text:
|Total population
|c. 9–11.3 million
7.3 million Bulgaria nationals
|Regions with significant populations
|Bulgaria 6,000,000 (2011 est.)
|Ukraine (2001 area)
|United States
|Moldova (incl. Transnistria)
|United Kingdom
|Russia (2010 area)
|Cyprus (excl. TRNC)
|Serbia (excl. Kosovo)
|South Africa
|Czech Republic
|United Arab Emirates
75% Orthodox, 12% none or unknown, 1% Muslim, 1% Catholic and Protestant
|Related ethnic groups
|Other South Slavs, especially Macedonians
^ a: The 2011 census figure was 5,664,624. The question on ethnicity was voluntarily and 10% of the population did not declare any ethnicity, thus the figure is considered insufficient and ethnic Bulgarians are estimated at around 6 million.
^ b: Additional number of ethnic Bulgarians did not declare their ethnic group and religion at the same time at the census so these census statistics excludes a significant number of irreligious people (31% of Bulgaria's population.)
The Bulgarians (Bulgarian: българи, Bǎlgari, IPA: [bɤ̞ɫɡɐri]) are a South Slavic ethnic group who are native to Bulgaria and neighbouring regions.
According to the Art.25 (1) of Constitution of Republic of Bulgaria, a Bulgarian citizen shall be anyone born of at least one parent holding a Bulgarian citizenship, or born on the territory of the Republic of Bulgaria, should they not be entitled to any other citizenship by virtue of origin. Bulgarian citizenship shall further be acquirable through naturalization.
The Bulgarians descend from peoples with different origins and numbers, which became assimilated and formed a Slavic-speaking ethnicity in the First Bulgarian Empire, three of which left something remarkable:
- the ancient pre-Slavic indigenous peoples, notably Thracians, to whom most modern South Slavs are connected through genetic heritage
- the Early Slavs from whom the language was inherited;
- the Bulgars, from whom the ethnonym and the early statehood were inherited.
From the indigenous Thracian people certain cultural and ethnic elements were taken. Other pre-Slavic Indo-European peoples, including Dacians (if distinct from Thracians), Celts, Goths, Romans, Greeks, Sarmatians, Paeonians and Illyrians have also settled into the later Bulgarian land. The Thracian language has been described as a southern Baltic language. It was still spoken in the 6th century, probably becoming extinct afterwards. However, that in a later period the Bulgarians replaced long-established Greek/Latin toponyms with Thracian toponyms might suggest that Thracian had not been completely obliterated then. Some pre-Slavic linguistic and cultural traces might have been preserved in modern Bulgarians (and Macedonians). Medieval historians claimed that the Triballi are the largest tribe and that they subsequently changed their name to Bulgarians or Serbs. Others claimed that the Paeonians are Bulgarians. Scythia Minor and Moesia Inferior appear to have been Romanized, although the region became a focus of barbarian re-settlements (various Goths and Huns) during the 4th and early 5th centuries AD, before a further "Romanization" episode during the early 6th century. According to archeological evidence from the late periods of Roman rule, the Romans did not decrease the number of Thracians significantly in major cities. By the 4th century the major city of Serdica had predominantly Thracian populace based on epigraphic evidence, which shows prevailing Latino-Thracian given names, but thereafter the names were completely replaced by Christian ones.
The Early Slavs emerged from their original homeland in the early 6th century, and spread to most of the eastern Central Europe, Eastern Europe and the Balkans, thus forming three main branches: the West Slavs in eastern Central Europe, the East Slavs in Eastern Europe, and the South Slavs in Southeastern Europe (Balkans). The latter gradually inflicting total linguistic replacement of Thracian if the Thracians had not already been Romanized or Hellenized. The Byzantines grouped the numerous Slavic tribes into two groups: the Sklavenoi and Antes. Some Bulgarian scholars suggest that the Antes became one of the ancestors of the modern Bulgarians.
The Bulgars are first mentioned in the 4th century in the vicinity of the North Caucasian steppe. According to epigraphic evidence at least the aristocracy of the Bulgars was Oghur Turkic in culture and Tengrist, but it is suggested that other ethnic elements may have been part of their composition. Similarily, the Hungarian social structure and country name was Turkic and despite the Hungarian language was influenced by Turkic, is still an Uralic language, suggesting a mixture of tribes. Scholars often suggest that the ultimate origins of the Bulgars can be traced to the Central Asian nomadic confederations, specifically as part of loosely related Oghuric tribes which spanned from the Pontic steppe to central Asia. However, any direct connection between the Bulgars and postulated Asian counterparts rest on little more than speculative and "contorted etymologies". Some ancient authors claimed that the Moesi and Dacians are Bulgars, it should be noted that often they made errors. In the late 7th century, some Bulgar tribes, led by Asparukh and others, led by Kouber, permanently settled in the Balkans. The Bulgars are not thought to have been numerous and became a ruling elite in the areas they controlled. Asparukh's Bulgars made a tribal union with the Severians and the "Seven clans", who were re-settled to protect the flanks of the Bulgar settlements in Scythia Minor, and the capital Pliska was built on the site of a former Slavic settlement. Omurtag was the last ruler with a Turkic name and during the reign of Boris the Slavonic language reached an official level.
During the Early Byzantine Era, the Roman provincials in Scythia Minor and Moesia Secunda were already engaged in economic and social exchange with the 'barbarians' north of the Danube. This might have facilitated their eventual Slavonization, although the majority of the population appears to have been withdrawn to the hinterland of Constantinople or Asia Minor prior to any permanent Slavic and Bulgar settlement south of the Danube. The major port towns in Pontic Bulgaria remained Byzantine Greek in their outlook. The large scale population transfers and territorial expansions during the 8th and 9th century, additionally increased the number of the Slavs and Byzantine Christians within the state, making the Bulgars quite obviously a minority. The establishment of a new state molded the various Slav, Bulgar and earlier or later populations into the "Bulgarian people" of the First Bulgarian Empire speaking a South Slav language. In different periods to the ethnogenesis of the local population contributed also different Indo-European and Turkic people, who settled or lived on the Balkans.
National identity
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The First Bulgarian Empire was founded in 681. After the adoption of Orthodox Christianity in 864 it became one of the cultural centres of Slavic Europe. Its leading cultural position was consolidated with the invention of the Cyrillic script in its capital Preslav at the eve of the 10th century. The development of Old Church Slavonic literacy in the country had the effect of preventing the assimilation of the South Slavs into neighbouring cultures and it also stimulated the development of a distinct ethnic identity. A symbiosis was carried out between the numerically weak Bulgars and the numerous Slavic tribes in that broad area from the Danube to the north, to the Aegean Sea to the south, and from the Adriatic Sea to the west, to the Black Sea to the east, who accepted the common ethnonym "Bulgarians". During the 10th century the Bulgarians established a form of national identity that was far from modern nationalism but helped them to survive as a distinct entity through the centuries.
In 1018 Bulgaria lost its independence and remained a Byzantine subject until 1185, when the Second Bulgarian Empire was created. Nevertheless, at the end of the 14th century, the Ottomans conquered the whole of Bulgaria. Under the Ottoman system, Christians were considered an inferior class of people. Thus, Bulgarians, like other Christians, were subjected to heavy taxes and a small portion of the Bulgarian populace experienced partial or complete Islamisation. Orthodox Christians were included in a specific ethno-religious community called Rum Millet. To the common people, belonging to this Orthodox commonwealth became more important than their ethnic origins. This community became both, basic form of social organization and source of identity for all the ethnic groups inside it. In this way, ethnonyms were rarely used and between the 15th and 19th centuries, most of the local people gradually began to identify themselves simply as Christians. However, the public-spirited clergy in some isolated monasteries still kept the distinct Bulgarian identity alive, and this helped it to survive predominantly in rural, remote areas. Despite the process of ethno-religious fusion among the Orthodox Christians, strong nationalist sentiments persisted into the Catholic community in the northwestern part of the country. At that time, a process of partial hellenisation occurred among the intelligentsia and the urban population, as a result of the higher status of the Greek culture and the Greek Orthodox Church among the Balkan Christians. During the second half of the 18th century, the Enlightenment in Western Europe provided influence for the initiation of the National awakening of Bulgaria in 1762.
Some Bulgarians supported the Russian Army when they crossed the Danube in the middle of the 18th century. Russia worked to convince them to settle in areas recently conquered by it, especially in Bessarabia. As a consequence, many Bulgarian colonists settled there, and later they formed two military regiments, as part of the Russian military colonization of the area in 1759–1763.
Bulgarian national movement
During the Russo-Turkish Wars (1806–1812) and (1828–1829) Bulgarian emigrants formed the Bulgarian Countrymen's Army and joined the Russian army, hoping Russia would bring Bulgarian liberation, but its imperial interests were focused then on Greece and Valachia. The rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire led to a struggle for cultural and religious autonomy of the Bulgarian people. The Bulgarians wanted to have their own schools and liturgy in Bulgarian, and they needed an independent ecclesiastical organisation. Discontent with the supremacy of the Greek Orthodox clergy, the struggle started to flare up in several Bulgarian dioceses in the 1820s.
It was not until the 1850s when the Bulgarians initiated a purposeful struggle against the Patriarchate of Constantinople. The struggle between the Bulgarians and the Greek Phanariotes intensified throughout the 1860s. In 1861 the Vatican and the Ottoman government recognized a separate Bulgarian Uniat Church. As the Greek clerics were ousted from most Bulgarian bishoprics at the end of the decade, significant areas had been seceded from the Patriarchate's control. This movement restored the distinct Bulgarian national consciousness among the common people and led to the recognition of the Bulgarian Millet in 1870 by the Ottomans. As result, two armed struggle movements started to develop as late as the beginning of the 1870s: the Internal Revolutionary Organisation and the Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee. Their armed struggle reached its peak with the April Uprising which broke out in 1876. It resulted in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), and led to the foundation of the third Bulgarian state after the Treaty of San Stefano. The issue of Bulgarian nationalism gained greater significance, following the Congress of Berlin which took back the regions of Macedonia and Adrianople area, returning them under the control of the Ottoman Empire. Also an autonomous Ottoman province, called Eastern Rumelia was created in northern Thrace. Аs a consequence, the Bulgarian national movement proclaimed as its aim the inclusion of most of Macedonia, Thrace and Moesia under Greater Bulgaria.
