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In how many distinct ways can six islands be joined by bridges so that each island can be reached from every other island...
Blue Flibbins are so jealous of their red partners that they will
not leave them on their own with any other bue Flibbin. What is the
quickest way of getting the five pairs of Flibbins safely to. . . .
Write down a three-digit number Change the order of the digits to
get a different number Find the difference between the two three
digit numbers Follow the rest of the instructions then try. . . .
After some matches were played, most of the information in the
table containing the results of the games was accidentally deleted.
What was the score in each match played?
There are four children in a family, two girls, Kate and Sally, and
two boys, Tom and Ben. How old are the children?
Can you cross each of the seven bridges that join the north and south of the river to the two islands, once and once only, without retracing your steps?
You have been given nine weights, one of which is slightly heavier
than the rest. Can you work out which weight is heavier in just two
weighings of the balance?
Replace each letter with a digit to make this addition correct.
Three teams have each played two matches. The table gives the total
number points and goals scored for and against each team. Fill in
the table and find the scores in the three matches.
In the following sum the letters A, B, C, D, E and F stand for six
distinct digits. Find all the ways of replacing the letters with
digits so that the arithmetic is correct.
What are the missing numbers in the pyramids?
Baker, Cooper, Jones and Smith are four people whose occupations
are teacher, welder, mechanic and programmer, but not necessarily
in that order. What is each person's occupation?
Problem solving is at the heart of the NRICH site. All the problems
give learners opportunities to learn, develop or use mathematical
concepts and skills. Read here for more information.
A game for 2 players that can be played online. Players take it in turns to select a word from the 9 words given. The aim is to select all the occurrences of the same letter.
Use the numbers in the box below to make the base of a top-heavy
pyramid whose top number is 200.
Here are three 'tricks' to amaze your friends. But the really
clever trick is explaining to them why these 'tricks' are maths not
magic. Like all good magicians, you should practice by trying. . . .
Is it possible to rearrange the numbers 1,2......12 around a clock
face in such a way that every two numbers in adjacent positions
differ by any of 3, 4 or 5 hours?
Show that among the interior angles of a convex polygon there
cannot be more than three acute angles.
If you can copy a network without lifting your pen off the paper and without drawing any line twice, then it is traversable.
Decide which of these diagrams are traversable.
These formulae are often quoted, but rarely proved. In this article, we derive the formulae for the volumes of a square-based pyramid and a cone, using relatively simple mathematical concepts.
In how many ways can you arrange three dice side by side on a
surface so that the sum of the numbers on each of the four faces
(top, bottom, front and back) is equal?
Euler discussed whether or not it was possible to stroll around Koenigsberg crossing each of its seven bridges exactly once. Experiment with different numbers of islands and bridges.
This addition sum uses all ten digits 0, 1, 2...9 exactly once.
Find the sum and show that the one you give is the only
Pick the number of times a week that you eat chocolate. This number must be more than one but less than ten.
Multiply this number by 2. Add 5 (for Sunday). Multiply by 50... Can you explain why it. . . .
Choose any three by three square of dates on a calendar page...
Eight children enter the autumn cross-country race at school. How
many possible ways could they come in at first, second and third
Which hexagons tessellate?
A huge wheel is rolling past your window. What do you see?
ABC is an equilateral triangle and P is a point in the interior of
the triangle. We know that AP = 3cm and BP = 4cm. Prove that CP
must be less than 10 cm.
Arrange the numbers 1 to 16 into a 4 by 4 array. Choose a number.
Cross out the numbers on the same row and column. Repeat this
process. Add up you four numbers. Why do they always add up to 34?
Can you arrange the numbers 1 to 17 in a row so that each adjacent
pair adds up to a square number?
Make a set of numbers that use all the digits from 1 to 9, once and
once only. Add them up. The result is divisible by 9. Add each of
the digits in the new number. What is their sum? Now try some. . . .
Liam's house has a staircase with 12 steps. He can go down the steps one at a time or two at time. In how many different ways can Liam go down the 12 steps?
A little bit of algebra explains this 'magic'. Ask a friend to pick 3 consecutive numbers and to tell you a multiple of 3. Then ask them to add the four numbers and multiply by 67, and to tell you. . . .
A standard die has the numbers 1, 2 and 3 are opposite 6, 5 and 4 respectively so that opposite faces add to 7? If you make standard dice by writing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 on blank cubes you will find. . . .
Take any whole number between 1 and 999, add the squares of the
digits to get a new number. Make some conjectures about what
happens in general.
Carry out cyclic permutations of nine digit numbers containing the
digits from 1 to 9 (until you get back to the first number). Prove
that whatever number you choose, they will add to the same total.
I am exactly n times my daughter's age. In m years I shall be ... How old am I?
If you know the sizes of the angles marked with coloured dots in
this diagram which angles can you find by calculation?
Consider the equation 1/a + 1/b + 1/c = 1 where a, b and c are
natural numbers and 0 < a < b < c. Prove that there is
only one set of values which satisfy this equation.
Semicircles are drawn on the sides of a rectangle ABCD. A circle passing through points ABCD carves out four crescent-shaped regions. Prove that the sum of the areas of the four crescents is equal to. . . .
Find the area of the annulus in terms of the length of the chord
which is tangent to the inner circle.
Points A, B and C are the centres of three circles, each one of which touches the other two. Prove that the perimeter of the triangle ABC is equal to the diameter of the largest circle.
We have exactly 100 coins. There are five different values of
coins. We have decided to buy a piece of computer software for
39.75. We have the correct money, not a penny more, not a penny
less! Can. . . .
A paradox is a statement that seems to be both untrue and true at the same time. This article looks at a few examples and challenges you to investigate them for yourself.
Make an eight by eight square, the layout is the same as a
chessboard. You can print out and use the square below. What is the
area of the square? Divide the square in the way shown by the red
dashed. . . .
This jar used to hold perfumed oil. It contained enough oil to fill
granid silver bottles. Each bottle held enough to fill ozvik golden
goblets and each goblet held enough to fill vaswik crystal. . . .
Your partner chooses two beads and places them side by side behind a screen. What is the minimum number of guesses you would need to be sure of guessing the two beads and their positions?
Six points are arranged in space so that no three are collinear.
How many line segments can be formed by joining the points in
Can you visualise whether these nets fold up into 3D shapes? Watch the videos each time to see if you were correct.

subset: commoncrawl


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One mile north of the intersection - which at the moment is home to a shuttered Marathon gas station, a new but empty retail building and a convenience store that just closed - sits the recently completed Skyline High School.
This fall, 450 ninth-graders will be shuttling to and from the school every weekday. And, with one grade added each year, 1,600 students will attend within four years, said Liz Margolis, spokeswoman for the Ann Arbor Public Schools.
That promises to radically change the Miller/Maple intersection.
"When the high school opens, it's going to be huge," said Karen Bentley of Swisher Commercial in Ann Arbor.
Three of the four corners have development plans or vacancies:
Southeast corner: A functioning medical office with dentists, chiropractors and a health clinic.
Northeast corner: A recently closed Marathon gas station on 1.4 acres. Marathon is taking unsolicited bids for the land, but hasn't decided whether to sell to a user that would operate a gas station. Next to that is Miller Maple Plaza, where one storefront of 2,400 square feet is available.
Southwest corner: A new but empty retail space is seeking tenants. The building has 2,200 square feet and can be divided into two spaces. The site also used to be a gas station.
Northwest corner: Three single-family homes and some wooded, vacant land on 3.8 acres will give way to Maple Cove, a three-building office/residential complex planned by developers Robert McCowan and Jeff Starman. Housing had been approved for the site, but the new plans were submitted early this year.
Plans are already on the books for an office/residential complex at the northwest corner of the intersection, which is now woods and a few single-family homes.
A new retail space stands almost ready for tenants on the southwest corner. And Marathon Oil is taking bids for a recently closed gas station on the northeast corner.
Developers also have preliminary site plan approval for a medical office building with some residential space at the northwest corner of the intersection. Maple Cove would have two 27,300 square foot buildings, and a third of 11,454 square feet on the 3.8-acre lot.
Jim Chaconas of McKinley Commercial Services is marketing the space, and said he has three prospective medical tenants lined up.
Previous plans approved in 2005 for the land had called for single-family housing, according to a report from the City of Ann Arbor Planning and Development Department staff. A portion of the land had to be annexed into the city, which was done earlier this year.
The bottom two stories of the buildings would be office space, and the top floor would be residential, Chaconas said. Three homes would be demolished under the development plan.
As for the retail space on the southwest corner of the intersection, it is a former gas station but has been sitting empty while the structure was built and worked on over a period of years. The owner is Basile Lagos, who also owns property on Packard Street and Division Street, according to city records.
Chaconas is also marketing that space, and said the major issue at the moment is parking - there are only 11 spaces on the plot.
"Two food users want to go in there," he said. "There's also someone who might take the whole space."
View Larger MapThe building has 2,200 square feet, but could be divided into two spaces. The rent is listed at $35 per square foot.
Across the street, the convenience store at the front of Miller Maple Plaza north of the Marathon station closed recently. Bentley, who is marketing another vacant space in the plaza, said a 7-Eleven would replace it.
Bentley's space is 2,400 square feet that used to be the Sabor Latino market. Bentley said the size is a little too big for a coffee shop, but a little too small for a restaurant. The asking rent there is $13 per square foot.
"I'm trying to find the right tenant able to deliver something that will fit the needs of high school students or their parents," she said.
Bentley said the different in pricing between the plaza space and the Lagos property is due to two factors - the relative age of the Miller Maple Plaza, and the fact that the vacant space is not directly on Maple Avenue, but is in the rear of the plaza.
Marathon is taking unsolicited bids for its gas station on the northeast corner of the intersection, said Amy Wiley of the company's real estate division.
She said the company hasn't decided whether to sell the land as a gas station or for another use. Bidders must submit an intended use with their bids, Wiley said, and no asking price has been established.
The lot is about 1.4 acres, much of which was used for parking when the gas station was operating. The service station is 1,365 square feet and was built in 1962, according to city records. The city lists the state equalized value at $330,700, which would put the market value at $661,400.
Chaconas predicted some sort of food-service use for that land as well. But an influx of hungry high-schoolers looking for lunch may be a little ways off, because only upper-class students are allowed to leave the Skyline campus and none will be at the school for a couple of years, Margolis said.
But Chaconas knows first-hand what a high school can do for commercial real estate.
He had a business park in Saline that filled up very quickly after a high school went in nearby.
Contact Dan Meisler at (734) 302-1721.


