white US male. Single.
- Bizarre death event: Early one winter's morning, two joggers found a partially clothed man hanging from a tree five inches from the ground. He was hanging from a rope tied round his neck but also had two other loops of rope harness around his thighs which also encircled his chest. His neatly folded clothes lay two feet away along with lipstick and a jar of Vaseline. He was wearing a woman's brown wig and a stuffed white bra. He also wore a pair of men's red underpants, a pair of tights and a pair of high-heeled women's shoes. He was also found to have a carrot protruding from his anus. Basically his seat harness slipped and he asphyxiated himself on the ropes.
Case 3: Autoerotic death by blankets
Source: American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. Personal details: 60-year old white US male. Single. Diagnosed schizophrenic and had various sexual compulsions. Well educated former teacher.
- Bizarre death event: After being reported missing from work by his employer, a man was found dead rolled up in 14 different blankets which had been sewn together (the two outermost layers were found fixed with adhesive tape in various places which raised the possibility of murder). Inside the blankets he was dressed in two pairs of hotpants, a pair of long johns and a vest. The body was wet and his hands and arms were outstretched above his head. They found a plastic bag over his penis into which he had ejaculated. He was masturbating while inside the blankets but he had become too hypoxic and died. He was immobilized inside the blankets and was unable to free himself. Over the last few years he had bought an astonishing number of blankets by mail order (over 60 found in his apartment most of which seemed to have some ritual or obsessive meaning by the way were laid out. No pornography was found in the place.
Case 4: Autoerotic death by dental anaesthetic
Source: American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. Personal details: 59-year old white US male. Single. Antiques dealer
- Bizarre death event: Found dead in his locked apartment. He was seated in front of a dental anaesthetic machine with the anaesthetic face-mask over his face. He was sucking on a rubber teat similar (but much bigger) than a baby's feeding bottle. There were other anaesthetic machines around the apartment as well as a lot of sexual literature (magazines, photographs, paintings, manuscripts all concerned with his elaborate fetish some of which included photographs of himself in these situations). He was wearing a rubber type apron, three woollen cardigans, a woman's blouse and two pairs of women's trousers and a pair of women's bloomers.
Case 5: Autoerotic death by electrocution
Source: Medicine, Science and the Law. Personal details: 36-year old UK male. Gay (with partner). Unemployed ex-television engineer
- Bizarre death event: Man found dead with a wire cradle applied to his scrotum with another loop of wire (end folded over) inserted into his Vaseline-lubricated anus. The wires were connected to the two terminals that supplied the loudspeaker within the television. When switched on, these wires carried a current of 0.6 amps at 2.2 volts (a quarter of the current needed to light a small torch). The body had two significant injuries. One on the right side of his face (entrance mark of the current), and the other over the left side of his scrotum (where the loop of the wire had been). Unfortunately, one of the wires had broken off resulting in a cessation of the stimulating activity. The man looked inside the back of the open TV set and his face came into contact with an exposed metal cap which zapped 2500 volts through him. The metal cap was the only live part of the television set and it was this that killed him.
(Part 2 can be found here).
Dr. Mark Griffiths, Professor of Behavioural Addiction, International Gaming Research Unit, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
Further reading
Aggrawal A. (2009). Forensic and Medico-legal Aspects of Sexual Crimes and Unusual Sexual Practices. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Eriksson, A., Gezelius, C., & Bring, G. (1987). Rolled up to death: An unusual autoerotic fatality. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 8(3), 263-265.
Hazelwood, R. R., Burgess, A. W., & Groth, A. N. (1981). Death during dangerous autoerotic practice. Social Science & Medicine. Part E: Medical Psychology, 15(2), 129-133.
Hiss, J., Rosenberg, S. B., & Adelson, L. (1985). " Swinging in the park": An investigation of an autoerotic death. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 6(3), 250-255.
Klintschar, M., Grabuschnigg, P., & Beham, A. (1998). Death from electrocution during autoerotic practice: case report and review of the literature. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 19(2), 190-193.
Leadbeatter, S. (1988). Dental anesthetic death: An unusual autoerotic episode. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 9(1), 60-63.
Love, B. (2001). Encyclopedia of Unusual Sex Practices. London: Greenwich Editions.
Minyard, F. (1985). Wrapped to death. Unusual autoerotic death. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 6(2), 151-152
Rupp, J. C. (1973). The love bug. Journal of Forensic Science, 18(3), 259-262.
Sauvageau, A., & Racette, S. (2006). Autoerotic deaths in the literature from 1954 to 2004: A review. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 51(1), 140-146.


