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Index of content:
Volume 122, Issue 10, 08 March 2005
Nonadiabatic dynamics in the reaction122(2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1869497View Description Hide Description
Nonadiabatic dynamics in the title reaction have been investigated by REMPI detection of the and products. Reaction was initiated by photodissociation of at within a single expansion of a dilute mixture of and HCl in argon, giving a mean collision energy of in the center-of-mass frame. Significant production of was observed, with careful checks made to ensure that no additional photochemical or inelastic scattering sources of perturbed the measurements. The fraction of the total yield of atoms formed in the level at this collision energy was , and must arise from nonadiabatic dynamics because the ground potential energy surface correlates to products.
Imaging a reactive resonance in the reaction122(2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1871894View Description Hide Description
The title reaction has been under extensive experimental and theoretical investigations. Presented here is the experimental evidence suggesting a reactive resonance in this reaction—an intriguing possibility that has been hitherto unsuspected. The initial speculation was inferred from theoretical works in the literature, and subsequent confirmation came from the observed pattern of the angular distributions of the product pair, when plotted in the angle-collision energy plane. This characteristic pattern proves particularly incisive and universal in revealing the imprint of reactive resonance in experimental observable. The nature of the proposed resonance in this reaction is also elucidated.
On the interaction of electrons with betaine zwitterions122(2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1871912View Description Hide Description
Betaine is a permanent zwitterion. The molecular betaine anion has been generated in a hybrid, infrared desorption-electron photoemission source and its photoelectron spectrum recorded. The photoelectron spectrum of the betaine anion is characteristic of a dipole bound anion, and its vertical detachment energy was measured to be . Calculations by Rak, Skurski, and Gutowski [J. Chem. Phys.114, 10673 (2001)] had found the betaine anion to be a dipole bound anion with a vertical detachment energy of 0.28 eV. We also measured the vertical detachment energy of deprotonated betaine to be .
- Top
- Theoretical Methods and Algorithms
A general method for the computation of probabilities in systems of first order chemical reactions122(2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1855311View Description Hide Description
We present a general method for the computation of molecular population distributions in a system of first-order chemical reactions. The method is based on the observation that the molecules in first-order reactions do not interact with each other. Therefore, the population distributions are a convolution of densities for one molecule. With this method one can study reactions involving any number of molecules. Such analysis is demonstrated on several examples, including an enzyme catalyst reaction and a first-order reaction chain.
Molecular (hyper)polarizabilities computed by pseudospectral methods122(2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1855881View Description Hide Description
We have developed algorithms based on pseudospectral (PS) ab initio electronic structure methods for solving the first- and second-order Hartree–Fock/Kohn–Sham equations and evaluating molecular polarizabilities and first- and second-order hyperpolarizabilities in the spin-restricted and spin-unrestricted formalisms at the Hartree–Fock (HF) and density functional theory(DFT) levels. We carry out calculations on 50 small molecules to test the accuracy of the PS approach. Our results demonstrate that the molecular polarizability computed by the PS method is essentially identical to the value obtained from conventional methods for both HF and DFT calculations, while the first-order hyperpolarizability and second-order hyperpolarizability have mean unsigned percentage differences of 1.26% and 0.62% (HF) and 0.78% and 0.65% (DFT), respectively. We also present CPU timing comparisons between the PS and conventional methods at the level for 14 molecules having 185 to 1185 basis functions. The timing results show that the PS method is 25 (PS-HF) and 13 (PS-DFT) times faster than the conventional method for a system with 500 basis functions. The PS methods are found scale as (PS-HF) and (PS-DFT), while the conventional methods scale as (PRISM-HF) and (PRISM-DFT), where is the number of basis functions.
All-electron and relativistic pseudopotential studies for the group 1 element polarizabilities from K to element 119122(2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1856451View Description Hide Description
Two-component and scalar relativistic energy-consistent pseudopotentials for the group 1 elements from K to element 119 are presented using nine electrons for the valence space definition. The accuracy of such an approximation is discussed for dipole polarizabilities and ionization potentials obtained at the coupled-cluster level as compared to experimental and all-electron Douglas–Kroll results.
Determining the resolution of Laplace inversion spectrum122(2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1858436View Description Hide Description
In experiments involving decaying signals, it is often desirable to analyze the data as a sum of exponential decays using the Laplace inversion method. However, Laplace inversion is an ill-conditioned problem, and it is difficult to ascertain the stability of the reconstruction method and resolution of the resulting spectrum. This paper provides an easily computed approximate bound of the resolution and offers guidelines on how to designexperiments to improve the spectral resolution.
Simple and accurate sum rules for highly relativistic systems122(2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1858863View Description Hide Description
In this paper, I consider the Bethe and Thomas–Reiche–Kuhn sum rules, which together form the foundation of Bethe's theory of energy loss from fast charged particles to matter. For nonrelativistic target systems, the use of closure leads directly to simple expressions for these quantities. In the case of relativistic systems, on the other hand, the calculation of sum rules is fraught with difficulties. Various perturbative approaches have been used over the years to obtain relativistic corrections, but these methods fail badly when the system in question is very strongly bound. Here, I present an approach that leads to relatively simple expressions yielding accurate sums, even for highly relativistic many-electron systems. I also offer an explanation for the difference between relativistic and nonrelativistic sum rules in terms of the Zitterbewegung of the electrons.
Optimizing the driving function for nonequilibrium free-energy calculations in the linear regime: A variational approach122(2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1860556View Description Hide Description
We consider the issue of optimizing linear-regime nonequilibrium simulations to estimate free-energy differences. In particular, we focus on the problem of finding the best-possible driving function that, for a given thermodynamic path, simulation algorithm, and amount of computational effort, minimizes dissipation. From the fluctuation-dissipation theorem it follows that, in the linear-response regime, the dissipation is controlled by the magnitude and characteristiccorrelation time of the equilibrium fluctuations in the driving force. As a result, the problem of finding the optimal switching scheme involves the solution of a standard problem in variational calculus: the minimization of a functional with respect to the switching function. In practice, the minimization involves solving the associated Euler–Lagrange equation subject to a set of boundary conditions. As a demonstration we apply the approach to the simple, yet illustrative problem of computing the free-energy difference between two classical harmonic oscillators with very different characteristic frequencies.
Computation of conical intersections by using perturbation techniques122(2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1866096View Description Hide Description
Multiconfigurational second-order perturbation theory, both in its single-state multiconfigurational second-order perturbation theory (CASPT2) and multistate (MS-CASPT2) formulations, is used to search for minima on the crossing seams between different potential energy hypersurfaces of electronic states in several molecular systems. The performance of the procedures is tested and discussed, focusing on the problem of the nonorthogonality of the single-state perturbative solutions. In different cases the obtained structures and energy differences are compared with available complete active space self-consistent field and multireference configuration interaction solutions. Calculations on different state crossings in LiF, formaldehyde, the ethene dimer, and the penta-2,4-dieniminium cation illustrate the discussions. Practical procedures to validate the CASPT2 solutions in polyatomic systems are explored, while it is shown that the application of the MS-CASPT2 procedure is not straightforward and requires a careful analysis of the stability of the results with the quality of the reference wave functions, that is, the size of the active space.
- Gas Phase Dynamics and Structure: Spectroscopy, Molecular Interactions, Scattering, and Photochemistry
Superfluidity in -doped nanoclusters122(2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1856459View Description Hide Description
We report a theoretical study of superfluidity in -doped nanoclusters. Path integral simulations for clusters of around a single molecule were carried out at temperatures between 0.5 and to study the superfluid response of the cluster. The results indicate that a rapid increase in the superfluid response is expected to occur around . We analyzed the structures and statistics of these clusters and found that the larger permutation cycles which dominate the superfluid component tend to adopt ringlike structures on the surface of the molecule.
The highly anharmonic potential energy surface characterized in the initio limit122(2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1853377View Description Hide Description
The strong sensitivity to level of theory of the salient features of the ground state potential energy surface of has been overcome by rigorously converged initio computations employing correlation-consistent basis sets, explicitly correlated R12 corrections, and coupled-cluster theory complete through quadruple excitations (CCSDTQ). Extrapolations via our focal point method yield a -symmetry global minimum of type featuring interfragment B–H distances of (1.401, 1.414) Å, an bond length elongated to 0.803 Å, and a dissociation energy. The classical barriers for internal rotation and hydrogen scrambling are 0.07 and , respectively, above the minimum. Our thermochemical computations yield , which is limited in accuracy only by persistent uncertainties in the enthalpy of formation of gaseous boron. As a first step in investigating the extremely anharmonic 12-dimensional vibrational dynamics of , a complete quartic force field has been computed at the all-electron cc-pCVQZ CCSD(T) level of theory. Previous matrix isolation infrared assignments of the and stretching modes of compare favorably with our computed vibrational fundamentals, but the experimental assignment of the bending mode of the moiety is not supported by computed isotopic shifts.
A first principles calculations and experimental study of the ground- and excited-state properties of ladder oligo(-aniline)s122(2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1857477View Description Hide Description
The molecular structure of three ladder oligo(-aniline)s, 5,11-diethyl-6,12-dimethylindolocarbazole (DIMER 2P), 14-ethyl-5,8-dihydro-diindolocarbazole (TRIMER 2P), and 5,8,14-triethyl-diindolocarbazole (TRIMER 3P) were investigated by first principles calculations at the Hartree–Fock and density functional theory levels. It is found that the agreement between theoretical and x-ray geometrical parameters is good and rather similar for both theoretical methods. The nature and the energy of the first two singlet-singlet electronic transitions have been obtained by Zerner intermediate neglect of differential overlap/spectroscopy semiempirical calculations performed on the and optimized geometries, as well as time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations performed on the optimized structures. For all the compounds and for all the theoretical approaches, it is observed that the electronic transition is weakly allowed and polarized along the short axis of the molecule. On the other hand, the electronic transition of each oligomer possesses a much larger oscillator strength and is polarized along the long molecular axis. It is found that TDDFT calculations provide the best overall agreement between the energies and the corresponding optical transitions obtained from the absorption bands (0-0 peaks) measured in dichloromethane as well as providing a good evaluation of the bathochromic shifts caused by the increase in the conjugation length or by the presence of extra alkyl chains on the nitrogen atoms in TRIMER 3P compared to TRIMER 2P.
Charge transfer in the cluster induced by core ionization122(2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1855879View Description Hide Description
Ab initio calculations of core-ionization spectra of the anion-molecule cluster are performed. Particular attention is paid to the investigation of charge-transfer screening processes accompanying core ionization of the CO molecule in the cluster. The charge-transfer processes are very efficient and favored by the presence of a low-lying unoccupied orbital in CO capable of accepting an electron from . The and core-ionization spectra are calculated and compared. Both reveal a breakdown of the quasiparticle picture of core ionization caused by the charge-transfer processes. Remarkable differences between these two spectra are found which manifest themselves in distinct intensity distributions in the prominent low-energy spectral bands. The underlying reason for these differences is elucidated and linked with the preference of the orbital to localize mainly on carbon. Core-ionization spectra of anion-molecule clusters are very sensitive to the type of the molecule involved as the comparative analysis of the core-ionization spectra of the and clusters show.
Recoil energy distributions for dissociation of the van der Waals molecule -difluorobenzene–Ar with excess energy122(2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1858434View Description Hide Description
Velocity map imaging has been used to measure the distributions of translational energy released in the dissociation of -difluorobenzene–Ar van der Waals complexes from the , , , , , , and states. These states span of vibrational energy and correspond to a range of energies above dissociation of . The translational energy release (recoil energy) distributions are remarkably similar, peaking at very low energy and decaying in an exponential fashion to approach zero near . The average translational energy released is small, shows no dependence on the initial vibrational energy, and spans the range for the vibrational levels probed. The average value for the seven levels studied is . The low fraction of transfer to translation is qualitatively in accord with Ewing's momentum gap model [G. E. Ewing, Faraday Discuss.73, 325 (1982)]. No evidence is found in the distributions for a high energy tail, although it is likely that the experiment is not sufficiently sensitive to detect a low fraction of transfer at high translational energies. The average translational energy released is lower than has been seen in comparable systems dissociating from triplet and cation states.
Rotational and vibrational dynamics of ethylene in helium nanodroplets122(2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1854629View Description Hide Description
Rotationally resolved infrared spectra are reported for the asymmetric C–H stretching fundamental bands of in helium nanodroplets, as well as two weak combination bands. The rotor levels are strongly shifted from the energies estimated from a rigid rotor calculation and can be accounted for with two centrifugal distortion constants. The excited states of the three bands with symmetry are strongly coupled in the gas phase and exhibit lifetimes in helium, with the upper member of the polyad exhibiting the shortest lifetime. In contrast, the band ( symmetry) exhibits very broad, homogeneously broadened line profiles (full width at half maximum ) corresponding to an excited state lifetime of . This short lifetime is presumed to be due to an efficient, solvent mediated vibration-to-vibration relaxation process. In addition, the absence of transitions to the and rotor levels in the band suggests they form rotational resonances with the elementary modes of helium, resulting in very short excited state lifetimes of less than .
Near-infrared spectroscopy of ethylene and ethylene dimer in superfluid helium droplets122(2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1854630View Description Hide Description
The spectra of ethylene, , and its dimer, solvated in heliumnanodroplets, have been recorded in the wavelength region near . The monomer transitions show homogeneous broadening of , which is interpreted as due to an upper state vibrational relaxation lifetime of . Nearly resonant vibrational energy transfer is proposed as the relaxation pathway. The dimer gives a single unresolved absorption feature located to the red of the monomer band origin. The scaling of moments of inertia upon solvation in helium is 1.18 for the monomer and for the dimer. In terms of the adiabatic following approximation, this classifies the monomer as a fast rotor and the dimer as a slow rotor.
The reaction of anthracene with radicals: An experimental study of the kinetics between 58 and122(2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1857474View Description Hide Description
The first direct measurement of the reaction rate constant of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the gas phase in the temperature range is reported. The reaction is anthracene and the experiment has been performed in a continuous flow Cinétique de Réaction en Ecoulement Supersonique Uniforme apparatus, which had to be modified for this purpose. Pulsed laserphotolysis of has been used to generate radicals and laser-induced fluorescence to observe the kinetic decay of the radicals and hence determine the rate coefficients. The reaction is found to be fast, and the rate constant increases monotonically as the temperature is lowered. The rate coefficients match the expression .
A velocity map ion-imaging study on ketene photodissociation at 208 and : Rotational dependence of product angular anisotropy122(2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1858435View Description Hide Description
Photodissociationdynamics of ketene following excitation at 208.59 and have been investigated using the velocity map ion-imaging method. Both the angular distribution and translational energy distribution of the CO products at different rotational and vibrational states have been obtained. No significant difference in the translational energy distributions for different CO rotational state products has been observed at both excitation wavelengths. The anisotropy parameter is, however, noticeably different for different CO rotational state products at both excitation wavelengths. For lower rotational states of the CO product, is smaller than zero, while is larger than zero for CO at higher rotational states. The observed rotational dependence of angular anisotropy is interpreted as the dynamical influence of a peculiar conical intersection between the excited state and state along the coordinate.
Imaging the "missing" bands in the resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization detection of methyl radical122(2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1859277View Description Hide Description
Three small features were uncovered in the resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization spectra of produced from a crossed-beam reaction of near reaction threshold. Taking the velocity mapped images of these features revealed several well-resolved ringlike structures. By conservation of energy, these spectral features were unambiguously assigned to the "missing" bands of , , and in the literature. These assignments enable all four modes of excitation of this important radical being detected, which could have significant impact on future dynamics studies of the mode specificity of methyl radical.


