text:
Accessibility, which removes the barriers that prevent certain groups of people from accessing information, is becoming a common requirement for Web applications. The groups that accessible Web apps are targeted to help include people with disabilities, mature users, and other people who may be challenged by the visual and physical elements of operating a program. With the help of modern assistive technologies, these people are able to interact with a software application, but only if the application is developed in full compliance with accessibility standards.
With the rapid development of rich client technologies, many Web applications have evolved into the Web 2.0 age. Using Ajax libraries like Dojo or other client-side technologies such as Flash, Web sites are bringing a more robust user experience to the browser. Web elements can be updated dynamically or dragged and dropped anywhere in the page. User experiences once considered only applicable for desktop applications are now available for the Web user as well.
In 2008, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), an international group that works to develop Web standards, published the Web Content Accessibility Guideline (WCAG) 2.0. The WCAG 2.0 document defines a list of guidelines that can make Web content more accessible for people with disabilities. It is designed to cover most of the existing Web technologies as well as conceivable future technologies, including dynamic content in Web 2.0 technology.
According to WCAG 2.0, there are some common accessibility issues that are typically found in Web 2.0 applications. These issues can be categorized into four kinds of problems:
- Document structure
- Dynamic content updates
- Enhanced keyboard accessibility
- Widget accessibility
Within this article, we take a look at each of these problems and propose possible solutions.
WAI-ARIA introduction
WAI-ARIA acts like a contract between the ATs and the Web user interface, which brings more rich information such as roles and states to the Web page user interface. Figure 1 shows the relationship between the Assistive Tools and the Web user interface.
Figure 1. The AT and Web pages relationship using WAI-ARIA
WAI-ARIA mainly has two parts of content: WAI-ARIA Roles and WAI-ARIA States and Properties. Table 1 shows the main taxonomy of WAI-ARIA contents.
Table 1. Main content of WAI-ARIA
|States and Properties
|Base Types
|Widget Attributes
|User Input Widgets
|Live Region Attributes
|User Interface Elements
|Drag-and-Drop Attributes
|Specialized Regions
|Relationship Attributes
|Landmark Roles
Currently, many Web 2.0 characteristics are not accessible to people with disabilities, especially those who rely on screen readers and those who cannot use mouse devices. WAI-ARIA defines functionality for ATs, which we cover in some detail in the following sections. Additionally, some browsers and Assistive Tools already support WAI-ARIA, such as FireFox 3.0 and JAWS 10.x.
Solve common accessibility Issues in dynamic Web contents using WAI-ARIA
Let's look at the four common problems identified by WCAG 2.0 and discuss some strategies to address them.
Document structure
With the current HTML version, the function or purpose of
page elements can't be identified programmatically. Therefore, it is almost
impossible for the screen reader to tell the users where they are in the page.
Screen readers also can't identify the purpose of a page element. For example,

 can be a pop-up window, a text input, or many other
WCAG 2.0 states that the Web application should provide a shortcut (usually some links) allowing users to directly locate the main content of a page. This link is recognized as the "skip to main content" link. This helps a user to quickly identify the main content of the page, but it is not enough.
The common solution in GUI accessibility APIs such as IAccessible or IAccessble2 is to provide a "role" attribute for a GUI object, which specifies its purpose. The W3C ARIA standard also defines this "role" attribute. Let's look at the magic of the role attribute and see how you would use it to give your Web application clear structure.
According to WAI-ARIA, all HTML elements in a page can be categorized into the following roles:
Base Types — Roles used to describe the highest level of the role hierarchy. The base type roles are all abstract and should not be used in content. These base roles include composit, landmark, roletype, structure, widget, and window.
User Input Widgets — Roles used as form elements or other common user input widgets. Therefore, the elements with these roles are used to collect and maintain user input. These roles include checkbox, combobox, radio, and so on.
User Interface Elements — Roles used for graphical user interfaces. These elements are quite useful to show the widget types to users. These roles include button, link, tree, and so on.
Document Structure — Roles describing structures that organize content in a page. Document structures are usually not interactive. These roles include article, document, heading, and so on.
Specialized Regions — Roles describing special, self-contained areas of an application user interface. These roles include alert, dialog, progressbar, and so on.
Landmark Roles — Roles that are quite similar to Document Structure, but are intended as navigational landmarks and usually describe an area of the Web page. These roles include application, banner, complementary, contentinfo, main, navigation, and search.
Now take a look at an example of how to use the landmark roles to identify the areas of your Web page. Figure 2 shows a typical Web site (http://www.aol.com).
Figure 2. A typical Web site
This Web site has several parts: search, navigation, main, and so on. In this case, you can use the landmark roles by writing the code shown in Listing 1.
Listing 1. Adding landmark identifiers to page elements
  …
 The search area

 The navigation area

 The main content area
 …
Then the page will be separated in three areas as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. The Web site with landmark roles
Dynamic content updates
The most characteristic feature of Web 2.0 is dynamic content updating. With Ajax techniques, some parts of pages can be dynamically changed instead of refreshing the whole page. But this kind of update might cause accessibility problems because it is very hard to alert users with disabilities when updates occur. It's not because we can't tell the changes; they can be caught by JavaScript codes or other approaches. But, not all the messages and changes are intended for the user; some are part of the page's operation, and it would be inappropriate to alert users to them. With traditional techniques, it is not easy to determine which changes should be prompted to users.
Before the use of WAI-ARIA, screen readers like JAWS could read out the messages or texts of elements that received focus as well as some labels having the "for" attribute associated with the ones that could receive focus. In HTML, only links and form elements can receive keyboard focus. Typically, elements that can receive focus indicate that they can be manipulated. However, there are some purely informational elements that are necessary to inform the user, but which don't receive focus. Figure 4 shows a Dojo pop-up window with a message to alert users.
Figure 4. A Dojo pop-up window with a message
When the window opens, the screen reader cannot tell the user that there's a window open with a message on it. This window also locks the rest of the screen outside its window region. This could cause the users to become lost because they cannot control the Web page and nothing else can be read. Listing 2 shows the source code of this pop-up window.
Listing 2. Source code of the pop-up window

 You should not be able to
 drag this dialog

With WAI-ARIA, you can identify regions that will change dynamically as a "live" region. This provides a way for screen readers to understand the dynamic update of the contents. Using this technique, you can add additional functions to prompt the user, provide controls for the live region, determine the amount of new content that would be read, and so on.
With the help of WAI-ARIA "live" region definition, you can solve the pop-up window problem. Listing 3 shows the window text code from Listing 2 with an added ARIA "live" tag.
Listing 3. Altered text section from the pop-up window

 You should not be able to
 drag this dialog

After adding this ARIA tag, when the window opens, screen readers such as JAWS 10 will be aware of it and can read the message to the users.
To create a live region using WAI-ARIA, you should add an "aria-live" property to the element with a value of "off", "polite", "assertive", or "rude". These values, which we can also call politeness levels, specify what a screen reader should do when the element value is updated.
aria-live="off"tells the screen reader to ignore the updated contents. You would use this with content that isn't considered important.
aria-live="polite"lets the screen reader notify users of the updated contents as soon as the users finish their current job. The screen reader might alert users with a sound that there are some updates in the Web page. Users can choose to jump directly to the updated regions or ignore the update and deal with it later. The "polite" value is one of the most common values used for content updates, especially for things like status notification, weather or stock updates, chat messages, and so on.
aria-live="assertive"lets the screen reader immediately alert users to the updated contents, and these messages must be read by users. One example of this is an error message.
aria-live="rude"is used for updates that are determined to be critical. This value immediately informs the users of the changes and sets the focus to the regions to ask users for input or manipulation.
With the help of WAI-ARIA live regions, you can divide all contents dynamically changed or updated into several criteria levels and then decide how to inform and interact with the users.
Enhanced keyboard accessibility
In HTML, only links and form fields can receive the keyboard
focus, which means that the user can use the tab key to set focus on those
elements. But in Web 2.0 applications, this basic behavior is not enough. For
example, the application may need to focus on the
 or

