text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Mar 3, 1992
|Filing date
|Mar 2, 1988
|Priority date
|Mar 2, 1987
|Fee status
|Publication number
|M. Sohrab Hossain, Arnold Z. Gordon, Ernest B. Yeager, Donald A. Tryk
|Original Assignee
|Westinghouse Electric Corp.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (13), Non-Patent Citations (12), Referenced by (4), Classifications (23), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present application is based on PCT International Application No. PCT/US88/00624 filed Mar. 2, 1988, which is a continuation-in-part of copending, commonly assigned application Ser. No. 20,749, filed Mar. 2, 1987 and now abandoned.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to gas diffusion electrodes and, more particularly, this invention relates to gas diffusion electrodes adapted for use in electrochemical cells utilizing an aqueous alkaline electrolyte and consuming or generating a gas via the electrochemical process occurring within the gas diffusion electrode.
2. Description of Related Art
The use of gas diffusion electrodes in fuel cells and metal-air batteries is well known. Gas diffusion electrodes have also been used in the electrolysis, either oxidation or reduction, of gaseous reactants. It is also possible to generate gases in such electrodes. In general, gas diffusion electrodes take the form of solid porous (gas and liquid permeable) bodies formed at least in part of an electronically conductive, electrochemically active material, and may include a catalyst. Such electrodes generally define an electrolyte contacting surface and a gas contacting surface. Electrochemical oxidation and reduction occur at the points in the electrode where the gas to be oxidized or reduced contacts both the electrode and the active material of the electrode. In the case of gas generation, electrolyte contacts the active material and gas is generated at this interface.
Electrochemical cells utilizing such electrodes generally comprise the gas diffusion electrode, a spaced counter electrode, a liquid electrolyte (which is generally aqueous) which contacts both the counter electrode and the gas diffusion electrode, and a gas which contacts the gas diffusion electrode either (1) for reduction or oxidation of the gas or (2) produced via electrolytic generation. Circuit connections are disposed between the counter and gas diffusion electrodes. Additionally, the counter electrode may also be a gas diffusion electrode. A well known example of such a design is the H2 /O2 fuel cell.
Electrochemical batteries, for example, the metal air type, commonly utilize either an aqueous alkaline or neutral (e.g., saline) electrolyte, while fuel cells may commonly utilize either acidic electrolytes or alkaline electrolytes. Other types of electrolytes are also used, depending upon the specific gas which is consumed or generated.
The use in electrochemical batteries of an oxygen-containing gas such as air which is reduced at the gas diffusion electrode is well known. However, the gases need not be oxygen-containing nor need it be reduced at the gas diffusion electrode. For example, hydrogen gas is oxidized in some fuel cells. The present invention is generally applicable to all such types of gas diffusion electrodes and cells.
The electronically conductive material in a gas diffusion electrode typically may be carbon. Additionally, a wide variety of catalysts such as platinum or transition metal organometallic catalysts (such as porphyrins) are available.
In various applications, it is desirable that either or both the liquid electrolyte and the gaseous electrode reactant be flowed through the body of the cell over the electrode surfaces. Flowing electrolyte and/or flowed gaseous reactant are of course accompanied by a pressure drop across the cell, especially on the electrolyte side. This can be lead to excess pressures either on the gas-side or the electrolyte-side of the electrode. Furthermore, it may be desirable in certain circumstances to operate at an elevated gas pressure with respect to the electrolyte pressure. One example of such a situation would be one in which the performance is increased by pressurizing the gaseous reactant. In battery and fuel cell applications, it is desirable to obtain as high a cell voltage as possible at any given current density. One means of accomplishing this is to utilize a relatively high gas pressure or flow rate.
The use of a porous (e.g. typically 30-60% porosity) gas diffusion electrode, however, poses difficult flow management problems. When gas pressure exceeds liquid electrolyte pressure by a sufficient amount, "blow-through" of gas through the electrode into the liquid electrolyte results. In conventional gas diffusion electrodes, this so-called "blow-through pressure" is usually much lower than is desirable for tolerance of substantial differential pressures between the gas and liquid sides of the cell.
For example, while it may be desirable to operate a cell at a gas vs. liquid differential pressure of up to 10 psi or more, typical air cathodes exhibit a gas blow-through pressure of less than about 0.25 psi. If the differential pressure exceeds the blow-through pressure, pumping of gas into the liquid electrolyte may result. (Typical blow-through pressures range from 0-1 psi, and are determined primarily by interfacial tension and pore size distribution).
Conversely, if the liquid electrolyte pressure is higher than the gas pressure and the differential pressure exceeds the liquid bleed-through pressure, liquid may be pumped into the gas side of the cell, which may result in liquid in the gas manifold, with consequent pumping problems and a decrease in cell performance and useful cell life due to flooding of the active layer of the electrode.
In gas-generating cells it is customary for the gas to be generated on the front face (electrolyte-side) of the electrode. The gas is thus generated as bubbles in the electrolyte, which can lead to removal of electrolyte from the cell and increased ohmic losses. Generation of gas in a gas diffusion electrode is more desirable because the gas can exit the cell directly through the back of the electrode. Operation in this mode would require a certain amount of pressure tolerance. Even higher pressure tolerance would be required if the gas is generated in a pressurized state.
If the differential pressure between the gas and liquid sides of an electrochemical cell using a porous gas diffusion electrode is to be maintained at a low level, impractical pressure management problems result, especially in view of the fact that pressure levels vary from point to point on each side of the electrode.
The problems described are not readily amenable to correction by the use of a gas barrier material between the gas and electrolyte sides of the electrode, since such barriers tend to block the flow of electrolytic ions through the electrode and also strongly contribute to voltage losses or do not allow operation at a sufficiently high current density for the desired application. It is desirable to maintain the potential across the electrode at as positive a level as possible while maintaining as high a current density as possible. For example, it may be desired to operate a cell at a current density of up to as high as 500 mA/cm2, typically at 100 mA/cm2, while minimizing the voltage loss across the electrode. A voltage loss of less than 0.05 volts is preferred, with voltage losses of up to 0.25 volts being generally acceptable.
One approach to solving these problems is disclosed in Juda and Ilan U.S. Pat. No. 4,614,575 (Sept. 30, 1986), which involves the use of nonionic polymeric hydrogel as a layer applied by painting onto the electrolyte side of the gas diffusion electrode. The maximum pressure tolerance disclosed by the Juda, et al. patent is less than or equal to 40 inches of water (1.44 psi or 10.0 kPa), which is significantly less than that possible with the present invention.
It is an object of the present invention to overcome one or more of the problems described above
According to the present invention, an ionomeric, ionically conductive, substantially gas impermeable material is disposed within the pore volume of a porous gas diffusion electrode adapted for use in a gas generating or consuming electrochemical cell utilizing a liquid electrolyte. The material comprises a hydrophilic ionic polymer formed by by coprecipitation of at least two precursor polymers.
The invention also comprehends an electrochemical cell comprising the gas diffusion electrode spaced from a counter electrode and in contact with a liquid electrolyte. A gas to be oxidized, reduced or generated is in contact with the gas side of the electrode, and circuit connections are disposed between the counter and gas diffusion electrodes.
The electrode and cell of the invention are capable of operating at very high gas v. electrolyte differential pressures at high current densities without significant voltage loss.
Other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from a review of the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the drawings and the appended claims.
FIG. 1 is a transverse sectional view of one embodiment of an electrochemical cell in which the invention may be utilized;
FIG. 2 is a schematic sectional view of a typical gas diffusion electrode with which the invention may be utilized;
FIG. 3 is a sectional view of an electrode holder useful in testing gas diffusion electrodes;
FIG. 4 is a schematic exploded perspective view of an electrode assembly adapted for use with the electrode holder of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a schematic transverse sectional view of an electrode as used in FIGS. 3 and 4;
FIG. 6 is a series of polarization curves exhibited by an electrode made according to the invention; and
FIG. 7 is a polarization curve exhibited by another embodiment of an electrode made according to the invention.
FIG. 1 illustrates a typical embodiment of an electrochemical battery utilizing a gas diffusion electrode. This particular cell is an aqueous alkaline lithium-air cell. It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to use in electrochemical batteries, nor to cells in which gas is consumed. Rather, the invention finds wide applicability in cells in which gas is either consumed or produced, via either reduction or oxidation, in which any of various electrolytes are used, etc.
The cell of FIG. 1 is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 4,528,249 (July 9, 1985) the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.
In FIG. 1, an electrochemical cell, generally designated 10, includes an anode 11, a gas consuming cathode 12, and a metal screen 13 interposed between the anode 11 and cathode 12 within an outer housing 14. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the screen 13 is in electrical contact with the cathode 12, and is in mechanical (but not electrical) contact with the anode 11.
In the exemplary embodiment, the anode 11 comprises a lithium anode, which may comprise elemental lithium metal or lithium alloyed with alloying material such as small amounts of aluminum.
The screen 13 is not in electrical contact with the anode 11, due to the presence of an insulating, porous lithium hydroxide (LiOH) film which is formed on the anode surface by contact thereof with humid air, and is well known in the art. It is to be noted, however, that this particular feature is peculiar to the aqueous lithium-air cell. In other types of metal-air batteries and fuel cells, either an electrically insulating porous separator layer or a simple electrolyte gap would be used. It should also be noted that the screen 13 is necessary to help restrain the gas diffusion electrode 12 against the gas pressure.
The cathode 12 is in this case an air cathode through which atmospheric air flows. Those skilled in the art, however, will recognize that such a cathode may operate with any oxygen-containing gas.
One surface 15 of the cathode 12 is exposed to ambient atmosphere (or a source of another oxygen-containing gas) in a chamber 16 of the housing 14, and the opposite surface 17 of the cathode 12 is contacted by the liquid electrolyte 18 which is flowed through a second chamber 19 in the housing 14 as by a suitable pump 20. In the illustrated embodiment, the electrolyte is provided from a reservoir 21 for suitable delivery when needed.
In FIG. 1, the anode 11 and cathode 12 each terminate in a respective terminal 26 or 28, and are connected to a load 30 through suitable circuit connections 32.
Typically, the cathode 12 comprises a structure formed of a suitable porous hydrophobic material, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), mixed with carbon black, both pure and catalyst-containing. A preferred form of the cathode 12 is described below in connection with FIG. 2.
The screen 13 illustratively may comprise a woven metal wire screen formed of suitable non-corroding metal, which in the case of alkaline electrolyte may be nickel or silver plated nickel. If desired, the screen 13 may serve as a current collector if connected to the terminal 28.
In the embodiment of FIG. 1, liquid electrolyte, in this case an aqueous alkaline electrolyte such as aqueous lithium hydroxide, is flowed through the chamber 19 by means of the pump 20. As such, there is a pressure drop across the chamber 19 in the direction of flow.
Further, air is flowed through the chamber 16 by means not shown, and there is a small pressure drop across the chamber 16 in the direction of flow by virtue thereof. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that the pressure drop across the gas chamber 16 is small in comparison to that in the electrolyte chamber 19.
As set forth above, FIG. 1 is intended to be exemplary only, as the invention is applicable to any of a variety of types of gas diffusion electrodes and electrochemical cells.
FIG. 2 is a schematic depiction of the structure of a preferred embodiment of the cathode 12. As shown in FIG. 2, the electrode 12 is formed essentially of a two or three component laminate defining the gas contacting surface 15 and the opposed electrolyte contacting surface 17. An electronically conductive porous gas carrier layer 40 defines the gas contacting surface 15 and typically is a mixture of a hydrophobic material such as porous PTFE (e.g. Teflon brand PTFE) with a carbon black such as Shawinigan black (Chevron Chemical Co.. Olefins and Derivatives Div., Houston, Tex.) A so-called "active layer" 42 comprises a layer 44 which comprises a mixture of carbon black, or catalyst supported on carbon black and PTFE. An optional layer 46 of catalyst is disposed on the layer 44 at an interface 50. As shown in the schematic of FIG. 2, layers 44 and 46 appear to be discrete layers, but in practice may define a single layer or two layers, since the catalyst is generally adsorbed onto the surface of the material of layer 44. In some cases, the materials of the three layers 40, 44 and 46 may be intermixed in a single layer.
The entire structure of the electrode 12 of FIG. 2 is porous, generally exhibiting a porosity of 30-60%.
A typical catalyst forming the layer 44 is heat-treated cobalt tetramethoxyphenyl porphyrin (CoTMPP) on a carbon black such as Vulcan XC-72 (Cabot Corp., Billerica, Mass.). The heat treatment is typically done at 400°-1000° C. in inert gas. The structure of CoTMPP is shown below: ##STR1##
This material is a currently preferred catalytic material. Other catalysts include platinum, MnO2 and transition metal macrocycles other than CoTMPP.
The function of the layer 40 is to allow ready transmission of gas to the active layer 44. Its hydrophobicity also acts to repel liquid electrolyte which exists in the active layer 44 in order to avoid leakage of the liquid electrolyte into the gas side of the cell. It also provides electronic conductivity.
The requisite consumption or generation of gas takes place in the active layer 44 where gas and liquid meet in the presence of the active material and optional catalyst, as is well known in the art.
FIG. 3 illustrates an electrode holder useful in measuring characteristics of gas consuming or generating electrodes. The electrode nolder, generally designated 60, comprises a solid body 62 of a nonconductive material defining a gas inlet passage 64 communicating with a cell gas chamber 66 which in turn communicates with a gas outlet passage 68. (A typical material of construction for the body 62 is 3M's Kel-F brand chloro fluorocarbon polymer.) An annular electrode seat 70 is definded in the body 62 in order to position an electrode assembly (not shown in FIG. 3) which includes a gas diffusion electrode, generally designated 72, adjacent the cell chamber 66. A conductive (e.g. platinum) wire 74 contacts the seat 70 and extends therefrom through the outlet passage 68 A threaded plug 76 of the same material as the body 62 retains an electrode assembly 80 (shown in FIG. 4) in place in the body 62.
FIG. 4 illustrates the electrode assembly, generally designated 80, which includes the gas diffusion electrode 72 of FIG. 3. The electrode 72 is shown in schematic form in FIG. 4 and formed as a cylindrical disk defining gas and electrolyte contacting surfaces 82 and 84 respectively. These surfaces are analogous to surfaces 15 and 17 of FIG. 1. An annular conductive metal (e.g. platinum) ring 86 is disposed on the gas surface 82 between the gas surface 82 and an annular rubber gasket 88. A similar rubber gasket 90 is disposed on the electrolyte side of the electrode 72 between the electrolyte contacting surface 84 and an annular ring 92 of the same material as the body 62.
When the assembly 80 is in place in the seat 70 of the electrode holder 60, the ring 86 is in electrical contact with the wire 74 and acts as a current collector.
The electrode 72 as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 is schematic and these figures do not illustrate certain components such as the hydrophobic backing layer and associated screens. FIG. 5 illustrates an exploded sectional schematic view of a typical embodiment of the diffusion electrode 72. A silver plated nickel screen 100 is adjacent to and in contact with an electronically conductive hydrophobic backing layer 102, typically of Teflon brand PTFE plus carbon black, which defines the surface 82. An active layer 104, which may include a catalyst on carbon black, is adjacent to the layer 102 and defines the surface 84. A steel reinforcement screen 108 is adjacent the active layer 104.
When constructed, the screen 100 is not in physical or electrical contact with the ring 86 and this merely acts as a physical restraint. The gas inlet passage 64 and gas outlet passage 68 are connected with gas flow regulating means (not shown) which regulate the flow of gas through the passages 64 and 68 and the cell chamber 66, and thus the gas pressure in the chamber 66.
Those skilled in the art will recognize that the screens 100 and 108 may be embedded in the layer 102, and that the layers 102 and 104 may form a single homogenous layer if desired.
When the electrode 72 is in place in the assembly 80 in the electrode holder 60, a central circular segment of each of the electrode surfaces 82 and 84 is exposed to gas and electrolyte sources, respectively. The electrode holder body 62 is positioned in a test cell such that the electrode surface 84 is exposed to a flowing or non-flowing (e.g. stirred) electrolyte. The remainder of the cell and associated temperature control means, etc. are omitted for clarity.
For operation at elevated gas/electrolyte differential pressures, the steel screen 108 acts as a reinforcement to prevent physical rupture of the electrode 72. Flow-through of gas from the cell chamber 66 through the electrode 72 into the electrolyte side of the cell is prevented by a hydrophilic hydrogel polymer dispersed through at least a portion of the body of the electrode 72.
The hydrogel is an ionomeric polymer which is substantially impermeable to the gross passage of gas and which is ionically conductive. It conducts hydroxide (OH-) as well as water. It is also possible for bulk electrolyte to slowly diffuse through the hydrogel. The electrode 72 may be effectively wetted through the hydrogel, while the electrode 72 is virtually impermeable to gas flow by virtue of the presence of the hydrogel in the pore volume of the electrode.
The hydrogel-forming coprecipitation reaction takes place between at least two precursor polymers which can react together to coprecipitate to form a hydrophilic hydrogel which is insoluble or substantially insoluble in the electrolyte. Preferably, each precursor polymer is individually soluble in the electrolyte as this facilitates removal of any excess reactant present in the hydrogel.
At least one of the precursor polymers is an ionic polymer. Where the electrolyte is an alkaline electrolyte, it is preferred that a cationic polymer (e.g. containing ammonium or pyridinium groups, either pendant or part of the polymer chain) is reacted with an anionic or no-ionic polar polymer. In alkaline media, it is preferred that the ratio of the number of equivalents of the cationic to the anionic polymer be greater than 1. In acidic media, this ratio is typically reversed.
If both precursor polymers are ionic polymers, the reaction product may be referred to an an "ion pair bonded polymer".
The method of formation of the hydrogel layer is very simple, as is known in the art, and may conveniently be carried out by mixing of solutions of the polymers. The solvent is one in which the hydrogel is insoluble.
As stated above, the ratios of the number of equivalents of the respective precursor polymers will generally be greater than one, and typically in the range of 3-100:1, depending on the type of electrolyte to be used. In the case of an alkaline electrolyte, the ratio of the number of equivalent of the cationic polymer applied as compared to the weight of applied anionic polymer will generally be greater than one and may range as high as 100:1 or more.
This is conveniently carried out by varying the concentrations of the polymers in their respective solutions, with use of approximately equal volumes of polymer solutions.
Any solvent which does not damage the electrode structures and in which the polymers are soluble may be used, including aqueous solvents, alcohols, ethers or other organic solvents. It is preferred, however, to use at least one and preferably both of the precursor polymers in low polarity organic solution whereby premature swelling of the polymers is avoided or minimized.
It is important that the coprecipitated hydrogel be swellable upon contact with electrolyte as this enhances the gas impermeability characteristics of the layer.
Although a wide variety of precursor polymers are applicable, the currently preferred cationic polymer is poly (diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride), abbreviated pDMDAAC. The currently preferred anionic polymer is poly (styrene sulfonic acid), abbreviated PSSA. Both materials are available from Polysciences of Warrington, Pa. pDMDAAC is available as a 15 wt. percent solids solution in water, while PSSA is available in a molecular weight of 70,000 in a 30 wt. percent solids solution in water. The equivalent weights for pDMDAAC and PSSA, respectively, are 161 and 185.
Although the use of either of these materials probably would provide a pressure tolerant gas diffusion electrode in that neither microscopically passes gases, and both contain and pass ions, each of these polymers is independently soluble in the electrolyte and would promptly wash out of the electrode body once placed in use. However, the combination of the two polymers with opposite charges on the molecular strands thereof results in a coprecipitated, insoluble hydrophilic gel.
This gel retains substantially all of the advantageous qualities of the original components, yet is insoluble in the electrolyte and should not wash out of the electrode. After exposure to water, such a hydrogel may contain up to 99.5 wt. percent (or more) water.
In a preferred form of the invention, the first precursor polymer is a cationic polymer and the second precursor polymer is an anionic polymer which is perfluorinated. A preferred perfluorinated polymer is a perfluorosulfonic acid polymer sold by DuPont under the trademark NAFION (equivalent weight=1100). Nafion solution in lower alcohols from Aldrich was used. It is currently available from Solution Technology, Mendenhall, Pa. This is a chemically stable ion exchange resin.
Reaction of the cationic polymer with the perfluorinated polymer results in a partially fluorinated hydrogel. This hydrogel is expected to have the particular advantages of high oxygen solubility and low rates of chemical decomposition. In general, in electrochemical systems it is advantageous to utilize fluorinated components, especially perfluorinated materials, due to the extreme resistance to chemical attack of such materials.
Furthermore, for systems using oxygen the relatively high solubility of oxygen in fluorocarbon materials is advantageous. In particular, the use of fluorinated species in gas diffusion electrodes provides twofold advantages. The high oxygen solubility results in improved electrode (e.g. cathode) voltages, while enhanced chemical stability results in the delay of failure of the device due to chemical attack of the fluorinated species.
The hydrogel is preferably preformed prior to incorporation into the electrode. Incorporation into the electrode may readily be carried out by simple mixing with the material of the active layer prior to forming the active material into the electrode. Preferably, a hydrogel-containing active layer is formed and subsequently joined to a hydrophobic layer in order that the hydrophobic layer be free of the hydrophilic gel, so that the function of the hydrophobic layer is not compromised.
The following specific examples are intended to illustrate the practice of the invention but are not to be considered limiting in any way.
The following generalized experimental procedure was followed in each example.
Cobalt tetramethoxyphenyl porphyrin (CoTMPP) was adsorbed on Vulcan XC-72 carbon (Cabot) by agitating a suspension of the latter in a solution of 10-4 M CoTMPP in acetone for at least 24 hours. The amount of the adsorbed macrocycle was calculated spectrophotometrically be determining its loss from the filtered solution. The solid catalyst/carbon was air-dried and then heat-treated to 450° C. in a horizontal tube furnace under continuous flow of purified argon.
Porous gas-fed electrodes were fabricated as follows: dilute (≈2 mg/mL) Teflon T30 B aqueous suspension (DuPont) was slowly added to an aqueous suspension of the catalyst/carbon while the latter was ultrasonically agitated. The mixed suspension was then filtered with a 1μm pore size polycarbonate filter membrane. A polymeric hydrogel material was mixed with the suspension and then worked with spatula. The paste was shaped into a 1.75 cm diameter disk in a stainless steel die using hand pressure. This disk was then applied to another disk, ≈0.5 mm thick, of Teflon-carbon black hydrophobic porous sheet material (Eltech Systems Corp., Fairport Harbor, OH) which contained a silver-plated Ni mesh. This dual layer disk was pressed at 380 kg/cm2 at room temperature and then air dried.
The gas-fed electrode was place in Teflon-Kel-F electrode holder as shown in FIG. 3. The gas (O2 or air) pressure was applied to the back-side (hydrophobic layer) of the electrode and was monitored at the outlet. A needle valve at the outlet was used to regulate the gas pressure.
The O2 reduction measurements for the gas-fed electrodes were done galvanostatically in a concentrated alkaline electrolyte (0.5 M LiOH in 2:1 v/v 50% NaOH and 45% KOH) at 80° C. with a research potentiostat (Stonehart Associates, Model BC1200). This potentiostat is equipped with positive feedback IR drop compensation and correction circuits. The IR drop correction adjustment is made while monitoring the potential on an oscilloscope, with the current repetitively interrupted for 0.1 ms every 1.1 ms. This procedure corrects for any IR drop that is external to the electrode itself Nickel foil was used as the counter electrode and Hg/HgO, OH- reference electrode was used. The polarization curves were recorded under steady-state conditions.
An air cathode was prepared as generally described above with a hydrogel formed by reaction of pDMDAAC and PSSA, both in methanol solution, with a 10:1 pDMDAAC:PSSA weight ratio (11.5:1 equivalent ratio). The cathode was tested for oxygen reduction with both air and oxygen at a gas/electrolyte differential pressure of 1 psi (6.9 kPa) at 100° C. Results are shown in FIG. 6. When operating with oxygen, measurements were taken both with increasing (Run 1) and decreasing (Run 2) current densities.
The relatively high potential exhibited with both air and oxygen and the low slope of both curves are excellent. The potential at 100 mA/cm2 was ≈-60 mV vs. Hg/HgO, OH-. This is ≈10 mV more positive than that obtained for an electrode prepared without hydrogel.
In the following example, an air cathode which could withstand an overpressure of at least 70 kPa (10.1 psi) without blow-through and which had relatively low polarization was prepared As in the previous example, an ion-pair copolymer of pDMDAAC, containing quaternary amines, and Nafion brand fluorocarbon polymer, containing sulfonic acid groups, was used as an ingredient of the active layer. This copolymer readily swells with H2 O and forms a hydrogel. When used as a component of the active layer it fills the volume normally occupied by the liquid electrolyte. While the electrode in FIG. 6 was made from heat-treated CoTMPP on XC-72 carbon, the CoTMPP in this electrode was not heat-treated. The O2 reduction polarization behavior for this electrode is shown in FIG. 7. The electrode has also been tested with 70 kPa (10.1 psi) overpressure for about 16 hours at 100 mA/cm2. No blow-through or significant variation of the potential were observed over this period.
Operation at high current densities (e.g. up to about 1 A/cm2 or more) is possible according to the invention.
Examination of the polarization curves presented above shows that according to the invention, very great increases in current (i.e. in current density) are available with only minor increases in the potential driving force over a wide range of current densities.
The foregoing detailed description is given for clearness of understanding, and no unnecessary limitations are to be inferred therefrom as modifications within the scope of the invention will be obvious to those skilled in the art.
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|Citing Patent
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|Jan 26, 1999
|Oct 3, 2000
|High-Density Energy, Inc.
|Catalytic air cathode for air-metal batteries
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|U.S. Classification
|204/242, 204/284, 429/498, 429/530
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 10, 1995
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Mar 3, 1996
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|May 14, 1996
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19960306


