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Louisiana Lagniappe
Crawfish Pot FAQ
Q. How large a crawfish pot do I need?
A. It depends on how many pounds of crawfish you want to boil. Each person can consume a few pounds (2 - 5 lbs) of crawfish, so the amount you want to cook at one time depends on the size of your gathering. An 80 quart pot will hold an entire sack of crawfish (about 40-45 lbs) plus all the corn, lemons, potatoes, onions, and sausage you would cook at the same time. If you are cooking these other food ingredients separately, then a 60 quart pot might be sufficient, but crowded, for a sack of crawfish.
Q. How do I boil crawfish?
A. There are as many different recipes are there are people boiling crawfish. Your seasoning should have a good recipe on the label. Here is an old recipe adapted from an old out of print cookbook: (my comments in italics)Place all ingredients but the crawfish in the biggest pot that you can get your hands on and bring to a good boil for about 15 minutes. As all comes to a boil, put you face over the steam and take 10 deep breaths, as the boiling cayenne, garlic and lemon mist is good for your soul - being careful to breathe only through your nose.
In the meantime, the crawfish should have been soaking in cold fresh water, with a couple of boxes of salt emptied into it as to allow "mud bugs" to be spitting out the mud.
** Don't do the salt thing... it will get them to spit out much, but crawfish are freshwater animals and salt water will kill them if left in it too long. Just wash them good in clean water, maybe several times.
Put crawfish in boiling water. After water comes to boil again, add 10 ears freshly peeled corn on the cob and 20 small potatoes. Allow 8-10 minutes cooking time. Remove and add a bag or two of ice to cool the crawfish water, and allow the crawfish to soak in the pot for another 10 minutes after turning off the boiling water. Strain and serve the crawfish hot with the garlic cloves, potatoes and corn."
Some people also like throwing anything from andouille sausages to whole heads of garlic to hot dogs into the boil ... be creative, but not foolish!
For a great seafood dipping sauce, take some ketchup, add horseradish and Tabasco to taste, and finish with a squeeze of fresh lemon juice (never use that swill out of the bottle). Mix and dip. That's how we do it in Louisiana.
Eating instructions: Find the biggest crawfish in the pile. Break the tail off of the crawfish, and slurp all the good juice and fat out of the head (optional). Peel off the first section of the crawfish tail shell, pinch the bottom of the tail, and the meat pops right out. Eat. Drink. Repeat. (Some people save time by pinching the tail and removing the tail meat with their teeth and eating it immediately, rather than wasting a few precious seconds getting the meat out with their hands. As one hardcore native crawfish eater once put it, "That way I could eat four crawfish to maybe y'all's one."
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This deal has ended.
Through 11/20, BobbiBrownCosmetics.com is offering free standard shipping with all orders when you enter code TREAT8. Even better, you get a free mini Crystal Lip Gloss and Hydrating Face Cream. The pictured Party To Go Palette, which includes 3 eyeshadows, 2 lip colors, and a lip gloss is $25. Sales tax is charged in most states.No longer available

subset: commoncrawl


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Adapted from Salmon Nation: People, Fish, and Our Common Home
Although the six species of Pacific salmon (like their distant relatives the Atlantic salmon) spend most of their lives at sea, they spawn in freshwater, homing in on the rivers of their birth. They swim upstream, often traversing hundreds of miles en route to small waterways where their size as full-grown returning adults makes them seem out of proportion to their surroundings. The female uses her body to dig a depression in the gravel, where she lays her eggs while a male hovers at her side to fertilize them. She then moves upstream and flaps her tail against the stream bottom, covering the eggs with a protective layer of gravel. The eggs incubate in this nest, known as a "redd," where they depend on the flow of water through the spaces between the rocks to carry vital oxygen to the developing embryos.
After a couple of months, the fry swim up through the gravel and begin to feed on small aquatic insects. Salmon are most at home in water colder than 60° F. Depending on the species and race of fish, temperatures of 65 to 70° can be stressful or even lethal at this age. After a period ranging from a few days (in the case of pink and chum salmon) to as much as a year and a half (in the case of steelhead or coho), the fingerlings swim downstream to the ocean, where they spend between one and five years migrating and feeding across thousands of miles of open water before returning to their home rivers to spawn. The salmon's ability to find their natal streams was a mystery for many years. Although their ability to navigate to the mouths of the rivers is still not perfectly understood, we know that their sense of smell guides them once they enter fresh water.
Because salmon return to their native streams to reproduce, they divide naturally into distinct populations that rarely interbreed with their neighbors. Each population, or "stock," adapts to the conditions of its home river.
The salmon's sense of direction is not perfect, however, and some fish do stray from one river system to the next, enabling surrounding healthy populations to recolonize streams where the salmon runs have been extinguished. This straying tends to take place within certain bounds. Straying behavior, plus other factors including life history, geography, the geology of home streams, and genetics, is involved in the designation of "evolutionarily significant units" by regulators applying the Endangered Species Act. For instance, the coastal rivers from the mouth of the Columbia River south to Santa Cruz, California, are divided into four such units and the rivers of the Columbia Basin into five.
Jim Lichatowich is a biologist who has spent twenty-nine years in salmon management and research. His recent book Salmon Without Rivers describes the roots and evolution of the Pacific salmon crisis.
Seth Zuckerman serves as Ecotrust's circuit rider, reporting on issues of community, economy, and environment throughout Salmon Nation, and is active in watershed restoration on the Mattole River in northwestern California.


