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You're doing pretty well, brah, nothing huge to worry about. Girl 2 is fine, she seems interested and you're meeting up with her at that club, so take care of business there.
Girl 3 is exactly like this girl I know. She likes to play games and tests you a LOT with texts. All the times she was saying "Oh, how so?" or "Oh, really? Why do you say that?" she's testing you to see what you say. Whenever this girl I know does that I just act very cocky and funny, but not so much so that it's a turn off. You just have to be confident with what you say and she'll get the message. Also, try throwing in some more sexual comments. The times when she was talking about being a bad girl as well, you should have been like "Well I guess you'll have to show me sometime " Things like that are what I mean when you're cocky/funny. But don't sweat it, you're doing really well. Keep doing what your doing and don't rely so much on what's being said on the board. Try and sift through all the crap on your own.
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"My brother is an Alpha male in real life and virtually all of his friends are Alpha males." - zionosis
You are doing well for sho, looks like you've passed most of girl #3's tests already, just keep thinking that you can take her or leave her and you're actually the prize.
One comment I'd have to make is less "haha"'s ... I know you're trying to keep it light but it gives off a slightly needy vibe. Also, you could accomplish the same result with half as many texts.
It's really important to build an attraction *before* you get her number. Can't tell you how hard it is to build attraction over texting and most girls will need that attraction to see you again. For example (mind you I'm 26), I met a girl Saturday night, created a really good vibe with her for less than 5 minutes and got her number. Texted her Monday and it went like this: (sorry no pics she doesn't have facebook)
Me: Got a baseball game tonight in the rain, what are you up to?
*Establishing I do things and seeing if she also does things*
Her: Ick--no weather related cancellations? I'm having an early family dinner-- pretty exciting stuff
*No care about family dinner, time to move in for the kill*
Me: Nice, we'll see what happens with the weather.. Would love to see some more smiles from you! **World's greatest line, use it and abuse it** How does your week look?
Her: Does Wednesday work for you?
Me: Yea sure, let's grab a pint somewhere in blah blah blah blah, where abouts in TO are you?
Her: That sounds perfect-- hopefully the weather will be better and we can hit up a patio. I'm right downtown.
Me:Awesome, I'll give you a call on wednesday to finalize... I'm thinking 8ish. Have a good night!
*Calling starts to make it more personal, I like a small chat before the date*
And that is that. I already knew there was attraction initially so I didn't have to go through a whole cat and mouse texting routine and went straight for the kill. Good luck, you're doing well.
Last edited by ramsesthe2; 07-14-2010 at 06:59 AM.@biogains coconut oil based protein bars
"We must all suffer one of two things: the pain of discipline or the pain of regret or disappointment."
"The first and the best victory is to conquer self."
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[Official] San Diego Brah
07-14-2010, 12:53 PM #131@biogains coconut oil based protein bars
"We must all suffer one of two things: the pain of discipline or the pain of regret or disappointment."
"The first and the best victory is to conquer self."
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Haha alot of people keep telling me to hit the beaches Ima throw an updated pictures tonite on my bodyspace i have 2 paks visable but my chest and arms are decent sized and even legs. But i kno if i wing it at the bitch with my reg Wingman he will be bagging hoes hes got a basketball build he like 6'4 like 180 hes weak i lifted with him but he has little body fat and tons of tat's that look pretty sick. but mayb i should just bag off of him..?
Oh And may be hanging with girl 2 saturday shes trying to find somone to ride with herU.S. Navy Corpsman - Devil Doc
[Official] San Diego Brah
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haha i am gonna do my update tommaro its alot to write and i am half asleep lol i wish i could post it now to wake up to see what u guys anaylazed of girl two but this will be a some what intersting read i think i even showed a little beta nessU.S. Navy Corpsman - Devil Doc
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Update Girl 2
get readdy for a long read lol i have been putting off typing this like its a hw assignment haha
M: Hey you = )
H: Hey there = ) how are you??
M: Im doing good hbu how was your day?
H: Im doing really good. my day is awesome just put in a half a day at abbott and now about to spend the rest of my day outside hopefully : ) how was urs??
M: Haha that sounds legit espically on such a nice day. my days been pretty uneventful for the most part lol just looking forward to the weekend what are your plans for this weekend?
*did i do wrong by saying my day has been pretty boring..? should i have made up some **** to make my day exciting?*
H:Haha sounds fun. yea me too. um nothing really planned yet i dont think tho. any plans for youuu?
M: Yea nothing to big going to energy on thursdays then going to medusas in Elgin it would be nice to see your pretty smile this weekend tho = )
H: Hahah that could happen possibly :- )
* i fell asleep lol mid afternoon nap, so she sent me another text*
H: When are you planning on going to medusa?
M: My bad fell asleep lol much needed nap haha but yea saturday that girl from deadmau5 is gonna be there suppose to be pretty big
H: Haha its all good i took a nap too. lol oh wow that sounds pretty fun!
M: You should come = )
H: lol im thinking about it : ) haha i dont my friends i went with to zero would want to go so id have to find some1 to drive with lol
M: =( haha well dayumm that sucks you almost made my weekend = (
H: Haha its not a no yet : )
M: Yes, theres still hope = ) haha so how are you and your friend on like the whole party/club scene u guys do it alot or no?
H: Haha yep! still a chance! lol ;- P well once at a club and honestly i just started to drink about a month ago so im not big into it but i like going to them
M: Haha wow your such a good girl : ) gosh you make me look terrible haha ive been into drinking and partying since junior year haha
*i just lol'd at the fact that i said "gosh"
H: Haha i guess you could call me that ;-p just never got into it lol. but hey im gonna work out. ill text u later : )
M: haha alrite ttyl : )
*Well this is where i decided in my head if shes not really intersted shes prolly not gonna text me back tonite.... well she texted me 2 hours later fellsgoodbrahs.jpg*
H: Hey you! :-)
M: Hey watsup how was your workout?
H: It was really good and nothing really. just listening to music and layin down. what r up to to nowww?
M: Samething as you chillen listening to music haha what cha listening to?
H: Im listening to josh gracin right now country =) haha and you?
M: Haha country i dont think ive ever listened to country...... wait yea i have a little taylor swift haha im always up for somthing new give my your facorite country artist and ima download some of his music tell you what i think of it =) haha but yea im listening to coldplay.
*no RH i am not on that phaggy time*
H:Haha if youve only listened to taylor swift u deff cannout count that haha. right now my favorite is josh turner, big and rich, brad paisely by far and carrie underwood lol : ) coldplay is pretty awesome : ) whats ur favorite type of music???
M: Haha why dont you like taylor swift shes the reason for the teardrops on my guirtar ; ) haha ima give Carie Underwood a try and big and rich just cause thats just an awesome name haha, but yea i listen to everything really, Blink 182, Bullet 4 my valentine, a day to remeber, deadmau5, Drake, Lil wayne, Wiz Khalifa, forever the sickest kids.... haha yea im all over the place pretty much lol how about you whats your favorite type of music..?
H: Haha oh nothing totally agianst t swift lol the only songs i will listen to over and over is forever and always the way i loved u and white horse all which are somewhat depressing i just relized and u have to listen to josh turner would u go with me and im all over the place too lol i like everything expect like heavy metal scremo haha.
M: Yea i would go with you ; ) lol but yea i watched the video on youttube lol def didnt expect that deep ass voice to come outta that guy lol caught me totally off guard haha
H: HAHA I KNOW! Thats why i love it SO much thats so sexy baha :- P
M: Haha you thought that was sexy wait till you hear my voice crafted by the angels haha
H: Haha cant wait u got big cometition tho lol : )
M: Haha so youu go to unii right how you like it there?
H: lol yeppp well im actully transferring there so never been there for a semester or whatnot yet. but from what i can from visits its beautiful
M: Haha thats sick, what do you plan on studying ?
H: lol majoring in art emphasies in graphic design was thinking about minoring in dance but nah. : ) ur in the navy right? did u always want to go into that?
M: Haha why not dance haha your an amzing dancer ; ) well i leave in january for bootcamp untill then im at CC for a cemester but nah i got accpected into pre physical therapy program at uni Illinois - Chicago and my parents really wanted me to go there but i was like on of those kids who didnt do homework and just studied for test so i knew it would be a waste of my parents money so i was just like ima join the navy get some experiance in the medical field come back have college paid for and hopefully some money saved up haha my parents were furious lol they both graduated from UIC it was kidna expected i did the same to lol.
H: Haha oh boy. rebel over here lol. but it was still smart i think.. everything always happens for a reason i think.. when did you graduate from highschool ?
