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"Very happy with this! VERY quick with proofs and shipping. Four stars on print quality because if you look carefully, the print's a little grainy--not enough to make a difference. Four stars on design because the design software has pretty strict limits on what font size, spacing, and placement it will allow; it took a fair amount of tweaking to get what I wanted, but the designer I spoke with was knowledgeable and friendly. Also under "design"--although they offer bar/bat mitzvah and wedding invitations, they don't offer Hebrew fonts for (at least) the kid's name--you can only do it if you upload some special kind of file and..."
"Used this as my daughter's bat mitzvah invitation. Tiny Prints designer responded to my special instructions beautifully and fit in all my type. Getting very positive feedback from family and friends and my daughter loves it."
"Subdued yet festive, this design even appealed to my 13 year old son. So nice to get away from the typical Bar Mitzvah design trap of "casual 'hip' watercolor of the Torah Scrolls" We moved around the lines of type to better convey the details of our particular event, and the designers did a fine job. Paper quality and weight are exceptional, I am very pleased."
"Coordinates well with the invitation. It works well for single responses (they color in the star), but doesn't have a spot to put the number of attendees in the case of a family. I would recommend a short line after "will attend"."
Copyright © 2004-2016 Shutterfly, Inc | Tiny Prints | Terms of Use. Designated trademarks and brands are the property of their respective owners.


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September 23, 2016
Dear American Legion, Dept. of California Members:
You may see billboards or other communications from the Yes on 61 campaign indicating support from a veterans' organization. I wanted to clarify with all of you that all of the major California's veterans service organizations are universally and unequivocally in strong opposition to Proposition 61 because it would be terrible for veterans.
The group in question, VoteVets, is not a veteran service organization, but a political organization that is primarily focused on electing candidates to office. They have been the subject of several news articles questioning their money and motives (see below for more information).
Many of our organizations have been around for decades, and some for as long as a century. The bulk of our time is spent in in the trenches providing countless hours of community service and helping veterans who need it. While we are not inherently political, we sometimes have to take stands against policies that would hurt veterans. Prop 61 is such a policy.
The proponents of Prop 61 are trying to obscure this issue by putting out this political organization and saying it represents our voice. I urge all of our members, and our fellow organizations, to double down our efforts against Prop 61 so voters are not fooled.
The VA has estimated that Prop 61 could increase their prescription drug costs by $3.8 billion year, which would mean increased costs or reduced services for veterans and their families. We need to protect veterans and defeat Prop 61.
TIME Magazine said VoteVets conduct "political attacks" "under the cover of defending those who have served the nation in wartime."
"But McConnell has cried foul. Much of the board of VoteVets is made up of Democratic donors and strategists, people like former Bill Clinton personal aide Douglas Band and former Clinton White House adviser Elaine Kamarck, who have only tangential ties to military service. And the public records that are available show that the group has a history of taking money from interests groups far afield of veterans issues to pay for political attacks against Republican candidates under the cover of defending those who have served the nation in wartime.
TIME Magazine, September 5, 2014
ProPublica.org Includes VoteVets.org on its list of "Dark Money" groups In 2012, ProPublica.org conducted an investigation into 106 nonprofit organizations that were politically active and "Funnel Dark Money into Campaigns." VoteVets.org was ranked 8th of 106 for the percent of its budget "spent on politics."VoteVets.org spent 49% of its budget on politics according to ProPublica.org. (propublica.org<http://projects.propublica.org/dark-money/organizations/all.html>)
VoteVets.org does not itself disclose any of its donors as a 501c4. However the Center for Responsive Politics has reported on donors to VoteVets.org and indicates they have received millions from unions and environmental organizations. opensecrets.org<http://www.opensecrets.org/news/2016/05/fueled-by-unions-and-secret-donors-liberal-vets-group-spends-millions-boosting-democrats/>, May 31, 2016
You can check out their web site here: http://www.votevets.org
Gary Leach, Department Commander
Commander Leach's 9-23-2016 letter
The veterans organizations opposed to Proposition 61 represent more than two hundred thousand California veterans. They include:
Both the Department of California and the Sons of the American Legion have signed on in opposition to Prop 61. Please join us.
The Mobile Health Provider Program is designed to equip VA health care providers with mobile technology to enhance the way they deliver health care to Veterans. Watch the videos below to learn more about the program.
Name and Emblem Use and Protection Guide
How do we properly use The American Legion emblem?
The American Legion "Name and Emblem Use and Protection Guide" give us the answers.
"The purpose of this manual is to provide a set of guidelines on how to use the marks of The American Legion for all who have a need to use them – our members, local post officers, department officers, and suppliers of benefits and vendors of products for The American Legion and our members."
All member of our American Legion Family must remain vigilante in the proper use and protection of The American Legion emblem. This includes our subsidiaries, such as the Sons of the American Legion and American Legion Riders. The following rules relating to subsidiaries are taken directly from the "Name and Emblem Use and Protection Guide" (pages 18-19). All our Legion leaders should understand these rules.
"Moreover, because of the requirements of the trademark law, such subsidiary corporations, trusts or foundations – including Sons of The American Legion and the American Legion Riders – must meet the following requirements:
1. All officers, directors, trustees, etc. must be named by the department (usually nominated by the department commander and confirmed by the Department Executive Committee).
2. All vacancies in the subsidiary corporation must be filled by the department.
3. The subsidiary corporation must report to the department, no less frequently than monthly. These reports must include financial reports.
4. The department treasurer or finance officer must be a signatory on all accounts.
5. All amendments to articles of incorporation or by-laws must be approved by the department. (If the current text has not been approved by the department, it too must be so approved.)
These same rules apply to subsidiaries of posts, squadrons and Riders chapters. Of course, all references to departments also reference posts in the appropriate situation.
Remember: the subsidiary does NOT tell the parent what to do.
Post subsidiaries are subject to the same rules. Merely replace the word "department" with "post." This is also true of American Legion Auxiliary units. Merely replace the word "post" with the word "unit." Departments of the American Legion Auxiliary use language identical to that used by The American Legion."
Department Guidance for ALR Programs
U.S. House of Representatives Speaker Rep. Paul Ryan sent video greetings to The American Legion 98th National Convention in Cincinnati.
Veterans and friends gathering to watch football has long been a tradition at American Legion Post 50 in Cleburne, Texas.
However, some will need to look elsewhere to watch their favorite teams.
The post recently made the decision not to televise games involving the San Francisco 49ers, Seattle Seahawks, Denver Broncos, Miami Dolphins, Kansas City Chiefs and the Los Angeles Rams.
"I expect this list to grow," Post Commander Jeff Hill said. "We at Post 50 will not allow the disrespect of our country, its flag or its national anthem to be disrespected within our halls."
