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growth factor
A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cellular growth, proliferation and cellular differentiation. Usually it is a protein or a steroid hormone. Growth factors typically act as signaling molecules between cells.
two things a cell needs in order to survive
1. space - contact inhibition
2. good grip - anchorage dependence
cells that break survival rules
cancer cells (overgrowth of cells, breaks rule #1, how cancer spreads, breaks rule #2)
protective cap at the end of each chromosome, cell dies when it starts to eat away at genes
make new cells that have half the chromosomes of the original cell, contain half of genetic information
genetic variation
1. crossing over
2. independent assortment of chromosomes
3. random fertilization
4. mutation
sister chromatids
identical copies on a chromosome, joined together by the centromere and eventually separating during mitosis or meiosis 2, until they divide they are considered a single chromosome
a single member of a pair of sister chromatids, only called chromatids when joined, called chromosome when they take place in mitosis or meiosis 2
homologous pair
chromosome pairs of the same length, centromere position and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters/traits at corresponding loci, one pair paternal, or maternal
why inheritance is important
1. allows life to give rise to similar life
2. allows good traits to be passed on (evolution, adaptation)
mendels law of independent assortment
dominant and recessive don't always sort together, equal probability
incomplete dominance
occurs when a heterozygote exhibits an intermediate phenotype between two homozygotes
one gene effecting many traits
1. disrupts red blood cells
2. causes cells to be inhospitable to material parasites
huntingtons disease
fatal dominant autosomal disease, onset 30s and 40s, late onset (after reproduction)
most disorders are autosomal recessive diseases
DD - not affected
dd - affected
Dd carriers (not affected, but can pass it on)
to have normal vision
female can inherit normal vision from mom or dad
male must inherit normal vision from mom
Aneuploidy is an abnormal number of chromosomes, and is a type of chromosome abnormality. An extra or missing chromosome is a common cause of genetic disorders (birth defects).
x chromosome
turner syndrome
learning disabilities
webbed skin between neck and shoulders
underdeveloped ovaries
A trisomy is a type of polysomy in which there are three copies, instead of the normal two, of a particular chromosome. A trisomy is a type of aneuploidy (an abnormal number of chromosomes).
xyx chromosome
klinefelter syndrome
intellectually normal
development of some female features
when ribosome reaches a stop codon, the ribosome releases the mRNA and the proteins, translation ends.
Restriction Enzymes
DNA-cutting proteins found primarily in bacteria. Enzymes cleave (cut) the phosphodiester backbone of double-stranded DNA at specific nucleotide sequences (restriction sites). Commercially available restriction enzymes are essential for molecular biology experiments.
Plasmid DNA
Small, circular, self-replicating double-stranded DNA molecules found primarily in bacterial cells. Plasmids often contain genes coding for antibiotic resistance proteins and are routinely used for DNA-cloning experiments.
A word or phrase that reads the same forward and backward (for example, "a toyota"). In the context of biotechnology, a DNA sequence with complementary strands that reads the same forward and backward. Most restriction enzyme recognition sequences are palindromes.
Recognition sequence
Specific sequence of DNA nucleotides recognized and cut by a restriction enzyme.
Cohesive ends
Overhanging single-stranded ends of a DNA molecule created by the action of certain restriction enzymes.
Blunt ends
Double-stranded ends of a DNA molecule created by the action of certain restriction enzymes.
DNA (or viruses) that can be used to carry and replicate other pieces of DNA in molecular biology experiments; for example, plasmid DNA, viruses used for gene therapy; also refers to organisms that carry disease.
The process by which bacteria take in DNA from the surroundings. Term also is used to define changes that cause a normal cell to become a cancer cell.
A process for transforming bacteria with DNA that uses electrical shock to move DNA into cells; can also be used to introduce DNA into animal and plant cells.
Antibiotic selection
Laboratory technique used to identify bacteria containing recombinant DNA of interest; involves growing bacteria on media with antibiotic or other selection molecules.
RNA polymerase promoter
Copies RNA from a DNA template; different forms of RNA polymerase synthesize different types of RNA.
Copy number
The number of copies of a particular DNA molecule or gene sequence such as a plasmid in a bacterial cell.
Protein hormone produced by cells of the pancreas; involved in glucose metabolism by cells; deficiencies in insulin production or insulin-receptor production can cause different forms of diabetes.
The recombinant form of human insulin, became the first recombinant DNA product to be approved for human applications by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Lytic cycle
A process of bacteriophage replication that involves phages infecting bacterial cells and then replicating and rupturing (lysing) the bacterial host cells.
Small clear spots of dead bacteria appearing on a culture plate, caused by bacterial cell lysis by bacteriophage.
Expression vectors
DNA vector such as a plasmid that can be used to produce (express) proteins in a cell.
Cosmid vectors
Large circular double-stranded DNA vector that is used for gene-cloning experiment in bacteriophages.
Large circular vectors that can replicate very large pieces of DNA; used to clone pieces of human chromosomes for the Human Genome Project.
Plasmid vectors grown in yeast cells that can replicate very large pieces of DNA; used to clone pieces of human chromosomes for the Human Genome Project.
Ti vectors
Plasmid DNA vector derived from soil bacterium that can be used to clone genes in plant cells and deliver genes into plants.
Complementary DNA libraries
DNA copies of all mRNA molecules expressed in an organism′s cells; can be "screened" to isolate genes of interest.
Reverse transcriptase
Viral polymerase enzyme that copies RNA into single-stranded DNA. This commercially available enzyme is used for many molecular biology experiments, such as creating cDNA.
Viruses that contain an RNA genome and use reverse transcriptase to copy RNA into DNA during the replication cycle in host cells.