M: Haha yea i think that to but yea i graduated last month lol yea i kno im a baby = (
H: Haha aww. 18? :- ) yeah i graduated in 09 and just turned 19 last month so im a young one goin into soph year lol
M: Haha that decent were both young ass hell haha so is this gonna be your first year at a uni..? haha if so your gonna go wild lol that inner bad girl may be unleashed lol ; )
H: Haha oh u think so? CC deff didnt do anything lol hmmmmm. ya new know. before i leave im getting my eyebrow peirced. i know that lol
M: Haha thats gonna be sexy idk i think girls with piercings are hot as long as they dont go overboard with it like on of those bull rings hanging out ther enostrils lol stuff like that just looks dumb lol but yea ive been wanted to get my cartiledge piereced for a minute cause like all my bros have it and it looks so sick but my current job wont allow it : (
H: Lol sorry totaly fell asleep! where do you work at? haha no def wouldnt do somthing like that.... i already got my cartilage done also tho : - )
M: Haha its all good im a floor model at abercrombie in oak brook if you kno where that is haha thats so hot your gonna to show me all your pierceings when we chill ; ) haha do you work.?
*I fell asleep she fell asleep to but she texted me when she woke up*
H: Haha no way? and yea im pretty sure i know where that is lol .. well not anymore pierceings yet unfortunatly lol. ; ) and idk if u know what it is but i work at abbott labs near n. chicago parttime. and then im a camp counselor the rest of the week sorry if this wakes u passed out agian lol goodmornin
Well damn my ****in fingers are tired RH care to decipher this and if i played this well and whats your stance on her and whats she looking for?U.S. Navy Corpsman - Devil Doc
[Official] San Diego Brah
next time you text her (or she texts you) keep it short and set up a place and time to hang.
btw stop sayin "haha" so much.. this chick doesnt seem to mind, but its usually not a good look. makes you sound insecure.
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Hooyah. In the Navy here as well. We pull in some good ****.
Alright bro here is the problem, you just ****ing dance around with your texts and ****. You need to meet up with bitches. Texting is like spinning your wheels in the mud. My big thing with chicks is, getting them to their place. After that talk about weird **** lay down on their bed. they will to. Because I'm a med student they'll always ask bull**** questions about sexual attraction. We'll talk about sexual attraction for a couple minutes before we end up screwing like wild animals.
Again my thing has been and always will be - long text conversations suck. Never help your game.__________
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[Official] San Diego Brah
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The Four Ancient Books Of WalesThe Four Ancient Books of Wales by William F. Skene The only available translation of the complete corpus of Welsh Bardic poetry. "This is William Skene's anthology of dark-age Welsh Bardic poetry. Often cited, but difficult to obtain, this book contains every remaining piece of Bardic poetry known. The poems are translated from four manuscripts: the Black Book of Caermarthen, the Red Book of
$2.99The Gododdin Poems from The Four Ancient Books of Wales by William F. Skene The Gododdin Poems was first published in 1869 under the authorship of William F. Skene. The Gododdin (pronounced [go'doðin]) were a Brythonic people of north-eastern Britain (modern north-east England and south-east Scotland) in the sub-Roman period, best known as the subject of the 7th century Welsh series of poems
The Ancient Welsh Bardic PoetryIt is these four: the Black Book of Caermarthen; the Book of Aneurin; the Book of Taliessin; and the Red Book of Hergest, that are here termed the four ancient books of Wales, and it is with the ancient poems contained in these four books that we have now to do. Undoubtedly it is in these four books that the most ancient. texts of the poems are to be found. The contents of these books remained
$3.99The Library of Alexandria is an independent small business publishing house. We specialize in bringing back to live rare, historical and ancient Books. This includes manuscripts such as: classical fiction, philosophy, science, Religion, folklore, mythology, history, literature, politics and sacred texts, in addition to Secret and esoteric subjects, such as: occult, freemasonry, alchemy, hermetic,
Includes The Age of Fable, The Age of Chivalry & Legends of CharlemagneFor almost a century and a half, Bulfinch's Mythology has been the text by which the great tales of the gods and goddesses, Greek and Roman antiquity, Scandinavian, Celtic, and Oriental fables and myths, and the age of chivalry have been known. The forerunner of such interpreters as Edith Hamilton and Robert Graves, Thomas Bulfinch wanted to make these stories available to the general reader. A
Boudica: Historical Commentaries, Poetry, and Plays
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$2.61The Mabinogion is the title given to a collection of eleven prose stories collated from medieval Welsh manuscripts. The tales draw on pre-Christian Celtic mythology, international folktale motifs, and early medieval historical traditions. While some details may hark back to older Iron Age traditions, each of these tales is the product of a highly developed medieval Welsh narrative tradition, both


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Separate names with a comma.
Discussion in 'Chicago Bears' started by Grizzblue, Mar 27, 2014.
I would assume they "practice" what they're gonna do in...ya know...PRACTICE!
Butkus, I agree, but I would have thought they'd want to see some of that in a least semi real situations. But all the same it needs to be pointed out to those that think they are watching Tuckers D in pre season, that we aren't.
so, either practice is a complete waste of time and we should open up the season in Sep going right into the season games, or our coaches should be willing to accept less effort during practice and PS.
I dunno... I'm not buying either.
LOL... send it back to the "headcase archives"
Not all practice(s) are public. What & how they practice when outsiders & cameras are not around is probably different than what reporters see when they are viewing a PUBLIC practice. Just my $.02.
That right there is what I'm hoping and if that is the case, both Trestman and Tucker go up a notch in my estimation (assuming what they are working on actually works!)
Rumor has it that they are busy converting vaunted "Hester Package" to "The Shea Package" and when it is finally rolled out this season Mel will shock the world.
The Shea Butter Package. Comes in different styles and sizes for different plays.
The current status of the Shea Butter Package ... Unrefined...
When you want to blitz the QB and body slam him...
When you're trying for an interception/pass break up...
When you want him to spy on the QB...
The Canadians apparently used this in Olympic curling to run better on the ice. So this could be used on running plays...
And for when Shea screws up...
...and just needs to wash his hands of the situation....
I understand that Emery wanted Tucker to merge the two packages into the Shester (sometimes known as shyster) package. Mel insisted he did not want to use any one elses package and so went with his own called the Shea package.
Shea was quoted "I am very honored that coach Tucker has named this after me. I am going to be sure that it goes just the way coach says. Right now none of us understand what he's trying to teach us, but we're doing it anyway".
Tucker gave a few clues during his interview. "Yes, this is the Hester package but I renamed it."
Newsbot: "It's the Hester package?!"
Tucker: "Yes"
Newsbot: "I thought you wanted your own package"
Tucker: "Yes"
Newsbot: "So your own package is the same as the old package?"
Tucker: "Yes"
Newsbot: "Why did you do that?"
Tucker: "I wasn't sure how to come up with my own"
Newsbot: "But the old one never worked for you"
Tucker: "I wasn't really sure how to coach it either...."
The daBears Newsbot is relentless in his pursuit of breaking news...
Can we put a number (or statistic) on sucess with Tucker this year? I am certainly not expecting a top 10 defense. How mediocre is success on defense this year?
To be fair to him, while I think the preseason is a pretty good indication (I know that is arguable), I'm not sure any stats are going to be meaningful until the season starts, especially if he is not rolling out his complete defense.
Personally, I am not expecting much of a change but probably the best way to go to be fair. I think others on the board are more knowledgeable than I as to where to get the best stats.
LOL, we could play the "Bob Newhart Game" with this video and just substitute the word practice for Bob. :10 7 3[1]:
If it's good enough to get us to the NFC Championship with a fighting chance of winning it then it'll be good enough. Anything else isn't.


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Target: John H. Felder Jr., Senior Director of Seabreeze Management Company
Goal: Thank management company for discontinuing the use of harmful bird traps to remove unwanted pigeons
A previous ForceChange petition demanded that a California management firm stop using cruel methods and devices to trap bothersome pigeons. Ensnared and neglected for days, these pigeons were left to suffer in confined spaces despite numerous complaints from onlookers and apartment residents. Fortunately, officials at the Seabreeze Management Company have ceased this inhumane practice and will hopefully explore nonlethal alternatives to bird control.
Originally, the management company deployed the traps at the Stadium Lofts apartments, capturing pigeons and ignoring them as they suffered from starvation and dehydration. When protested by concerned passersby, the company merely repositioned the traps out of sight. Thankfully, animal rights group PETA has reported Seabreeze Management's change of heart, citing the company's initial plans to continue the cruel measures but later removing the traps altogether. Whether the company will employ other, less injurious techniques was not specified by PETA. Nonetheless, this event marks a victory for both conservationists and animals alike.