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Physically, maybe not so much.
"He kind of got beat up a little bit, took a couple of shots to the head,'' running backs coach Gary Campbell said of his star running back.
James took a shot just above his right eye that he said interfered with his vision out of that eye for much of Friday night's 48-29 win over Arizona.
After sitting out much of practice leading up to that game, James appeared more pumped up than usual for the game against the Wildcats, jumping around as if it were early September. That intensity probably led to some of the punishment on the field, Campbell said.
"When he's really, really 'juiced,' as he calls it, he gets into that mode where he's just going to run hard and run into people,'' Campbell said. "I don't want him doing too much of that. I think he's been taking a little too much contact.''
James was not on the injury report for Monday's closed practice. Defensive tackle Zac Clark and punter Jackson Rice (illness) joined receiver Lavasier Tuinei (shoulder) on that list.


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Rakel, Barbara PhD, RN*; Vance, Carol PhD, PT†; Zimmerman, M. Bridget PhD‡; Petsas-Blodgett, Nicole RN*; Amendola, Annunziato MD§; Sluka, Kathleen A. PhD, PT†
Objectives: This study determined whether individuals with mild knee pain due to osteoarthritis (OA) experience hyperalgesia and central sensitivity by comparing them with age-matched and sex-matched control participants and determined whether these levels are associated with pain intensity. This study also determined whether these individuals experience significantly poorer quality of life than age-matched and sex-matched controls and whether pain and function predict quality of life.
Methods: Quantitative sensory tests (QSTs), including punctate pain intensity (PPI), pressure pain threshold (PPT), and heat pain threshold, tolerance, and temporal summation, were measured in 75 individuals with mild knee OA pain and 25 age-matched and sex-matched controls. Pain intensity, walking function, and quality of life were also assessed.
Results: Significant differences were found for PPI at all sites, for PPT at the affected knee, and for quality of life. QST measures significantly correlated with pain intensity. Pain, but not function, predicted quality of life.
Discussion: Individuals with mild knee pain due to OA experience mechanical (but not thermal) hyperalgesia that relates to pain intensity. They have a reduced quality of life that is predicted by pain intensity. More aggressive pain management for mild knee OA pain is indicated to improve the quality of life for individuals who are not yet candidates for joint replacement.
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Ahold USA today announced that Tom Lenkevich has been named president of the Giant/Martin's division, effective March 4.
Bhavdeep Singh, executive vice president, operations, Ahold USA had been serving as interim president following the retirement of Rick Herring.
Lenkevich most recently was chief operating officer and senior vice president of retail experience for Save- A-Lot Food Stores, according to Ahold. He previously also worked with other retailers including Meijer Inc. and A&P.
Ahold said he began his retail career working his way through college as a clerk at Pantry Pride in central Pennsylvania.
Lenkevich was raised in New Cumberland and is a graduate of Penn State University.


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This deal has ended.
These Taryn Rose Devan Ankle Boots drop from $349 to $104.70 at 6pm. Plus, they ship for free. This is the best price we could find on these by a whopping $244! These boots have a shock absorption lining and elasticized panel with side zipper closure. The stacked heel is 2.5" high and sole is made of flexible rubber. Sales tax is charged in most states.No longer available


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Main Content
This Lost No Brainer jacket is perfect for fending off wind and water, while still being light enough to wear all day.
- 100% Polyester
- Chest pocket
- Elastic cuffs
- Imported
- Lightweight jacket suitable for mild temperatures
- Soft fleece lining
- Two front pockets
- Imported
- Brand: Lost
Special event items are produced by manufacturers only after the outcome of a game or event. These are advanced sale items and will ship immediately after they are received in our warehouse.
Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items are not available for international or expedited shipping.
Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite number, and/or designs. Some options may be limited by league rules.