Eastern Rumelia was annexed to Bulgaria in 1885 through bloodless revolution. During the early 1890s, two pro-Bulgarian revolutionary organizations were founded: the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization and the Supreme Macedonian-Adrianople Committee. In 1903 they participated in the unsuccessful Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising against the Ottomans in Macedonia and the Adrianople vilayet. Macedonian Slavs were identified then predominantly as Bulgarians, and significant Bulgarophile sentiments endured up among them until the end of the Second World War.
In the early 20th century the control over Macedonia became a key point of contention between Bulgaria, Greece, and Serbia, who fought the First Balkan War of (1912–1913) and the Second Balkan War of (1913). The area was further fought over during the World War I (1915–1918) and the World War II (1941–1944).
Genetic origins
Bulgarians are genetically nearest either to peoples from the Balkan, central European people, or both, depending on the type of DNA and the samples of populations included in the studies.
According to a triple autosomal, mitochondrial and paternal analysis of available data from large-scale studies on Balto-Slavs and their proximal populations, the whole genome SNP data situates Bulgarians in a cluster with Romanians and Macedonians, and they are at similar proximity to Gagauzes, Montenegrins and Serbs who are not part of another cluster but are described as 'in between' clusters. Bulgarians are least distanced from the same populations according to the Y-DNA analysis. Genetic distance calculated by SNP data of the multiple autosomes, ranked most proximal to Bulgarians the Serbs, followed by Macedonians, Montenegrins, Romanians, Gagauzes, Macedonian Greeks apart from Thessaloniki, the rest of the South Slavs, Hungarians, Slovaks, Czechs, and then by Greeks from Thessaloniki, Central Greece and Peloponese. At the mtDNA plot the Bulgarians share their most proximal position with Macedonians, Czechs, Romanians and Hungarians. It was concluded that the contributions to the Bulgarian gene pool from the pre-Slavic indigenous population definitely outnumber that of the Slavic settlers who spread their language in the Balkans mainly by assimilation. Autosomal studies detect a connection between modern Bulgarians and North Slavs that is a result of migrations no earlier than 1,500 years ago. Anyway most of the East-West Slavs share only a modest gene flow with Bulgarians. While the Bulgarians share significantly fewer IBD segments for length classes with Greeks than with the group of East-West Slavs, most of the East-West Slavs share as much as IBD segments with the Bulgarians as with the inter-Slavic populations Romanians and Hungarians. Despite various invasions of Altaic peoples in Europe, no significant impact from such Asian descent is recorded throughout southern and central Europe.
Bulgarians show the highest diversity of haplogroups in Europe, marked by significant (> 10%) frequencies of 5 major haplogroups (compared to Atlantic Europe, dominated by > 50% R1b). Most Bulgarians belong to three unrelated Y-DNA haplogroups, 20% of whom to I-M423 (I2a1b), 18% to E-V13 (E1b1b1a1b1a) and 17.5% to R-M17 (R1a1a), but the biggest part belongs to macro-haplgoroup R (~28%). There is a further heterogeneity among Bulgarian regions and different of the major haplogroups may prevail in different regions, one region (Haskovo) for example is genetically nearer to the Czech population than to any other Bulgarian regions by Y-DNA. The largest-scale Bulgarian Y-DNA study (n=808) itself determines the Romanians as closest to Bulgarians, however the phylogenetic analysis did not involve Serbians and Macedonians. The largest-scale study on Romanians (n=147) from where the data for comparison was itself taken, situates the Bulgarians more distant from Romanians than Ukrainians and Hungarians. The largest-scale Y-DNA analysis of the Hungarians (n=219) determined that the closest Europeans to them are the Bulgarians, furthermore the same study determines the "Jugoslavs" (Serbs and Montenegrins) as the nearest population to Bulgarians. According to Y-DNA data of hundreds of Macedonians, they have the lowest genetic distance against the Bulgarian population (0.0815).
Bulgaria shows a very similar mtDNA profile to other European countries – dominated by mitochondrial haplogroups Hg H (~42%), Hg U (~18%), Hg J/Hg T (~18%), and Hg K (~6%). Like most Europeans, H1 is the prevailing subclade among Bulgarians. Most of the U carriers belong to U5 and U4. The subclades of Haplogroup H may have not been studied but subclusters H1b and H2a are more common in eastern than in western Europeans. Several mitochondrial studies considered different positions, ranging from conclusions that Bulgarians are most related to Central Europeans to conclusions implying people from the Apennines or Iberia as the most related. However, one of the plots of the largest-scale Bulgarian mtDNA study itself, determined Bulgarians at shortest distance to Poles, followed by other Slavs such as Croats, Ukrainians and Czechs, while the other plot of the Bulgarian study determined Bulgarians nearest to Hungarians, Croats, Ukrainians and Slovaks, both showing neighbouring populations distant in favour of central Europeans. In addition to alternative data situating Bulgarians closest to neighbouring Macedonians or Romanians, different data conisders them closest to Slovaks or Szekelys, or to Italians, or to Portuguese and Albanians, others determined northern Europeans and Slavs at shortest genetic distance to Bulgarians.
Two Thracian remains from Bulgaria are defined by major Y-DNA haplogroups present on modern Bulgarians, namely E-Z1919 (the parent of E-V13) and J-M410 (J2a). Dozens of medieval Slavic mtDNA samples from Poland and Slovakia were compared to most European populations, as a result modern Bulgarians and Czech came out closest to the Polish samples, while Portuguese and Bulgarians came out closest to the Slovak samples, anyway modern Slovak and Polish populations are distant from these.
Most Bulgarians live in Bulgaria, where they number around 6 million, constituting 85% of the population. There are significant Bulgarian minorities in Serbia, Turkey, Albania, Romania (Banat Bulgarians), as well as in Ukraine and Moldova (see Bessarabian Bulgarians). Many Bulgarians also live in the diaspora, which is formed by representatives and descendants of the old (before 1989) and new (after 1989) emigration. The old emigration was made up of some 2,470,000 economic and several tens of thousands of political emigrants, and was directed for the most part to the U.S., Canada, Argentina, Brazil and Germany. The new emigration is estimated at some 970,000 people and can be divided into two major subcategories: permanent emigration at the beginning of the 1990s, directed mostly to the U.S., Canada, Austria, and Germany and labour emigration at the end of the 1990s, directed for the most part to Greece, Italy, the UK and Spain. Migrations to the West have been quite steady even in the late 1990s and early 21st century, as people continue moving to countries like the US, Canada and Australia. Most Bulgarians living in Canada can be found in Toronto, Ontario, and the provinces with the most Bulgarians in Canada are Ontario and Quebec. According to the 2001 census there were 1,124,240 Bulgarian citizens in the city of Sofia, 302,858 in Plovdiv, 300,000 in Varna and about 200,000 in Burgas. The total number of Bulgarians stood at over 9 million.
Related ethnic groups
Until the early 20th century, ethnic Macedonians, Torlaks and Slavic-speakers of Greek Macedonia usually self-identified as Bulgarians.
Bulgarians are considered most closely related to the neighbouring Macedonians; indeed it is sometimes said there is no discernible ethnic difference between them. The ethnic Macedonians were considered Macedonian Bulgarians by most ethnographers until the early 20th century and beyond with a big portion of them evidently self-identifying as such. The Slavic-speakers of Greek Macedonia and most among the Torlaks in Serbia have also had a history of identifying as Bulgarians and many were members of the Bulgarian Exarchate, which included most of the territory regarded as Torlak. The greater part of these people were also considered Bulgarians by most ethnographers until the early 20th century and beyond.
Bulgarians speak a Southern Slavic language which is mutually intelligible with Macedonian and with the Torlak dialect.
Bulgarian demonstrates some linguistic developments that set it apart from other Slavic languages. These are shared with Romanian, Albanian and Greek (see Balkan language area) with which it is not at all mutually intelligible. Until 1878 Bulgarian was influenced lexically by medieval and modern Greek, and to a much lesser extent, by Turkish. More recently, the language has borrowed many words from Russian, German, French and English.
The Bulgarian language is spoken by the majority of the Bulgarian diaspora, but less so by the descendants of earlier emigrants to the U.S., Canada, Argentina and Brazil.
Bulgarian linguists consider the officialized Macedonian language (since 1944) a local variation of Bulgarian, just as most ethnographers and linguists until the early 20th century considered the local Slavic speech in the Macedonian region. The president of Bulgaria Zhelyu Zhelev, declined to recognize Macedonian as a separate language when the Republic of Macedonia became a new independent state. The Bulgarian language is written in the Cyrillic script.
Cyrillic alphabet
In the first half of the 10th century, the Cyrillic script was devised in the Preslav Literary School, Bulgaria, based on the Glagolitic, the Greek and Latin alphabets. Modern versions of the alphabet are now used to write five more Slavic languages such as Belarusian, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian and Ukrainian as well as Mongolian and some other 60 languages spoken in the former Soviet Union. Medieval Bulgaria was the most important cultural centre of the Slavic peoples at the end of the 9th and throughout the 10th century. The two literary schools of Preslav and Ohrid developed a rich literary and cultural activity with authors of the rank of Constantine of Preslav, John Exarch, Chernorizets Hrabar, Clement and Naum of Ohrid. Bulgaria exerted similar influence on her neighbouring countries in the mid- to late 14th century, at the time of the Tarnovo Literary School, with the work of Patriarch Evtimiy, Gregory Tsamblak, Constantine of Kostenets (Konstantin Kostenechki). Bulgarian cultural influence was especially strong in Wallachia and Moldova where the Cyrillic script was used until 1860, while Church Slavonic was the official language of the princely chancellery and of the church until the end of the 17th century.
