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Thread: 15 USB/SPDIF converters shootout
15 USB/SPDIF converters shootout
For the past year, I had a chance to try and compare over 15 different USB/SPDIF converters.
It was a fascinating journey into the world of computer audio, which eventually, made me sell my CD spinner and join The Dark Side of the Force – something I thought would never happen just 2 or 3 years ago.
I have already shared some details of my converter shootout in some other threads, most recently in State-of-the-art CD transports vs USB/SPDIF converter shootout thread, but since people kept me asking for the complete USB converter story, I promised to start a separate thread, dedicated exclusively to the USB/SPDIF converters.
Here is the complete list of converters I tried (from the cheapest to the most expensive one):
Matrix USB 24/96 - $59
Musical Fidelity V-Link II - $199
Hegel HD2 - $350 (this primarly an USB DAC but can be also used as standalone USB/SPDIF converter)
Halide Design The Bridge - $399
JK SPDIF Mk3 - $436 (335 EURO)
Stello U3 - $495
M2Tech HiFace Evo - $499
Audiophilleo 1/2 -$579/$979
M2Tech HiFace Evo + Evo Supply - $990
M2Tech HiFace Evo + Evo Supply + Evo Clock - $1485
Berkeley Alpha USB - $1890
Empirical Audio Off Ramp Turbo 5 - $2249 (as tested, with $700 Dual Turboclock and $250 S/PDIF Hynes regulator options installed)
Soulution 590 - $3000
dCS U-Clock mk1 (24/96) - $4990
All the converters were tested on my dCS Scarlatti and Metrum Octave DACs. In the 'second round' of the shootout, I have also tested them with Accuphase DC-801, Metrum HEX, Berkeley Alpha Series II and McIntosh MDA-1000 DACs.
On the computer side, I was using my hi-man PC server (equipped with powerful i5 processor, fast RAM, SSD, Seasonic fanless PSU, various SOtM bits including PCI/USB SOtM card), running Win 7/64, JRMC 17 and JPlay v4.1.
The cables I used for the shootout were the excellent AudioQuest Diamond USB, Kimber D-60 RCA->BNC, dCS generic BNC to BNC cable and later on, also the Stealth Varidig Sextet AES/EBU.
As a point of reference, I have used the dCS Scarlatti CD/SACD transport, with the external clocking feature disconnected (to level the playing field between the USB converters and dCS transport). Enabling the external clocking and slaving the dCS transport to the dCS DAC (or an external dCS clock) further improved the performance of the dCS transport, but for this shootout, I was interested in its SPDIF performance only.
Further references included Stello CDT-100 CD transport and Bryston BDP-1 digital transport.
To give you a better perspective on the magnitude of differences between all of those converters, I have chosen to give every converter a simple numeric score. I'm not a big fan of any numeric scoring systems, even though German magazines like AUDIO and STEREO have been using them for years, since in my opinion, the sonic signature is just too complex to describe it using a single score. Two components may have an identical score, but have a completely different sonic flavor, and as a result – appeal to completely different people. It is not difficult to imagine a situation, where a component with a lower score, may actually be a better fit in our system, because of our preferences and/or system synergy, than a component with a higher score.
However, in case of USB/SPDIF converters, where most of the changes are down to the difference in level of resolution, smoothness (where by smoothness, I mean a lack of digital glare, grain and artificial edge) and instruments layering, I thought that the numeric score could actually give you a much better idea of the differences between the respective converters.
The dCS Scarlatti transport, which was used as a point of reference, was given a base score of 100 points.
One of the recordings I used most often during those tests, was 'La Spagna' by Atrium Musicæ de Madrid and Gregorio Paniagua (BIS-CD-163) - a fabulous recording of XV century music. This recording has lots of percussive instruments - triangles, hi-hats etc and was recorded in a very lively acoustics and makes spotting for differences much easier.
The results of the 'first round' of the shootout were as follows:
Matrix 24/96 - 60
Hegel HD2 - 65
Musical Fidelity V-Link II - 75
Stello CDT-100 - 75
Bryston BDP-1 - 80
Halide Design The Bridge - 80 (+5 when powered from SOtM USB card)
M2Tech HiFace Evo - 80
Stello U3 - 85
JK SPDIF Mk3 - 90
M2Tech HiFace Evo + Evo Supply - 90
Audiophilleo 1/2 - 95
Empirical Audio Off Ramp Turbo 5 - 95
M2Tech HiFace Evo + Evo Supply + Evo Clock - 100
dCS Scarlatti CD/SACD transport - 100 (+5 when used with dCS DAC and the Clock Link feature enabled)
Not surprisingly, the cheapest Matrix converter was also the poorest performing of the lot. It was the most 'digital sounding', with a lot of digital glare and grain, and the poorest rendition of space - as if the whole air just got sucked out.
The full Evo stack on the other hand was clearly the best, having the best resolution and HF extension, great layering of instruments and sounding very refined, ultra smooth and fluid. It was even better than Scarlatti CD/SACD transport in terms of resolution, articulation and lack of grain. It lacked a bit in terms of tonal color and texture, sounding at times a little bit lightweight and 'ethereal', but in general, they were both on the same level. Of course, the Scarlatti transport could be further improved by adding a clock link to the DAC or an external clock, but that only shows how flawed S/PDIF interface is to begin with.
Other converters had fallen in between those two.
Even though some of the converters got equal score, it doesn't mean they sounded exactly the same. Case in point are the ORT 5 and AP1/2 converters. Both scored 95 points, and yet, they sound a bit different.
ORT5 is a bit dark sounding. You will not get the vast sound stage that AP1/2 will throw, you will miss some spatial clues and decay trails. On the positive side, ORT5 had the best texture out of all converters I tried up to that point, and was the only converter that fully matched my Scarlatti CD/SACD transport in that regard.
AP has superior resolution and better microdynamics than the ORT5. If you voice your system around the AP, ORT5 will most likely sound a bit muted.
That being said, in some systems AP may be too much of a good thing. Some people reported that AP sounded a bit bright in their systems. I believe this is may be computer dependent (since AP is USB powered, it relies heavily on the quality of USB power, so cards like SOtM USB with their own ultra low noise voltage regulators can help here).
Both converters can be improved by adding a dedicated PSU.
A friend of mine - Marcin of JPLAY fame - who borrowed ORT5 from me, reported what he called 10% improvement in SQ by substituting the supplied switch-mode wall wart PSU with his KingRex linear PSU (please note that the 10% he stated have no direct relation to my scale). Aparently, Empirical even makes their own battery PSU, called Monolitic, but it adds another $1k to the hefty price of ORT5.
AP recently introduced what they call a PurePower battery PSU. This is a $449 option for both AP1 and AP2. I recently tried one, and recommend it.
I felt the AP+PurePower could now rival the M2Tech 3-box solution sound wise, but it is cheaper and much less hassle - M2Tech full Evo stack comes in three boxes, a lot of extra cables, manual sample rate switching is necessary. On top of that - the battery depletes in just under 3.5h, which means that most users will need a separate power supply for the clock and the converter for any extended listening sessions, which further adds for the system cost and complexity. AP PurePower PSU lets you listen for like 15h straight, and then recharges itself via USB when you stop listening.
After the 'first round' of my shootout, I decided to keep the Audiophilleo 1 and return/sell the rest of the converters, including the Halide Bridge, which was my old reference. As much as I wanted to go with the M2Tech full stack, the lack of userfrendliness of that setup was a show stopper for me. Plus, the AP1 offered a host of additional features, making it completely unique among USB/SPDIF converters - full function digital preamp, remote control, display showing sample rates, to name only a few.
A few weeks after completing the 'first round' of my shootout, I managed to borrow two very expensive USB/SPDIF converters that I always wanted to try, but wasn't able to secure on time for the shootout - dCS Puccini U-Clock and Soulution 590. At $4990 and $3000 respectively, they are one of the most expensive converters available on the market today. They were not bad, but M2Tech stack was still better – and much cheaper (if pita to use).
Around the same time, Peter from Audiophilleo sent me a Pure Power battery PSU for my AP1. It made the AP sound smoother, with slightly better color density and even better soundstaging that the plain vanilla AP.
If I was asked to expend the ranking to include those 3 new converters, I would award them with the following score:
Matrix 24/96 - 60
Hegel HD2 - 65
Musical Fidelity V-Link II - 75
Stello CDT-100 - 75
Bryston BDP-1 - 80
Halide Design The Bridge – 80 (+5 when powered from SOtM USB card)
M2Tech HiFace Evo - 80
Stello U3 - 85
JK SPDIF Mk3 - 90
M2Tech HiFace Evo + Evo Supply - 90
Soulution 590 – 90 (+5 when powered from SOtM USB card)
Audiophilleo 1/2 - 95
dCS U-Clock - 95 (+5 when used with dCS DAC and the Clock Link feature enabled)
Empirical Audio Off Ramp Turbo 5 - 95
AP1 with the PurePower battery PSU - 95 (borderline 100)
M2Tech HiFace Evo + Evo Supply + Evo Clock - 100
dCS Scarlatti CD/SACD transport - 100 (+5 when used with dCS DAC and the Clock Link feature enabled)
At that point, I decided to stop the search for the ultimate USB/SPDIF converter. After trying 14 different designs from all price points, I simply felt that there is nothing that could surprise me anymore. As it later turned out - I was wrong !
During a dinner I had with Chris on his trip to Europe in November, Chris suggested me to try the Berkeley Alpha USB he reviewed for Computer Audio. He also offered me a help in contacting Berkeley people, as my first attempts a few months earlier were unsuccessful (there is no Berkeley distributor in Poland).