DNA probe
A single-stranded radioactive or nonradioactive DNA fragment that is complementary to the gene of interest
Short, single-stranded synthetic DNA sequences; used in PCR reactions and as DNA probes.
Laboratory technique for amplifying and cloning DNA; involves multiple cycles of denaturation, primer hybridization, and DNA polymerase synthesis of new strands.
Taq DNA polymerase
DNA-synthesizing enzyme isolated from Thermus aquaticus, a thermophilic Archae that lives in hot springs; its ability to withstand high temperatures (thermostable) without denaturation makes it valuable for use in PCR experiments.
Restriction map
An arrangement or "map" of the number, order, and types of restriction-enzyme cutting sites in a DNA molecule.
Agarose gel electrophoresis
Laboratory procedure that involves using an electrical charge to move and separate biomolecules of different sizes, such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, through a semisolid separating gel matrix. Examples include agarose gel electrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE).
Ethidium bromide
Tracking dye that penetrates (intercalates) between the base pairs of DNA. Commonly used to stain DNA in gels because ethidium bromide fluoresces when exposed to ultraviolet light.
DNA sequencing
Laboratory technique for determining the nucleotide "sequence" or arrangement of A, G, T, and C nucleotides in a segment of DNA.
modified nucleotide. A ddNTP differs from a normal deoxyribonucleotide (dNTP) because it has a hydrogen group attached to the 3′ carbon of the deoxyribose sugar instead of a hydroxyl group-OH.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization
Laboratory technique that uses single-stranded DNA or RNA probes labeled with fluorescent nucleotides to identify gene sequences in a chromosome or cell in situ (Latin for "in its original place").
Southern blotting
Laboratory technique invented by Ed Southern that involves transferring (blotting) DNA fragments onto a filter-paper blot for use in probe hybridization studies.
Northern blotting
Laboratory technique for separating RNA molecules by gel electrophoresis and transferring (blotting) RNA onto a filter paper blot for use in hybridization studies.
Western blotting
Laboratory technique for separating protein molecules by gel electrophoresis and transferring (blotting) proteins onto a filter paper blot that is usually probed with antibodies to study protein structure and function.
DNA microarray
A chip consisting of a glass microscope slide containing thousands of pieces of single-stranded DNA molecules attached to specific spots on the slide; each spot of DNA is a unique sequence.
Quantitative PCR
Uses primers made with fluorescent dyes and specialized thermal cyclers that enable researchers to quantify amplification reactions as they occur
Site-directed mutagenesis
With this technique, mutations can be created in specific nucleotides of a cloned gene contained in a vector. The gene can then be expressed in cells, which results in translation of a mutated protein. This allows researchers to study the effects of particular mutations on protein structure and functions as a way to determine what nucleotides are important for specific functions of the protein.
Small (21 or 22 nt) double-stranded pieces of nonprotein coding RNA, so named because they were shown to bind to mRNA and subsequently block or interfere with translation of bound mRNAs.
Interdisciplinary science that involves developing and applying information technology (computer hardware and software) for analyzing biological data such as DNA and protein sequences; also includes the use of computers for the analysis of molecular structures and creating databases for storing and sharing biological data.
national center for biotechnology information
formed the RAC which was charged with evaluating risks of recombinant DNA technology
Renowned public database of DNA sequences provided by researchers throughout the world; resources for sharing and analyzing DNA sequence information.
Semiconservative replication
Process by which DNA is copied; one original (parent) DNA molecule gives rise to two molecules, each of which has one original strand and one new strand.
Single-stranded binding protein
Proteins that bind to unraveled single strands of parental DNA during DNA replication to prevent DNA from reforming double strands before being copied.
Oligonucleotides complementary to specific sequences of interest; used in PCR reactions to amplify DNA and DNA-sequencing reactions.
DNA polymerase
Key enzyme that copies strands of DNA during DNA replication to create new strands of nucleotides; has important applications for synthesizing DNA in molecular biology experiments.
Leading Strand
During DNA replication, the strand of newly synthesized DNA that is copied by DNA polymerase in a continuous fashion, 5′ to 3′ into the replication fork.
Lagging Strand
During DNA replication, the strand of newly synthesized DNA that is copied by DNA polymerase in a discontinuous (interrupted) fashion, 5′ to 3′ away from the replication fork as a series of short DNA pieces called Okazaki fragments.
DNA ligase
Enzyme that forms covalent bonds between incomplete (Okazaki) fragments of DNA during DNA replication; routinely used for joining DNA fragments in recombinant DNA experiments.
What is Genomics?
Study of molecular organization, genomes, information content, and gene products they encode.
What is another name of the Sanger DNA Sequencing?
The Chain-Termination DNA Sequencing Method. (it terminates the chain at some point)
What is the sugar the Chain-Termination DNA Sequencing Method uses?
Dideoxynucleoside triphosphates (ddNTP).
What is in the pentose sugar in ddNTP that's different from DNA? What is the purpose?
An H atom is inserted instead of the hydroxyl group present in DNA and it terminates the chain.
What is the first step in the Sanger Method?
Single strands of DNA are mixed with DNA Polymerase I, 4 deoxynucleotides, and a small amount of one ddNTP.
What is the second step?
DNA Synthesis, and RANDOM insertion of ddNTP's creat DNA fragments of varying lengths.
How many reactions are carried out in the Sanger Method?
Four (think of four nucleotides), and each with a different dNTP/ddNTP.
What is the difference between the traditional Sanger Sequencing with the Automated Sequencing?
It uses four different fluorescent dyes instead of radiolabeled ddNTP.
What are 3 types of more rapid, less cumbersome, and less expensive methods as an alternative to the Sanger DNA Sequencing?