Name system
There are several different layers of Bulgarian names. The vast majority of them have either Christian (names like Lazar, Ivan, Anna, Maria, Ekaterina) or Slavic origin (Vladimir, Svetoslav, Velislava). After the Liberation in 1878, the names of historical Bulgar rulers like Asparuh, Krum, Kubrat and Tervel were resurrected. The old Bulgar name Boris has spread from Bulgaria to a number of countries in the world.
Most Bulgarian male surnames have an -ov surname suffix (Cyrillic: -ов), a tradition used mostly by Eastern Slavic nations such as Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. This is sometimes transcribed as -off or "-of" (John Atanasov—John Atanasoff), but more often as -ov (e.g. Boyko Borisov). The -ov suffix is the Slavic gender-agreeing suffix, thus Ivanov (Bulgarian: Иванов) literally means "Ivan's". Bulgarian middle names are patronymic and use the gender-agreeing suffix as well, thus the middle name of Nikola's son becomes Nikolov, and the middle name of Ivan's son becomes Ivanov. Since names in Bulgarian are gender-based, Bulgarian women have the -ova surname suffix (Cyrillic: -овa), for example, Maria Ivanova. The plural form of Bulgarian names ends in -ovi (Cyrillic: -ови), for example the Ivanovi family (Иванови).
Other common Bulgarian male surnames have the -ev surname suffix (Cyrillic: -ев), for example Stoev, Ganchev, Peev, and so on. The female surname in this case would have the -eva surname suffix (Cyrillic: -ева), for example: Galina Stoeva. The last name of the entire family then would have the plural form of -evi (Cyrillic: -еви), for example: the Stoevi family (Стоеви).
Another typical Bulgarian surname suffix, though less common, is -ski. This surname ending also gets an –a when the bearer of the name is female (Smirnenski becomes Smirnenska). The plural form of the surname suffix -ski is still -ski, e.g. the Smirnenski family (Bulgarian: Смирненски).
The ending –in (female -ina) also appears rarely. It used to be given to the child of an unmarried woman (for example the son of Kuna will get the surname Kunin and the son of Gana – Ganin). The surname suffix -ich can be found only occasionally, primarily among the Roman Catholic Bulgarians. The surname ending –ich does not get an additional –a if the bearer of the name is female.
Most Bulgarians are at least nominally members of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church founded in 870 AD (autocephalous since 927 AD). The Bulgarian Orthodox Church is the independent national church of Bulgaria like the other national branches of the Orthodox communion and is considered a dominating element of Bulgarian national consciousness. The church was abolished once, during the period of Ottoman rule (1396—1878), in 1873 it was revived as Bulgarian Exarchate and soon after raised again to Bulgarian Patriarchate. In 2011, the Orthodox Church at least nominally had a total of 4,374,000 members in Bulgaria (59% of the population), down from 6,552,000 (83%) at the 2001 census. 4,240,000 of these pointed out the Bulgarian ethnic group. The Orthodox Bulgarian minorities in the Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, Greece, Albania, Ukraine and Moldova nowadays hold allegiance to the respective national Orthodox churches.
Despite the position of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church as a unifying symbol for all Bulgarians, small groups of Bulgarians have converted to other faiths through the course of time. During Ottoman rule, a substantial number of Bulgarians converted to Islam, forming the community of the Pomaks or Muslim Bulgarians. In the 16th and the 17th centuries Roman Catholic missionaries converted a small number of Bulgarian Paulicians in the districts of Plovdiv and Svishtov to Roman Catholicism. Nowadays there are some 40,000 Roman Catholic Bulgarians in Bulgaria, additional 10,000 in the Banat in Romania and up to 100,000 people of Bulgarian ancenstry in South America. The Roman Catholic Bulgarians of the Banat are also descendants of Paulicians who fled there at the end of the 17th century after an unsuccessful uprising against the Ottomans. Protestantism was introduced in Bulgaria by missionaries from the United States in 1857. Missionary work continued throughout the second half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century. Nowadays there are some 25,000 Protestant Bulgarians in Bulgaria.
Art and science
Boris Christoff, Nicolai Ghiaurov, Raina Kabaivanska and Ghena Dimitrova made a precious contribution to opera singing with Ghiaurov and Christoff being two of the greatest bassos in the post-war period. The name of the harpist-Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean is one of the best-known harpists today. Bulgarians have made valuable contributions to world culture in modern times as well. Julia Kristeva and Tzvetan Todorov were among the most influential European philosophers in the second half of the 20th century. The artist Christo is among the most famous representatives of environmental art with projects such as the Wrapped Reichstag.
Bulgarians in the diaspora have also been active. American scientists and inventors of Bulgarian descent include John Atanasoff, Peter Petroff, and Assen Jordanoff. Bulgarian-American Stephane Groueff wrote the celebrated book "Manhattan Project", about the making of the first atomic bomb and also penned "Crown of Thorns", a biography of Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria. According to Mensa International, Bulgaria ranks 2nd in the world in Mensa IQ test-scores and its students rate second in the world in SAT scores. Also, international MENSA IQ testing completed in 2004 identified as the world's smartest woman (and one of the smartest people in the world) Daniela Simidchieva of Bulgaria, who has an IQ of 200. As of 2007 CERN employed more than 90 Bulgarian scientists, and about 30 of them will actively participate in the Large Hadron Collider experiments.
Famous for its rich salads required at every meal, Bulgarian cuisine is also noted for the diversity and quality of dairy products and the variety of local wines and alcoholic beverages such as rakia, mastika and menta. Bulgarian cuisine features also a variety of hot and cold soups, an example of a cold soup being tarator. There are many different Bulgarian pastries as well such as banitsa.
Most Bulgarian dishes are oven baked, steamed, or in the form of stew. Deep-frying is not very typical, but grilling—especially different kinds of meats—is very common. Pork meat is the most common meat in the Bulgarian cuisine. Oriental dishes do exist in Bulgarian cuisine with most common being moussaka, gyuvetch, and baklava. A very popular ingredient in Bulgarian cuisine is the Bulgarian white brine cheese called "sirene" (сирене). It is the main ingredient in many salads, as well as in a variety of pastries. Fish and chicken are widely eaten and while beef is less common as most cattle are bred for milk production rather than meat, veal is a natural byproduct of this process and it is found in many popular recipes. Bulgaria is a net exporter of lamb and its own consumption of the meat is prevalent during its production time in spring.
Bulgarians may wear the martenitsa (мартеница)—an adornment made of white and red yarn and worn on the wrist or pinned on the clothes—from 1 March until the end of the month. Alternatively, one can take off the martenitsa earlier if one sees a stork (considered a harbinger of spring). One can then tie the martenitsa to the blossoming branch of a tree. Family-members and friends in Bulgaria customarily exchange martenitsas, which they regard as symbols of health and longevity. The white thread represents peace and tranquility, while the red one stands for the cycles of life. Bulgarians may also refer to the holiday of 1 March as Baba Marta (Баба Марта), meaning Grandmother March. It preserves an ancient pagan tradition. Many legends exist regarding the birth of this custom, some of them dating back to the 7th-century times of Khan Kubrat, the ruler of Old Great Bulgaria. Other tales relate the martenitsa to Thracian and Zoroastrian beliefs.
The ancient ritual of kukeri (кукери), performed by costumed men, seeks to scare away evil spirits and bring good harvest and health to the community. The costumes, made of animal furs and fleeces, cover the whole of the body. A mask, adorned with horns and decoration, covers the head of each kuker, who also must have bells attached to his waist. The ritual consists of dancing, jumping and shouting in an attempt to banish all evil from the village. Some of the performers impersonate royalty, field-workers and craftsmen. The adornments on the costumes vary from one region to another.
Another characteristic custom called nestinarstvo (нестинарство), or firedancing, distinguishes the Strandzha region. This ancient custom involves dancing into fire or over live embers. Women dance into the fire with their bare feet without suffering any injury or pain.
As for most European peoples, football became by far the most popular sport for the Bulgarians. Hristo Stoichkov was one of the best football (soccer) players in the second half of the 20th century, having played with the national team and FC Barcelona. He received a number of awards and was the joint top scorer at the 1994 World Cup. Dimitar Berbatov, currently in PAOK F.C. and formerly in Manchester United, Tottenham Hotspur, Bayer Leverkusen and others, the national team and two domestic clubs, is still the most popular Bulgarian football player of the 21st century.
In the beginning of the 20th century Bulgaria was famous for two of the best wrestlers in the world – Dan Kolov and Nikola Petroff. Stefka Kostadinova is the best female high jumper, still holding the world record from 1987, one of the oldest unbroken world records for all kind of athletics. Ivet Lalova along with Irina Privalova is currently the fastest white woman at 100 metres. Kaloyan Mahlyanov has been the first European sumo wrestler to win the Emperor's Cup in Japan. Veselin Topalov won the 2005 World Chess Championship. He was ranked No. 1 in the world from April 2006 to January 2007, and had the second highest Elo rating of all time (2813). He regained the world No. 1 ranking again in October 2008.
The national symbols of the Bulgarians are the Flag, the Coat of Arms, the National anthem and the National Guard, as well other unofficial symbols such as the Samara flag.