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OSIRIS-REx launch window opens Sept. 8; flight scheduled for 7 years.
24/7 service aimed at construction that could add dirt, pollutants to the air.
A national search for his successor is underway.
Donors' names will be displayed prominent places at the site for gifts of $1M or $500K.
Group built a range of services for older adults with Lupu at the helm.
Artificial heart manufacturer went through bankruptcy, sale in July.
'CATS' will provide space for study, academic support, official says.
Three branches are making the changes based on attendance figures, market survey.
Market 'bump in the road' is the first drop in year-to-year sales in 8 months.
Imports, exports and tourism flow across the border and build the local economy.
Worst since period following Civil War, says National Institute for Civil Discourse
Storms follow deluge of up to 3 inches in some parts of Tucson metro area Tuesday.
AZPM's Tony Perkins and sports columnist Greg Hansen discuss standouts.
Pima County Supervisor Bronson pulled from submerging car in north side wash.
Grassroots campaign methods bring a personal touch and, they hope, votes.
Streets flooded throughout area; authorities advise staying indoors, using caution.
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U.S. Sen. Ron Wyden, D-Ore., was among speakers at a downtown Portland rally Tuesday evening in support of gay marriage.
Wyden, in brief remarks, declared: "Every adult -- every single adult -- ought to be able to marry that person they love. It is time." He added: "If you don't share our view, if you don't approve of gay marriage: Don't get one."
He spoke at an Oregon United for Marriage rally at Terry Schrunk Plaza on the eve of arguments in a court case that could prove pivotal. U.S. District Judge Michael McShane will hear arguments in Eugene on Wednesday in a challenge to Oregon's constitutional ban on same-sex marriage.
-- Michelle Brence
Wyden and other speakers at Tuesday's rally, which attracted an enthusiastic crowd, expressed optimism that McShane will ultimately rule Oregon's law in violation of the U.S. Constitution. A group that opposes gay marriage, the National Organization for Marriage, is seeking standing to argue in favor of Oregon's ban, with a hearing on that part of the case set for May 14.
-- Michelle Brence