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L'ANSE - The Baraga County 911 committee has been in a near-constant state of flux due to several resignations, and just when the committee thought it would finally name a new county 911 director Monday, it found out the candidate it had chosen accepted a full-time job elsewhere.
"Applications were submitted to the interview committee, and they chose a candidate. That was going to be on the agenda for approval," said Gary Wadaga, current committee chair and director of Bay Ambulance, during a phone interview Monday. "That person just got a full-time job elsewhere. We're back to square one. It's kind of in the county's court now, but at this point in time we don't have a new director."
Current county commissioner Bill Menge has been filling in as director since county equalization director Lora Osterman resigned from the 911 director position in March.
"I think we're going to have to make a change. ... I'm going to talk to the county board about it," Menge said on the phone Monday.
At its July meeting, the committee opted with an 8-2 vote to stay with 911 service through Negaunee Regional Dispatch Center instead of switching to Iron County Dispatch.
The issue had been hotly debated since a Dec. 12 county board of commissioners meeting in which the board opted to switch to Iron County. The 911 committee had met that morning without the proper advance meeting notice and voted 6-5 to switch to Iron County, but the bylaw violation, as announced at the Jan. 9 county board meeting, nullified the move. The committee, which has committed to compromising before bringing a final recommendation to the county board for approval, has since seen the resignation of Osterman and previous committee chair Daune Smith, who is also the Baraga County emergency coordinator.
"At this point in time we're happy with Negaunee, we're happy with the contract," Wadaga said. "Now it's just a matter of renewing the contract. The big decision will be to renew it year by year, or Negaunee has offered a five-year contract with a 3 percent price increase each year."
The committee will revisit the renewal issue at its Sept. 3 meeting, and the Negaunee contract, which expires in September, would have to be approved by the county board at a date yet to be determined.
"I just think the committee is very anxious to hire a coordinator," Wadaga said. "We're falling behind on some things and it's not as organized as it could be."


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Look, I hate losing another series to the Braves as much as the next guy.
Dropping six out of nine to your former -- and no, I'm not ready to say present -- tormentor and chief challenger is pretty darn frustrating. And, yes, I'm aware that, with each
unsuccessful series, we enforce the Atlanta sentiment that 2006 was an aberration and this rivalry has returned to the one-sided status of the Bobby Valentine/Art Howe days.
But don't get too carried away. This isn't the Brave old world. Not yet. Not because of six losses.
The fact remains that we're still 1 1/2 games ahead in the standings. Before this series we played like a team about to make its move. And that's without Orlando Hernandez (who returns tonight against the Marlins), Guillermo Mota (he'll be back in a week) and Pedro Martinez (team is hoping for August return).
Atlanta had a golden opportunity to pull ahead when El Duque went down. Not only did the Braves fail to capitalize, but they actually relinquished first place in that time. If the Mets get back to winning games they'll be fine.
Atlanta continues to catch on the chin when we play each other. But it's been the Mets who've been more consistent against the rest of the league.
Ya gotta believe


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See a Twelve-Second Video of Rihanna Removing Her Pants
To show her Armani underwear, naturally.
As part of her new Armani campaign, Rihanna did a video that shows her undressing, the entirety of which airs tomorrow. A twelve-second teaser was released today, which consists of her unzipping her shirt and shimmying out of her jeans while singing, "I've got a secret that I want to show you." It's nothing we haven't already seen, but at least this time Rihanna's abs won't be overshadowed by spring collections or condemned by Irish farmers.