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Nebraska head coach Bo Pelini shares his thoughts on how Tuesday's practice went.
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Don't Let No-Show Guests Jeopardize Food Safety This Thanksgiving!
You've invited the guests, decorated the table and prepared the food. Then the guests are delayed, call to cancel or don't show at all. Holiday meals and other celebrations require careful planning to ensure that everything goes as planned. When guests encounter emergencies and the meal must be delayed or cancelled, food must be handled "just right" to remain safe.
Every Thanksgiving, the USDA's Meat and Poultry Hotline receives inquiries from consumers who need help with these unplanned situations. Here are just a few. Read more »


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Endophenotypes (intermediate phenotypes) are objective, heritable, quantitative traits hypothesized to represent genetic risk for polygenic disorders at more biologically tractable levels than distal behavioural and clinical phenotypes. It is theorized that endophenotype models of disease will help to clarify both diagnostic classification and aetiological understanding of complex brain disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). To investigate endophenotypes in OCD, we measured brain structure using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and behavioural performance on a response inhibition task (Stop-Signal) in 31 OCD patients, 31 of their unaffected first-degree relatives, and 31 unrelated matched controls. Both patients and relatives had delayed response inhibition on the Stop-Signal task compared with healthy controls. We used a multivoxel analysis method (partial least squares) to identify large-scale brain systems in which anatomical variation was associated with variation in performance on the response inhibition task. Behavioural impairment on the Stop-Signal task, occurring predominantly in patients and relatives, was significantly associated with reduced grey matter in orbitofrontal and right inferior frontal regions and increased grey matter in cingulate, parietal and striatal regions. A novel permutation test indicated significant familial effects on variation of the MRI markers of inhibitory processing, supporting the candidacy of these brain structural systems as endophenotypes of OCD. In summary, structural variation in large-scale brain systems related to motor inhibitory control may mediate genetic risk for OCD, representing the first evidence for a neurocognitive endophenotype of OCD.
- neuroimaging
- inhibition
- obsessive-compulsive
- multivoxel
- familial
An endophenotype was originally defined in the 1960s as a 'measurable component unseen by the unaided eye on the pathway between disease (phenotype) and distal genotype' (John and Lewis, 1966; Gottesman and Shields, 1973). It is a heritable quantitative trait associated with increased genetic risk for a disorder and therefore present in both patients and their clinically unaffected relatives (Gottesman and Gould, 2003; Bearden and Freimer, 2006). Interest in endophenotypes (or intermediate phenotypes) has been stimulated by the difficulties encountered in establishing specific genetic causes for complex disorders by classical linkage or association designs. Although most major psychiatric syndromes are highly heritable, several decades of effort to discover causative genes has yielded disappointing results. It is argued that traditional clinical phenotypes, such as a diagnosis of schizophrenia or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), likely subtend considerable genetic heterogeneity in pathogenetic mechanisms and are too far 'downstream' from sites of gene action to support statistically powerful and replicable linkage to chromosomal loci or association with specific allelic variation (Leboyer et al., 1998; Bearden et al., 2004). In this context, endophenotypes offer an attractive strategy for discovering susceptibility genes since they represent deconstruction of the clinical phenotype into biological variables hypothetically more proximal to genetic effects.
Neuroimaging measurements have obvious potential interest as endophenotypes for neuropsychiatric disorders. Healthy twin studies have shown that brain structure is highly heritable (Thompson et al., 2001; Wright et al., 2002) and brain structural abnormalities have been described in case-control studies of most major psychiatric syndromes. Several experimental designs have been adopted to identify structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) endophenotypes of psychiatric syndromes. A common approach has been to identify MRI markers that are abnormal in clinically unaffected relatives of patients with the index disorder, compared to unrelated healthy volunteers. More complex designs have included studies of probands and relatives drawn from multiplex families, where each individual could be assigned an estimate of genetic risk for a disorder and MRI endophenotypes were then defined as grey or white matter systems covarying significantly with this risk (McDonald et al., 2004). Sib-pair designs, where endophenotypes are identified by reduced variability within genetically related pairs (one proband and one unaffected relative), have not yet been widely used in MRI studies of neuropsychiatric syndromes, but see Marcelis et al. (2003).
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a heritable neuropsychiatric disorder with a lifetime prevalence of 2–3% (Karno et al., 1988; Weissman et al., 1994). Evidence for a genetic contribution to aetiology is provided by twin studies (Inouye, 1965; Carey and Gottesman, 1981), and family studies showing that the disorder is 5–7 times more frequent in first-degree relatives of patients than controls (Pauls et al., 1995; Nestadt et al., 2000). OCD is a major cause of social and occupational disability with considerable associated economic costs; ∼$8.4 billion/year in the US (DuPont et al., 1995). It is clinically characterized by two symptom dimensions: obsessions, which are unwanted, intrusive, recurrent thoughts often concerned with contamination, checking or symmetry; and compulsions, which are repetitive behaviours carried out in relation to obsessions e.g. washing, household safety checking and object rearrangement (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994). It is increasingly clear that such classic obsessive-compulsive symptoms are associated with a pattern of cognitive impairments, suggesting that the perseverative thoughts and behaviours that are symptomatic of the disorder may reflect a loss of normal inhibitory processes (Chamberlain et al., 2005).
According to theoretical models of OCD, symptoms and associated cognitive impairments emerge from disordered structure and function of large-scale neurocognitive networks, specifically 'limbic' or 'affective' cortico-striato-thalamic circuits including orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) (Graybiel and Rauch, 2000; Saxena et al., 2001). These circuits, first identified by anatomical studies in primates (Alexander et al., 1986; Lawrence et al., 1998), have been implicated in the pathophysiology of OCD by human imaging and lesion-based studies (Rapoport and Wise, 1988; Saxena, 2003). The most consistent finding from structural MRI measurements of selected regions-of-interest has been reduced grey matter volume of OFC in patients with OCD; there is less consistent evidence in support of volume changes in caudate nucleus, medial temporal lobe structures, and anterior cingulate cortex (Scarone et al., 1992; Robinson et al., 1995; Aylward et al., 1996; Jenike et al., 1996; Rosenberg and Keshavan, 1998; Szeszko et al., 1999; Gilbert et al., 2000; Kwon et al., 2003; Choi et al., 2004, 2006; Kang et al., 2004; Szeszko et al., 2004; Atmaca et al., 2007); see Supplementary Fig. 1 for detail.
More recently, studies have used computational techniques, such as voxel-based morphometry (Ashburner and Friston, 2000), to map local structural differences in case-control designs without restriction a priori to selected regions (Kim et al., 2001; Pujol et al., 2004; Valente et al., 2005). However, the few studies adopting this approach to date have produced inconsistent results (see Supplementary Fig. 2). There are various possible reasons for the limited replicability of imaging studies of OCD, including clinical heterogeneity or co-morbidity of patient samples, medication effects and small sample sizes in the context of conservative significance thresholds mandated by the large number of voxels to be tested in a whole brain approach. Another possibility is that regional or voxel level analysis, focused on local changes in brain structure, may be less than optimally powerful to detect case-control differences in brain structure which are theoretically expected at the more distributed level of large-scale neurocognitive systems.
Two prior imaging studies have used theoretically more appropriate methods designed to characterize brain abnormalities associated with OCD at a systems level. Soriano-Mas et al. (2007) described a whole brain profile of anatomical abnormality in patients with OCD compared to healthy controls by testing the sum of t-statistics over all voxels against a chi-square distribution (Worsley et al., 1995, 1997). Harrison et al. (2006) used a non-parametric test in conjunction with canonical variates analysis [implemented using NPAIRS software (Strother et al., 2002)] to identify a cortico-striatal system of abnormal brain activation in patients with OCD performing the Stroop task during PET scanning. This study also demonstrated relatively greater power of this multivariate method to detect brain functional abnormalities when compared to the results of a more traditional mass or multiple univariate approach to analysis, entailing a significance test at each individual voxel (Harrison et al., 2006). However, no prior MRI studies have provided evidence for heritability or familiality of brain structural abnormalities in OCD, as is required to support the candidacy of neurocognitive systems as endophenotypes of OCD.
In this context, we were motivated to address four key hypotheses: (i) that motor response inhibition is abnormal in patients with OCD and their first-degree relatives; (ii) that variation in motor inhibition is associated with structural variation in large-scale brain systems identified by a multivoxel analysis of MRI data; (iii) that patients with OCD and their first-degree relatives have abnormal grey matter density in these motor inhibition systems, likely including orbitofronto-striatal regions previously implicated in OCD and (iv) that there are familial effects on variation in inhibitory function and associated brain systems.
To test these predictions, we estimated the stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) using a well-validated stop-signal task (Logan et al., 1984), and acquired structural MRI data, in patients with OCD, their unaffected first-degree relatives, and healthy volunteers. The available evidence suggests structural abnormalities at a systems level in OCD, and prior functional imaging studies of motor inhibition indicate this processes is subserved by an 'inhibitory neurocognitive network' (Rubia et al., 2001b). Therefore, we used the statistical method of partial least squares (PLS) (McIntosh et al., 1996; McIntosh and Lobaugh, 2004), in an innovative application to structural neuroimaging data, to identify grey matter systems (comprising multiple voxels) maximally correlated with variation in SSRT. Finally, we assessed the familiality of cognitive and MRI markers by a permutation test of their variation within proband–relative pairs, each pair comprising a patient with OCD and their clinically unaffected first-degree relative.
Materials and Methods
Participants and clinical assessments
The sample comprised 31 patients with a diagnosis of OCD, 31 unaffected first-degree relatives of a patient with OCD, and 31 unrelated healthy volunteers (including 30 complete pairs of a proband and their first-degree relative). Patients were recruited from an outpatient service by a consultant psychiatrist (NF) and satisfied DSM-IV criteria (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) for a diagnosis of OCD. Patients with symptoms of excessive washing or checking, in the absence of hoarding or motor tics, were selected by clinical interview, using a well-validated screening instrument; the YBOCS Symptom Checklist (Goodman et al., 1989). This careful clinical screening process was adopted to minimize co-morbidity and maximize symptomatic homogeneity in the patient sample selected for subsequent assessment by cognitive testing and MRI, since there is evidence that OCD subgroups with different symptom profiles may have different underlying profiles of brain abnormality (Mataix-Cols et al., 2004).
Eligible patients gave consent for a first-degree relative to be contacted (preferably a similarly aged sibling; alternatively a parent or child). Unrelated healthy volunteers were recruited by local community advertisements.
Participants were excluded if they had an axis I psychiatric disorder (apart from OCD in the patients), serious head injury, substance abuse, epilepsy or MRI contraindications.
The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory (MINI) (Sheehan et al., 1998) was used to screen for axis I psychiatric disorders; the Montgomery–Asberg depression rating scale (MADRS) (Montgomery and Asberg, 1979) to measure current depressive symptoms; and two instruments, the clinician-rated yale-brown obsessive compulsive scale (YBOCS) (Goodman et al., 1989) and the self-rated obsessive compulsive inventory-revised (OCI-R) (Foa et al., 2002), were used to measure obsessive-compulsive symptom severity. Verbal IQ was estimated using the National Adult Reading Test (NART) (Nelson, 1982).
Patients were clinically medicated as follows: 21 were prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; 1 was prescribed clomipramine and 1 was prescribed quetiapine. Eight patients were unmedicated. Relatives and healthy volunteers were not taking psychotropic medication.
All participants gave written informed consent and the study was approved by the Addenbrooke's NHS Trust Local Research Ethics Committee (Cambridge, UK). Behavioural performance on this motor inhibition task was previously reported for a subset of the individuals in this sample (Chamberlain et al., 2007). Here we report for the first time both behavioural and MRI data on the full sample.
Behavioural testing
We used a computerized version of the stop-signal task to assess inhibition of prepotent motor responses (Logan et al., 1984); for a full description see Aron et al. (2003a). Briefly, participants watched a computer screen on which a series of five blocks of 64 arrows per block were visually presented. Arrows pointed either to the right (50%) or the left (50%) and subjects responded accordingly by pressing the appropriate button; the order of presentation of right- and left-pointing arrows was randomized. In a randomly assigned proportion (25%) of trials, an audible stop-signal was heard after presentation of the arrow and subjects were instructed to inhibit their motor response to these trials. The interstimulus interval (ISI) and the stop-signal delay were varied according to the subject's performance such that subjects were able successfully to inhibit their responses to 50% of the stop trials. From these behavioural data, the stop-signal reaction time (SSRT, ms), i.e. the processing time required to inhibit a prepotent motor response, was calculated for each subject. SSRT data were normalized by log transformation before statistical analysis in SPSS v11 for Windows.
MRI data acquisition
Structural MRI data were obtained using a GE Signa system (General Electric, Milwaukee, USA) operating at 1.5T in the Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. Axial 3D T1-weighted images were acquired using a spoiled gradient recall (SPGR) sequence and the following parameters: number of slices = 124, slice thickness = 2 mm, TR = 33 ms, TE = 3 ms, field of view = 24 cm, flip angle = 40°, matrix size 256 × 256, voxel dimensions = 0.94 mm × 0.94 mm; scanning time = 20 min. In addition, axial dual-echo, fast spin echo (T2- and PD-weighted) images were acquired with number of slices = 40, slice thickness = 4 mm, TR = 5625 ms, TE = 20 and 102 ms with an 8-echo train length, field of view = 24 cm, matrix size = 256 × 256, voxel dimensions = 0.94 mm × 0.94 mm; scanning time = 10 min. Total scanning time (including a localizer scan and a diffusion tensor imaging sequence not reported here) amounted to 40 min.
MRI data analysis: pre-processing