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This is not sustainable.
Urban Owl-Fitters
December 1, 2015|
How birds with an innate propensity for living among humans are establishing populations in cities
December 1, 2015|
How birds with an innate propensity for living among humans are establishing populations in cities
November 30, 2015|
A study of black widow spiders suggests that the arachnids leave traces of their own genetic material and DNA from prey in their sticky webs.
November 19, 2015|
A type of bariatric surgery eliminates gut-to-brain signals that trigger sugar highs, a mouse study shows.
November 16, 2015|
Another study finds that housing experimental mice at lower-than-optimal temperatures may alter research outcomes, this time with regard to inflammation and diet.
November 1, 2015|
Why do some obese people actually experience health benefits?
November 1, 2015|
Obesity appears linked to the gut microbiome. How and why is still a mystery—but scientists have plenty of ideas.
November 1, 2015|
Bruce Spiegelman has spent his career at the forefront of adipocyte differentiation and metabolism.
November 1, 2015|
Obese people are at higher risk for developing cancer, have worse prognoses once diagnosed, and are often resistant to chemotherapy regimens. The question is, Why?
November 1, 2015|
Low doses of environmental chemicals can make animals gain weight. Whether they do the same to humans is a thorny issue.
November 1, 2015|
A mouse's exposure to certain environmental chemicals can lead the animal—and its offspring and grandoffspring—to be overweight.


