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Skip to comments.Birth Control
Posted on 12/13/2013 7:14:49 PM PST by narses
In 1968, Pope Paul VI issued his landmark encyclical letter Humanae Vitae (Latin, "Human Life"), which reemphasized the Churchs constant teaching that it is always intrinsically wrong to use contraception to prevent new human beings from coming into existence.
Contraception is "any action which, either in anticipation of the conjugal act [sexual intercourse], or in its accomplishment, or in the development of its natural consequences, proposes, whether as an end or as a means, to render procreation impossible" (Humanae Vitae 14). This includes sterilization, condoms and other barrier methods, spermicides, coitus interruptus (withdrawal method), the Pill, and all other such methods.
The Historic Christian Teaching
Few realize that up until 1930, all Protestant denominations agreed with the Catholic Churchs teaching condemning contraception as sinful. At its 1930 Lambeth Conference, the Anglican church, swayed by growing social pressure, announced that contraception would be allowed in some circumstances. Soon the Anglican church completely caved in, allowing contraception across the board. Since then, all other Protestant denominations have followed suit. Today, the Catholic Church alone proclaims the historic Christian position on contraception.
Evidence that contraception is in conflict with Gods laws comes from a variety of sources that will be examined in this tract.
Contraception is wrong because its a deliberate violation of the design God built into the human race, often referred to as "natural law." The natural law purpose of sex is procreation. The pleasure that sexual intercourse provides is an additional blessing from God, intended to offer the possibility of new life while strengthening the bond of intimacy, respect, and love between husband and wife. The loving environment this bond creates is the perfect setting for nurturing children.
But sexual pleasure within marriage becomes unnatural, and even harmful to the spouses, when it is used in a way that deliberately excludes the basic purpose of sex, which is procreation. Gods gift of the sex act, along with its pleasure and intimacy, must not be abused by deliberately frustrating its natural endprocreation.
Is contraception a modern invention? Hardly! Birth control has been around for millennia. Scrolls found in Egypt, dating to 1900 B.C., describe ancient methods of birth control that were later practiced in the Roman empire during the apostolic age. Wool that absorbed sperm, poisons that fumigated the uterus, potions, and other methods were used to prevent conception. In some centuries, even condoms were used (though made out of animal skin rather than latex).
The Bible mentions at least one form of contraception specifically and condemns it. Coitus interruptus, was used by Onan to avoid fulfilling his duty according to the ancient Jewish law of fathering children for ones dead brother. "Judah said to Onan, Go in to your brothers wife, and perform the duty of a brother-in-law to her, and raise up offspring for your brother. But Onan knew that the offspring would not be his; so when he went in to his brothers wife he spilled the semen on the ground, lest he should give offspring to his brother. And what he did was displeasing in the sight of the Lord, and he slew him also" (Gen. 38:810).
The biblical penalty for not giving your brothers widow children was public humiliation, not death (Deut. 25:710). But Onan received death as punishment for his crime. This means his crime was more than simply not fulfilling the duty of a brother-in-law. He lost his life because he violated natural law, as Jewish and Christian commentators have always understood. For this reason, certain forms of contraception have historically been known as "Onanism," after the man who practiced it, just as homosexuality has historically been known as "Sodomy," after the men of Sodom, who practiced that vice (cf. Gen. 19).
Contraception was so far outside the biblical mindset and so obviously wrong that it did not need the frequent condemnations other sins did. Scripture condemns the practice when it mentions it. Once a moral principle has been established in the Bible, every possible application of it need not be mentioned. For example, the general principle that theft is wrong was clearly established in Scripture; but theres no need to provide an exhaustive list of every kind of theft. Similarly, since the principle that contraception is wrong has been established by being condemned when its mentioned in the Bible, every particular form of contraception does not need to be dealt with in Scripture in order for us to see that it is condemned.
Apostolic Tradition
The biblical teaching that birth control is wrong is found even more explicitly among the Church Fathers, who recognized the biblical and natural law principles underlying the condemnation.
In A.D. 195, Clement of Alexandria wrote, "Because of its divine institution for the propagation of man, the seed is not to be vainly ejaculated, nor is it to be damaged, nor is it to be wasted" (The Instructor of Children 2:10:91:2).
Hippolytus of Rome wrote in 255 that "on account of their prominent ancestry and great property, the so-called faithful [certain Christian women who had affairs with male servants] want no children from slaves or lowborn commoners, [so] they use drugs of sterility or bind themselves tightly in order to expel a fetus which has already been engendered" (Refutation of All Heresies9:12).
Around 307 Lactantius explained that some "complain of the scantiness of their means, and allege that they have not enough for bringing up more children, as though, in truth, their means were in [their] power . . . or God did not daily make the rich poor and the poor rich. Wherefore, if any one on any account of poverty shall be unable to bring up children, it is better to abstain from relations with his wife" (Divine Institutes 6:20).
The First Council of Nicaea, the first ecumenical council and the one that defined Christs divinity, declared in 325, "If anyone in sound health has castrated himself, it behooves that such a one, if enrolled among the clergy, should cease [from his ministry], and that from henceforth no such person should be promoted. But, as it is evident that this is said of those who willfully do the thing and presume to castrate themselves, so if any have been made eunuchs by barbarians, or by their masters, and should otherwise be found worthy, such men this canon admits to the clergy" (Canon 1).
Augustine wrote in 419, "I am supposing, then, although you are not lying [with your wife] for the sake of procreating offspring, you are not for the sake of lust obstructing their procreation by an evil prayer or an evil deed. Those who do this, although they are called husband and wife, are not; nor do they retain any reality of marriage, but with a respectable name cover a shame. Sometimes this lustful cruelty, or cruel lust, comes to this, that they even procure poisons of sterility [oral contraceptives]" (Marriage and Concupiscence 1:15:17).
The apostolic traditions condemnation of contraception is so great that it was followed by Protestants until 1930 and was upheld by all key Protestant Reformers. Martin Luther said, "[T]he exceedingly foul deed of Onan, the basest of wretches . . . is a most disgraceful sin. It is far more atrocious than incest and adultery. We call it unchastity, yes, a sodomitic sin. For Onan goes in to her; that is, he lies with her and copulates, and when it comes to the point of insemination, spills the semen, lest the woman conceive. Surely at such a time the order of nature established by God in procreation should be followed. Accordingly, it was a most disgraceful crime. . . . Consequently, he deserved to be killed by God. He committed an evil deed. Therefore, God punished him."
John Calvin said, "The voluntary spilling of semen outside of intercourse between man and woman is a monstrous thing. Deliberately to withdraw from coitus in order that semen may fall on the ground is doubly monstrous. For this is to extinguish the hope of the race and to kill before he is born the hoped-for offspring."