First, non-brain tissue was removed using an automated brain extraction procedure (Smith, 2002). The T1-, T2- and PD-weighted images were then segmented using a multichannel tissue classification algorithm and probabilistic maps of grey matter, white matter, CSF and dural tissues were created by estimating the partial volume coefficient for each voxel, which represents the probability of each voxel belonging to one of four tissue classes (Zhang et al., 2001). The segmented grey matter partial-volume maps were registered in Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) standard space by an affine transformation using a segmented grey matter template in FSL (Sheehan et al., 1998; Jenkinson and Smith, 2001; Jenkinson et al., 2002). The registered data were spatially smoothed by a 2D Gaussian kernel with full width at half maximum (FWHM) = 3 mm. All preprocessing was performed using FSL software (http://www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl).
MRI data analysis: partial least squares
To identify grey matter systems optimally correlated with SSRT, we used the statistical technique of partial least squares; PLS (McIntosh et al., 1996). For implementation, we used PLSGUI software (http://www.rotman-baycrest.on.ca/pls/) running in MatLab.
Briefly, over all participants, we estimated the correlations between log-transformed SSRT scores and normalized grey matter density at each voxel in the registered images where the probability of grey matter P(GM) was greater than 0.1 (thus excluding from consideration all voxels representing predominantly white matter or CSF). The normalization of grey matter density involved dividing each voxel's density estimate by the mean density of grey matter over all voxels in the brain (thus correcting individual voxel values for between-subject differences in global grey matter volume). The overall strength of correlation between grey matter density and SSRT was summarized by the scalar , where ri is the correlation at the ith voxel and the sum is over all i = 1,2,3, … V voxels with P(GM) > 0.1. The brain score for each participant was calculated as the sum of grey matter probabilities multiplied by the local weighted correlations with SSRT: i.e. B(j) = ∑ P(GM)i, j* ri/d, where B(j) is the brain score for the jth participant, P(GM)i,j is the probability of grey matter at the ith voxel for the jth participant, and the sum is over all V voxels for each participant.
The association between grey matter probability and SSRT was tested for statistical significance by a permutation test of d. The ordering of SSRT scores was randomly permuted before recalculation of the correlations with grey matter at each voxel, leading to an estimate of d under the null hypothesis. This process was repeated 1000 times to sample the permutation distribution of d and the observed value was compared to the 950th value of the ranked permutation distribution for a test with one-tailed probability of type 1 error, P = 0.05. Brain scores were also compared between groups by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc testing (SPSS v11 for Windows).
The anatomical configuration of brain systems strongly associated with SSRT was visualized by thresholding the correlations at each voxel with an arbitrary threshold, |ri| > 0.14 and a minimum cluster size of 400 voxels. This cluster size threshold was chosen for illustrative purposes, to best demonstrate the large-scale anatomical covariation with SSRT scores. The choice of visualization thresholds makes no difference to the statistical significance of d (the overall strength of correlation between grey matter density and SSRT) or the calculation of brain scores for each participant.
We also used this thresholded set of correlated voxels as a 'mask', applied to the preprocessed maps of grey matter probability, to estimate the grey matter density represented by the thresholded system and its component regions in each participant. These measures of regional grey matter density were also compared between groups by ANOVA and post hoc testing.
Assessment of familiality
We used two complementary techniques to assess the familiality of SSRT scores, or related grey matter systems (brain score and grey matter density), in the OCD patients and their first-degree relatives. First, we calculated the variance of the within-pair difference in SSRT (or brain scores or grey matter density): where uj is the observed within-pair difference of the measure for the jth pair of participants, ū is the mean within-pair difference and N is the total number of pairs (N = 30). Then we randomly reassigned the observations to new pairs, so that each patient was now paired with a clinically unaffected individual to whom they were not personally related. We recalculated the variance of the within-pair difference in phenotype after each random permutation and repeated this process 100 000 times to sample the permutation distribution of σ[proband–relative pair] under the null hypothesis that the observed variance in within-pair differences was not determined by the familial relatedness of the observed pairs. On the alternative hypothesis that the observed variance would be small, we compared it to the 5000th value of the permutation distribution for a test with one-tailed P < 0.05.
Second, as another exploration of the similarity between patients and their relatives on behavioural and brain-based measures, we examined the strength and significance of the within-pair correlation of SSRT, brain score and grey matter densities between patients and their own relatives. We used within-pair correlation rather than intraclass correlation because there was a natural ordering (patient or relative) within each pair.
Demographic and clinical data
The three groups were well matched for age, verbal IQ, gender and handedness (Table 1). As expected, there were significant differences between groups on both measures of obsessive-compulsive symptom severity (YBOCS: ANOVA, F2,90 = 337, P < 0.001; OCIR: ANOVA, F2,86 = 58.0, P < 0.001). Post hoc least significant difference (LSD) tests confirmed that patients scored significantly higher on both instruments than either healthy volunteers (YBOCS: df = 60, P < 0.001; OCIR: df = 57, P < 0.001) or relatives (YBOCS: df = 60, P < 0.001; OCIR: df = 56, P < 0.001); whereas relatives did not differ significantly from healthy volunteers on either instrument (YBOCS: df = 60, P = 0.08; OCIR: df = 59, P = 0.54). Although mean depressive symptom severity scores measured using MADRS were below the threshold for a diagnosis of depressive disorder in all three groups, patients with OCD had higher scores than relatives and healthy volunteers (ANOVA, F2,90 = 14.2, P < 0.001; LSD tests, patients compared with healthy volunteers: df = 60, P < 0.001; patients compared with relatives: df = 60, P < 0.001). Relatives did not differ from healthy volunteers (df = 60, P = 0.36) (Table 1).
|OCD patients (N = 31)
|First-degree relatives (N = 31)
|Healthy unrelated volunteers (N = 31)
|F (df = 2,90)a
|Demographic data
|Age (years)
|Handedness (right:left)
|Gender (male:female)
|Clinical data
|Age of onset of symptoms (years)
|Duration of illness (years)
|Cognitive data
|SSRT (log transformed)
|Median 'go' reaction time (ms)
Stop-signal task performance
There was a significant difference between groups in mean SSRT (ANOVA, F2,90 = 9.07, P < 0.001) (Table 1). Post hoc analysis demonstrated that both patients (df = 60, P = 0.001) and relatives (df = 60, P < 0.001) had significantly greater SSRT than healthy volunteers. There was no significant difference in SSRT between patients and relatives (df = 60, P = 0.50). Of note, these between-group differences in response inhibition were not accompanied by significant non-specific latency differences in responding to uninhibited trials (median 'go' reaction time: ANOVA, F2,90 = 2.76, P = 0.07). Additionally, there was no significant correlation between age and SSRT in relatives (r = 0.18, N = 31, P = 0.33), excluding the possibility that younger relatives perform worse on the task and might therefore represent individuals with an OCD prodrome.
Grey matter systems correlated with SSRT
There was a significant correlation between SSRT and grey matter probability (d = 44.9, permutation test, P = 0.05) and individual brain scores were strongly positively correlated with SSRT (r = 0.82, N = 93, P < 0.001) (Fig. 1A). As expected, brain scores were significantly different between groups (ANOVA, F2,90 = 4.18, P = 0.018) (Fig. 1B) and post hoc analysis demonstrated that this was due to significantly greater brain scores in patients compared to healthy volunteers (df = 60, P = 0.021) and in relatives compared to healthy volunteers (df = 60, P = 0.010); there was no significant difference in brain scores between patients and relatives (df = 60, P = 0.78).
An anatomical map of voxels strongly correlated with SSRT over all participants highlighted two extensive systems which were, respectively, positively and negatively correlated with latency of inhibitory processing (Fig. 2). In the positively correlated system, longer SSRT was associated with increased grey matter probability. This predominantly parieto-cingulo-striatal system comprised middle and posterior cingulate cortices (approximate Brodmann areas [BA] 23, 24, 31), bilateral putamen/caudate and amygdala, bilateral parietal cortical areas (BA 39, 40) and bilateral cerebellum. In the negatively correlated system, longer SSRT was associated with decreased grey matter probability. This predominantly frontal system comprised bilateral middle and medial orbitofrontal cortex (BA 11, 47), inferior frontal gyri (BA 44, 45), superior frontal and premotor cortices (BA 6, 8, 9), anterior cingulate cortex (BA 32) and bilateral temporal cortical areas (BA 21, 22, 37, 42) (Table 2).
|Cluster number
|Size (voxels)
|Peak correlation (r)
|MNI coordinates (mm)
|Red regions (positive correlation between grey matter density per voxel and SSRT)
|Mid cingulate gyrus (BA 23, 24)
|Posterior cingulate gyrus (BA 24, 31)
|Precuneus (BA 7)
|R Lingual gyrus (BA 18)
|L Lingual gyrus (BA 30)
|L putamen
|L caudate
|L amygdala
|L hippocampus
|L superior occipital gyrus (BA 19)
|L inferior lateral parietal lobe (BA 40, 7)
|R caudate
|R globus pallidus
|R putamen
|R amygdala
|R superior temporal gyrus (BA 38)
|R mid occipital gyrus (BA 18, 19)
|R angular gyrus (BA 39)
|L cerebellar hemisphere
|R cerebellar hemisphere
|Cerebellar vermis
|R lingual gyrus (BA 19)
|L lingual gyrus (BA 19)
|Blue regions (negative correlation between grey matter density per voxel and SSRT)
|R cerebellar hemisphere
|R postcentral gyrus (BA 40, 43)
|R precentral gyrus (BA 4, 6)
|R supramarginal gyrus (BA 40)
|L mid/medial orbitofrontal cortex (BA 11, 47)
|R mid/medial orbitofrontal cortex (BA 11, 47)
|L inferior frontal gyrus pars triangularis (BA 44, 45)
|R inferior frontal gyrus pars opercularis (BA 44, 45)
|R mid temporal gyrus (BA 20, 21)
|R insula
|L superior frontal gyrus (BA 8, 6)
|Bilateral supplementary motor area (BA 8, 6)
|Medial frontal gyrus/anterior cingulate (BA 32)
|R mid frontal gyrus (BA 6, 8, 9)
|L superior temporal gyrus (BA 22, 42)
|L insula
|L inferior temporal gyrus (BA 21, 37)
Abbreviations: BA = Brodmann's area; L = left; R = right.
To explore these results further, we extracted grey matter values for the systems in Fig. 2 that were correlated with SSRT. We confirmed that grey matter density in the parieto-cingulo-striatal system was positively correlated with SSRT (r = 0.70, N = 93, P < 0.001), grey matter density in the frontal system was negatively correlated with SSRT (r = −0.78, N = 93, P < 0.001), and grey matter density in the two systems was negatively correlated with each other (r = −0.78, N = 93, P < 0.001), indicating that individuals with prolonged SSRT and larger positive brain scores (typically patients and relatives) tended to have both increased grey matter in the parieto-cingulo-striatal system and reduced grey matter in the frontal system.
There were significant between-group differences in grey matter probability measured in both the parieto-cingulo-striatal system (ANOVA, F2,90 = 4.27, P = 0.017) and frontal system (ANOVA, F2,90 = 3.36, P = 0.039). When we explored group differences separately for each anatomically distinct region in each system, we found that left inferior parietal and dorsal occipital regions demonstrated the greatest between-group difference in grey matter probability among all regions comprising the system positively correlated with SRRT (ANOVA, F2,90 = 7.48, P = 0.001); whereas bilateral orbitofrontal cortex demonstrated the greatest between-group difference among all regions comprising the system negatively correlated with SSRT (ANOVA, F2,90 = 4.92, P = 0.009) (Table 2, Fig. 3). There were no regions in which there were significant differences in grey matter between patients and relatives (LSD; df = 60, P > 0.1).
Familiality of cognitive and neuroimaging phenotypes
By a permutation test of the variance of within-pair differences in brain scores, we were able to show that the observed within-pair variance was small (σ[proband–relative pair] = 127) compared to the distribution of variances in a sample of 100 000 randomly permuted pairs of patients and first-degree relatives (permutation test, P = 0.014) (Fig. 4A). This observation is compatible with the (alternative) hypothesis that variance of true proband–relative pair differences is smaller because the phenotype in question, e.g. brain scores, is determined by familial factors in common to both the patient and the first-degree relative in each pair.
We applied the same permutation test to analyses of the variance of within-pair differences in grey matter density of the parieto-cingulo-striatal system positively correlated with SSRT and in grey matter density of the frontal system negatively correlated with SSRT. In both cases, we found that the observed within-pair variance was significantly small compared to the appropriate permutation distributions (permutation tests, P = 0.009 and P = 0.015, respectively), again implying that familial factors shared between patients and relatives determined grey matter volume in these systems. Interestingly, applying the same approach to analysis of the SSRT scores, provided no evidence for significantly reduced variance of within-pair differences on this cognitive measure (permutation test, P = 0.25).
A broadly consistent pattern of results was obtained by analysis of correlation between patients and their relatives: these were significantly different from zero for brain score (r = 0.41, N = 30, P = 0.023), mean grey matter probability in the parieto-cingulo-striatal system (r = 0.46, N = 30, P = 0.012) and mean grey matter probability in the frontal system (r = 0.42, N = 30, P = 0.022). In contrast, there was no significant within-pair correlation for the SSRT score (r = 0.16, N = 30, P = 0.41) (Fig. 4B). Taken together with the results on variance of within-pair differences in MRI and cognitive phenotypes, these data suggest that compared with a behavioural measure of response inhibition, the MRI systems correlated with response inhibitory processing are more strongly determined by familial factors shared between true proband–relative pairs.
These data provide empirical support for each of the four hypotheses motivating this study. We have confirmed that response inhibition, indexed by SSRT, is abnormal in patients with OCD and their first-degree relatives. We have identified extensive brain systems where grey matter density is (positively or negatively) correlated with variability in stop-signal task performance; and we have shown that patients with OCD and their relatives have structural abnormalities in these systems compared to healthy volunteers. Finally, we have exploited our proband–relative pair design to assess the familiality of variation in cognitive and associated MRI phenotypes and shown that variation in brain systems correlated with inhibitory function is likely determined by familial factors in common between patients and their first-degree relative. In short, we have combined structural neuroimaging and cognitive testing to identify for the first time a neurocognitive endophenotype of OCD.
Inhibition and OCD
The classical clinical symptoms of OCD are persistent, obsessional thoughts attended by an inability to inhibit compulsive behaviour repetition. It therefore seems almost self-evident that inhibitory processes might be abnormal in OCD and there is empirical evidence in support of this hypothesis. Patients with OCD are impaired across a range of tests of inhibitory function including motor inhibition tasks, e.g. go/no-go and stop-signal tasks (Bannon et al., 2002; Chamberlain et al., 2005, 2006; Penades et al., 2006); attentional set shifting tasks, such as the object alternation task (Abbruzzese et al., 1997; Aycicegi et al., 2003); the intra-dimensional/extra-dimensional task (Veale et al., 1996; Watkins et al., 2005; Chamberlain et al., 2006) which requires inhibition of a previously successful response strategy in response to changing criteria for task performance; and the Stroop task, a putative test of cognitive inhibition (van den Heuvel et al., 2005b; Penades et al., 2006). Our data, indicating that patients are impaired on a motor inhibition task, are consistent with this literature.