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The new story collection FaceOff sounds as if it's about hockey, a sport that rarely makes the best-seller list. But FaceOff, which lands on USA TODAY's Best-Selling Books list at No. 43, involves no goalies or penalties for high-sticking. It does feature unsolved crimes that unfold in 12 stories, edited by best-selling thriller writer David Baldacci. Read more here.
David Baldacci in Conversation with TheReadingRoom
David talks with TheReadingRoom about books, his writing process and more, and recommends 10 of his favorite thrillers.
Nightmare in North Korea
Bestselling novelist David Baldacci has been called "the master of the thriller", having enthralled readers with his pulse-pounding plots for almost two decades. In his latest novel, The Target, Baldacci transports his readers into one of the most enigmatic and most dangerous places on the planet: North Korea. Read the full interview here.
I spy: writer David Baldacci on secret contacts
David Baldacci uses his spy world contacts to give his thrillers the authentic touch. Now he's on a mission to tackle America's literacy crisis. Read more here.
Need a Summer Beach Read? 6 Fun Picks
Memorial Day is just a few weeks away; are you ready? If you're looking for a fun summer beach read, here are six suggestions.
Baldacci: 'I don't write about damsels in distress'
In David Baldacci's high-octane world, women aren't looking for romance with Mr. Right – they have their sights on the next target. Read more here.
Author David Baldacci reveals his links to the FBI and his dinner date with George W Bush
Since the success of his first novel author David Baldacci has sold more than 100 million books. Here, he reveals his close links with the FBI and why dinner with former president George W. Bush didn't go to plan.
The world of insider novels
Authors David Baldacci and Imogen Edwards-Jones discuss the world of insider novels with the BBC's Evan Davis. Listen to the interview here.
David Baldacci: Fact Meets Fiction
The best-selling thriller writer David Baldacci tells stories about the American Secret Service and the Washington DC corridors of power. Many of his plots and characters are based on his real-life contacts with undercover agents. He talks with Matthew Bannister about his latest book, The Target.
Book review: Young readers
David Baldacci has earned a loyal, worldwide fan base with his fast-paced, plot-driven thrillers. With The Finisher (ages 10 and older, 512 pages, Scholastic Press, $17.99), Baldacci makes his middle-grade fantasy debut in a novel featuring a wisecracking, clever and brave young heroine named Vega Jane. Baldacci's mastery of emotional tension and full-throttle action is on fine display. The quirky, lovable cast of characters will endear The Finisher to readers of all ages. Read more here.


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3000gt for sale for sale on US's largest classifieds sites (686 results)
mitsubishi 3000gt
Aftermarket rimsDVD playerNew rimsCold acHid lights100k milesContact
Mitsubishi 3000gt VR-4
1992 Mitsubishi 3000GT VR4
Selling my project car, will need to be towed. 100k miles on it, new intercooler and BOV, new $1700 exhaust system, Apexi/Cobalt accesories. Sounds great and has very little if any dings in the body. Clear coat is peeling and I have the interior partially torn out trying to look for a leak in one of t...
Year: 1992, Make: Mitsubishi, Model: 3000gt
93 3000GT in good condition, V-6 non turbo, automatic transmission, very little rust in the rear quarter panel. Never raced, all factory car, this car is not perfect so don\'t expect one for this price. It does need an exhaust manifold gasket, but the motor runs strong. Make an interesting trade offer...
Year: 0
99 Mitsubishi 3000GT 5 Speed Manual ☆ Drives Perfect
99 Mitsubishi 3000gt5 speed manual 160kDrives greatFun fast & reliable Good mechanical condition No accident Even have original window sticker Waterpump timing belt and clutch done at 110k Trades- (no bikes)gx470 lx450 navigator tacoma tundra 4 runner land c
1999 Mitsubishi 3000GT, 160k- Manual
1999 Mitsubishi 3000gt5 speed manual 160kDrives great Good mechanical condition No accidents Have original window sticker -Waterpump timing belt and clutch done at 110k Trades- (Sorry no bikes)gx470 lx450 navigator tacoma tundra 4 runner land cruiser cum
1998 mitsubishi 3000gt Auto
1998 3000gtRuns and drive clean title Auto, power windows and double din radio
1999 Mitsubishi 3000GT, Manual
For sale is a 1999 Mitsubishi 3000gt5 speed manual 160kDrives great Good mechanical condition No accidents Even have original window sticker -Waterpump timing belt and clutch done at 110k Trades- (Sorry no bikes)gx470 lx450 navigator tacoma tundra 4 run
93 mitsubishi 3000gt
Serious inquiries only plz. Project car 90% done. Ran out of time. Engine fully rebuilt and bored out. New body kit rims tires and paint,altho paint will need touched up. Only 98,000 orig miles.
1994 3000gt
I have a 94 3000gt currently not running needs a cam or crank sensor. It has brand new timing belt tensioner pully and idler pully. new water pump all new gaskets including head gaskets. And freshly rebuilt left head. The interior is really clean. tired of working on the car and want to trade for a ru...
Year: 1994
1998 Mitsubishi 3000GT
Car is in great mechanical shape. It\'s been my daily driver for months now and just want something bigger for my family. The interior is in decent shape, has a CD player, heat, very fast car, clean title. Text or call I have more pictures, just text me. May be willing to lower price.
Mitsubishi 3000gt SL
Nice Mitsubishi 3000gt. will need tires soon. Motor was rebuilt about 14,000 miles ago. Motor shakes a little when pushing the gas. I believe is the motor mount needs fixed. Really need to sell. $2200 obo. will post pics later will also send pics if requested. -black leather interior
93 3000gt vr4
I love the car but I need something more practical. Motor and tranny have been replaced. Have 65xxx on those. 114xxx on the body. Have receipts and all for the stuff I\'ve done and for the stuff the guy before me has done. Also has an aftermarket radio and 10\" sub that goes with it. Has a lien on the...
Year: 0
This 1998 Mitsubishi 3000GT is a rare find in near perfect condition!! The professionally tinted windows, spoiler, sunroof, and polished wheels sure make this thing great to look at. It also comes equipped with am/fm stereo, Cassette/CD, premium sound, cruise, garage door opener, intermittent wipers, ...
1999 Mitsubishi 3000GT
1999 Mitsubishi 3000 GT. The car has 123,000 miles and has been garaged it\'s whole life. It has never seen snow. It is loaded and everything works as it should. Drives nice, looks good and no leaks.
1994 Mistubishi 3000GT 3000 GT
I have a 1994 3000 GT for sale CLEAN TITLE. 5 Speed Manual Transmission, with 116,359 miles. It runs and drives,. With that said, it will not pass Utah Inspection. THIS CAR IS BEING SOLD AS IS, WITH NO WARRANTY EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. I do not want to waste your time, so I\'m detailing as much informat...
Year: 1994
1997 Mitsubishi 3000GT
167k miles, runs and drives great, have 2 sets of custom wheels and tires, custom stereo, Pearl white paint is in decent shape has a few cracks up front, tan leather with a 5 speed, pretty quick car for a 6 cylinder, might consider trade or part trades for a motorcycle or quad? Thanks for looking.
Year: 1997, Make: Mitsubishi, Model: 3000gt
Mitsubishi 3000GT
Runs great. Selling for $2199.00 or best offer. If interested text me at 989-280-six 44 zero
Used 1998 Mitsubishi 3000GT Base
A+ Rated by the Better Business Bureau! FINANCING FOR EVERYONE! WE BUY CARS! BRIGHT RED, AUTOMATIC, FULL POWER OPTION GROUP, LOW MILES, VERY CLEAN, A CLASSIC SPORTS CAR!!! CALL ADO THE INTERNET MANAGER AT (866) 958-9522 FOR MORE INFORMATION. A+ Rated by the Better Business Bureau! FINANCING FOR EVERYO...
Year: 1998, Make: Mitsubishi, Model: 3000GT Base