John Wesley warned, "Those sins that dishonor the body are very displeasing to God, and the evidence of vile affections. Observe, the thing which he [Onan] did displeased the Lordand it is to be feared; thousands, especially of single persons, by this very thing, still displease the Lord, and destroy their own souls." (These passages are quoted in Charles D. Provan, The Bible and Birth Control, which contains many quotes by historic Protestant figures who recognize contraceptions evils.)
The Magisterium
The Church also, fulfilling the role given it by Christ as the identifier and interpreter of apostolic Scripture and apostolic tradition, has constantly condemned contraception as gravely sinful.
In Humanae Vitae, Pope Paul VI stated, "[W]e must once again declare that the direct interruption of the generative process already begun, and, above all, directly willed and procured abortion, even if for therapeutic reasons, are to be absolutely excluded as licit means of regulating birth. Equally to be excluded, as the teaching authority of the Church has frequently declared, is direct sterilization, whether perpetual or temporary, whether of the man or of the woman. Similarly excluded is every action which, either in anticipation of the conjugal act, or in its accomplishment, or in the development of its natural consequences, proposes, whether as an end or as a means, to render procreation impossible" (HV 14).
This was reiterated in the Catechism of the Catholic Church: "[E]very action which, whether in anticipation of the conjugal act, or in its accomplishment, or in the development of its natural consequences, proposes, whether as an end or as a means, to render procreation impossible is intrinsically evil" (CCC 2370). "Legitimate intentions on the part of the spouses do not justify recourse to morally unacceptable means . . . for example, direct sterilization or contraception" (CCC 2399).
The Church also has affirmed that the illicitness of contraception is an infallible doctrine: "The Church has always taught the intrinsic evil of contraception, that is, of every marital act intentionally rendered unfruitful. This teaching is to be held as definitive and irreformable. Contraception is gravely opposed to marital chastity, it is contrary to the good of the transmission of life (the procreative.aspect of matrimony), and to the reciprocal self-giving of the spouses (the unitive.aspect of matrimony); it harms true love and denies the sovereign role of God in the transmission of human life" (Vademecum for Confessors 2:4, Feb. 12, 1997).
Human Experience
Pope Paul VI predicted grave consequences that would arise from the widespread and unrestrained use of contraception. He warned, "Upright men can even better convince themselves of the solid grounds on which the teaching of the Church in this field is based if they care to reflect upon the consequences of methods of artificially limiting the increase of children. Let them consider, first of all, how wide and easy a road would thus be opened up towards conjugal infidelity and the general lowering of morality. Not much experience is needed in order to know human weakness, and to understand that menespecially the young, who are so vulnerable on this pointhave need of encouragement to be faithful to the moral law, so that they must not be offered some easy means of eluding its observance. It is also to be feared that the man, growing used to the employment of anti-conceptive practices, may finally lose respect for the woman and, no longer caring for her physical and psychological equilibrium, may come to the point of considering her as a mere instrument of selfish enjoyment, and no longer as his respected and beloved companion" (HV 17).
No one can doubt the fulfillment of these prophetic words. They have all been more than fulfilled in this country as a result of the widespread availability of contraceptives, the "free love" movement that started in the 1960s, and the loose sexual morality that it spawned and that continues to pervade Western culture.
Indeed, recent studies reveal a far greater divorce rate in marriages in which contraception is regularly practiced than in those marriages where it is not. Experience, natural law, Scripture, Tradition, and the magisterium, all testify to the moral evil of contraception.
Wishful Thinking
Ignoring the mountain of evidence, some maintain that the Church considers the use of contraception a matter for each married couple to decide according to their "individual conscience." Yet, nothing could be further from the truth. The Church has always maintained the historic Christian teaching that deliberate acts of contraception are always gravely sinful, which means that it is mortally sinful if done with full knowledge and deliberate consent (CCC 1857). This teaching cannot be changed and has been taught by the Church infallibly.
There is no way to deny the fact that the Church has always and everywhere condemned artificial contraception. The matter has already been infallibly decided. The so-called "individual conscience" argument amounts to "individual disobedience."
NIHIL OBSTAT: I have concluded that the materials presented in this work are free of doctrinal or moral errors. Bernadeane Carr, STL, Censor Librorum, August 10, 2004 IMPRIMATUR: In accord with 1983 CIC 827 permission to publish this work is hereby granted. +Robert H. Brom, Bishop of San Diego, August 10, 2004
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The pope speaks for and to catholics, not to other christian religions. nor to anyone that has no religion.
The Differences the Pill has Made
Pastors Preach Against Contraception From Pulpit
Catholics and Contraception: Boston, 1965
Abortion, Contraception and the Church Fathers (Catholic teaching unchanged for 2000 yrs)
Contraception and Catholicism (What the Roman Catholic Church really teaches)
6 Reasons Why Contraception is Sinful and Contrary to God's Will
Time To Admit It: The Church Has Always Been Right On Birth Control
Paul VI: "danger of this power passing into the hands of those public authorities ..."
The Truth about The Church's Teaching about Contraception.
Letter from Archbishop John G. Vlazny on the matter of freedom of conscience and decisions by HHS
Bishop Olmsted's Letter to Catholics [Catholic Caucus]
Liberty for the Amish & Quakers but not Catholics. . .
Contraception mandate prompts Peoria bishop to instate St. Michael Prayer (Catholic Caucus)
Phoenix bishop (Olmstead): defy feds on birth control
A letter from Archbishop Dennis M. Schnurr concerning HHS edict
Speak honestly: abortion is 'the killing of tiny human beings in the womb' – Denver bishop
Bishop [Daniel Jenky] Blasts Secularist Intolerance, Calls For 'Assertive Action' to Defend Church
(Pittsburgh Bishop Zubik comments:) HHS delays rule on contraceptive coverage
Dolan: Natural law, not religious preference, dictates all life sacred
Religious leaders blast HHS over contraception mandate
Mandated Contraception, Sterilization: Caesar Demands Church Violate Conscience
OBAMA'S CONTEMPT FOR RELIGIOUS LIBERTY (mandates coverage of sterilization & contraception)
Obama Admin Decides to Require Religious Institutions to Cover Free Contraception
Jews and Evangelicals stand with Church against contraception mandate
Obama Supporters Worried He May Grant Contraception Exemptions to Catholic Hospitals
Catholic college sues HHS over contraception mandate
Children of the Reformation: A Short & Surprising History of Protestantism & Contraception
Implications of Obama Admin move to force Cath hospitals to provide contraception and sterilizations
Catholic doctors' group launches petition against contraception mandate
Contraception mandate tramples religious freedom, US bishops say
Planned Parenthood Cuts Contraception, Not Abortion After De-Funding
Contraception underlying cause of breakdown of family, sexual morality, says expert
Contraception: The Reason Catholics Have Abandoned Confession
U.S. Bishops' Publication Urges Priests to Preach on Contraception, Sterilization, IVF
Contraception: The Bitter Pill
Catholic Bishops Warn of 'Civil Disobedience' Over Contraceptives [Philippines]
Relationships Market After 50 Years of The Pill
Contraception: The Bacteria Devouring America's Soul
Christians examine morality of birth control [Ecumenical/Orthodox Presbyterian]
The Cost of Contraception: Women's Health - Response to CNN
The Connection between Contraception and Abortion
Baby Bust: The Demographics of Global Depression
The Surest Sign of a Decadent Culture
Protestants and Birth Control
The Protest of a Protestant Minister Against Birth Control
Contraception: Why Not?