Berkeley Alpha USB showed up a few weeks later at my doorsteps, and literally – had blown me away, both with its sonics and quality of engineering behind this product.
Let's start with the engineering part first. I haven't seen another USB/SPDIF converter, designed with this level of attention to details.
The whole converter is divided into two parts - 'dirty' part (on the right) fed from the USB power, containing the XMOS USB receiver chip, and 'clean' part, fed from the onboard linear PSU, containing the clocks and SPDIF out.
Alpha USB is based on the the XMOS chip. The little 24M crystal oscillator above it (X101) is there just to make USB work.
The 'dirty' and 'clean' sides are both isolated by a chip. The lettering on the chip was removed, but I'm pretty sure this is the ADuM* chip, isolating the I2S lines between the XMOS chip and the SPDIF output.
*The ADuM chips are digital isolators based on the Analog Devices, Inc., iCoupler® technology. Combining high speed CMOS and monolithic transformer technologies, these isolation components provide outstanding performance characteristics superior to alternatives, such as optocouplers.
The chip is screened by an unusual ferrite 'gate' - this is the first time I see such an arrangement in any hifi product. The 'gate' forms a 'ring' that screens the chip 360' (over and below the PCB):
A metal screen further improves the isolation by dividing the internal volume into two compartments:
Clocks used come from Crystek - this is an ultra low phase noise design, one of the best - if not the best - currently available. From the outside they look like CCHD-957 model (also used in the Off Ramp Turbo 5, with the $700 Ultraclock option), but the markings say otherwise. They may be custom made for BADA, who knows.
Digital output transformers have the word quality written all over them:
BNC socket is a precision 75 Ohm design (you can tell from the white 'collar' around the center pin) from connector specialist Bonar:
One of the coolest design details of Alpha USB is the way the USB input is mounted. 99.99% manufacturers make a suitable hole in the metal enclosure and mount there the USB input. Not the Berkeley. They made the 1 by 1 inch cutout in the metal enclosure, and surrounded the USB input by plastic in order to reduce the possible capacitive coupling between the two. How clever !
Sound wise – this is by far the best sounding USB/SPDIF converter I tried, better than the dCS Scarlatti transport.
The other top converters were very, very good, but still not perfect.
M2Tech stack for example, has a very distinctive sound. I would describe it as ethereal - great resolution, smoothness and vast soundstaging, but at the same time it is a bit light on its feet, lacking some substance and midrange texture.
ORT5 on the other hand sounds warmer, fuller with more texture, but at the same time, lacks the top end resolution and extension that Evo (and to lesser extent the Scarlatti transport) is capable of.
You can say that BADA is best of both worlds, and then some. Alpha USB has all the texture of the ORT5 and Scarlatti transport, but combines that with the outstanding resolution, smoothness and soundstaging of the Evo stack. In fact, it even goes one step further that the Evo in that department - with BADA not only you can hear all the detail, but you can actually feel a sound wave developing and moving the air, which makes the instrument outlines more 3D. Quite frankly, I was stunned when I first heard this.
The BADA Alpha USB made the sound smoother, with ZERO artificial edge, grain or digital glare.
There was also much better layering of instruments, and air around the outlines. The instruments sounded not only better separated in space, but also much more 3-dimensional.
The resolution also improved quite a bit. You could hear the sounds that you were not aware are on the recording, the HF decays had much longer trails and hung in space much longer.
The most fascinating thing was that sound had better resolution, but at the same time, was so much smoother and fluid. Usually, it is another way round. Very often we try a new component or a cable and at first are fascinated by improved resolution, only to find out a few days later (after we had X-rayed all our recordings), that the increased resolution brings listener fatigue and makes the listening far less enjoyable.
Not this time. BADA pulls this incredible trick of sounding both more resolute, more transparent, and much smoother at the same time.
To me Berkeley Audio Designs Alpha USB defines the current state of the art in USB/SPDIF converters design.
The final shootout score is as follows:
Matrix 24/96 - 60
Hegel HD2 - 65
Musical Fidelity V-Link II - 75
Stello CDT-100 - 75
Bryston BDP-1 - 80
Halide Design The Bridge – 80 (+5 when powered from SOtM USB card)
M2Tech HiFace Evo - 80
Stello U3 - 85
JK SPDIF Mk3 - 90
M2Tech HiFace Evo + Evo Supply - 90
Soulution 590 – 90 (+5 when powered from SOtM USB card)
Audiophilleo 1/2 - 95
dCS U-Clock - 95 (+5 when used with dCS DAC and the Clock Link feature enabled)
Empirical Audio Off Ramp Turbo 5 - 95
AP1 with the PurePower battery PSU - 95 (borderline 100)
M2Tech HiFace Evo + Evo Supply + Evo Clock - 100
dCS Scarlatti CD/SACD transport - 100 (+5 when used with dCS DAC and the Clock Link feature enabled)
Berkeley Audio Designs Alpha USB – 110Adam
PC: CAPS v4 Pipeline + Teradak full ATX linear PSU
Digital: Lampizator Golden Gate DSD only
Amp: MSB M202
Speakers: Magico S5 mk 2
Cables: AudioQuest WEL Signature IC / Shunyata Anaconda Z-Tron SC
Some final thoughts:
The value for money for each converter will depend on the fact if it needs USB and SPDIF cables or not. Halide Bridge converter for example, apart from the fact that it was the most bullet-proof design of all converters tested, comes with a built in USB cable and doesn't need a SPDIF one - that is easily a $200 saving. Same for the AP1. On the other hand, the BADA Alpha USB needs both cables, and in the setup I tested it with ($600 AQ Diamond USB + $600 D-60 SPDIF cable) is over $3k. This is 3x as much as the AP2 + PP (AP2 is the same as AP1, but with less features) which can be had for $1k.
Please take this ranking with a grain of salt though. First of all, the converters were tested with my Metrum Ocatve and dCS Scarlatti DAC, and my hi-man music server. Since converters are a bit system dependent, you may come to different conclusions (although I doubt the differences would be greater than +/- 5 marks). Secondly, the converters can sound very different to each other (I already explained that in case of ORT5 and AP1, which both scored 95 but sound very different; the other pair that sounded slightly different were M2Tech stack and Scarlatti transport), so sometimes a converter with a slightly lower score may be a better fit in your system.Adam
PC: CAPS v4 Pipeline + Teradak full ATX linear PSU
Digital: Lampizator Golden Gate DSD only
Amp: MSB M202
Speakers: Magico S5 mk 2
Cables: AudioQuest WEL Signature IC / Shunyata Anaconda Z-Tron SC
What a fantastic thread, thanks for the read. I'm really happy with my AP, and I'm glad it performed well in your test.
Great thread!
It's a pity my Belcanto mlink isn't part of the impressive list of gear, but it confirms well the importance of ths device group, which made a big difference in my system.Main: iMac late 2009 8GB SSD / Qobuz Sublime > Audirvana+/JRiverMac/AmarraSQ > Audioquest Forest USB > BelCanto mlink > Atlas Ascent BNC > Exposure 2010S2 Dac > Audioquest King Cobra > Exposure 3010S2 Integrated > Chord Carnival Classic > B&W CM8
HP system: > Audioquest Golden Gate > Sennheiser HDVA600 > Sennheiser HD800
Mobile: Iphone 6 > Ultrasone Tio or B&W P5II
musicophilesblog.com - From Keith Jarrett to Johannes Brahms
Great stuff Adam!
Quick thought on system "synergy" and architecture. I believe your Scarlatti over S/PDIF (or AES/EBU) operates in synchronous more, meaning the source provides the masterclock to the DAC. This makes the system very sensitive to the Jitter performance of the source (i.e. USB converter). In my experience, switching from synchronous to asynchronous (i.e. the DAC buffers and reclocks the signal) AES/EBU or S/PDIF yields dramatic improvements, and dramatic difference between the impact of the source on final sound quality. My first data point to support this claim is upgrading the PS audio perfectwave DAC to MKII level, which basically makes the DAC fully asynchronous, and the second is switching between reclocking on/off on my MSB DAC. In both cases no comparison! Asynchronous wins hands down. I'm not even sure exactly how the dCS clocking works with an S/PDIFor AES/EBU source, but I'm simply bringing this up because I suspect outcome of your shootout are highly DAC and architecture dependent (as you mentioned yourself).
I am also of the opinion that ultimately losing the USB converter completely, putting a very high grade clock on the DAC motherboard, feeding the DAC very low noise USB source, and buffering and reclocking the signal in the DAC, is the most direct signal path and will yield the best achievable sound if implemented well.
If CA had a contest for "Computer Audiophile Forum Member Post of the Year" your USB-SPDIF converter posts would be up for consideration in my view. Great work!Home: microRendu (Roon) | Berkeley Alpha USB | LH Labs Geek Pulse Xfi+LPS | Jeff Rowland Capri | Blue Circle Audio BC202 | Revel Ultima Gem speakers | 2 x Revel Performa3 B112 subwoofers (other stuff: Sablon/Siltech/MG Audio/GIK Panels/Stillpoints). Headphones: Cavalli Liquid Carbon amp > Sennheiser HD800
Desktop at Work: PC > Lightspeed > Intona > Curious Link > W4S Recovery > Schiit Bimby | Luminous Audio Axiom II pre | Job/Goldmund 225 amp | Gallo Strada 2 | Elac S10 sub
Both of your DACs are actually unique with their reclocking features. But even with full reclocking, the DAC will still be suspectible to the RFI grunge coming from the computer, so a converter offering a higher level of isolation could still sound better than lesser designs.Adam
PC: CAPS v4 Pipeline + Teradak full ATX linear PSU
Digital: Lampizator Golden Gate DSD only
Amp: MSB M202
Speakers: Magico S5 mk 2
Cables: AudioQuest WEL Signature IC / Shunyata Anaconda Z-Tron SC
You would expect it to move the ranking of relatively low noise converters up the list and diminish the weight of jitter performance of the converter (theoretically, jitter performance should become irrelevant).