The choice follows the decision by players on those teams to sit or kneel instead of standing during the pre-game performance of the national anthem.
49ers' quarterback Colin Kaepernick began the practice in preseason, igniting a media firestorm, something players on other NFL teams, as well as college and high school teams, have since adopted.
We have an FAQ Page on the department web site. FAQ Web Page
Some of the most frequently asked questions (FAQ) in many organizations, are those asked about acronyms. The American Legion is no exception as we have our fair share of acronyms. When people do not know the meaning of an acronym, whether a TLA*, FLA* or SLA*, the acronymcan block effective communication.
Visit the FAQ page of our Department web site and see the TLAs & FLAs we have shared. Send us an email at email@example.com, if there is an acronym you think should be added to our list.
American Legion National Commander Charles E. Schmidt will award his national commander pin to any Legion member who obtains three new members into the Legion. A new member is any eligible person joining for the 2017 membership year who was not a member of The American Legion during the 2016 membership year.
Each member listed must be eligible for membership in The American Legion. Forward names of SAL members or Auxiliary members to your detachment or unit for use in their respective incentive programs.
To maintain the integrity of the national commander's pin incentive program, only one pin will be awarded per individual.
Upon receipt, national membership staff will confirm the names and mail the pin directly to the person who earned it. Commander Schmidt's incentive program will end June 30, 2017, or when supplies are exhausted.
National Commander's Incentive Pin New Member Form (PDF) »
National Commander's Incentive Certificate Form (PDF)
100% American Legion Family Ribbons will be awarded to any post family that achieves 100% membership by the 2017 100% target date. A Legion Family is defined as a post and/or any combination of Auxiliary unit or SAL squadron.
(Each must achieve 100% to qualify)
100% American Legion Family Ribbon Application
Our Legislative Commission under the guidance of Pete Conaty, Legislative Advocate and Don Harper, Commission Chairman have been very busy supporting legislation for California veterans.
There are fifteen (15) veteran related bills that the The American Legion, Department of California sponsored, supported, or watched that are currently on the Governor's desk. For more information visit: calegion.org
New Reports in Report Server
MyLegion.org is a free, secure internet site that provides access to member data and more. It is the 'Members Only' Section of Legion.Org.
Using myLegion.org Post Adjutants can take care of a number of important administrative functions for your post, including:
New features have been added to myLegion.org, they include:
This is a new feature that generates a pre-written letter that can be sent to Post 1000 members (members currently assigned to our state headquarters post, aka Post 1000) inviting them to transfer into your post. The invitation letter has a signature line for members to approve their transfer into your post.
Americans are on the move, and Legionnaires are no exception. National Headquarters' Project Stay Active helps local posts maintain contact with members who move into your area. When moving into your area, the post should contact and welcome the member to the area. This is an ideal time to offer assistance and to invite the member to visit your post.
"Find Members in My Area" is a report designed to assist with identifying and contacting members who belong to Post 1000 or are expired members. Using the pull down menus, select the zip code(s), last paid year(s), and available posts to View Report.
Note: this new method of finding Post 1000 members in your area uses zip codes, not miles from your post. You can enter multiple zip codes using a comma to separate them. The results of your search can now be downloaded in a number of file formats including CSV, PDF, Excel and Word.
Photo by Lucas Carter/The American Legion
The founders of The American Legion had a vision for the organization when they first gathered in 1919. Nearly 100 years later, newly elected American Legion National Commander Charlie Schmidt said it's the job of current Legionnaires to make sure that vision continues.
"Our time and responsibility is here for us, you and I, …to ensure that that vision is passed on to the next generation of veterans to insure those who have borne the battle, and their families, will be cared for by a grateful nation," Schmidt told Legion family members on Sept. 1 at the Legion's national convention in Cincinnati. "You and I must leave our footprints on today's American Legion.
"Our Founding Fathers had a vision for America and its veterans. That vision is still relevant today. As long as there are conflicts around the world, our nation must be prepared to defend those vital interests to our nation and our allies with a strong and capable military. Where there are active-duty, Guard and Reserve personnel, and veterans, there will always be a need for The American Legion. You and I have inherited that vision."
You can sign up a new member and use their credit card to pay their dues, using the Legion Mobil App! Very cool!
This app offers a succinct description of the Legion's forms of advocacy, opportunities to join, donate and find nearby posts.
The American Legion Claims Coach provides step-by-step guidance to help you and your service officer through the process of filing for VA benefits.
Founded in 1932, Sons of The American Legion exists to honor the service and sacrifice of Legionnaires.
Follow your favorite American Legion baseball teams as they compete to reach the American Legion Baseball World Series.
California Graphic Resources is a new feature on the Department of California web site. It is basically a link to a Dropbox account where we started to share quality graphics with our Legionnaires.
From a link to the Dropbox graphic on the Resources page of the web site, you can access the web team Dropbox account. You do not need a Dropbox account to download the graphic files.
The 'American Legion' folder contains graphics developed at the National office. We are making them available in our Dropbox, as higher quality graphics than you might otherwise find on the internet and to make them easier to find. We did the searching for you
The 'Department of California' folder contains graphics developed by our web team. You cannot use them to make money. We encourage you to use them to help communicate our good Legion message and to make The American Legion stronger. Agreed?
In the 'Department of California' folder is a folder titled, '2016-2017 Department Leaders' this folder contains photos of our key department leaders. The large majority of these pictures were taken by Lillian Moss, Department Historian. More pictures will be added as time goes by and they will always identify who is in the picture and if possible, what leadership role the person holds.
If you would like the web team to help you access other graphic images or photos, just send your request in an e-mail (please include a contact phone #) to:
We will do our best to serve you. For God and Country.
Friday, December 16
Walk for Veterans - Sacramento
With The American Legion,
National Commander, Charlie Schmidt
Walk for Veteran Flier
March 10 - 12, 2017
Department Executive Committee (DEC)
West Covina Post 790
330 N. Azusa Ave., West Covina
Tuesday, March 14, 2017
Member Muster Software
Free Download for posts in
Department of California
American Legion Extension Institute (ALEI)
Female Veterans, looking for support? Call the Women Veterans Hotline.
By answering a few simple questions, we are able to help you determine your eligibility for hundreds of available benefits.
After completing the questions, you will be delivered a customized report to provide to your Department Service Officer.

subset: commoncrawl


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Zelda Frog Prince Pet Costume
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Kiss this pup and watch him become a handsome prince!
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United Airlines Intern - Network Planning and Scheduling (summer 2017) in Chicago, Illinois
Intern - Network Planning and Scheduling (summer 2017)
Now taking off: Your career
Where do you want your career to take you? Chances are you can get there with United Airlines. Our environment is open, honest, and focused on our customers—and your success. So choose a career path.