The Bible & Birth Control
Our Gravest Moral Responsibility: Convert the Contraception Mentality
Contraception and Conversion
Evangelical Leaders are Ok with Contraception
The pill and 50 years of misery [the pill kills!]
The dawn of demonic deception [the birth control pill] Researcher finds strong link between contraception and HIV
The Birth-Control Riddle
Social Science Proves Humanae Vitae
"Contraception Is Wrong. Now Here's How You Use It . . ."
Suit claims birth control warning not enough
Natural and Unnatural (father of 5 shocks mother of 1)
Planned Parenthood Uses Teens to Distribute Injectable Birth Control in Rural Ecuador
Study: Low-Dose Birth Control Pills Decrease Bone Density in Young Women
Spanish drug agency confirms grave effects of morning-after pill
Another Woman Dies of Hormonal Contraceptive in Switzerland
Study Finds Half of Women on "Birth Control Shot" Suffer Bone Problems
The Re-Birth of Population Control: Human Life Seen as a Carbon roblem
Radio Replies First Volume - Birth Control
Abortion, birth control pill linked to breast cancer, surgeon says
God before contraception (Australia)
Fighting the 'contraceptive mentality'
Birth control pill creator regrets population decline
Polluted Water, Polluted Culture (one more consequence from contraception)
Abortifacients -- The Other Forbidden Grief
NFP and Contraception: What's the Difference?
Wisconsin requiring Catholic institutions to provide contraceptives coverage
Contraception: The history you may have missed and would rather not know
Why does Pope Benedict talk about Humanae vitae in the new encyclical? [Catholic Caucus]
New Evangelical Documentary Exposes Abortifacient Qualities of the Birth Control Pill, Promotes NFP
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Press in a Dither Again over Pope's Reaffirmation of Catholic Teaching
How Birth Control Changed America for the Worst
If You Are Contracepting, You Are Part of A Very Big Problem
Vatican and Italian government criticize sale of RU 486 in Italy
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St. Padre Pio, Humanae Vitae, and Mandatory Abortion
Responsible Parenthood in a Birth Control Culture, Part Two [Open]
Responsible Parenthood in a Birth Control Culture, Part One [Open]
Humanae Vitae and True Sexual Freedom — Part 6 of 6 [Open]
Contraception v. Natural Family Planning — Part 5 of 6 [Open]
Sex Speaks: True and False Prophets — Part 4 of 6 [Open]
Contraception and the Language of the Body — Part 3 of 6 [Open]
Does Contraception Foster Love? — Part 2 of 6 [Open]
Contraception and Cultural Chaos — Part 1 of 6 [Open]
Priests still suffering from effects of Humanae Vitae dissenters, Vatican cardinal says (Must read!)
"Provoking reflection" (Contrasting views on Humanae Vitae)
Humanae Vitae The Year of the Peirasmòs - 1968
Catholics to Pope: Lift the Birth Control Ban
[OPEN] The Vindication of Humanae Vitae
Catholic Clergy Challenge Colleagues to Reacquaint Themselves and Their People with Humanae Vitae
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THE EX CATHEDRA STATUS OF THE ENCYCLICAL "HUMANAE VITAE" [Catholic Caucus]
"A degrading poison that withers life"
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The concept of the "intrinsically evil"
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History of Catholic teaching on Contraception
Pope: Legislation "Supporting Contraception and Abortion is Threatening the Future of Peoples"
Contraception: Why It's Wrong
On Fox News Fearless HLI Priest Takes on Sean Hannity (may be indebted for saving his soul)
VIDEO - SEAN HANNITY vs REV. THOMAS EUTENEUER (must see!)
The Early Church Fathers on Contraception - Catholic/Orthodox Caucus
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Conjugal Love and Procreation: God's Design
Being fruitful
The pope is Christ's Vicar on Earth. He has the authority to speak to all humans. Unfortunately, the current pope preaches different things to different religions. So don't pay too much attention to this one. Check out Pope St Pius X; he's the last pope to be declared a saint. He preached to all men the Catholic Faith.
This article does not qualify for a Catholic Caucus because it mentions the beliefs of non-Catholics.
I recommend you read John 10:16. Thanks if you do.
I will, I think my bible is in the closet. Moved less than a year ago from a home with barn and basement to a condo withou either. Still keep finding boxes that need to be opened...
as they say in Mexico...EL WRONGO!!! the pope is the head of all who profess Christianity, just as the president is the leader of all Americans, Demos and Repubs....you may not agree with him, but he is still your president/pope.
people who profess no particular religion or those who are non-Christian, pay close attention to the Pope because he influences so many people....and they like him!!
'The apostolic traditions condemnation of contraception is so great that it was followed by Protestants until 1930 and was upheld by all key Protestant Reformers. Martin Luther said, "[T]he exceedingly foul deed of Onan, the basest of wretches . . . is a most disgraceful sin. It is far more atrocious than incest and adultery. We call it unchastity, yes, a sodomitic sin. For Onan goes in to her; that is, he lies with her and copulates, and when it comes to the point of insemination, spills the semen, lest the woman conceive. Surely at such a time the order of nature established by God in procreation should be followed. Accordingly, it was a most disgraceful crime. . . . Consequently, he deserved to be killed by God. He committed an evil deed. Therefore, God punished him."
John Calvin said, "The voluntary spilling of semen outside of intercourse between man and woman is a monstrous thing. Deliberately to withdraw from coitus in order that semen may fall on the ground is doubly monstrous. For this is to extinguish the hope of the race and to kill before he is born the hoped-for offspring."
John Wesley warned, "Those sins that dishonor the body are very displeasing to God, and the evidence of vile affections. Observe, the thing which he [Onan] did displeased the Lordand it is to be feared; thousands, especially of single persons, by this very thing, still displease the Lord, and destroy their own souls." (These passages are quoted in Charles D. Provan, The Bible and Birth Control, which contains many quotes by historic Protestant figures who recognize contraceptions evils.)'
How far the mainline Lutheran, Presbyterian and Methodist churches have fallen.
I am sure that at the end times there will not be divisions of christians, it will not be needed as Christ will be with all. Those that hear his voice will be his, but not all will hear his voice. We know that not all will hear his voice as many follow the anti christ. Its Jesus church, he will determine which one's are his from all the earth. He also gave warning in the NT when he speaks of those that he tells to enter and those that said they cast out devils in his name etc. They don't enter. All that believe in Christ must be wary of who they think deserve to be his. At that time many will be left outside, and when the door closes, all is over.