 that displays the
important messages. Usually, almost all HTML elements can receive focus using
script language such as JavaScript. But these elements are still not
accessible to the screen reader or to users that only use the keyboard.
WAI-ARIA has the ability to enhance the keyboard accessibility. It
allows all HTML elements to receive keyboard focus because ARIA extends the
tabindex property scope. You can specify the
tabindex attribute to any HTML
Table 3 shows the use of the
tabindex attribute:
Table 2. tabindex attribute use
|Tabindex attribute
|Tab Order
|Not present
|Default focus behavior (only form controls and links can receive focus)
|Follows the default tab order
|Tabindex = "0"
|Can be focused by mouse, keyboard, and JavaScript
|Depends on the position of the element in the document
|Tabindex="X" (where X is a positive integer between 1 and 32768)
|Can be focused by mouse, keyboard, and JavaScript
|If the tabindex value is smaller, the tab order is higher
|Can only be focused by JavaScript
|No, but the author can focus it with
element.focus() as a result of an arrow
or other key press
Let's use
 as an example. The
following code is the default
 element in
span text here
following element can't receive focus from the mouse or keyboard; it can only
receive focus by using the
focus() method.
span text here
The following element can receive focus from the mouse or keyboard. It lets the user use the tab key to focus on this element, and the tab order depends on the position of the element in the document:
span text here
The following element can't receive focus using the tab key.:
span text here
tabindex to -1 means you remove the element from
the tab sequence. Therefore, you cannot
focus on this element using a keyboard or mouse. But you can still use the
focus() method to focus it programmatically.
Widget accessibility
Figure 5: Combo box widget
A combo box enables the user to type in a field, and at the same time chose a predefined value from a list. The combo box is a widget combined by:
- One editable text field
- One drop-down button
- One pop-up item list
The following steps are keyboard interactions of the combo box:
- The text field should be in the tab sequence.
- When the down key is pressed, the pop-up list should be shown.
- Users can change the selection in the list by using the up and down keys.
- Users press Enter to enter the selected item into the text field.
- Use the auto-complete feature when the user types characters in the text field.
It will not be hard to implement these keyboard features, but it is difficult to tell screen readers the attributes of this widget. With ARIA Roles, States, and Properties attributes, you can let accessible technologies know the properties and current status of a widget.
- The outer wrap component that contains the 3 items of the combo box should have the role "combobox."
- The drop-down button should be an HTML button or it should have a role of "button."
- The pop-up item list should have a
- Each item in the list should have a
- If the text field is not editable it must have
- Provide a label that labels the combo box by referencing the text field in the combo box.
With key interaction and ARIA support, this combo box widget can be accessible to people with disabilities by using ARIA-supported browsers and screen readers. The code in Listing 4 is the Dojo-rendered HTML code for the combo box in Figure 5, and it shows how Dojo uses ARIA to enhance widget accessibility:
Listing 4. Accessible combo box definition
 ComboBox:

?

▼

Χ

<input aria-owns="combo1_popup" value="one" tabindex="0" id="combo1" aria-invalid="false" aria-autocomplete="list" aria-haspopup="true" role="textbox" name="combo1" autocomplete="off" class="dijitReset" dojoattachevent="onkeypress:_onKeyPress,compositionend" dojoattachpoint="textbox,focusNode" wairole="textbox" waistate="haspopup-true,autocomplete-list" type="text">