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Discipline: Mathematics
Copyright: 2012
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UPDATE: Male victim expected to survive, police say
LANSING, MI -- Police here are investigating after an early-morning shooting put one man in the hospital.
Lansing police public information officer Robert Merritt said officers were dispatched to the intersection of Washington Avenue and Main Street about 1:05 a.m. Wednesday for a reported shooting victim. Police arrived and met with three people sitting inside a vehicle.
The three told police they were stopped at the intersection of Waverly Road and Sheffield Boulevard when another vehicle pulled up beside them and an occupant or occupants opened fire, according to Merritt. The victims fled the scene and called police.
The front passenger, a 19-year-old Lansing man, sustained several gunshot wounds to his torso and lower body, Merritt said. He was taken to a local hospital and was in critical condition as of 8 a.m. Wednesday.
The driver, a 19-year-old Lansing woman, was not shot but was injured. The backseat passenger, a 21-year-old Detroit man, was not injured.
Police found several shell casings at the intersection of Waverly Road and Sheffield Boulevard. Merritt said the male victim was initially uncooperative, but police do not believe the shooting was random.
"We are still working on the fact that the shooter or shooters may have some ongoing feud with our victims," Merritt said.
The victims described the suspect vehicle as a dark-colored sedan.
Those with information on this incident are asked to call the Lansing Police Department's Crime Stoppers line at 517-483-STOP.
Anonymous tips can also be sent to the department via text message at 847411. Begin the message with "LPD517," then text your tip.
Follow Brandon Howell on Twitter: @BHowellMLive. Email him at firstname.lastname@example.com or call him at 517-318-1615.
Click here to subscribe to MLive Lansing's newsletter.


text: I have a Browning A bolt 7mm and I have not shot the gun in years. ( I know, I know, guns are made for shooting, not hanging on the wall ) anyway, just been busy with many other things and I got out of hunting years ago. got into other hobbies, etc... and havent spent any time sport shooting. so I grabbed the gun off the wall and wanted to maybe go out to the range with it. well I was checking it over, and I noticed I could not get the bolt open on it. the bolt will rotate up, but will not slide back. Now I admit its been years since I have shot it, but have I just forgotten how to operate it? or is there a problem with it? Maybe its just operator error. I have tried it with safety on, and off, mag in and removed, and I cant get the bolt slid back so the action is open. any ideas on this? I would appreciate any help.