Great Thread!!!
Unfortunately you couldn't test the Audio-gd DI-V3...
Keep on going!
- AP+PP, which was my first.
- Stello U3
- M2Tech hiFace Evo
- Musical Fidelity V192
- BelCanto Ulink
- Wavelenght WaveLink HS
I still want to listen to the BADA and BelCanto Reflink, but until today, the biggest surprise has been the Chinese designed and made Audio GD DI-V3 TCXO+PSU, an exclusive design based on a 32bit VIA usb chip. In my system and to my ears, it bested the AP+PP which was my previous preference, mostly on soundstage and analogue like presence (not clinical). IMO its really worth a listen, especially for the price, its a true bargain!
I too would enjoy being able to demo the BADA USB.Home: microRendu (Roon) | Berkeley Alpha USB | LH Labs Geek Pulse Xfi+LPS | Jeff Rowland Capri | Blue Circle Audio BC202 | Revel Ultima Gem speakers | 2 x Revel Performa3 B112 subwoofers (other stuff: Sablon/Siltech/MG Audio/GIK Panels/Stillpoints). Headphones: Cavalli Liquid Carbon amp > Sennheiser HD800
Desktop at Work: PC > Lightspeed > Intona > Curious Link > W4S Recovery > Schiit Bimby | Luminous Audio Axiom II pre | Job/Goldmund 225 amp | Gallo Strada 2 | Elac S10 sub
What seems to be missing in BelCanto designs are the heroic efforts the BADA team has made to isolate the dirty USB side from the clean SPDIF output. BADA not only uses the galvanic isolation on SPDIF outputs (as most manufacturers do) but they also use what seems to be the ADUM chips (those are digital isolators based on Analog Devices, Inc., iCoupler® technology - they combine high speed CMOS and monolithic air core transformer technology) which they put on I2s lines - in the junction between the dirty and a clean side. This, plus some other clever tricks they made, gives the Berkeley Alpha USB converter an unprecedented level of isolation from computer grunge, and IMO is one of the reasons behind its extraordinary performance.Adam
PC: CAPS v4 Pipeline + Teradak full ATX linear PSU
Digital: Lampizator Golden Gate DSD only
Amp: MSB M202
Speakers: Magico S5 mk 2
Cables: AudioQuest WEL Signature IC / Shunyata Anaconda Z-Tron SC
Very nice. Actually I was expecting Chris to do such a review for CA, but it is great to see other people doing this too.
MFAST™ vs. conventional PLLs
Most converters utilize PLL (Phase Locked Loop) circuits. MFAST™ has two distinct advantages. It's a high-speed asynchronous system that locks almost instantaneously to any data stream. Moreover, unlike PLLs which merely attenuate jitter, MFAST™ strips jitter out of the audio stream completely.
So I guess you can add the DAC2X to the list of asynchrous (an all inputs) DACs, and if the Meitner uses MFAST this would be included as well.
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There is only one way to describe this post - AWESOME - no other word will do it justice.
I too have had the opportunity to compare many of the converters you did with an extra one - the Wavelength.
My results generally mirror yours (eg I give the AP the edge over the JK) with a few exceptions.
I have demoed the OR compared to the AP2 on quite a few occasions in a number of systems - on every occasion without exception everyone preferred the OR - no contest. But it was split 50-50 whether the difference was worth the price difference. Value for money nothing touches the AP2 in my experience and its what I generally recommend to others if money is an issue.
The other is the Berkeley. Sorry couldn't rank it as high as you did - very good - but only third on my list behind the Wavelength and Off-Ramp (OR) although it was so close to the Wavelength you could reasonably call it a tie. That said though I have been told with direct mode in Audirvana the Berkeley pulls ahead and even the AP2 is excruciatingly close to the OR.
But again - AWESOME post.
REFLink: 10
uLink: 6.5 - 7
uLink + iUSB: 8.5 (using a twin-head USB cable with separate power/data lines, which does improve performance vs. a single strand 'traditional' USB cable)Home: microRendu (Roon) | Berkeley Alpha USB | LH Labs Geek Pulse Xfi+LPS | Jeff Rowland Capri | Blue Circle Audio BC202 | Revel Ultima Gem speakers | 2 x Revel Performa3 B112 subwoofers (other stuff: Sablon/Siltech/MG Audio/GIK Panels/Stillpoints). Headphones: Cavalli Liquid Carbon amp > Sennheiser HD800
Desktop at Work: PC > Lightspeed > Intona > Curious Link > W4S Recovery > Schiit Bimby | Luminous Audio Axiom II pre | Job/Goldmund 225 amp | Gallo Strada 2 | Elac S10 sub
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100 - Audio GD DI-V3 TCXO + DI-PSU. As I said, to my ears and in my system (with a pair of ultra revealing pro-monitors), it had a slightly less clinical presence than AP, more liquid, soundstage was also slightly better. For those of you that think that spending more = better, if your translate Chinese R&D + costs of production into dollars, if this unit was made in the USA or any western city, it would easily cost above $1k. I have been more than 20 years in this hobby to understand that in hi-end, price is very relative and many times misleading. Audio GD is a genuine hi-fi lab with a very creative Engineer/Designer in charge and it just happens to be in China.
99 - AP1+PP. Great if you like a more clinical/technical sound without the usual harshness, I can understand why many would prefer this, especially at the first listen.
90 - BelCanto Ulink
85 - Stello U3
85 - M2Tech hiFace Evo (no PSU)
85 - Wavelenght WaveLink HS
80 - Musical Fidelity V192
I had the chance to audition Audio GD's top DAC as part of the summit group from HeadFi, at that time (2 years ago) I compared it with the Naim DAC, Lyndorf DPA-1, Transporter and MBL 1611F, all of them were better than the Audio GD. Saying this, Im not claiming that the Audio GD DI-V3 is the best there is, Im sure it can be bested, plus we all have different systems and hear differently. I already spoke to a Bel Canto and BADA dealer and Im arranging to audition both soon, can't wait! I have a good feeling about the REFLink.
S/PDIF, and why it should be avoided if possible
Just wanted to chime in on this by saying the only real reason to go with S/PDIF is when a better alternative simply isn't available, which happens to be only too often the case with DAC products still even today IMO. Since S/PDIF will typically be converted to I2S before the digital data is passed on to the DAC chip, one might legitimately ask oneself why even bother converting from USB to S/PDIF at all, especially when USB can be converted directly to I2S. The answer to that IMO is not because S/PDIF is in any way better, but just because it's so incredibly popular ("THE choice", as the M2Tech official website effectively labels it towards the end of this page).
This quote (see below) sums up the problem inherent to S/PDIF rather nicely, I would think.
It must be noted, however, that a straight comparison with the other standard is not fair, as these latter standards use separate wires for data and clocks, whereas the former ones have one single wire on which data and clocks travel together.If you had the memory of a goldfish, maybe it would work.


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- Size Bought: large
I have an athletic frame and wider shoulders. This tee was perfect for hiking, a relaxed fit yet not frumpy or bulky. I would even say it had a slimming effect without sticking to me. The material is comfortable - i'm back on this site to order another one!:)
Comfortable Fit
- Familiarity: I gave it as a gift but have feedback to share
- Fit: True to size
I gave this to my wife as a gift and she is stoked on the comfort, fit, and style. She is also a perpetual fan of the backcountry goat.
Her only note is that the fabric does not seem quite as soft as it was in previous backcountry branded items.
- Familiarity: I returned this product before using it
- Size Bought: Xsmall
if you are petite and curvy this shirt may look good but my petite straight figure did not agree with the sizing at all. It fit good in the shoulders and went wide in the hips and runs a shorter than my previous goat shirt purchase. I ended up returning it. Its a mix between running small and large.
Unmatched Comfort
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
- Fit: True to size
- Size Bought: Medium
"If your house was on fire and you could only save a grocery bag of items, what things would you save?"
Well, my Goat shirt for one. Definitely. I wouldn't even have to worry about smelling like smoke & homelessness with its odor-resistant fabric.
Plus, it's comfortable enough to sleep in, but fits and looks dignified enough to be acceptable to wear in public with a pair of jeans - you can never go wrong with a good looking t-shirt and jeans. Unlike those baggie t-shirts you've isolated to the pajama drawer because no matter the time of day, or how accurately you picked the size you need, you always end up looking like you just rolled out of bed when you wear them.
Don't worry though, I have 2, so in this hypothetical situation in which I can only save a grocery bag of belongings, I'd be sure to designate one for sleeping in and one for daily use. I'd be set.
Trail Tested!
What is that in the distance?
Why, it's the Backcountry goat!
- Familiarity: I've used it once or twice and have initial impressions
- Fit: True to size
- Size Bought: Small
I bought this t-shirt for my 14 year old stepdaughter because she loves the goat stickers. She actually squealed when she saw it. After checking the size chart, I ordered a size small and the fit is perfect. Not too big and not too tight. I'm impressed with the quality and I have a happy kiddo in the house.
Love that Goat!
It's tight across the chest and loose in the front but tight in the back. Look, it's a weird fit but it seems to me that this is the best Backcountry.com women's shirt.