When the user tabs into this Dojo combo box, the screen reader says, "To move through items press up or down arrow ".
Of course, we cannot cover all accessibility issues in this article, but if you are aware of the issues, you can generally find a way to make Web 2.0 applications accessible. Before WCAG 2.0, the solutions varied, and there were no standard solutions for some common issues. With WCAG 2.0, you can use common features to make your application accessible.
Designing applications to these existing standards will help you provide function to the broadest possible audience, even as new Assistive Tools evolve.
- See the current WCAG 2.0 document at the project Web site.
- Dig deeper into implementing WCAG 2.0 directives through the Understanding WCAG 2.0 document on the project Web site.
- Learn more information about IBM Accessibility.
Get products and technologies
- You can find information for WAI-ARIA from w3.org.
- For Dojo technology, you can find out more information from DojoToolkit.org .
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text:
|Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute
Karen Wolff
However, within these developments the seeds of criticism and change soon took root. People from many different sectors of the society—Blacks, women, college students and professionals—were challenging the system from their perspectives. People were looking below the surface of affluence and found a growing contradiction between a vast accumulation of wealth and persistent poverty; between a greater security and a growing sense of alienation and restlessness. In this unit I want to explore the nature of these criticisms and the people who were making them because the challenges that they presented have influenced the values and cultures of the American people today.
I have chosen to explore the ideas of five movements: the Civil Rights movement, the students radicals of SDS, the Women's Movement, the cultural radicals and LSD, and the Vietnam Protest. Clearly the information on each one of them alone could be a unit. Thus, my focus will be on giving students a feeling for these criticisms of Americans and the people who made them. I have chosen to present the ideas of each group through analyzing documents that I believe reflect significant perspectives. These readings will be supplemented with other readings, lectures and a traditional textbook in American history. Students will be asked to understand how people's perspectives grow out of their life experiences.
This unit will be used in an upper level class at the High School in the Community (HSC). The bulk of the curriculum at HSC is taught in Block classes which meet three hours daily for eight weeks. These courses are interdisciplinary and team taught. This unit will be used as half of a block class on the 60's. The other half will cover American literature of the period. Although I have a particular course in mind I do feel that all or parts of this unit can be adapted for use in other schools.
- 1. Students will learn that history is a field of study that can help them understand themselves and the people around them. By reading sources by and about people with many of the same interests and concerns that they have and learning to see how these issues were dealt with differently at different historical times they will see that history shapes people's lives and that people shape the changes in history.
- 2. Students will learn about the major events, people and social movements of the 1960's in the United States. They will have a broad overview of the social issues that seem to have made that epoch particularly significant.
- 3. They will learn to read a variety of materials as sources in the study of history. Each document has a particular perspective and makes certain assumptions which shape the argument. These aspects of the document will be worked with extensively.
- 4. Students will develop certain academic skills in writing and discussion. They will understand the difference between writing a summary, a criticism and a comparative paper. They will also learn to take positions on certain issues and write out a position paper as well as present their position in the class.
These documents will be read, analyzed and discussed for different kinds of information. Students will be asked to write a summary of some readings so they will learn to pick out the major ideas and put them in their own words. They will be asked to write a criticism of some pieces. After picking out the basic assumption of each writing they will present an alternative assumption and use it to present an opposing view point, regardless of their personal opinion. Each week they will be given a test which will consist of writing their personal opinion on the topic. These essays will be shared with the class. During the discussion I hope to draw out the effect of these issues on life in the 1980's.
For term papers, students will be asked to write a short paper in which they compare the ideas of two different views of life in the 1960's. Different people experiences the 1960's very differently. These variations, too, will help students see history come alive.
These assignments will be supplemented with regular assignments in an American History textbook.
- A. The Distribution of Wealth and Power—America in the 60's
- ____Kolko, Gabriel, Wealth and Power in America. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1962. pp. 9-29.
- ____Harrington, Michael, The Other America. New York: MacMillan Publishing Company, Inc., 1962. pp. 1-18.
- B. The Civil Rights Movement
- ____Carmicheal, Stockley and Hamilton, Charles, Black Power. New York: Vintage Books, 1967. pp. 34-56.
- ____Cleaver, Eldridge, "The White Race and its Heroes" from Soul on Ice. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1968.
- ____Foreman, James, The Making of a Black Revolutionary. New York: The MacMillian Company, 1972. pp. 3-31.
- ____King, M.L., Why We Can't Wait. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1963. pp. 1-14.
- C. Student Radicals
- ____Hayden, Tom, "The Port Huron Statement" in Bruce Francia, ed., From the Movement Toward Revolution. New York: 1971.
- ____Hoffman, Abbie, Revolution for the Hell of it. New York: The Dial Press, 1968. pp. 9-31.
- D. Women's Movement
- ____Beal, Francis, "Double Jeopardy" in Robin Morgan, ed., Sisterhood is Powerful. New York: A Vintage Book, 1970.
- ____Koedt, Anne, "The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm" in Robin Morgan, ed., Sisterhood is Powerful. New York: A Vintage Book, 1970.
- ____Manardi, Pat, "The Politics of Housework" in Robin Morgan, ed., Sisterhood is Powerful. New York: A Vintage Book, 1970.
- E. Counter Culture and LSD
- ____Wolfe, Tom, The Electric Koolaid Acid Test. New York: Bantam Books, 1968. pp. 1-14, 60-77.
- F. Vietnam and the Limits of Power
- ____Herr, Michael, Dispatches. New York: Avon Books, 1978. pp. 3-33.
- ____Marchetti, Victor and Marks, John, The CIA & The Cult of Intelligence. New York: Dell Publishing Company, Inc., 1974. pp. 29-37.
- G. Crisis in American Culture
- ____Slater, Philip, The Pursuit of Loneliness. Boston: Beacon Press, 1970. pp. 168-202.
A. The Distribution of Wealth and Power—America in the 60's
The America of the 60's was a society quite divided by class—the economic basis of life and life choices. Gabriel Kolko surveys the distribution of wealth in the United States and discovers that the vast majority of wealth was concentrated at the very top of the economic scale and that this process must continue for the economy to remain stable. In "Trends in the Distribution of Income" Kolko makes a crucial distinction between income and wealth. He explains that at the beginning of the 60's there was an apparent increase in the redistribution of wealth based on an analysis of income distribution. However, this was misleading because these statistics ignored the growing number of ways made available to the rich to hide their wealth.
Michael Harrington on the other hand "rediscovered" the vast extent of poverty in the United States in 1963. The Other America, published in 1963, shocked many Americans because it too documented that the economic distribution in this country was extremely unequal. Harrington found that one fourth of the American population was living below the official government poverty line—below subsistence. In this excerpt, "The Invisible Land," he discusses the process by which the poor of the 60's were being made "invisible." This new poverty in the midst of an expanding "Affluent Society" was being denied any place through the process of automation which replaced the need for much labor power. He suggests that one must reassess the American priorities for economic growth before a significant sector of the society is destroyed.
- What is wealth? What is poverty? is it defined by economics or psychology?
- What is the distinction between income and wealth?
- How do they influence people's class identity?
- What is the impersonal process of impoverishment that Harrington refers to?
- How does this new poverty differ from the poverty of the 30's?
- What is the meaning and significance of aspiration?
B. The Civil Rights Movement
Although the Civil Rights Movement in the United States had been very active before the 1960's, it did receive its greatest public recognition then. With the Brown decision of 1954, the Supreme Court publicly recognized that racism was a serious and profound problem in this country. Racism was sustained not only by separation of the races but also by more subtle denials of access to participation in the major institutions and opportunities available in the United States.
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) had been fighting the struggle for desegregation through the courts for the last half century. Now young Black college students were determined to see more tangible results sooner. As their numbers grew, so did their constituency. Sharecroppers, and urban ghetto residents brought new and different demands. The nonviolent direction action of Martin Luther King, Jr. and his people in Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) was initially adopted by Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). However, SNCC soon became divided as it became the object of racist violence. As the movement moved north and into urban areas, new, more militant approaches were expounded. The Black Panther Party was founded in New York and California and quickly spread to other areas. When the Black Panther Party marched on the Sacramento Court House in uniforms carrying rifles, they shocked, if not frightened, most Americans. Was a civil war going to erupt between Blacks and whites?
With the reading I have chosen for this section I want to show the students the logical progression from an approach of nonviolent direct action for integration to the recognition for the need to advocate Black Power. It is crucial that the students understand that both approaches toward becoming "equal" participants in the American society meant great compromises for both Blacks and whites. The readings were chosen because they give the picture from a "Black" perspective. M. L. King, S. Carmicheal, E. Cleaver and J. Foreman were leaders and spokesmen for activist groups of the 60's. These readings should give the students an understanding that racial issues in America are more than skin deep. People's opinions are shaped by their life experiences.
In this chapter of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s, Why We Can't Wait, King outlines the forces that made 1963 such a significant year in the struggle for equal rights for Blacks. On this centennial the realities of life for Black Americans were in a crisis. The promises of the Civil Rights Movement of the 50's seemed to be empty—school and housing desegregation was moving along very slowly—if at all. Automation and enormous unemployment among Blacks were pointing out the heightened conflict between the claims of the economic development and the realities of expanding poverty. World affairs were also a dynamic influence on Blacks consciousness. Many Black African nations were winning independence and by example, were challenging Black Americans to take more control over their destinies. These were the forces that King saw leading the Civil Rights Movement to look to non-violent direct action as a means to greater participation in the United States.
James Foreman, one of the founders of SNCC, tells the story of his first violent confrontation with racism in the second selection I have chosen for this section. In his autobiography, The Making of a Black Revolutionary, he describes his introduction to police violence when he was arrested for a crime he did not commit and was interrogated so intensely that his only means of escape was to pretend to go crazy. He had not been raised to such violence, and this experience greatly influenced his future. I have also included a section on his life as a small child in Mississippi.
Eldridge Cleaver became a spokesman for the Black Panther Party in the mid 60's. In his essay, "The White Race and Its Heroes" he attacks the morality of the white power structure as they try to present America as the land of opportunity but simultaneously deny Blacks all but the minimum of their rights. He commends the white youths who are rejecting their racist past and are standing up against their racist traditions. Cleaver suggests that whites begin to see that Blacks have made major contributions to white America and the hope of the future rests with the continued cooperation between Blacks and whites.
In Black Power, Stockley Carmicheal presents his understanding of why the Black Power Movement appeared when it did. In the chapter "Black Power, Its Needs and Substance," he asserts that Black people must redefine themselves on their own terms and in their own way. Success and understanding have been defined in terms of white middle class values which have excluded Blacks, by definition. Carmicheal does not feel that the Black Power Movement has created the hostility that many white people have expressed; rather the movement has exposed the racist assumptions of the American ways. Black Power will enable Blacks to gain strength from each other and figure out their needs, priorities and strategies so that they can return to the system with strength.
- Explain the meaning of the following concepts: non-violent direct action, Black Power, racism, race and assumption.
- Is Black Power an assertion of Black identity or a declaration of anti-white hostility?
- What are the consequences of racism on how we think and act?
- How is racism enforced by the organization of the society?
C. Radicals
The unequal distribution of wealth and opportunity might have spurred on the "underclasses" but what happened to push the "haves" to rebel as well? In the early 60's middle class white students on many college campuses across the country were reevaluating their ideas and life expectations. This movement included many different types of criticisms of the society but they all did agree that new questions had to be asked about the quality of life in the richest country in the world. Although they too were critical of the unequal distribution of wealth and the extremes of wealth and poverty, their major orientation, as children of economic privilege was their alienation from the values of the society which they felt even though they were economically secure.
The student movement grew together around a variety of protest issues that had been confronting the dominant priorities of America. The testing of nuclear bombs and the acceptance of the idea of fallout shelters seemed to find many folks asking who would want to survive a nuclear holocaust? Why indeed are those the options? What are the real issues in the cold war? What does red mean other than a symbol for the enemy? Why is the world so divided? If we have the answers why does the world feel so attracted to the enemy? What does socialism have to offer? How can we too change to meet the needs of more of our people and the peoples of the world?
These questions were intensified by the events around the Civil Rights Movement which said to some that racism was a necessary part of America's social structure, not only a product of individual ignorance or prejudice. We could watch racial violence on television as the nation debated whether the federal government had the right to force state and city governments to abide by the decisions of the Supreme Court. Who had what power? By whose standards should justice be defined and enforced?
Student radicals decided that the American people had to begin by redefining their priorities from wealth and power for greatest good for the greatest number. What then would an ideal society look like? How would we get there? What were rights? What were privileges?