text:
Celluon - the undisputed forerunner in portable input applications, has its headquarters in Seoul, Korea - the
country renowned for its technological prowess. Celluon is highly involved in the research and development process,
as well as the manufacturing of the projection keyboard module and final products using the 3D Electronic Perception
Technology (EPT).
Given the rapid technological developments, people can now enjoy the comfort of large LCD monitors, greater access to information through wireless networking, and the use of portable devices. However, despite the advanced transformations that have taken place, people are still hindered by the lack of portability in traditional input applications such as the standard keyboard and foldable keyboard.
The 3D Electronic Perception Technology is protected by patents being filed in over 6 countries, namely the United States, European Union and major Asian countries.
Through the integration of this unique, patented technology, Celluon presents the revolutionary answer to the demands of the highly mobile society today - the Projection Keyboard. Known also as the 'virtual keyboard', 'laser keyboard' or 'optical keyboard', it is undoubtedly, the epitome of 'true data input', with high precision and quality surpassing all existing applications.
With the increasing demand for mobile components, coupled with a booming market for Projection Keyboard-enabling components, Celluon is set to experience optimistic growth. Moreover, as a niche provider in this industry, Celluon has successfully launched its products in the European Union, where response has been positive. This is followed by future plans to export to the United States, having fulfiled the coutry's safety regulations.
Indeed, Celluon's pursuit in continuous innovation has propelled further developments in projection keyboard design and functionalities, setting new standards time and time again. A company growing from strength to strength, Celluon is undeniably, the global leader in mobile input technology.


text:
CAMDEN, N.J. -- A melee at Camden High School Thursday resulted in the arrest of 18 students, according to NBC 10 .
All but one of those arrested were girls.
A female police officer was hit in the face during the fight, which started in the cafeteria and spread through the school.


text:
DECATUR, AL - Decatur police arrested 20-year-old Robert Wilmoth Thursday and charged him with rape and sodomy in the second degree.
On June 25, police responded to a call at Decatur General Hospital about the rape of a 15-year-old girl. At the time, the victim told police Wilmoth raped her.
Following an investigation by Decatur police and Morgan County Department of Human Resources, the case was presented to a grand jury on Dec. 3. On Dec. 10, an indictment was issued for Wilmoth.
Thursday, police arrested Wilmoth at his home, 353 County Road 88, in Trinity. He is currently being held in the Morgan County Jail on a $7,500 bond.


text:
I don't believe people wait until the Monday after Thanksgiving to do online shopping, but that doesn't mean retailers aren't offering some specials today.
Wal-Mart's deals include some noise canceling headphones for $34.88.
Best Buy's deals include:
• TomTom One GPS system for $149.99
• varying discounts on iPods and other MP3 players.
• Printable coupon for $10 off video games $29.99 an up.
Circuit City has several deals, but nothing caught my eye. But maybe I just ran out of money.
Today's total waste of time
Bad sports ...
Have a question or a total waste of time to share with a geek? E-mail Jeff Haywood: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Sometimes markers refuse to mark anymore, despite having plenty of ink left inside. The usual response to this affliction is to rub the marker furiously on a piece of paper before slamming it into the garbage, but there are more constructive ways to attempt a resurrection.
Before You Throw A Marker Away, Try This Trick To Bring It Back To Life
By January 24, 2012


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Well, it looks like Snooki may have settled on a spot for her wedding.
A Bergen County wedding. Because that spot is The Venetian, in Garfield.
Nicole "Snooki" Polizzi, 26, will marry fiance Jionni LaValle. In 2012, she gave birth to their son, Lorenzo, after getting engaged to LaValle at the W Hotel in Hoboken on Valentine's Day of that year.
Jenni "JWoww" Farley, her fellow "Jersey Shore" alumna and partner in crime in the MTV spinoff "Snooki & JWOWW," announced her own pregnancy in December.
"Planning a wedding is very stressful, to the point where I quit," Farley said last year in an episode of their show (see video below).
Snooki's response: "That sucks."
Garfield City Manger Thomas Duch says MTV requested to film there this fall. The city is already in the process of instituting a filming permit process, which Duch says was not prompted by Polizzi getting married.
"As long as the city of Garfield is not portrayed in a negative light, we would welcome it," he says, but also admits that he can't control how MTV uses the footage.
The location of the Snooki nuptials was first reported by the Community News, a weekly newspaper that covers the Bergen County city.
Today, staff at the banquet hall were mum on Snooki news.
"We can't give out personal information on anything," one employee said.
Polizzi, who was previously rumored to be rumored to be pregnant with her second child — the rumor remains just that — has already spoken about the theme of her wedding paying homage to "The Great Gatsby." Whether she means F. Scott Fitzgerald or 3D Baz Luhrmann is yet to be seen.
Star-Ledger staff writer Vicki Hyman contributed to this report.
• Snooki is pregnant with second child, reports say
• Snooki, at ESPN Super Bowl party: NY and NJ 'the same thing'
• J wow! Jenni Farley of MTV's 'Snooki & JWOWW' announces she's pregnant
• Snooki, Justin Bieber, Kardashians make Forbes' most overexposed celebs list
• Snooki's pregnant and engaged. Will 'Jersey Shore' survive?
• 'Shore' baby: Snooki gives birth to son Lorenzo


text:
Celia Gary took second place with her song Leaving Me Hanging; and Results May Vary won third place, performing Best Shot.
Judges Roger Davis, David Swanagin and Chris Rucker chose the top three from the six AMPED finalists based on each act's 20-minute performance, which included their song entry. First place won $400, second won $200 and third won $100.
Finalists included Wade Teston with Gene & Roy, Bethany Kathleen with Stuck in Time, and Julie Farris and The Farris-Owen Project with Delia Jones.


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Bluefin Toro (Bluefin Tuna Belly) - 3 oz.
Tako (Octopus) - 2.5 oz.
Renkodai (Japanese Baby Sea Bream)3 oz.
Kue (Japanese Grouper) 2 oz.
Hamachi (Yellowtail) 3 oz.
Oregon Wasabi (Fresh Wasabi Root)
Spicy Daikon
Grated Ginger
Slice fish to desired thickness & serve over crushed ice
The views expressed are not those of this site, this station or its affiliated companies. By posting your comments you agree to accept our terms of use.blog comments powered by Disqus


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Brown, Norrie (2005) Lecturers' experience of student-centred approaches to teaching. In: Improving student learning: inclusivity and diversity. Oxford Centre for Staff and Learning Development, Oxford.
Laybourn, Phyllis, Goldfinch, Judy, MacLeod, Lucy and Stewart, Sheila (1998) Improving teamworking skills in undergraduate students through employer involvement. In: Improving Student Learning: Improving Students as Learners. Oxford Centre for Staff and Learning Development, Oxford. ISBN 1873576595