The goat loves you!
Still kind of small
- Familiarity: I've used it once or twice and have initial impressions
- Fit: Runs small
- Size Bought: Medium
If you want a Backcountry.com shirt, I think this is the one to get. This is the only BC.com shirt with reviews that indicate "fits true to size."
Going by the size chart, I should be in a small but after reading so many "runs small" reviews about BC.com shirts, I opted for the medium - I'm glad I did.
It fits but it's right on the bubble. It's just tight enough to start having concerns about back fat visibility. No one wants their backstraps on display!
I'm bummed, there are a few other styles of BC.com goat shirts but they're all out of stock in most sizes or they "run small." This shirt is one laundry misstep away from the trash.
Come on BC.com, get us some normally-sized t-shirts with GIANT goats, we've got to represent this summer!
Bust: 35-35.5"
Underbust: 32"
hooked on The Goat
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
- Fit: True to size
- Size Bought: M
I've always liked The Goat icon on my son-in-law's shirts. Decided to try one. A little long for me, but then I'm short. Love it. I bought two different Goat t-shirts, both medium, but only one really fits me -- THIS one.
Great Gift Option
- Familiarity: I gave it as a gift but have feedback to share
- Fit: True to size
This is a great option for anyone looking to buy a gift for someone. The fit is great and overall this is just a high quality shirt. I bought this for my mom on mothers day and she loved it!
For those lazy days...
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
- Fit: True to size
After falling in love with Back Country, I wanted to represent, and this shirt helps with just that. Every time I go out with it, people say "A goat, how cute!" And I just have to start talking about Back Country. Fits great, and after several washes, still remains soft.
Great fit & feel
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
- Fit: True to size
This tee fits my athletic build perfectly with enough room around the shoulders and bust and enough length to cover my belt loops but not look like a dress. The fabric is awesome - driRelease really is quick drying, soft, and a nice medium weight.
Great as a gift
- Familiarity: I gave it as a gift but have feedback to share
- Fit: True to size
I recently gave this as a gift to my significant other . We have washed it now a few times, and it still looks new and is soft. the sizes seem to run true to size, and this was confirmed by wife. There is also no shrinkage which also adds to the appeal of this shirt.
Nice fabric and great fit.
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
- Fit: True to size
This t-shirt seems to be high-quality and the fit is nice. The bottom part of the t-shirt doesn't hug my waste as tight as other t-shirts which I appreciate. Their is nothing more annoying than having to adjust your shirt a million times a day to avoid looking fat.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Neo G thigh and hamstring support offers dynamic support and compression to the quadriceps and hamstring muscles. The adjustable thigh and hamstring support is made from durable, flexible, heat therapeutic neoprene to help keep the affected area warm.
The Neo G thigh and hamstring support cushions and protects the thigh muscles to help with pain from strains and sprains caused by sporting and occupational activities. The support minimises the effects of overuse.
Materials: Neoprene, Nylon, Elastane, Polyurethane, Polyester, Polypropylene.
Hand wash cold only and dry flat.
|General Specs
|Navy Blue
|One Size
|Functional Use
|Compression / Support / Pain Relief
|Functional Type/Category
|Hamstring & Thigh Supports
|Material Composition
|Neoprene, Nylon, Elastane, Polyurethane, Polyester, Polypropylene
|Latex Free
|Frame Specification (Braces & Support)
|Hand wash cold only and dry flat
If you would like to leave a review please visit us using a desktop or tablet
Have you purchased the Neo G Thigh and Hamstring Support? If so we'd love to know what you think of it.
Neo G Thigh and Hamstring Support is available for immediate dispatch, direct from the manufacturer. Orders placed by 4pm Monday to Friday (excluding Bank Holidays) are dispatched the same day.
Inspection Time - Please inspect the products within 7 days of the product arriving. Any discrepancies or damages need to be reported to us in this time.
PhysioRoom.com offers a 30 day money back guarantee. This means that for the 30 days following your purchase of any item(s) from PhysioRoom.com you can return or exchange your item(s), provided they are unused and in their original packaging.
Full details of our returns policy is available here.


text:
This hotel really is in an old palace and while the accommodation is in new wings (which is probably a good thing) the ambience of the old palace is there to be enjoyed when dining even just for breakfast.
Further the staff are friendly and helpful and our four nights there were memorable.
While it is a taxi ride away from downtown Lisbon that is not too much of a problem as the taxis are always there and the cost is not great.
And Lisbon - wow.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Pestana Palace Hotel & National Monument, member of the "The Leading Hotels of the World", is a 5 star hotel in a 19th century palace located in the city of Lisbon, and its gardens, with a variety of plants and subtropical trees, are classified as "National Monument". ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Hotels.com, DerbySoft Ltd Shanghai HQ, Expedia, Hotwire, Travelocity, Orbitz, TripOnline SA, Agoda, Priceline and Odigeo so you can book your Pestana Palace Lisboa Hotel & National Monument reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Pestana Palace Lisbon
- Hotel Pestana Palace


text:
Needed a pergola and deck done before summer These fellas did the work quickly, they worked full days and finished when they said they would .
I had engaged Pakman Property Services to remove some of our old cupboards in our kitchen. Quinton came, he saw, he bought the necessary tools to get the job done. And, he did a great job. In the end, we also got him to patch some of the cracks and holes in the walls and ceilin..
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I need a handyman to assemble a flat packed ladder in the Office Works store in New Castle before 7pm tomorrow night Friday 27 May 2016. You will need to do a quick coles online induction. We are ...Make a similar request


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 16, 1983
|Filing date
|Jun 30, 1980
|Priority date
|Jun 30, 1980
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Andrew Proudian
|Original Assignee
|Second Foundation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (26), Classifications (9), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of ultrasonic scanners and in particular, to transducers used in medical diagnostic ultrasonic scanners.
2. Prior Art
Ultrasonic scanning instruments are used in medical diagnostics to view regions or particular organs within the body without the necessity of surgical incision to expose the area of interest. In its most fundamental operation, the ultrasonic scanning instrument is placed in contact with the surface of the body to be examined. The scanning instrument then emits a series of pulses, at an ultrasonic frequency, into the body being examined. During the time between the emission of the pulses, the instrument searches for and detects echoes of the emitted pulses which have been reflected by the various internal objects of interest. It is these echoes and their relationship to the emitted pulses which generates a representation or a "view" of the internal region or organs of interest.
A problem which has continued to plague the design and use of ultrasound transducers in medical diagnostic imaging relates to the compromise which must be made between the lateral resolution that can be achieved by such transducers and the range over which good lateral resolution can be maintained.
One prior art attempt to improve the lateral resolution of such transducers was to focus such transducers generally by curving the transducer crystal. For a circular transducer of diameter D operating at a wavelength λ, the transducer can be focused out to a focal distance F such that F<D2 /4λ. The lateral (Rayleigh) resolution achieved at the focus will then be ρF ≅1.22(Fλ/D). The depth of focus of a transducer, i.e., the length of the region over which the resolution ρ remains within some set factor of ρF is Δ=k(F/D2)λ (k=7 for the so-called `6 db down` criterion).
It can be seen from the equations for ρF and Δ that, for a given wavelength λ, decreasing F/D (e.g., by increasing the size of the transducer) will decrease ρF which is desirable, but will also decrease the depth of focus Δ, which is undesirable. Similarly, increased depth of focus Δ is obtained at the expense of an increase in ρF.
Another prior art attempt which addressed this compromise between resolution and the depth of acceptable resolution was the replacement of a circular transducer of diameter D with a very narrow (typically one wavelength wide) annulus transducer of equal radius D. The resolution of such an annulus at any distance x beyond the first few diameters from its face is equal to K(xλ/D); that is, such an annulus is essentially focused at all depths except near the transducer. The annulus suffers from several serious drawbacks, however, among them being that it has a poor beam pattern close to the transducer, large side lobes in its beam pattern and poor sensitivity because of its reduced area.
The limitations of an annular transducer can be minimized somewhat by use of a coaxial transducer wherein the central inner disk of the transducer is used as the transmitter and an annulus used as the receiver. See, for example the article by Reginald C. Eggleton entitled "Single Transducer Ultrasound Imaging", appearing in Medical Physics, Volume 3, No. 5, p. 303 (1976). The overall pattern of this transducer is the product of the transmit and receive patterns; thus, the inner disk will have the usual limited focal depth pattern, but will have minimal sidelobes, while the annular array will exhibit good resolution throughout the depth. This combination thus results in reduction (but not elimination) of the sidelobes at the expense of some loss of focal depth (compared to the annulus alone). However, it still does not resolve the problem of poor resolution within the first few diameters from the transducer face, and more seriously, the receiver sensitivity remains quite poor, because of the greatly reduced receiver area (typically a tenth to a twentieth of the full aperture).
Another approach which has been implemented to achieve high resolution over an acceptable range is by the use of phased annular arrays. In such arrays the single transducer crystal is replaced by a set of independently energized transducer elements in the shape of annuli. Typically ten elements are utilized, each connected to suitable transmit/receive electronics by means of variable delay lines. By this arrangement, the transmitted beam focus can be set at a selected value by appropriate delay in the transmit mode, while in the receive mode, the transducer can be dynamically focused by quasi-continuous variation of the interelement delays so as to `track` the transmitted pulse as it travels into the object to be examined.
However, phased annular arrays also suffer from significant limitations. These limitationss include: cost and complexity; poor signal to noise characteristics; limited dynamic range; and relatively large sidelobes. Thus, the prior art attempts to achieve high resolution over an extended ranges have met with only limited success.