With the "Port Huron Statement," SDS declared that wealth should not be a goal in itself and that through participatory democracy all Americans needed to redefine our priorities and goals as a people. From their perspective a shift in attitudes was to be the basis of change. Only later in their development did the power of economic and racial differences hit home. Abbie Hoffman's book represents a more humorous approach to these questions.
The "Port Huron Statement" is a clearly written analysis of the students role in the America of the early 60's. Tom Hayden and his organization, Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), criticized the general passivity of students and challenged them to get involved in social change through participatory democracy. The statement presents a very positive, idealistic and hopeful approach to social change.
Revolution for the Hell of it was written by Abbie Hoffman to declare the need for a revolution. He saw that it was a time for real change in America. Written in the late 60's as a reflection of the "hippe" approach to social change, Hoffman jumps from topic to topic incisively pointing out the internal contradictions of commonly held assumptions. The pushes for a revolution in values through redefining reality in new and different terms. Although it is not a serious book, it does give a clear feeling for the spirit of a revolution in feelings and attitudes.
- What are the priorities of America?
- How does alienation grow out of these priorities?
- What alternative priorities could we have as a nation?
- How could they be changed?
- What are socialism and communism?
- Why would we care about world opinion?
D. Woman's Movement
What is a woman? Is she defined by her sexual organs? Is liberation a rejection of men or is the women's movement calling for the recognition of prejudices which seriously and erroneously limited women and men so that people could redefine problems, issues and questions from a "female" perspective? Or at least with the recognition that one's sexual orientation might influence or bias one's point of view?
The Civil Rights Movement raised the consciousness of many Americans to the realization that although the predominant culture was one of affluence, Blacks as a group had been denied access. The radicals had pointed out that although there was greater wealth, often human priorities were being replaced by the profit motive. Basic assumptions about American priorities, values and life styles were being challenged. Women had been relegated to a secondary status. Like Blacks they had been defined by their physical characteristics and denied support of the culture for their development as thinking and working individuals.
The women's movement grew out of this environment and then developed a dynamics of its own. At first as women joined together they pushed for equal opportunities within the system as it existed. Then, as women explored the existing literature and social structure they began to see the profound nature of sexism. The society was not just biased but had so defined its ideas from the "male perspective" that all assumptions had to be redefined: social customs, family structure, sex roles and yes, even human sexuality. Women learned from talking to each other in consciousness raising groups that their actions and ideas seemed to conflict with what they had been taught. Why?
For many, not all, the answer lay in the fact that men had defined the world in their image—from a "male perspective." Thus they could maintain their position of dominance. For some this meant that they had to liberate themselves from their past—divorce, sexual preference and/or seclusion. Women needed to stop learning from men and unconsciously accepting their perspectives and find their own ways with other women. The women's movement like the Civil Rights Movement then went through a period in which many activists called for separation from men until they as women could believe in their ideas and ways and reject their own basic tendencies to male chauvinism.
For this section I chose three readings that were published during the first few years of the movement when women were working at understanding the nature of male domination. Through analyzing the assumptions about women's roles either sexually or in the home women found new questions to ask. These basic questions challenged the traditional assumptions of the society and enabled women to see that women might indeed see many issues differently from men because they had different needs than the men. Here again by pointing out the fundamental nature of the controversy over women and their rights students will learn that assumptions are founded on societal values and can be challenged.
In the "Myth of the Vaginal Organism" Ann Koedt gives a detailed description of why female sexuality has been defined in terms of male needs and experiences. Men and women seem to have very different interpretations of what gives pleasure to women. Koedt suggests that these differences reflect a difference in physiological and psychological needs.
The "Politics of Housework" is a humorous dialogue between a husband and wife over the distribution of household chores. This selection by Pat Manardi was chosen because it points out the unspoken assumptions about women's "innate" superiority for housekeeping.
"Double Jeopardy" is a direct challenge to the suggestion that women's liberation is really only for white women. Some people had been asserting that the movement could not represent Black women in America because Black women must stand behind their men since they had been most seriously oppressed in the United States. Frances Beal rejects this and asserts that Black women can and must join with all forces to combat the basic causes of racism and sexism, capitalism and imperialism. People must join together to change society. Revolutions are not determined by sex. Black and white women have had different histories but there is a place for some of them to work together.
- What is a woman? What defines her—biology, sociology, psychology?
- What are the consequences of male chauvinism on women's sense of self worth?
- How does sexism work? How can it be compared to racism?
- How do you think the women's movement was influenced by the Civil Rights Movement?
E. The Counter Culture and Drugs
The growth of critical ideas soon spread to criticisms of basic psychological assumptions as well. If so much of the objective reality—politics, economics, life styles, race relations and sexual behavior were shaped by the perspective of the person or people in power, maybe all human feelings too were being defined by external forces in the society and their question for wealth and power.
Who is the real you? How can you find out? Certainly we are more than our race, class and/or sex. How can we come into contact with our true feeling self, ourselves as true individuals?
Marijuana, drugs and especially LSD seemed to meet this need. Many felt that LSD could liberate the true you. The chemical could break down the walls that socialization had built around you by the society to force you to assimilate. The fact that LSD was a drug that had originally been discovered in the synapses of schizophrenics seemed to be disregarded. After all who defines reality, sanity and insanity.
Tom Wolfe's portrayal of the LSD culture in the Electric Kool Aid Acid Test gives a lively and effective picture of the dynamics of the discoveries of these people.
In 1964, when Ken Kesey started off on his new adventure into the psychedelic world, he had already established himself as a significant American author with One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest. In these excerpts, Tom Wolfe gives a first hand account of the individual and group changes that these drugs fostered. Wolfe's journalistic style called the "New Journalism" often reads more like a novel than a non-fiction account and forces the reader to "feel" the material. For this unit I picked two sections, one describing Wolfe's first meeting with Kesey, the second an account of the bus trip across the country in which the drug users get more and more involved in the power of LSD.
- What influences shape an individuals character?
- Why would drugs, either marijuana or LSD, change peoples behavior?
- Why might many social activists find drugs to be contrary to real social change?
- Why did LSD remain a drug used primarily by the middle class whites?
- What relationship is there between individual change and social change?
F. Vietnam and the Limits of Power
Vietnam! Where is it anyway? We all learned as more and more American soldiers and equipment were being sent there. The communists were trying to take over Southeast Asia. Many felt that we had lost China to the Communists because we failed to act decisively. Never again. So from the early 60's on, just around the time of the Bay of Pigs invasion, President Kennedy started sending more soldiers and weapons to Vietnam—that strange agricultural country on the other side of the globe.
We watched the war on TV. We listened to body counts. There were debates on TV over whether to spend more and more money on the war. People were demonstrating against the draft, against the war and even on occasion against a society which was forcing its young to fight this undeclared war in a country which might not want our "help." We were told that it was a civil war between the Communist north and the democratic south. Then who were the Viet Cong? Why were we getting such bad press in the world? Many neutral countries were criticizing our role in Vietnam. After all, if we were so sure of our role that 50,000 American soldiers were dying, why had we refused to declare war on Vietnam officially.
The Vietnam War was an extremely ugly war. Both sides seemed to be breaking all the conventions of war. America, a powerful, technologically advanced nation was spraying chemicals, napalm, and shooting fragment bombs. The Viet Cong seemed to be everywhere, ambushing and sniping. They appeared indistinguishable from the general population—they were not uniformed nor did they openly identify themselves.
The Tet Offensive challenged the hegemony of the United States and drew great attention to the significance of guerrilla warfare in the struggle against the domination of the third world by the United States. The American view of its role in the world was being forced to change.
Dispatches is a powerful first hand account of a reporter's feelings and observations about the dynamics of the Vietnam War. The power of this book is the author's ability to present the human feelings and experiences about the war and its violence without being melodramatic. One is forced to question the human experience of war in general and the extreme nature of the struggle for survival in Vietnam. This book is also an example of the "New Journalism" so popular in the 60's. It enabled the author to share his feelings and reactions not just his observations.
Inside the CIA caused a great controversy when it was published. The US government tried to block the publication because they felt it could threaten the security of the American intelligence system. Nevertheless, Victor Marchetti and John Marks, two former CIA agents pushed on and after some censorship were permitted to publish this exposé of their experiences with the CIA. In the excerpt, "The Cult of Intelligence" they describe the people and the general attitude of the agency as it determines its targets in the world. The authors feel that the agency has too much wealth and power with far too little accountability to the American people.
- Why did we get involved in Vietnam? Why was this nation so divided over this war?
- What criticisms were made of the CIA? What is the function of an intelligence system? Who should decide matters of national security and foreign policy?
- How can people develop trust in a government?
- How do they loose this trust?
G. Crisis in American Culture
The 60's certainly shook many of the foundations of America's identity. Her foreign involvements and her domestic policies had been criticized both from within its population and by the world community. At a time when the United States could proudly declare herself the richest and most powerful nation in the world, she was being torn apart by people who wanted to see real changes immediately—who wanted a piece of the pie sooner rather than later or wanted to redefine the nature of the pie itself.
The 60's left the United States torn apart by its own contradiction. Many feel that it was so divided that the growing individualism of the 70's "me generation" was a necessary outcome. Any real solutions to the profound social problems of the 60's would take such a long time. The threat of nuclear war made real planning for the future appear naive.
Where would America go to next? How would these questions and contradictions be dealt with? Philip Slater deals with these questions in his book The Pursuit of Loneliness. In the conclusion "Your money or your life," he clearly defines the choices confronting the American culture. Slater calls upon us to recognize our strengths and weaknesses together and to draw on them as we admit to our collective need to redefine all of our priorities. Survival must bring us together or we will destroy ourselves. Although changes might indeed be inevitable, their direction is not.
Slater's call for unity and action is direct and powerful. He recognizes the need to work with American attitudes. We must continue to recognize the positive aspects of individualism as we recognize that the enormous inequalities found in the United States undercut our best ideals and our potential. The social problems that he defined as needing immediate attention—ecology, education, employment and the redistribution of wealth—however are still haunting us today in the 1980's. Can these problems and the contradictions they represent be disregarded forever? Does the threat of nuclear war become less real because we live with it longer? Does growing unemployment become less painful to the whole society because the few at the top are making greater and greater profits? Can we learn from the events of the 60's or is it just "history?"
- Who is the author?
- From what book is this reading taken?
- When was it written?
- What is Black Power?
- What is the major thesis of the essay?
- What is the purpose of the essay?
- List the major points of the essay?
- Write summary.
Identify an argument that would come to opposing conclusions. Then give three reasons for your assumption and explain each reason in a clear paragraph. You should write out 5 clear paragraphs. Use the form below.
Statement of Position: __________
Reason #1 __________
Reason #2 __________
Reason #3 __________
Concluding Statement __________
- Integration
- Segregation
- Desegregation
- Inherent
- Separate but equal
- Non-violent direct action
- Brown vs. Board of Education
- Black Power
- Civil Rights Movement
- Jim Crow Laws
Review of ideas and evolution of this student organization.
Dickstein, Morris, Gates of Eden. New York: Basic Books, 1977.
An interesting interpretation of the cultural changes of the 60's in the United States.
Gwaltney, J.L., Drylongso. New York: Random House, 1982.
Interviews with different Black people about their lives. Interesting oral history.
Hodgson, Godfrey, America in Our Times. Garden City, N.J.: Doubleday, 1976.
An interesting textbook of modern American History from 1945 to the present.
Joseph, Peter, Good Times. New York: Charterhouse, 1973.
A collection of oral histories by active participants in the events of the 60's.
Lukas, Anthony, Don't Shoot—We are your children. New York: Random House, 1971.
Collection of biographies of different social activists in the 60's. Very Interesting.
Maucauley, Robie, and Ziff, Larzer, America and its Discontents. A collection of essays on the 60's by involved observants.
Santoli, Al, Everything We Had.
A collection of first hand accounts of being in the Vietnam War. Very powerful.
Wicker, Tom, JFK and LBJ. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1968.
A "New Journalism" analysis of the influence of personality on politics.
Wolfe, Tom, Radical Chic and MauMauing the Flak Catchers. New York: A Bantam Book, 1970.
A "New Journalism" account of race relations in the 60's.
Zinn, Howard, The People's History of the United States. New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1980.
American History as seen from the perspectives of the minorities and the oppressed. Another approach to our history.
Contents of 1983 Volume IV | Directory of Volumes | Index | Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute