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Today's Featured Artist: Michael Godard
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I am an Italian photographer for passion, my work is dedicated to the photography of landscapes and still life. My preferred technique is the process hdr. My love for photography started very early, at the age of 15 years, and continues today. My current work is aimed at digital photography, specifically to photography HDR (high dynamic range). The HDR technique well known in recent years, is able to improve the tonal range and the richness of detail in dark areas and lighter. My first encounter with photography was the study of photography BW refers to the chemical process with the use of the Zone System, both in recovery, both in the darkroom. Today my photographic work is completely digital and a large part of my work is the sum of two...
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Amped-up sound and toned-down size for presentations, excursions and impromptu dance parties. The Rock Out 2 Portable Speaker amplifies tunes from your MP3, phone or laptop for over 20 hours without draining battery power from your device.
DarkBass Technology: Innovative chamber delivers precise, high-quality sound every time
Designed for Outdoor Adventures: Rugged, water-resistant shell protects the speaker and your gear
Recharge Anywhere, Anytime: Juice up the internal lithium battery in 3 hours from USB or sun (using the Nomad 7 Solar Panel - sold separately)
Works with: MP3 players, smartphones, laptops, cellphones, tablets, personal gaming devices, and more
Battery Specifications:
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General Specifications:
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Most Liked Positive Review
Awesome sound in a rugged portable packa
Sound quality and volume:
This little system packs great sound and runs great with all the phones/tablets in my home. We're a gadget familty, so we use various Android devices,...Read complete review
Sound quality and volume:
This little system packs great sound and runs great with all the phones/tablets in my home. We're a gadget familty, so we use various Android devices, including the HTC MyTouch 4G, Amaze 4G, Samsung Galaxy 3, Asus Transformer Prime, a couple of generic 7" tablets), all them with the PlayerPro music app, along with a couple laptops and iPods. This speaker has way better sound than any phone or tablet, and even better volume and quality than the JBL speakers on our Lenovo and the Altec Lansing speakers on our Asus laptops. I can't believe how much bass I get while holding this thing. The first few days I had it, a new song from our library would come on that sounded especially good and I'd run over to my wife to show how loud and clear it was.
Control Buttons:
As for the controls, I know the Rockout 2 is made to be iPhone compatible, since the Android OS allows apps to override the control scheme for headsets and microphones, compatibility with Android is more app dependent than phone dependent. The volume buttons work with any setup, even my laptop. The play/pause, back, and forward buttons work with all our phones and tablets...I know PlayerPro can override all other headset controls and customize them. The default settings on that app work great with this speaker. Even without the player control buttons working (like on a laptop), I just use the player itself and it's still worth having on hand.
So far, we've taken the Rockout 2 camping and hiking, protecting my phone inside the housing and using the little clip and bungee system on the back to hang it from a tree, my frame pack, the tent, and even strapped like a little backpack to our little girl as she played on the trail (great for keeping track of her without keeping too close an eye). I strap it to my arm while doing chores and hang it from the back door handle while gardening. Earphones hurt after awhile and headphones isolate me from people around me, like my family, so this is great when I need more sound than the built-in speakers on my portable devices (which is pretty much always). All around, this is a fantastic accessory to mobile media centers.
I use this at fairly high volumes for hours a day and typically charge about once a week. I don't know the exact run times, but so far I've never gotten to the point where I "needed" to charge and just plugg it into my phone's USB charger (sweet!) whenever I remember to and it has worked for me. That's a fresh experience compared to all my other electronics where the first thing I have to do when I get to work or back home is plug it in. On our camping trip, we had the Rockout playing music and as the audio for a movie on our tablet for most of one night, then plugged it into a Nomad 7 the next morning and had it playing all day and into the next night without ever getting to the end of its charge.
One last thing about this speaker is that it looks and feels very robust and very cool. I'm pretty careful with my electronics, but some people in my family aren't. Not only did it make it through a lot of abuse with a bunch of kids in the wilderness while camping, it protected my phone inside a pretty rugged housing. I don't care as much about looks either, but if my wife appreciates the looks of an electronic gadget enough to comment on it, you know it looks good. Now I just want to get another one so I can chain them together for double the sound...
Most Liked Negative Review
Not as good as I expected...
I bought one shortly after they came out. Took a bit of finagling, but I got one. I was super excited, as I have the original RockOut, and it works great. I...Read complete review
I bought one shortly after they came out. Took a bit of finagling, but I got one. I was super excited, as I have the original RockOut, and it works great. I figured that this would be better, only slightly bigger, better battery, and both the speakers and controls on the outside (Since the original doesn't have controls), while keeping my MP3 player inside and protected. Everything was fine until I started using it for my iPad as an external speaker. It cuts out. As in, I get a few seconds of audio, then silence for a few seconds, then it is back on again. I have used it a few times, and still get the same situation. I have no idea what is happening.