Accordingly, it is a general object of the present invention to provide an improved ultrasonic transducer system.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a simple means of extending the focal depth of a transducer while providing improved focusing characteristics over existing devices.
A transducer system for use in ultrasonic scanning devices is provided. The system includes a transducer adapted to emit ultrasonic waves in response to a signal from a transmitter, to detect echoes of the ultrasonic waves it has emitted, and to provide information to additional processing means which is indicative of the echoes which the transducer has detected. The transducer is typically comprised of a piezoelectric crystal which has been formed into a semi-spherical shape and which has electrodes attached to both surfaces thereof. On a first surface of the crystal there is located a central section which is surrounded by at least one peripheral section. The peripheral sections are electrically isolated from the central section and from one another. The transducer system further comprises a means for selectively electrically coupling the central section and the peripheral sections on the transducer to the transmitter and the processing means in at least two configurations. For each of these various configurations, the transducer is caused to emit ultrasonic waves which converge at different points, a pre-selected distance beyond the transducer. In addition, for each of the configurations, ultrasonic echoes which emanate from different ranges of distances of interest beyond the transducer are substantially in focus at the transducer.
The novel features which are believed to be characteristic of the invention, both as to its organization and its method of operation, together with further objects and advantages thereof, will be better understood from the following description in connection with accompanying drawings in which presently preferred embodiments of the invention are illustrated by way of example. It is to be expressly understood, however, that the drawings are for purposes of illustration and description and are not intended as a definition of the limits of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the transducer system of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the transducer crystal of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the transducer crystal of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of the transducer system of the present invention; and
FIG. 5 is a timing diagram of the amplifier gain versus time as used in one embodiment of the present invention.
Referring to FIG. 1, a block diagram of the transducer system 26 of the present invention is illustrated. Transducer system 26 is comprised of the transducer 16 coupled to a control means 12 via a plurality of lines 20. As will be described more fully hereinbelow, transducer 16 is comprised of a semi-spherical crystal element which has readily selectible active areas. When configured and operated as disclosed herein, transducer system 26 will emit ultrasonic waves 24 which can be controlled so as to converge at two or more different points a pre-selected distance beyond transducer 16. Furthermore, transducer 16 is adapted such that echoes resulting from ultrasonic waves produced by transducer 16 are substantially in focus at transducer 16 substantially throughout the range of distances of interest for each of the points of convergence.
Coupled to control means 12 are the transmitter 10 and processing means 14, the interconnection being made via the plurality of lines 18 and 22 respectively. Transmitter 10 can be one of many numerous devices for providing the appropriate drive signal to a transducer so as to cause that transducer to emit pulses of ultrasonic frequency at a suitable repetition rate. Such pulse generators are well known in the art and will not be discussed further herein. Similarly, processing means 14 can include such conventional devices as scan convertors, display deflection circuits and a variety of other well-known devices adapted to produce an output signal which is indicative of the image resulting from the echoes being returned to transducer 16. Typically, processing means 14 would be coupled, via lines 21 and a variety of other conventional devices, to a video display. In response to the signals produced by processing means 14, the video display will display a visual image of a region of the human patient being scanned by the transducer system 26.
Now referring to FIG. 2, the transducer crystal 28 of transducer 16 is illustrated in a perspective view. Transducer crystal 28 is comprised of a conventional piezoelectric material 30 to which has been attached metalized electrodes on both of the larger surfaces thereof. Transducer crystals 28 can be made of lead zirconate titanate or similar piezoelectric material. As will be discussed more fully hereinbelow, transducer 16 is also comprised of a backing material (not shown) adjacent the electrodes.
On one surface of crystal 28 are disposed a central section electrode 34 surrounded by at least one peripheral section electrode 32. Peripheral electrode 34 is electrically isolated from the central electrode 34 by means of the guard ring 36. On the opposite side of transducer crystal 28 is one ground electrode (not illustrated) which substantially covers that surface of the crystal 28. Electrical line 38 is directly coupled to central section electrode 34, while peripheral section electrode 32 is electrically coupled via line 40. In addition, the ground electrode on the reverse side of crystal 30 is electrically connected via line 42.
The guard ring electrode 36 is not strictly necessary but serves to isolate the two electrodes 32 and 34, and thus reduce cross talk. Another means of reducing cross talk is to saw through the transducer crystal 30, thus creating two physically separated parts, namely, the central section 34 and the peripheral section 32. However, this physical separation is somewhat more difficult to fabricate especially if a three or more piece configuration or noncircular transducer geometries are used. In addition, physical separation can lead to unwanted vibration modes of the transducer crystal 28.
As shown in FIG. 2, electrodes 32 and 34 are disposed on transducer crystal 28 in such a manner that electrical activation of each electrode results in a corresponding and limited activation of the crystal 30. That is, because each electrode 32, 34 is physically limited to a certain area on the surface of crystal 30, electrical excitation of one of those electrodes (in conjunction with the grounded electrode) results in the piezeoelectric effect being generally limited to that same area of the crystal 30. Thus, transducer crystal 28 is effectively divided into a center transducer section 33 and a peripheral (or annular) transducer section 31, each section corresponding to electrodes 34 and 32 respectively.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of transducer crystal 28 which illustrates the relationship between central section electrode 34, the peripheral electrode 32, and the ground electrode 35 on the opposite surface of crystal 28. Central section electrode 34 is disposed in the center portion of the crystal 28 and has a diameter of length D1. Disposed around the outer surface of crystal 28 is the peripheral electrode 32, electrode 32 being electrically isolated from central section electrode 34 by the guard ring 36. On the surface of crystal 28, which is opposite central section electrode 34 and peripheral electrode 32, is ground electrode 35.
As can be seen in FIG. 3, ground electrode 35 substantially covers the inner surface of transducer crystal 28, while backing material 37 substantially covers the outer surface of crystal 28. Backing material 37 can be any well known material which can readily absorb accoustical energy. Finally, FIG. 3 illustrates that the total diameter of crystal 30 is of a length D.
Now referring to FIG. 4, a schematic diagram of one embodiment of the present invention is illustrated. Generally, transmitter 10 is coupled to control means 12, while control means 12 is coupled to transducer crystal 28. More specifically, transmitter 10 is coupled to central section electrode 34 and annular section electrode 32 by means of lines 38 and 40 respectively, and time-controlled switches 44 and 46 respectively. Central section 34 is also coupled to gain controlled amplifier 56 via line 48. Similarly, annular electrode 32 is coupled to gain controlled amplifier 58 via line 50. The output of amplifier 56 is coupled to the summation point 64 by means of line 60, while the output of amplifier 58 is coupled to the summation point 64 by line 62. The output of summation point 64 is coupled to processing means 14 via output line 66.
In operation, the transmitter 10 is connected by time-controlled switches 44 and 46 to either or both electrodes 32, 34. The selection of electrodes 32, 34 depends upon whether it is desired that the transmitted beam pattern correspond to the small aperture D1 or the full aperture D. The selection can be made by the operator of the ultrasonic scanning device, depending on the specific area of interest to be viewed. After the transmitter 10 has been activated, so that transducer crystal 28 emits an ultrasonic pulse, switches 44 and 46 are opened and, initially, the central electrode 34 is used to receive the ultasonic echoes. This selective utilization of central electrode 34 is accomplished by setting the gain of variable gain amplifier 56 to "G", by means of line 52, and the gain of amplifier 58 to "0" by means of line 54. In this manner peripheral electrode 32 is effectively decoupled from the output line 66.
After a time period T1, corresponding to the time required for reflected echoes to arrive at the transducer 28 from a distance X1 in the body, the gain of amplifier 56 is smoothly but rapidly (typically in a few to perhaps 10 microseconds) reduced from G to G/a while the gain of amplifier 58 is simultaneously increased from 0 to G/b. (Typically a=b=2) Thus, both central electrode 34 and peripheral electrode 32 are coupled to the output line 66.
New referring to FIG. 5, the gain of amplifiers 56 and 58 is displayed as a function of time the case a=b=2. As described hereinabove, the central transducer 33 is initially used to receive. This selective coupling of the transducer sections 33, 35 to the processing means 14 is accomplished by varying the gain of the gain controlled amplifiers 56 and 58. Thus, because the annular transducer section 33 is not to be initially coupled to the processing means 14, the gain of amplifier 58 (which couples annular section 33 to processing means 14) is set at 0 during the initial time. Then, after the elapse of time period T1, the gain of amplifier 58 is smoothly increased to G/2, while the gain of amplifier 56 is decreased to G/2. Thus, after the elapse of the time period ΔT, the gain of both amplifiers 56 and 58 are set at G/2 so that both the central transducer section 35 and the annular transducer section 33 are coupled to the processing means 14.
The principle of operation of the present invention is based on several facts and observations. First, it is known that a transducer crystal of radius of curvature R will be focused at a distance F≈R provided that its diameter is sufficiently large, (i.e., when D2 /4λ>R). Furthermore, such a transducer crystal will be focused at a distance F somewhat short of D2 /4λ when R≧D2 /4λ. What has been observed is that for a crystal of a given curvature R, the acoustic beam pattern retains a well-focused structure down to values of aperture diameter D such that D2 /4λ≅R/3. Thus, if the diameter of a transducer of curvature R is progressively reduced, its focal length will vary from F≃R down to a value F as low as R/3 with almost the same beam pattern as if its curvature radius were also being reduced.
The present invention utilizes the relationship illustrated above to make a given transducer crystal of radius R act like two or more transducers of focal lengths F1, F2, . . . , F by varying the effective diameter of the crystal to values D1, D2, . . . D. The values Fi, and Di are selected so as to have overlapping zones of focus and thereby achieve an extended focal zone.