Pyrosequencing, SOLEXA Sequencing, SOLiD Technology.
What does Bioinformatics provide?
Structure, arrangement, protein structure and function, and location of genes on newly sequenced genome.
What is the kind of reading frame that the Genome Annotation identifies?
One with more than 100 Codons and is not interrupted by a stop codon.
What does the BLAST provide?
Base by base comparison of two or more gene sequences, function of gene, and protein structure.
What information does Functional Genomics Provide?
Metabolic Pathways, transport mechanisms, regulatory and signal transduction mechanisms.
How does Microarray analysis work?
Based on the hybridization of DNA probe and targets, which are the nucleic acids, are analyzed.
How are the target (nucleic acids) prepared for microarray analysis?
They are labeled with fluorescent dyes, and then incubated with gene chip.
How is hybridization detected in microarray analysis?
By the scanning of chip with laser beams to detect fluoresence--indicates hybridization has occurred.
What is the hierarchical cluster analysis?
Groups of genes with similar function or patterns of regulation.
What is proteomics?
Study of the proteome, entire collection of proteins an organism produces. (This is not available in mRNA studies)
How is the first dimension arranged?
It is in isoelectric focusing--makes a pH gradient which determines the isolectricpoint.
How is Tandem Mass Spectrometry analyzed?
By mass spectrometer, the mas of fragments is then plottedn amd protein is accurately described from probable amino acid composition.
What is Genomics
Study of entire genome; how a set of genes interact with each other and the environment
What is Pharmacogenetics (PGx)
Study of how specific genes cause variability in drug response & toxicity
What is Sir Archibald Garrod famous for
Alkaptonuria, inborn errors of metabolism (Homogentisic acid oxidase deficiency in Alkaptonuria)
Ferritin is needed to
Store iron, in presence of Iron its IRE-BP is bound to iron and unable to inhibit its translation
Transferrin is needed to
Import Iron into the cell, Low levels of iron will leave the IRE-BP free to bind and stabilize the mRNA
Name the post-translational modifications
Folding, Degradation, Proteolytic cleavage, and Phosphorylation, Glycosylation
What is Genetic anticipation
Caused by trinucleotide repeat expansion, found in exons, introns, as well as 5' or 3' UTRs
What is Genetic imprinting
Imprinted genes are expressed from only one chromosome, if this chromosome is absent or has a defect there will be a defect
Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is caused by
Genetic imprinting, Obesity, short-stature, hypogonadism, mental retardation
Angleman Syndrome
Sister syndrome of Prader-willi, due to maternal deletion instead of pateranal on chromo 15
Southern blotting involves and is used for
Involves Restriction enzymes on DNA and can be used to determine the presence of specific DNA sequences
Restriction Fragment Length polymorphisms (RFLP) involves and is used for
Involves restriction sites and determining whether a gene has a restriction site mutation
Northern blot involves and is used for
involves isolating RNA and using specific DNA or RNA probes and is used to study gene expression
PCR involves and is used for
Involves amplifying a region of DNA by using set primers in both the 5' and 3' direction, and then amplifying them over and over; it is used to examine DNA
RT-PCR involves and is used for
Involves mRNA making DNA and then amplifying DNA using gene-specific primer; can be used to help determine gene expression (need only a small sample size)
DNA microarrays involves and is used for
Involves comparing two single stranded DNA (antisense) strands to figure out whether DNA will overexpress or downregulate specific genes
2D Gel electrophoresis involves and is used to
Involves mass spectrometry and allows you to predict which proteins are present or upgregulated
A Haplotype is
A set of neighboring SNPs within a gene that tend to be inherited together (More than 3 SNPs)
BAC (Bacterial artificial chromosome)
An artificial version of a bacterial chromosome that can carry inserts of 100,000 to 500,000 base pairs.
cDNA library
A limited gene library using complementary DNA. The library includes only the genes that were transcribed in the cells examined.
Cloning vector
An agent used to transfer DNA in genetic engineering. A plasmid that moves recombinant DNA from a test tube back into a cell is an example, as is a virus that transfers recombinant DNA by infection.
cDNA (complementary DNA)
A DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzyme reverse transcriptase. A cDNA molecule therefore corresponds to a gene, but lacks the introns present in the DNA of the genome.
In DNA, the separation of the 2 strands of the double helix. Denaturation occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature.
DNA fingerprint
An individual's unique collection of DNA restriction fragments, detected by electrophoresis and nucleic acid probes.
DNA microarray assay
A method to detect and measure the expression of thousands of genes at one time. Tiny amounts of a large number of singe-stranded DNA fragments representing different genes are fixed to a glass slide. These fragments, ideally representing all the genes of an organism, are tested for hybridization with various samples of cDNA molecules.
A technique to introduce recombinant DNA into cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing cells. The electricity creates temporary holes in the cells' plasma membranes, through which DNA can enter.
Expression vector
A cloning vector that contains the requisite prokaryotic promoter just upstream of a restriction site where a eukaryotic gene can be inserted.
Gel electrophoresis
The separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on the basis of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel.
Genetically modified organism
An organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means; also known as a transgenic organism.
Genomic library
A set of thousands of DNA segments from a genome, each carried by a plasmid, phage, or other cloning vector.
Human Genome Project
An international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome.
In vitro mutagenesis
A technique to discover the function of a gene by introducing specific changes into the sequence of a cloned gene, reinserting the mutated gene into a cell, and studying the phenotype of the mutant.
Nucleic acid hybridization
Base pairing between a gene and a complementary sequence on another nucleic acid molecule.