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Lobbying Tracker
Follow Washington influence using Sunlight's Lobbying Tracker tools for keeping up with K street. Keep checking this page as we add more resources and tools to LobbyTrack.
Lobbyist registrations
The lobbying registration tracker has a new home on Sunlight's Influence Explorer, and this version may not be up to date. Check out the new real-time lobbying registration tracker for the latest updates.
Ferguson Group for Brown Rudnick on behalf of the Neuroscience Center Foundation of Florida
Date received: March 7, 2012
Issues: Economics/Economic Development; Health Issues
Specific issue: Health Inovation and Economic Development funding and policy related to the Neuroscience Center Foundation of Florida.
Wood, Amanda (covered positions: LEGISLATIVE DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF SENATOR GRAHAM; Legislative Director, Senator Bob Graham 2/98-1/2005; Legislative Director, Office of Sen. Graham; Sen. Bob Graham, Legislative Director )
See original filing


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It is not often that a defensive player gets invited to New York City for the Heisman Trophy award show, but that is exactly what LSU cornerback Tyrann Mathieu has accomplished this season.
The Honey Badger, as he is called, is one of the most dynamic and explosive players in the game this year and many people think he could take home the award to Baton Rouge.
Here are the three main reasons why Mathieu should at least be considered a front-runner for the Heisman


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Shahzad, Saleem (1994) FUNGI WITH SPECIAL REFERENCES TO THE CONTROL OF ROOT ROT AND ROOT KNOT DISEASE COMPLEX. PhD thesis, University of Karachi, Karachi.
During a survey of cultivated fields of different parts of Pakistan, several new hosts of root infecting fungi viz., Macrophomina phaseolina (48 hosts), Rhizoctonia solani (60), Fusarium moniliforme (6), F. oxysporum (9), F. semitectum (1), F. solani (16), Selerotium rolfsii (2), Pythium aphanidermatum (4), Botryodiplodia theobromae (8), Curvularia lunata (22), C. oryzae (1), C. tuberculata (15), Drechslera australiensis (50), D. halodes (14), D. huwaiiensis (1), D. papendorfii (2), D. rostrata (2), D. state of Cochliobolus spicifer (12), Melanospora sp., (4) and Cephalosporium sp., (3) were recorded. Drechslera state of Trichometasphaeria holmii on 4 hosts and Pythium periplocum on 5 hosts have been recorded for the first time in Pakistan. Use of fungicides viz., Benomyl, Captan, Kasumin, Mancozeb, Oxadixyl, Thiram, Tolclofos-methyl and Vitavax as seed treatment or soil drench provided significant suppression in colonization of mung bean root by M. phaseolina, R. solani and Fusarium spp. The efficacy of fungicides, however, varied with the host, the pathogen and the method of application. Soil drench with a mixture of Cap tan and Benomyl was found more effective in the control of M. phaseolina, R. solani and Fusarium spp., on sunflower. In vitro tests, Trichoderma hamatum and T. harzianum produced coiling around the hyphae of R. solani but not on M. phaseolina and F oxysporum. Use of microbial antagonists viz., Aspergillus candidus, Gliocladium virens, Paecilomyces lilacinus, T. harzianmun, Streptomyces sp., Bacillus subtilis and Rhizobium spp., as seed dressing, soil drench or after growing on organic substrates showed promising results in the control of M. phaseolina, R. solani and Fusarium spp., on different crop plants. Like fungicides, the efficacy of biocontrol agents varied with the host, the pathogen and the soil type. Seed dressing with different doses of microbial antagonists viz., G. virens, P. lilacinus, T. harzianum and R. meliloti effectively reduced root colonization by root infecting fungi on mung bean. There was a correlation between the population of the pathogen in soil and the amount of antagonist inoculum required for the control of the disease. Soil drench or soil amendment ,with P. lilacinus multiplied on rice grain was found effective against low populations of M. phaseolina (5-10 scl. g-l soil) but not at high population levels (50 scl. g-l soil). A 15 day mulching treatment with transparent polyethylene sheets reduced the population of M. phaseolina, R. solani and Fusarium spp., to zero in soil upto 1520 cm depth. Significantly less colonization of roots by root infecting fungi was observed in mulched plots as compared to non-mulched plots. Soil amendment with lucerne @ 10% w/w either alone fir with microbial antagonists viz., A. candidus, Cladosporium cladosporioides and Trichothecium roseum showed 87-97% reduction in sclerotial population of M. phaseolina after 15 days of amendment but the population of M. phaseolina increased thereafter. Organic fertilizers viz., cow dung, sewage sludge and Zarkhez suppressed root colonization by R. solani whereas no significant suppression in colonization of roots by M. phaseolina and Fusarium spp., was observed. Seed treated with P. lilacinus and sown in soil amended with inorganic fertilizers viz., urea, NPK, DAP and Superphos significantly suppressed the colonization of mung bean root by R. solani. Colonization of roots by M. phaseolina was suppressed in some treatments but not in others whereas none of the treatments provided any suppression in Fusarium colonization. Water stress conditions resulted in greater colonization of sunflower roots by soilborne root infecting fungi. Frequency of colonization of mung bean roots by M. phasealina increased with an increase in population of M. phasealina and Meloidogyne incognita. Infection by root-knot nematode was not affected by the presence of M. phaseolina. Fungicides showed effective suppression in root colonization by M. phaseolina, R. solani and Fusarium spp., with no significant effect on root-knot nematode. Furadan which effectively suppressed root-knot nematode was found ineffective in the control of root infecting fungi. Use of P. lilacinue, however, showed effective suppression of root-knot nematode and root infecting fungi on mung bean, okra, gram and tomato. Combined use of P. lilacinus, Pasteuria penetrans and Talaromyces flavus was more effective in the control of root rot and root-knot disease complex on mung bean as compared to their separate use. Use or P. lilacinus in soil amended with organic fertilizers viz., cow dung, sewage sludge, Zarkhez and Ravi Pak resulted in greater control of root-knot nematode, R. solani and Fusarium spp., but not M. phaseolina.
|Item Type:
|Thesis (PhD)
|Uncontrolled Keywords:
|fungi, root rot, root knot disease, macrophomina phaseolina, rhizoctonia solani, fusarium moniliforme, f. oxysporum, f. semitectum, f. solani, selerotium rolfsii, pythium aphanidermatum, botryodiplodia theobromae, curvularia lunata, c. oryzae, c. tuberculata, drechslera australiensis, d. halodes, d. huwaiiensis, d. papendorfii, d. rostrata, cochliobolus spicifer, melanospora sp., cephalosporium sp., trichometasphaeria holmii, pythium periplocum, benomyl, captan, kasumin, mancozeb, oxadixyl, thiram, tolclofos-methyl, vitavax, fungicides, antagonists
|Biological & Medical Sciences (c) > Biological Sciences(c1) > Paleo-botany(c1.9)
|ID Code:
|Deposited By:
|Mr. Muhammad Asif
|Deposited On:
|14 Feb 2007
|Last Modified:
|04 Oct 2007 21:06
Repository Staff Only: item control page