Pursuing this form of bird control would have not only been detrimental to the local pigeon population, it would have been costly and ultimately ineffective. Pigeon Control Advisory Service (PiCAS) research suggests that lethal measures only increase pigeon numbers. Creating a surplus in food among the few survivors would have stimulated rapid breeding. Thus, employing bird traps would have exacerbated the problem and could have possibly resulted in further pigeon mortality in response to the population increase.
By discontinuing this practice, the Seabreeze Management Company has saved money, effort, and most importantly, the lives of local pigeons. Please join us in thanking the Senior Director of the company for valuing these pigeons' welfare and sparing them from further agony.
Dear Mr. Felder Jr.,
Thank you for listening to the voice of animal rights groups and conservationists who protested against the use of harmful bird traps. While pigeons can be pesky animals to control, they are still living beings that can feel pain and suffer in ways similar to you and me. I appreciate you not losing sight of this; your change of heart is truly noble and worth commending.
In the future, I urge you to explore nonlethal alternatives to pest control. The Pigeon Control Advisory Service details multiple techniques for decreasing the pigeon population in humane, effective ways. Not only will this save you funds, effort, and time, it will spare pigeons from unnecessary confinement and pain.
Thank you again for your judicious, empathetic decision in this matter. Please continue to consider animal welfare when making similar choices.
[Your Name Here]
Photo credit: Keven Law via Wikimedia Commons
Original petition: Demand Management Company Stop Using Cruel Bird Traps


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It soon becomes clear that more is at stake than just Ezra's well-being; Cohen and her marriage are suffering as well. Ezra's differentness, and the strain of pursuing varied therapies, takes a toll on the familyCohen's husband grows depressed and she pursues an affairall as she tries to help others recognize and embrace Ezra's uniqueness rather than force him to behave outside his comfort level. It isn't until they abandon the expected, prescriptive notions about love, marriage, and individuality that they are able to come back together as two parents who fiercely love their little boy.
Powerful and eye-opening, Seeing Ezra is an inspirational chronicle of a mother's struggle to protect her son from a system that seeks to compartmentalize and "fix" him, and of her journey toward accepting and valuing him for who he isjust as he is.


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Zero Tolerance Entertainment has released the hardcore trailer for OILED UP ANAL, featuring Abella Danger and Vicki Chase. See the video here.
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Virginia Sherwood/NBC(LOS ANGELES) -- Jennifer Lopez will star in the upcoming musical production of Bye Bye Birdie Live!
Lopez will play Rosie in the production, the role originated on stage by Chita Rivera in 1960.
"To have a superstar like Jennifer Lopez starring in this classic show, which every high school in America has done, will ensure that our holiday musicals continue to be must-see events for the whole family," said NBC Entertainment Chairman Bob Greenblatt in Los Angeles Thursday.
Lopez -- who will also serve as executive producer -- added, "Broadway musicals and films fueled my childhood and Bye Bye Birdie was one of my favorites. I'm proud to be a part of the NBC family with Shades of Blue and I thought it would be a blast to take on one of their big live musicals."
Harvey Fierstein,who wrote the teleplay for NBC's Hairspray Live!, will do the same for Bye Bye Birdie Live!
Lopez is certainly keeping busy. She currently stars on the network's police drama Shades of Blue, returning for its second season in 2017. She'll also executive produce and host its upcoming dance competition show World of Dance.
Copyright © 2016, ABC Radio. All rights reserved.


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In a normal week the announcement of a new national Holocaust memorial, a £50million spending commitment and a raft of measures aimed at extending Shoah education would have been huge news.
For those who doubt the existence of antisemitism in Britain, the hate-crime figures from the Metropolitan Police this week should be a bracing corrective. The number of such crimes against Jews more than doubled last year. There were 299 in London between April and the end of December — a 128 per cent increase on the same period in 2013.
Philippe Braham, Yoann Cohen, Yoav Hattab and Francois-Michel Saada. Four people murdered for no reason other than going about their daily business as Jews.
In the immediate hours after Wednesday's Islamist murders in Paris, a hashtag appeared on Twitter: #JeSuisCharlie. On one level, it was nothing more than an expression of support for the victims which all decent people would share.
Anyone who proclaims with certainty that they know what 2015 holds is either a fool or a liar. But one thing we do know is that there will be new governments in both Israel and the UK. As for the results, however… your guess is as good as anyone's.
In a few days' time, two-and-a-half-thousand of us will gather for this year's Limmud. It bears repeating that this is one of the jewels in our community's crown — a diverse, thoughtprovoking, welcoming, warm and edgy triumph of mind, soul and matters deeply practical. It is one of the few genuine innovations that the rest of the world now copies.
The concern expressed by Danny Cohen over the future for Jews in UK is all the more powerful for coming from a man who is not known for expressing his views on anything except culture, and who rarely makes public reference to his Judaism. Mr Cohen referred in his remarks in Jerusalem to the litany of antisemitic attacks and incidents over the past year with which we are all too familiar.
To describe Dame Fanny Waterman as a force of nature barely comes close.
The chairwoman and artistic director of the Leeds International Piano Competition has been with us for 94 years but is, in spirit, ageless. She has more energy and verve than most 20 year olds. Dame Fanny is a jewel not just in our community's crown but in that of the nation itself.
Two headlines prompted a wave of angst this week.
On Wednesday morning the news was that the EU was "removing Hamas from its terror list"; later in the day, it was that the European Parliament had "voted to recognise a Palestinian state".
It wasn't that long ago that most gentiles had never heard of Channukah. Now it's almost mainstream with Channukah parties at non-Jewish schools, an annual reception at 10 Downing Street, the Trafalgar Square party and regular references on radio and TV.
And, as many of us like to say, how much better to have eight special days rather than the measly one of Christmas.


text:
Good morning, friends, and welcome to a new week! Also, welcome to Valentine's Week! I'm excited to share lots of lovely (get it?!?!?) things all week long -- all those things that tug at our heartstrings, make us feel all warm and cozy and put a little extra spring in our step. Well, to start off, today's guy is all sorts of dreamy. He's got a job I admire. He's intelligent. And, of course, he seems incredibly charming...
Monday, February 10, 2014
Man Candy Monday.
Posted by Melissa Blake at 8:30 AM
Labels: Entertainment and Media, Man Candy, Photographs, Random Fun, television, TV, valentine's day, valentine's day 2014, work
3 comments:
hahah yes. we love his showReplyDelete
I agree with you. He's quite the man. I watch him every night. He always looks like he just stepped out of the shower...so fresh, sparkly, well dressed, never a wrinkle or thing out of place. He's just so nice to listen to and to look at.ReplyDelete
Very dapper !! You have good taste darlin'!! Doesn't he look like he smells good to ladies? Like the best cologne??ReplyDelete
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BA (Hons) Child and Youth Studies
Discover a course that champions creative teaching and development
Employable graduates - We're ranked in the top 10 universities in the country for employability with 96.7% of our graduates in work or further study within six months of completing their degree.
About BA (Hons) Child and Youth Studies
Our BA (Hons) Child and Youth Studies course gives you the opportunity to work in a range of settings to gain solid experience and a dynamic approach, including early years, primary, secondary, tertiary education, and working with young people.
- You will develop the key skills and values for working with children and young people aged 0–19
- You can apply to complete Early Years Teacher Status following this course - this is essential if you want to lead and manage an early years setting
- You'll be taught by lecturers from a wide range of professional backgrounds including early years, primary teaching, secondary teaching, social work, nursery management and youth work, so you can be sure that you'll gain a wide range of knowledge and expertise
- You can tailor your placements to work with children and young people of different ages, or focus on a specific age range
- This is a practical and work-based course that has been designed with employers in the sector. You'll spend two days per week on placement from the start of the course, working in a variety of settings such early years, primary, secondary, tertiary education, and working with young people.
To find out more about our BA (Hons) Child and Youth Studies course, please visit the course page.
Join us at an Open Day
Book your place at our next open day - this will give you the opportunity to attend subject talks, tour the University and speak to both the teaching team and current students of our BA (Hons) Child and Youth Studies course.


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Crosscutters rally with 5 runs in 7th
The Williamsport Crosscutters scored five runs in the top of the seventh inning to overcome a three-run deficit and defeat the Auburn Doubledays in the first game of a scheduled doubleheader.
Teams play just seven innings during scheduled doubleheaders.
Game 2 of the doubleheader was suspended in the top of the third inning with the Crosscutters trailing 1-0 but threatening with runners on second and third with one out.