The national flag of Bulgaria is a rectangle with three colours: white, green, and red, positioned horizontally top to bottom. The colour fields are of same form and equal size. It is generally known that the white represents – the sky, the green – the forest and nature and the red – the blood of the people, referencing the strong bond of the nation through all the wars and revolutions that have shaken the country in the past. The Coat of Arms of Bulgaria is a state symbol of the sovereignty and independence of the Bulgarian people and state. It represents a crowned rampant golden lion on a dark red background with the shape of a shield. Above the shield there is a crown modeled after the crowns of the emperors of the Second Bulgarian Empire, with five crosses and an additional cross on top. Two crowned rampant golden lions hold the shield from both sides, facing it. They stand upon two crossed oak branches with acorns, which symbolize the power and the longevity of the Bulgarian state. Under the shield, there is a white band lined with the three national colours. The band is placed across the ends of the branches and the phrase "Unity Makes Strength" is inscribed on it.
Both the Bulgarian flag and the Coat of Arms are also used as symbols of various Bulgarian organisations, political parties and institutions.
Ethnic map of European Turkey, Guillaume Lejean (1861), praised by Serbian authors
Мар of the Slavic World by Jos. Erban, 1868
Henry Wilkinson's map from 1876
Ethnic map of European Turkey and her Dependencies at the Time of the Beginning of the War of 1877, by Karl Sax, I. and R. Austro-Hungarian Consul at Adrianople
Ernst Georg Ravenstein's ethnic map of European Turkey in 1880
Peoples at the Balkan Peninsula, Andrees Allgemeiner Handatlas, 1881,
Ethnic groups in the European orient by Johann Samuel Heinrich Kiepert in 1882
Map of the Southwestern Balkan Peninsula by Gustav Weigand, 1890
Hungarian ethnic map of Europe, 1897
Map of A. Scobel, Andrees Allgemeiner Handatlas, 1908
Distribution of the Balkan peoples in 1911, Encyclopedia Britannica
Distribution European peoples in 1914 according to L. Ravenstein
Swiss Ethnographic map of Europe published in 1918 by Juozas Gabrys and Sudare
Ethnic map of Dobruja in 1918
Ethnic map of Eastern Europe 1919, Le Matin
Distribution of Balkan peoples in 1935 by Edgar Lehmann
Ethnic map of the Timok region in 1941
Percentage of speakers of Pomak language as first language according to the 1965 Turkish Census (considered unreliable) excluding second degree-speakers, Bulgarian language-speakers and similar categories
Distribution of predominant ethnic groups in modern Turkey
Distribution of predominant ethnic groups in Ukraine according to the 2001 census
Distribution of predominant ethnic groups in Bulgaria according to the 2011 census
Distribution of predominant ethnic groups in Serbia according to the 2011 census
Distribution of predominant ethnic groups in Romania according to the 2011 census
Bulgarian women from the time of the Ottoman rule, 1586. Painting by H. Beck.
Bulgarian citizens at The National Academy of Arts - Sofia, 1952
Female Bulgarian citizens at a college prom, 2008
People celebrating Epiphany as seen in Kalofer
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Date: 1894
Description: Sanborn map of Verona, Wisconsin.
Date: 1929 ca.
Description: This is a blue line print map that shows local streets, railroads, local businesses, schools, parks, cemeteries, the airport, the state capitol, the Univer...
Date: 1836
Description: This map show plat of the city, local streets, block numbers, section lines, and canals. The map includes reference text: "Surveyor's office, Brown County...
Description: Map shows rivers, creeks, roads, trails, mills, and town of Madison. Includes significant manuscript annotations; Sheet 1 is watercolor on lithographed ma...
Date: 1932
Description: This map shows local streets, section lines, Nakoma Country Club, part of Lake Forest, and part of Lake Wingra. The map includes a legend showing areas of...
Date: 1906
Description: Hand-drawn topographical map of the Turville Estate.
Date: 1855 ca.
Description: This map shows a plat of the city, local streets, numbered blocks and lots, university grounds, the capitol square, and parts of Third and Fourth Lakes (La...
Date: 1908
Description: Shows pipes of various sizes, hydrants, valves, and wells. "1907" -- Lower margin. Lake Wingra, Lake Monona, and Lake Mendota are labelled.
Date: 1854 ca.
Description: Shows street grid, sections in adjacent townships, routes of railroads and projected railroads, post offices, and creeks. Table of references identifies m...
Date: 1899
Description: A plat map of the township of Westport.
Date: 1930 ca.
Description: Indexed map of Madison. Streets, lakes, and points of interest are labelled. Around the edges of the map are the indexed street names.
Date: 1930
Description: A map of Verona Township.
Date: 1909
Description: Streets, Lake Wingra, Lake Mendota, and Lake Monona are all labelled. Map reads: "The present park system of Madison comprises 150 acres of improved parks,...
Date: 1867
Description: Bird's-eye map of Madison with insets of the University, Rasdall House, Vilas House, and the Wisconsin State Capitol. View includes cattail marsh, smokesta...
Date: 1880 ca.
Description: This blueprint map shows proposed railroad tracks between Carroll Street and Wisconsin Avenue along Lake Monona.
Date: 1839
Description: This map shows the hydrology of Madison and its vicinity at the height of interest in a proposed Milwaukee and Rock River Canal. It was made by Thomas Jeff...
Date: 1948
Description: This 1948 map shows contour and spot depths in Lake Wingra in Madison, Wisconsin. The shore outline is based on a 1940 aerial photograph.
Description: A map of the west part of the city of Madison, including University Heights and the Capitol Square.
Date: 1968
Description: This blue line print map shows proposed changes reserving railroad right-of-ways for future highways, land plots, as well as Lake Monona and Lake Mendota.
Date: 1871 ca.
Description: This map shows buildings, roads, the railroad, an orchard, and swamp land. Relief shown by hachures. The map includes an index of buildings in the upper ri...
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Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Civil WarScarecrow Press 2013; US$ 114.99
This second edition of the Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Civil War studies the longer, broader war and its chronology carefully tracks the major events. The introduction then provides a broad overview, describing the contending forces, and showing how the Communists come out on top. The details, and these are crucial, are laid out in over... more...
China RisingTaylor and Francis 2013; US$ 68.95
China's dramatic economic growth since the 1970s has seemed inexorable. The resulting rise in international profile has provoked a lively argument regarding the fundamental economic and strategic challenges to the rest of the world that China now presents. China Rising examines the extent to which that country's future foreign policy stance may be... more...
A History of ChinaWiley 2013; US$ 37.95 US$ 32.89
Capturing China's past in all its complexity, this multi-faceted history portrays China in the context of a larger global world, while incorporating the narratives of Chinese as well as non-Chinese ethnic groups and discussing people traditionally left out of the story—peasants, women, merchants, and artisans. Offers a complete... more...
The Last ManchuSkyhorse Publishing 2010; US$ 14.99
In 1908 at the age of two, Henry Pu Yi ascended to become the last emperor of the centuries-old Manchu dynasty. After revolutionaries forced Pu Yi to abdicate in 1911, the young emperor lived for thirteen years in Peking?s Forbidden City, but with none of the power his birth afforded him. The remainder of Pu Yi?s life was lived out in a topsy-turvy... more...
Civil War in ChinaRowman & Littlefield Publishers 1999; US$ 59.99
Many books have tried to analyze the reasons for the Chinese communist success in China's 1945-1949 civil war, but Suzanne Pepper's seminal work was the first and remains the only comprehensive analysis of how the ruling Nationalists lost that war?not just militarily, but by alienating the civilian population through corruption and incompetence. Now... more...
China in Search of a Harmonious SocietyLexington Books 2008; US$ 39.99
This edited volume examines the new concept of 'building harmonious society' proposed by the Chinese leadership under Hu Jintao, its important implications for the future of Chinese political development, and some major issues and questions in China's academic and public debate on the search for a harmonious society. more...
Rethinking MaoLexington Books 2007; US$ 42.99
Rethinking Mao offers a innovative perspective on Mao Zedong, the major architect of the Chinese Revolution and leader of the People's Republic of China until his death in 1976. Utilizing a number of recently discovered documents written by Mao, Nick Knight 'rethinks' Mao by subjecting a number of his controversial concepts to fresh scrutiny. more...
Opium WarsSourcebooks 2004; US$ 19.99
In this tragic and powerful story, the two Opium Wars of 1839�1842 and 1856�1860 between Britain and China are recounted for the first time through the eyes of the Chinese as well as the Imperial West. Opium entered China during the Middle Ages when Arab traders brought it into China for medicinal purposes. As it took hold as a recreational drug, opium... more...
The Human Tradition in Premodern ChinaRowman & Littlefield Publishers 2002; US$ 35.99
The Human Tradition in Premodern China is a collection of biographical essays revealing the variety and complexity of human experience in China from the earliest historical times to the dawn of the modern age. more...
The Dragon's Hidden WingsLexington Books 1955; US$ 39.99
The Dragon's Hidden Wings is the first comprehensive study on China's use of soft power. Sheng Ding provides the reader with an insightful empirical study that details China's economic and political rise on the global scene over the course of the last three decades. This book not only endeavors to examine the connections between the ongoing rise of... more...


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What's New
Smart - Party games. А game for having fun in company. It's good for friends, birthday, team building, parties, meetings, holidays, weddings, kids, adults, couples, dates. Like celebrities, fishbowl, alias, charades
App Description
SMART is the funniest and most competitive intellectual game.
This is a perfect way to spend time with friends, coworkers, or family. Develop communication skills, get to know your partners, broaden your knowledge.
Smart has been created for those who love Charades, Catch Phrase, and Celebrities games.
Different game themes. 10,000 words and phrases. A timer, automatic count of the teams' scores, varying levels of word difficulty, end-of-round signal, skip-a-turn option. Check difficult words in Wikipedia after each round.
There are 700 to 1,500 cards in the following sets: Movies, Food Lovers, Book Lovers, Sport, Xmas and NY, History, Geography, Party Time, Arts, List of Jobs, Psychology, Inventions, Math & Physics, and a set especially for children – Smart Kids.