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Chicago, IL
Equal Opportunity Employer – Minorities/Women/Veterans/Disabled/LGBT
Travel subject to service charges/restrictions. Bonuses awarded only under terms of United's policies.
Network Planning and Scheduling Overview
The Network Planning & Scheduling department is responsible for strategic and operational decisions related to the flight network at our 8 hubs. We evaluate aircraft configurations, fleet acquisitions/retirements and determine the long term strategy of United's hubs. We plan near term and future flight frequencies for existing and new markets, both domestically and internationally. We schedule each of our 5,000 daily departures on our wide-, narrow-body and regional aircraft fleets. We optimize aircraft flows for passenger connectivity and ensure the flight schedule is operationally feasible and reliable. We look at revenue and cost performance of all of our flights to optimally deploy seat capacity and maximize network profitability.
Job Description
Internship opportunities will be available in the areas of Domestic/International Scheduling, Domestic/International Planning, Long Range/Strategic Planning, and Flight Profitability. Placement within the department will be determined during the selection process, dependent on your experience, abilities and best fit.
Tasks will vary by group and may involve the following:
Assist in the fleeting, flowing and gating of flights as part of our ongoing scheduling process
Provide profitability forecasts and make recommendations for frequency planning or new market adds
Analyze market forces like demand patterns, yield developments and other economic conditions
Build financial models to evaluate various strategic opportunities
Analyze our competitive environment and benchmark United against other airlines
Assist in the improvement of our systems, tools, and regular data processing
- Mustbe a current undergraduate student (Jr./Sr. standing preferred) or graduatestudent pursuing a degree in Business, Finance/Economics, Transportation/Logisticsor related area of study
Exceptional technical, analytical and problem solving skills required
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Strong verbal and written communication skills; solid interpersonal skills with focus on teamwork preferred
Proficiency in Microsoft Excel and PowerPoint; experience in Microsoft Access; exposure to Visual Basic, SQL or other programming tools preferred, but not required
- Experience in data modeling (mostly Excel based); exposure to data retrieval from internal and external data sources required
Position is based in Chicago, IL
Internship duration is May/Jun - Aug/Sep 2017
Must be legally authorized to work in the United States for any employer without sponsorship
Successful completion of interview required to meet job qualification
Reliable, punctual attendance is an essential function of the position
Job Intern - MBA & Undergrad
Primary Location United States-IL-WHQ - Chicago - Corporate Support Center - Willis Tower
Organization 52 Network Planning
Schedule Full-time
Req ID: WHQ00009470-JC


text:
Pictures of the week, 4.7.2012
photography, Photos Saturday, April 7, 2012
Posted by Angie at Postcards from the Ridge
Transforming average items and spaces into something extraordinary. Finding beauty in forgotten rooms and pieces of furniture. Postcards from the Ridge is a place to find ideas for home decor and design, tips and tutorials for all things related to the home, recipes, crafts, and favorite photography tips. Our mantra: There's no place like home.
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Volaris has signed a purchase agreement for 30 A320NEO and 14 A320s. The airline hasn't selected an engine for the aircraft which they will do at a later date.
Congrats to Volaris and Airbus on this order. Can't wait see these planes flying into MDW and would like to see what Volaris has planned for the A320NEO.


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10 Reviews
Very good, Made this just like the recipe said except added a little garlic powder. We devoured the whole thing. Thank you Ellie for posting the recipe.
Dear daughter made this tonight. YUM. She used a large zucchini. Also, she added a small can of drained mushroom slices and some chunked onion. She also used some fresh basil. Then it was all tossed with some fresh thin spaghetti. Really tasty.
It was good but it was missing something. I used tarragon, parsley, and fennel fronds as the mixed herbs. I also added some sliced fresh mushrooms. I think next time I'll try doubling the herbs and perhaps a little cream at the end. Hmmm, sounds good, doesn't it!? I am always grateful for zucchini recipes, since in a month or two we'll have more than our share. Thanks ellie!
We have sauteed zucchini on a regular basis, mainly because its quick and easy. Ive never added any herbs and boy did it make this dish a taste sensation. Thanks for a great recipe. :)
Perfect. Very light tasting and colorful. Start to finish took less than 10 minutes. I used basil and loved the combination.
Although this recipe was just a tad too sweet for my taste, this is a nice and light way to cook zucchini. I served it with a Louisiana style fish. They complimented each other well. My family enjoyed this dish.
Even after being really tired of zucchini this was really good. I added green and red bell pepper, used fresh parsley, and added a squeeze of half a lemon in the last few minutes of cooking. Turned out marvy!
This recipe is so quick and easy! I love the flavor of the zuccini. This is the perfect side dish to use with all the extra zuccini you have from your garden's crop! Update - I made this again last night and added garlic and the 0 Calorie I Can't Believe It's Not Butter Spray. Even better than the night before!
Very nice recipe, and the herb combination was just right! I added a little minced fresh garlic, but otherwise followed the recipe exactly. Best of all, I used up some of my glut of zucchinis! Thanks!
This is what I like--quick and easy. I did saute a clove of fresh garlic and added it to the dish also left off the parmesan cheese. Very good.


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GOP presidential candidate covers ISIS, Russia, immigration at SeaGate Convention Centre.
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After another acrimonious exchange in court today, the North Toledo man charged with shackling his 13-year-old stepdaughter in the basement was told once and for all that he cannot represent himself at trial. Lucas County Common Pleas Judge Linda
Bond set at $1M for Christopher Mominee in death of Tiffiney Mohn.
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Kelly Osbourne is quickly becoming close with Miley Cyrus on the set of 'So Undercover' in New Orleans. Wednesday she defended Miley's bong adventure, and late that night she channeled her new friend.
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Comfort Inn Nashville - Downtown places you within a mile (2 km) of popular attractions like Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum and Ryman Auditorium. This 145-room, 3-star hotel welcomes guests with 4 restaurants, an outdoor pool, and free in-room WiFi. Tennessee State Capitol and Parthenon are also near this Nashville hotel.
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Comfort Inn Nashville - Downtown1501 Demonbreun St Nashville TN 37203
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- Laundry facilities
- Meeting rooms 2
- RV, bus, truck parking
- Parking (limited spaces)
- Garden
- Picnic area
- Poolside bar
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Free self parking
- Free area shuttle
- Number of restaurants - 4
- Free WiFi
Family Friendly Amenities
- Family Hotel
- Outdoor pool
- Free Wi-Fi
- Soundproofed rooms
- Area shuttle (complimentary)
- Snack bar/deli
- Laundry facilities
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
- Cribs/infant beds (complimentary)
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi , Free wired high-speed Internet
Free self parking, RV, bus, truck parking, Parking (limited spaces)
Room Amenities
Comfort Inn Nashville - Downtown offers 145 air-conditioned accommodations, which are accessible via exterior corridors and feature safes and complimentary newspapers. Rooms open to balconies. Premium cable television is provided. Refrigerators, microwaves, and coffee/tea makers are provided. Bathrooms include complimentary toiletries and hair dryers.