....The pope is important to catholics, but does not speak FOR all but does speak TO all those that read or hear him the catholic belief. I never said if I agree or disagree with what he says, but it has no bearing on my belief. If that were true I would also be obligated to believe in all the saints that have been canonize. I would have to believe in Novenas, that wearing a certain cloth around my neck would mean hat Mary would see to it that I got everlasting life. Miraculous Metals, Our lady of Guadalupe, Fatima and many other things the popes have spoken of...Some catholics also believe that Mary is a Co-redemperous, I find some things catholic leaders speak of come close to blasphemy..The pope speaks for and to you....not me. Your saying it so, is part of your belief system not mine...There is much good in the Catholic church, but some really silly stuff according to only me, I speak for myself, you don't. God bless.
John 10:16
16 And I have other sheep, that are not of this fold; I must bring them also, and they will heed my voice. So there shall be one flock, one shepherd.
I'm not Catholic, and I fully agree with this piece.
:O) thank you, I will still go looking for my bible, but that may take a lot of time..
"Unfortunately, the current pope (sic) preaches different things to different religions."
Please provide proof for this statement.
"So don't pay much attention to this one."
I don't think it's prudent to give advice like this. Nor do I think it's prudent to render circular fire on the Church by these kind of verbal attacks on the Pope.
Prudence is a virtue. "I, wisdom, dwell in prudence" Proverbs 8:12
And rash judgment is an offense.
St. Thomas Aquinas: "When the human intellect lacks certainty is when a person forms a negative opinion on some doubtful, hidden matter, it is called judgment by suspicion or rash judgment."
"The sinfulness of rash judgment lies in hasty imprudence with which the critical appraisal is made..." Fr. John Hardon
"Rash judgement is unfounded labeling of people negatively. It is a sin frequently committed and least frequently confessed."
This is the simple truth. Whether people want to believe it or not.
Indeed it is. Merry Christmas!
Bless you.
Merry Christmas to you and yours.
I've been absent a lot from FR, just popped in yesterday after a long time. Just my "real" life is sort of overwhelming. No tragedies or anything, just busier and more chaotic than usual, I guess.
Mine is just that as well. Amazing the bounty that He presents us with!
The concept of sex as only a no-consequences recreational activity available to anyone as a "right" was the beginning of the end for marriage, not sodomite "marriage."
When we beg Him to take charge of our life, there is no going back, and everything He sends is merciful love, no matter what the packaging looks like.
If you can't feed them, don't breed them.
The influence of the Catholic Church on US politics has waned since the 1960s. Heck, they couldn't even stop Gay Marriage in Portugal.
I'd be glad to.
To an atheist:Proselytism is solemn nonsense, it makes no sense. ...Each of us has a vision of good and of evil. We have to encourage people to move towards what they think is Good. ....And I repeat it here. Everyone has his own idea of good and evil and must choose to follow the good and fight evil as he conceives them. That would be enough to make the world a better place.
Towards the Jews:We hold the Jewish people in special regard because their covenant with God has never been revoked, for the gifts and the call of God are irrevocable .
The Pope gives false hope of salvation to false religions, but he does chose to denigrate traditional Catholics as being sour-pussed, old maid, Pelagian rosary counters.
I believe your interpretation of his words is flawed and I certainly have not heard or read that he "denigrates traditional Catholics as being sour-pussed, old-maid, Pelagian rosary counters."
I wonder why you are making this judgment. He has never done that and I wonder, especially in view of the fact that Pope Francis has openly expressed his devotion to Our Lady of Fatima and dedicated his papacy to her. As a person who has been devoted to the message of Fatima and to the rosary ever since my conversion to the Catholic church in 1949, I don't agree with what you say.
I have close familial connections in Argentina and with clergy there. Some of the things being written about Pope Francis (on internet) here are unbelievably inaccurate.
On this forum I have read posts calling Pope Francis the Anti-Christ, a "nitwit", a Marxist, a socialist...and that's only for starters. And these are being written by some who consider themselves Catholic.
I find myself wondering how Our Lord looks upon these kinds of accusations...accusations made in the anonymous world of internet, but known fully and openly to the eyes of God the Father.
I find that I can't respect this attitude. I also wonder if such words would be spoken to Pope Francis openly to his face.
Ditto, ditto, ditto.
I get so tired of the misinterpretations of Pope Francis. (Especially when the posters are Catholics and are posting from a lamestream media source to prove their own individual mistaken biases.
If people would only be patient as the second reading for Sunday from St. James admonishes.
God bless.
I didn't interpret his words; I quoted his words. They were posted on the Vatican website.
Please offer an explanation for your attribution of Pope Francis "denigrating traditional Catholics"...
He has not done that.
What is a "traditional" Catholic?
I am a Latin Rite (Roman) Catholic. I have friends who are Maronite Catholics and friends who are Chaldean Catholics and a friend who is a Melkite Catholic.
Some of my extended family members attend the Byzantine Rite.
We are all Catholic.
All of us are "Marian" Catholics.
I am a lay Carmelite and have served for many years in the Legion of Mary.
I do not choose to make unfounded accusations about our Holy Father.
Words of wisdom which you would do well to ponder.
If you think the above are "words of wisdom", do also believe that:
We'll all be drinkin' free bubble-up,
An' eatin' that rainbow stew.
None of my accusations have been "unfounded". I have 2000 years of foundation.
From Pope Francis on at WYD on July 28:
"The Pelagian solution. This basically appears as a form of restorationism. In dealing with the Churchs problems, a purely disciplinary solution is sought, through the restoration of outdated manners and forms which, even on the cultural level, are no longer meaningful. In Latin America it is usually to be found in small groups, in some new religious congregations, in (exaggerated) tendencies to doctrinal or disciplinary 'safety'. Basically it is static, although it is capable of inversion, in a process of regression. It seeks to 'recover' the lost past."
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Personality and Addiction Tendency: An Initial Comparison of Graduate Students of Nursing and Nurse Anesthesia (Drake University, 1989-11)Problem Statement. There is much support in the literature that for the fact that anesthesiologists, as a group, are much overrepresented in programs that specialize in the treatment of physicians for drug and alcohol ...


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Your post must be humorous. No sane person would believe the nonsense about short positions that I post here.
I didn't believe it until I saw the shares you sold to cover your short position just like you said at 2.50!
I bought (not sold) 25k at 2.50 and am now short only 47k. My account is tanned, rested, and ready to go nuts shorting should the share price rise "much" from here (2.50-ish).


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Days of Our Lives
Days of our Lives first aired in 1965 on NBC. The storyline focuses on the trials and tribulations of the Horton, Brady, and DiMera families and other residents of the fictional town of Salem. Soap opera fans are invited to read in-depth Days of our Lives daily recaps, as well as the late-breaking DOOL news. Soaps.com provides the latest Days of our Lives spoilers on the net.