The Crosscutters were shut out for six innings in Game 1 before scoring five times in the seventh.
Andrew Pullin and Andrew Knapp began the seventh with back-to-back walks and Pullin scored on a Logan Pierce single to avoid the shutout. Knapp scored on a passed ball to make it a 3-2 game and after Justin Parr was hit by a pitch, Gustavo Martinez singled to load the bases. A third walk in the inning by Auburn pitching forced in the tying run and a Dylan Cozens single drove home the game-winning run.
Lino Martinez pitched a scoreless ninth inning to record his first save of the season.
Ramon Oviedo (1-0) picked up the win.


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Revolution News
Thousands on streets of Tunis for revolution anniversary
By AFP
Tunis - Thousands gathered in the Tunisian capital Thursday to mark the fifth anniversary of the overthrow of longtime dictator Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in the uprising that inspired the Arab Spring.
Disillusion rife five years after Tunisia uprising
By AFP
Sidi Bouzid - A giant portrait of the Tunisian street vendor who started a revolution watches over the town where he set himself alight in a desperate act of protest. But five years later, pride has been replaced by disillusion."The revolution?
10,000 march in Moscow to mark 1917 Bolshevik Revolution
By AFP
Moscow - Around 10,000 people marched through central Moscow on Saturday to mark the anniversary of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution after an official military parade in the iconic Red Square."Long live the workers!
Fidel Castro makes first public appearance in 14 months
Nathan Salant
Havana - Former president Fidel Castro appeared in public last week for the first time in 14 months at a school in Havana, media in Cuba reported Friday.
No end to Middle East strife without Iran: Rouhani
By AFP
Tehran - Iran's president said Wednesday that the world needs its help to stabilise a troubled Middle East, in remarks pointing to the wider ramifications of a deal over Tehran's disputed nuclear programme.
Op-Ed: Nanotechnology likely to be the next big technological revolution
Calvin Wolf
Is technological progress slowing down? Are we simply refining technological advances originally made in the 1980s or earlier? Fear not: there is a next wave that will revolutionize technology. And it's small. Real small. A look at nanotechnology.
Islamist party congratulates rival for Tunisia vote win
By AFP
Tunis - The leader of Tunisia's Islamist Ennahda party congratulated his secular rival Monday for "his party's win" in a general election seen as critical for democracy in the cradle of the Arab Spring.
Blu-ray/DVD Essentials: Primetime TV Favorites
Earl Dittman
With the fall television season quickly approaching, it's now time to catch up on your favorite network series. If you're a fan of drama ('The Good Wife'), the procedural ('NCIS') or comedy ('Parks And Recreation'), there is a DVD collection for you.
Wealth gap: U.S. descending into feudalism warns plutocrat
Robert Myles
Seattle - An American plutocrat has warned that the United States will descend into feudalism and could face social upheaval as the gap between super-rich and the rest widens.
Two cops, one shopper killed in bizarre Las Vegas shooting
Nathan Salant
Las Vegas - Two suspects shouting "this is a revolution" killed two Las Vegas police officers at a pizza parlor Sunday and killed a third person at a nearby store before fatally shooting themselves.
Thinking Moms' Revolution: Autism Month Team TMR Announcement
Jeannie Stokowski-Bisanti
Autism month in the United States starts with the announcement of the formation of Team TMR, a not-for-profit 501c3 organization created by the founders of the Thinking Moms' Revolution. TMR is a group of 23 moms and one dad.
Russell Brand: Elites don't follow their own rules
Alex Allen
In a follow up to his interview with Oprah Winfrey, comedian and political activist Russell Brand breaks down the "war on drugs" in a new YouTube video.
Ukraine's second 'revolution' still looking for its colour
By AFP
Kiev - Standing on the top floor of the giant Ukraine Hotel on the capital's Independence Square, guests may be forgiven in thinking that the crisis currently rocking the country is yellow and blue, the national colour.
Ukraine poised for revolution
Justin King
Kiev - Ukraine's violent clashes over the last two days have some believing the end of President Viktor Yanukovych's government is near. The violence comes after months of tension following Yanukovych's decision to bring closer ties with Russia.
Thai protesters march again in bid to bring down government
Justin King
Bangkok - Protesters in Thailand, readying for an attempted revolution later this month, took to the streets on Sunday and marched through the capital city.
Hungary remembers 1956 Revolution against Soviet rule
Christopher Szabo
Budapest - On this day 57 years ago, on October 23, 1956, an uprising began against Soviet rule by Hungarian students, joined by workers, teachers, and people from all walks of life, as well as all political stripes from monarchists to Marxists.
Review: New on DVD for September 10
Sarah Gopaul
This week's releases include a number of the latest seasons from a variety of TV shows; a real-life ocean adventure; a charismatic WWI miniseries; an intergalactic fight; an unsettling horror movie; and an illogical but entertaining shark picture.
Billy Burke is talkin' about television's 'Revolution'
Earl Dittman
Portraying the unlikely hero of the action/drama series 'Revolution' (now on Blu-ray/DVD), the former 'Twilight' actor sheds light on the first season of the hit show and what's next for the survivors of a world left in darkness in its sophomore year.
Review: New on DVD for August 20
Sarah Gopaul
This week's releases include an excellent family drama from a child's perspective; a clever comedy about the apocalypse; an immature compilation of pop culture references; a couple of bloody horror flicks; and an environmental awakening.
Op-Ed: Coptic 'Crystal Night' continues in Egypt
Eliot Elwar
Coptic Kristallnacht continues in Egypt. The Coptic churches cancel all Sunday mass for the first time in generations as a Muslim Brotherhood memo blesses Coptic Christian Church burnings in Egypt. These revolutions are preparing the way for the Mahdi.
Op-Ed: Brotherhood supporters persecute Coptic Christians
Eliot Elwar
The Obama policies are turning Egyptians against America. The 'peaceful' Brotherhood protesters continue torching Coptic Christian Churches. This type of anti-Christian bigotry is being under reported by the liberal media.
Op-Ed: Adam Kokesh is not a coward
Alex Allen
The mainstream media in the United States has done a horrible job of reporting the facts of Adam Kokesh's civil disobedience act and arrest.
Police raid Adam Kokesh's home
Alex Allen
Iraq war veteran and political activist Adam Kokesh was arrested Tuesday night after a SWAT Team invaded his home, allegedly using excessive force on those who were present and leaving the property in shambles.
Op-Ed: The evolution of revolution
Craig Boehman
The Occupy Wall Street movement was a preview of a much broader revolution now underway. In light of banking scandals and revelations of government spying on its own citizens, the great irony is our rulers have left us little choice but to revolt.
Adam Kokesh under investigation
Alex Allen
Washington - Activist Adam Kokesh is currently under investigation by police after a video released on his YouTube channel on July 4th showed him standing in Freedom Plaza, loading a shotgun and declaring himself a part of the "Final American Revolution."
Op-Ed: America's path to Revolution — Again
Christopher Wager
In a time when America's uncertainty has people looking to the future; it's important to remember many answers to today's problems await rediscovery in her past.
Op-Ed: The 2nd American Revolution — Has it already begun?
Alex Allen
There has been increased talk recently of the potential for civil unrest, civil war, and revolution in the United States of America in response to what many consider to be an out of control government. But has the 2nd American Revolution already begun?
German Finance Minister warns of revolution in Europe
Stephen Morgan
German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schäuble has warned that Europe faces revolution unless a solution to youth unemployment is found.
Armed march turns into massive civil disobedience event
Alex Allen
What started out as a proposal for a few people to march into Washington D.C. with loaded rifles is now becoming a call for widespread civil disobedience and defiance of government authority.
Short documentary: 'Egyptian Winter' as unrest continues
Anne Sewell
Cairo - Independent film-maker, Brandon Jourdan, has put together a fascinating 11 minute documentary film outlining the current situation in Egypt under the rule of President Mohamed Morsi and the continuance of the revolution.
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Revolution Image
Charlie (Tracy Spiridakos), Miles (Burke) and Rachel Matheson (Elizabeth Mitchell) in a scene from 'Revolution'
A woman holds a poster of Ukrainian opposition leader Yulia Tymoshenko as anti-government protesters wait for her arrival in Independence Square in Kiev February 22, 2014
© Reuters / Baz Ratner
One of the many photos taken by Michael Pendleton on his 850 mile walk to Washington, D.C.