App Changes
- January 19, 2013 Initial release
- February 15, 2013 New version 1.1


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These Diadora N9000 NYL trainers are revived from the 1990's running catalogue. The retro revamp boasts a bold contrasting design and are finished with a lace up closure.
Product code: 117506
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WrestleFest HD for Ipad Publisher's description
from THQ Inc.
The WWE arcade game fans have cherished for decades is back and better than ever!
The WWE arcade game fans have cherished for decades is back and better than ever! WWE WrestleFest delivers classic WWE action in 2-D. The faithfully recreated experience is complete with current day WWE Superstars like John Cena and Randy Orton, as well as iconic WWE Legends like Jake "The Snake" Roberts and "Macho Man" Randy Savage, all poised to compete in a variety of popular match types within several well-known arenas. In WWE WrestleFest, players may also challenge themselves to win a series of championships on the Road to WrestleMania and engage in multiplayer action.
- LEGENDARY ROSTER – Compete with a notable roster of current WWE Superstars and popular WWE Legends, including John Cena, The Rock, Randy Orton, "Stone Cold" Steve Austin, Undertaker, Jake "The Snake" Roberts, Rey Mysterio and "Macho Man" Randy Savage
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System Requirements:Compatible with iPad.Requires iOS 5.0 or later.
Program Release Status: New Release
Program Install Support: Install and Uninstall


text: Sorachi Ace Hop Pellets $2.79 SKU# UHP80 Sorachi Ace are an exciting high-alpha aroma hop with intense lemon character. An excellent hop for Belgian ale or IPA. Fields marked with (*) are required *Package Size Choose an Option... Loading... There is an extra handling fee of 0 for the selected item(s).Total: $2.79 Availability: In stock Qty: Add to Cart Add to My Brew List More Views Product Details With a typical alpha of 10-16%, Sarachi Ace hops are an excellent addition to Belgian Ales or IPAs. Additional Information Package SizeNoHop FormPelletAlpha Acid LevelHigh (10+%)Country of OriginUSAFlavor DescriptorsNoBeer StyleNoHop ParentageNo Product Reviews & Questions You may also be interested in: Amarillo® Hop Pellets $19.99 Summit™ Hop Pellets $2.29 Columbus Hop Pellets $2.29 Chinook Hop Pellets $2.29


text: This store is the perfect neighborhood store serving the German Village neighborhoods and the South side of Columbus. I've found its great for the diy projects as well as medium to larger scaled home projects. The staff is very knowledgable and more importantly friendly and down to earth. When you ask for help, they accompany you to each isle an - added perk which makes trips for multiple items quick and easy.


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String / Green Beans Amandine
Total Time
Prep 15 mins
Cook 15 mins
Love shiitakes!
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 lb fresh string bean, prepared (for cooking)
- 1⁄2 lb shiitake mushroom, sliced
- 4 tablespoons butter
- 1⁄2 teaspoon salt
- 1⁄4 cup slivered almonds
- Simmer the beans in a small amount of water for about 10 minutes.
- In a skillet, saute the mushrooms in butter until brown.
- Add salt, almonds, and cooked beans.
Most Helpful
I liked this side dish alot. The shiitakes added a nice level of flavor to the beans. After I added the beans, I cooked the mushrooms with the beans and almonds several minutes more to get the flavor of the mushrooms mixed through. I thought the flavor of this dish was even better the next day, when I reheated the leftovers ; >
Very tasty and easy. Used olive oil instead of butter and I couldn't find slivered almonds and had to use sliced which were too heavy and fell to the bottom.


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Liverpool hotels & apartments, all accommodations in Liverpool
5 stars hotels in Liverpool
Doubletree By Hilton Hotel - Spa Liverpool
Property Location With a stay at DoubleTree By Hilton Hotel & Spa Liverpool, you'll be centrally located in Liverpool, steps from Liverpool National Conservation Centre and minutes from Liverpool ONE. This 5-star hotel is within close proximity of Royal Court Theatre and Cavern Club.
Euro Hostel Liverpool
Located right in the centre of the Liverpool nightlife and the Beatles Quarter, this hostel is a good option for those looking for a central, budget accommodation. The hostel offers ensuite, pleasant no frills bedroom accommodation.
Euro Hostel Liverpool
This 2 star hotel is located in the city centre of Liverpool. It is a short drive away from the Albert Dock and the nearest station is Liverpool James Street.
4 stars hotels in Liverpool
Premier Suites Liverpool Fmr Prmr Apts
LocationThis pleasant city hotel lies in Hatton Garden, just a stone's throw from the city centre. Within the hotel's vicinity, guests will be able to find an abundance of shopping venues, bars, nightclubs and restaurants.
Signature Living - Victoria Street Hotel Liverpool
Set in a prime location of Liverpool, Signature Living Serviced Apartments puts everything the city has to offer just outside your doorstep. The hotel offers guests a range of services and amenities designed to provide comfort and convenience.
The Nadler Liverpool Hotel
base2stays Liverpool hotel offers a unique combination of four star comfort, design and service. Without a bar and restaurant, it is ideally suited to this vibrant part of Liverpool.
Heywood House Hotel Liverpool
Hotel Indigo Liverpool
Staybridge Suites Liverpool
Crowne Plaza City Centre Hotel Liverpool
Hard Days Night Hotel Liverpool
Suites Knowsley Liverpool
Radisson Blu Liverpool Hotel
Malmaison Liverpool Hotel
Formby Hall Golf Resort And Spa Liverpool
Crowne Plaza Airport Hotel Liverpool
Hatters Liverpool Hostel
Posh Pads Liverpool One Aparthotel
Aparthotel Adagio Liverpool City Centre
The Liverpool Inn Hotel
Titanic Hotel Liverpool
30 James Street Hotel Liverpool
Hotel Anfield Liverpool
Orrell Park Hotel Liverpool
The Cottage B&B Liverpool
Novotel Liverpool Hotel
Hilton Liverpool City Centre Hotel
Hope Street Hotel Liverpool
Marriott South Hotel Liverpool
Mercure Liverpool Atlantic Tower Hotel
Bridgestreet Liverpool One Hotel
Studio Stay Liverpool
Marriott Liverpool City Centre Hotel
3 stars hotels in Liverpool
Royal Hotel Liverpool
The Royal Hotel is a privately owned 25 bedroom 3 Star hotel located at Waterloo in Liverpool - The hotel overlooks the Marine Gardens and the Mersey estuary with views of the Wirral and North Wales in the distance - The Anthony Gormley Art installation...
Aachen Hotel Liverpool
Property Location A stay at Aachen places you in the heart of Liverpool, walking distance from Everyman Theatre and CoverStar Experiences. This guesthouse is within close proximity of FACT and Philharmonic Hall.
Holiday Inn Express Knowsley Liverpool
A smart Liverpool hotel with free WiFi near Knowsley Business Park, with easy access to the city centre Just off the M57, Holiday Inn Express® Liverpool - Knowsley M57, Jct.
Holiday Inn Express John Lennon Airport Liverpool
Park Inn St Helens Liverpool
Beech Mount Hotel Liverpool
Brook Meadow Hotel Liverpool
Throstles Nest Hotel Liverpool
Leasowe Castle Hotel Liverpool
Devonshire House Hotel Liverpool
The Park Hotel Liverpool
Cocoon @ The International Inn Liverpool
Best Western The Alicia Hotel Liverpool
The Podworks Hotel Liverpool
The Z Hotel Liverpool
Marlborough Hotel Liverpool
Mountford Hotel Liverpool
Printworks Hotel Liverpool
Britannia Rooms Liverpool
Travelodge Liverpool Stonedale Park Hotel
Hampton By Hilton Liverpool City Centre Hotel
Liner Hotel Liverpool
Holiday Inn Express Albert Doc Liverpool
Jurys Inn Liverpool
Premier Inn Liverpool Albert Dock
Travelodge Liverpool
Britannia Adelphi Hotel Liverpool
Penny Lane Hotel Liverpool
Trivelles Liverpool Hotel
The Old Dairy Guest House Liverpool
2 stars hotels in Liverpool
The Dolby Hotel Liverpool
The Dolby Hotel, Liverpool is a 64 bed roomed tourist class hotel. All rooms contain tea and coffee making facilities, Sky TV and ensuite shower facilities.
Campanile Liverpool Hotel
Welcome to Campanile LIVERPOOL - Queens Dock! Our staff wishes you a pleasant stay in Liverpool.
Everton Hostel Liverpool
With a stay at Everton Hostel in Liverpool (Everton), you'll be convenient to Royal Liverpool University Hospital and Liverpool ONE. This hostel is within close proximity of Liverpool City Church and O2 Academy.
Opal Court Hotel Liverpool
Recommended hotels in Liverpool
The Racquet Club Aparthotel Liverpool
Property Location With a stay at The Racquet Club, you'll be centrally located in Liverpool, steps from Liverpool Town Hall and minutes from Royal Liver Building. This guesthouse is within close proximity of Cunard Building and Cavern Club.
Albion Guest House Liverpool
Albion Guest House is situated 15 minutes' drive from Liverpool city centre and features a large garden with a conservatory. New Brighton Rail Station is just a 5-minute walk away and has services to Liverpool Central station every 15 minutes.
62 Castle Street Hotel Liverpool
LocationThis establishment is just moments away from both the business district and the city's cosmopolitan night life, and is situated in the heart of the city centre. Liverpool John Lennon Airport is around 17 km away, and Manchester Airport is around 75 km from the hotel.