subset: commoncrawl


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Combination of increased rate of terrorism, fear- mongering tactics would threaten our civil liberties.
Efforts to stop young professionals from leaving region beginning to show results.
In unconventional election season, some hard and fast rules will no longer apply.
The United States Senate used to be called the world's most exclusive club. That's a nice phrase, but what does it actually mean? Americans don't really know a lot about the Senate. Here are three factoids, free of charge: Most
Toledo is wasting its river and lake.
Has done an outstanding service for graduates.
Erika Buri has shown a passion for the park system. She made a mistake but will be an asset in the future.
Toledoans gather for Susan G. Komen Race for the Cure.
College has made tough decisions needed to regain fiscal health.
Why would someone be so lavishly compensated for such poor results?


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Military Chaplain Candidates Consider Their Calling
| October 25, 2012
Chaplain Dave West
Regent University School of Divinity's military chaplaincy candidates and other students considering military chaplaincy recently had the opportunity to fellowship with active duty and retired chaplains and learn more about the calling to serve the spiritual needs of service members and their families. The Military Chaplaincy Dinner was held on Tuesday, Oct. 16, in conjunction with modular week, which brings online students to campus for face-to-face learning and connecting.
Chaplain (Col.) Dave West, a retired Army chaplain and School of Business & Leadership doctoral candidate, gave the keynote address. West, originally an enlisted and commissioned engineer officer in the U.S. Army, admitted he came to military chaplaincy "reluctantly" after forming a negative opinion of military chaplains. "If you want to make God laugh, tell Him you don't want to do something," said West, adding, "God has a way of teaching us things when we listen to His call."
West related many colorful stories of military ministry in the field, including battlefield ministry in places like Djibouti and Iraq. Even in places as volatile as these, military chaplains are prohibited from carrying a weapon, he explained. "When the only weapon that you have is the Holy Spirit, it teaches you about having the faith to totally rely on God."
Speaking pointedly and from the heart, West shared his best advice for aspiring military chaplains. First, be purposeful: "Make it your purpose to share eternal truths with soldiers." Second, be devoted: "Chaplains go where they are needed—downrange." Third, persevere: "No matter what God calls you to, He'll make a way," he said. "God is pulling for you." Lastly, West said, chaplains must be obedient to God. "If God calls you, all you have to do is follow," he said.
Navy veteran and student in Regent's College of Arts & Sciences Robin Priestly found the session informative and thought-provoking. "I learned pertinent, up-front information from experienced military chaplains and chaplain assistants to capture the very essence of military ministry," she said.
Prospective chaplain candidate Andrew and his wife Amanda Hoyle enjoyed this unique opportunity to fellowship and learn. "Being our first time attending, we were unsure what to expect," Andrew said. "We found the time to be challenging, inspiring, and profitable. Chaplain West did a wonderful job communicating the blessings and challenges of military chaplaincy. Meeting others at the dinner gave us an opportunity to connect and network with those who know more about the life and role of the chaplain."
The dinner, sponsored by the Navy Recruiting District in Richmond, Va., is a semi-annual event that has featured notable speakers including Capt. Jim Hightower, Chaplain Corps, U.S. Navy; Chaplain (Col.) Rick Garrison, U.S. Army; Lt. Cmdr. Maurice Buford, Chaplain Corps, U.S. Navy; and Captain Dale Parker, Chaplain Corps, U.S. Navy (Ret.).
Learn more about Regent's department of Military and Veterans Affairs.
Mindy Hughes, Public Relations
Phone: 757.352.4095 Fax: 757.352.4888
E-mail: email@example.com
Latest News
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October 17, 2016