Michael Pendleton
Map showing protest areas in the world on May 12, 2012
Tracy Spiridakos (Charlie) and Billy Burke (Miles) star in 'Revolution'
FC forward Ryan Johnson (centre) finds an opening while being surrounded by Revolution players
JP Dhanoa
Tim Guinee (with Anna Lise Phillips) in the current television ratings hit 'Revolution'
People look through windows of the Mezhyhirya residence of Ukraine's President Viktor Yanukovich as anti-government protesters and journalists walk on the grounds in the village Novi Petrivtsi, outside Kiev February 22, 2014
© Reuters / Konstantin Chernichkin
Anne Sewell
David Lyons, (President Monroe), Daniella Alonso (Nora) and Billy Burke (Miles) in a scene from Season One of 'Revolution'
Security forces in Cuba drag a member of the Ladies in White, a peaceful group made up of family members of imprisoned dissidents.
Victor Vizcaino photos
The Egyptian Revolution - January 2011
Video grab, courtesy of BBC
Revolution goalkeeper Bobby Shuttleworth and defender Darrius Barnes look on helplessly as TFC striker Danny Koevermans knocks in the game-tying goal
JP Dhanoa
Ukrainian opposition leader Yulia Tymoshenko addresses anti-government protesters gathered in the Independence Square as her daughter Yevgenia (center R) and opposition leader Arseny Yatsenyuk (center L) look on in Kiev February 22, 2014
© Reuters / Baz Ratner
Ukraine's President Viktor Yanukovich looks on during a signing ceremony of an EU-mediated peace deal with opposition leaders at the presidential headquarters in Kiev in this picture taken on February 21, 2014
© Reuters / Konstantin Chernichkin
Women, who were found guilty of obstructing traffic during a pro-Islamist protest in October, gesture during their appeal hearing at a court in the Mediterranean city of Alexandria, 230 km (143 miles) north of Cairo December 7, 2013
With the permission by Reuters
A man takes pictures as anti-government protesters and journalists walk on the grounds of the Mezhyhirya residence of Ukraine's President Viktor Yanukovich in the village Novi Petrivtsi, outside Kiev February 22, 2014
© Reuters / Konstantin Chernichkin
After attending a mass at the Church, Ladies in White group in Havana peacefully march demanding the release of their loved ones who are political prisoners.
dumplife (Mihai Romanciuc)
Anti-government protesters and journalists walk on the grounds of the Mezhyhirya residence of Ukraine's President Viktor Yanukovich in the village Novi Petrivtsi outside Kiev February 22, 2014
© Reuters / Konstantin Chernichkin
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Review Summary
- Rooms have ample space, convenient controls, and plush Italian linens
- Spacious marble bathrooms with heated and lit floors, soaking tubs, and large showers
- Excellent on-site spa, and fitness center with lap pool, steam rooms, and personal trainer
- Top-notch Les Clefs d'Or Concierge service
- Fully staffed business center and modern meeting rooms
- Free underground parking, and free access to the hotel's Lexus-sedan service
- Celebrity sightings
- Not as conveniently located as other nearby properties
- Fee tacked on for room service
Bottom Line
The SoHo Metropolitan (or "SoHo Met") is a luxury boutique property that's well-suited for couples and business travelers alike. The 91 chic, modern rooms, decoarted with blond wood and bold contemporary art , have contemporary luxuries such as large flat-screen TVs, Italian linens, and a convenient control system that allows guests to set temperature, lighting, and the drapes without leaving bed. Large bathrooms with soaking tubs, walk-in showers, heated bathroom floors, and spacious changing areas come standard, and guests can get even more space and luxury in the suites and penthouse. The sedate, relaxing atmosphere has attracted celebrity guests such as Lady Gaga and Beyonce. If you're looking for a livelier scene with comparable luxury, consider the nearby Thompson Toronto.
Oyster Hotel Photos
Oyster Hotel Review
In the Financial District, near Union Station and blocks from many popular sites
Located in Toronto's Financial District, and blocks away from the Distillery District and Entertainment District, The SoHo Metropolitan sits near popular sites such as the CN Tower, one of the world's tallest buildings with an observation deck overlooking the city, and the Rogers Centre, home of the Toronto Blue Jays baseball team.
Once an industrial park, Toronto's Entertainment District is now a bustling home to nightclubs, and theaters, such as Roy Thomson Hall where the Toronto Symphony Orchestra performs, and Rogers Centre, the Blue Jays' stadium. The nearby Financial District is composed of skyscrapers housing law firms, corporate headquarters, and offices, and the Distillery District is one of Toronto's historic gems. The district got its name from the Gooderham and Worts Distillery, formerly in operation in the area as the largest distillery in the world. Claiming the largest sample of Victorian-era architecture in North America, the Distillery District recently came out of a redevelopment that included the institution of numerous shops, restaurants, and art galleries.
- 23-minute drive to Pearson International Airport
- 5-minute walk to Rogers Centre
- 10-minute walk to CN Tower
- 17-minute walk or 5-minute drive to the Air Canada Centre
- 13-minute walk to Roy Thomson Hall
- 14-minute walk to Yonge Street
- 23-minute walk to Eaton Centre, a huge shopping mall that's one of Toronto's most popular attractions, or 16 minutes via public transportation
- 7-minute drive to Bloor Street, lined with shops, historic sites, and theaters, or 15 minutes via public transportation
- 8-minute drive to the Royal Ontario Museum, or 16 minutes via public transportation
- 9-minute drive to the Distillery District, or 18 minutes via public transportation
- 14-minute drive to Casa Loma, a Gothic Revival-style mansion and museum, or 25 minutes via public transportation
- 32-minute trip to Centre Island via driving and a ferry ride
Rooms and Rates
View the Full Financial District Area Guide
Nearby Hotels
|Key Features
Fitness Center
Pets Allowed
|Hotel Services
Dry Cleaning
Rental Car Service Desk Onsite
Room Service
Pets Allowed
|Family Services
Kids Allowed
|Things to Do
Beauty Salon
Business Center
Fitness Center
|Room Features
Air Conditioner
Full Kitchen
Mini Bar (with liquor)
Separate Bedroom / Living Room Space
Smoking Rooms Available
|318 Wellington Street West, Toronto, Ontario M5V3T4, Canada
|(416) 599-8800
|Room Types


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Video of Rush performing Live in Montreal,Canada in 1981.Exit Stage Left video.
Exit...Stage Left is a live album by Canadian band Rush, released in 1981. A video release with the same name, with slightly different content, was released in 1982 on VHS and later on Laserdisc, and in 2007 on DVD.The album was voted 9th best live album of all time in a poll by Classic Rock Magazine in 2004.
Pick and Click one of the menu tabs above for more artist info.
Or click the artist name tag above to go to the artist page.
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© 2003-2016 Totally Fuzzy. All rights reserved.
He who joyfully marches in rank and file has already earned my contempt.
He has been given a large brain by mistake, since for him the spinal cord would suffice.(Albert Einstein)


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This is a diagnostic mammogram using 3D technology for both breasts. Read more.
Compare local prices, save money, and book your procedure — all in one place with MDsave. On MDsave, the cost of a 3D Mammogram DX Bilateral in St. Petersburg, Florida, ranges from $242 to $259. Read more about how it works.
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It is great to see your excitement for Gen III. It is going to be a great car. Gen III is yet to be named yet and we still have to finalize the details of Model X. It is probably going to be at least a year before a list is created for Gen III. Please stay tuned to our website for more details and for updates.
Thank you for your support!
Tesla Motors


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Nominations Period begins (Candidates and Referenda Questions): Monday, October 17th
Campaign material approval begins: Thursday, October 27th
Nominations Period ends (Candidates and Referenda Questions): Sunday, October 30th
Campaigning Period begins: Monday, October 31st, 12:00am
Platform Submission Deadline: Monday, October 31st, 11:59pm*
Campaigning Period ends: Monday, November 14th, 11:59pm
Voting Period begins: Tuesday, November 15th, 12:00am
Voting Period ends: Thursday, November 17th, 11:59pm
Unofficial Results announced: Friday, November 18th
Financial Statement submission deadline: Monday, November 21st, 11:59pm
*Platform submitted via email to email@example.com.
Platforms posted on the IEC website shall be limited to 500 words. Any platform submitted that is greater than 500 words will not be posted.
Within your 500 word threshold, you may provide external links to a more in depth summary of your platform.
- Both the platform and external links will be reviewed by the IEC before being posted. With that being said, you are responsible for the appropriateness of all information provided in said link.
All Candidates and Campaign Representatives Must Attend an Orientation:
Thursday, October 27th, 2:30pm
Friday, October 28th, 12:00pm
All orientations shall take place in the SFSS BUILD Boardroom. Please "book" a day ahead of time by letting one of the commissioners know either by email or in-office.