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I recently moved to a new office that's equipped with sit-stand desks. For those of you who don't know what a sit-stand desk is, it's an adjustable workstation that lets you choose between sitting or standing while you work. Hence the name. more »
I just went on a serious rant to my roommate and before I apologize for talking her ear off, I'd like to gather my thoughts into the form of a blog post. Basically, the moral of the story is that more »
A little over six months ago, in an email to my friends, I wrote about wanting to develop some kind of 5-year plan for my life. Subject: 5-Year Plan Snippet from the email: "Right now, I'm in 'me' mode. It's statistically more »
It's Monday afternoon and I'm currently sprawled out on my couch wearing mismatched pyjamas and listening to a 90s R&B playlist on Spotify. Am I funemployed? Nope, just on a staycation. Staycation: "a vacation spent in one's home country rather more »
According to trending topics on Twitter, today is #RandomActsOfKindessDay. A quick Google search tells me that it's an "unofficial holiday increasingly celebrated around the world by localities or organizations or nationwide, in order to encourage acts of kindness." Coming off more »


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The MCBL-300MRG59B high-performance camera cable can be used to extend the video/power lines of Lorex high-definition security cameras. This mini RG-59 high-grade Siamese (video & power) coaxial cable measures 300ft, offering you installation flexibility.
Model no.: MCBL-300MRG59B
Help other customers make decisions about this product... tell us what you think!
You will be required to have an account with Lorex to provide a review... You can see your approved reviews in your "My Lorex Account" section.
Location: New York
I bought this to be able to view our pond at our vacation property. Very easy to install. Love the new view.
Location: Florida
I recently purchased the 720p system, and installed it myself. The picture quality is very good, and relatively simple to hook up. I don't understand some of the reviews I have read, regarding the DVR software not being easy to use or the FLIR cloud app not working. My wife and I have iPhones and an iPad, and the app is super easy to use, and works flawless for me as long as I am on a wifi network or have LTE reception. I suppose if you are totally computer illiterate, a person would struggle with the DVR, but it's 2014 and everyone should be familiar with basic PC type software.
In my opinion, this system offers the most bang for the buck. There are so many options with the DVR, and the system is HD. I will forewarn anyone considering this system, make sure you have a television that is 1080p. The television that I was going to use was 720p, and the DVR puts out higher resolution than that, so I had to buy a new flatscreen.
What are you waiting for, buy it!
Location: Toronto
This product fit seamlessly with the system and has permitted to me to substantially expand the scope of coverage


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"Just OK"
The book was OK, a bit predictable, but with enough of a different premise that I kept going. I liked the narrator as well which always helps. The characters were a bit formulaic and their growth during the tale was nothing unexpected. If you like cozy little mysteries wrapped in mystical occurrences, this is right up your alley. I just kept wanting something more.
The ending was fine. It did wrap up rather suddenly and if you've listened this far you can probably predict what happens for yourself.
This book really made me wish I had a garden again. I miss cooking with fresh herbs I've grown myself. I did love the details of the food and how the fresh ingredients were used to produce the desired effects in those who consumed them.
The narrator is great. I'd listen to almost anything she reads.
"Not my favorite narrator"
I bought this book on sale which made it worth it, It wouldn't have been worth it if
i'd used a credit to get it since there are much better books out there to listen to.
The narrator's voice really bothered me.
For me it did because she narrates a lot of mediocre murder mystery novels and that's all I could think of while listening.
"Got spelled in the garden.."
Fluffy, dopey, predicatable and thoroughly enjoyable. Good choice if you just read/listened to something heavy!
I love clean books of all sorts. Love mysteries, fantasies epic to kids stories, fairy tales, romances, humor, and historical fiction
"Readers Beware"
I love the hint of magic in this book. I know people like this. I love herbs and gardening. That said, I do NOT like f-bomb language, descriptions of rape and abuse and lewd sexual encounters. I am much more of the type who thinks the bedroom doors ought to remain closed in a story. This now has the distinction of being the worst book I've purchased at Audible. If you like a tale of local town characters with some mystery thrown in, try a Cat Who.... book by Lilian Jackson Braun or a Joanne Fluke Cookie Murder. They won't have you hating the language or cringing at bedroom scenes. If you like mysteries or adventure Elizabeth Peters is quite wonderful, I enjoy Amelia Peabody books and her Vicky Bliss series. I'm going to delete Garden Spells from my Audible library quick before my mother reads it. I don't tolerate bad language from my children or my literature.
As long as I have my Audible, I'm content.
"Gentle magic"
What a fun book! And so much better than the movie! It gets a bit like a bad romance novel in a couple of spots, but not enough to ruin the book. The story of these two sisters, the one daughter, and all the other characters in the neighborhood was the perfect summer read. I wish I had these gentle magical powers and a mischievous tree in my backyard!
"sweet story"
Such a sweet story about the daily lives of the Waverly women. I felt like part of the family.
LOVE, LOVE and LOVE this book!!! The story line is enduring and the characters are beautiful. Ms. Allen weaves a magical story that will transport the reader/listener to a whimsical southern town where family, forgiveness and hope are magical words and Flowers are truly the language of love.
Avatar by The Domestic Goddess at allavatars
"Magical Romance"
A pure delight, and it is my second time through it. It's sweet and innocent and yummy.
"Unexpected Delight"
This title I purchased on a whim during one of Audible's "3 for 2" or such sales. I'm so glad I did!
As a reader, I really cared about the characters and could almost believe that the type of magic they experienced was real. -- OK, the tree was maybe a bit out there, but the rest of it . . . if magic is real, this is probably how it works. ;-) I appreciate all the work Sarah Addison Allen clearly put into researching herbal lore.
The narration by Susan Ericksen was wonderful. Even though it was written in third person, her inflection changed depending on whose POV we were hearing at the time. Characters were differentiated without becoming cartoonish, and were treated with sensitivity and care.
One mild production criticism: for scenes involving phone conversations, the "other end of the line" was sampled a bit. I found this distracting and a bit off-putting, and it pulled me out of the story I was enjoying so much.