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Comments about Goal Zero Rock Out 2 Portable Speaker, Blue:
I received my speaker as a Christmas present last year. I have enjoyed the great sound that it produces and length of time that it lasts in between charges. My only complaint is that this month it stopped working. That is less than one year of using it. I would say that I would fit in the "occasionally used it" category so it isn't like I was always using it. I would say 1-2 times a week. Now when I turn on the power button it plays the music for about 1 second and then stops playing despite the fact that the power button is still lit up and it is fully charged. I want to buy another one because it has been such a great speaker, but I'm hesitant if it won't last longer than a year.
Comments about Goal Zero Rock Out 2 Portable Speaker, Blue:
I recently called about my rock out 2 that started cutting out while it played, they asked my to send a pic of the unit with the cord cut and they would send me a new one in the mail. My unit was over a year old and they asked no questions just agreed to send one. If the unit comes in good time I will post another positive feedback review.
Comments about Goal Zero Rock Out 2 Portable Speaker, Blue:
I bought this about a month ago to replace my early Rock Out (doesn't seem like that version is around anymore) and I like it for use on my laptop. The reason that I bought it was to use it with my Kindle to listen to audio books but, for some reason, it skips a few words at the beginning of nearly each paragraph, which is annoying. So, I'll have to find something else to use with my Kindle since my other older Rock Out has died.
Comments about Goal Zero Rock Out 2 Portable Speaker, Blue:
They sound really good. They hold a good long charge. Well worth it!!
Comments about Goal Zero Rock Out 2 Portable Speaker, Blue:
Got this for my husband for Christmas. He loved it. Great sound and good compact size. Fits in backpack good. Happy :)
Comments about Goal Zero Rock Out 2 Portable Speaker, Blue:
I've had this for a year now and it holds a great charge and most recently I took it on a rafting trip and completely sunk it in water for a hour and it still worked I know they said extremely water resistant but I surely did not expect this water resistant.
Comments about Goal Zero Rock Out 2 Portable Speaker, Blue:
I just bought the Rock Out 2 for a planned camping trip. The battery life and ruggedness of the product are what sold me but after a couple attempts at using it, I have yet to get any of the controls (play/pause/skip) to work. I have tried using it with my iPhone 5S through a variety of apps, (Pandora, Spotify and Apple Music) with no luck. I have to open up the case and use the device. I have also tried with an iPod Nano with the same result. Sound quality is good so I am giving this 2 stars. The packaging and user's manual state that: "*External controls optimized to work with Apple (R) and Windows (R) products" I've tried two Apple devices, sad to say I'll probably be returning it.
Comments about Goal Zero Rock Out 2 Portable Speaker, Blue:
This thing is awesome!! 3 day camping trip solo in eastern PA was a great relaxing trip and this little speaker made my trip more enjoyable. I was streaming music and some radio shows as well as weather and news and listened through my Rock Out 2 while splitting wood, and taking care of camp things. So glad i got one. makes a difference to have a nice rugged set of speakers in camp. light weight rugged and lashed to the out side of my pack. was even able to listen to it while on a day hike. love it!!
Comments about Goal Zero Rock Out 2 Portable Speaker, Blue:
The sound, portability, and protection of the device are great. Sometimes however, the music will pause on its own, or the volume will turn all the way up and down spontaneously. It only happens when my device is plugged into the Rock Out, so I don't believe it's a problem with my device.
Comments about Goal Zero Rock Out 2 Portable Speaker, Blue:
I bought these as a gift for someone, mostly for them partly because I knew I'd love them too!! They came in, the packaging was on point. I must say goal zero is marketing solar gadgets in such a cool and hip way. So the box was fun, cudos. The solar speakers were easy to figure out, loved the hookups and easy storage of cords and phone inside the speakers to protect the phone while you are outdoors listening to tunes powered by the sun. I have laced them onto just about everything and I just love them. I want more. The sound quality is great, and projects fairly well for it's size.
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May 9, 2010 at 9:14 pm via YouTube | AMAZON | ITUNES


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is it safe for my husband if we have sex right after using premarin vaginal cream?
Can you have sex right after incerting premarin vaginal cream?
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- 12 Oct 2010
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- premarin, premarin vaginal
Responses (2)
Discuss this with your doctor and they may give you more information. BUt I feel you shouldn't have sex right after inserting Premarin vaginal cream. After inserting it you should give it some time to work. If you have sex immediately afterwards you are bound to lose the dose.
The dose may be too small to cause harm to your husband. This dose will be further reduced if you have some time between when the cream is inserted and when you have sex.
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