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text: Judges--United States United States. Spangler Alec Alec Spangler Rust Craig Craig Rust 1971 2016-05-09 Judges Trading cards John Glover Roberts, Jr. pitcher 803604638 2009 Caricatures and cartoons en 803604638 "'Supreme Court Sluggers' cards are supposed to be useful and entertaining. Useful by (a) presenting interesting information about the work of the Supreme Court of the United States, and (b) serving as a reason for us to gather (and share) the data behind those presentations so that others may build on our work. Entertaining by providing small, amusing-but-respectful links between the world of law and the world of sport." -- Green Bag website. 2009 Supreme Court sluggers ; Washington, D.C. George Mason University. School of Law. c2009 dcu Roberts John G. John G. Roberts 1955 Green Bag Press. Roberts John G. John G. Roberts 1955 Green Bag, Inc. Trading cards--United States


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42 CFR 423.301 - Scope.
Beta! The text on the eCFR tab represents the unofficial eCFR text at ecfr.gov.
§ 423.301 Scope.
This subpart sets forth rules for the calculation and payment of CMS direct and reinsurance subsidies for Part D plans; the application of risk corridors and risk-sharing adjustments to payments; and retroactive adjustments and reconciliations to actual enrollment and interim payments. This subpart does not apply to fallback entities or fallback prescription drug plans.


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30. Is pregnancy possible female viagra too effective after liver transplantation?. At least a 1-year waiting period is advisable. Contraception should be instituted before resuming sexual relations, preferably with barrier methods.
Hypertensive complications, preterm delivery, infection and fetal growth restriction. Pregnancy female viagra too effective will become possible once normal menstrual cycles resume. Most pretransplant amenorrhea resolves in approximately 5 to 8 months following liver transplantation, in women with chronic liver disease.
31. What are the possible complications of pregnancies occurring after liver transplantation?. Case reports suggest that conception close to the transplant date may result in increased maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality.
The psychology of facial female viagra too effective expression (pp, fernandez-Dolls. In J. A componential approach to the meaning of facial expressions.
Journal of female viagra too effective Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 569–493. Smith, C., & Scott, H. (1993).
The possible involvement of anti-worm antibody and also complement in mucus trapping of nematodes has been suggested by the observation that a specific component (presumably IgA antibody) and a female viagra too effective non-specific component (possibly complement, since nematode cuticles are capable of activating complement) were involved in retention of nematode larvae in the mucus layer following their incubation in immune serum (Lee and Ogilvie, 1979). Mucus secretion from goblet cells is stimulated by a variety of secretagogues and mechanisms including cholinergic stimulation , immune complexes and C2a, which is a potent stimulator of mucus secretion acting independently of mast cell activation. Mucus release during intestinal worm infection may, therefore, be triggered by mediators released by MMC or eosinophils following cross linking of surface-bound, parasite-specific IgE. Alternatively goblet cells may have receptors for IgE. Both responses can be transferred by adoptive immunization with T cells and serum from immune rats (Miller, 1978), and there is evidence that the release of goblet cell mucus in passively-sensitized rats following intraduodenal female viagra too effective antigen challenge is IgE-dependent (Lake et al., 1981.
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world cup!
world cup!
Jun 17, 2006 8:50PM PST
i almost forgot about the world cup. yay for usa for not getting killed by the italians and instead tying with a final score of 1-1. and thanks ghana for not losing against the czech republic to give usa better stats. to anyone else thats following the world cup, comment and tell me that argentina is going to win. i mean tell me who you think is going to win. (argentina) for all those people that arent following the world cup, argentina won against serbia and montenegro 6-0. wow. the highest score besides that was two. i think. maybe three. ill have to check that. BUT 6 TO NOTHING IS INSANE! to all those who face the argentian team in the future, good luck.
Comments (1)
errorPosted: Jun 17, 2006 12:00AM PST by rostebeafe2
i apologize. i made an error. two teams so far got four points in one game. still. SIX!


text: One bedroom apartment in the modern condominium, the Square Condominium is situated in Phuket Town. The unit of 33sqm. with one bedroom and one bathroom, open plan living&dining area and kitchen area. The condo's facilities are car park, Wi-Fi in public areas, business center, elevator, fitness center, outdoor pool. This apartment is offered for long term rent (one year contract).


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223 posts tagged with sexuality.
Displaying 151 through 200 of 223. Subscribe:
Transgender resources in SF and the BA?
Transgender resources in San Francisco and the Bay Area? [more inside]
Straight chicks digging lesbian erotica?
Do straight chicks dig lesbian erotica? My wife trolls the net for stories of girl on girl sex. No pics. No videos. Oh, and by the way, our sex life is not so good. Might she be gay? curious? or do straight girls dig lesbian sex stories?
Can you help me find personal writing by bisexual men?
As a bisexual woman I've been thinking lately about the strange status of bisexual men in my society (the USA). There are surely plenty of bi men around - I've met several and dated a couple, but I've read very little in depth writing from the point of view of men who date or sleep with both men and women. [more inside]
This ring, it vibrates?
Are vibrating cock rings any good? [more inside]
Still queer, thanks for asking!
Family holidays: some help at navigating not-so-subtle gender cues? [more inside]
Where did my morning wood go?
I never get morning erections anymore. Why? [more inside]
friendly exchange of ideas with evangelist door knockers
every weekend evangelist missionaries knock on our door for a chat. I'm wondering how to politely express my support for gay marriage, sex education, access to abortion services etc. while staying friendly and not getting in a forty minute conversation that goes nowhere. [more inside]
Nuanced discussions of sexuality
I want to read about sexuality. [more inside]
What should I tell people about my sexuality?
I don't like labeling my sexuality, but other people seem to want me to do so. How do I deflect them? [more inside]
smart online sex forums: lizard brains can wait outside
Is there a Metafilter about sex? [more inside]
We're big and getting busy. How can we get busier?
Sex positions for overweight people? NSFW details inside [more inside]
Question about erection angles
I have a NSFW, but nevertheless clinical and sober, question about erection angles (question follows). [more inside]
What am I making my brain do to my body?
Can someone tell me what I am doing in my brain to cause this sensation in my body? Am I a monk? [more inside]
What are the social benefits of pornography?
Does porn benefit society? Over the years we've read a lot about the ills of pornography but the world doesn't seem to be falling apart any faster than it was before the internet came along. What's the latest thinking on this? [more inside]
How can I stop thinking about the nasty?
I'm obsessed with sex. I think about it constantly. How can I make it stop? [more inside]
What else is in this invisible backpack?
I'm a straight, white, upper middle class male. I'm aware that this automatically means I generally have an easier time than people with a different sexuality/race/class/gender. That said, I'm probably unaware of what these benefits are. What does this 'privileged' status do for me that I don't even notice? [more inside]
My groin wants what my brain doesn't!