Nucleic acid probe
In DNA technology, a labeled single-stranded nucleic acid molecule used to tag a specific nucleotide sequence in a nucleic acid sample. Molecules of the probe hydrogen-bond to the complementary sequence wherever it occurs; radioactive or other labeling of the probe allows its location to be detected.
Physical map
A genetic map in which the actual physical distances between genes or other genetic markers are expressed, usually as the number of base pairs along the DNA.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers, DNA polymerase molecules, and nucleotides.
Restriction enzyme
A degradative enzyme that recognizes and cuts up DNA (including that of certain phages) that is foreign to a bacterium.
(Restriction fragment length polymorphisms) RFLPs
Differences in DNA sequence on homologous chromosomes that can result in different patterns of restriction fragment lengths (DNA segments resulting from treatment with restriction enzymes); useful as genetic markers for making linkage maps.
Restriction site
A specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized as a cut site by a restriction enzyme.
Southern blotting
A hybridization technique that enables researchers to determine the presence of certain nucleotides sequences in a sample DNA.
Ti plasmid
A plasmid of a tumor-inducing bacterium that integrates a segment of its DNA into the host chromosome of a plant; frequently used as a carrier for genetic engineering plants.
YAC (yeast artificial chromosome)
A vector that combines the essentials of a eukaryotic chromosome-an origin for DNA replication, a centromere, and two telomeres- with foreign DNA.
functional genomics
the study of the roles of genetic sequences-DNA,RNA, and amino acid sequences- in a given species
the use of computers, mathematical tools, and statistical techniques to record, store and analyze biological information.
DNA microarray
a small silica or plastic slide that is dotted with many different sequences of DNA, corresponding to short sequences within known genes.
cluster analysis
the statistical technique to identify genes whose patterns of expression seem to strongly correlate with one another.
chromatin immunoprecipitation
a method to determine whether proteins can bind to a particular region of DNA.
ChIP-chip assay
a form of chromatin immunoprecipitation that utilizes a microarray to determine where in the genome a particular protein binds.
postranslational covalent modification
modification in the covalent structure of a protein after it has been translated.
two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
a technique that can separate up to thousands of different proteins within a cell.
tandem mass spectrometry
the use of two mass spectrometers, the first to analyze the full protein, and the second to analyze the protein after it has been broken down into smaller fragments. used to determine the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.
an approach of searching for genes by using known promoters, start or stop codons to predict whether or not a DNA sequence contains a gene.
an approach of searching for genes by identifying regions in a sequence that differ significantly from what would be expected in a random distribution.
multiple sequence alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties.
basic local alignment search tool
a computer program that starts with a particular sequence and then locates homologous sequences within a large database. Easier among proteins than DNA
the number of times that a match with a particular sequence would be expected to occur purely by random chance.
homology based modeling
the modeling of a three-dimensional structure of a molecule based on its homology to another molecule whose structure is already known.
reverse transcriptase
An enzyme encoded by some certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.
The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids.
the process of transfering genetic material from one cell to another by a plasmid or bacteriophage
In prokaryotes, the direct trasfer of DNA between two cells (of the same or different species) that are temporarily joined.
a segment of DNA that can become integrated at many different sites along a chromosome (especially a segment of bacterial DNA that can be translocated as a whole)
The basic, beadlike unit of DNA packing in eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound around a protein core composed of two copies of each of four types of histone.
A small protein with a high proportion of positively charged amino acids that binds to the negatively charged DNA and plays a key role in its chromatin structure.
Eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed.
looped domain
the 30-nm fiber forms loops atached to a chromosome scaffold made of proteins, thus making up a 300-nm fiber.
RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism)
A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that exists in the restriction site for a particular enzyme, thus making the site unrecognizable by that enzyme and changing the lengths of the restriction fragments formed by digestion with that enzyme. This can be in coding or noncoding DNA.
PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
technique for amplifying DNA sequences in vitro by incubating it with specific primer, a heat resistant DNA polymerase, and nucleotides.
single-stranded DNA that is complementary to messenger RNA or DNA that has been synthesized from messenger RNA by reverse transcriptase
restriction enzyme
any of the enzymes that cut nucleic acid at specific restriction sites and produce restriction fragments
An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment. Combines foreign DNA fragment with plasmid through phosodiester linkages thus making a recombinant plasmid.
a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome.
An RNA virus that reproduces by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome; an important class of cancer-causing viruses.
A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and indicates where to start transcribing RNA.
proto oncogenes
normal cellular genes that are important regulators of normal cellular processes, they promote growth. alterations in the expression of these cells resulr in oncogenes
a gene found in viruses or as part of the normal genome that is involved in triggering cancerous characteristics
tumor suppressor genes
A gene whose protein products inhibit cell division, thereby preventing uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer.
(1) A lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells. (2) In popular usage, a single individual organism that is genetically identical to another individual. (3) As a verb, to make one or more genetic replicas of an individual or cell. See also gene cloning.
restriction site
A specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized as a "cut site" by a restriction enzyme.
sticky ends
a single stranded end of a double-stranded restriction fragment. (formed by restriction enzymes)
cloning vector
In genetic engineering, a DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate there. _________ _________s include plasmids that move recombinant DNA from a test tube back into a cell and viruses that transfer recombinant DNA by infection.
nucleic acid hybridization
The process of base pairing between a gene and a complementary sequence on another nucleic acid molecule.
For proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive. For DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. _______ occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature.
expression vector
A cloning vector that contains the requisite bacterial promoter just upstream of a restriction site where a eukaryotic gene can be inserted, allowing the gene to be expressed in a bacterial cell.