Lyndan Guest Accommodation Liverpool
Yha Liverpool - Hostel
Sefton Park Hotel Liverpool
Hanover Hotel Liverpool
Roscoe House By Urban Chic Hotel Liverpool
The Blackburne Arms Hotel Liverpool
The Richmond Hotel Liverpool
The Shankly Hotel Liverpool
Aloft Liverpool Hotel
Pullman Liverpool Hotel
Moat House Liverpool Hotel
Ibis Styles Liverpool Centre Dale Street Hotel
Prince Alfred Hotel Liverpool
Stanley Park Hotel Liverpool
Grove Suites Liverpool
The Georgian Town House Hotel Liverpool
Liverpool Gateway B&B
Tune Hotel - Liverpool, City Centre
We offer 236 hotels in Liverpool United Kingdom with low prices and discounts. Our booking system provides cheap and luxury hotels in Liverpool, hostels, motels, B&B and budget Liverpool hotels and accommodations. We have Liverpool center hotel deals. You can also book Liverpool airport hotel by cheap price. Our system is secure and absolutely free of charge.


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Overthrowing a government takes an enormous amount of planning, strategy, and resources. You need political allies, troops, a new staff to fill all the bureaucratic roles and keep the system running smoothly after the takeover -- it's a matter of years, if not decades, of work. Of course, you could also waltz right into the capitol building, unzip your pants, and say: "Yep, this whole state is aaaalmost big enough to hold my balls." You know, like these folks did ...
5 A Delusional Vice President Tries to Conquer Half of North America and Create His Very Own Empire
Vice President Aaron Burr, that guy who killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel, is best remembered as "that guy who killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel." His political career unsurprisingly collapsed after that one itty-bitty little homicide, but Burr wasn't ready to update his LinkedIn profile just yet, so he decided to create his own country to govern. This, obviously, implied huge steaming mounds of treason.
Library of Congress
Never trust a man who wears those creepy little Dracula glasses.
Burr traveled to Philadelphia and offered his services to Anthony Merry, British minister to the United States. He wanted to help Great Britain establish an independent "Empire of the West." How? By taking over the Louisiana territory, which, at the time, amounted to more than half of the U.S. -- and, hell, why not Mexico to boot? Mexico was then a Spanish territory and included what is now Texas, California, and the rest of the Southwestern United States. Hey, if you're gonna piss off an entire country, might as well go double or nothing, right? Merry was down to internationally clown, but British Prime Minister Charles James Fox thought the plan might be "super crazy. Like, even for a guy that shoots people for calling him 'voluptuary' -- that's crazy."
Saturday Evening Post
Pictured: Aaron Burr committing political suicide.
Not Pictured: The worst thing he did that year.
After the British bailed, Burr decided to press ahead regardless. He procured himself a riverboat and set off down the Ohio River, at which point he realized that, shit, he didn't have an army (pretty much the first item on any "build an empire" checklist). So, on his way to New Orleans, he started recruiting any and every settler he encountered to his cause.
Unsurprisingly, it didn't take long for word of Burr's shenanigans to reach President Jefferson, who immediately ordered him arrested. Quite surprisingly, in the ensuing trial Burr was found not guilty -- partly due to Jefferson's refusal to appear in court, and partly because U.S. Chief Justice John Marshall thought Jefferson was sort of an asshole.
Henry Inman
"I hate his face more than I love this country, sorry."
After his acquittal, Burr changed his name and fled to Europe, where he spent the next few years unsuccessfully attempting to garner support for his plan to conquer Mexico. Say what you will about Burr -- delusional, murderous, kinda looks like the telescope-gnome from The NeverEnding Story -- but the man persevered ...
... at treason.
4 A Gubernatorial Election Kicks Off a Mini Civil War
Thomas Nast
Following the Civil War, the United States went through an era of Reconstruction, during which, to put it politely, shit went fuck-all crazyballs. Take the Brooks-Baxter War, which kicked off when two gubernatorial candidates couldn't agree on who had won the pleasure of leading Arkansas through possibly the worst period in its history.
Like Game of Thrones but moonshinier and with more possible inbreeding.
Elisha Baxter and Joseph Brooks were opposing candidates in the 1872 Arkansas election. No one's quite sure who won the election due to widespread voting irregularities. But Baxter's backers controlling the voting process might have had a little something to do with that.
Confident that he had won -- hey, cheating is a type of winning -- Baxter declared himself governor. Brooks, meanwhile, also declared himself governor. Brooks then gathered up the sheriff and a group of armed cohorts and stormed the state house, expelling Baxter to a nearby hotel. Baxter called in a militia. Brooks also called in a militia, and then one-upped Baxter by rolling two six-pounder artillery cannons onto the capitol lawn. Baxter, in turn, brought out a 26-pounder and pointed it in the general direction of the state house. Yes, post-Civil War politics were a lot like a Loony Tunes sketch.
Arkansas History Commission via Arkansas Encyclopedia
There's no record on if they started dressing in drag to try to seduce each other.
Over the next five days, men streamed in on either side, until they had each built up an army of around 1,000 troops. Finally, after a month of old-timey dick-waving, President Grant sent in the military and issued his proclamation: Baxter was the true governor, presumably because they busted out the measuring tape and determined, once and for all, that he had the biggest cannon.


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We recently replaced the outlets on both sides of the bed in our master bedroom and now they are my favorite outlets in the entire house.
In addition to the convenience, and luxe, modern feeling – it makes the room feel a little hotel-like, these USB outlets charge quickly!
I ordered this one from Amazon and installed it myself in about 15 minutes following the instructions that came with it. Changing it out was pretty straightforward, the key is shutting off the electricity at the breaker. My bedroom breaker wasn't labeled so it took some testing to find the right one and that took the most time! I took a picture of the way the old outlet was connected before disconnecting it but I ended up not even needing to reference the picture.
It's definitely nice to have direct connect high speed charging stations and not worry about adapters. We just keep our USB cables plugged in here all the time. Naturally, because I'm prone to obsess, I want to put these everywhere! Of course, I don't really need them everywhere, but maybe one per room would be nice! For the home office, I went with a USB power strip instead of a wall outlet in order to plug in more than two devices. This might be an easy option for your home as well!
Not only do we have a small half bath, we have yet another small bathroom (the guest bath) upstairs. I previously posted the details of the changes in this small 5 x 7 foot space over the years but thanks to the water damage fiasco, it now has been remodeled for the second time in the last 10 years. The pipe that burst was in the wall behind the vanity in this bathroom.
Because we installed beadboard during the first bathroom update, right after we moved in, there's a lot of white trim and molding, so I went dark with the wall color! Basically the components that went into this bathroom remodel include:
- New flooring – Carrara white hexagon marble tile from Floor & Decor
- Fresh coat of paint – Behr Ultra White on all trim and Benjamin Moore Hale Navy on walls
- 3o inch Gray vanity with Carrara marble top from Home Depot (vs the 24 inch vanity previously there)
- Subway tile bathtub surround to ceiling (vs beige square tiles that stopped at 6 feet before)
- Mirror switch out (swapped mirrors with the half bath)
Here are some before and afters:
While it was a painful seven weeks, this bathroom marks the wrap up of the construction work resulting from the busted pipe. So glad that is behind us now!
Popular posts
Paint Colors We've Used


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San Mateo County Transit District (SamTrans) has launched a new program that will allow member organizations, which can include cities, counties, and other public agencies in the region, to share passenger vehicles.
Called the "Peninsula Fleet Share Program," this effort is an 18-month pilot project, funded with grant and matching funds, that aims to improve vehicle utilization for members.According to SamTrans, organizations will be able to sign up for the service and then search for the types and sizes of vehicles that meet their needs through an online registry.SamTrans said organizations that sign up to lend their vehicles can use the program to offset the costs of owning large shuttles and vans by renting them out. Organizations that join and rent vehicles can benefit from rates lower than commercial rental services, according to the organization.SamTrans said new member organizations can sign up free of charge during the introductory period, which ends June 28. For more information, visit www.peninsulafleetshare.com.
This story originally ran in Government Fleet magazine.
The full low-floor, three-door, two-staircase double-deck bus is being shown at the LTA-UITP Singapore International Transport Congress and Exhibition in Suntec City.
The new ITS provides Grand Valley with ETA's real-time arrival predictions, fare collection system integration, automatic on-board announcements, and the tools to track and chart system improvements over time.
Josh Ensign's track record includes leading global operations for 42 factories in 15 countries and managing the supporting supply chains.
The buses will be manufactured in Plattsburgh, state of New York, and the delivery of the vehicles has already begun in Houston.
The two electric vehicles, fitted with high-tech equipment including laser sensors, stereo vision and GPS, can ferry around 15 passengers at a top speed of 12 mph.
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lol i thought u were talking about harrison for and indiana jones. yeah i think only hardcore will buy it. indiana jones on the other hand will be awesomeOriginally Posted by jimbo
Call of Duty FC : 3480 6196 6904
Onslaught FC : 3180 1649 9648
The Conduit - 1891 9137 3932 ( Mr Vihang)
The thread starter was right about soccer games being a major thing for non-American gamers, however, what most look for is not FIFA, it's Winning Eleven (aka PES). FIFA is a cheap rip-off of the WE series and only very recently have they been emulating WE well enough to gain any sort of acclaim outside of the USA. FIFA is mediocre compared to the best of the WE line, and in fact, WE sells much better than FIFA globally. Just thought I'd put that straight. P:
SSBB FC: 3050-7266-1269 - Add me. Msg me with your code if you do My nickname is AWZ!


text:
First. I would like to invite everyone to a special Zazen & Talk by my Dharma Bro. BRAD WARNER, to be live streamed from Treeleaf this Sunday June 5th (and available any time after). Brad will introduce his new book, DON'T BE A JERK, ...Read More »
With respect to all, We have a sort of fascination with Masters, those of us walking along a "spirit...
SIT-A-LONG with JUNDO: ENGAGED ENERGY
We continue a series of talks on the Buddhist "Paramitas" (Virtues) which aid in our eng...
A physical practice
Hey all. It's been a long while, hasn't it? Life has taken many twists and turns for me....