The type of guy I like to spend time with isn't the type I like to have sex with. What now? Probably NSFW! [more inside]
I think I'm straight. Now what?
After a long time in a lesbian relationship, I'm coming to the realization that I think I'm straight. I don't want to leave my wife (I really love her), but I can't stop thinking about men. Please help me figure this out. Sexually explicit details inside. NSFW [more inside]
Mom, Dad? I don't even have a closet.
How to deal when family thinks you're in the closet? [more inside]
How does a gay man go about dating women?
How does a gay man go about dating women? [more inside]
Help me overthink sex and romance.
What are some good books/essays/articles about human sexuality, sexual and romantic relationships, and sexual or otherwise affection-entangled activity - with an emphasis on the theoretical? I'm thinking more along the lines of Judith Butler than The Joy of Sex - so suggestions should be at least vaguely academic. (Things like Leaves of Grass count as vaguely academic). [more inside]
More than once every 52 seconds
I feel my libido is too high. How can I normalize it healthily and deal with it? [more inside]
Help me figure out what to do about my relationship.
Help me sort out my feelings about the relationship I'm in because I just can't seem to figure it out. (long and complicated - sorry!) [more inside]
SNRIs vs. libido
Is there any way to stay on SNRIs but restore libido? Possibly TMI about sex life inside, quite possibly NSFW. [more inside]
Where can I find help in dealing with a sexual fetish?
Where can I find therapy which will allow me to understand / cope with / overcome a fetish? [more inside]
My little brother is a furry?
So it turns out my kid brother might be a furry. Is this normal? [more inside]
Developmental disability and sexuality
Parents of children or young adults with developmental disabilities: how have you dealt with sexuality issues? [more inside]
What is the evolutionary relevance of PMS?
I want to come out as hetero at my gay workplace.
It is a good thing where I work that I identify as gay. Very good. Recently however, I have fallen (madly) for a hetero... This would be somewhat of an issue of at my gay workplace and I'd like some good ole MeFi advice (MI) [more inside]
I'm a girl of 24 and I broke up with my boyfriend of 4 years in october to be with a woman. Confused!!!
This is very complicated so get comfortable....I'm a girl of 24 and I broke up with my boyfriend of 4 years in october to be with a woman. [more inside]
What am I?
I am confused about my sexuality. [more inside]
How best to overcome impotence?
How best to overcome impotence? I feel really horrible about myself right now. [more inside]
Help me with my (non-education related) research
I'm writing an article for a friend's zine about fictional media portrayal of adolescent and pre-adolescent sexuality - looking for examples and sources [more inside]
Should I tell my girlfriend I've had gay sex before?
Should I tell my long-term girlfriend (I'm male) that I have had sex with men in the past? [more inside]
Where's my parade?
Help me, if you will, loosen the ferociously tangled knot of my sexual orientation. [more inside]
Recommendations for films to improve your sex life?
Neither my boyfriend nor I have a particularly high libido, and we make love once every few weeks or so. We've discovered, though, that we really enjoy watching good movies that are also....well....hot. And I do mean good films -- not porn -- that also are sexual. (Sex & Lucia, Shortbus, etc.) We enjoy watching a film, find it arousing, and then we have great sex! I'm curious what other films are out there that tell a good story....have strong character development....and are sexy. Any recommendations?
I am curious about how some people manage to approach nudity without the social connotations of vulnerability, sexuality, and invasiveness.
I am curious about how some people manage to approach nudity without the social connotations of vulnerability, sexuality, and invasiveness. [more inside]
How do I find out whether he likes me?
Is he gay like me? Will it work out? The messy process of coming out ... [more inside]
How to become a sex goddess?
SexualityFilter: I was raised as a strict religious conservative, but have realized that's just not me and I am starting over. I'd like to learn a lot more about myself, sexually. What tips and books do you have to help give a 23 year old woman sexual knowledge and confidence? [more inside]
Make my girlfriend more confident so we can have better sex
My partner loves going down on me. She loves kissing me once or twice, briefly sucking me like a lollipop, and is uneasy about doing anything more, which ends up being frustrating for both of us. [more inside]
Please don't touch me there. Or there. Or there, there, there and... yes, not there either.
Why don't I like to be touched on certain parts of my body? I'm a 38 year old male, and for as long as I can remember, there are places on my body I don't like to be touched. Some of them make sense, given certain events in my past, but most of them not so much. To explain... [more inside]
Our son came out to us today. Now what?
My 20 year old son came out to my wife and I this morning. I want to support him and understand his lifestyle and decisions better. Where do I go from here? [more inside]
how does it feel to have your period?
how does it feel to have your period? [more inside]
What percentage of male-to-female transsexuals are lesbian in their sexual orientation after their transitions?
What percentage of male-to-female transsexuals are lesbians after their transitions? [more inside]
What are the best sex blogs?
What are the best sex blogs? I'm interested in reading humorous, insightful, or just interesting writing about sex. [more inside]
Um, coming out... again.
For the last 5 years (age 18-23), I've identified myself as a gay man. Came out to my friends and family and was living okay. Now, for the last year, I've basically come to realize I'm not gay. I've lost all attraction to men and I kinda fell for a woman. I haven't talked to anyone about it (including "her"), and am now realizing I need to come out (er, again). Any ideas how to handle it with my friends, family, and "her"? I'd obviously like to minimize the humiliation, anger, hurt, etc.
What do Blind people find sexy?
For most people, physical attraction is visual. So how do Blind people become attracted to someone in the absence of visual stimuli? [more inside]
Good books about female sexual health and body issues?
What are some good books or other materials for a woman to learn about female sexual health and how to love her body? [more inside]
Cystic Fibrosis, Dating, and Sex
I'm currently dating a wonderful woman who has cystic fibrosis. I've been making an effort to be as informed as possible about the disease, so I can understand and/or accomodate any special needs that she might have. What do I need to know that I won't learn from the medical websites? Of extra importance is sexuality - are there any implications of the disease in the sexual arena? Thanks!
Gay to Straight Woes
Have any MeFites had experience dating someone of the opposite sex after previously only being attracted to members of the same sex? [more inside]


text:
Excellent city hotel. Close to Harbour Bridge. Good for sightseeing and located near shopping areas. Good restaurant service. Great dining experience. Friendly atmosphere. Popular among couples.
Hotel Types
- Wonderful sightseeing
- Great shopping
- Near city centre
- Great view
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- Nice for romantic trips
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- Great location
- Wonderful sightseeing
- Great shopping
- Good accessibility by car
- Close to public transport
- Train station is close
- Free internet
- Value for money could be better
- Free internet
- Clean


text:
New Delhi:India's wild card entry Prakash Amritraj joined compatriot Rohan Bopanna in the second round of the $385,000 Campbell's Hall of Fame Tennis Championships in New Port, Rhode Island, Wednesday.