Brain systems associated with motor inhibition
Prior data on human brain systems underlying motor inhibition have been provided by lesion studies and neuroimaging. In a structural MRI study of patients following focal but variably located brain injuries, Aron et al. (2003b) found that grey matter volume deficit in the right inferior frontal gyrus (RIFG) was specifically predictive of prolonged SSRT; for a review of further evidence implicating the RIFG in motor inhibition see Aron et al. (2004). Functional neuroimaging studies of motor inhibition have generally identified a more extensive but predominantly right-sided system of regions including orbitofrontal, dorsolateral and medial frontal, temporal and parietal cortices, the cerebellum and the basal ganglia (Godefroy et al., 1996; Humberstone et al., 1997; Garavan et al., 1999; Rubia et al., 1999, 2000, 2001a, b and c; Horn et al., 2003).
In keeping with the focus on the RIFG in previous literature, we also found evidence that reduced grey matter density in this region was associated with prolonged SSRT. However, consistent with the functional neuroimaging data suggesting involvement of a network of regions in inhibition, we found that brain areas negatively correlated with latency of inhibitory processing in our data were not restricted to the RIFG but included regions such as bilateral orbitofrontal cortex, right premotor and anterior cingulate cortex, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and bilateral temporal cortex. We also found a number of regions in cingulate cortex, parietal and dorsal occipital cortex, and basal ganglia where SSRT was positively correlated with grey matter density, i.e. impaired inhibitory function was predicted by increased grey matter density.
Brain systems implicated in OCD
'Affective' fronto-striatal circuits including the orbitofrontal cortex, the striatum and anterior cingulate have been invoked theoretically to account for OCD. As already discussed (Introduction, Supplementary Figs 1 and 2), there is somewhat inconsistent evidence in support of this hypothesis from structural MRI studies published to date. However, there is additional evidence for orbitofrontal dysfunction in OCD from positron emission tomography (PET) studies reporting abnormal resting or task-related orbitofrontal metabolism in OCD (Baxter et al., 1987, 1988; Nordahl et al., 1989; Swedo et al., 1989; McGuire et al., 1994; Rauch et al., 1994). Functional MRI studies investigating executive function in OCD have also identified fronto-striatal abnormalities in patients (Maltby et al., 2005; van den Heuvel et al., 2005a; Remijnse et al., 2006; Rauch et al., 2007); and there is evidence that affective fronto-striatal circuits are abnormally activated in patients during symptom provocation (Breiter et al., 1996; Adler et al., 2000; Phillips et al., 2000; Mataix-Cols et al., 2004; Nakao et al., 2005; Schienle et al., 2005). Moreover, fMRI studies have often also shown changes in activation of theoretically unanticipated regions such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and parietal cortex. For example, van den Heuvel et al. (2005a) found decreased DLPFC activation in OCD patients compared with controls, Maltby et al. (2005) found hyperactivity in the anterior and posterior cingulate and lateral prefrontal cortex during unsuccessful stopping in a go/no-go task, and Schienle et al. (2005) found increased activation in DLPFC and parietal areas. There is corroborative evidence for parietal cortical abnormalities in OCD from PET (Nordahl et al., 1989; McGuire et al., 1994; Rauch et al., 1994) and SPECT (Lucey et al., 1995) activation studies.
Thus our findings of extensive grey matter abnormality in orbitofrontal cortex, ventral and dorsal prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, parietal cortex, striatum and cerebellum include many of the regions anticipated by an orbitofronto-striatal model; but also include other regions (such as parietal cortex or cerebellum), which have been reported in the functional neuroimaging literature and by some of the prior structural MRI studies (Pujol et al., 2004; Valente et al., 2005; Soriano-Mas et al., 2007), yet are not so readily accommodated by an exclusively orbitofronto-striatal model. As the neuroimaging evidence base grows and becomes more replicable, we predict that this will drive development of systems-level theory beyond the model of abnormality in a single cortico-striatal circuit.
Candidacy of cognitive and MRI endophenotypes of OCD
There is no universally accepted set of criteria to judge the validity of a candidate endophenotype. However, Gottesman proposed that endophenotypes are quantitative heritable traits that are abnormal in both probands and their relatives (Gottesman and Gould, 2003). How well do our data on behavioural and MRI markers of inhibitory processing satisfy these criteria?
Both behavioural and MRI markers were quantitatively abnormal on average in both patients and relatives compared to healthy volunteers. However, the demonstration of strict sense heritability is impossible in the absence of a twin design controlling for shared environmental influences on trait variation in genetically related individuals. We have therefore adopted the logistically more feasible approach of assessing familial (rather than strictly heritable) effects on trait variation in a proband–relative pair design. We have used an innovative permutation test of the within-pair variance in trait differences, and within-pair correlations, to quantify familiality of variation in discordant proband–relative pairs, finding evidence for significant familial effects on variation in the MRI systems associated with inhibitory processing, but not on the behaviourally derived SSRT measure. We conclude that the MRI markers of inhibitory processing more completely satisfy Gottesman's criteria (by virtue of their greater familiality), perhaps reflecting the fact that structural variation in brain systems is more proximal to genetic effects than variation in task performance. This result strengthens the rationale for searching for neurocognitive endophenotypes in other complex behavioural disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Utility and specificity of endophenotypes of OCD
Using probands and first-degree relatives to identify MRI endophenotypes has the immediate advantage of discounting any non-familial explanations (such as exposure to psychotropic medication in the probands) for abnormal patterns of brain structure. Endophenotypes could also be used to refine diagnostic subclassification of patients (based on the extent of their expression of endophenotypic abnormality), or to highlight additional abnormalities occurring only in patients (not relatives), although these were not objectives of the current study. However, it is interesting also to consider how our results could be exploited in future to identify specific genes determining variation in brain systems important for motor inhibition. In principle, the grey matter density of the motor inhibitory system could be used as a quantitative trait in a genome-wide search for associated polymorphisms by quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. Although we currently lack sufficient experience of genome-wide QTL mapping based on human imaging, this has been successfully used to identify genetic markers associated with imaging measurements of cortical and subcortical grey matter volumes in inbred strains of mice (Beatty and Laughlin, 2006).
Another question concerns the diagnostic specificity of an inhibitory endophenotype for OCD. Since the present study focused on patients with predominantly classical washing/checking symptoms, these results may not generalize to other OCD subgroups. On the other hand, recent evidence has accumulated to suggest that a deficit in response inhibition may also be an endophenotype for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (Aron and Poldrack, 2005; Crosbie and Schachar, 2001). Behavioural deficits in response inhibition have been identified in ADHD (Casey et al., 1997; Vaidya et al., 1998; Chamberlain and Sahakian, 2007) and previously related to abnormal activation of right inferior prefrontal cortex and left caudate during the stop-signal task (Rubia et al., 1999). Clinically unaffected first-degree relatives of ADHD probands have also shown deficits on motor response inhibition in the go/no-go task (Slaats-Willemse et al., 2003). Future studies of ADHD patients and their relatives would establish if impairments in response inhibition are underpinned by anatomical variation in the same brain systems that we have identified in OCD; and test that behavioural and/or imaging markers of impaired inhibitory function satisfy the Gottesman criteria as endophenotypes of ADHD. Without such data, it is speculative but intriguing to consider that the same neurocognitive endophenotype might be related to important dimensions of these two traditionally distinct clinical syndromes.
Methodological considerations
An innovative aspect of this study was the use of the PLS method, a technique previously employed mainly in the analysis of functional neuroimaging data (McIntosh and Lobaugh, 2004), to find structural brain systems optimally correlated with a behavioural variable. PLS was attractive for our purpose because there were prior theoretical reasons to expect that inhibitory deficits in OCD might be related to structural abnormalities at a systems level, rather than in a discrete brain region, and PLS is designed to optimize correlation between one or more exogenous (behavioural) variables and a set of correlated image voxels, without specifying a priori which voxels are likely to be components of the behaviourally correlated system. Characterization of structure–function relationships at systems level has the considerable merit of minimizing the number of significance tests required. To search for significant structure–function associations at voxel level would entail approximately 150 000 tests, with concomitantly severe thresholds for significance to mitigate the multiple comparisons problem; whereas testing for a systems level association in PLS required only one significance test, which could be thresholded conventionally at P ≤ 0.05.
In principle, partial least squares can be used as a multivariate analysis method to explore the relationships between multiple behavioural variables and multiple imaging variables. Here we have used it to test for association between a single behavioural variable and grey matter density at multiple voxels. To distinguish this application from the more general multivariate case, where PLS is used to find associations between multiple behavioural variables and imaging measures at multiple voxels, we have referred to our application as a multivoxel analysis because the (non-parametric) test for significant association is based on behavioural correlations summed across all voxels in the brain. Thus PLS with a single behavioural variable is conceptually close to the analysis of OCD imaging data by Soriano-Mas et al. (2007), based on the method proposed by Worsley et al. (1995, 1997). The main differences are that Soriano-Mas et al. (2007) tested a multivoxel measure of between-group difference, whereas we have tested a multivoxel measure of continuous covariation with cognitive function across diagnostic groups. More technically, the PLS approach has the relative merit of an entirely non-parametric (resampling-based) approach to significance testing which confers greater flexibility in choice of test statistics and greater robustness against violation of the conditions required for validity of parametric tests (Worsley et al., 1995, 1997).
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of a potentially powerful experimental and data analytic strategy to identify cognitive and related brain structural endophenotypes of heritable but genetically complex neuropsychiatric disorders. In a sample of OCD patients, their first-degree relatives and unrelated healthy volunteers, we have found substantial evidence that variation in motor inhibitory control is correlated with grey matter density changes in an extensive system comprising orbitofrontal, cingulate and parietal cortical areas as well as striatal and other subcortical regions. We have also tested rigorously by Gottesman's criteria the candidacy of these inhibition-related brain systems as the first neurocognitive endophenotype for obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Supplementary material
Supplementary material is available at Brain online.
This work was funded by the National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression (Distinguished Investigator Award to E.B.), the Wellcome Trust (T.W.R., B.J.S.), the Harnett Fund (University of Cambridge; MB/PhD studentship to L.M.), the Medical Research Council (MB/PhD studentship to S.R.C.) and the National Institutes of Mental Health and Biomedical Imaging & Bioengineering (Human Brain Project; E.B.). The Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute is supported by a joint award from the Medical Research Council and Wellcome Trust. Mr Chamberlain and Dr Robbins and Dr Sahakian consult for Cambridge Cognition. All other authors report no competing interests. We thank Drs Randy McIntosh and Nancy Lobaugh for expert support in using their PLSGUI software. Funding to pay the Open Access publication charges for this article was provided by the Wellcome Trust.
- Abbreviations:
- Abbreviations:
- analysis of variance
- dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
- Least Significant Difference
- Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale
- Montreal Neurological Institute
- magnetic resonance imaging
- National Adult Reading Test
- obsessive-compulsive disorder
- Obsessive Compulsive Inventory - Revised
- orbitofrontal cortex
- partial least squares
- quantitative trait locus
- right inferior frontal gyrus
- Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
- stop-signal reaction time
- Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale
- © 2007 The Author(s)
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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Super Nats set record
SALEM – The Stadium GM Superstore Steel Valley Super Nationals will be held at Quaker City Motorsports Park this weekend with a record of approximately 5,000 vehicles preregistered, according to promoter Corey Ward.
The Super Nats is billed as Ohio's largest motorsports entertainment event and features top dragsters, muscle cars and mild-to-wild street machines from over 14 states.
Ward said about 3,000 hot rods and 2,000 drag racers have preregistered.
The Stadium GM Superstore Steel Valley Super Nationals will take place Friday from 9 a.m. to l a.m,; Saturday from 9 a.m. to l a.m.; and Sunday from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.
In addition to the rumble, roar and tire smoke, two nationally-known concert venues will keep the event going into the night as Motley Crue frontman Vince Neil and special guest Haymaker will take the stage Friday night. That performance will be followed by a "massive" Phantom Fireworks Super Show.
Neil will be playing favorite Crue songs. Bret Michaels with special guest The Huckin' Fillbillys will take the stage Saturday night. Michaels will be playing favorite Poison songs and has released songs such as "All I Ever Needed" and "The App Song" to country radio. He has shared the stage with country music artists such as Kenny Chesney, Tim McGraw and Jake Owen.
Fans can still buy day passes and weekend passes at the gate all weekend during the show.
"We will not sell out," Ward said.
Day passes are $15 per person. The weekend pass is $50, good for two people, and includes all the racing you want, in-and-out privileges all weekend, camping, and the concerts.
The Super Nats will also feature a record number of vendors displaying the latest automotive products.
Ward said that to meet the demands of the large crowds expected, the event has increased the number of food vendors to 40 with two national rib vendors from Texas and North Carolina.
"To limit traffic congestion and to accommodate the record crowds expected, we have leased property next to the drag strip and will be working out of the old Quaker City entrance," Ward said.
There will be Hot Rod Car Cruise to Quaker Steak & Lube in Austintown for the after party.
The Salem Super Cruise also will be held in downtown all weekend beginning at 4 p.m. today at Arby's and the Timberlanes lot.