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It's the time of year when pregnant women gaze down desperately at their swollen bellies and ask: what kind of Halloween costume can I possibly wear in this condition?
Actually, the possibilities are pretty endless. Last year around this time, I wrote a post that offered up seven Halloween costume ideas for pregnant chicks (all of which are still valid … well, except for Bristol Palin). Now, in an effort to give women-with-child even more Halloween costume options, here is a brand new list for 2009, complete with 10 Oct. 31st ensembles that work perfectly when you're knocked up. A couple of these are more effective as one-half of a couples costume, but most work as solo numbers, too. And none of them involve painting a target or a stop sign on your bare belly.
Feel free to add even more of your own suggestions in the comments.
- Kate Gosselin: Technically — at least to our knowledge — Kate Gosselin isn't pregnant. But that shouldn't stop you from dressing up as the perpetually naggy mother of eight. Just wear your best famous-suburban-mom-going-through-a-messy-divorce outfit, the "Eight is Too Much" wig and a sign that says "Kate, Minus Jon, Plus … Nine?" (That number can be adjusted if you're carrying multiples.)
- The Easy Button: Cut out a circular piece of red felt with the word EASY spelled across it in white letters, also made out of felt. Then attach your red circle to a long-sleeved shirt (preferably black, to give the button more pop) in the area where your bulbous belly normally sticks out. Voila! You're a walking advertisement for the Staples Easy Button. One note of caution, though: you may only want to wear this if you plan to celebrate Halloween with a small group of close friends who have the sense not to press on your middle all night. Otherwise, expect more than a few jokers to tap your stomach.
- Betty and Don Draper, Circa Early Season Three of "Mad Men": Before giving birth to baby Gene, Betty Draper brought chic retro elegance to her pregnancy. So find some classy,'60s maternity apparel and don't forget to put on your blond Grace Kelly-esque wig. To take the look even further, have your husband/boyfriend dress as Don — suit (complete with skinny tie), slicked hair, fedora and briefcase. Both of you will complete the look by dangling a candy cigarette from each of your respective mouths.
- Billie Jean: This one only works if you go to a Halloween party with someone dressed as Michael Jackson, which, I'm guessing, will be a pretty popular costume this year. Doesn't matter what you wear, really, although something vaguely glamorous — sort of beauty-queen-from-a-movie-scene-ish — is ideal. The key thing you need is a sign or T-shirt that reads "The kid is not his son," with an arrow pointing to your spouse/partner in full Jackson garb. If you want to spend the evening dancing on the floor in the round, well, that's your call.
- Octomom: It's inevitable. In fact, as Cole recently pointed out, people already have started busting out their best Nadya Suleman costumes. But as a pregnant lady, surely you can take the pre-birth version of the basic costume — big lips, long wig, eight babies — to another level . (Sidenote: am I the only one totally creeped out by the Ernie in that picture behind the Octomom impersonator?)
- Mother-and-Child Reunion: Slap on a name tag that says, "Hello! My Name is [Insert Name Here], Class of 1992." If you can dig up an old jacket or hat from your high school class (and they still fit), wear those. When anyone asks what you are, say you're a mother-and-child reunion. (Yeah, it's a goofy play on words. But it's also a really easy costume.)
- Claire from "Lost": With the greatest stuck-on-an-island TV show ever about to begin its final season, pay homage to cute, pregnant Claire circa season one. All you need is a long blond wig, a tank dress, an Australian accent and a few telltale scratches on your arms from that time the Others tried to snatch you during the night.
- Mom Giving Birth to Alien Baby: Speaking of sci-fi-ish TV shows, "V" — the remake of the '80s alien invasion series — will make its debut next month. Celebrate that by dressing as a mother delivering an extra-terrestrial child. Get your hands on a hospital gown, cut a small hole in it around the area of your abdomen, affix some sort of monstrous stuffed animal or puppet to your belly, then poke its head through the hole and you're all set. Afraid you're going to look stupid? Trust me, you can't come off any goofier than the fake alien baby from the original "V" did. Seriously. Watch the video below and you'll see what I mean.
- Starry, Starry Night: A variation on the Easy Button model, this costume most definitely requires that you dress all in black. Create a big yellow, full-moon-like circle out of felt. (If you can score some material that glows, all the better.) Affix the orb to the belly area of your black shirt or sweater. Then stick some glow-in-the-dark stars all over the rest of your body — chest, legs, arms, etc. What do you know? You strongly resemble the night sky.
- Mommy Blogger: Dress casually, if not in semi-slovenly fashion. Carry around a small laptop — or at least a fake laptop — so you can frequently share your insightful observations about parenting on the Internet. Bonus points to anyone who prints out the bio photo of one of us Strollerderby contributors and turns it into a mask. Actually, more than bonus points: please, send us the photos.
Image: EW.com
For more Mommy and Me ideas, check out these easy Halloween Costumes!


text:
This recipe comes from food blogger and Louisiana native Genet Hogan.
Quick Cook Roux
1 cup canola oil
1 cup all-purpose flour
In a large heavy skillet, preferable cast iron, heat the oil over high heat until it begins to smoke, about 5 minutes. Gradually add the flour, whisking carefully and vigorously after each addition until smooth. If the roux begins to darken too quickly, reduce heat to medium and continue whisking (or remove skillet from stove and continue whisking until you've reigned it back in).
Once all the flour has been incorporated into the oil, continue cooking, whisking constantly, until the desired color is achieved. This could take anywhere from 5-10 minutes, depending upon the oil temperature.
Immediately remove skillet from the fire and continue whisking until the residual heat from the pan subsides. This is generally the point where you add the seasoning vegetables called for in your recipe.
If you're making the roux in advance, simply allow it to cool, stirring occasionally. The roux may be stored at room temperature for several weeks or indefinitely in the refrigerator.
This recipe will thicken about 6 cups of stock for a thick brown sauce or 8 cups of stock for a traditional gumbo consistency.
* * * *