*If you have any accomodations you require or would like to inquire about accessibility please contact firstname.lastname@example.com*
Vancouver: Wednesday, November 2nd, 10:30am, Room TBA
Surrey: Friday, November 4th, 2:30pm in the Mezzanine
Burnaby: Wednesday, November 9th, 12:30pm in WMC Atrium


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October 1941 was the first official gathering of the Mattapoisett Woman's Club. You may have seen the video of our eight decades of involvement in our community in May at the library or on our local TV station, the ORCTV public channel (Verizon 36, Comcast 9). If you haven't seen the video, please go to ORCTV's vimeo page where you can watch it at any time: https://vimeo.com/user19280086.
Last month, we welcomed our new officers: Kathy McAuliffe, president; Elaine Grant, corresponding secretary; Roxanne Bungert, vice president; Suzan Mitchell, treasurer; and Marie Rottler, recording secretary.
This month we are holding a members and invited guests anniversary tea with displays of memorabilia from the 1940s through the present.
We hope you can join us for one or more of our upcoming programs. In November, join us for lunch and a fascinating program about establishing a sustainable lifestyle. Not sure what that involves? Come see how changes in your daily life can make a big impact on your future.
We meet in Reynard Hall, Mattapoisett Congregational Church, 27 Church Street, usually the third Thursday of the month at noon. For more information, reservations, or directions, please call Barb at 508-864-5213.


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According to our records, François Girard is possibly single.
Help us build our profile of François Girard!
to add information, pictures and relationships, join in discussions and get credit for your contributions.
François Girard (born January 12, 1963) is a French-Canadian director and screenwriter particularly noted for his innovative film Thirty Two Short Films About Glenn Gould. Born in Quebec, Girard's career began on the Montreal art video circuit. In 1990, he produced his first feature film, Cargo; he attained international recognition following his 1993 Thirty Two Short Films About Glenn Gould, a series of vignettes about the life of piano prodigy Glenn Gould. In 1998, he wrote and directed The Red Violin, which follows the ownership of a red violin over several centuries. The Red Violin won an Academy Award for Best Original Score, thirteen Genie Awards and nine Jutra Awards.
Help keep François Girard profile up to date.
Connect any celebrity with François Girard to see how closely they are linked... romantically!


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Extremal principles in non-equilibrium thermodynamics
|This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states the Wikipedia editor's personal feelings about a topic, rather than the opinions of experts. (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Energy dissipation and entropy production extremal principles are ideas developed within non-equilibrium thermodynamics that attempt to predict the likely steady states and dynamical structures that a physical system might show. The search for extremum principles for non-equilibrium thermodynamics follows their successful use in other branches of physics.[1][2][3][4][5][6] According to Kondepudi (2008),[7] and to Grandy (2008),[8] there is no general rule that provides an extremum principle that governs the evolution of a far-from-equilibrium system to a steady state. According to Glansdorff and Prigogine (1971, page 16),[9] irreversible processes usually are not governed by global extremal principles because description of their evolution requires differential equations which are not self-adjoint, but local extremal principles can be used for local solutions. Lebon Jou and Casas-Vásquez (2008)[10] state that "In non-equilibrium ... it is generally not possible to construct thermodynamic potentials depending on the whole set of variables". Šilhavý (1997)[11] offers the opinion that "... the extremum principles of thermodynamics ... do not have any counterpart for [non-equilibrium] steady states (despite many claims in the literature)." It follows that any general extremal principle for a non-equilibrium problem will need to refer in some detail to the constraints that are specific for the structure of the system considered in the problem.
- 1 Fluctuations, entropy, 'thermodynamics forces', and reproducible dynamical structure
- 2 Local thermodynamic equilibrium
- 3 Linear and non-linear processes
- 4 Continuous and discontinuous motions of fluids
- 5 Historical development
- 6 Speculated thermodynamic extremum principles for energy dissipation and entropy production
- 7 See also
- 8 References
Fluctuations, entropy, 'thermodynamics forces', and reproducible dynamical structure[edit]
Apparent 'fluctuations', which appear to arise when initial conditions are inexactly specified, are the drivers of the formation of non-equilibrium dynamical structures. There is no special force of nature involved in the generation of such fluctuations. Exact specification of initial conditions would require statements of the positions and velocities of all particles in the system, obviously not a remotely practical possibility for a macroscopic system. This is the nature of thermodynamic fluctuations. They cannot be predicted in particular by the scientist, but they are determined by the laws of nature and they are the singular causes of the natural development of dynamical structure.[9]
It is pointed out[12][13][14][15] by W.T. Grandy Jr that entropy, though it may be defined for a non-equilibrium system, is when strictly considered, only a macroscopic quantity that refers to the whole system, and is not a dynamical variable and in general does not act as a local potential that describes local physical forces. Under special circumstances, however, one can metaphorically think as if the thermal variables behaved like local physical forces. The approximation that constitutes classical irreversible thermodynamics is built on this metaphoric thinking.
As indicated by the " " marks of Onsager (1931),[1] such a metaphorical but not categorically mechanical force, the thermal "force", , 'drives' the conduction of heat. For this so-called "thermodynamic force", we can write
- .
Actually this thermal "thermodynamic force" is a manifestation of the degree of inexact specification of the microscopic initial conditions for the system, expressed in the thermodynamic variable known as temperature, . Temperature is only one example, and all the thermodynamic macroscopic variables constitute inexact specifications of the initial conditions, and have their respective "thermodynamic forces". These inexactitudes of specification are the source of the apparent fluctuations that drive the generation of dynamical structure, of the very precise but still less than perfect reproducibility of non-equilibrium experiments, and of the place of entropy in thermodynamics. If one did not know of such inexactitude of specification, one might find the origin of the fluctuations mysterious. What is meant here by "inexactitude of specification" is not that the mean values of the macroscopic variables are inexactly specified, but that the use of macroscopic variables to describe processes that actually occur by the motions and interactions of microscopic objects such as molecules is necessarily lacking in the molecular detail of the processes, and is thus inexact. There are many microscopic states compatible with a single macroscopic state, but only the latter is specified, and that is specified exactly for the purposes of the theory.
It is reproducibility in repeated observations that identifies dynamical structure in a system. E.T. Jaynes[16][17][18][19] explains how this reproducibility is why entropy is so important in this topic: entropy is a measure of experimental reproducibility. The entropy tells how many times one would have to repeat the experiment in order to expect to see a departure from the usual reproducible result. When the process goes on in a system with less than a 'practically infinite' number (much much less than Avogadro's or Loschmidt's numbers) of molecules, the thermodynamic reproducibility fades, and fluctuations become easier to see.[20][21]
According to this view of Jaynes, it is a common and mystificatory abuse of language, that one often sees reproducibility of dynamical structure called "order".[8][22] Dewar[22] writes "Jaynes considered reproducibility - rather than disorder - to be the key idea behind the second law of thermodynamics (Jaynes 1963,[23] 1965,[19] 1988,[24] 1989[25])." Grandy (2008)[8] in section 4.3 on page 55 clarifies the distinction between the idea that entropy is related to order (which he considers to be an "unfortunate" "mischaracterization" that needs "debunking"), and the aforementioned idea of Jaynes that entropy is a measure of experimental reproducibility of process (which Grandy regards as correct). According to this view, even the admirable book of Glansdorff and Prigogine (1971)[9] is guilty of this unfortunate abuse of language.
Local thermodynamic equilibrium[edit]
Various principles have been proposed by diverse authors for over a century. According to Glansdorff and Prigogine (1971, page 15),[9] in general, these principles apply only to systems that can be described by thermodynamical variables, in which dissipative processes dominate by excluding large deviations from statistical equilibrium. The thermodynamical variables are defined subject to the kinematical requirement of local thermodynamic equilibrium. This means that collisions between molecules are so frequent that chemical and radiative processes do not disrupt the local Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular velocities.
Linear and non-linear processes[edit]
Dissipative structures can depend on the presence of non-linearity in their dynamical régimes. Autocatalytic reactions provide examples of non-linear dynamics, and may lead to the natural evolution of self-organized dissipative structures.