YAC (yeast artificial chromosome)
a vector that combines the essentals of a eukaryotic chromosome (an origin for DNA replication, a centromere, and two telomeres) with foreign DNA
heat shock
1.exposing DNA to high temperatures to force them to separate 2.cools DNA, allowing primers to bind (anneal) to target DNA 3.temperature is raised again so that polymerase can attach to primers and make complementary strand
genomic library
a set of cell clones containing all the DNA segments from a genome, each within a plasmid, phage, or other cloning vector
gel eletrophoresis
procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel
RNA interference (RNAi)
a technique used to silence the expression of selected genes; uses synthetic double-stranded RNA molecules that match the sequence of a particular gene to trigger the breakdown of the gene's mRNA
single nucleotide polymorphisms
a single base-pair in a genome where nucleotide variation is found in at least 1% of the population
transgenic organism
and organism whose genome contains a gene introduced from another organism of the same or a different species.
A unit of genetic function common in bacteria and phages, consisting of coordinately regulated clusters of genes with related functions.
In prokaryotic DNA, a sequence of nucleotides near the start of an operon to which an active repressor can attach. The binding of the repressor prevents RNA polymerase from attaching to the promoter and transcribing the genes of the operon.
a protein that inhibits gene transcription. In prokaryotes, these bind to the DNA in or near the promoter. In eukaryotes, these may bind to control elements within enhancers, to activators, or to other proteins in a way that blocks activators from binding to DNA
regulatory gene
a gene that codes for a protein, such as a repressor, that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes
a small molecule that binds to a bacterial repressor protein and changes its shape, allowing it to switch an operon off
This molecule is the corepressor in the trp operon; it binds to the repressor which then binds to the operator
the enzyme reponsible for the breakdown of lactose into its component sugars, glucose and galactose. LacZ codes for this (idk what other definition to use.. help?!)
negative gene regulation
the operons are switched off by the active form of the repressor protein (examples lac operon and trp operon)
positive gene regulation
cAMP & Catabolite Activator Protein (CAP)- activator of transcription (what else can be said about this?!)
This molecule is the corepressor in the trp operon; it binds to the repressor which then binds to the operator
Theory of DNA replication where each new strand is built on an old strand after DNA is unzipped.
A process where DNA fragments are separated according to size using electrical charges
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text: The Robotic Industries Association (RIA) launched a new Robotics Online site at www.roboticsonline.com . Browse articles, technical papers, and case studies, or search through a list of vendors in robotic applications, including material handling and assembly and welding. Also on the site is the opportunity to Request for a Bid on a product or system and receive information from the manufacturer. Users can also submit robotics-related questions to their "Ask the Expert" feature or participate in online discussions through a message board or live chat.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
- Zinfandels
- Red Wine
- White & Sparkling Wine
- Port Wine
- Dessert Wine
- Library Wine
- Low Inventory Wines
- Gift Certificates
- Wine Gifts
- Shipping Information
- Events
Wine Discount
The half case discount: Pick up 6 of your favorite Deaver wine or mix-n-match for some variety and receive a 10% discount. Offer valid up to 11 bottles.
The case discount: Grab a case of your favorite Deaver Wine, or mix-n-match to try other Deaver favorites and receive a 15% discount.


text: The pale marble facade of the Dom dominates Domplatz, while inside, the impressively cavernous Renaissance structure dazzles with its ceiling frescoes. Across Domplatz, an archway leads through to the Gothic Franziskanerkirche, which houses a fine Baroque altar around an earlier Madonna and Child. The altar is enclosed by an arc of nine chapels, and a frenzy of stucco. Look out for the twelfth-century marble lion that guards the stairway to the pulpit.


text:
Simply put, Warren boys tennis has been dominant the last two seasons.
In 2013, the Dragons once again dominated District 10 tennis, sweeping the D-10 singles, doubles and team titles for the second straight season.
Because of this, it came as little surprise when Warren tennis players dominated the list of 2013 District 10 and Region 2 all-stars when they were released on Sunday.
Article Photos
Times Observer file photo
Shane Burns
Photo submitted to the Times Observer
Matt?Sandberg, left, and Nathan?Sandberg
Senior Shane Burns won his second straight District 10 Class AA singles tennis title and was once again named to the all-District 10 team. Burns also was awarded his first Region player of the year title.
His teammates, the brother duo of senior Matt Sandberg and sophomore Nathan Sandberg captured the D-10 Class AA doubles title and were also named to the all-District 10 team for the 2013 season. The D-10 doubles title - and inclusion on the all-District 10 team - was the second for Matt and first for younger brother Nathan.
When it comes to region all-stars, it's pretty easy to name Warren's representatives for the recently completed season. After all, the entire starting lineup was named to the Region 2 all-star team this season.
Fact Box
District 10 Boys Tennis All-Stars
(Name, School, Year)
Nick Ward, Cathedral Prep, 12
Shane Burns, Warren, 12
T.J. DeSanto, McDowell, 12
(Name(Year), School)
Michael Prenovitz (12), Nathan Estes (12), Cathedral Prep
Matt Sandberg (12), Nathan Sandberg (10), Warren
Region 2 Boys Tennis All-Stars
(Name, School, Year)
Shane Burns, Warren, 12
Matt Sandberg, Warren, 12
Nathan Sandberg, Warren, 10
Joshua Schrecongost, Corry, 11
(Name (Year), School)
Nick Tarpenning (12), Grayson Foley (12), Warren
Liam Boger (12), Ylli Bakalli (12), Warren
Lizzy Doerffel (10), Grace Gernovich (11), Corry
Burns, Sandberg and Sandberg may sound like a law firm, but in boys tennis it represents three of the four Region 2 singles all-stars for the 2013 campaign. Joining them as Region 2 doubles all-stars were the duos of seniors Nick Tarpenning and Grayson Foley and seniors Liam Boger and Ylli Bakalli.