For ease in description, the theory of operation of the two element case, as illustrated in FIG. 2, will be described in more detail: The live electrode of the transducer is configured as a central section 34 of diameter D1 separated from an annular section 32 by a guard ring 36. The guard ring 36 is electrically grounded, and is quite narrow (typically, the guard ring and unelectroded spaces would add up to a total width of 10 mils). The ground electrode, on the other face of crystal 28 (not shown) is monolithic.
Typical parameters for the two-element case would be as follows: For a typical case of pulse frequency of 3 MHz (λ≃0.05 cm), D=1.8 cm, R≃F=14 cm (D2 ≅16 cm R) and D1 =1.0 cm so that F1 ≃(D1 2 /4λ)≃5 cm.
For the typical parameters cited above, the inner diameter element (i.e., that portion of the transducer which is made active by central section 34) will be focused over a focal zone F1 �(Δ1 /2) so that since ##EQU1## the inner element will be focused from less than 1 cm to over 9 cm. The focal zone of the combination of the central electrode 34 and the outer ring 32, (i.e., the full aperture of diameter D) will extend over a zone F�(Δ2 /2). Because ##EQU2## the focused region for the combination will be from about 7 cm to over 20 cm. In this example, the cross-over region would begin around X1 ≅8 cm (e.g., from 8 cm to 9 cm).
Of course, alternate embodiments of the present invention are readily apparent to those skilled in the art. One embodiment (not illustrated) would simply be to transmit and receive by means of one of the two sections of the transducer 28. That is, the transducer system 26 could be readily configured such that there are two functions of operation. The first function would be to transmit by means of the central section 35 and correspondingly, receive by means of that same section. The second function would be to transmit by means of the combination of central section 35 and annular section 33, and then to receive by that same combination. Thus, a single transducer could be operated either as a short focal depth or a long focal depth transducer.
A further embodiment would be to use a three (or more) electrode configuration. In this embodiment additional peripheral electrodes would be disposed about peripheral electrode 32, while the diameter of electrode 32 would be reduced correspondingly. The advantage of these additional electrodes would be the ability to "fine tune" the three (or more) overlapping focal zones, and the transmit beam could be focused at three (or more) rather than two selected points. However, the simplicity of the arrangement quickly becomes lost, and two electrodes are enough for most cases of interest in medical diagnostics.
It can be seen from the above description that there are important differences between the present invention and the prior art wherein a central disk is used to transmit and a very thin annulus is used to receive. One difference is that the present invention always uses a full electrode to receive (either D1 or the full disk D), and thus achieves much higher sensitivity. Furthermore, the relatively small loss of sensitivity due to use of a smaller electrode 34 in the present invention occurs in the near part of the field where there has been relatively little attenuation due to intervening tissue, so that echoes are still strong. Typically, the receive sensitivity of the present invention is ten to twenty times higher than that of the prior art. In addition, the present invention has no sidelobe problems, and no "near focus" problems. Compared to a phased annular array, the present invention not only can use far fewer elements (two generally suffice), but there are no variable delay lines, so that all the switching problems, limited dynamic range problems, and numerous other problems of phased arrays are eliminated.
While specific embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed and described in detail herein, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the number, specific shape and specific configuration of the electrodes on the transducer crystal can be varied without departing from the scope of the present invention.
|Cited Patent
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|Nov 21, 1974
|Mar 22, 1977
|Realization Ultrasoniques
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|Varian Associates, Inc.
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|Varian Associates, Inc.
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|Smith Kline Instruments, Inc.
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|Jun 30, 1981
|Ausonics Pty. Limited
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|Jul 7, 1981
|Raytheon Company
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|Fujitsu Limited
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|Hitachi, Ltd.
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|Sep 12, 1983
|Aug 27, 1985
|Technicare Corporation
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|Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
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|Hitaci, Ltd.
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|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
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|Quantum Medical Systems, Incorporated
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|Acuson Corporation
|Broadband phased array transducer design with frequency controlled two dimension capability and methods for manufacture thereof
|May 2, 1995
|Dec 3, 1996
|Acuson Corporation
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|Mar 3, 1995
|Dec 10, 1996
|Acuson Corporation
|Broadband phased array transducer design with frequency controlled two dimension capability and methods for manufacture thereof
|Jun 12, 1996
|Apr 28, 1998
|Acuson Corporation
|Broadband phased array transducer design with frequency controlled two dimension capability and methods for manufacture thereof
|Feb 17, 1998
|Nov 2, 1999
|Acuson Corporation
|Broadband phased array transducer design with frequency controlled two dimension capability and methods for manufacture thereof
|Nov 27, 2000
|Aug 20, 2002
|Acuson Corp.
|Aperture configurations for medical diagnostic ultrasound
|Aug 27, 2004
|Mar 3, 2009
|The University Of Manchester
|Pressure wave piezoelectric sensor
|Jun 3, 2009
|Aug 14, 2012
|Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc.
|Coherent image formation for dynamic transmit beamformation
|Aug 17, 2010
|Apr 1, 2014
|Imsonic Medical, Inc.
|Handheld ultrasound color flow imaging system with mechanically scanned, mechanically focused multi-element transducers
|Jun 29, 2012
|Apr 8, 2014
|Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc.
|Coherent image formation for dynamic transmit beamformation
|Aug 27, 2004
|Jan 11, 2007
|Jaworski Arthur J
|Pressure wave piezoelectric sensor
|Jun 15, 2009
|Oct 8, 2009
|General Electric
|Inspection systems and methods for detection of material property anomalies
|Dec 10, 2009
|Loftman Rickard C
|Coherent Image Formation for Dynamic Transmit Beamformation
|Sep 30, 2010
|Seth Coe-Sullivan
|Photovoltaic devices including quantum dot down-conversion materials useful for solar cells and materials including quantum dots
|Jun 29, 2012
|Nov 8, 2012
|Siemens Medical Solutions Usa,Inc.
|Coherent Image Formation for Dynamic Transmit Beamformation
|Dec 27, 2004
|May 27, 2009
|High intensity powerful ultrasonic transducer with quasi-self focusing
|U.S. Classification
|600/447, 73/626, 73/642
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 10, 1982
Owner name: BRENTWOOD ASSOCIATES II, 11661 SAN VICENTE BLVD.,
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|Feb 28, 1983
Owner name: CONTINENTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT CO., LTD. 555 CALIF
Free format text: RELEASED BY SECURED PARTY;ASSIGNOR:SECOND FOUNDATION, INC., A CA CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004118/0583
Effective date: 19821118
Owner name: CONTINENTAL CAPITAL VENTURES, A LIMITED PARTNERSHI
Free format text: RELEASED BY SECURED PARTY;ASSIGNOR:SECOND FOUNDATION, INC., A CA CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004118/0583
Effective date: 19821118
Owner name: BRENTWOOD ASSOCIATES II, 11661 SAN VICENTE BLVD. L
Free format text: RELEASED BY SECURED PARTY;ASSIGNOR:SECOND FOUNDATION, INC., A CA CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004118/0583
Effective date: 19821118


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My family went to the New York State Fair every summer. We visited The Dairy Building to check out the enormous butter sculpture and, afterwards, waited in a ridiculously long line to get a free baked potato, topped with butter and sour cream. 692 more words
Tags » When Life Doesn't Fit In A File Folder
The Truth About Identity Theft: A Cautionary Tale
If I had been paying attention, I would have seen that Universe was making plans to kick my ass.
After three years of being too sick to travel, I was excited to go somewhere new and connect with other creative souls. 1,332 more words
Unfinished Business
On the day we met, we were damaged.
Bruised fruit, I heard someone say,
and yet I could see how delicious
we could be, if we focused… 260 more words
My Video for #WorldBenzoDay
Today is World Benzodiazepine Awareness Day.
This is my contribution.
Note: I should have probably taken a moment to think about dressing up, or putting on makeup, or doing something with my hair. 133 more words
World Benzo Awareness Day: Coming Soon
Monday is World Benzodiazepine Awareness Day. Below, you'll find information about Monday's event and a video featuring individuals from around the globe who have been injured by benzodiazepines. 604 more words
Signs From The Universe
Many years ago, I inherited one of my grandmother's plants: a heavy pot of thick roots and tens of long, robust green leaves with rounded tips. 981 more words
What it Means to Survive
The last time I tried out for Survivor was in 2013.
I was healthy.
Or at least, I thought I was.