text:
*From the University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Los Angeles, CA.
Correspondence to: Frank Gilliland, MD, PhD, Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, 1540 Alcazar St, CHP 236, Los Angeles, CA 90033; e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Objective: To investigate the associations of maternal and grandmaternal smoking before, during, and after pregnancy with childhood asthma.
Design, setting, and participants: We conducted a case-control study nested within the Children's Health Study in southern California. The case patients consisted of 338 children with asthma that had been diagnosed in the first 5 years of life, and 570 control subjects were countermatched on in utero exposure to maternal smoking within grade, sex, and community of residence.
Measurements: Detailed maternal and household smoking histories and other asthma risk factor information was obtained by telephone interview.
Results: The participation rates were 72.3% and 82.5%, respectively, for control subjects and case patients. In utero exposure to maternal smoking was associated with increased risk for asthma diagnosed in the first 5 years of life (odds ratio [OR], 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0 to 2.3), and for persistent asthma (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.0 to 2.3). The associations did not differ in children with early transient asthma compared to those with early persistent asthma. Relative to never-smokers, children whose mothers smoked throughout the pregnancy had an elevated risk of asthma in the first 5 years of life (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.0 to 2.6). Children of mothers who quit smoking prior to the pregnancy showed no increased risk (OR, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.5 to 1.5). We were unable to assess the association of smoking cessation during pregnancy because very few mothers were reported to have done so (15%). Asthma risk did not increase in a monotonic pattern with smoking intensity during pregnancy. Postnatal secondhand smoke exposure was not independently associated with asthma. Grandmaternal smoking during the mother's fetal period was associated with increased asthma risk in her grandchildren (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.4 to 3.2).
Conclusions: Maternal and grandmaternal smoking during pregnancy may increase the risk of childhood asthma.
Asthma has emerged as a major worldwide public health problem.1–6 The number of people with asthma in the United States has more than doubled in the last 20 years, with most notable increases occurring among preschool children.6Based on the 2001 National Health Interview Survey,7 it was estimated that 113.4 per 1,000 Americans had been diagnosed with asthma by a physician in their lifetime and that, among children ages 5 to 17 years, the lifetime prevalence was 144.2 per 1,000 individuals. The economic costs associated with asthma were estimated to be $12.7 billion in the United States during 1998.6 The asthma burden poses a serious public health challenge that is difficult to address because modifiable targets for intervention have yet to be firmly established.
Tobacco smoke exposure is an important determinant of childhood asthma occurrence.8–18 Secondhand smoke (SHS) is causally related to exacerbations of asthma and increased school absenteeism.9 Accumulating evidence8,10–18 indicates that maternal smoking is associated with new-onset asthma, which may be mediated, in part, by in utero exposure to maternal smoking. In previous publications from the Children's Health Study (CHS),,14,17–18 we reported that in utero exposure to maternal smoking was independently associated with an increased risk for childhood asthma.
In our previous reports on the CHS,14,17–18 we were unable to investigate the associations of smoking before pregnancy, smoking cessation, or smoking intensity during pregnancy because we lacked detailed information on smoking habits. To further investigate the associations of in utero tobacco exposure, we conducted a case-control study nested within the CHS cohort to collect more detailed smoking histories. The central question to be addressed in this study was whether in utero tobacco exposure affects asthma occurrence, and, if so, to assess the role of smoking patterns, cessation, and intensity on asthma occurrence.
In the nested case-control study, we collected more detailed information about the maternal prepregnancy tobacco smoke exposure for each child as well as about the timing, intensity, and cessation of smoking during the index pregnancy. We also examined the role of SHS exposure in the first year of life and the transgenerational associations of smoking by the maternal grandmother during the mother's fetal period with asthma risk for children.
The Southern California CHS has been described in detail previously.19–20 The relevant cohort for this nested case-control study (Early Asthma Risk Factor Study [EARS]) was a subset of 4,082 children who were recruited from public school classrooms (grades 4, 7, and 10) in 12 southern California communities in 1993. At study entry, the parents or guardians of each participating student provided written informed consent and completed a self-administered questionnaire, which included detailed information about demographic and household characteristics as well as information regarding the child's respiratory health and factors potentially related to respiratory health. In particular, we collected information about the diagnosis of asthma by a physician and its activity during childhood as well as maternal smoking during pregnancy (in utero exposure) was assessed as a yes/no question.
In this nested case-control study, we defined case patients as children in whom asthma was diagnosed by a physician in the first 5 years of life (n = 338) based on the answer in the CHS questionnaire that was administered at cohort entry. We also categorized asthma cases into the following three subtypes based on the child's age at asthma onset and the persistency of the disease: early-onset persistent asthma; early-onset transient asthma; and late-onset asthma. We classified the age of onset into early (in the first 3 years of life) and late (after age 3 years). An asthma case patient was assigned as having persistent asthma if the child had the following: (1) one or more episodes of asthma in the 12 months prior to study entry; (2) any wheezing in the 12 months prior to study entry or since starting the first grade; or (3) medication use for asthma in the 12 months prior to study entry or since starting first grade. Thus, the basic cohort data consisted of CHS enrollees with the outcome of asthma diagnosis during the first 5 years of life.
We conducted this nested study to collect additional detailed information on in utero exposure to maternal smoking. The basic idea behind countermatching is to maximize the efficiency of the nested case-control study by using the crude exposure information that is available for the entire cohort in the sampling of control subjects.21 In this study, sampling for the nested case-control study was based on in utero exposure status (exposed vs unexposed) of case patients and control subjects that was available for the entire cohort.
This novel sampling design can best be understood in relationship to the standard random sampling used in most nested case-control studies. Consider a 1:1 matched, nested case-control study in which control subjects are randomly sampled within each risk set. Case patients and control subjects who are concordant on the exposure collected in the new study contribute no information to the odds ratio (OR) estimation. In a 1:1 countermatched, nested case-control study, the less detailed exposure information (a surrogate) available for the entire cohort is used to select control subjects, with one control subject selected from the risk set that has the "opposite" exposure status as the case based on the surrogate exposure data. Although sampling using exposure information may appear to be a biased approach, unbiased estimates for ORs are calculated by incorporating the sampling weights into the conditional logistic regression likelihood.22
Figure 1
illustrates a general form of countermatching, where x is an exposure surrogate that is available for the entire cohort of N subjects with N1 exposed (including D1 exposed case patients) and N0 unexposed (including D0 unexposed case patients). After defining the number of subjects (m1D exposed and m0D unexposed subjects in the sample) to be sampled from the exposed and unexposed cohort members, the sampling probability (weight) of countermatching is m1D − D1 exposed and m0D − D0 unexposed control subjects sampled from the cohort consisting of N1 − D1 exposed and N0 − D0 unexposed control subjects.
Countermatching on an exposure correlate has been shown to be more efficient than the random sampling of control subjects for assessing exposure-related relative risks.21 In a 1:1 case-control study, countermatching can be at most twice more efficient than a simple random-sampling method performed under the null hypothesis (Fig 2
), because the asymptotic relative efficiency depends on the sensitivity and specificity of the countermatching variable for the exposure of interest. Power calculations indicated that an in utero, countermatched design would be advantageous in the EARS.
In the EARS, we used a more general form of countermatching within the strata of confounding covariates to control for confounding as well as to allow for the potential loss of control subjects because they could not be located. Asthma-free control subjects (n = 570) were countermatched to the in utero exposure status of case patients within the strata of potential confounders including grade, sex, and community of residence using information that was available on the CHS questionnaire. Our cohort had 96 subgroups defined by potential confounding variables (4 grade groups, 2 sexes, and 12 communities). Within each subgroup, the numbers of subjects (ie, case patients and control subjects) within each sampling stratum (ie, in utero exposure status) were as follows: (1) a multiple of the total number of case patients within the subgroup; (2) chosen to yield approximately equal numbers of exposed and unexposed subjects; and (3) increased to account for anticipated nonparticipation.
Detailed maternal and household smoking histories, and other asthma risk factor information was obtained by telephone interview with the biological mother. If the mother was not available, the child's father (3.2%), stepmother (2.3%), or guardian (2.2%) was interviewed.
Information on smoking status (yes/no) and amount smoked (ie, < 0.5 packs, 0.5 packs, 1 pack, 1.5 packs, 2 packs, and > 2 packs) before and during each trimester of pregnancy was collected. If a mother reported that she had smoked during pregnancy, her child was classified as having been exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy. Using both the CHS baseline questionnaire response and the EARS interview, we categorized mothers into nonsmoker, ex-smoker, quitter during the first trimester, continuous smoker throughout pregnancy, and a mixed group with various other less common patterns of smoking. A mother was defined as a nonsmoker if she had smoked < 100 cigarettes in her lifetime. Ex-smokers were mothers who had smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and who quit smoking before they became pregnant with the participating child, including 37 respondents who answered "yes" to smoking during pregnancy in the CHS questionnaire but answered "prior to the pregnancy" in the later EARS interview. The 46 respondents whose answer was "yes" in the CHS entry questionnaire and "no" in the EARS interview were included in a category "other smoking patterns" along with another 15 mothers who reported a less common smoking pattern (eg, 4 mothers reported quitting smoking during the second trimester, 2 mothers stopped smoking during the first trimester but started smoking again in the third trimester, 6 mothers smoked during the second and/or third trimester only, and 3 mothers did not specify the pattern). Finally, there were six CHS baseline nonsmokers who reported smoking at the EARS interview. These were included into the smoker category based on the EARS interview response. Because of small numbers, we could not assess the association of quitting during the second trimester and other less common smoking patterns. The smoking intensity for continuous smokers was defined by the most common amount smoked during the three trimesters. (We note that only a small proportion of continuous smokers reported changing their smoking intensity during pregnancy.) Similarly, the smoking intensity for ex-smokers and those who quit smoking during the first trimester was defined by the number of packs of cigarettes smoked during the corresponding period. After reviewing the distribution (< 0.5 packs per day, 45.5%; 0.5 packs per day, 21.5%; 1 packs per day, 25.8%; 1.5 packs per day, 2.2%; 2 packs per day, 2.0%; and > 2 packs per day, 3.0%), we categorized the smoking intensity as < 0.5 packs per day or ≥ 0.5 packs per day.
The SHS exposure was categorized using information about the relationship of the household smoker to the child and the number of household smokers (including those who smoked cigarettes, cigars, or pipes) inside the house on a daily basis during the age intervals birth to 12 months, 13 months to 5 years, and 6 to 10 years. Household smoking patterns were generally constant across the time of interest, so for the purpose of statistical analyses we defined any SHS exposure by the number of persons who smoked inside the home on a daily basis from the child's birth to 1 year of age. We chose the first year because it best characterized exposure before the onset of asthma, as SHS exposure may change after the diagnosis of asthma. Few children (3%) were first exposed after the first year of life.
In addition to children's exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy, we collected information about the smoking habits of the maternal grandmother of each participating child. We defined the term transgenerational exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy using the exposure of the child's mother based on the answer to the question, "Did your mother smoke when she was pregnant with you?" when we interviewed the biological mothers. We also interviewed a subset of maternal grandmothers to assess the agreement with the mother's reports of smoking histories for the grandmother.
Data on the asthma status of parents and siblings and the age at which they had received a diagnosis of asthma were collected. The number of siblings and the family history of asthma among the first-degree relatives (ie, parents and elder siblings) were defined at the time when the mother had been pregnant with the participating child.
The ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of physician-diagnosed asthma were computed using appropriate conditional likelihood logistic regression models given the countermatched sampling method described by Langholz and Goldstein.22 In addition to the analyses using asthma diagnosis in the first 5 years of life, we also investigated associations for younger age at asthma diagnosis (in the first 3 years of life), and categories of early persistent and transient asthma. The ORs for the association of smoking with, and statistical tests of homogeneity across, early-onset and late-onset childhood asthma, as well as with early-onset persistent asthma, and early-onset transient asthma were computed using a conditional likelihood method for polytomous logistic regression models. Subjects who refused to participate in the EARS or were unavailable for follow-up were considered in the likelihood method by appropriately adjusting the weights under the assumption that participation was based on independent Bernoulli trials.22Subjects with missing covariate information were included in the model using missing indicators.23
Grade, sex, and community of residence were controlled as strata in the conditional logistic analyses. We further adjusted for ethnicity and gestational age as potential confounding variables. If estimates of the associations changed by at least 10% when a covariate was included in the base model, the covariate was included in the final model. Effect modification was assessed by likelihood ratio test comparing nested models with and without interaction terms. Data were analyzed using a statistical software package (SAS, version 8.2; SAS Institute; Cary, NC), and all tests (p values) were two-sided with α = 0.05 as the significance level.
Telephone interviews were completed for 691 of the 908 case patients and sampled control subjects. The participation rates were 72.3% and 82.5%, respectively, for control subjects and case patients. Parents having higher income (≥ $30,000: participating subjects, 64.1%; nonparticipating subjects, 49.8%) and education (some college or more: participating subjects, 57.0%; nonparticipating subjects, 39.1%) at cohort entry were more likely to participate in this study (data not shown). Among the 279 children with asthma, 76.3% (n = 213) received diagnoses in the first 3 years of life, and 81% (n = 226) had persistent asthma.
We assessed the matched univariate ORs that were associated with sociodemographic and other factors (Table 1
). Prematurity was associated with increased risk of asthma compared to full-term birth for babies born < 4 weeks early (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 0.9 to 3.6) and ≥ 4 weeks early (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.2 to 5.8). Family history of asthma was also a risk factor for asthma (ORs: mother with asthma, 2.3; father with asthma, 2.5; siblings with asthma, 1.9). Children were at a 2.6-fold higher risk of asthma (95% CI, 1.8 to 3.8) if any of their first-degree relatives had asthma. Asthma risk was reduced with an increasing number of older siblings in the family (OR, 0.8 per sibling; p = 0.04).
Most pregnant smokers continued smoking throughout pregnancy. The smoking rates were 23% before pregnancy, 19% in the first trimester, 13% in the second trimester, and 12% in the third trimester. About 20% of ever-smokers quit smoking before pregnancy. Among the women who smoked at the onset of pregnancy, only 15% stopped smoking during the first trimester (Table 2
). Postnatal SHS exposure occurred in approximately 30% of our study population (exposed to one smoker in the household, 16.8%; exposed to two smokers in the household, 9.9%; and exposed to three and more smokers in the household, 3%). Among mothers with "others smoking in the house," 95% of mothers who smoked during pregnancy continued after birth. Among those without "others smoking in the house," 76% of mothers who smoked during pregnancy continued smoking after birth. Mothers of children with asthma were more likely to have been exposed to in utero maternal smoking during their fetal period compared to mothers of nonasthmatic children (34% vs 23%, respectively).
Children with any in utero exposure to maternal smoking were at increased risk of asthma (adjusted OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.0 to 2.3; first subsection of Table 2). Variation in risk by the detailed smoking patterns defined in the "Materials and Methods" section is given in the second subsection of Table 2. The children of mothers who continued smoking through-out pregnancy were at elevated risk compared to never-smokers (adjusted OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.0 to 2.6). The children of mothers who quit smoking prior to pregnancy appear to have an asthma risk that is similar to that of the children of never-smoking mothers (adjusted OR, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.5 to 1.5) and is lower than that of children with mothers who smoked continuously (adjusted OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.3 to 1.0). In this study, we could not determine whether the asthma risk of children with mothers who quit smoking during the first trimester was greater than that for children whose mothers never smoked (adjusted OR; 1.2, 95% CI, 0.5 to 2.9) or was less than that for children whose mothers were continuous smokers (adjusted OR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.3 to 2.1) because of the small number of such subjects.
We did not find evidence of an increasing trend in asthma risk with heavier maternal smoking exposure (third subsection of Table 2). In particular, for children with mothers who smoked continuously throughout pregnancy, the adjusted ORs for asthma diagnosis were 2.2 (95% CI, 1.1 to 4.3) for smoking < 0.5 packs per day and 1.3 (95% CI, 0.7 to 2.5) for those smoking ≥ 0.5 packs per day. As shown in the fourth subsection of Table 2, postnatal SHS exposure was only weakly and nonsignificantly associated with asthma occurrence (having any household smokers: adjusted OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.8 to 1.7; having one household smoker: adjusted OR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.6 to 1.7; having two or more household smokers: adjusted OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.8 to 2.1), and the association was further reduced after adjusting for in utero exposure to maternal smoking (eg, adjusted OR, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.6 to 1.4 for having any household smokers).
In utero exposure to maternal smoking and family history of asthma appeared to be independent risk factors for asthma (Table 3
). The association of in utero exposure to maternal smoking was about the same in children with a family history of asthma (as indicated by the ratio of ORs, 3.6/2.6 = 1.4) and without a family history of asthma (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.7 to 2.3).
We found a transgenerational association of smoking during pregnancy with childhood asthma risk. A child's risk of asthma was increased if the child's maternal grandmother had smoked during the fetal period of the child's mother (Table 2, fifth subsection). Consistent with a direct effect of in utero exposure, we also noted some evidence for an increased risk of asthma in the mother if she had been exposed to maternal smoking during her fetal period (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.9 to 2.0). To further investigate the transgenerational association of in utero exposure to maternal smoking, we examined the joint associations of in utero exposure to maternal smoking in both the mother and her child (Table 4
). When the child's mother had experienced in utero exposure to maternal smoking, the child had an increased risk of developing asthma, even if the child had not been exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.0 to 3.3). If the child and the mother had both been exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy, compared to no in utero exposure to maternal smoking for both, the child was at a higher risk of having asthma (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.6 to 4.5).
We further investigated the variation in the associations of in utero exposure to maternal smoking by age of asthma diagnosis and asthma persistence. The association of in utero exposure to maternal smoking did not vary significantly between children with early-onset transient asthma (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 0.9 to 4.3) and persistent asthma (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.0 to 2.3). The associations of in utero tobacco smoke exposure with the asthma risk for children were not confounded by SHS exposure, family history of asthma, insurance status, parental education, or household income.
In an earlier article from the CHS cohort study,14 we reported an independent association of in utero tobacco smoke exposure with asthma risk that appeared to vary by age at asthma diagnosis. We confirmed our previous findings in the present nested case-control study and have shown that in utero exposure to maternal smoking was associated with an increased risk of childhood asthma, especially early-onset asthma in the first 3 years of life. There was no statistically significant difference in the association of in utero exposure to maternal smoking with transient and persistent asthma. Our finding that in utero exposure to maternal smoking increases the risk for asthma is consistent with the evolving evidence that in utero exposure to maternal smok-ing increases asthma risk, exacerbates preexisting asthma, and adversely affects postnatal lung function.,24–30 Interestingly, we also observed a transgenerational association of smoking during pregnancy with the child's asthma risk. The possibility of a transgenerational effect of in utero exposure on asthma risk suggests a new etiologic pathway and indicates that the burden from maternal smoking may be underestimated. However, we did not observe a trend of increasing asthma risk with smoking intensity during pregnancy. In our study, smoking cessation during pregnancy was uncommon. Thus, it was not possible to determine the particular time during pregnancy at which in utero exposure results in increased risk.
The transgenerational association of in utero smoke exposure observed in this study is, to our knowledge, a novel observation. We found that the risk of asthma was elevated in unexposed children whose asthma-free mothers had been exposed to tobacco smoke in utero, suggesting that the associations were not entirely mediated by maternal asthma and maternal smoking during pregnancy. Although we are aware of no published report on this issue, we speculate that one mechanism is the inheritance of asthma susceptibility through epigenetic mechanisms.31–36 It is possible that by altering DNA methylation patterns in the fetal oocytes, tobacco-derived products may affect both immune function and xenobiotic detoxification mechanisms in the offspring, resulting in an increased susceptibility to asthma affecting one generation to the next. Further studies are needed to investigate this potentially important issue in greater detail.
We did not observe an increasing risk of asthma with an increasing intensity of maternal smoking, which has also been reported by Lux et al37in a longitudinal study on wheeze among 8,561 infants who were born in the United Kingdom and had been followed up to 30 months of age. The result suggests that the association with maternal smoking during pregnancy may not be consistent with a linear dose-response relationship. The lack of association between maternal smoking intensity and childhood asthma in the offspring may have been due to the limited sample size of the study and the distribution of exposure. However, the lack of a dose-response relationship could have resulted from the underreporting of smoking by heavy smokers. Since most of the interviews were conducted with biological mothers (92.3%), the misclassification of smoking pattern in the study was reduced. Although self-reported smoking and serum cotinine concentrations are highly correlated,38the self-reported smoking histories in our study were collected retrospectively and could not be measured by bioassay. The prevalence of smoking among pregnant women in the EARS was similar to that cited in previous reports. For example, in a large population-based survey from 33 states conducted from 1987 to 1996, Ebrahim et al39found that the prevalence of smoking among pregnant women was 16.3% in 1987 and the quitting rate among pregnant women changed little (from 26.3 to 25.2%) during that 10-year period. The smoking percentage among pregnant women in the EARS (first trimester, 19%; second trimester, 13%; third trimester, 12%) was slightly higher, and the smoking cessation rate during pregnancy (15%) in the EARS was lower. The differences are likely to be a result of the fact that children in the EARS had been born between 1975 and 1986, and the maternal smoking prevalence during this period was higher than that in later years.40The smoking cessation rate dramatically decreased for few years after 1978 when a "safe" cigarette became a media event.41 Some participating mothers' responses regarding children's in utero tobacco smoke exposure changed between the CHS and the later EARS interviews (conducted up to 7 years apart). To assess the potential effects of the changes in responses, we fitted models using CHS baseline responses and EARS interview responses, and found little difference in the ORs for in utero exposure.
A differential misclassification of SHS exposure may occur in case-control studies. We do not believe that bias from the differential misclassification of exposure to tobacco smoke explains our findings. First, to assess the validity of smoking information, we examined the well-established relationship of birth weight and maternal smoking intensity during pregnancy42 in the EARS participants using birth certificate data on birth weight. We found the anticipated trend in the number of cigarettes smoked during pregnancy with lower birth weight (results not shown). This suggests that the self-report of smoking intensity in our study is likely to be correlated with exposure and that the nonmonotonic dose response is probably not explained by a differential misclassification of smoking amount. We also note that maternal smoking during pregnancy is not widely appreciated as an asthma risk factor. It is not likely that recall bias would arise from prior knowledge about the associations of maternal smoking during pregnancy on asthma. It is more likely that the mothers of children with asthma would deny smoking due to clinical interventions to reduce the effects of SHS on asthma symptoms. This type of misclassification would bias our findings toward the null and would not account for our findings regarding in utero exposure. It also appears unlikely that recall bias explains the transgenerational association with grandmaternal smoking because the child's asthma status is unlikely to affect the mother's recall of her mother's smoking habits. To assess the potential for recall bias, we contacted a subset of grandmothers (n = 26) directly and found no evidence of systematic misclassification of grandmaternal smoking status (all smokers; 85% confirmed they had not smoked when they were pregnant with the mother of the index child).
We did not observe an independent association of SHS exposure on asthma risk in this study. Substantial evidence indicates that SHS is causally associated with asthma exacerbations.8,43–44 The association of SHS with asthma risk is less clear. In a metaanalysis conducted by Strachan and Cook,8 maternal smoking was associated with asthma, and the associations with paternal smoking were less clear. Although maternal smoking in the postnatal period is highly correlated with smoking during pregnancy, the metaanalysis did not consider the associations with in utero exposure, which could explain the association with postnatal maternal smoking. While a growing body of evidence supports an independent role for in utero exposure to maternal smoking in onset of asthma, the association of SHS exposure early in life on asthma risk remains uncertain, especially in light of the potential for bias from SHS exposure misclassification.
This nested case-control study was population-based and used an innovative sampling design to efficiently investigate the associations of in utero exposure to maternal smoking with asthma occurrence. Although the cohort was large, we found that we could not draw any conclusions about smoking cessation because of the small number of mothers who quit smoking during pregnancy. Because of our sampling of asthma status, we were able to study subsets of asthma such as early-onset persistent asthma, but we could not study categories of wheezing. Our study used early-life prevalent cases at study entry and was subject to the limitations of the cross-sectional studies discussed in Gilliland et al.14 The diagnosis of asthma in young children is especially difficult (variable), especially in those who are < 3 years of age. However, a variation in asthma diagnosis would likely result in a bias toward the null. Furthermore, we found that asthma that was reported to be transient or persistent had patterns of risk that were similar to the exposures we investigated.
The nonparticipation of subjects in studies is another potential source of bias. Because this study was a nested case-control study, we had some (limited) exposure and outcome information for the entire study base. We used this information to assess the potential for differential nonparticipation to bias our estimates. We found that the associations of in utero exposure were essentially the same when we used the binary smoking data or asthma self-reports for the whole cohort and the newly collected data for the EARS participants, suggesting that nonparticipation did not explain our results.
In summary, in utero exposure to maternal smoking is an independent risk factor for childhood asthma. Maternal smoking cessation before pregnancy can greatly reduce the risk of childhood asthma, but we could not assess how early in pregnancy the mother must quit to avoid the additional asthma risk. As a public health matter, a woman who smokes should be encouraged to quit smoking, and it is especially important that it occur as soon as she is known to be pregnant. The transgenerational association of grandmaternal smoking during pregnancy with asthma risk is a novel finding that requires confirmation.
Abbreviations: CHS = Children's Health Study; CI = confidence interval; EARS = Early Asthma Risk Factor Study; OR = odds ratio; SHS = secondhand smoke
This study was supported by the California Air Resources Board (contract 94–331), the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (grants 1P01 ES09581 and 5P30 ES07048), the US Environmental Protection Agency (grant R826708–01), the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (grant 1R01HL61768), and the Hastings Foundation.
CM = countermatched.
Models are only adjusted for matching factors.
Defined at the time the mother was pregnant with the participating child.
p = 0.04.
See legend of Table 1 for abbreviation not used in the text.
Using sampling probability to estimate the numbers in the full cohort.
Models are adjusted for race/ethnicity, gestational age, and SHS exposure, except for the subsection "Any SHS exposure."
Totals are not equal due to missing values.
Models are adjusted for race/ethnicity, gestational age, and SHS exposure.
Number of countermatched control subjects/case patients.
The authors thank the entire CHS staff and study participants.
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Posted by Stormbringer on 6/24/12 at 7:56 PM
Thank you all for playing!!! Good luck and we'll see ya back on the Liberator!!!!
#1 jwscearce (1643)
#1 Savage72 (1326)
#3 tonyrussell (1572)
#3 AHagen (1594)
Servalan is gonna give you one chance to get out of prison. She is an evil woman so this won't be easy. Your gonna be pitted against other <1601 rebel scum in a 4 person(group size)death match for your freedom.................. Or you can sneak out the back and head for the Liberator!!
Lol no the Liberator is their ship.
Uh oh, I've never seen it! Should I be doing anything else besides playing my best in the games? Is that Liberator thing like funny or is that an element of the tournament?
I don't get it, whats happening here?
@Nemo12 Good luck to you and ty for playing!!!
keep your phasers set on stun and good luck for all ;-)
"Hey BB did you ever watch the show?" and thank you for the compliments, Nothing but the best for you guys!!!!!
I'd have to join for the graphics alone. Another interesting setup, Stormbringer. Thanks.
The Liberator is waiting for you. Here's your link
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GRAND RAPIDS -- After his truck hit the Ford Freeway wall and started plunging down, Richard Reitz remembers little.
"I vaguely remember hitting the wall and starting to go down," Reitz said from his hospital bed at Spectrum Health Butterworth hospital. "I said to myself 'This is not going to be fun.' Then I woke up and firefighters were standing over me.
"I was lucky as hell," said Reitz about his survival in a crash that left his truck and trailer a mangled mess Wednesday.
His truck careened down a steep embankment off westbound Int. 196, next to a bridge at Garfield Avenue NE, and broke apart.
Reitz broke his sternum, two ribs, a vertebrae and had a lacerated spleen in the 6:50 p.m. crash.
He remembers heading down the grade near the Lane Avenue ramps and noticing a car ahead going slower than him.
"I got over to the center lane. My jake brakes just locked up and I just lost control," he said. "The truck was headed across the median and into oncoming traffic, so I cranked the wheel real hard to the right. The truck and trailer jacknifed."
State police investigators are looking at whether Reitz was going too fast for conditions. The trailer was loaded with 42,000 pounds of Yoplait yogurt headed for Tennessee from Reed City.
Sgt. Jeff Varga said he believes the trailer started to fishtail.
"The movement of the trailer and the weight just put him into the guardrail. He was very lucky. If he would not have been wearing a seat belt, he probably would have gone face first through the windshield," he said.
The crash remains under investigation.
Varga said the spilled yogurt was scooped up and taken for disposal.
E-mail John Tunison: firstname.lastname@example.com and follow him on Twitter at twitter.com/johntunison