The Dragons finished the team season with an overall record of 15-1, defeating Harbor Creek in the D-10 Class AA semifinals and Fairview in the D-10 Class AA championship. Warren then defeated Vincentian Academy in the opening round of the PIAA team playoffs before falling to eventual PIAA champion Wyomissing in the PIAA quarterfinals for the second straight season.
Here are the District 10 and Region 2 boys tennis all-stars for the recently completed 2013 season:


text:
Lava Lizard
Facts About The Galapagos Lava Lizard
Most inhabitants of the Galapagos Islands have an interesting story to tell, and the lava lizard is no different. A study in the evolution of species, seven different species of the lava lizard inhabit the Galapagos, all considered to have evolved form a single species. The central group of islands are home to one species, with six different but related species found spread among outlying islands. There are related species elsewhere is South America, mainly in the rain forests of the Amazon, but the species found in the Galapagos are unique to that area. The scientific name for the lava lizard species is Tropidurus.
Diet And Predators - Lava lizards are omnivores, although they eat mainly insects, and keep the population of several insects of the Galapagos in check. The lava lizard diet consists mostly of ants, spiders, and beetles, though they eat some vegetation as well and, on occasion, other lava lizards. Predators include hawks, herons, snakes, and scorpions, and other lava lizards. Like most inhabitants of the Galapagos Islands, the lava lizard has no apparent fear of humans. It is no known to be harmful nor aggressive towards humans, and is typically from 6 inches to a foot in length. A lava lizard will aggressively defend its territory against other lizards however.
Defensive Mechanisms - The lava lizard's main form of defense is to become detached from its tail if chased or caught, often losing only a piece at a time, but occasionally shedding the entire tail, which will grow back When a part of the tail is shed it will continue to move about, providing a distraction, while the lava lizard makes its getaway. When defending its territory or its harem against another lizard, the lava lizard does what many animals do in a similar circumstance. It tries to make itself look as large as possible, hopefully convincing the intruder that it is not a lizard to be fooled around with. The lizard will stand upright, turn sideways to its opponent, extend its scales outward, and do push ups. The lizard will also change colors at times when threatened, and is known to change color with temperature, though how accurate or reliable it might be as a thermometer hasn't been documented.
Mating - The lava lizard also does push ups as a prelude to mating. The lava lizard is very territorial, denote its territory (by doing push ups on top of a convenient boulder), and will mate with any female passing through the neighborhood. The female will lay about a half-dozen eggs more or less on a monthly basis. The eggs are quite small, about the size of a pea, and take nearly a year to hatch.
Being cold blooded creatures, they get their heat from the sun and spend part of the day basking on a rock, seeking shade when the sun gets to hot. They are quite active at night, but when nights are cool they will burrow in leaves or debris to keep warm. For such a small animal one would not expect them to have a terribly long life span but the lava lizard averages about 10 years in the wild, not quite the life span of the Galapagos tortoise, but not bad for a little lizard.
Color - The lava lizard can be quite colorful, with each species having more or lets its own unique colorings and markings. All members of the same species are not necessarily colored the same, and their marking may vary. The coloration of the lizard often depends on where it spends most of its time. On a given island, host to a single species, those lizards living in areas of dark lava are often darker in color than those living in light, sandy areas. The males are more brightly colored than the females, and have more distinctive patterns, as well as being quite a bit larger.


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Carnival Dream Cruise Review by scrapbooking mom: Wonderful time on the Carnival Dream
Overall Member Rating
Wonderful time on the Carnival Dream
Destination: Eastern Caribbean
Embarkation: Port Canaveral (Orlando)
From quick embarking to easy debarking almost everything about our recent cruise was perfect.
We landed at MCO and took the Carnival bus to the cruise ship. It was less than 2 hours from the time we picked up our luggage until we were eating lunch on the Lido deck.
Our balcony cabin was ready as soon as lunch was over, our luggage was already at our door and even the muster drill was smooth and easy. We cruised with friends and had the divider between our balconies removed without any problem.
The food was plentiful, there was never a problem with finding a table and the lines were not any longer than the lines in any buffet that we enjoy while on land.
Although this was a holiday cruise and there were plenty of children on board they were, for the most part, well entertained and well behaved. Those children who acted up probably do so everywhere and the parents are to blame, not the cruise line.
The only negative we encountered was in the More casino. While waiting to go to supper one evening the slot machine computer went down and we were unable to get our winnings onto our sign and sail card. Although we were told the problem would be resolved within five minutes it actually took over an hour and the technical staff was rude.
So ---- enjoy the Carnival Dream, just use caution when using the slot machines! Less
Published 05/13/11
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DEPTFORD TWP. — After Tuesday night's Touchdown Club of Southern New Jersey banquet, Kingsway Regional High School senior and Week 7 honoree Myles Matthews posed for pictures with some of his biggest fans — the Dragons cheerleaders who were there to help celebrate Cheerleaders Night.
Matthews is a pretty big fan of theirs, too.
While there were 15 players recognized as usual for their exploits of the last two weeks, this was the annual event where the club takes time to note the contributions to the high school game made by the young ladies on the sideline for every football game. And Matthews, who's coached some of the cheerleaders in the annual Powder Puff football competition, was happy to be a part of it.
"They're a big part (of high school football)," Matthews said. "Our cheerleaders before every game decorate our locker room, get us hyped before the game. They're in the game to keep us going, especially if we're down.
"When they get the crowd hyped and then you hear the crowd it gets us to go a lot harder than we're already going, when you know you have somebody supporting you."