Guests can surf the web using the complimentary wireless high-speed Internet access. Business-friendly amenities include desks along with free local calls (restrictions may apply). Housekeeping is provided daily.
- Premium TV channels
- Balcony
- Access via exterior corridors
- Free newspaper
- Air conditioning
- Free local calls
- Refrigerator
- Coffee/tea maker
- Microwave
- Daily housekeeping
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Iron/ironing board
- Cable TV service
- Desk
- Television
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Soundproofed rooms
- In-room safe
- Room service (limited hours)
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge)
- Free WiFi
Where to Eat
The hotel provides a complimentary buffet breakfast daily.
Comfort Inn Nashville – Downtown does not have its own restaurant, but there are several dining options within the surrounding area.
Nearby restaurants:
Valentino's Ristorante
Midtown Cafe
Sunset Grill
Nearby Things to Do
- Bicycle rentals nearby
To make special requests for accessibility needs, please note them at check-out when you book your room.
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
Hotel Policies
Check-in time ends at 7 AM
Minimum check-in age is 21
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Special check-in instructions:
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
- Pets allowed for an extra charge of USD 10 per pet, per night
- Up to 80 kg
- Restrictions apply
- For more information contact the property at the number on the booking confirmation
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
Optional extras
- Airport shuttle fee: USD 18 per person (one way)
- Pet fee: USD 10 per pet, per night
- Rollaway bed fee: USD 10.00 per night
Hotel Name
- Comfort Inn Hotel Nashville Downtown
- Comfort Inn Nashville Downtown
- Comfort Inn Nashville/Demonbreun Street Hotel Nashville
- Nashville Comfort Inn
- Comfort Inn Nashville Downtown Hotel
We should mention
This property offers transfers from the airport (surcharges may apply). Guests must contact the property with arrival details before travel, using the contact information on the booking confirmation. Up to 4 children 18 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding. Guests can arrange to bring pets by contacting the property directly, using the contact information on the booking confirmation (surcharges apply and can be found in the Fees section).


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Most of the legislation's money is short-term or one-time dollars.


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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 21, 1998
|Filing date
|Sep 12, 1995
|Priority date
|Sep 12, 1995
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Gopala Chary Tamirisa
|Original Assignee
|International Busines Machines Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (84), Classifications (10), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates generally to operating systems providing multi-threaded programming interfaces and more particularly to a method that enables such an operating system to provide exception support for applications written to conform to the Distributed Computing Environment (DCE) standard.
It is well known in the art to interconnect multiple computers into a local area network (LAN) to enable such computers to exchange information and share resources. A local area network provides a distributed computing environment in which users can access distributed resources and process applications on multiple computers.
A known distributed computing environment, called DCE, has been implemented using software available from the Open Systems Foundation (OSF). In a distributed computing environment, a group of machines is typically referred to as a "domain." An OSF DCE domain is called a "cell." A DCE cell can be a complex environment involving hundreds of machines in disparate locations throughout the world.
The OSF DCE software has a known exception handling mechanism for transferring control to specified execution paths in an application when so-called "exceptions" arise. An "exception" is any unexpected event that the operating system can convey to the application and that the application must then handle in order to continue its processing. One such exception, for example, might arise when the application makes an improper memory access. This is a so-called "internal" exception as it is inflicted by the application itself. Another example, a so-called "external" exception, might occur when one thread of a multi-threaded application process seeks to cancel the processing of a currently-executing thread.
An exception mechanism enables error information to be returned across multiple levels of procedure calls and thus allows an application to handle an error at the level where the proper recovery actions are known. A function that detects the error originally "raises" the exception. The exception automatically propagates through multiple procedure frames (i.e. through nested function calls) until it is said to be caught. Once the exception is caught, it can be "reraised." This mechanism allows a procedure to intercept an exception and restore state (for example, by releasing a resource) even if the procedure does not know how to fully recover from the error condition. Intermediate functions that do not need to release resources can ignore the exception. Without this mechanism, each nested function, in response to the error information, would have to clean up its state and try to pass the error back to the application. This would require checking, managing, and returning an error status through a number of function calls, which is inefficient and error prone.
Thus, once an exception is raised, it automatically propagates through any nested function calls until it is caught. Any function along the way can catch it, either specifically by name, or by a CATCH ALL handler. When the exception reaches the level where the proper recovery actions are known, the appropriate error handling code is implemented. Intermediate functions which do not need to release resources ignore the exception. When an error condition occurs, and no action can be taken to recover from the error, the application usually must terminate rather than continuing to execute with incorrect (and possibly unpredictable) results.
The problem of exception handling in a multi-threaded programming environment is particularly acute if a developer desires to write DCE-based applications for current multi-threaded operating systems that do not support the DCE exception handling mechanism. One such operating system is IBM's AIX (Advanced Interactive Executive) operating system, which is compatible at the application interface level with AT&T's UNIX operating system, version 5.2. The AIX operating system Release 4.1 provides interfaces by which a POSIX threads-based library can create, execute and cancel threads in a process. POSIX is a series of standards for applications and user interfaces to open systems, issued by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. (IEEE). The IEEE POSIX.1c is the emerging standard for user level multi-threaded programming. DCE, which is based on the older draft 4 of POSIX.1c, utilizes the threads features extensively.
POSIX.1c provides a mechanism for thread cleanup after cancellation through the pthread-- cleanup-- push( ) and the pthread-- cleanup-pop( ) functions. When a thread gets canceled, these pushed handlers are invoked in a Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) fashion. While POSIX.1c theoretically allows an exception mechanism to be implemented over this cleanup handling, it does not specify any exception handling mechanism itself, leaving such support to the programming language.
To address this problem, earlier versions of the AIX operating system (AIX DCE 1.2) provided support for the pthread-- cleanup-- push( ) and pthread-- cleanup-- pop( ) functions and, in addition, attempted to integrate the thread cancel and the exception support under a single implementation. In particular, in AIX DCE 1.2, a certain limited number of UNIX signals were converted to exceptions, and a signal handler installed by the threads library raised an exception whenever these signals were delivered to a process being executed. These exceptions were then handled within an application in an exception handling macro.