(I had no idea that taking .5 mg of… 159 more words


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Top Choice Bazaar in Tabriz
Tabriz Bazaar
Mausoleum in Shiraz
Aramgah-e Hafez
Iranians have a saying that every home must have two things: first the Quran, then a collection of the works of Hafez. And in reality, many would reverse that order. Hafez the poet is an Iranian folk hero – loved, r…
Shrine in Shiraz
Aramgah-e Shah-e Cheragh
Sayyed Mir Ahmad, one of Imam Reza's 17 brothers, was hunted down and killed by the caliphate on this site in AD 835 and his remains are housed in this glittering shrine. A mausoleum was first erected over the grave…
Gardens in Shiraz
Bagh-e Eram
Famous for its tall cypress trees, this Unesco-listed garden was laid out during the Qajar period but incorporates elements from an earlier Seljuk landscape. Social anthropologists will love it – the many hidden cor…
Gardens in Shiraz
Bagh-e Jahan Nama
If you just want to hang out in the greenery, don't want to spend IR30,000 for the privilege and want it to be within walking distance of your hotel, come on down.
in Shiraz
Bagh-e Naranjestan
Bagh-e Naranjestan is Shiraz's smallest garden and is famous as the setting for the opulently decorated Naranjestan-e Ghavam pavilion, built between 1879 and 1886, as part of a complex owned by one of Shiraz&…
Museum in Shiraz
Bagh-e Nazar & Pars Museum
This formal garden and a delightfully decorated octagonal pavilion at its centre (now the Pars Museum) are other notable Zand-era additions. Karim Khan once received foreign dignitaries in the pavilion, which has a …
in Shiraz
Bazar-e Vakil
Shiraz's ancient trading district is comprised of several bazaars dating from different periods. The finest and most famous is the Bazar-e Vakil, a cruciform structure commissioned by Karim Khan as part of his plan …
Historic Building in Shiraz
Hammam-e Vakil
The vaulted and beautifully decorated central chamber of this Zand-era bathhouse now houses an interesting exhibition of Persian carpets. Once, Shirazis would have relaxed by its fountain after taking a bath in the …
Imamzadeh in Shiraz
Imamzadeh-ye Ali Ebn-e Hamze
This is the tomb of Emir Ali, a nephew of Shah Cheragh who also died here while en route to Khorasan to help Imam Reza. The existing shrine was built in the 19th century after earthquakes destroyed previous incarnat…


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Having a Baby?
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London Folk Music Meetup Group Message Board › FolkEast Festival
|A former member
Hi everybody!,
just wanted to let you know about a festival being held in Suffolk on August bank holiday weekend.
The webpage is here: www.folkeast.co.uk if you wanted to find out more.
The likes of; Steelye Spam, Penguin Cafe, Jim Moray and Eliza Carthy shall be there amongst many, many more! As well as music there shall be lots of weird and wonderful activities on offer
Let me know if you want more information, it would be great to see you there!
Meetup members, Log in
By clicking "Sign up" or "Sign up using Facebook", you confirm that you accept our Terms of Service & Privacy Policy


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Rainproof Ringsted – solving the stormwater problem creates opportunities
Ringsted is a city in the centre of Sjælland, Denmark's largest and most populated island. Its central position and | Read More
Ringsted is a city in the centre of Sjælland, Denmark's largest and most populated island. Its central position and | Read More
OKRA, in collaboration with Buro Happold, SWA and Tomato, have been selected as design team to transform the station area | Read More
In recent weeks there has been flooding in China with many cities experiencing heavy rainfall and urban flooding. The flooding | Read More
With the development of the Quickscan Beykoz, an initial but substantial, step was taken towards the integrated protection and development | Read More
On Long Island's eastern end, the Towns of Southampton and Riverhead, in Suffolk County, are planning for a new pedestrian | Read More
Optimizing Singapore's Land Use Singapore has a long and successful history of land optimization and intensification since its independence over | Read More
In the south of Luxembourg an industrial area, in earlier days used by the steel industry, was transformed into an attractive | Read More
The S-Line is a modern streetcar set in an abandoned 2-mile long freight corridor. It extends from the existing light | Read More
Proposal Ocean Hyacinth is a network of floating tidal marshes that will purify the contamination caused by the ship breaking | Read More
The winning design for the new pedestrian and cycle bridge is called 'Between History and Modernity' and was submitted by | Read More


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$1,100.00 6 days ago
1995 Honda Civic Ex, w/ low miles, Price Lowered - $1100 (Princeton, IL)
Update 10/19 I have all the records of maintenance work. Low 144,000 miles. Power windows. Sunroof (needs repair to open, but is a great moon roof). I have the title and the service book (throw in for free). I just put 2 new tires on the car. A piece of my muffler fell off a few days ago. So now the car sounds like a sports car, lol, if you like that kind of thing. Bills Muffler in Princeton, IL s
6 days ago
LaSalle, IL
$1,000.00 1 week ago
91 civic dx runs great rare 5 speed 1000$! - $1000
Hello i have a 91 honda civic dx its a rare 5 speed from canada with only 180xxx! It has nice new speakers in the doors a brandnew kenwood head unit. It also has a beautiful mag flow muffler on it a brand new stage 2 clutch brand new radiator. Im asking $1000 for it but im open for trades obo. Its easier to text me thank you.
1 week ago
Martinsburg, WV
$5,200.00 1 week ago
99 Honda Civic JDM h22a swap - $5200 (97355)
99 civic h22a JDM motor/tranny swap 62,000 miles approximately105,000 miles on the body/car clean title in handp28 ecu chiped and tunnedClifford alarm systemCarbon fiber air intakeHasport axlesAem adjustable fuel rail/ pressure regulatorfuel pressure gauge oil pressure gauge not currently hooked upvacuum/ boost gaugeUnorthodox adjustable cam gears/lightweight pullyTinted windows Rota gt3 rims 16x7
1 week ago
Corvallis, OR
$2,200.00 1 week ago
1999 Honda Civic Ex - $2200
99 civic ex 5speed 1.6 y8 VTEC Engine has 147k on it, I replaced the engine a few months ago, before I put it in, i put new timing belt, water pump and new clutch. Has 2 3/4 full exhaust with stock muffler and intake. Car runs and drives great. Transmission shifts smooth no pop outs, no grinds. It's lowered on coil overs. Has cold a/c, power steering, cruise control. Car will come with system, 2 d
1 week ago
Norfolk, VA
$1,500.00 1 week ago
Selling a 1999 Honda Civic.4dr 305k miles all highway. Power everything and factory CD player. Brand new tires and 2 extra new snow tires on steel wheels. New exhaust system from cat to muffler. New a.c. Compressor. Needs a wiper motor or relay only works on high setting. Runs strong.
1 week ago
New Jersey, NJ
$3,150.00 2 weeks ago
93 Honda civic ex - $3150 (sheboygan)
all parts listed were replaced in early 2011.new-radio-radio cable-right fender-4-tires-balance tires-oil filter-battery-5w30 motor oil-right door molding-deck lid lock assembly-distributor-exhaust gasket-belts-duralast brake pad set-valuecraft brake pad set-muffler assembly resonator-air filter-rubber bushings-collars-lower control arm rear-brake caliber-oil pan gasket-new tires-steering column-t
2 weeks ago
Sheboygan, WI
$3,000.00 3 weeks ago
05 g35 sedan fs ft - $3000 (Wake forest)
05 g35 sedan 6 speed 250xxx miles but very well taken care of May need clutch master cylinder clutch pedal sticks a little when driven hard it's a known problem with these cars Mods:Muffler and resonator delete Lowered on tein s techs Other than that it's stock Bad:Needs clutch master cylinder One tear on passenger seat Body is in really good shape a couple of little scratches and maybe 1 ding Loo
3 weeks ago
Raleigh, NC
$1,300.00 1 month ago
2000 Honda Civic EX - $1300 (Springfield)
I have a 2000 Civi EX with around 187,000 miles. 5spd manual. Runs well, drives straight. Timing belt was replaced in the last 10,000 miles. Interior is in good condition, no rips or tears in the carpet or seats. 30~mpg in town. Does need a muffler and 1 tire. Car has rebuilt title from accident before the precious owner bought it. Was wrecked right before I got it and I replaced the bumper, radia
1 month ago
Springfield, MO
Contact Us 1 month ago
Trade for 4 Dr 04 civic si will sell also (Fogelsville)
Looking to trade my civic for a 4 door it's an 04 with clean title, stage 2 clutch, tanabe midpipe on stock si muffler, ktune cams and springs, new timing chain and guide with water pump to much to list, looking for a tsx,tl,pilot crv,g35 etc can have rtitle as long as it's in good shape like mines,Text show contact info
1 month ago
Allentown, PA
Contact Us
$6,775.00 1 month ago
2001 Honda Civic 4dr Automatic Only 90,000 Miles WE FINANCE - $6775 (Holland)
Call 616-396-7756 or 616-499-1107 to inquire about this ONE OWNER super nice Honda Civic. The Civic is the leader in its class. Reliable, durable long lasting with minimal repairs, excellent fuel economy, why would you buy anything else? The vehicle history report shows no accidents on this vehicle. Fully mechanically inspected, ready to drive home, we certified this with a free 3 month 3000 mile
1 month ago
Kalamazoo, MI
$600.00 1 month ago
honda civic - $600 (Gordon)
HONDA CIVIC 1995 PARTS CAR ONLY!!!!!!!!!!!!! new a/c compressor an drier runs an drives good but needs head gasket repair will take 600 obo. has coil over shocks front and rear,has dc sport muffler has carbon fiber hood but unfortunately someone sprayed it. i do not have title but ,the car has new tires also.
1 month ago
Macon, GA
$6,775.00 1 month ago
2001 Honda Civic 4dr Automatic Only 90,000 Miles WE FINANCE - $6775 (Holland)
Call 616-396-7756 or 616-499-1107 to inquire about this ONE OWNER super nice Honda Civic. The Civic is the leader in its class. Reliable, durable long lasting with minimal repairs, excellent fuel economy, why would you buy anything else? The vehicle history report shows no accidents on this vehicle. Fully mechanically inspected, ready to drive home, we certified this with a free 3 month 3000 mile
1 month ago
Holland, MI
$1,200.00 1 month ago
98 mercedes e430 sport - $1200 (google map)
Have a 98 e430 sport heated seats new radiator new thermostat new front brakes new rear brakes new tires the car is on dc2 i think they are called one piece coilover had them in for about 6 months now i do not beat on the car tranny was change 4 months ago with 90,000 miles on it the motor has 189,000 the odometer says 210,000 but did a motor swap ac works good care shift perfect deives smooth nee
1 month ago
New York, NY
$1,500.00 1 month ago
1998 Honda Civic - 89k miles - good condition - $1500 (Frostburg, MD)
1998 Honda Civic - Low mileage and well maintained. Transmission and engine are good. Relatively new brakes and muffler. Framework between the front wheels is rusted. Alternator belt needs replaced - not currently running. Tires will need to be replaced.For sale as is - KBB value approximately $2,000 - asking $1,500 obo.