The banquet room at Adelphia's in Deptford was filled to capacity, with so many cheerleaders taking part that extra tables had to be brought in to accommodate everyone. It was easily the biggest turnout of the year, and players at the head table were pretty excited ... to a point.
"I was here last (meeting) and there's a lot more people," said Woodstown lineman Cody Hendrickson. "None of us were getting honored, we just came. This (place) is kind of packed.... That's an extra whole lot of nervous, (I don't want to) choke going up to that podium (to give my speech).
"(The cheerleaders) do stuff for us, we do stuff for them, during the school day. I'm excited they're here. They're a good bunch of girls."
"The pep rallies (they cheer for) get us hyped for the games," added Paulsboro lineman Tre' Tarpley. "There's a lot of spirit with all the students, it's a big thing. We're friends with them. We know they support us, and we're there for them too."
Each cheerleading coach announced the members of her team present for the event, with well over 50 attending from more than a dozen schools. Rowan coach Nicole Scott and a couple of her cheerleaders spoke briefly before the dinner, departing from the usual schedule because they of course had to return to campus for practice.
About half of the players honored made sure to acknowledge the cheerleaders' efforts and hard work and eliciting loud shouts every time. Winslow Township cheerleader Mackenzie Brown was randomly chosen to receive the club's annual $1,000 college grant.
By the end of the night, the cheerleaders had to know just how appreciated they are — by the Touchdown Club and by the players.
"It feels good (to see this), they help the team out whether we win or lose," Cumberland freshman lineman Maqua Richmond said. "They practice just as hard as us. It feels good to have cheerleaders on the team who are on your side at all times."
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6/8 Cubs lineup
Jeff Samardzija and A.J. Burnett square off Saturday in a rematch of Opening Day. Samardzija won that game, 3-1. Here's the Cubs lineup:
DeJesus CF
Valbuena 3B
Rizzo 1B
Soriano LF
Schierholtz RF
Castillo C
Castro SS
Barney 2B
Samardzija P
2 Comments
Let's give Smardj some offense today! Maybe Smardj will go for another HR too. Sitting here waiting for the game to begin. I love the Cubs!
Is it time to bench the hitting coaches yet? What is happening to our offense? The whole team has gone numb at the plate. When this happens I think it falls back to the coaching.


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Falcons take two from Sultan
The South Whidbey baseball team started the season with a bang last week, beating the Sultan Turks twice, 16-6 on Monday and 11-0 on Wednesday.
Jon Adams and Luke Hodson were the respective winning pitchers, but batting ruled both days.
In the first game, the big inning for the Falcons was the bottom of the fourth. Back-to-back walks from Eric Sparks and Adam Badcock proved the undoing of Turk pitcher Steve Miller. The bases were then loaded up on a single by Hunter Rawls and Sparks scored on a bases-loaded walk, making it 5-2.
With the bases still loaded, Lucas Yale coming off the sick bed, drilled a pinch hit first pitch grand slam to give the Falcon boys their first lead and one they wouldn't give up.
Before the bottom of the fourth was over, the Falcons picked up four more runs. The inning was capped off by Eric Sparks coming up a second time in the inning and drilling a two-RBI double down the left field line.
In their second game, the boys jumped out to a early 3-0 lead in the first inning on only a single hit which, combined with two Turk errors and an Eric Sparks 2 rbi single to right field.
The Falcons put pressure on the Turks in every inning. In the second inning, Nick Tenuta plated two runs with a two-RBI triple to right center.
The third inning had the Falcons picking up four runs with two outs.
"The big blow came with a Robert Kirby two-run single to center field," said Falcon coach Dave Guetlin. Mick Poynter and Hunter Rawls both picked up single runs, while on the mound, Luke Hodson went the distance for a five-inning shutout.
At 3:30 p.m. Wednesday, March 25 the Falcons welcome the Friday Harbor Wolverines for a non-league home contest.
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Home > Kitchen > Kitchen Accessories > Arch Soap Dish
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A celebration of clean, modern design. This sleek soap dish from our Arch® Faucet Collection adds a modern touch to contemporary kitchens. Coordinates well with our Arch faucets and other modern faucets with Polished Chrome or Stainless Steel finishes. Mounts anywhere on the sink or counter.
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Estimated List Price: $33 - $39
We're sorry, we are not offering any repair parts for this product through our online Repair Parts store at this time.Parts can be ordered through customer service at 800-442-1902.


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Honolulu police arrested a 33-year-old man for first-degree criminal property damage and first-degree terroristic threatening in a road rage incident in Pearl City.
The victim, a 28-year-old man, was driving in Pearl City on Monday at around 1:40 p.m. when he was confronted by another motorist for unknown reasons.
The suspect came out of his vehicle with a wooden club and challenged the victim to fight. The suspect allegedly struck the driver's side window of the victim's vehicle shattering it and caused shard of glass to fall on the victim.
The suspect then left in his vehicle. The suspect was arrested in Waipahu.


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The Kortes Unit of the Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin Project, consisting of Kortes Dam, Reservoir, and Powerplant, is in central Wyoming in a narrow gorge of the North Platte River 2 miles below Seminoe Dam in the Kendrick Project, and about 60 miles southwest of Casper, Wyoming. It was the first unit initiated by the Bureau of Reclamation under the Missouri River Basin Project. The 36,000-kilowatt powerplant generates an average of over 160 million kilowatt-hours annually.
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Water released from Seminoe Dam to Pathfinder Reservoir passes through the Kortes turbines to generate power, which is distributed by the Government-owned interconnected transmission system to localities in the intermountain and Great Plains areas.