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1st Look's Angela Sun sits back with comedienne Margaret Cho to talk about her upcoming third season of Drop Dead Diva and some of her favorite bi-coastal destinations. For more of Cho's favorite L.A. restaurants, consult this Feast list.
Tune in to 1st Look on Saturdays at 7:30PM EST / 1AM EST after Saturday Night Live on NBC.
Published at 7:54 PM GMT on Jun 14, 2011 | Updated at 11:34 PM GMT on Sep 21, 2011


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ASUS Power Case extends ASUS ZenPad 7.0's battery life by up to 15 hours to easily get you through the day. Perfect for travelers, ASUS Power Case provides nonstop entertainment and productivity during long trips. ASUS Power Case has a beautiful design with elegant, embossed leather patterning and a metallic frame that perfectly matches ASUS ZenPad 7.0's premium look while maintaining its compact size. ASUS Power Case seamlessly attaches to ASUS ZenPad 7.0 without adding bulk. It's thin and light so that you easily keep your ASUS ZenPad 7.0 charged wherever you go. ASUS ZenPad 7.0 displays the current battery level of ASUS Power Case on its screen, so you will always know how much power remains. Exclusive ASUS PowerSafe technology monitors temperature, controls both input and output voltages, and guards against short circuits to provide you with maximum safety while charging.
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Imagination is probably the strongest characteristic of the mind and one who cannot imagine often struggles to achieve something big in his or her life. And imagination comes from within. It is true that we cannot imagine something we have never seen but we can only imagine beyond and above things we have witnessed and experienced. The more you see, the more experiences you gather. Read more...
M.a. Road, Pheonix Bay, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands - 744101, India
Mobile : +91-9932085999
Phone : +91-3192-234090
Fax : 91-3192-234080
Call Us : 08049671484
E-mail : email@example.com


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Business Advisory Brisbane
The Business Advisory Services division of JR is the firm's founding division and remains the core of our business. We are based in Brisbane, Australia.
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Florida Jews brace as Hurricane Matthew hits
Shabbat services are canceled as governor warns of storm's deadly potential.
Shabbat services are canceled as governor warns of storm's deadly potential.
It was not clear whether the arrest was related to a security threat to the Kansas City Jewish community reported earlier this month.
The decision favoring Congregation Jeshuat Israel is the latest development in its conflict with Shearith Israel over the 250-year-old Newport synagogue that dates to 2012.
James Gonzalo Medina, a Muslim convert, has had psychiatric problems since being in a serious car accident several years ago, his cousin claims.
The Ministry of Defense was responding to a claim by a senior Brussels rabbi two days after a series of terror attacks that killed 32.
Congregation Ahavath Sholom – a Conservative synagogue in Fort Worth – recently combined almost 50,000 of the plastic toy bricks to create a more than 16-feet-high functioning Hanukkah lamp. More ▸
The merger is one of scores of similar mergers throughout the United States in recent years, as liberal synagogues face financial challenges and declining membership numbers. More ▸
The money is to pay for guards and other security measures for private Jewish schools and for synagogue security, as well as for a control center for the operations of the security watchdog Community Security Trust. More ▸
Changing the financial requirement for membership without addressing the widespread lack of interest in attending synagogue won't reverse low participation and apathy, writes a "hyper-affiliated" Minneapolis woman. More ▸
Mumbai city police received a letter threatening to bomb Jewish sites in the city in retaliation for Israel's operation in Gaza. More ▸
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'Crazy Ex-Girlfriend' Gag Reel from Season 1 Will Make You Laugh Till You Cry
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Bar Refaeli's Post-Baby Body Instagrams Send the Wrong Message to New Moms


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Medicine in Argentina Alternative Spring Break Trip
- Placement location: Cordoba
- Role: To gain meaningful medical experience alongside skilled local doctors
- Requirements: None
- Accommodation: Host Family
- Arrival Airport: Cordoba (COR)
- Local Languages: Spanish
The Medicine in Argentina Alternative Spring Break Trip gives you the opportunity to observe the medical profession first hand in a developing country. Argentina shares many similarities to Europe and North America and the modern techniques used in hospitals will be relevant to students pursuing a career in the field of medicine and healthcare.
Based at a hospital in Cordoba, you will spend the week shadowing local doctors and attending medical workshops, which will expose you to many aspects of professional medicine in practice. You will also have the chance to do practical work on an outreach, teaching children about dental hygiene. In addition, the program features a visit to an anatomy museum, a dissection class, and a medical Spanish lesson.
While you do not need to have previous medical experience to participate, this project is best for pre-med students building a resume for medical school and those studying healthcare fields such as nursing and community health who want to volunteer in a Spanish-language environment.
During your time abroad in Argentina, you will live with a local host family. They will teach you about the culture and will happily chat to you in Spanish if you want to practice. Projects Abroad staff will organize fun activities in the evenings, where you can socialize with the other volunteers. You will also have free time to explore the city.


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Located in Freeport, Texas, this 36-foot used Wellcraft Cozumel is a great sport fishing yacht. Wellcraft are fishing boats designed by fisherman for fishing. This Wellcraft fishing boat has plenty of space for all your gear. Powered by twin 430hp Cummins 6CTA -450 engines, this Wellcraft boat can get you to your favorite fishing spot, or help you discover a new one. She has had 3 owners and each owner treated her well. The Cozumel has lots of space and has the amenities necessary for cruising by a couple or small family. With ample room to sleep 6 comfortably, spend the night aboard your Wellcraft fishing boat at your favorite water front spot. It would even make a nice live aboard! This boat boasts 2 air conditioning units, a generator on board, and a cool CD stereo. Don't miss out on your opportunity to own this expected condition Wellcraft sportfish yacht!...Read more
Great Ride!
Fast! With the Cummins Diesels!
Great Wooden Rocket Launcher in the Cockpit!
Brand New 16,000 BTU AC in the Saloon!
Owner says she will ride through nicely even in head-seas.
The cockpit on this Wellcraft Cozumel is big, with a cutting table on the transom and the aforementioned wooden rocket launcher she is ready to fish.
2 great working outriggers on the sides help run those lines out to the fish.
When you are inside she is cool and comfortable, with a spacious salon with overhead rod storage and an up galley with bar.
To starboard is a flatscreen television. Also another down in the captain's quarters.
As you wearily walk down the steps from a hard day of fishing, the crew quarters with twin berths is to starboard and a head with full walk-in shower on port.
Straight ahead are the captain's quarters with center line bow queen berth.
The 2 - 450 Cummins installed in 2008 and only 840 hours on them. Owner says she moves faster and more efficiently than the prior big Cats that were in her before.
Engine room is amidships under the salon floor.
New battery
There are some sun-damaged cosmetic issues on the outsides of the salon superstructure.
But I have personally inspected this boat and the bow deck, cockpit, and all fiberglass seems to be solid.
60-day Sea Tow membership* comes standard with your boat purchase!
All reasonable offers will be reviewed and presented to the seller.
All offers are contingent upon being fully satisfied with unit after personal inspection and/or professional inspection.
Check out this 1988 Wellcraft Cozumel in Freeport, Texas! #WellcraftBoats #popyachts https://www.popyachts.com/sport-fishing-yachts-for-sale/wellcraft-cozumel-in-freeport-texas-108539
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Stop the North American Union
You Tube | April 17, 2007
Video encouraging patriotism, the halting of illegal immigration and the destruction of the North American Union.
The Internet leader in activist media - Prison Planet.tv . Thousands of special reports, videos, MP3's, interviews, conferences, speeches, events, documentary films, books and more - all for just 15 cents a day! Click here to subscribe! Find out the true story behind government sponsored terror, 7/7, Gladio and 9/11, get Terror Storm!
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Amish Tuscany Dining Room Chair
(Product ID:8642)
Height: 40"
Width: 18 ¾"
Depth: 23"
Arm Chair Dimensions:
Height: 40"
Width: 23 ½"
Depth: 23"
Oak Wood (Standard)
Cherry Wood
Hard Maple Wood
Brown Maple Wood
Finish Packages:
- Stained
- Painted
- Regular Semi Gloss Conversion Varnish
- Flat Matte Sheen Conversion Varnish
- Light Distressing - Customers can expect to receive glazing to replicate a rich natural patina, light distressing, slightly eased edges, nicks and extensive pinholes in the furniture.
-Heavy Distressing - Our ultimate antique finish. Rub-through of the rich patina are masterfully punctuated with another level of extensive nicks, pin holes, eased edges, simulated cracks and other distressing techniques to bespeak several centuries of robust wear and loving care.
20-Year Limited Warranty
Amish Tuscany Dining Chair
The Tuscany Dining Chair brings the idea of voluntary simplicity to furniture. The idea of voluntary simplicity originated in Asian, but today it has been picked up and adapted all across America s highly recognized for its distinct beauty. There most certainly is a beauty to be found in simplicity, and that beauty has found its way into the Amish Tuscany dining chair!
The Tuscany Chair is available in Oak, Maple, Brown Maple, or Cherry Wood, all of which are quality hardwoods that offer strength, beauty, and durability. Additionally, the Tuscany Dining Chair is handcrafted to order by world renowned Amish craftsmen. The finished piece is held to the highest standards.
If you have any questions, wish to discuss option, or want to begin an order, feel free to call. 1-866-272-6773.
*Please allow additional time for complex finishes, upholstered items, and delivery.