A new draft 7 of POSIX.1c has now been issued, yet this draft still does not specify any exception mechanism for the threads library. Thus, many threads-based operating systems including, without limitation, recent implementations of the AIX operating system (Release 4.0 and higher), do not support an exception handler. This remains a significant problem because, without adequate exception support in the multi-threaded operating system environment, DCE must be completely rewritten.
It is therefore a principal object of the invention to port DCE to an operating system having kernel support for threads-based multi-programming.
It is still another object of the invention to implement portable exception support in a computer having an operating system with application programming interfaces to a threads-based library.
It is another important object of the invention to interface an exception support mechanism to a conventional pthreads library, i.e. a library that does not provide any mechanism for raising exceptions, so as to facilitate a port of DCE to the AIX operating system.
It is yet another more specific object to support exceptions in a threads-based operating system conforming to the POSIX.1c standard. This enables the threads-based operating system to take full advantage of existing DCE exception handling mechanisms without a DCE rewrite.
It is a more particular object of the invention to map thread cancels to exceptions for handling by an exception handling mechanism, preferably a known DCE mechanism using TRY/CATCH/ENDTRY macros. By "catching" a thread cancel as an exception, the present invention enables the exception to be corrected so that the currently-executing thread is not canceled.
These and other objects of the invention are implemented in a method for providing exception support in a computer having an operating system, the operating system providing application programming interfaces for use by a threads library to create, execute and cancel threads in a process. The threads library normally maintains a cleanup handler stack for each thread for use in clean-up or restore of invariant state (e.g., by releasing resources or mutexes) upon receipt of a thread cancel. The method begins when there is a predetermined exception handling macro (e.g., a TRY macro) associated with the current thread. If so, the method pushes a pointer to a "sentinel" function, along with a pointer to an exception context, in the cleanup handler stack of the thread. The exception context has been previously saved and contains at least two elements: a jump buffer having machine state information, and an exception state defining the type of exception (e.g., a cancel exception, a signal exception, an application-defined exception, etc.). Upon receipt of a thread cancel for the thread, the threads library invokes the sentinel function as a cleanup handler to thereby map the thread cancel into an exception. The exception is then processed using an exception handling mechanism. Such processing typically includes "jumping" through the exception context to handle the exception without canceling the thread.
The above-described method advantageously enables the operating system to provide exception support for applications written to conform to the Distributed Computing Environment (DCE) standard even though the operating system threads library does not otherwise provide support for raising exceptions.
Preferably, the invention is implemented in a known computer running an AIX operating system and having a threads library, the threads library maintaining a cleanup handler stack for each thread identifying cleanup handlers for use in cleaning-up thread specific data upon receipt of a thread cancel. In particular, the invention enables a DCE exception handling mechanism to be used even though the operating system normally would not support this mechanism. One such known DCE exception handling mechanism is used to transfer control to specified execution paths (known as CATCH blocks) when exceptions arise. This is achieved by mapping a thread cancel into an exception and jumping through the specified execution paths.
One particular object of the invention is to emulate POSIX.1c draft 4 over an AIX Release 4 pthreads library, thereby meeting the requirements of a DCE exception mechanism. This facilitates the porting of DCE to AIX Release 4 without rewrite.
The foregoing has outlined some of the more pertinent objects of the present invention. These objects should be construed to be merely illustrative of some of the more prominent features and applications of the invention. Many other beneficial results can be attained by applying the disclosed invention in a different manner or modifying the invention as will be described. Accordingly, other objects and a fuller understanding of the invention may be had by referring to the following Detailed Description of the preferred embodiment.
For a more complete understanding of the present invention and the advantages thereof, reference should be made to the following Detailed Description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates a known computer network in which the present invention is implemented;
FIG. 2 illustrates a computer in which the present invention is implemented;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the computer of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 illustrates a preferred method for providing exception support according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is an illustration of the cleanup handler stack showing how the sentinel function and exception context pointers are pushed; and
FIG. 6 is an illustration showing how the exception support mechanism interfaces to the pthreads library.
As described above, the invention is directed generally to handling exceptions in a computer operating system having application programming interfaces through which a POSIX-based threads library provides multi-threaded programming support. As shown in FIG. 1, preferably the computer is located in a local area network providing a distributing computing environment in which users can access distributed resources and process applications on multiple computers. The distributed computing environment includes clients 10 interconnected to servers 12 via a network 14. Each of the clients 10 and servers 12 is a computer. For example, each computer may be an IBM� RISC System/6000� (a reduced instruction set or so-called RISC-based workstation) running the AIX (Advanced Interactive Executive) operating system. The AIX operating system is compatible at the application interface level with AT&T's UNIX operating system, version 5.2. The various models of the RISC-based workstation computers are described in many publications of the IBM Corporation, for example, RISC System/6000, 7073 and 7016 POWERstation and POWERserver Hardware Technical Reference, Order No. SA23-2644-00. The AIX operating system is a multi-user, multi-tasking operating system and is further described in AIX Operating System Technical Reference, Order No., published by IBM Corporation, First Edition (November, 1985), and other publications.
In one particular implementation, the distributed computing environment runs a plurality of IBM RISC System/6000 interconnected by IBM's System Network Architecture (SNA), and more specifically SNA LU 6.2 Advanced Program to Program Communication (APPC). SNA uses as its link level Ethernet, a local area network (LAN) developed by Xerox Corporation, or SDLC (Synchronous Data Link Control). A simplified description of local area networks may be found in a book by Larry E. Jordan and Bruce Churchill entitled Communications and Networking for the IBM PC, published by Robert J. Brady (a Prentice-Hall Company)(1983). Although the invention is described in the above-identified context, it should be appreciated that the teachings herein may be implemented using other and different computers than the IBM RISC-based PC's interconnected by other networks than the Ethernet LAN or IBM's SNA.
Each of the clients 10 and servers 12 may operate as a client or server, depending on whether it is requesting or supplying services. Typically, the client includes at least one process that requests a service from a server process using a remote procedure call (RPC). As is well known, a "client" refers to a network participant that is requesting a service accessible somewhere within the computing environment. A "server" provides the requested service to a client. An OSF DCE system includes several subsystems including a remote procedure call (RPC) mechanism 11, a cell directory service (CDS) 13, a distributed time service (DTS) 15 and a Security Service 17. DCE also has associated therewith a transaction-based application programming interface (API), as well as a thread service, known as DCE Threads 19. As is known in the art, threading allows multiple routines conceptually to run simultaneously and to share resources. The DCE Threads service is a set of routines that can be used to create a multi-threaded program. Multi-threading is used to improve the performance of a program by allowing pieces of the program to operate concurrently. DCE Threads is a user-level (nonkernel) threads package based on the pthreads interface specified in "Draft 4 of the POSIX 1003.4a Standard," which is incorporated herein by reference. The POSIX 1003.4a Standard is also referred to as POSIX.1c.