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You may also like
Ratings for Dr. Pradeep Chopra
He helped my daughter get back her life. She has back pain and could not go to school or work. She had back surgery which made it worse. They wanted to give pain medications only. Dr. Chopra was very thorough and patient with her. He helped her a lot. She will be starting school this fall. I recommend him to all my friends and family.
I was disabled for 5 years from chronic pain in all over my body. None of the doctors knew what was wrong. They kept saying that I was in my head. When I met Dr. Chopra he gave me some good advice and I felt that he knew what was wrong with me. I am doing better now and I know I still have a ways to go. But I feel safe knowing that he is there to guide me.
He is wonderful. I have CRPS. I had been to many many doctors before I went to see him. He spent 4 hours with me on my first visit. He is very caring and has excellent bedside manners. I am doing much better after a 2 years of seeing him
Caring, Patient, Thoughtful- He is an awesome doctor. I came away with a thorough understanding of my situation- he was well worth traveling 300 miles to get to him.
awesome doctor. Awesome staff. He has been treating me for 5 years and it always feel so good togo to the office and be seen by Dr. Chopra. He ha excellent bedside manners. Very caring
Dr. Chopra is amazing. He helped me so much. I have had pain in my back for many years. Even had surgery which made it worse. He is very patient. He is never rushed. Funny and great bedside manners
A rare type of physician seen now a days. He goes right to the right diagnosis and manages the case properly. Has a lot of experience dispensing and array of medication, he may not prescribe narcotics some times for a reason, yeas he may be late some days, but it is for a reason. he will always help you when you are in need. When looking for a good doctor you have to think in the advantages of that doctor, and with the medical system the way it is today it is impossible for any doctor to do his/her best! I highly recommend him.
I have a condition that not many doctors know about Ehlers Danlos Syndrome. Dr. Chopra spent 4 hours with me explaining my treatment. He was excellent. I have now returned to finish school and am doing so much better.
What an amazing physician. He spent hours with me, examining me. I have a complicated and rare condition. I have been seeing him for 3 years and I am doing so much better. I do have pain but I am much more functional. I wish I had seen him 15 years ago when this pain had started.
I am not the only one who has left his office in tears. I have so many patients who were referred to him, only to come back with the same traumatic experience. For those with CRPS this can be especially damaging. His personality flips like a switch - one second he's holding your hand, looking into your eyes reassuring he will not give up on you, even when everyone else dose, he says again and again, he will always be there for you. He also starts off by saying "you are a complicated patient" only to drop you for that very reason. You'd think a doctor would relish the opportunity to help an individual that is too complex for most doctors - not Dr. Chopra. He will abruptly cut you off of your medications, give you no referral, leaving you completely hopeless, and tell you that he is stopping treatment for CRPS because the patients complain too much, don't pay him enough, and create problems for him and his practice. He doesn't work with other doctors, even if you have more than one condition that he isn't an expert in. He pulls you off all of your other doctors meds and prescribes expensive compounds. He also doesn't believe in opioids - however, my CRPS doctor at Boston has been successfully prescribing it to his patients for over 30 years - he just says it takes a very high dose. It does not stop working or make your CRPS pain worse. And, when you have a complication with one of his meds, such as, it not covering your pain - he won't listen to a patient clearly suffering. He has his "method" - and if you don't respond to it how he expects, there is no room for suggestions, observations as to what worked, and what adjustments might help. He is stubborn and incredibly difficult. If you need a "talk therapist" he's your man, but, if you want to resolve anything, go elsewhere!!
Dr. Pradeep Chopra's Credentials
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- Rg Kar Med Coll, Univ Of Calcutta, Calcutta, West Bengal, India (Grad. 1986)
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In a world seemingly overrun with MMOs, Jumpgate Evolution is going to have a tough time carving its place among the big players. Developed by NetDevil and published by Codemasters Online (who also own D&D Online and LOTR Online), there is no shortage of experience behind the game, but does it deliver the loot? Or does it leave the player grinding away in the endless darkness of space? Read the full story for my impressions.
I should probably preface this report with the fact that I do not typically play MMOs. Not because I don't like them– far from it. I don't play them because I know that I would be uncontrollably pulled into the game, only to emerge some six months later with a beard, poor hygiene routines, and my family assuming I am dead.
After spending some time with Jumpgate Evolution at Codemasters Connect08 in Birmingham last Friday, I have a horrible feeling this may soon be unavoidable.
Jumpgate Evolution is, put simply, a space-flight based MMO. The developers have said there will be a deep story built in from the start, with the understanding that the game will be expanded upon in future. You can play as one of three races, with two other races taking the form of NPCs, each having their own distinct style and history.
You will pilot a customisable ship and, as with most MMOs, go on quests, gain experience, find loot, and customise your ship to suit your style. Where Jumpgate Evoluion begins to stray away from your typical MMO comes in its execution. All flying and combat is done in real time and manually. The developers said they were looking for an X-Wing type experience and they have definitely found one.
The controls they have created for flying your ship around are simply stunning. I sat down and instantly began flying around, without realising I hadn't even thought about what the controls were. They are tight, intuitive and, dare I say it, perfect for this game. When they say they spent 3 months on the controls, it shows.
Which brings me to the combat. No more standing still whilst your auto attack slowly grinds down the enemies, Jumpgate Evolution throws real-time space combat at you. You will find yourself taking part in some epic feeling dogfights.
This is where the instinctive and effortless controls really come into their own. Using the mouse to point where you want to go or shoot, and the keyboard to adjust speed, roll and to strafe allows you to easily pull of some impressive looking, and satisfying manoeuvres.
Another aspect the developers were keen to stress was that you wont be seeing very many open areas. Even though it's space and space is rather large, you will still find all the areas sufficiently full of moons, space stations and asteroids to not only keep your interest, but also to force you to think tactically.
With a graphical engine designed to work on any standard PC, the game pulls off some very hot looking graphics. The computers at the Omega Sektor in Birmingham (where the event took place) are top of the range, but it was pointed out that the game will still look stunning on your standard rig.
A public beta for Jumpgate Evolution is due to start in just a couple of months so make sure to keep an eye on Ripten for all the latest information. Also, can somebody tell my parents where I am and feed my cat? Thanks.