Prakash rallied after losing the first-set tie-breaker to beat Australian Joseph Sirianni, 6-7(3), 6-4, 6-4 in the first round of the grass court event.
Bopanna, who made it to the main draw as a qualifier, also advanced to the second round, beating American Kim Kevin 6-3, 6-4. The Indian now runs into world number 41, top-seeded American Mardy Fish.
Prakash, along with his Luxembourg pair Giles Muller, later shocked the second seeded Americans Scott Lipsky and David Martin, beating them 7-6 (4), 3-6 ,10-7 in the doubles first round.
Bopanna, too, along with Pakistani partner Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi entered the second round. The fourth-seeded pair defeated American duo of Tripp Phillips and Jim Thomas 4-6, 6-3, 10-2.


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This fish tank i bought was used once before, i cleaned it filled it up, took it down cleaned it again and now its smells really bad again WHY whats wrong with it. NO FISH!!!
What does it smell like?
At one point my newer tank was smelling like a dirty lake.. you know that smell of a place where diapers go to die LOL
(cracked myself up on that one) So I realized my syphon wasn't getting enough of the bad stuff from the gravel and swished my filter pad in the dirty water a little. After I refilled the tank the smell was gone. I only cleaned 1/3 of the gravel. Even though it was technically cycling I did it anyway along with a 50% pwc. Up to you to try that though b/c it could stall your cycle or at least make it take longer so proceed with caution.
How big is the tank? Do you know what was in it prior to you getting it?
You may have to reclean it with a little bit of clorox...just be sure to rinse out the clorox until the tank no longer has that smell.
Its a 20 gallon & no i have no clue. When i first put water in it its fine for a week or so then it starts smelling bad again.
Lol agree stinky lake water. The 2ed time around i used rocks out of my 60 gallon. Ill try what you did cause wow its horrible.
Probably your best option is to empty the aquarium then disinfect it by filling it with freshwater and a small amount of chlorine bleach. Let it sit for 48 hours, then empty and thoroughly rinse the tank and fill it with freshwater.
If you can still smell chlorine after another soak and rinse, use a double dose of tap water conditioner when you refill the aquarium for the final time.
Thoroughly rinse the substrate and decorations, then let them dry in the sun. Before putting them back into the aquarium, put them in some water; if they still stink you may want to consider replacing all of it.
After the aquarium is set up, run all the accessories just as you will when it has fish again, and add some Tetra safe start or a similar formulation containing live bacteria. Feed the growing bacteria a small pinch of fish food every other day, and wait.
When ammonia and nitrite concentrations stay at zero and nitrate is well below 40 ppm, the cycle is working. At that time, add a few fish, and start changing 25 percent of the water every week. The aquarium may smell a bit like fish, but it will not stink if you feed no more than the fish eat in a couple of minutes and avoid overcrowding.
Thanx, I think im going to leave it alone for a few weeks and see what happens. Cause the day after i posted this the water stopped smelling, but the next day it smelling bad again, but not as bad. Not sure whats going on, but we will see in a few weeks, if no better ill try cleaning it like you said. Thank you all :-
Hi Butterfly Angel
After you added water, what else did you add to tank?
Did you add a Ammonia source to get the cycle happening?
Hi I got a used fish tank recently and it smelled pretty bad, I wiped the inside down with white vinegar, straight, no water added, and then rinsed well. At first the odor got MUCH worse and then it gradually went away, and by the next day it was dry and smelled like...nothing! which was GREAT!! So, I hope this helps!!


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In the past, music has been used in psychological warfare and it seems that every generation has a new round of songs to torture people with. No, we're not talking the regular torture you feel when you've heard the same pop track too many times on (insert your favorite top 40's station here). We're talking about pop music literally used to torture people.
The latest is that Britney Spears' songs "Oops!… I Did It Again" and "Baby One More Time" have been used to drive away Somali pirates. The reasoning behind choosing Spears' tracks probably won't surprise you. A merchant naval officer explained to NBC News that "her songs were chosen by the security team because they thought the pirates would hate them most." In other words, blasting Brit Brit is the new home security system for sea highway goers.
But at least the pirates could escape the sounds of the overplayed pop music. Detainees in a U.S. prison in Kabul had to listen to Eminem's "The Real Slim Shady" on loop for 20 days straight causing many to lose their minds. In 2013, hearing it once a month would be enough for us to go crazy, but back 13 years ago we have to admit we were all about it.
And an oldie but a goodie to reportedly put your enemies into a fragile state is apparently Bruce Springsteen's "Born in the USA." The song apparently served two purposes: to entertain the officers who can't get enough of The Boss, and to break down the prisoners at Guantanamo Bay. Although we don't 100 percent understand how this tactic works scientifically, one thing is for sure: if Miley's "We Can't Stop" really never did stop in a room full of people with no escape, they would surely all be in the mad house in no time.
(via NBC News)


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Job Summary This role involves leading, managing and maintaining infrastructure and the services that run on SaaS based cloud platforms at Tripwire. The SaaSOps Lead Engineer is responsible for collaboration with R&D on production architecture, implementing and maintaining SLA?s10/3/2016 Portland, OR Save This Job
Job Description Green Hills Software, Inc is a world-renowned, market leading provider of high-performance software tools for developers of embedded systems. Green Hills produces real-time operating systems (INTEGRITY and velOSity), an integrated software development environment9/10/2016 Santa Barbara, CA Save This Job
Departments: IT Locations: Bay Area We are looking for a Senior Datacenter Operations Engineer who is enthusiastic about data center deployment and site reliability. You will be responsible for the day-to-day operations of our co-location data center, AWS cloud infrastructure9/26/2016 Bay Area, CA Save This Job
Departments: Locations: Bay Area We are looking for a Senior Systems Engineer who is enthusiastic about building, maintaining and fine-tuning Delphix's data center infrastructure for development and will be responsible for effective provisioning, installation/configuration,8/27/2016 Bay Area, CA Save This Job
Location:Boston, MA Job Code:818 # of Openings:1 Description DataXu?s vision is to make marketing better using data science. The world?s top brands and agencies partner with DataXu to better understand and engage their customers across all available media formats, devices,10/18/2016 Boston, MA Save This Job
Desktop Support Engineer in San Francisco & Atlanta Office To apply, send your resume in English to email@example.com Position Overview: LiveVox is looking for a Desktop Support Engineer to provide internal support for employees and contractors. Candidates should have a10/17/2016 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
Sunnyvale, CA August 30, 2016 Enlighted Inc., founded in 2009, is the leading provider of Internet of Things (IoT) solutions in the commercial real estate space. Enlighted develops innovative wireless sensor technology, big data cloud solutions, and enables a variety of building9/10/2016 Sunnyvale, CA Save This Job
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Senior Infrastructure Engineer? Help Please fill in the information below and use the navigational buttons to continue. Warning: Using your browser's Back and Forward buttons may produce undesirable results. The Senior Infrastructure Engineer is responsible for the design,10/10/2016 Portsmouth, NH Save This Job
Position Overview The Controls Engineer will be responsible for the implementation and continued development on controls and acquisition systems. These systems are based on the National Instruments cRIO platform, and make heavy use of its communications and data processing9/17/2016 Hatboro, PA Save This Job
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Job Duties: Mobile Aspects is expanding our Field Service team and has an immediate opening for a Senior Technical Services Engineer to provide support for our expanding line of inventory management systems installed at our hospital based customers. This individual will: -Engage8/31/2016 Pittsburgh, PA Save This Job
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Perry Mason: The Case of the Musical Murder
Release Date: January 1st, 1989
Not Yet Rated|1 hr. 37 min.