SIT-A-LONG with JUNDO: ENGAGED PATIENCE ( PLUS SPECIAL ZAZENKAI with BRAD WARNER)
First. I would like to invite everyone to a special Zazen & Talk by my Dharma Bro....
Another Memorial Day, Another Donut
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To be honest, this is a difficult question to answer. Not to mean that he is not known, but he has done so much in a reasonably short time that one would need to be a little more specific to get a more meaningful answer.
Danny does not share much about his educational background. He, however, believes he has attended the University of Experience where he has graduated with a doctorate in Internet Marketing. However, Danny studied eCommerce, which is arguably the basis of his marketing knowledge and expertise.
Danny DeMichele started his career by launching the first nutrition website and selling it to a large health conglomerate. Later on, about 18 years ago, at the age of 20, Danny started an internet agency known as eVisibility and had been working on it until it was named 169th fastest growing company by Inc Magazine in 2010. He would later sell the company to LSF Network.
Work Experience
Over the years Mr. DeMichele has worked on the internet, he has gained vast experience. First and foremost, he has gone ahead to start other companies after the sale of eVisibility. He intimates that over the years, he has had more failures than successes, but the lessons learned through the failures have molded him into the success story he is today.
Work Ethic
Danny is not selfish about his tricks to success. He openly talks about the numerous hardworking individuals he has hired and trained over the years. Mentoring employees and maintaining excellent relations with them are some of the key things he attributes his success. He proudly says that he has managed to keep most of his employees, and those that have left have become successful people wherever they have gone to.
In conclusion, one of the things that make it difficult to describe the man in one sentence is his honesty and candidness. He is never economic with the truth and spares nothing to tell things as they are.


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Georgine Darcy
|This article's factual accuracy is disputed. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
|Georgine Darcy
Darcy in 1960
|Georgine Darcy
January 14, 1936
Brooklyn, New York, USA
|July 18, 2004
Malibu, California, USA
|Cause of death
|Natural Causes
|Other names
|"Miss Torso"
|Dancer, Actor
|Years active
|Byron Palmer (1974–2004; her death)
Georgine Darcy (January 14, 19??[n 1] – July 18, 2004) was an American dancer and actress best known for her role as "Miss Torso" in the 1954 Alfred Hitchcock film Rear Window. She also had a regular role in the 1960–1961 ABC sitcom Harrigan and Son.
Darcy was born in Brooklyn. Darcy's mother urged her to become a stripper to make a "fast buck".[10][13] She studied ballet, and danced with the New York City Ballet,[14] and was a model. At age 16,[unreliable source?] she left home and traveled by bus to California.[10]
In 1954 she was cast in Rear Window. She did not even know who Hitchcock was and did not consider herself an actress. Hitchcock had selected her based on a publicity photo of her wearing a black leotard and green feather boa.[13] In Rear Window, she played one of the neighbors of protagonist L. B. Jeffries (Jimmy Stewart), a wheelchair-bound photographer who passes the time spying on the other tenants of his apartment building. Her nameless character, who was dubbed "Miss Torso", practiced her dance moves in a skimpy top and a pair of pink shorts with a 21-inch waistband, courtesy of famed costume designer Edith Head.[13][15] She had no lines in the film.[15]
During filming, Hitchcock asked her what kinds of pie she liked and disliked. She told him she loathed pumpkin pie. When it came time to film her character's reaction to finding a strangled dog, he presented her with pumpkin pie served with "crude Cockney jokes" to prompt an adverse response.[16] On the last day of filming, Hitchcock and some of the cast presented her with a cake in the shape of her voluptuous figure. "It had the breasts and everything!" she said.[14]
Hitchcock told Darcy that she should get an agent and that if she studied Anton Chekov in Europe, he could make her a movie star when she returned. She ignored both pieces of advice and thought he was joking about the latter. She was paid $350 for her work in Rear Window and had a sporadic acting career.[13] Her most substantive role was in the Chubby Checker film Don't Knock the Twist (1962). She played Madge Albright, a "dancing firestorm" who is part of a brother-sister dance team.[17] She also appeared in the films Women and Bloody Terror (1970) and The Delta Factor (1970).[13]
On television, she played Gypsy, an irreverent secretary for the title father-son team of lawyers in Harrigan and Son, played by Pat O'Brien and Roger Perry. She also had guest appearances on Lee Marvin's M Squad, the Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse and Mike Connors's Mannix.[13]
Darcy was the subject of the 2004 documentary short film Remembering Miss Torso by director Malcolm Venville.[18]
She died of natural causes and was survived by her husband of thirty years, actor Byron Palmer.[13] She was said to be the last surviving credited cast member of Rear Window.[14] However, Frank Cady, who appeared as the Thorwalds' upstairs neighbor, survived until 2012 and Harry Landers, who played Miss Lonelyheart's suitor, is alive as of 2015. Rand Harper, who played the uncredited role of the honeymooning groom, also survives.
- ^ http://www.playbill.com/person/georgine-darcy-vault-0000084477
- ^ http://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/georgine-darcy/
- ^ http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba4c994ef
- ^ http://www.broadwayworld.com/people/Georgine-Darcy/
- ^ http://www.fandango.com/georginedarcy/overview/p16988
- ^ http://www.moviefone.com/celebrity/georgine-darcy/1787426/news/
- ^ http://www.allmovie.com/artist/georgine-darcy-p16988
- ^ https://digiguide.tv/celebrity/Georgine+Darcy/76645/
- ^ http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2008123328.html
- ^ a b c "Obituary of Georgine Darcy Dancer and model who was an object of James Stewart's voyeuristic interest in Hitchcock's classic thriller Rear Window". The Daily Telegraph. July 22, 2004. p. 25. "Georgine Darcy was born at Brooklyn, New York, on January 14 1936."
- ^ http://www.ancientfaces.com/person/georgine-darcy/17299577
- ^ http://www.glamourgirlsofthesilverscreen.com/show/364/Georgine+Darcy/register.php
- ^ a b c d e f g Oliver, Myrna (July 21, 2004). "Miss Torso in Rear Window: Ex-ballerina played across-the-court dancer in Hitchcock thriller". Los Angeles Times. pp. B13.
- ^ a b c Seiler, Andy (February 4, 2000). "'Window' of opportunity for body of work". USAToday. pp. 3E.
- ^ a b "Poncho Sanchez's 'Latin Soul'; Ashley Judd Tries to Catch Your Eye in 'Eye of the Beholder'; The Push Toward Male Entertainment". Showbiz Today. CNN. January 27, 2000.
- ^ Spoto, Donald. Spellbound by beauty: Alfred Hitchcock and his leading ladies. Random House. p. 211.
- ^ Miller, John M. "Don't Knock the Twist". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved July 18, 2011.
- ^ Bearn, Emily (June 13, 2004). "View from the room Georgine Darcy played the dancer living opposite Jimmy Stewart in Rear Window. Then the curtains fell on her career. Now Malcolm Venville, a lifelong Hitchcock fan, has made her the focus of a documentary. Emily Bearn meets 'Miss Torso'". Sunday Telegraph.
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Georgine Darcy.


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1 Babysitting Job Found
Care while sleeping
Posted by Jessica M. on 10/20/2016
- Start date:
- Flexible
- Less than a mile (Marshall, MO)
- $10/hr
- 3 children
The kids should be asleep during these times, minus the newborn who may wake during the night. House cleaning is not expected. Just need someone to sit with the children during approximately 2 hours between me leaving for work and my husband arriving home from work.


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Sorry, something went wrong. Please contact support .
Providing quality solutions to complex applications problems within scope, budget and tight schedules. Extensive experience in programming, databases IT support, technical communication and web technologies. Flexible as regards moving from project to project and in assimilating new technologies. Proven team leadership skills. Now looking to continue making a significant contribution within design and development / leading a technical team or consultancy role on interim basis or permanent management position.


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The Nations Come to Us: Fukuyama Alliance Church Visits Nyack
Nyack College goes to the nations… and the nations come to us.
Recently a Japanese pastor with a half dozen members of his congregation came to gain a better understanding of the historical roots of The Christian and Missionary Alliance at Nyack College/Alliance Theological Seminary (ATS), the denomination's flagship institution of higher education. Pastor Yoshi Ikuta was joined by Pastor Yoshifumi Ichimori, Mrs. Motoe Ogata, Mrs. Katsue Yasunaka, Mrs. Izumi Sakamoto and her twin teenage sons, Mr. Shinobu Sakamoto and Mr. Makoto Sakamoto.
In 1960 Rev. Ikuta, of the Fukuyama Alliance Church, was a seminary student of Drs. Richard Pease (former ATS dean) and his wife, Dr. Eleanor Pease, (former TESOL Department Chair and Department Head of Modern Languages and Linguistics) when the Peases were serving in Japan. Two decades later, Rev. Ikuta had the opportunity to visit ATS and attended classes at the seminary and the college. With deepened affection for the institution, Ikuta authored the Japanese translation of A.E. Thompson's biography of Nyack and C&MA founder, Dr. A.B. Simpson.
Nyack Auxiliary Services director, Mrs. Michele Blanck, coordinated an itinerary that included visits with Dr. Frank Tuzi, department chair of World Languages and Linguistics; Dr. Ronald Walborn, dean of Alliance Theological Seminary; Rev. Charles Hammond, dean of students at the Manhattan campus; and Dr. Kwi Yun, chair of the Social Work department.
In addition to touring both the Rockland and Manhattan campuses, a private concert featuring the exquisite operatic performance of 1999 Nyack alumna, Mrs. Shereen Way, accompanied by pianist, Tom Hoetzl, concluded with a surprise when the seven Japanese guests reciprocated with a mini concert of their own including a moving rendition of "Jesus Loves Me."