Continuous and discontinuous motions of fluids[edit]
Much of the theory of classical non-equilibrium thermodynamics is concerned with the spatially continuous motion of fluids, but fluids can also move with spatial discontinuities. Helmholtz (1868)[26] wrote about how in a flowing fluid, there can arise a zero fluid pressure, which sees the fluid broken asunder. This arises from the momentum of the fluid flow, showing a different kind of dynamical structure from that of the conduction of heat or electricity. Thus for example: water from a nozzle can form a shower of droplets (Rayleigh 1878,[27] and in section 357 et seq. of Rayleigh (1896/1926)[28]); waves on the surface of the sea break discontinuously when they reach the shore (Thom 1975[29]). Helmholtz pointed out that the sounds of organ pipes must arise from such discontinuity of flow, occasioned by the passage of air past a sharp-edged obstacle; otherwise the oscillatory character of the sound wave would be damped away to nothing. The definition of the rate of entropy production of such a flow is not covered by the usual theory of classical non-equilibrium thermodynamics. There are many other commonly observed discontinuities of fluid flow that also lie beyond the scope of the classical theory of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, such as: bubbles in boiling liquids and in effervescent drinks; also protected towers of deep tropical convection (Riehl, Malkus 1958[30]), also called penetrative convection (Lindzen 1977[31]).
Historical development[edit]
W. Thomson, Baron Kelvin[edit]
William Thomson, later Baron Kelvin, (1852 a,[32] 1852 b[33]) wrote
"II. When heat is created by any unreversible process (such as friction), there is a dissipation of mechanical energy, and a full restoration of it to its primitive condition is impossible.
III. When heat is diffused by conduction, there is a dissipation of mechanical energy, and perfect restoration is impossible.
IV. When radiant heat or light is absorbed, otherwise than in vegetation, or in a chemical reaction, there is a dissipation of mechanical energy, and perfect restoration is impossible."
In 1854, Thomson wrote about the relation between two previously known non-equilibrium effects. In the Peltier effect, an electric current driven by an external electric field across a bimetallic junction will cause heat to be carried across the junction when the temperature gradient is constrained to zero. In the Seebeck effect, a flow of heat driven by a temperature gradient across such a junction will cause an electromotive force across the junction when the electric current is constrained to zero. Thus thermal and electric effects are said to be coupled. Thomson (1854)[34] proposed a theoretical argument, partly based on the work of Carnot and Clausius, and in those days partly simply speculative, that the coupling constants of these two effects would be found experimentally to be equal. Experiment later confirmed this proposal. It was later one of the ideas that led Onsager to his results as noted below.
In 1869, Hermann von Helmholtz stated,[35] subject to a certain kind of boundary condition, a principle of least viscous dissipation of kinetic energy: "For a steady flow in a viscous liquid, with the speeds of flow on the boundaries of the fluid being given steady, in the limit of small speeds, the currents in the liquid so distribute themselves that the dissipation of kinetic energy by friction is minimum."[36]
In 1878, Helmholtz,[37] like Thomson also citing Carnot and Clausius, wrote about electric current in an electrolyte solution with a concentration gradient. This shows a non-equilibrium coupling, between electric effects and concentration-driven diffusion. Like Thomson (Kelvin) as noted above, Helmholtz also found a reciprocal relation, and this was another of the ideas noted by Onsager.
J.W. Strutt, Baron Rayleigh[edit]
Rayleigh (1873)[38] (and in Sections 81 and 345 of Rayleigh (1896/1926)[28]) introduced the dissipation function for the description of dissipative processes involving viscosity. More general versions of this function have been used by many subsequent investigators of the nature of dissipative processes and dynamical structures. Rayleigh's dissipation function was conceived of from a mechanical viewpoint, and it did not refer in its definition to temperature, and it needed to be 'generalized' to make a dissipation function suitable for use in non-equilibrium thermodynamics.
Studying jets of water from a nozzle, Rayleigh (1878,[27] 1896/1926[28]) noted that when a jet is in a state of conditionally stable dynamical structure, the mode of fluctuation most likely to grow to its full extent and lead to another state of conditionally stable dynamical structure is the one with the fastest growth rate. In other words, a jet can settle into a conditionally stable state, but it is likely to suffer fluctuation so as to pass to another, less unstable, conditionally stable state. He used like reasoning in a study of Bénard convection.[39] These physically lucid considerations of Rayleigh seem to contain the heart of the distinction between the principles of minimum and maximum rates of dissipation of energy and entropy production, which have been developed in the course of physical investigations by later authors.
Korteweg (1883)[40] gave a proof "that in any simply connected region, when the velocities along the boundaries are given, there exists, as far as the squares and products of the velocities may be neglected, only one solution of the equations for the steady motion of an incompressible viscous fluid, and that this solution is always stable." He attributed the first part of this theorem to Helmholtz, who had shown that it is a simple consequence of a theorem that "if the motion be steady, the currents in a viscous [incompressible] fluid are so distributed that the loss of [kinetic] energy due to viscosity is a minimum, on the supposition that the velocities along boundaries of the fluid are given." Because of the restriction to cases in which the squares and products of the velocities can be neglected, these motions are below the threshold for turbulence.
Great theoretical progress was made by Onsager in 1931[1][41] and in 1953.[42][43]
Further progress was made by Prigogine in 1945[44] and later.[9][45] Prigogine (1947)[44] cites Onsager (1931).[1][41]
Casimir (1945)[46] extended the theory of Onsager.
Ziman (1956)[47] gave very readable account. He proposed the following as a general principle of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes: "Consider all distributions of currents such that the intrinsic entropy production equals the extrinsic entropy production for the given set of forces. Then, of all current distributions satisfying this condition, the steady state distribution makes the entropy production a maximum." He commented that this was a known general principle, discovered by Onsager, but was "not quoted in any of the books on the subject". He notes the difference between this principle and "Prigogine's theorem, which states, crudely speaking, that if not all the forces acting on a system are fixed the free forces will take such values as to make the entropy production a minimum." Prigogine was present when this paper was read and he is reported by the journal editor to have given "notice that he doubted the validity of part of Ziman's thermodynamic interpretation".
Hans Ziegler extended the Melan-Prager non-equilibrium theory of materials to the non-isothermal case.[48]
Gyarmati (1967/1970)[2] gives a systematic presentation, and extends Onsager's principle of least dissipation of energy, to give a more symmetric form known as Gyarmati's principle. Gyarmati (1967/1970)[2] cites 11 papers or books authored or co-authored by Prigogine.
Gyarmati (1967/1970)[2] also gives in Section III 5 a very helpful precis of the subtleties of Casimir (1945)).[46] He explains that the Onsager reciprocal relations concern variables which are even functions of the velocities of the molecules, and notes that Casimir went on to derive anti-symmetric relations concerning variables which are odd functions of the velocities of the molecules.
The physics of the earth's atmosphere includes dramatic events like lightning and the effects of volcanic eruptions, with discontinuities of motion such as noted by Helmholtz (1868).[26] Turbulence is prominent in atmospheric convection. Other discontinuities include the formation of raindrops, hailstones, and snowflakes. The usual theory of classical non-equilibrium thermodynamics will need some extension to cover atmospheric physics. According to Tuck (2008),[49] "On the macroscopic level, the way has been pioneered by a meteorologist (Paltridge 1975,[50] 2001[51]). Initially Paltridge (1975)[50] used the terminology "minimum entropy exchange", but after that, for example in Paltridge (1978),[52] and in Paltridge (1979)[53]), he used the now current terminology "maximum entropy production" to describe the same thing. This point is clarified in the review by Ozawa, Ohmura, Lorenz, Pujol (2003).[54] Paltridge (1978)[52] cited Busse's (1967)[55] fluid mechanical work concerning an extremum principle. Nicolis and Nicolis (1980) [56] discuss Paltridge's work, and they comment that the behaviour of the entropy production is far from simple and universal. This seems natural in the context of the requirement of some classical theory of non-equilibrium thermodynamics that the threshold of turbulence not be crossed. Paltridge himself nowadays tends to prefer to think in terms of the dissipation function rather than in terms of rate of entropy production.
Speculated thermodynamic extremum principles for energy dissipation and entropy production[edit]
Jou, Casas-Vazquez, Lebon (1993)[57] note that classical non-equilibrium thermodynamics "has seen an extraordinary expansion since the second world war", and they refer to the Nobel prizes for work in the field awarded to Lars Onsager and Ilya Prigogine. Martyushev and Seleznev (2006)[4] note the importance of entropy in the evolution of natural dynamical structures: "Great contribution has been done in this respect by two scientists, namely Clausius, ... , and Prigogine." Prigogine in his 1977 Nobel Lecture[58] said: "... non-equilibrium may be a source of order. Irreversible processes may lead to a new type of dynamic states of matter which I have called "dissipative structures"." Glansdorff and Prigogine (1971)[9] wrote on page xx: "Such 'symmetry breaking instabilities' are of special interest as they lead to a spontaneous 'self-organization' of the system both from the point of view of its space order and its function."