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Marcus55Should unblock me
Sep 20 2013, 9:10 am
Falcon lazorzPOOF
May 26 2013, 9:42 am
Jay jay jordget me unbanned plz from moo moo i love fairy taillll
Nov 11 2012, 9:22 am
Muge1234Mange125 Plz Tell Ashley To Unban me
Nov 2 2012, 6:47 pm
KayliikMAnge125, did you jsut ban me from your server on Moo Moo? If so, I didn't know Garra was a Banned char. I was trying to get all the leafies to kill me.
Oct 14 2012, 5:33 pm
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It's lunch time here at Tranquility Bay and the weather couldn't be better… beautiful beach, beautiful sunny day, beautiful tiki bar! Definitely a good time to swing by TJ's and grab a sandwich and a tropical drink. We'll see you there!
Beautiful day at Tranquility Bay
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West Hartford, Conn. - Junior Robbie Campbell (Delta, British Columbia) scored a career-high four goals and senior Timmy Trenkle (Commack, N.Y.) added three as the #14 Stony Brook men's lacrosse team rallied past Hartford, 10-8, in an America East game.
"I saw a lot open up and got some scoring chances," Campbell said. "Coach put me in on offense and I did what I think I do best."
Campbell scored all four of his goals in the fourth quarter as the Seawolves (6-3, 2-0) outscored the Hawks (7-4, 1-1), 7-1, in the final frame. Campbell, who started every game during his first two years, came off the bench to score all four of his goals unassisted.
Trenkle tied his career-high in goals for his second hat trick of the season.
"I was real disappointed in the team's play through the first three quarters," coach Rick Sowell said. "But we've shown a tendency to come back in the fourth quarter, and this time we pulled it out. I'm proud of the guys for showing a lot of grit."
After a 2-2 first half, Hartford opened a 6-3 lead with the help of three goals from Aiden Genik. But Stony Brook started winning the fourth-quarter face-offs and tied the game at six with 13:02 left in the fourth quarter. Campbell scored two goals just 34 seconds apart followed by a goal from Trenkle 50 seconds later.
Hartford took leads of 7-6 and 8-7, but Stony Brook answered with a goal each time. It took its first lead of the game, 9-8, after Campbell's third goal of the game, an unassisted tally with 8:15 left in the game.
"Robbie was huge," Sowell said. "We saw some things on film that we thought we'd be able to use through Robbie, and his goals turned out to be the turning point."
Campbell scored again with 4:51 left in regulation to give the Seawolves a two-goal lead, 10-8.
Senior Rob Camposa (Syosset, N.Y.) made nine saves, including a point-blank save with 51 seconds left.
Stony Brook spotted Hartford a 2-0 lead before junior Kyle Belton (Langley, British Columbia) and senior Tom Compitello (Hauppauge, N.Y.) each scored goals to tie the game.
Stony Brook returns home to take on New York State rival Binghamton on April 16. Face-off is 7:00 p.m.