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Mary K. Forry
PORT ROYAL – Mary K. Forry, 80, of Tuscarora, Port Royal, went to be with her Lord and Savior on Wednesday, May 28, 2014, at The Bridges at Brookline, Mifflintown.
Born Aug. 27, 1933, in T-Lane, Spruce Hill Township, she was the daughter of the late Ernest and Rosanna (Dalton) Peterson.
She is survived by her husband, Eugene W. "Gene" Forry, whom she married Dec. 22, 1956; four children, Dean Forry and wife, Barb, of Port Royal, Doug Forry and wife, Tammy, of Port Royal, Darvin Forry and wife, Teresa, of McAlisterville, and Denise Bomberger and husband, Danny, of Port Royal; one daughter-in-law, Donna Forry, of Port Royal; three siblings, Martha Shoop, of Concord, Raymond Peterson and wife, Barb, of Newville, and Dorothy Berry and husband, Leon, of Port Royal; 11 grandchildren; and three great-grandchildren.
She was preceded in death by: a son, David E. Forry, on Oct. 23, 2010; an infant son, Dennis Forry; and four brothers, Merrill, Glenn, Paul and Lee Peterson.
Mary graduated from Tuscarora Valley High School in 1952 and worked at Empire Kosher Poultry for 26 years.
She attended Tuscarora Church of the Brethren.
She enjoyed reading, crocheting, doing crossword puzzles, camping with her husband and watching birds, but the most important thing to her was spending time with her family.
Her funeral will be at 11 a.m. Saturday, May 31, 2014, at Guss Funeral Home Inc., 20 S. Third St., Mifflintown, with the Rev. Charles Sheaffer officiating. Interment will be in Bethlehem Cemetery, Millerstown.
There will be a viewing from 7 to 9 p.m. Friday, at the funeral home.
In lieu of flowers, memorial contributions may be made for the funeral expenses to Guss Funeral Home Inc., 20 S. Third St., Mifflintown, PA 17059.
Condolences may be left at www.gussfh.com.


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Super fast Lexar 16GB USB 3.0 jumpdrive
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Web posted Wednesday, April 15, 1998 7:00 a.m. CT
Canisters containing Napalm await removal in crates at the Fallbrook Naval Ordnance Center in FallBrook Calif. in this Feb. 19, 1998 file photo. More than 23 million pounds of the jellied gasoline mixture has been stored since the Vietnam war at the facility, about 60 miles north of San Diego. The first shipment, a train carrying two 6,000-gallon containers of the napalm, departed Saturday. The train was expected to reach Pollution Control Industries in East Chicago, Ind., in two weeks. (AP Photo/Union Tribune, Charlie Neuman, File)AP PhotoNapalm shipment continues eastward
The Associated Press
EAST CHICAGO, Ind. (AP) - A train carrying 12,000 gallons of napalm continued its eastward journey Tuesday while attorneys wrangled over an Indiana company's 11th-hour decision to back out of recycling the incendiary mixture.
The shipment, the first of 3.3 million gallons of napalm that Pollution Control Industries Inc. of East Chicago had contracted to recycle, left a U.S. Navy facility in California on Saturday, bound for Indiana.
But PCI President Robert Campbell said Monday that mounting public and political pressure had prompted the company to abandon the project.
The controversial project touched on the public's memory of napalm, an incendiary agent used to torch enemy villages during the Vietnam War.
The EPA and the Indiana Department of Environmental Management in recent months conducted several inspections of PCI's facilities, resulting in a monthlong delay of the napalm shipment.
Although PCI announced Monday that it wanted out of the deal, the train hauling a rail car loaded with two 6,000-gallon drums of napalm continued heading east Tuesday.
"It's still moving toward its planned destination in the Chicago area for the recycling project. It's probably in eastern New Mexico right now," Jerry Jenkins, a spokesman for Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railroad, said at midday Tuesday.
The load is expected to cross into Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Missouri before arriving in Illinois this weekend.
Jenkins wouldn't say when or where the shipment would travel through Texas or Oklahoma, but said it would follow the most direct route to Kansas City and then eastward.
A check of Burlington's system map shows the most direct route would take the shipment from near Albuquerque, N.M., through the northern portion of Texas, and through northwestern Oklahoma near Woodward and Alva before crossing into Kansas.
Last year, PCI signed a $24 million contract to dispose of Vietnam-era napalm stored at the Fallbrook Naval Weapons Facility north of San Diego. PCI planned to turn the napalm into fuel for cement kilns in two years.
Battelle Memorial Institute, based in Columbus, Ohio, is the project's primary contractor.
Navy officials said they would likely seek another method of destroying the napalm or find another company to do the original job that was subcontracted out by a larger firm.
"We're committed to this project because it is a safe and responsible project," said Navy Lt. Cmdr. Jon Smith. "We are examining all of our options."
The military hasn't yet decided what to do about the current shipment, Smith said.
Word that PCI wanted out of the contract was praised by Rep. Pete Visclosky, D-Ind., who accused Navy officials of repeatedly lying to the public, his office and PCI itself about the napalm project.
"They are stuck in a very terrible situation, and it's a situation of their own making," said Visclosky. "It's not the fault of the contractor. It's the fault of the Navy, which has mismanaged this program from the start."
We'd love to hear your feedback. © 1998 Amarillo Globe-NewsWebmaster
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New York fashion house Pamella Roland -- owned and operated by Grand Rapids' designer Pamella DeVos -- will get some primetime exposure on Bravo's "Real Housewives of New York City."
Tonight's episode, airing at 10 p.m. on the cable channel, will follow the show's cast members as they attend New York Fashion Week, including Pamella Roland's fall show. Several of the cast members also were dressed by Pamella Roland and can be seen in her designs.
Watch the teaser for the episode and check back with the New Black for an update on the show.