Analyzing the Rayleigh-Bénard convection cell phenomenon, Chandrasekhar (1961)[59] wrote "Instability occurs at the minimum temperature gradient at which a balance can be maintained between the kinetic energy dissipated by viscosity and the internal energy released by the buoyancy force." With a temperature gradient greater than the minimum, viscosity can dissipate kinetic energy as fast as it is released by convection due to buoyancy, and a steady state with convection is stable. The steady state with convection is often a pattern of macroscopically visible hexagonal cells with convection up or down in the middle or at the 'walls' of each cell, depending on the temperature dependence of the quantities; in the atmosphere under various conditions it seems that either is possible. (Some details are discussed by Lebon, Jou, and Casas-Vásquez (2008)[10] on pages 143-158.) With a temperature gradient less than the minimum, viscosity and heat conduction are so effective that convection cannot keep going.
Glansdorff and Prigogine (1971)[9] on page xv wrote "Dissipative structures have a quite different [from equilibrium structures] status: they are formed and maintained through the effect of exchange of energy and matter in non-equilibrium conditions." They were referring to the dissipation function of Rayleigh (1873)[38] that was used also by Onsager (1931, I,[1] 1931, II[41]). On pages 78–80 of their book[9] Glansdorff and Prigogine (1971) consider the stability of laminar flow that was pioneered by Helmholtz; they concluded that at a stable steady state of sufficiently slow laminar flow, the dissipation function was minimum.
These advances have led to proposals for various extremal principles for the "self-organized" régimes that are possible for systems governed by classical linear and non-linear non-equilibrium thermodynamical laws, with stable stationary régimes being particularly investigated. Convection introduces effects of momentum which appear as non-linearity in the dynamical equations. In the more restricted case of no convective motion, Prigogine wrote of "dissipative structures". Šilhavý (1997)[11] offers the opinion that "... the extremum principles of [equilibrium] thermodynamics ... do not have any counterpart for [non-equilibrium] steady states (despite many claims in the literature)."
Prigogine's proposed theorem of minimum entropy production for very slow purely diffusive transfer[edit]
In 1945 Prigogine [44] (see also Prigogine (1947)[60]) proposed a "Theorem of Minimum Entropy Production" which applies only to the purely diffusive linear regime, with negligible inertial terms, near a stationary thermodynamically non-equilibrium state. Prigogine's proposal is that the rate of entropy production is locally minimum at every point. The proof offered by Prigogine is open to serious criticism.[61] A critical and unsupportive discussion of Prigogine's proposal is offered by Grandy (2008).[8] It has been shown by Barbera that the total whole body entropy production cannot be minimum, but this paper did not consider the pointwise minimum proposal of Prigogine.[62] A proposal closely related to Prigogine's is that the pointwise rate of entropy production should have its maximum value minimized at the steady state. This is compatible, but not identical, with the Prigogine proposal.[63] Moreover, N. W. Tschoegl proposes a proof, perhaps more physically motivated than Prigogine's, that would if valid support the conclusion of Helmholtz and of Prigogine, that under these restricted conditions, the entropy production is at a pointwise minimum.[64]
Faster transfer with convective circulation: second entropy[edit]
In contrast to the case of sufficiently slow transfer with linearity between flux and generalized force with negligible inertial terms, there can be heat transfer that is not very slow. Then there is consequent non-linearity, and heat flow can develop into phases of convective circulation. In these cases, the time rate of entropy production has been shown to be a non-monotonic function of time during the approach to steady state heat convection. This makes these cases different from the near-thermodynamic-equilibrium regime of very-slow-transfer with linearity. Accordingly, the local time rate of entropy production, defined according to the local thermodynamic equilibrium hypothesis, is not an adequate variable for prediction of the time course of far-from-thermodynamic equilibrium processes. The principle of minimum entropy production is not applicable to these cases.
To cover these cases, there is needed at least one further state variable, a non-equilibrium quantity, the so-called second entropy. This appears to be a step towards generalization beyond the classical second law of thermodynamics, to cover non-equilibrium states or processes. The classical law refers only to states of thermodynamic equilibrium, and local thermodynamic equilibrium theory is an approximation that relies upon it. Still it is invoked to deal with phenomena near but not at thermodynamic equilibrium, and has some uses then. But the classical law is inadequate for description of the time course of processes far from thermodynamic equilibrium. For such processes, a more powerful theory is needed, and the second entropy is part of such a theory.[65][66]
Speculated principles of maximum entropy production and minimum energy dissipation[edit]
Onsager (1931, I)[1] wrote: "Thus the vector field J of the heat flow is described by the condition that the rate of increase of entropy, less the dissipation function, be a maximum." Careful note needs to be taken of the opposite signs of the rate of entropy production and of the dissipation function, appearing in the left-hand side of Onsager's equation (5.13) on Onsager's page 423.[1]
Although largely unnoticed at the time, Ziegler proposed an idea early with his work in the mechanics of plastics in 1961,[67] and later in his book on thermomechanics revised in 1983,[3] and in various papers (e.g., Ziegler (1987),[68]). Ziegler never stated his principle as a universal law but he may have intuited this. He demonstrated his principle using vector space geometry based on an "orthogonality condition" which only worked in systems where the velocities were defined as a single vector or tensor, and thus, as he wrote[3] at p. 347, was "impossible to test by means of macroscopic mechanical models", and was, as he pointed out, invalid in "compound systems where several elementary processes take place simultaneously".
In relation to the earth's atmospheric energy transport process, according to Tuck (2008),[49] "On the macroscopic level, the way has been pioneered by a meteorologist (Paltridge 1975,[50] 2001[69])." Initially Paltridge (1975)[50] used the terminology "minimum entropy exchange", but after that, for example in Paltridge (1978),[52] and in Paltridge (1979),[70] he used the now current terminology "maximum entropy production" to describe the same thing. The logic of Paltridge's earlier work is open to serious criticism.[8] Nicolis and Nicolis (1980) [71] discuss Paltridge's work, and they comment that the behaviour of the entropy production is far from simple and universal. Later work by Paltridge focuses more on the idea of a dissipation function than on the idea of rate of production of entropy.[69]
Sawada (1981),[72] also in relation to the Earth's atmospheric energy transport process, postulating a principle of largest amount of entropy increment per unit time, cites work in fluid mechanics by Malkus and Veronis (1958)[73] as having "proven a principle of maximum heat current, which in turn is a maximum entropy production for a given boundary condition", but this inference is not logically valid. Again investigating planetary atmospheric dynamics, Shutts (1981)[74] used an approach to the definition of entropy production, different from Paltridge's, to investigate a more abstract way to check the principle of maximum entropy production, and reported a good fit.
Until recently, prospects for useful extremal principles in this area have seemed clouded. C. Nicolis (1999)[75] concludes that one model of atmospheric dynamics has an attractor which is not a regime of maximum or minimum dissipation; she says this seems to rule out the existence of a global organizing principle, and comments that this is to some extent disappointing; she also points to the difficulty of finding a thermodynamically consistent form of entropy production. Another top expert offers an extensive discussion of the possibilities for principles of extrema of entropy production and of dissipation of energy: Chapter 12 of Grandy (2008)[8] is very cautious, and finds difficulty in defining the 'rate of internal entropy production' in many cases, and finds that sometimes for the prediction of the course of a process, an extremum of the quantity called the rate of dissipation of energy may be more useful than that of the rate of entropy production; this quantity appeared in Onsager's 1931[1] origination of this subject. Other writers have also felt that prospects for general global extremal principles are clouded. Such writers include Glansdorff and Prigogine (1971), Lebon, Jou and Casas-Vásquez (2008), and Šilhavý (1997). A recent proposal may perhaps by-pass those clouded prospects.[65]
See also[edit]
- Non-equilibrium thermodynamics
- Dissipative system
- Self-organization
- Autocatalytic reactions and order creation
- Fluctuation theorem
- Fluctuation dissipation theorem
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- ^ a b c Ziegler, H., (1983). An Introduction to Thermomechanics, North-Holland, Amsterdam, ISBN 0-444-86503-9
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- ^ Grandy, W.T., Jr (2004). Time evolution in macroscopic systems. I: Equations of motion. Found. Phys. 34: 1-20. See [1].
- ^ Grandy, W.T., Jr (2004). Time evolution in macroscopic systems. II: The entropy. Found. Phys. 34: 21-57. See [2].
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- ^ Jaynes, E.T. (1989). Clearing up mysteries, the original goal, pp. 1-27 in Maximum entropy and Bayesian methods, Kluwer, Dordrecht.
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