1 month ago
Western Maryland, MD
$2,500.00 1 month ago
1999 Honda Civic Lx - $2500 (Watkins Glen)
Has a newer muffler, good tires, cold air
1 month ago
Ithaca, NY
$1,300.00 1 month ago
Honda Civic ex - $1300 (Holland)
Honda Civic ex. Decent tires. New muffler. Runs great. Windows fall off track, so they are currently unplugged.
1 month ago
Holland, MI
$1,600.00 1 month ago
1993 Honda Civic LX - $1600 (Lexington)
I have a 93 Honda Civic Lx I am wanting to to trade for either a jeep or 4 door 4x4 truck. The body has 278k miles on it but the motor has right at 140k on it. It is lowered on coilovers and straight piped to a borla muffler. The body has a few dents but other than that its a great car. Interior is in great condition. The driver side window needs to be set back on its track. Feel free to text or c
1 month ago
Winston-Salem, NC
$1,300.00 1 month ago
$1,300, Honda Civic 1998 Lx 90,000 Miles
Great Trandportation Engine and transmition Good Need to fix Muffler and Air conditioner.305-900-6080 18901 Sw 106th ave,33157 google map | yahoo map
1 month ago
Miami, FL
$1,000.00 2 months ago
2000 Honda Civic EX - $1000 (Kettering)
HONDA CIVIC EX - Black, Coupe, Automatic, 160,000 miles, Sunroof,New muffler system, New air conditioning, new catalytic converter, Replaced front calipers, pads, etc. Replaced rear wheel cylinders, Tires in very good condition. Pioneer radio system, Alpine subwoofers. Body damage, needs TLC but runs great!Regular maintenance done. All records are available. Moving out of state. $1,000 OBOCall: Do
2 months ago
Dayton, OH
$850.00 2 months ago
1995 Honda Civic EX--Runs Great! - $850 (Andover)
This is a fun little car to drive. It lives up to the Honda reputation of being dependable and gets great gas mileage. At over 36 mpg it almost feels like driving for free! It only has 156,700 miles and is priced much lower than KBB.2015-put on new TIMING BELT, water pump, drive belts, and muffler.The AC does not work but it has a moon-roof and the heat works great!2014- New tires, front brake pad
2 months ago
Quad Cities, IL


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Roto-Rooter Plumbing & Drain in Los Angeles, CA
Company Name: Roto-Rooter Plumbing & Drain
Street: 4017 Whittier Blvd
City: Los Angeles
State: CA
Postal Code: 90023
Address: 4017 Whittier Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90023
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Roto-Rooter Plumbing & Drain Service provides plumbing repair, sewer & drain services to residential and commercial customers. Roto-Rooter is a United States company ...
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Family Owned and Operated for over 45 years, Roto-Rooter in New Jersey is prepared for any plumbing need. We provide commercial and residential plumbing services of ...
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Trusted Plumbing Experts In Decatur. Whether you are in need of a simple plumbing repair or need your drains cleaned, Roto-Rooter Plumbing is just a phone call away.
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Roto Rooter Plumbing and Drain Service was founded in 1935, and since has become the largest provider of plumbing and drain cleaning services in North America.
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Roto-Rooter of Southwest Michigan - Complete Kalamazoo Area Residential and Commercial Plumbing and Drain Services - the Plumber You Need!
Cooper's Roto-Rooter Plumbing & Sewer Drain Service
Contact Cooper s Roto Rooter for plumbing and drain cleaning services in Kansas. Affordable plumbing with the same price seven days a week.
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Roto Rooter ® also provides industrial, commercial and domestic clients with experienced, qualified general plumbing services in Johannesburg and Ekurhuleni
Columbia, SC Plumber | Roto-Rooter Plumbing & Drain Services
Find a plumber in Columbia, SC, you can count on. Roto-Rooter's trained technicians are available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Call 803-750-8030.
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19 Best-Ever Grilled Chicken Recipes
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Rice Crispy Chicken
By: Melissa from Serendipity and Spice
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Yes, this 5-ingredient dinner recipe does use the classic cold cereal to coat each piece of chicken breast. Add some crunch to your repertoire of healthy chicken recipes with this Rice Crispy Chicken dish from Melissa of Serendipity and Spice. The chicken is baked in the oven for 45 minutes to achieve that crunchy golden exterior. Best of all, you probably have all of the ingredients on hand right now to make this super simple cooking idea.
Cooking Time: 45 min
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Many live a hectic life and often time is not enough for all to-dos on the list. Professional cleaning services are commonplace in Bromley BR1. Our job is to facilitate your housework by providing affordable and quality cleaning services. We are known for our wide range of services and are just next to you. Why not give us a call on 020 8114 9194 to see what we can help you with.
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Desktop VisualizeR
Desktop VisualizeR(DVR) is an application that allows you to personalize your home screen
Free • 19.9K
All Android applications categories
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Desktop VisualizeR(DVR) is an application that allows you to personalize your home screen
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This music visualizer brings your music to the screen in an explosion of bright colors
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projectM is the most advanced music visualizer available on the Android Market. It has
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Make your old home screen alive. Visualize your music right on your wallpaper (looks great even
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Speaker Box is a live wallpaper for any music player that visualizes your music by simulating
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For phones & tablets! Now with DUAL view! Browse your music by mood or genre! Switch views
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Libro Personal Bookmarks: "My Own Private Bookmarks"
by Ana Gracia
THE VERDICT Libro Personal Bookmarks is a handy tool for those who want to maintain a great feed filled with links, photos, and articles you've found online. The application allows you to save all the content so only you can see it. It's privat…
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text: What is Diet Dabbler?Every week I buy new diet plans so I can read them and tell you about them. I include lists of suggested foods, free recipes, and even sample meal plans. Find a diet that works for you! Old School New Body The Old School New Body system is one of the few fitness programs specifically designed for older people. The claim is that you can look and feel decades younger than your actual age if you eat and exercise a certain way.Keep Reading → The Dessert Angel The Dessert Angel is the ultimate cookbook for people with a sweet tooth who want to eat healthy. As long as you only have one serving, you can eat dessert 4 or 5 days a week without worrying about your weight.Keep Reading → The 3 Week Diet The 3 Week Diet claims to be "a foolproof, science-based diet guaranteed to melt away 12 to 23 pounds of stubborn body fat in just 21 days." Sounds great, but is there any truth to this claim?Keep Reading → 5 Day Detox with Drew Canole The 5 Day Detox with Drew Canole is a step by step guide on how to do a proper detox. Countless people have used this strategy to flush toxins out of their bodies and give themselves a fresh start.Keep Reading → Starve Mode Preview Unlike most of the books on this site, Starve Mode doesn't tell you exactly what to eat and how to exercise. Instead it provides you with the tools you need to figure out what will work best for your body.Keep Reading → PaleoBurn Fat Burner System The PaleoBurn Fat Burner System has been one of the most popular paleo diet plans for over 2 years now. That's because it goes beyond the basics and teaches you how to live a healthy, worry-free paleo lifestyle.Keep Reading → Should You Try a Gluten Free Diet? Gluten is one of the most misunderstood nutrients in the world. A lot of people have the idea that whatever it is, it's bad for you. So what is gluten? In this post I'm going to answer that question and help you decide if you should try a gluten-free diet.Keep Reading → Glowing Lean System Recently I bought the Glowing Lean System by Kimberly Snyder. This system was released late last year and is quickly growing in popularity through word-of-mouth. I spent a few hours reading through it and watching the videos. Here's what I found out.Keep Reading → Denise Austin Online Denise Austin is one of the most famous fitness experts in the world. She has authored 12 books, starred in multiple exercise videos, and has changed the lives of millions. Now she has an online fitness program, but is the cost of membership worth it?Keep Reading → What is the Cookie Diet? The Cookie Diet has come in many forms. There's the Hollywood Cookie Diet, Dr. Siegal's Cookie Diet, and more recently, the Smart for Life Cookie Diet. But is it just a gimmick, or can you safely lose weight while eating cookies?Keep Reading → Blood Type Diet The Blood Type Diet is based on the idea that your blood type affects the way your body handles certain foods. For example, people with blood type O are said to have more trouble digesting wheat. But is there any scientific evidence, or is it just a gimmick?Keep Reading →123456


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Studded Moto Jacket (Plus Size)
Product not available
HideDetails & Care
A classic moto jacket is reinvented in a cotton-modal knit infused with shape-giving stretch. Pyramid studs polish each shoulder to keep true to biker-inspired attitude.
- 25 1/2" length (size 2X).
- Front zip closure.
- Cotton/modal/spandex.
- Machine wash cold.
- By Sejour; imported.
- Encore.
Studded Moto Jacket (Plus Size)
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92 Avenue Francis Tonner, Cannes 06150, Provenza Alpes Costa Azul (Francia) Ver mapa
For cancellations made by 30 days before the check-in day, a cancellation fee of 50% of the entire stay is charged. For late cancellations made after this time 100% of the entire stay is charged. All times refer to the local time at the property. For no-show, 100% of the entire stay will be charged.
You can cancel the reservation without penalty fee until 30 days before check in date