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Firm from India buys Stoneridge
HOWLAND – A North American automotive wiring harness maker based in Howland is being sold to India's largest auto component maker for $65.7 million, both companies announced Tuesday.
Stoneridge Inc., headquartered at 9400 E. Market St., said the asset purchase dated Monday will mean the sale of its wiring harness segment to Motherson Sumi Systems Limited of New Delhi, India. Stoneridge has operated in Warren since its founding in 1965.
Details on how the sale will affect local and U.S. Stoneridge employment was not immediately clear. A call placed to the company Tuesday seeking further details was not immediately returned.
According to a statements released Tuesday by both companies, the segment of Stoneridge subject to the acquisition includes "an engineering and administrative center located in Warren, Ohio," along with manufacturing facilities located in Portland, Ind., and three cities in Mexico, and includes about 4,700 employees.
The releases say the segment being acquired reports annual revenues of about $300 million.
Stoneridge President and Chief Executive Officer John C. Corey said in a prepared statement that the transaction should not alter Stoneridge's net business plan for the next five years because most of the company's new growth is being driven in different segments, including control device products, electronics and PST.
PST Electronics is the brand owner for Positron, a Stoneridge joint venture company, that provides infotainment, wireless security and other electronic devices.
"With the sale of our wiring business, we can now increase our focus and resources on our other business segments, which are technology-driven with global applications and offer greater opportunities to provide higher value to our shareholders," Corey said.
Matt Mueller of Cleveland-based Western Reserve Partners LLC, which advised Stoneridge on the purchase, said the transaction allows Stoneridge to enhance its focus on more value-added technologies and products, and provides Motherson with the ability to better serve its global customer base with a substantial presence in North America.
Motherson manufactures a variety of products for the global automotive industry. The company said it plans to use the transaction to expand its presence in North America. Stoneridge's wiring business designs and manufactures wiring harness products mostly for the commercial, agricultural and off-highway vehicle markets.
Regarding Stoneridge wiring business employees, Corey noted, "Our wiring business has a strong management team and highly dedicated employees. It is our expectation that they will be the foundation for the North American market for Motherson. We thank them for their contributions to Stoneridge and know they will continue to thrive within the Motherson organization."
Stoneridge said the net cash proceeds will be utilized for strategic acquisitions, debt repayment, organic growth and other corporate purposes. Stoneridge trades on the New York Stock Exchange under ticker symbol SRI.
The company's history includes supplying major automakers, including General Motors Corp. since 1950, Ford Motor Co. since 1919, Deere & Co. since 1965 and Navistar International Corp. since 1973.


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Barack Obama
Inauguration, January 20, 2009
Barack Obama taking the oath of office on January 20, 2009 at the U.S. Capitol. (Photo: Courtesy of The Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies)
President Barack Obama is given the Oath of Office for a second time by Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Jr. in the Map Room of the White House 1/21/09.
President Barack Obama reads the letter left in the Oval Office Resolute Desk for him the previous day, by former President George W. Bush. The letter from the previous president to the incoming president has become a White House tradition. 1/21/09
|Menu of All Presidents | Inaugurations Home Page


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When SNCC came in, I asked you what it was like to have Stokely here, and you gave me a very vivid portrait, but what about SNCC, the organization, what was it like to have all those people from SNCC here?
It, it was good to have them here, because we had peoples from almost every walks of life who had different talents and who could do a lot of things to help. You know, ah, some was, was tutoring and teached, and teaching classes, and wherever, wh--speakers like Stokely Carmichael, Bob Mants, yet, Courtland, Courtland Cox and others who would do it, it, little different ways, it was good to have them here. Because it gave a lot of incentives to people, young peoples all over would have a chance to sit down with these people, see what they were doing and make them want to be like most of those good men and women.


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Rep. Paul Ryan (R-Wis.) deplores "class warfare." I can't fault him for coming to the defense of the wealthy, who continue to lavish the Republican Party with huge sums of money, expecting, in return, support for their ability to make more money at our expense.
They are "job creators," but I wish the jobs were in the United States, instead of China, Vietnam, Indonesia, etc.
Ryan needs to understand that 99 percent of us believe the Republican Party has declared war on the middle class, expecting us to continue to foot the bills while the wealthy reap Republican-provided tax breaks and loopholes.
Howard Whidden, Vernon


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Google (Nasdaq: GOOG ) bets the (server) farm on innovation. In the eternal (and perhaps impossible) quest for the perfect user experience that will keep everyone using its money-making search services, there are no sacred cows.
The latest example comes from improvements to the Google Suggest feature. You know how you get suggestions on how to flesh out the query you're typing into a Googlish search box? That suggestion list just became context-sensitive, more personalized, and more likely to send you to your destination without ever seeing a page of search results.
Oh, and you'll see advertising in that box, too. If you never see a results page, you might still send revenue Big G's way.
That traditional list of search results has been a staple of the Internet experience since, the forefathers of today's Hewlett-Packard (NYSE: HPQ ) ran AltaVista, and Yahoo! (Nasdaq: YHOO ) was more a directory of links than a content portal and search service. But tradition counts for nothing in Mountain View. Navigating away from Google's properties before you even hit "enter" on your search query shortens the wait for fulfillment for the user, so Google built in some cash generation measures and rolled it out. The ad-laden results page just became less important, and the advertising game just changed significantly.
I wouldn't be surprised to see businesses designing their websites in a way that pushes them into the "navigational suggestions" category for important keywords. Likewise, I imagine bidding wars erupting over the prime virtual real estate that is an advertising spot in suggestion lists for popular search terms such as "Viagra," "Britney Spears," or "swine flu."
Both of those developments would be cash cows for Google -- especially the possible bidding war. Screen space is scant in that drop-down box, and getting there will probably be expensive. But as long as that investment drives traffic, which I'm sure it will, it'll be worth it to the advertisers.
Yahoo recently promised to kill the typical "10 blue links" results in favor of more dynamic presentations. Google immediately took that idea one step further and did away with results altogether for many searches. While Yahoo, Microsoft's (Nasdaq: MSFT ) MSN/Live/Kumo/whatever, Time Warner's (NYSE: TWX ) AOL, and IAC/InterActiveCorp's (Nasdaq: IACI ) Ask.com depend on exposing users to as many ads as possible by keeping them on their sites, Google is going the other way. All it takes is one ad -- the right ad in the right place -- and Google's cash flow is secure.
More Googley Foolishness:


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Opera Mini were just updated for the Android platform. After trying both, I've discovered that it's their simplicity that makes them so efficient.
The layout of the home screen for the Opera browser is key. It allows for heavy customization and the icons appear across your display in a simple grid format. With Opera, there is no need to click through tabs in order to get to your favorites. There is also a sharing feature that allows you to post a web page via Twitter or Facebook, all with a simple click from the browser window.
Opera Mobile and Opera Mini are basically the same as far as browsing capabilities go. Both offer similar features and share the same format for browsing. What separates the two browsers is speed. Opera Mini is designed to work on cell phones using slower networks, while Opera Mobile is designed to accommodate those on current 3G and 4G networks. Also, Opera Mobile now offers full Flash support and provides a smooth quality media streaming experience.
Opera has enhanced its browsers' pinch-to-zoom features too. Originally, you could only zoom in under pre-set levels engineered by Opera itself. With the new updates, Opera lets you magnify web pages even closer or zoom-out farther than ever before.
Overall, Opera has made some substantial updates to their web browsing system. The developers have taken their simple browser model and offered greater freedom for their users. With so many other Android browsers out there, it's great that Opera are still using their full capabilities to create a web environment that takes into account ever-changing connection speeds and the wide range of Android devices available.


text: ST. LOUIS - Emerson on Thursday announced that it has closed the transaction acquiring SPX Corporation's 44.5 percent minority interest in EGS Electrical Group, giving it 100 percent ownership of the business. Emerson and SPX have jointly held the business since 1997, with Emerson responsible for operational management and control. Results for the business, which had annual revenues in 2013 of more than $500 million, have been consolidated in Emerson's Industrial Automation segment.