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FLINT, MI – "It's wet and looks nasty," one student said.
"Look at the head. There's the mouth right there," another said. "Smell it."
About 20 fourth graders at Holmes STEM dissected "mystery pellets" on Wednesday May 28.
The class had to use fake owl pellets because the fur in a real one irritates some of the student's asthma, according to teacher Frances Dashe.
Owl pellets contain bones, feathers, fur and other materials the bird cannot digest.
Here are some of the students reaction during the lab:
"It just looked nasty when I opened it," said Ari-hya Couch. "Ugh."
"It's a leg," Yasmine Robinson held up proudly for her lab partners to see.
"Look at the head," said Lanora Gordon. "There's the mouth right there. Smell it."
"I thought it was fossils," Lamya Thompkins said.
"See, a claw," she added, thrusting forward a piece of bone between tweezers. "And this should be the head. These are his teeth."
For Rashawn Carson and his lab partner Angel Martin, the contents of the pellet began to take shape.
"I think it was nice because it looked like a real skeleton," Carson said.
"We've got two feet and two hands," Martin giggled.
As Troy Roe, Ra'shaundra Carradine and Niya Slaughter looked over the contents of the pellet with Dashe, the group figured out what they thought the animal that must have been the owl's meal.
"It's a rat," Carradine yelled. "It just looks like one."
"You can tell because of the size of it," Roe said.
Toward the end of the lab, STEM lab assistant Melinda Anderson walked showing each group a real owl pellet.
"Eww, that's nasty," said Kristiana Stitt. "It looked nasty – like poop."
Dominic Adams is a reporter for The Flint Journal. Contact him at email@example.com or 810-241-8803. Follow him on Twitter, Facebook or Google+.