Plot Summary
Lawyer Mason (Raymond Burr) hires an ex-client to help defend a stage manager accused of killing a director.
Cast: Raymond Burr, Debbie Reynolds, Jerry Orbach, Dwight Schultz, Barbara Hale, William R. Moses, Alexandra Paul, Mary Cadorette
Director: Christian I. Nyby II
Genres: Mystery


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Evening dress by Lipsy - Made from a delicate sheer chiffon - Lightweight poly fabric - Round neckline - Sequin embellish yoke - Loose swing shape with soft pleating - Sheer back panel - Buttoned, keyhole fastening - Regular fit
Renowned for their statement party dresses, London fashion brand Lipsy channel a young, fun vibe in their partywear, footwear and jewellery collections. Dedicated to delivering fashion forward styles; look out for structured cuts, bold prints and heavy embellishment, with some lines exclusive to ASOS.
Model wears: UK 8/ EU 36/ US 4 Model's height: 178 cm/5'10"
Hand wash only
Shell: 100% Polyester Lining: 96% Polyester, 4% Elastane


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Return Of The Photobomber Extremists
April 18th, 2016
They are out there. Waiting. Looking for any oppertunity to get into one of your personal photos and spoil them with their own special brand of posing. Be it a weird face, body part, or god knows what. Fear them.
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Dude! That black guy is creepy.
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Ara, K. and Katsuragi, H. 2013. Viscoelastic characterization of low-velocity impact of a solid ball on an agar gel. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 113, Issue. 6, p. 063512.
Katsuragi, Hiroaki Dančová, Petra and Vít, Tomáš 2015. Fingering induced by a solid sphere impact to viscous fluid. EPJ Web of Conferences, Vol. 92, p. 02032.
Sun, Ruize Bai, Hao Ju, Jie and Jiang, Lei 2013. Droplet emission induced by ultrafast spreading on a superhydrophilic surface. Soft Matter, Vol. 9, Issue. 39, p. 9285.
Emady, Heather N. Kayrak-Talay, Defne and Litster, James D. 2013. A regime map for granule formation by drop impact on powder beds. AIChE Journal, Vol. 59, Issue. 1, p. 96.
Tan, Hua 2016. Three-dimensional simulation of micrometer-sized droplet impact and penetration into the powder bed. Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 153, p. 93.
Marston, J.O. Sprittles, J.E. Zhu, Y. Li, E.Q. Vakarelski, I.U. and Thoroddsen, S.T. 2013. Drop spreading and penetration into pre-wetted powders. Powder Technology, Vol. 239, p. 128.
Jiang, Jiankai Wu, Jing Poncin, Souhila and Li, Huai Z. 2016. Rheological characterization of digested sludge by solid sphere impact. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 218, p. 301.
Emady, Heather N. Kayrak-Talay, Defne and Litster, James D. 2013. Modeling the granule formation mechanism from single drop impact on a powder bed. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 393, p. 369.
Marston, J.O. Zhu, Y. Vakarelski, I.U. and Thoroddsen, S.T. 2012. Deformed liquid marbles: Freezing drop oscillations with powders. Powder Technology, Vol. 228, p. 424.
Zhang, Qianyun Gao, Ming Zhao, Runchen and Cheng, Xiang 2015. Scaling of liquid-drop impact craters in wet granular media. Physical Review E, Vol. 92, Issue. 4,
Lee, J.B. Derome, D. and Carmeliet, J. 2016. Drop impact on natural porous stones. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 469, p. 147.
Zhao, Song-Chuan de Jong, Rianne and van der Meer, Devaraj 2015. Raindrop impact on sand: a dynamic explanation of crater morphologies. Soft Matter, Vol. 11, Issue. 33, p. 6562.
Long, Edward J. Hargrave, Graham K. Cooper, James R. Kitchener, Ben G. B. Parsons, Anthony J. Hewett, Caspar J. M. and Wainwright, John 2014. Experimental investigation into the impact of a liquid droplet onto a granular bed using three-dimensional, time-resolved, particle tracking. Physical Review E, Vol. 89, Issue. 3,
Schöngut, Marek Smrčka, David and Štěpánek, František 2013. Experimental and theoretical investigation of the reactive granulation of sodium carbonate with dodecyl-benzenesulfonic acid. Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 86, p. 2.
Kumar, A. Ananth Praveen Sandireddy, Venkatanarayana Prasad Banerjee, Tamal and Bandyopadhyay, Dipankar 2015. Dynamics of a Liquid Droplet on a Granular Bed of Microstructured Particles: From Lens Formation to Marble Effect. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 54, Issue. 3, p. 1131.
Hamlett, C. A. E. Atherton, S. Shirtcliffe, N. J. McHale, G. Ahn, S. Doerr, S. H. Bryant, R. and Newton, M. I. 2013. Transitions of water-drop impact behaviour on hydrophobic and hydrophilic particles. European Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 64, Issue. 3, p. 324.
Supakar, T. Moradiafrapoli, M. Christopher, G.F. and Marston, J.O. 2016. Spreading, encapsulation and transition to arrested shapes during drop impact onto hydrophobic powders. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 468, p. 10.
Liquid drop impact and penetration into a granular layer are investigated with diverse liquids and granular materials. We use various sizes of SiC abrasives and glass beads as a target granular material. We also employ ethanol and glycerol aqueous solutions as well as distilled water to make a liquid drop. The liquid drop impacts the granular layer with a low speed (~ms−1). The drop deformation and penetration are captured by a high-speed camera. From the video data, characteristic time scales are measured. Using a laser profilometry system, resultant crater morphology and its characteristic length scales are measured. Static strength of the granular layer is also measured by the slow pillar penetration experiment to quantify the cohesive force effect. We find that the time scales are almost independent of impact speed, but they depend on liquid drop viscosity. In particular, the penetration time is proportional to the square root of the liquid drop viscosity. In contrast, the crater radius is independent of the liquid drop viscosity. The crater radius is scaled by the same form as the previous paper, Katsuragi (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 104, 2010, art. 218001).
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