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Nat King Cole starts off Those Lazy-Hazy-Crazy Days of Summer whistling at the girls on the beach and pretty much never looks back on this reissue of the fun and cheerful 1963 album.
When Collector's Choice Music announced the release of a second set of Cole CD reissues, collectors around the world on message boards and collector's groups got excited about the prospects of owning albums amplified by non-LP bonus tracks and all sorts of other goodies. Liner notes penned by Jim Ritz give the CDs a boost, too, as any Nat King Cole fan can find something to enjoy and any non-Cole fan will likely become one
With the reissue of Those Lazy-Hazy-Crazy-Days of Summer, Collector's Choice once again added some bonus tracks ("Goodnight Little League," "Early American," "When It's Summer," and "Summer Is A-Comin' In") to flesh out the set. The album is by and large held in low esteem by purists, like Ramblin' Rose, but it was a big hit all the same.
The merry character of the record is clear from "Those Lazy, Hazy, Crazy Days of Summer" and carries right through to the reprise of the same song that closes out the album before the bonus tracks. Most of the disc features significant and often-overpowering background vocals and the same general pace to the songs, but it's a pleasing and jubilant album that can be thrown on in the milieu of any summer BBQ or to let some light in on any wintery evening.
Each head-bopping song is simplistic lyrically and Cole's vocals sound affectionate and friendly. "There is a Tavern in the Town" is a sweet little song that clocks in at a minute and a half and bounces its way through some out-and-out funny lyrics. Cole sounds obstinately blissful on the album, which fits the tone and pace of each track faultlessly. In fact, things don't settle down or turn away from the bubbly beat until the bonus track "Early American" arrives. Even the moving "That Sunday, That Summer" seems to be light and airy.
All in all, Those Lazy-Hazy-Crazy Days of Summer is ideal for the scene found on the CD cover. Set on a beach filled with light-hearted couples basking in the euphoric glow of the summertime, this Nat King Cole album finds a rightful place in the sun and in any collector's anthology of fine recordings.Powered by Sidelines


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Breakfast While You Shower! – We Introduce Hand Made Soap to Our Guest Roomsby admin - March 8th, 2012.
Filed under: Our Partners. Tagged as: accommodation vancouver, commercial drive accommodation, Commercial Drive Artisans, Soap makers Vancouver, Soapmakers Vancouver, vancouver B&B, vancouver bed and breakfast.
What would you get if you mixed cinnamon essential oil, fresh ground coffee and water? Sounds a lot like Mexican coffee, or one of our favourite breakfast starters – cinnamon buns and piping hot coffee, but actually it's what you will get if you shower with our lovely new hand made soap, scented with cinnamon and laced with a healthy dose of ground coffee!
As a Bed & Breakfast in Vancouver, a city striving to be the greenest in Canada, we are very excited about our recent partnership with Lakewood Lye Handmade Soap, a local artisan company which hand crafts soaps and bath products using 100% natural vegetable, coconut and olive oils, natural clays, spices and plant based ingredients, scented only with 100% pure and natural essential oil – no artificial colors or scents. It's absolutely wonderful to partner with a company which shares many of our own philosophies, including buying locally, being as "green" as possible, recycling, natural ingredients, etc. Lakewood Soaps is located only a few blocks from the Bee & Thistle Guest House, so you can't get much more "local", and their wonderful selection of products includes Coffee & Cinnamon Soap and Natural Vanilla Soap, two luscious flavors that seem like an obvious choice for a guest house specializing in decadent breakfasts! Nothing like awakening your appetite for breakfast with these wonderful scents mingling with those of the fresh baked scones, muffins or cinnamon buns wafting up the stairs to your room!
Like many B&B owners, we have long been concerned about providing those lovely small little bars of soap in our guest rooms, knowing that most of them end up in the garbage at the end of a guest's stay having only been used a few times. With the help of Lakewood Soaps, we discovered that there is a local non-profit group called Mission Possible that recycles soap and makes it available to people in need. http://www.mission-possible.ca/2MPRecycling.php We spoke with them today and found that they are in transition right now but anticipate that they will be back in operation in a couple of weeks or so, not only providing a wonderful "green" service, but also providing jobs for women living in the lower east side of Vancouver. Lakewood Soaps is similarly exploring the potential for recycling their wonderful hand made soap, which would make us very happy. It just seems wrong to throw away a product that is so lovely, without using up every little bit of it!
Okay, so here's the best part. It's wonderful that these products are made with ingredients that we hope are much kinder to both the environment and our skin, but the bottom line is that they are fantastic to use! They are silky smooth on one's skin and smell heavenly. We hope that our guests will enjoy this little touch of luxury. And we hope some of them will support this fledgling soap company by purchasing products from the little supply we have on display. Our selection includes soaps with scents of Cinnamon Coffee, Peppermint Green Clay, Lavender Oatmeal, and Bath Salts of Lavender or Orange Bergamot. We also have a sample Gift Basket, which would be lovely for a new mom or an old friend, but is so reasonably priced that it could even be a hostess gift instead of a bottle of wine or bouquet of flowers. Thank you, Lakewood Lye Handmade Soaps! We wish you much success!


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Fixed-Price - Intermediate ($$) - Est. Budget: $180 - PostedSkills: SolidWorks 3D Design 3D Modeling Autodesk Inventor
i need some surface modeler to make 3D model on the attached image using solidworks or any similar CAD program, i need the drawings to be ready for making prototype using 3D printing. and i prefer some one have experiance with plastics or have done similar project before. it have some electronic parts inside which will be provided in CAD format good luck


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Robotic fish to monitor sea pollution
Scientists have developed a robotic fish that will be able to hunt down contamination in water.
In the shallow waters of Gijon Harbour in Northern Spain, the yellow, carbon fibre and metal fish feeds information back to the shore when it comes across any unwanted pollutant.
The fish, developed by scientists at the research division of BMT Group and part of the Shoal Consortium ,a European Commission-funded group, take samples from the water and constantly checks for pollution.
To sense the contaminants in the water, the fish use micro-electrode displays to detect heavy metals such as copper and lead, monitor oxygen levels and identify dangerous chemicals.
Measuring about 1.5 metres long, the they mimis the movements of real-life fish after the inspiration for the design came from nature itself.
We may have to wait awhile for the robotic fish to become a permanent fixture in our waters, though, as they currently cost around £20,000 each and require eight hours of charging every night.
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Book your exclusive spa! For private parties, events, birthdays, stag and hen weekends or just as a special, unforgettable treat for you and a group of friends.
Pre-dinner drinks and buffet can also be provided in the stunning lounge near the relaxation pool with its large windows overlooking the sea.
Service available from 9pm to midnight.


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Nb: infants must be under the age of 2 and
children must be under the age of 12 at the time of
3-room apartment (approx. 74 m2) on the ground floor of an old apartment building. In 2003 renovated living room with sofa and table. Modern aud fully equipped kitchen, renovated bathroom with shower. Large southern balcony with direct view of Mt. Titlis. The parking lot is right next to the building. Garage in underground parking. Pets not allowed. NON-SMOKING APARTMENT.
Included: bath- and kitchen towels, bedlinen is obligatory, local tax. Exclusive: Deposit CHF 300.00.
The price shown includes 7 nights accommodation,
on an accommodation only basis.


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Bayonne Mayor Smith announced today that he's running for re-election with a City Council slate that's virtually incumbent free. Indeed, the only incumbent on the slate is at-large Councilman Terrence Ruane.
The official presentation of the slate is tonight at the Knights of Columbus Hall on Avenue C at between 5:30 p.m. and 9 p.m.,
Smith said in a statement that he is "very proud" to run with this council team of "fresh new faces" and "independent new leaders.
"These are exceptional people who work hard behind the scenes to get things done for Bayonne," he added.
Debra Czerwienski, a school teacher, is running on Smith's slate for the second council-at-large seat.
Agnes Gillespie, a retired Bayonne High School educator, is running for the first ward seat, Joseph Hurley, a Bayonne deputy fire chief, is running in the second ward, and Raymond Greaves, a union leader, is running in the third ward.
Ruane, who retired from the post office on Jan. 1, was the mayor's pick to fill in when Assemblyman Anthony Chiappone resigned from the council last year.
Chiappone, who has been indicted on corruption charges, won re-election to the Assembly in November and has said he plans to run for mayor.


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