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LAWRENCE— The Festival of Purim held at Adath Israel in Lawrence kicked off Saturday night with festivities ranging from a moving Havdalah service to the reading of Megillat Esther, Book of Esther.
Attendees also participated in song parodies, a festive costume parade and contest supported by live music.
Sunday's 9:30 a.m. celebration started with the musical Megillah reading. At 10:30 a.m., the celebration continued with a family-friendly interactive carnival, including music, costumes, hamantashen contests, games, activities, balloon animals and prizes.
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By Vickie Elmer
Ivy Exec CEO and Founder, Elena Bajic, was interviewed by Aol Job's writer, Vickie Elmer. Below are Elena's thoughts on some of the ways to stand out from the competition to land a job.
Every time you apply for a job you have the chance to be a standout, a star, or at least a unique individual with a string of talents that may be a great match for the employer's needs.
But many don't see themselves that way or sell themselves that way. And they don't find the ways they can really shine before they send off their resume. They need to assess how their talents and traits could really benefit the person who's about to read their resume and hire someone crucial to their team.
So this year, give yourself enough time and many opportunities to stand out in your job search. This may mean cutting back on the number of resumes you send out a week or a month. But a few carefully crafted resumes and cover letters that connect the dots may do more to open doors than sending out hundreds of copycat CVs.
"It takes quite a bit of energy" to do some research and become a "standout candidate," said Elena Bajic, founder and CEO of Ivy Exec, which offers targeted career advice and jobs for members. She agrees candidates need to be selective in applying for jobs; "pick and choose those that are highly relevant" to their skills and expertise.
Then follow these five tips to make yourself a standout as you apply for work:
Know the traits that impress.
Some will be written right into the job posting. Others may be in your future employer's core values or mission statement. Sometimes they can be identified by reading a few blog posts or an in-depth profile of the CEO or senior executive in charge of the area where you hope to work. Look at industry trends and best practices, too. The American Management Association identified the four Cs as skills employers really want: critical thinking and problem solving; collaboration; communication and creativity/innovation.
Ensure your resume matches your job.
Anyone looking for a job in sales and marketing needs to promote themselves very effectively. An editor cannot afford misspelling or grammatical errors. A manager must show that they are organized and can engage people with their resume. An IT manager's resume needs a different structure and look than an interactive advertising manager. Different jobs and sectors require varied approaches. So each time you send out your resume, take just 10 minutes to adjust it so it's a closer match to the job posting.
After the resume's gone out, send an email or make a call to promote yourself again. Then another one a week later. When one candidate did this with Bajic, she gave his resume a second look, which led to an interview. "I don't receive may follows-ups," she said, "maybe 5 or 10 percent" of job seekers connect even once after applying.
Speed your replies.
When she's requesting an initial phone interview, Bajic sees those who respond in an email quickly, in a few minutes or so, as a high energy person who's engaged." Someone who does not reply for two or three days may imply that they are less energetic and engaged or not all that interested in the job, she said. Other employment experts say it's important to show you're energetic and a quick study especially if you're a mature job seeker or one who has been out of the workplace for a few years.
Prepare for phone interviews.
Take care with this and don't take it on the fly. When the HR manager calls for a phone screening interview, ask to schedule the next day–and use those 24 hours to research the company and the job you're seeking. Take time to envision the job and what it entails, Bajic says. Ask yourself: What is the company trying to achieve here? That way your questions will be more in-depth and your impact better.
Remember too that what works to make you a standout with IBM may not be as impressive at Apple or a small start-up in Ann Arbor, Mich. Core traits that work for small entrepreneurial organizations may be miles apart from the ones that turn heads at a Fortune 500 corporation. The key is to draw on your list of strengths and best traits and bring up those that your future boss really values. It's knowing what will stand out and shine in the galaxy where you're hoping to land next that could lead to success.
Click here for original article.
This is a guest post contributed by the Ivy Exec Blog. Ivy Exec is an exclusive site where pre-screened, high caliber professionals find relevant job opportunities with leading companies. To find out more, please see connect with them on Facebook <http://www.facebook.com/IvyExec> or read their company information on CrunchBase <http://www.crunchbase.com/company/ivy-exec> .
For more advice on how to accelerate your career during tough times participate in Ramon Greenwood's widely read Common Sense At Work Blog. His e-book, How To Get The Pay Raise You've Earned is available from Amazon


text: "It's Movie Time " November 2, 2007 On-Demand ShareTwitter Facebook Google+ Email Films reviewed: Dan in Real Life, Martian Child, American GangsterBy hosts John DeSando and Clay Lowe Listen Listening... / It's Movie Time has won numerous national awards including Silver Microphone and Communicator honors. Drs. Lowe and DeSando were moderator and panelist respectively on TV 25's World Film Classics. Both have been professors, Lowe at Ohio State University and DeSando at Franklin University in Columbus, Ohio. View the discussion thread.