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Gaffer on derby encounter.
Young Lions narrowly beaten at Bodymoor.
Villans on hand to meet fans.
Extended highlights of Villa's victory over Fulham at Villa Park.
The bits that matter from Villa's victory over Fulham at Villa Park.
Steve Bruce talks to the press ahead of Villa's clash with Fulham at Villa Park.
Come down to Villa Stores
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*The extracts on this page are taken from various newspapers and media outlets. They do not necessarily reflect the views of Aston Villa.
Birmingham Mail: Rémi Garde will make a fresh swoop for goalkeeper Lovre Kalinic in the summer - but his deadline day priority is a striker. Villa missed out on Kalinic after the Football Association rejected their second work permit appeal for the Croatian stopper. The transfer window closes tonight and Garde is determined to bring in a player to boost Villa's blunt strikeforce.
Daily Telegraph: Rémi Garde has suffered another transfer knockout after Seydou Doumbia snubbed Aston Villa to join Newcastle United. Doumbia was on Tyneside on Sunday night and is expected to join Newcastle on loan for the rest of the season, dealing another blow to Garde's hopes of making reinforcements.
Daily Mirror: LA Galaxy are prepared to test Aston Villa 's resolve over new skipper Joleon Lescott. Former England centre-back Lescott, 33, joined Villa on a two-year deal last summer. But despite recently being given the armband, the stopper has endured a difficult spell at the club he grew up supporting. Now MLS side Galaxy are prepared to give him a tempting three-year deal which has Lescott interested with Villa rooted to the bottom of the Premier League.
The Sun: Aston Villa have failed in a shock bid to sign flop Michu. The former Swansea striker is playing for Spanish fourth-tier outfit UP Langreo. But Michu, who has just returned from a 14-month lay-off after an ankle injury, snubbed Villa last week.
Daily Mail: Sunderland want Micah Richards to bolster their defence but have had an initial offer for Aston Villa's captain rejected. Richards only joined Aston Villa last summer but Sam Allardyce wants to bring him to the Stadium Of Light on deadline day to help bolster his club's survival prospects, having found it difficult to do a deal for Mathieu Debuchy from Arsenal. Villa, however, are reluctant to do business with their rivals, particularly at this late stage of the window but Sunderland would be ready to move if they are given any encouragement.
Daily Mail: Villa will go back to fighting for Premier League survival. Asked whether this result against Man City could have a knock-on effect, Rémi Garde said: "You never know. I don't want to blame any of my players. They tried to play, tried to do their best. We have 15 games to go to play for the survival of this football club and it's not the time to say whose fault is it. It's time to stick together."
Daily Star: There wasn't a lot Villa boss Rémi Garde could say that wasn't blindingly obvious after the Man City defeat - his team were simply outclassed. Garde said: "The teams weren't balanced before the game. Unfortunately we started very badly with the goal after four minutes, then a generous penalty. When you are 2-0 down after 25 minutes against this kind of side, it's very difficult."
Daily Star:
Guardian: From the moment Kelechi Iheanacho pounced on a loose ball after a Fernando header to open the scoring, the home side never looked capable of rescuing the situation. Iheanacho's penalty midway through the first half after Raheem Sterling had been fouled confirmed the worst fears of the threadbare home crowd, and when Idrissa Gueye presented the 19-year-old with a third goal with a woefully underhit back pass it seemed to sum up Villa's tepid and timid approach. Iheanacho might even have had a fourth shortly afterwards but his attempted overhead shot turned instead into an assist for Sterling and leave last season's beaten finalists to concentrate on their parlous league position.
Four Four Two: Rémi Garde has urged Aston Villa to stick together as they begin a 15-game bid to salvage their Premier League status with a trip to West Ham. Villa were left to focus solely on their plight at the foot of the table on Saturday after Manchester City inflicted a chastening 4-0 defeat to end their participation in the FA Cup. It was the result of an error-strewn display, where Villa were behind in the fourth minute and midfielder Idrissa Gueye was culpable for errors in the build-up to City's third and fourth goals. But manager Garde does not believe it is time to play the blame game.
The Sun: This was a worrying day for Rémi Garde's struggling Aston Villa outfit. They will need to pick themselves up off the floor before they resume their desperate battle against the drop at West Ham on Tuesday night. And the fans sensed what was coming. Villa Park was barely half full and the vast expanses of empty seats told their own story as a paltry 23,636 showed up — and 6,000 of them were over in the City end.
Daily Mirror: Rémi Garde insists any recriminations over Aston Villa's dire season must wait until May. Villa's French boss saw his side's five-game unbeaten run halted in crushing style as Man City thrashed them 4-0 at home in the FA Cup. It leaves Villa with just a grim relegation battle ahead as the Premier League's bottom club are 10 points adrift of safety.
Birmingham Mail: Rémi Garde was encouraged by Gabby Agbonlahor's comeback cameo and declared: "He can be an important player" for Aston Villa. Agbonlahor came on as a 65th minute replacement for Scott Sinclair in the 4-0 FA Cup fourth round defeat to Manchester City. Prior to that the Brummie striker had only played a minute under Garde as a substitute in the early December draw at Southampton.
Best of the Rest
BBC Sport: Chelsea captain John Terry has not been offered a new contract and will leave the club at the end of the season. The 35-year-old defender, who joined the club at the age of 14, has won four Premier League titles, five FA Cups and the Champions League with the Blues.
Sky Sports: Shrewsbury have been drawn at home to Manchester United in the FA Cup fifth round. The League One club - the lowest-ranked side left in the competition following their win over Sheffield Wednesday - will host the 11-time winners at their New Meadow stadium.
BBC Sport: Newcastle United have made a £21m bid to sign striker Saido Berahino from fellow Premier League club West Brom. Baggies boss Tony Pulis said Berahino, 22, had "wasted three or four months" after a move to Tottenham was blocked last August.
Frank Barson/Billy Kirton debuts in 4-1 v Middlesbrough


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Jerry Holbert by Jerry Holbert
- February 28, 2014
- From Beginning
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Comments (10) (Please sign in to comment)
The fact that rightwingers drum up lies and fools like Holbert pass them on has nothing to do with it.
We have certainly been fortunate to have Nancy Polosi, Harry Reid, and the tea partyers in Congress for the past few years.
Read is a little off.
Got at least two people here to day blaming others without a word of how the right is wrong.
people hurt by obumacare /// at my home assoc meeting everybody except me [my health care is off limits per law]
Every story turns out to either be someone who had a no-coverage policy or a complete liar. Or some jackass who never bothered to find out what his insurance company said (mostly because they preferred he not know and he's too much of a sheep to question them).
Why would you ask or think Truist only read Salon? Is only one source of information allowed where you are at?
Would you please wait till you have a coherent thought before replying.
"And Truist worries about Fox as a news source."
With excellent reasons…
Did I say that? You wouldn't be putting incorrect words in my posts, would you?
How often has anyone other than The Fox(y) Network set up a news group shot and told the people what to say, and then edit to make it appear more are at the rally then showed?
I am no fan of MSNBC, CNN, etc. either.
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Rare Books, Watercolors, Drawings & Prints
by Global Auctions Company
06 November 2016, 10:00 PST
Gardena, CA, USALive Auction
Lot 276: Gavarni, Paul Musse Gavarni 28 Original Lithographs 1843(44 views)
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Description: Gavarni, Paul 'Musse Gavarni 28 Original lithographies of Gavarni' Keioikd Oabbuer et cie Editeurs Paris. 1843. Hardcover. Hardcover with black leather boards and gilt lettering. es Martyrs (8), Un couplet de Vaudeville (6), Croquis fantastiques (6), M. Loyal (5), Les artistes, Cameraderies und Caricature de Modes. 1.75 lbs. 10.75 x 14 x 0.5
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- Audio
- Samson
- Live Sound
- Analogue Mixers
- Samson S-Mix Mini Mixer
Samson S-Mix Mini Mixer
|Product Code
Buy this from the A.C. Audio Online Store. Request more information or contact us now for purchasing information.
5-channel mini mixer
XLR balanced microphone input with volume control
RCA stereo inputs with volume control
1/4" stereo inputs with volume control
RCA stereo outputs
1/4" stereo outputs
18 Volt AC adapter included
The S-Mix is a 5-channel compact mixer packed with high-end mixer features. The S-Mix features a balanced microphone input on an XLR connector and includes phantom power for connecting condenser microphones. There are two Super-Z, high impedance line inputs on 1/4-inch connectors. There is a stereo channel with two inputs on RCA connectors. Individual volume controls for the mic, lines and stereo channels are also included for enhanced control over the connected signals. And just because this unit is miniature, donít be surprised by its great sound and reliability thanks to high quality components and solid build construction.
Equipment available to buy from this site is for professional use only. Please note in certain countries some products listed may not be available from A.C. Entertainment Technologies Ltd.
E&OE. Information is subject to change without notice. The rights and ownership of all trademarks are recognised.