Click here to see a photo gallery of their visit. (Main post image by Abraham Koo)
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The Clippers came up short in a pitcher's duel as they fell 2-1 to the Scranton/Wilkes Barre RailRiders at PNC Field.
Columbus would break through offensively in the top of the fourth when Cord Phelps drove home a run with an RBI double. The RailRiders would then take the lead in the bottom of the sixth on a two run homer by Dan Johnson.
Both starting pitchers were dynamite for their respected ball clubs. Clippers right-hander Daisuke Matsuzaka (L, 0-2) held the RailRiders to 2 runs on three hits while striking out eight and walking two in 6 1/3 innings. Dellin Betances (W, 1-2) was just as impressive for Scranton/Wilkes Barre. He limited Columbus to one run on three hits while striking out seven and walking two in seven innings.
The Clippers would try to mount a rally in the top of the ninth. One out singles by Jeremy Hermida and Adan Abraham would bring Cedric Hunter to the plate. Unfortunately, Hunter grounded into a game ending 5-4-3 double play. Preston Claiborne (S, 2) nailed down the save for the RailRiders.
The Clippers continue their four game set with the RailRiders on a Wednesday business day special. Columbus will send right-hander Trevor Bauer (1-0, 2.08) to the hill. Scranton/Wilkes Barre counters with righty Ryan Hope (1-0, 2.25). First pitch is scheduled for 10:35 AM.
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Ultimate sticky toffee pudding
Nutrition and extra info
- See 'try' below
Nutrition: per serving
- kcal697
- fat36g
- saturates21g
- carbs92g
- sugars71g
- fibre2g
- protein6g
- salt1.1g
For the pudding
- 225g whole Medjool date
- 175g boiling water
- 1 tsp vanilla extract
- 175g self-raising flour, plus extra for greasing
- 1 tsp bicarbonate of soda
Bicarbonate of soda
Bicarbonate of soda, or baking soda, is an alkali which is used to raise soda breads and full-…
- 2 egg
The ultimate convenience food, eggs are powerhouses of nutrition, packed with protein and a…
- 85g butter, softened, plus extra for greasing
Butter is made when lactic-acid producing bacteria are added to cream and churned to make an…
- 140g demerara sugar
- 2 tbsp black treacle
- 100ml milk
One of the most widely used ingredients, milk is often referred to as a complete food. While cow…
- cream or custard to serve (optional)
Fresh unpasteurised milk quickly separates and the fat rises to the top. This fat layer is then…
For the toffee sauce
Stone and chop the dates quite small, put them in a bowl, then pour the boiling water over. Leave for about 30 mins until cool and well-soaked, then mash a bit with a fork. Stir in the vanilla extract. Butter and flour seven mini pudding tins (each about 200ml/7fl oz) and sit them on a baking sheet. Heat oven to 180C/fan 160C/gas 4.
While the dates are soaking, make the puddings. Mix the flour and bicarbonate of soda together and beat the eggs in a separate bowl. Beat the butter and sugar together in a large bowl for a few mins until slightly creamy (the mixture will be grainy from the sugar). Add the eggs a little at a time, beating well between additions. Beat in the black treacle then, using a large metal spoon, gently fold in one-third of the flour, then half the milk, being careful not to overbeat. Repeat until all the flour and milk is used. Stir the soaked dates into the pudding batter. The mix may look a little curdled at this point and will be like a soft, thick batter. Spoon it evenly between the tins and bake for 20-25 mins, until risen and firm.
Meanwhile, put the sugar and butter for the sauce in a medium saucepan with half the cream. Bring to the boil over a medium heat, stirring all the time, until the sugar has completely dissolved. Stir in the black treacle, turn up the heat slightly and let the mixture bubble away for 2-3 mins until it is a rich toffee colour, stirring occasionally to make sure it doesn't burn. Take the pan off the heat and beat in the rest of the cream.
Remove the puddings from the oven. Leave in the tins for a few mins, then loosen them well from the sides of the tins with a small palette knife before turning them out. You can serve them now with the sauce drizzled over, but they'll be even stickier if left for a day or two coated in the sauce. To do this, pour about half the sauce into one or two ovenproof serving dishes. Sit the upturned puddings on the sauce, then pour the rest of the sauce over them. Cover with a loose tent of foil so that the sauce doesn't smudge (no need to chill).
When ready to serve, heat oven to 180C/fan 160C/gas 4. Warm the puddings through, still covered, for 15-20 mins or until the sauce is bubbling. Serve them on their own, or with cream or custard.
If you don't want to eat the puddings all at once, freeze a few in an ovenproof dish with some of the sauce. Thaw for a few hours and reheat as in step 5.
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Comments, questions and tips
Comments (82)
Tried this when looking to try a different sticky toffee pudding recipe.Mine is a copy of one from The Udny Arms Hotel ,Aberdeen. I made this in a square tin rather than indivdual puddings. Whilst it tasted very nice it is not a sticky toffee pudding consistancy, it is more likened to a steam pudding possibly & we all decided it should more be called a treacle pudding. The sauce was very nice & I used the rest of that when making profiteroles. If you are looking for a nice treacle pudding then yes, if looking for a sticky toffee pudding then no.
Fabulous! A real crowd pleaser and very forgiving as gets better if it's sat around for a while!
No need for aluminium tins; I used large foil cupcake cases (got 12 cakes out of this recipe, quite a loose mixture so poured mixture from a jug) and froze them in a ziplock bag. Then a week later removed from freezer & after 15 mins removed the paper cases and popped them all top down in a large baking dish. (They bake quite flat topped so they look just like little puddings!!)
I made double quantity of sauce (don't even think about making less than double as it is wonderful), and poured three quarters over the semi-defrosted puddings and left them to fully defrost and soak up all that sticky toffee goodness. 5 hrs later I warmed them through properly til piping hot and reheated the leftover sauce. Utterly lovely. Sticky Toffee Pudding must have dates in (says Mr Cookiewookiewoo) and soaking them in tea def gives a better flavour. The cakes are surprising light and when out with the sauce something magical happens! Mmmmm. Sorry had a nigella moment there.
Some other commenters have processed the dates til less lumpy but we loved the pulpy bits.
I used one and a half times the recipe which made one large pudding (in a bread tin) and 10 mini ones which I used muffin cases for. The latter took 20 mins and the larger one 35 mins. As suggested by others, demarera gave the sauce a lovely butterscotch flavour. I soaked the dates in tea the gave them a quick blend to make them leas chunky. The finished pudding was absolutely delicious; rich and tasy, but light too. A huge hit with everyone who tasted it.
Excellent recipe! I tried it for the first time over the Christmas period. I prepared them on Christmas Eve and left them sitting in the sauce for 2 days out of the fridge. I reheated them gently in the oven before serving. The only changes I made to the recipe was soaking the Medjool dates in (English Breakfast) tea instead of plain hot water for extra flavour and making 1.5 portions of the sauce. I will be definitely making this recipe again.
I made these with a few substitutions, where I live it's hard to get a couple ingredients.
I used molasses in place of treacle, light brown sugar in place of demerara, and dark brown in place of muscavado.
Made them the night before, and left them covered, soaking in the toffee on the counter overnight.
They were amazing!
Best puddings I've ever had, I will continue to use the molasses in place of treacle, I loved the flavor it added, without being cloyingly sweet.
I also used a muffin tin, and got 12 out of it. Baked about 17 minutes at 350, for any other north Americans out there :)
I served them hot with clotted cream, and everyone had seconds, definitely a hit.
What lovely puddings!
I wish I'd read the online recipe beforehand because I would have had time to make the day before and sit in the sauce. Oh well, it was still good.
I was in a rush and burnt the sauce first time round. Not to be defeated I tried again. I sorted it and it was wonderful.
As I'm a coeliac, I used gluten free flour and added a little xanthan gum.
This recipe is absolutely fool-proof! I left out the black treacle syrup and used brown sugar instead of demera sugar and it still turned out great. I made some slight alternations to the recipe as wanted to reduce the amount of sugar used in this so click on the link below for the revised recipe
Absolutely gorgeous pudding. We live in France so can't get Black treacle easily but I used golden syrup and was still fab. I used 8 ramekins and made enough for all of us. As suggested made the day before and was a godsend as only have a single oven and was cooking roast beef and all the trimmings for 8 on the day. Just popped them back in the oven whilst we were on cheese and they were gorgeous. Only thing I would suggest is doubling the sauce but we are quite greedy with our sauce.
I don't normally comment on recipes on here, in fact this is my first post, but this was so good I have to share!
Excellent recipe, tastes exactly like one of the posh waitrose ones you can buy. I used half caster to half light brown sugar in both parts of the recipe. Also made half quantities, but it was enought to feed four. Baked it all in one tray instead of serpents mini ones which cooked in 40 minutes. ,
Superb! Whenever we go out to eat I invariably choose this on the menu. If done well it is to die for, if done badly then it is incredibly disappointing. So, I decided to make some myself and see how I got on. A perfect success the first time with this recipe. Like some other commentors, I made in one large tray bake (greased and lined with parchment) and cut into squares. I also added chopped pecans as another commentor suggested, which added a lovely extra dimension to the taste and texture. I can see this would be very useful as a pudding to make in advance and simply heat up and can't wait to make it again.
Questions (13)
Hi there, 175ml is 6fl oz. If you get stuck again go to our conversion guide http://www.bbcgoodfood.com/conversion-guides#volume-conversion – you just type in the quantity and it will convert it to either metric or imperial for you.
Hi Charlotta.hill, thanks for your question. We haven't tested making this recipe in one large dish so cannot guarantee perfect results. Baking a mixture designed for individual pots in one large dish can sometimes cause problems because the cake structure can't support itself on a larger scale or it may cook too quickly on the outside before cooking properly in the middle. Do test it after the first 25 mins and put it back if it needs longer, perhaps covered with foil if the top cooks too quickly. Please do let us know how it goes.