A representative computer in which the invention is implemented is shown in FIGS. 2-3. A computer 20, comprising a system unit 21, a keyboard 22, a mouse 23 and a display 24 are depicted in FIG. 2. The screen 26 of display device 24 is used to present the graphical user interface (GUI). The graphical user interface supported by the operating system allows the user to use a point and shoot method of input, i.e. by moving the mouse pointer 25 to an icon representing a data object at a particular location on the screen 26 and pressing on the mouse buttons to perform a user command or selection.
FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of the components of the personal computer shown in FIG. 2. The system unit 21 includes a system bus or plurality of system buses 31 to which various components are coupled and by which communication between the various components is accomplished. The microprocessor 32 is connected to the system bus 31 and is supported by read only memory (ROM) 33 and random access memory (RAM) 34 also connected to system bus 31. A microprocessor in Motorola's family of microprocessors, such as the 68000, 68020 or the 68030 microprocessors, or various RISC microprocessors manufactured by IBM, Hewlett Packard, Sun, Intel, Motorola and others, may be used in the specific computer.
The ROM 33 contains among other code the Basic Input-Output system (BIOS) which controls basic hardware operations such as the interaction and the disk drives and the keyboard. The RAM 34 is the main memory into which the operating system and application programs are loaded. The memory management chip 35 is connected to the system bus 31 and controls direct memory access operations including, passing data between the RAM 34 and hard disk drive 36 and floppy disk drive 37. The CD ROM 42, also coupled to the system bus 31, is used to store a large amount of data, e.g., a multimedia program or large database. Also connected to this system bus 31 are various I/O controllers: the keyboard controller 38, the mouse controller 39, the video controller 40, and the audio controller 41. The keyboard controller 38 provides the hardware interface for the keyboard 22, the mouse controller 39 provides the hardware interface for the mouse 23, the video controller 40 is the hardware interface for the display 24, and the audio controller 41 is the hardware interface for the speakers 25a and 25b. An I/O controller 50 such as a Token Ring Adapter enables communication over a network 56 to other similarly configured data processing systems.
RAM 34 supports the operating system kernel 60 which provides application programming interfaces (API's) 62 by which a threads library 64. A threads library provides the general capability of creating threads, synchronizing threads, supporting thread-specific data and canceling threads. As seen in the figure, the operating system may not support the threads library 64 directly but rather provides a set of interfaces (the API's) to enable the library to implement multi-threading. As is known in the art, multi-threading involves breaking a process, which is a monolithic unit, into multiple instruction sequences which are then carried out in parallel. Preferably, the threads library 64 is based on the POSIX.1c standard. According to this standard, the threads library maintains a cleanup handler stack, one of which is shown as reference numeral 65, for each thread of the process. Each cleanup handler stack maintains certain information, which typically includes pointers to one or more cleanup handler functions or "handlers." The one or more cleanup handlers are invoked by the threads library whenever a currently-executing thread receives a "thread cancel." A thread cancel may arise from some event that occurs within the thread itself, or from some external event such as another thread issuing a request for cancellation. These handlers are used clean-up or "restore" state (e.g., release mutexes, free-up memory, reset environment variables, release resources, etc.) upon receipt of a thread cancel.
A cleanup handler stack may be thought of more generally as simply a memory area having allocated portions that are linked together to form the stack structure. Conceptually, any type of internal structure maintained in LIFO order may be used for this purpose, and other similar types of known structures (e.g., a lookup table) could implement the cleanup handler stack according to the invention.
RAM 34 also supports a compatibility library 66 where the functions comprising the present invention reside. As will be seen, the inventive exception support mechanism comprises a plurality of functions which treat thread cancels as exceptions, thereby integrating the threads library 64 with a known DCE exception handling mechanism. DCE provides this mechanism (as shown in FIG. 1) to transfer control to specified execution paths in the application when exceptions arise. A brief summary of the DCE exception handling mechanism is set forth below as further background to the present invention.
DCE includes a set of macros (supported in the DCE threads library 19 of FIG. 1) that allow a programmer to define a block of code (an "exception scope") wherein exceptions may be caught, as well as code within the block to be used to process one or more exceptions. A RAISE macro is used for raising an exception, which effects a backwards search through all active scopes which have declared an interest in catching exceptions. The TRY macro defines the beginning of the exception scope and the ENDTRY macro defines the end thereof. More particularly, a left {brace defines the start of the exception scope and the right} brace defines the end thereof. The exception scope can identify what specific exceptions it is interested in by naming them in a CATCH macro. When an exception reaches the block, control is transferred to the first CATCH clause in the block that matches the exception. The exception scope can express interest in all exceptions (rather than specific ones) using the CATCH-- ALL macro. A FINALLY macro catches an exception and then reraises it for handling by other blocks. Any exception raised within a block, or within any functions that are called by the code therein, are either caught (and reraised if it is desired to continue propagation) or ignored. Reraising the exception allows other blocks (which are typically nested) an opportunity to perform error recovery.
The { ...} structure introduced by the TRY block is recognized by the compiler and is used to raise exceptions. The first element within this structure (following the left { brace) is a local variable defining the "exception context," which in turn comprises at least two elements: a jump buffer of approximately 64 bytes of machine state information, and an exception state identifying the type of exception. An exception may be of several types: a cancel exception, a signal exception, a user-defined exception, etc.). An exception context is said to be valid as long as the code being processed is within the exception scope defined by the left and right { ....} braces introduced by the TRY macro and terminated by the ENDTRY macro. The TRY macro thus introduces a local structure called the exception context which contains the jump buffer and the exception state. A function called setjump() is called by the TRY macro as well and is used to save or "fill" the current machine state information in the jump buffer. The exception context information is used by a longjumping function, longjump(). The setjump() function thus allows for the saving of an exception context, and the longjump() function faciliates a jump to that exception context where appropriate exception handling code is provided.
An exception gets generated, among other reasons, when a thread is canceled by another thread, or when a select list of UNIX synchronous terminating signals are delivered to a process. The exceptions thus raised can be caught by an application using the TRY/CATCH/ENDTRY macros, or the TRY/FINALLY/ENDTRY macros. In most cases, when a cancel exception is received, the application releases the resources held by the canceled thread in the CATCH macro or the FINALLY macro. The implementation of exceptions ensures that any mixture of thread cancel handlers and the TRY blocks results in the LIFO-order invocation of the corresponding handling code.