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Posts Tagged 'Paul Holdengräber'
Win Two Free Front-Row Seats: Ben Lerner in Conversation with Paul Holdengräber
September 12, 2014 | by Dan Piepenbring
The Paris Review has recently published two stories by Ben Lerner, who won our Terry Southern Prize this year: first was "False Spring" (issue 205) and then "Specimen Days" (issue 208). Both are excerpts from his excellent new novel 10:04. If you've opened a newspaper or book review in the past month, you've likely encountered rhapsodic praise for 10:04. The Wall Street Journal wrote, "Mr. Lerner packs so much brilliance and humor into each episode … this brain-tickling book imbues real experiences with a feeling of artistic possibility, leaving the observable world 'a little changed, a little charged.'" In The Times, Dwight Garner wrote that Lerner is "among the most interesting young American novelists at present," and in Bookforum, Christian Lorentzen called 10:04 "a beautiful and original novel … it signals a new direction in American fiction." NPR said that it's "strange and spectacular … Don't even worry about classifying it; just let Lerner's language sweep you off your feet."
And why not let that sweeping happen in person? Next Tuesday, September 16, Lerner will appear at the New York Public Library in conversation with Paul Holdengräber—it's sure to be an expansive interview, and we're giving away two front-row seats. (For proof of Holdengräber's conversational acumen, check out his Art of Nonfiction interview with Adam Phillips, which we published in our Spring issue.)
For a chance to win, retweet our announcement below before three P.M. EST today. We'll select two winners at random. Bonne chance!
We have two free front-row tickets to Tuesday's @LIVEfromtheNYPL event with Ben Lerner. Retweet by three P.M. EST today for a chance to win!
— The Paris Review (@parisreview) September 12, 2014
David Lynch, Hiding in Plain Sight
April 30, 2014 | by Dan Piepenbring
The filmmaker comes to BAM.
What, in retrospect, did we hope to hear from David Lynch last night? In "a rare public appearance," the filmmaker appeared in conversation with Paul Holdengräber at BAM, to a sold-out crowd. The people were there. Lynch was there. And so … now what?
It wasn't as if we expected to walk out with David Lynch decoder rings, finally capable, having listened to him, of educing his films' meaning. Much of their joy derives from their refusal to cohere. Nor could we reasonably hope to reconcile the work with the man—the gap between the Missoula-born Eagle Scout and the psychosexual Grand Guignol of, say, Blue Velvet has always been pretty difficult to bridge. That's all part of the Lynch magic, and you can hardly expect a guy to declaim upon the essence of his magic.
So why were we there, then? Did we simply want to see him bodily, to confirm the corporeal existence of a man whose work sometimes seems—extraterrestrial? Sure. But we also presumed we would learn something, anything, about him. Something new, something that qualified as insight: something that might make the whole Lynchian gestalt that much less opaque.
Such was not the case. Read More »
See a Paris Review Interview: Live!
February 20, 2013 | by Sadie Stein
Called "one of the finest prose stylists at work in the language, an Emerson of our time," the psychoanalyst and essayist Adam Phillips joins Paul Holdengräber for a live Writers-at-Work interview on Monday, February 25, at the New York Public Library. In the tradition of Paris Review interviews, Phillips will discuss writing, life, and his most recent work, Missing Out: In Praise of the Unlived Life.
See program details here.
To receive a $10 discount off general admission, click here and enter code FRUSTRATION at checkout.