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Ouija: Origin of Evil
By the time it gets to the Polish-speaking ghosts and the ghoulish Nazi doctor, you're so invested in the characters that you're willing to buy…
By the time it gets to the Polish-speaking ghosts and the ghoulish Nazi doctor, you're so invested in the characters that you're willing to buy…
It's a pity that Jack Reacher: Never Go Back fails to support Cruise and his costars, all of whom are acting as if their lives…
Roger Ebert on James Ivory's "Howards End".
"The Ballad of Narayama" is a Japanese film of great beauty and elegant artifice, telling a story of startling cruelty. What a space it opens…
A CIFF 2016 dispatch on Nathan Adloff's "Miles," Shawn Convey's "Among Wolves" and Cailtin Parrish and Erica Weiss's "The View from Tall."
A dispatch from CIFF on new films by Pablo Larrain and Asghar Farhadi.
A video chronicling the Ebert Fellows' visit to the Chicago International Film Festival.
An article about Hillary Clinton's historic nomination as the first female presidential candidate and the most qualified
In light of Polish director Andrzej Wajda's recent passing, an alphabetical list of his ten best films.
A comparison between the recent version of "Ben-Hur" and the classic 1959 version by William Wyler.
The latest and greatest on Blu-ray and streaming services, including The Infiltrator, Cafe Society, Blood Father, and a Criterion edition of Boyhood.
David Paterson on "The Great Gilly Hopkins"; Rise of magical realism on TV; Missing found-footage masterpiece; The rom-com is dead; Sarah Paulson and Mark Duplass.
* This filmography is not intended to be a comprehensive list of this artist's work. Instead it reflects the films this person has been involved with that have been reviewed on this site.
"I love music so much and I had such ambition that I was willing to go way beyond what the hell they paid me for. I wanted people to look at the artwork and hear the music." - Alex Steinweiss
UPDATED 10/16: Here are brief reviews of all the Chicago Film Festival movies we have seen, in alphabetical order, written by Bill Stamets and Roger Ebert. More will be added as we view them. For a full CIFF schedule, go to www.chicagofilmfestival.com or call (312) 332-FILM.
Q. The neo-Nazi terrorists in the film version of the "The Sum of All Fears" were radical Muslim terrorists in Tom Clancy's book, but as you noted in your review, the change was made in order to avoid offending people. What's your take on all this? Has the Muslim terrorist in movies gone the way of the Indian marauder? (Stephen Athanson, Blue Ridge VA)
If "The Cider House Rules" wins the Academy Award for best picture next Sunday night, expect the groans to more or less equal the cheers. There are those who sincerely believe it is a good picture, but there are other, perhaps more numerous, who believe "Cider's" seven nominations are less a tribute to the film's greatness than to the well-oiled Miramax Oscar Machine.


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HOME ActionSports Hurley Gear Hurley Ladies Hurley Ladies Shorts & Pants (4 items) Product ID: 1461573
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- Size 24 inseam measures approximately 31"
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I wish we'd go back to voting on election day only, with exceptions only for absentee ballots with a documented reason to obtain them. Early voting just makes it easier for voter fraud. That's probably why the Democrats love it.
Elections are celebrations of the American way
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Robert Burns
Bill Good's 2-Year Plan for Advisor Success
By Bill Good | November 24, 2014
Nobelist, Updated
By Ellen Uzelac | July 26, 2011
Jazz, Children and Retirement
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The Could You Give Me an Orgasm? Test
Wet Blanket
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Wet Blanket
It's not me...it's you. At least we found out now, before the wedding. Read more
Sorry, you're not the man (or woman) for me. I appreciate the effort, though; maybe try again after you sleep with 40 or 50 more women. Read more
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Oct 26, 2016
Our Salem location will be closed on Thursday October 27,2016 from 8:30 am -10:30am for a maintenance issue, as always our Peabody location will be open at 8:30 am for any sick calls or any questions ...
Mom's Meeting 10/25/2016
Oct 17, 2016
PHCA will hold its first mom's group meeting on Tuesday, 10/25 in the Peabody office first-floor conference room from 9-10AM. The group is free and is open to moms of babies aged 0-3 months.&nbs...
Association with Dr. Pushpa Agarwal
Oct 04, 2016
PHCA is pleased to announce our association with Dr. Pushpa Agarwal and welcome her patients....
Flu Clinic Dates
Sep 15, 2016
We will be holding walk-in flu clinics on the following dates from 9:00am - 1:00pm in our Peabody Office. Sat Sun 10/22 - 10/23 10/29 - 10/30 11/05 - 11/06 11/12 - 11/13...
Dr. Jeffrey Bucci to join PHCA's psychiatry team in March 2016!
Mar 07, 2016
We're thrilled to announce the addition of Dr. Jeffrey Bucci to the psychiatry team at PHCA. Dr. Bucci, one of Boston's most respected child psychiatrists, will join our pediatric practi...
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"An egalitarian educational system is necessarily opposed to meritocracy and reward for achievement. It is inevitably opposed to procedures that might reveal differing levels of achievement."
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"To Achieve your greatest achievements ... do things without any need for Reward, Recognition or Gratitude. Do them for the JOY of doing them."
"If people are good only because they fear punishment, and hope for reward, then we are a sorry lot indeed."
"Unless you choose to do great things with it, it makes no difference how much you are rewarded, or how much power you have"
"The movie is the achievement. To be part of that particular artistic achievement, it's great. That's the reward."
"These awards are not single season achievement awards, but rather reward coaches for a cumulative career of accomplishments, not necessarily all of which take place on the court or field."


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text: You're probably expecting an avowed feminist like myself to put a diet soda commercial marketed to men with guns, ATVs and snake attacks on blast. It's true, Dr. Pepper Ten's new ad declaring "It's not for women" is dripping with machismo like beads of sweat pour off a gator hunter in the Florida sun. But… READ MORE »


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Vt car search after robbery finds dummy grenade
MORRISTOWN Vermont State Police had a scare when they were searching a car after a robbery and found what appeared to be a hand grenade.
Police say they also found what appeared to be a gun and notes threatening to use the weapons during Fridays search, which followed Thursdays robbery at the Kinney Drugs store in Cambridge.
The car was parked outside the Morristown Police Department, which was ordered evacuated. A state police bomb squad was called in. The grenade turned out to be a dummy, and the gun turned out to be an air gun.
Police say they do not believe the case was related to the discovery of a live hand grenade outside a Morrisville restaurant Aug. 21.MORE IN This Just InBARRE Ani McMannon pounded home a loose ball in the 51st minute and Brenna McMannon closed out... Full StoryMORRISVILLE Austin Taylor and Connor Woolley scored two goals apiece Wednesday, guiding the... Full StoryFAYSTON Jack Armstrong netted two goals in the first half Wednesday, giving the Gumbies a lead... Full Story
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I love travel, good food and technology.
When I travel with my family I always try to stay in apartments. Starting from this experience, our holiday apartment is designed as if we were staying there ourselves, so what we would like there was for making the stay both comfortable and enjoyable. See you there!


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DETROIT -- Referee Ed Hochuli said the hit by Ndamukong Suh on Chicago Bears quarterback Jay Cutler was a "non-football act," which led to a pivotal unnecessary roughness call against the Detroit Lions rookie on Sunday.
The controversial moment came in fourth quarter of the Bears' 24-20 victory with Chicago trailing 20-17. Cutler scrambled on first down and was jolted to the ground by Suh, who appeared to shove the Bears quarterback at his shoulder pads.
Instead of facing a second and 2 from the Detroit 14, the Bears had a first down at the 7. Cutler passed to Brandon Manumaleuna for a 7-yard touchdown pass to take the lead for good with 8:39 left.
Replays appeared to show Suh legally hit Cutler in the upper back, however, Hochuli felt otherwise when interviewed by a pool reporter following the game.
"I felt it was an unnecessary non-football act -- a blow to the back of the runner's helmet in the process of him going down," Hochuli told the reporter. "When you tackle people, you come in and you wrap up and come with your arms and things like that. I felt he delivered a blow to the back of the runner that happened to be the quarterback. That's why I was down there following it. He's my responsibility."
Not surprisingly, Bears coach Lovie Smith agreed with the call.
"I saw exactly what you saw," Smith said. "I saw him get hit in the back of the head, and I thought he did a good job of calling it. I saw it exactly the way the officials did. It should have been a penalty and it was."
Suh saw it differently.
"I really don't care what he called or if it was a penalty or not," Suh said. "I'm just going out there to make a play."
Several Bears defenders, including middle linebacker Brian Urlacher, have been extremely critical of the NFL cracking down on illegal hits.
"I didn't see it, all I saw was the referee throw the flag," Urlacher said with a grin. "Got to protect those quarterbacks you know. They must have saw it was a quarterback and threw the flag. It's a judgment [call], and they are going to do what they are going to do. I'm just glad it worked out for us."
Said defensive end Julius Peppers: "I take caution when it's a quarterback running out of the pocket. You want to be aggressive, but you also need to be smart."
Information from the Associated Press contributed to this report.