Referring now to FIG. 4, a flowchart is shown of a preferred method of the present invention. The portion of the flowchart above the dotted line occurs during a setup operation and the portion below occurs during a runtime operation. The method is carried out in a computer having an operating system providing API's for use by the threads library to create, execute and cancel threads, and the threads library maintains a cleanup handler stack (or some such equivalent structure) for each process thread being executed. According to the method as illustrated in FIG. 4, it is assumed that the appropriate number of threads has been identified and each thread has an associated cleanup handler stack having pointers to thread cancellation handlers (e.g., pthread-- cleanup-- push() and pthread-- cleanup-- pop() API in the POSIX.1c draft 4 standard). These cleanup handlers are normally invoked in LIFO order when a thread receives a cancel. According to the invention, when a pointer to some saved exception context exists in the cleanup handler stack, a predetermined "sentinel" function (also identified by a pointer in the stack) is invoked as if it were another cleanup handler. This preserves the order in which the application invokes pthread-- cleanup-- push and the TRY blocks. When the sentinel function is invoked as a handler, it performs a longjump into the exception context.
According to the invention, if there is a TRY block in the current thread, a thread cancel received by that thread is "mapped" to an exception. This is achieved by pushing the sentinel function pointer onto the cleanup handler stack along with a pointer to the exception context (which occurs during setup), and then invoking the sentinel function as a cleanup handler (which occurs during runtime). If there is no TRY block in the current thread, any thread cancel results in cancellation of the thread. The flowchart illustrates the inventive technique with respect to a single process thread, although it should be appreciated that the same processing occurs for each thread.
In step 70, it is assumed that there is a TRY associated with the current thread. The method continues at step 72 and places a pointer to a predetermined "sentinel" function and a pointer to the exception context in the cleanup handler stack. In particular, and as illustrated in FIG. 5, the routine pthread-- cleanup-- push() of the pthreads library passes two pointers (func, arg), the first identifying the sentinel function and the second the exception context. The function is called a "sentinel" because it watches for thread cancels. The sentinel function thus has an argument associated therewith defining the exception context in which the specified exception is to be handled. The sentinel function is responsible for generating a cancel exception when invoked, thus completing the mapping of the thread cancel to an exception (if a TRY block is associated with the current thread). Information defining each exception context is stored in a structure that includes the jump buffer. In step 74 (which is also part of the setup routine), the setjump() function is invoked, which opens the exception context.
As noted above, the exception context is defined in the block in which the TRY macro is introduced, and that context is considered valid during the time the TRY macro is within the exception scope (the block of code between the TRY and ENDTRAY macros). The pointer (and associated exception context argument and/or information) may be represented in the cleanup handler stack as a linked list, as an array, or in some other data structure. Alternatively, a separate exception context stack may be maintained in association with the cleanup handler stack for storing a linked list of pushed exceptions. In such case, the second pointer (arg) illustrated in FIG. 5 would point to the exception context stack. Preferably, only the single stack (i.e. the cleanup handler stack) is used, and as previously noted the cleanup handler stack may be implemented in various known ways.
The runtime operation is now described. A test is performed at step 75 for receipt of a thread cancel for the thread. If a thread cancel is received, the threads library invokes the sentinel function as a cleanup handler to thereby complete the mapping of the thread cancel into an exception. This is illustrated at step 76. The method continues by processing the exception using an exception handling mechanism. An example of this process (which invokes an exception raising function) is shown in the remainder of the flowchart. At step 78, an unwind operation is begun. At step 80, a test is performed to determine whether a CATCH (or a CATCH-- ALL) macro is encountered. If the outcome of the test at step 80 is negative, another test is performed at step 82 to determine whether a FINALLY macro is encountered. If the outcome of the test at step 82 is positive, the exception is handled at step 81 and the routine returns as shown. If the outcome of the test at step 82 is negative (meaning that the exception has not been handled through a CATCH macro or any FINALLY macro), the exception handling mechanism continues at step 84 to use the ENDTRY macro to reraise the exception. If the outcome of the test at step 80 is positive (meaning that a CATCH or CATCH-- ALL macro was encountered), the routine handles the exception at 85 and then performs a test at step 86 to determine whether the CATCH macro reraises the exception. If the result of the test at step 86 is negative, the routine terminates the unwinding operation at step 88. If the result of the test at step 86 is positive, the routine returns as shown. When the DCE exception catching macros are used, processing of the exception typically involves longjumping through the saved exception context and propagating the exception as may be necessary.
In the preferred embodiment, the above-described method is implemented in DCE over an AIX 4.1 (or higher) operating system having a pthreads library, which normally does not include any mechanism for raising exceptions. When a thread is canceled, theAIX 4.1 pthreads library invokes a function pthread-- exit() to do the thread exit time cleanup operation. As part of the cleanup, all the cleanup handlers pushed on the cleanup stack are invoked in a LIFO order. In order to map thread cancel to exception, a pointer to -- dce-- exception-- sentinel-- func() (i.e. the sentinel function) is pushed on this cleanup stack whenever a TRY block is used in the application. When the function is invoked as a cleanup handler, it has the exception as an argument. The exception handler provides the functionality of raising exceptions by performing a-- longjmp() into the jump buffer included in the context. In the preferred embodiment, the exception raised by the method is the "cancel" exception, although the technique may be used as well to map "signals" into exceptions or other events into exceptions.
The exception mechanism described in detail below is preferably implemented as part of a compatibility library that is used to port AIX DCE to AIX 4, although it will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that the technique is useful to provide portable exception support for any multi-user, multi-tasking operating system. AIX 4 provides kernel support for threads, as well as a pthreads library based on POSIX.1c draft 7. The compatibility library provides emulation of POSIX.1c draft 4 over the AIX4 pthreads library, although the invention should not be construed to be limited to this embodiment.
The exception part of the compatibility library is provided through two files: a header file (<exc-- handling.h>) and a C language file (dce-- exception.c) containing the implementing functions. The <exc-- handling.h> header file defines the following macros: TRY, CATCH, CATCH-- ALL, FINALLY and ENDTRY. The dce-- exception.c file provides external interfaces: exc-- pop-- ctx(), exc-- push-- ctx(), exc-- raise(), exc-- raise status() and exc-- report(). In addition, the exception file provides the following internal functions: void-- dce-- exc-- sentinel-- func(void), void-- dce-- exc-- sentinel-- pop(void).
As noted above, the TRY macro opens the exception scope and declares the exception context structure. Within that structure there is a jump buffer and an exception state. By invoking the exc-- push-- ctx() function, the TRY macro also pushes to the cleanup handler stack a pointer to the sentinel function (-- dce-- exc-- sentinel-- func()) and a pointer to the exception context information. The TRY macro also does the setjmp() functionto fill the exception context jump buffer, and it starts a block of statements to be guarded by the TRY clause. The block is ended by a following ENDTRY macro. The ENDTRY macro: pops the exception context if no exception is present or if an active exception is present by invoking exc-- pop-- ctx(). This includes the popping of the sentinel function.