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Nick Hiscock had an impressive showing at the recent Atlantic Table Tennis Championships in Charlottetown, P.E.I.
Hiscock won silver medals in the men's and boys' U18 category.
He was also part of the U18 boy's team, along with Jeremy Lehr and Michael Hiscock, that won silver in the team event.
Hiscock was outstanding in men's singles reaching the final where he lost to the number-one ranked player in Atlantic Canada Todd Gregory of Prince Edward Island. Hiscock is currently training with Newfoundland's Canada Games team for 2015.
Other medal winners from this province:
Girls U15: Brianna Warren (Silver)
Boys U18 Doubles: Jeremy Lehr and Michael Hiscock (Silver)
U18 Mixed Doubles: Jeremy Lehr and Brianna Warren (Gold)
B Doubles: Jerry Hiscock and Mark Warren (Silver)


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After the Boston Celtics blasted the New York Knicks by almost a billion points in December, Brad Stevens issued a warning. He said teams are never as good as they think they are, never as bad as they think they are, and never far from either.
Back then the Celtics looked pretty good. They were almost back to .500 after a three-game winning streak, and Jordan Crawford was the soon-to-be-named
king of the world Eastern Conference Player of the Week. The Celtics were good enough while shellacking New York 114-73 – and the Knicks bad enough – that Carmelo Anthony's still bitter about it.
"That game left a bitter taste in my mouth and everybody's mouth," Carmelo Anthony said on Monday, according to ESPN New York. "It was unacceptable, that game. We remember that."
Boston and New York meet again Tuesday at Madison Square Garden. The Celtics will be looking for their first victory with Rajon Rondo; they are 1-5 since the point guard's return, with the only win coming when he sat out the second leg of a back-to-back.
The Knicks have won two straight after a five-game losing streak. Anthony has scored 97 points over the consecutive wins, including 62 Friday against the Bobcats.