The small reservoir storage at Kortes influenced plans for plant operation. Maximum benefits are obtained when Kortes Reservoir remains full and the power releases are coordinated with those from the Seminoe plant to maintain a full reservoir. The Seminoe and Kortes facilities are controlled from the Casper Control Center.
Kortes Dam is constructed in the 1,000-foot gorge of the Black Canyon on the North Platte River. The level of water in Kortes Reservoir controls the tailwater elevation of Seminoe Powerplant. The dam is constructed at the optimum location to develop the most head between Seminoe tailwater and Pathfinder high water surface elevation. About 200 of the 300 feet available are used. The concrete gravity structure has a maximum height above foundation rock of 244 feet and contains 147,000 cubic yards of concrete.
The 83-acre Kortes Reservoir is confined to the narrow canyon and provides storage for only 4,765 acre-feet of water. Other principal features include a 50,000-cubicfoot-per-second uncontrolled spillway through the right abutment, and a switchyard on the top of the dam.
The reinforced-concrete powerhouse occupies the entire width of the canyon at the toe of the dam. The plant has three 18,500-horsepower Francis-type turbines and three 12,000-kilowatt generators.
The Bureau of Reclamation operates and maintains the dam and powerplant. The Western Area Power Administration (WAPA) operates the switchyard from their dispatch center in Loveland, Colorado.
The North Platte River valley served as a route to the unsettled West for explorers and traders and for emigrants in search of home sites. The Oregon, California, Mormon, Pony Express, and Overland Trails followed the North Platte and Sweetwater Rivers and crossed the Continental Divide at South Pass.
There were numerous trading posts, army forts, and stage stations located along these trails. Fort Laramie, Fort Steele, and Fort Casper have been restored for their historic value. Settlement in the valley began in the early 1880`s. The first irrigation systems were constructed without large storage reservoirs. Kortes Dam is named after the Kortes Ranch, 2 miles downstream from the present dam location.
Investigations for development of a dam and reservoir at the Kortes site were conducted intermittently after 1933. Based on information obtained during these investigations, the Kortes Unit was included in Senate Document 191.
Kortes power development was found feasible by the Secretary of the Interior as a supplement to the Kendrick Project on November 26, 1941, but it was authorized by the Flood Control Act of December 22, 1944, Public Law 534, which approved the general comprehensive plan set forth in Senate Documents 191 and 475, as revised and coordinated by Senate Document 247, 78th Congress, 2d session.
Construction of Kortes Dam was started in 1946 and completed in 1951. Because of the enormous increase in power demands in the area and power sales commitments, an accelerated power program was developed which consisted of erecting generating equipment and machinery concurrently with the dam and powerhouse construction, placing the generators into service before the powerhouse was completed, construction of temporary transmission facilities, and providing temporary protection for the operating equipment during the construction period.
As a result of this program, two units were placed into service 6 months before the completion of the powerhouse and the dam and 6 months earlier than they would have been without this accelerated program.
The Kortes Reservoir receives limited recreational use since Kortes Dam and the steep shoreline restrict access in general to the North Platte River immediately below Seminoe Dam. Trout fishing is the main recreational activity at the reservoir. A small boat ramp near Seminoe Dam provides access to the reservoir. Senate Bill 2553 was passed in the 90th Congress authorizing the modification of the operation of Kortes Dam and Powerplant to provide a minimum streamflow of 500 cubic feet per second in the North Platte River between Kortes Reservoir and the normal headwaters of Pathfinder Reservoir. The minimum flow permits maintenance of a fishery in a stretch of the North Platte River, commonly referred to as the `Miracle Mile.`


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Matthew Davis, AICPManager of Comprehensive PlanningPh: (301) 600-1248E-mailMunicipal Office Annex140 West Patrick StreetFrederick, MD 21701Hours: Moday-Friday 8am-4:30pmView Staff


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Trekking to Natural Wonders Landscaping in Chiang Mai – DOI MON JONG
Doi Mon Jong is a very beautiful mountain it's situated in a middle mountain range Trong Chai road. This mountain ranges is located in Omkoi Wildlife Sanctuary the north of Thailand in Chiang Mai Province. Doi Mon Jong or Mon Jong Mountain also in Top 10 for the highest hill in Thailand it's called Hua Sing ( It's look like Lion Head) which is peak of Omkoi forest about 1,929 meters from the sea level. The best highlights in Doi Mon Jong you will enjoy watching the beautiful sunrise and sunset that tourists can see delightful landscape filled with mountain ranges and grassland will full of gold glitter colours in the cool season during New Year.
In especially from December to January, there are filled with blossom of Rhododendron (Red Rose) that Doi Mon Jong will open in November – February 15th only and the visitors should take this trip about 2 days 1 night, you can get up to the hill by using 4WD and by walk.
Doi Mon Jong has a wonderful scenery – panorama it's attracted the photographers who need best photographs in Northern Thailand.
Tips : Doi Mon Jong does not have any facilities for tourists, the visitors should bring your own tents, food and warm clothes that on the hilltop it's cold.
Location : Omkoi District, Chiang Mai Province.
How to get there :
Contract Musoe Forest Protection Unit tel 66+ 1- 85 708 7441 or Buy tour packages for convenient to get up there.
(picture source : paiduaykan.com / travel.kapook)
An Obsolete Shopping Place at Talad Bok Wiang Nakhon Getting to Pattaya from Bangkok
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Marvin's has a 10% off coupon good on anything in the store up to $500 Saturday only.
Go here to like them on Facebook.
Then click here and print.
Go here to check out their Saturday sale and weekly ad.
Go here to find a location.
Christmas trees will arrive Nov. 19.