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Food Failures: Beer Home Brew
16:34 minutes
16:34 minutes
Is your wort too hot? Have wild yeast taken over your brew? Are you experiencing bottle bomb? Home brewing beer is a combination of art and science. Chris Cuzme from 508 GastroBrewery discusses common pitfalls of home brewing and tips to perfect your process.
Chris Cuzme is a brewer at 508 GastroBrewery and hosts the Fuhmentaboudit! podcast in Brooklyn, New York.
Alexa Lim is Science Friday's associate producer. Her favorite stories involve space, sound, and strange animal discoveries.


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WORCESTER – There was little reason to believe with 14:29 remaining and a 14-point deficit, but exactly 10 minutes later Sunday, the Springfield College men's basketball team led by three, and winning the NEWMAC championship became a real possibility.
But in retrospect, WPI junior Ryan Kolb proved more than the Pride could handle as the Engineers outlasted SC 79-72 in overtime in the conference-tournament final before 1,800 at Harrington Auditorium.
Despite the defeat, Springfield's season may not be over. The Pride are still serious candidates for an at-large bid to the NCAA Division III tournament. The selections will be announced Monday at 12:30 p.m.
Kolb scored a career high-29 points Sunday, easily besting his previous mark of 22 against Worcester State in January. He hit 8 of 17 from the field and 11 of 14 from the free-throw line to go with three steals and six rebounds. There was little the Pride could do to quiet him, other than double-team him and open up 3-point opportunities for the four guards the Engineers put on the floor in the second half.
"It was a matter of pick your poison," Springfield coach Charlie Brock said. "He came very hard at Robbie (Burke). What makes him so difficult is that he can find people open."
Burke had given Springfield its biggest lead at 61-58 with 4:29 left after sinking a foul shot to complete a traditional three-point play, but Kolb answered in the same fashion 26 seconds later to tie it.
Alex Berthiaume scored on a layup to put SC up 63-61, but a Kolb drive evened it with 2:38 left.
Two Kolb foul shots put WPI up 67-65 with 50 seconds remaining, but the Pride came right back on an inbounds play underneath to Josh Altman with 26 seconds left.
After WPI missed a layup with four seconds to go, Berthiaume misfired on a heave as the game went to overtime.
WPI dominated the extra period 12-5.
"I was very proud of the guys," Brock said. "We got dealt a tough hand, and we took it to overtime. Everyone just played his guts out."
WPI had lost in the final the past four seasons. Sunday was a program-record 25th win against just two losses for the Engineers, who earned an automatic NCAA berth.
Berthiaume was not much of a factor as first-half foul trouble kept him on the bench. He took his third personal 4:47 before the break, then added his fourth only 5:13 into the second half when he overzealously pursued his own rebound after missing a shot short.
"It's hard to be a factor when you don't play," said Brock, who said Berthiaume was simply being aggressive on that fourth foul, something with which he could not find fault.
Berthiaume finished with a season-low six points. Burke recorded team highs of 18 points and nine rebounds.
"We took charges on (Berthiaume) early, and that got him into foul trouble," WPI coach Chris Bartley said.
Bartley said the one change WPI made Sunday was putting 6-foot-3 Sam Longwell on Berthiaume instead of 5-10 Aaron Davis, making it harder for Berthiaume to shoot over the top. But Brock countered that the Cathedral High School graduate didn't play enough (10 minutes) to make a difference.
It was not a good first half for Springfield, which trailed 40-28 at the break.
After committing only six turnovers in a semifinal win over MIT, the Pride had nine in the first half, and three in a row that gave the Engineers a 23-15 lead with 8:33 remaining. WPI added five more points to make it a 13-0 run.
Junior guard Sean Martin knocked down a 3-pointer to give SC a 15-14 edge less than two minutes before the run started.
"We ran our stuff a little better in the second half," said Brock, as his team hit 50 percent of its shots after the break compared to only 38.5 percent before it.
Brock summarized his 19-8 team's chances of gaining an NCAA berth.
"I feel strongly we should be discussed. We have more losses than they'd like to see to make the NCAA tournament. But we've played a strong schedule and have beaten MIT twice – and they're one of the teams in contention."