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In place at 624 credit unions is some form of remote deposit capture that allows members to deposit checks from any location using a desktop scanner, high-speed scanner or mobile smartphone camera.
NetDeposit LLC and CU Business Group have signed an agreement to bring remote deposit capture to the CUSO's more than 300 credit unions.
The more than 300 credit unions served by CU Business Group, a business services CUSO, will have access to remote deposit capture through an alliance with NetDeposit LLC.


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I. van Laere, M. de Wit and N. Klazinga
Health and Social Care in the Community, vol. 17, 2009, p. 1-8
In order to prevent homelessness, it is essential that early indicators of risk of eviction are recognised and tailored assistance provided in response. The city of Amsterdam has two separate assistance networks that work to prevent evictions on grounds of rent arrears and housing-related nuisance. This article aims to evaluate their functioning. It is concluded that, to prevent evictions, housing associations should conduct more home visits to identify underlying problems, and should refer more households for medical assistance. Nuisance control care networks should refer more households to social assistance.


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The troubled Barnstormer Entertainment Complex near Whitmore Lake is in foreclosure for nonpayment of property taxes, the Livingston Daily reports.
The 25,000-square-foot facility in Greek Oak Township has $53,000 in unpaid real-property taxes for 2010 and 2011 tax years, the report says. The taxes must be paid by March 31 to keep the property from going to public auction as early as July.
Township officials said in 2012 that the entertainment venue had to close for repairs and demolish unsafe parts of the building. A 74-page inspection report from 2011 found the building dangerous and said it could not be occupied until extension renovations were completed. The venue used to host up to 12 weddings and fundraising events a month.
Barnstormer General Manager Rob Cortis told the Livingston Daily he plans to pay the taxes and hopes to reopen the facility under a new business partnership. He said he plans to address the building's code violations.
Green Oak Township Supervisor Mark St. Charles said the township supports Cortis' effort to reopen the facility.
There will be a formal foreclosure hearing Feb. 13 in Livingston County Circuit Court in Howell.
Lizzy Alfs is a business reporter for The Ann Arbor News. Reach her at 734-623-2584, email her email@example.com or follow her on Twitter.


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Things to know, Feb. 5, 2013
Gov. Tom Corbett will unveil his budget at 11:30 a.m. today. PennLive.com will be there and will stream PCN coverage live. Watch for information on the winners and losers in the closely-guarded spending plan.
A Palmyra man has received an artificial heart at Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center. He is the first person in Pennsylvania to do so. More information is expected today on this story.
The six-day hostage situation in Midland City, Ala., has ended with the death of the man who snatched a 5-year-old boy off a school bus last week after killing the bus driver. The boy is safe and his captor is dead.
Tomorrow is a big day for high school athletes as they sign letters of intent to play at the college level. PennLive.com will provide extensive coverage. Reporter Andy Shay winds down his Pennsylvania Top 50 football recruits.
Katie Couric's interview with Joe Paterno's widow, Sue Paterno, will air on Monday.
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