The main functions in exception.c are: (i) the function -- dce-- exc-- sentinel-- func() that maps cancels to exceptions, (ii) the function -- dce-- exc-- sentinel-- pop() that pops the above mapper from the cleanup handler list, (iii) the function exc-- push-- ctx that pushes an exception context (invoked by the TRY macro), (iv) the function exc-- pop-- ctx() that pops an exception context (invoked by ENDTRY and FINALLY macros), and (v) the function exc-- raise() that raises exceptions. Each of these functions is described below.
Map Cancel to Exception (-- dce-- exc-- sentinel-- func())
The (-- dce-- exc-- sentinel-- func()) provides the mapping of cancel to exception. As discussed above, a pointer to the sentinel function is pushed onto the cleanup handler stack by the use of pthreads-- cleanup-- push(). That function also pushes another pointer onto that same stack pointing to the current exception stack. There is thus a sentinel function pointer and the exception context pointer, both of which are passed by the pthreads-- cleanup-- push() function upon invocation of a TRY macro. When a thread cancel arrives for the thread, the function pthread-- exit() is invoked by the pthreads library. The pthread-- exit(), in turn, invokes a thread cleanup unwind operation. The cleanup unwinder removes the handlers from the cleanup stack and invokes them in a LIFO (last in, first out) fashion. Thus, the sentinel function, pushed on the cleanup handler list by the TRY block, gets invoked like any other cleanup handler. The sentinel function performs a longjmp() into the last TRY block where it enters a CATCH, or CATCH-- ALL or a FINALLY clause. The function and arguments are set forth below:
void-- dce-- exc-- sentinel-- func(exc-- context-- t*ctx)
Do a longjmp() to the context contained in ctx. If there is no exception context, the sentinel function invokes pthread-- exit() to terminate the thread.
Pop the cleanup handler (-- dce-- exc-- sentinel-- pop( ))
In order to maintain the order of TRY blocks and pthread-- cleanup-- push() blocks, it is important to gain control of the cancel cleanup handler invocation from the exception handler mechanism. The function -- dce-- exc-- sentinel-- pop() provides this functionality. Whenever exc-- raise() is called to raise an exception, the sentinel pop function is invoked in the compatibility library. The sentinel pop function pops the cleanup handlers from the cleanup handler stack and invokes them until it is empty or it comes across the -- dce-- exc-- sentinel-- pop() function.
Pushing an Exception Context (exc-- push-- ctx())
The function invokes pthread-- cleanup-- push(-- dce-- exc-- sentinel-- func, ctx, self) to push the sentinel function with the associated context pointer. Note that the context is valid as long as within the scope of the storage block opened by the outermost TRY block.
Popping an Exception Context (exc-- pop-- ctx())
If no exception is raised, then invoke pthread-- cleanup-- pop-- np(O,self) to pop the sentinel function. If there is an active unhandled exception, invoke exc-- raise(ctx→cur-- exception). Mark the exception as exc-- popped-- c.
Raising an Exception (exc-- raise())
If an exception context is present, a call to exc-- raise() will result in transfer of control to the innermost block that can receive the exception. If a CATCH() block does not exist for this exceptionk the exception is reraised to the next higher level if one exists. Otherwise it is treated as an unhandled exception.
If exc-- raise() is called but there is no exception block within the scope, then it is treated as an unhandled exception.
The exc-- raise() calls -- dce-- exc-- sentinel-- pop(). This is done so that all the cleanup handlers pushed on the cancel cleanup stack are invoked before unwinding the exception contexts. This preserves the order between cancel cleanup handlers and the TRY blocks. The -- dce-- exc-- sentinel-- pop() returns a pointer to the innermost exception context. Then, if the context is non-null value, a long jump is made to that context. This starts unwinding the TRY blocks. If a CATCH exists, the exception unwinding stops unless the CATCH reraises the exception. A FINALLY if present will cause an automatic reraise of the exception. If the exception is not handled either through a CATCH or through FINALLY, the ENDTRY will reraise it.
Unhandled Exceptions
If an exception is active (or raised) and there is no exception context to handle exceptions, the following rules apply:
If it is a cancel exception, the thread exits through a call to pthread-- exit().
If it is SIGPIPE exception, it terminates the process.
If it is a SIGSYS exception, or any other exception, it creates a core dump and terminates the process.
The design described above emulates the AIX DCE 1.2 exceptions/cancellation behavior on a POSIX.1c compliant pthreads library in AIX 4.1. This is illustrated in FIG. 6, which is a representation of the relationship between the exception support mechanism and the pthreads library. As seen in this drawing, the operating system is at the lowest level, with the pthreads library sitting directly on top of the operating system. As noted, the operating system provides the API's by which the threads library facilitates the threads service. Normally, the application process sits directly on top of the pthreads library so that the pthreads library can "see" the OS API's and used them to emulate the behavior of the POSIX multi-threaded model while at the same time shielding the application from these primitives. The present invention places the exception layer between the application and the pthreads layer. This layer provides the DCE application, on the one hand, and the pthreads library, on the other hand, with the syntax and semantics that each expects to see. The exception mechanism and the thread cleanup mechanism are interwoven in a seamless fashion; thus meeting with the requirements of the DCE exception package even though the pthreads library does not normally include a mechanism for raising exceptions. This facilitates the process of porting DCE to AIX 4.1.
One of the preferred implementations of the exception support mechanism of the invention (including, without limitation, the header file <exc-- handling.h>, the C language file dce-- exception.c, and the DCE exception handling mechanism) is as a set of instructions in a code module resident in the random access memory 34 of the computer. Until required by the computer, the set of instructions may be stored in another computer memory, for example, in a hard disk drive, or in a removable memory such as an optical disk (for eventual use in a CD ROM) or floppy disk (for eventual use in a floppy disk drive). In addition, although the various methods described are conveniently implemented in a general purpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by software, one of ordinary skill in the art would also recognize that such methods may be carried out in hardware, in firmware, or in more specialized apparatus constructed to perform the required method steps.
Further, although the invention has been described in terms of a preferred embodiment in a specific operating system and network environment, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced, with modification, in other and different operating systems and network architectures with the spirit and scope of the appended claims. The present invention, however, is not to be construed as limited to the DCE architecture and thus in a more general sense the invention should be broadly construed to cover any network.
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|Sep 12, 1995
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, NEW Y
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:TAMIRISA, GOPALA C.;REEL/FRAME:007686/0486
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|Dec 14, 2001
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|Feb 22, 2010
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
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