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North Bergen police are making another public plea to help identify the driver who struck a Butler man last March in a fatal hit-and-run accident, officials said.
Police will be conducting an informational checkpoint tonight at the corner of Tonnelle Avenue and 51st Street in order to distribute fliers and seek information about the hit-and-run death of Omar Monroig, 42.
Monroig was struck by a vehicle on March 23 and died of the injuries he sustained 10 days later. Police have conducted previous informational checkpoints, released a video and a composite sketch, but the driver has not yet been identified.
The checkpoint is scheduled to being at approximately at 9 p.m.
Based on the surveillance camera footage, North Bergen police say the car that struck Monroig was an early 2000s dark-colored Toyota sedan. Anyone with any information on the accident should call the North Bergen police at (201) 392-2100.
In October the Monroig family raised the reward offer to $20,000 to anyone who produces useful information leading to the arrest of the driver.
The driver is described as a white male, age 50-70, with tan or olive skin, 220-250 pounds, approximately 5-foot-8 to 5-10, brown hair and dark eyes, speaks with an accent, and has a noticeable mole near his mouth.


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This deal has ended.
It's the end of summer, which means it's time for big savings on bikinis and intimate apparel retailer FigLeaves is taking 50% off select swimwear. Good deals include the Letarte Denim Buckle Detail Bikini Top and matching Bottom, both marked down from $83 to $24.90, the Sloggi Acapulco Cut Out Swimsuit (pictured) is reduced from $58 to $40.60, the Aguaclara Dolce Vita Disc Halter Top is marked down from $88 to $26.40 and the matching Bottom is lowered from $82 to $24.60. Standard shipping is $4.95 and there's no sales tax.No longer available


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Evan M. Migdail
We rely on our partner organizations, the Center for Responsive Politics and the National Institute on Money in State Politics, to uniquely identify individuals' campaign finance and lobbying activity. If data appears to be missing, it may be that they have not identified all influence activity for this individual. If the data is completely different than you expected, it may be that you're looking at a different person with the same name.
In these cases, we suggest searching the raw records in the campaign finance Data section, which provides extra information about each contribution, such as the donor's city, state and employer. This information should allow you to judge for yourself if the contribution came from the person for whom you searched.
Click here for campaign contributions with the name "Evan M. Migdail".
Some of this data may be out of date
State influence data from the National Institute on Money in State Politics changed in format and availability during the 2013-2014 election cycle. While we work to integrate their new style of data release, state-level campaign finance data for the 2014 cycle and beyond will be unavailable. We apologize for the inconvenience, but heartily recommend trying out their snazzy new site at FollowTheMoney.org!
Campaign Finance$101,757 Given
Figures are based on itemized contributions reported to the Federal Election Commission and state agencies. Please note that:
- contributions under $200 are not reported, and so are not included in totals.
- only contributions from individuals and organizations to candidates are included. Various accounting measures and more exotic contribution types are excluded.
- contributions are matched based on organization and recipient name reported within each election cycle. Contributions using an incorrect or non-standard version of the name may be missed.
- corporate name changes and mergers may cause figures to differ from those of the Center for Responsive Politics.
- organization totals include known subsidiaries of the organization.
For more information, please see our campaign finance methodology page. Lobbyist bundling data is described on our lobbyist bundling methodology page.
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Top Politicians
Republicans vs. Democratsin dollars. "Other" includes 3rd parties and organizations without official party affiliation.
Top Organizations
Lobbying by Evan M. Migdail
Lobbied with the Following FirmsDLA Piper, Verner, Liipfert et al, Piper Rudnick LLP, McDermott, Will & Emery
Most Frequently Disclosed Lobbying Issues
- Taxes,
- Health Issues,
- Defense,
- Trade,
- Finance,
- Fed Budget & Appropriations,
- Insurance,
- Energy & Nuclear Power,
- Labor, Antitrust & Workplace,
- Fuel, Gas & Oil
Clients of Firms Evan M. Migdail Worked ForPGA Tour, Comcast Corp, Natl Employment Opportunities Network, Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide, American Council of Life Insurers, Independent Fuel Terminal Operators Assn, Raytheon Co, Automatic Data Processing Inc, Lehman Brothers, Parkwood Corp


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A Simple Remedy
If the U.S. political leadership is serious about confronting the viral doomsday of H1N1, then part of any comprehensive response must be to improve the nation's weak standards for worker sick leave. The United States lags far behind other industrialized nations in the time off allowed workers to recover from illnesses.
After decades of hard-won improvements in labor standards, it comes as a shock to learn that more than 57 million U.S. workers are entitled to no annual sick days at all. A high percentage of those workers are concentrated in service industry jobs, like restaurant and cafeteria work or child day care, where regular contact with the wider public is part of the job. Because of the nation's Dickensian standards for worker sick leave, many low-income workers who cannot afford the economic penalty of a missed day's wage simply go to work no matter how ill they feel. That pennywise and pound-foolish policy might easily turn an isolated case of H1N1 into a company-wide and perhaps community-wide outbreak.
In Contagion Nation, a report released last May, Washington's Center for Economic and Policy Research reviewed 22 economically advanced nations and found that the United States was the only country that did not guarantee workers paid sick leave. There are obvious personal health and financial burdens placed on working Americans by the nation's poor standards for sick leave, but the report suggests that significant economic costs accrue as well to employers who do not offer reasonable time off. "Workers who go to work while sick stay sick longer, lower their productivity as well as that of their coworkers, and can spread their illnesses to coworkers and customers," the report said.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention may recommend that workers who are ill refrain from going to work, particularly during flu season, which even in an average year leads to 200,000 hospitalizations and more than 36,000 deaths. But that recommendation is meaningless if it is not backed by government mandates that allow workers some downtime from their employers.
Representative George Miller, the Democrat of California who is chairman of the House Education and Labor Committee, introduced the Emergency Influenza Containment Act on Nov. 4. That measure would guarantee five paid sick days for workers sent home by their employers with a contagious illness. This is a rational stopgap during the current H1N1 crisis, but a comprehensive review of time-off policy for workers is also warranted. Employer reticence, especially in small firms, and the absence of federal or state standards for sick leave impose increasing hardship on workers and their families.
An astonishing number of Americans are working sick, without any leave. Workers are forced, because of our nation's low standards, to forgo pay or miss necessary family activities: doctor visits, family therapy, teachers' conferences or participation in civic life. A nationally legislated minimum sick leave plan would place an additional burden on small employers. Perhaps support mechanisms for such businesses could be integrated into the policy, but in the long run a broadly applied standard will level the competitive playing field, reduce turnover and improve productivity.
A mandated and comprehensive sick leave policy would also lead to better health for the nation's children, since parents would be able to stay home to care for them. Contagion Nation reports that children who are ill recover faster and return to school sooner when their parents care for them than when they are left home alone or, worse, sent into day care, where their infections can spread. A parallel virtuous circle emerges for workers who are better able to care for family elders who may be sick.
From Rerum Novarum to Caritas in Veritate, the Catholic Church has reminded the state of its obligation to safeguard the interests of workers even as it has resisted the reduction of humanity to a mere cog in the economy. We are more than our jobs; we do not live only by the way we earn our bread. We are mothers and fathers, caregivers and engaged community members, and the right to time off to pursue a fully realized life is a requirement of human dignity. Surely that right extends to time off to allow us to recover from illness—or to help our loved ones do the same—without fear of financial penalty or career recrimination and without being reduced to hat-in-hand petitions to unreasonable employers.
In the United States, respect for family values frequently is observed more in the breach than in everyday reality. Creating a practical and generous baseline for sick leave is one simple way to replace some of the rhetoric with substance at the same time that it offers an eminently reasonable response to the current H1N1 crisis.


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I remember where I was when the Saints drafted Donte' Stallworth. I was sitting on a navy blue leather couch at my apartment in Baton Rouge. I was a freshman in college and I was ecstatic about the selection of Stallworth. I had watched him play at Tennessee and thought adding his speed to our offense would give us a totally new dimension. It had been speculated for weeks that the Saints were eyeing him and when they pulled the trigger with the 13th pick in the 2002 draft, I was one happy man.
Now on his fourth team in four seasons, Stallworth has largely been a disappointment. While he has had his spectacular moments, he has also been extremely inconsistent. However, the major problem that Donte' Stallworth has encountered in his career hasn't been his hands. It hasn't been consistency. It hasn't even been opposing defenses. No, Donte' Stallworth's biggest opponent in his professional career has been himself. Or, to be more specific, his body.
For all the things he can do, there's one thing he can't do. Stay healthy.
Sunday, while warming up in preparation for Cleveland's game against Dallas, Stallworth strained a quad muscle. He underwent an MRI on Monday to determine the severity of the injury. However, whether it's serious or not isn't the major issue. No, the major issue is that it happened to begin with. Again. We know all too well that this isn't the first time, and deep down we know that it won't be the last.
His professional career has been star-crossed. For every glimpse of greatness he's shown and every step forward he's taken, he's also shown a lapse and a step backwards. His hands have been suspect at times and he hasn't really been able to put it all together. Some of that can likely be contributed to his battles with injuries. Specifically, his legs. Yes, they give him his game breaking speed, but they also cause him to spend more than his fair share of time on the sidelines.
During Stallworth's rookie season he was probably more than the Saints had originally hoped for. He caught a touchdown in each of his first 4 games, and in 6 of his first 7. However, his fast start was derailed by injuries. He played in 13 games, starting 7, and put up totals of 42 receptions for 594 yards and 8 touchdowns. Not bad for a rookie. Not bad at all. All he had to do was stay healthy and he was surely on his way to a very good professional career.
The injuries hit him harder the next season and he played sparingly throughout 11 games, starting only 3. The next season was a little better and he played in all 16 games, but was only healthy enough to start 10. Three years in the league and he was still an enigma.
His fourth season in New Orleans proved to be his best. He was healthy enough to play in all 16 games, starting 13 of them, and put up career highs with 70 receptions and 945 yards. However, his injury prone history and perceived lack of toughness bought him a ticket out of town when Sean Payton was hired as coach.
Shortly before the 2006 season started, Stallworth was traded to Philadelphia. He put up 38 receptions for 735 yards, but he once again struggled to stay healthy. He missed 4 games due to injury that season.
The following season he jumped to New England and managed to play in all 16 games, starting 11 of them. He, along with Randy Moss and Wes Welker were brought on to revive the New England passing game. Brady and Moss had record setting seasons and Stallworth was lost in the shuffle, catching 3 or fewer balls in 9 different games.
This offseason he once again switched teams and landed in Cleveland. The Browns envisioned him as a compliment to Braylon Edwards and yet another weapon in what the Browns hoped would be an offense even more potent than that of last season. They saw him as another match up problem for defenses that already had to account for Edwards and tight end Kellen Winslow. And all of this was supposed to begin when he made his regular season debut with Cleveland this Sunday.
But we all know what happened on Sunday. And sadly, we all know what will more than likely happen to Stallworth for the rest of his career. By all accounts he's a great guy off of the field, and off the field is where he's spent most of his career. He has changed teams four times in the past four seasons, but one thing always remains the same. Unfortunately for Donte', the one thing that he can't leave behind is the one thing everyone wishes he could.
David Schexnaydre can be reached at email@example.com


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2013 Best Supporting Actress Contenders
Another round of living legends vs. young ingeues
Next gallery »2013 Best Animated Feature Film Contenders
« Previous gallery'Skyfall' world premiere photos
Bella Heathcote, 'Not Fade Away'
Pro: Bella Heathcote takes on a free spirit of sorts in David Chase's directorial debut "Not Fade Away." She's a love interest but one with an alluring spark in a performance that will certainly add to her budding career. It's a small movie but one that has its devotees, and it could marshal some support in unexpected places this season. And in a weak year for supporting actresses, anything's possible.
Con: The film could also be perceived as a bit too light for Oscar's touch, however wrong or unfair. And co-stars John Magaro and James Gandolfini would appear to have more of an argument than Heathcote.
- Kristopher Tapley
Photo Credit: The Weinstein Company


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NEW YORK - New Orleans native Tyrann Mathieu, the LSU sophomore cornerback whose cult hero status and game-changing playmaking ability propelled him into the Heisman Trophy race, fell short of winning the award Saturday night. The Heisman Trophy Trust of New York City presented the 75th Heisman Trophy to Baylor quarterback Robert Griffin III.
Griffin received 1,687 points, including 405 first-place votes, in becoming the first Baylor athlete to win the award.
Stanford quarterback Andrew Luck was the runner-up for the award for the second consecutive year, with 1,047 points, 247 first-place votes.
Alabama's Trent Richardson, who will face Mathieu and LSU in the BCS championship game on Jan. 9 in New Orleans, has rushed for 1,583 yards and 20 touchdowns. He finished third in voting (327, 34).
Wisconsin's Montee Ball, a junior, leads the nation with 1,759 rushing yards and 32 rushing touchdowns. He finished fourth (978, 138).
Mathieu, who was seeking to become the first defensive player to win the award since Michigan cornerback Charles Woodson in 1997, and the fourth overall player to win the award whose primary duties weren't on offense, finished fifth (327 overall, 34 first-place votes).
Mathieu leads LSU with 70 tackles and also has six forced fumbles, five fumble recoveries, two interceptions and four touchdowns (two on punt returns and two on fumble returns).
Griffin, a junior who's expected to make himself eligible for the upcoming NFL Draft, completed has passed for 3,998 yards and 36 touchdowns, run for another nine scores and leads the nation in passer rating (192.3).
Mathieu is the fifth Heisman finalist from New Orleans, joining Hank Lauricella (runner-up in 1951), Marshall Faulk (runner-up in '92, fourth in '93), and Peyton ('97 runner-up) and Eli Manning (third in '03).
He's the fourth finalist from LSU, joining Billy Cannon (winner in 1959), Jerry Stovall (runner-up in 1962) and Charles Scott (ninth in 1977).


text: Our PD has suggested that we add wheat ceral to our 6 month olds diet. She has been "tasting" foods since about 4mos. He said that studies show that infants introduced to wheat ceral now have less of a chance of developing celiacs. I am ok with the idea, she doesent have any allergies (she does have a dairy and soy intolerance verified by the gastroenterolgist). The problem is that I cant find any baby wheat cereals..... not even a blend with wheat in it. Is there something I dont know about wheat products and infants?


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The Golden Road
by Montgomery, Lucy M.
- #7026 in Kids, Teen, Social Issues
- #21258 in Kids, Fiction
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"The Golden Road" is the Sequel to "The Story Girl". It tells the story of cousins, Beverley "who narrates the story", Felix, Felicity, Cecily, Dan, and Sara Stanley, also known as the Story Girl. The journeys of these six are thrilling, sad, and really funny. Please Note: This book is easy to read in true text, not scanned images that can sometimes be difficult to decipher. The Microsoft eBook has a contents page linked to the chapter headings for easy navigation. The Adobe eBook has bookmarks at chapter headings and is printable up to two full copies per year. Both versions are text searchable.
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The Golden Road
by Montgomery, Lucy M.
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by on October 28, 2016
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- NuVision Publications, April 2004
- 9781595472472
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Results tagged ' Tim Lincecum '
Vine Line Game Day Preview: Cubs vs. Giants
Christina Kahrl, who writes for ESPN's SweetSpot Blog and is a founding partner of Baseball Prospectus, contributed this preview of Game 3 starter Tim Lincecum in our Vine Line Game Day Edition program, available at Wrigley Field. Grab your official Wrigley Field scorecard for just $2 and catch Christina's full look at the Cubs' matchups every month.
"The Freak" may not throw as hard as he once did, but the short, slim righty is getting the same results from his classic fastball/slider/change combo. Lincecum's still striking out more than a man an inning, cranking out quality starts two-thirds of the time or more, and every hard-hit ball represents a small moral victory for the batter. Whether with his fastball or his off-speed stuff, he rarely makes a mistake inside, and he's able to snap off sliders and change-ups for strikes in hitter's counts.After four years of relative indifference to baserunners—who swiped 77 bases in 90 attempts—Lincecum had benefitted from Posey catching. Now he may have a spot of vulnerability again.


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Duluth, MN (NNCNOW.com) - The Duluth Children's Museum has unearthed a prehistoric exhibit in the Northland.
Kids and adults alike were welcome to check out the museum's newest exhibit, "Dinosaurs Unearthed, Secrets Revealed."
The robotic dinosaur exhibit gets very real with lifelike animatronics, and focuses on new discoveries being made in the paleontology world.
Program Assistant Clayton Zervas says it's nice to hear kids asking questions about the newest discoveries.
"So we're just trying to have kids start to ask questions about what they're seeing and about paleontology as a whole," said Zervas, standing in front of a roaring dino.
...and they won't be going extinct any time soon.
You can check out this prehistoric exhibit until September first of this year.
Shawn Frost


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Date of Notice: 1/15/2013
Control Number: 2012-0148
Rapid Response Specialist: Jackie Huertas
Reason Stated for Filing: Plant Closing
Company:LexisNexis, a division of Reed Elsevier1275 BroadwayAlbany, NY 12204
County: Albany | WIB Name: CAPITAL DISTRICT| Region: Capital Region
Contact: Tina Niland, Human Resources
Phone: (518) 487-3122
Business Type: Customer Service & Fulfillment Department
Number Affected: 220
Total Employees:220
Layoff Date: to begin on 4/15/2013 and continue through closing date of 12/31/2014
Closing Date: 12/31/2014
Reason for Dislocation: Economic
Union: None of the employees are unionized, and there are no provisions regarding transfer, bumping, or reassignment rights to affected employees.
Classification: Plant Closing
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