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*For those following along with the 8-trick Pocket Hat KAL, there are no pattern instructions in today's post. Rather, this is a general post about how to make ribbing without those icky dots, a trick which will be used on the hats in a future installment.
This trick will NOT WORK for a reversible item, such as a flat-knit neck scarf.
This is because the fix moves the contrast color dot to the inside fabric face. If both fabric faces are the "outside" (reversible item) there is no "inside fabric face," so the fix offered in this post doesn't apply.
the interplay of texture and color
- How would you make a single line of orange purls running across a brown background of stockinette?
As you see, this second question really has two parts:
- there is a color change -- orange against a brown background, and
- there is creation of a new texture -- purls against an all-knit (stockinette) background
To make the current stitch, the tip of the RIGHT (working) needle pulls a loop through the stitch at the tip of the LEFT (holding) needle. This newly-pulled-through loop lays on the tip of the RIGHT needle when it is formed and joins the rest of the current row. All these stitches in this current row LAY IN LOOPS on the right (working) needle.
Illustration 1, below, shows a new row half-knitted: on this stockinette fabric (no texture) the NEW row being created in orange is partially knit, and lays in loops over the right needle. The left half of the OLD row is in brown over the left (holding) needle, while the right half of the OLD row has become the first row of fabric, which lays UNDER the orange loops on the right (working) needle.To sum this up, here's the first chunk of red text: when we change COLOR, we are affecting the stitches in the CURRENT row--the row laying in loops on the right needle.
This doesn't seem particularly mysterious (even if it IS highlighted in in red) so let's pass onto the issue of...
In the context of knitted fabric, "texture" refers to knitting and purling. Naming the texture of a knitted fabric is just a way of saying whether the HEAD or the ARMS of the stitch are predominant.
Click to enlarge illustration 3 and have a look: in a plain knit-stitch (stockinette) fabric, the ARMS are the main feature, while the HEADS of each stitch hide on the back of the fabric. These predominant arms give stockinette fabric its characteristic little "V's" and its smoothness. (For another view, click here.)
In a purl-stitch (reverse stockinette) fabric, the opposite situation pertains. Click to enlarge illustration 4, and you'll see that the HEADS of the stitches are the main feature, while the ARMS hide on the back of the fabric. A whole fabric of bumpy little heads jutting out give purl (reverse stockinette) fabric its characteristic nubbiness, while individual purl stitches on a knit background stand out as individual bumps on a smooth background. (For another view, click here.)
Now that we've nailed down our terms, let's talk about...
"Creating texture" is what happens when you switch from knitting, for example, to purling. So, in illustration 5, below, the knitter is purling every second stitch on an otherwise all-knit (stockinette fabric) background. In terms of heads and arms, the heads of the purl stitches are being popped out onto the face of the fabric. This creates a texture pattern: a row where individual purl stitches stand out on a stockinette background.There are two important things about this process of pulling a new loop through an old loop.
First: the newly-purled stitches appear in the right portion of the OLD ROW. In other words, the new purls appear ONLY on the right side of the old row BELOW the partially-knitted current row--they have joined the knitted fabric and lie in the right part of the old row BELOW THE RIGHT NEEDLE.
Second, the loops of the current row, as well the unworked stitches on the left side of the old row aren't knits OR purls. They are not yet part of the fabric, and they are blanks. These unworked stitches (loops over the needle) won't join the fabric as knits OR purls until a new loop has been pulled through THEM. Yes, as surprising as this is, when you knit or purl a stitch, you're really knitting and purling the OLD stitch in the row BELOW the stitch you just made.
This is a pretty important point for all of knitting, worth repeating a little bit. If you scroll up and look at illustration 5 again, you will see lots of loops. The left needle is holding the loops waiting to be worked, the right needle is holding the loops of the current row you've just made. But none of these loops are part of the fabric yet. The orientation of these loops won't be determined until new loops are pulled through THEM, pinning them into the fabric either in the knit position (arms forward and heads back) or in the purl position (heads forward and arms back). Loops laying over a needle are not worked into the fabric, and they are neither knit stitches or purl, but are blanks!
We'll sum this up in a second chunk of red text: In creating texture, we affect the stitches in the row BELOW the current row. In other words, we are affecting those stitches in the OLD row where the old row lies BELOW the right needle.
Now that we understand in which row color changes, and in which row texture changes, we are ready to answer the question at the top of this post: how would you purl a line of orange on a maroon background?
As we've said, COLOR changes in the CURRENT ROW, TEXTURE in the part of the OLD row below the right needle. In other words, color and texture change in different rows. Therefore, as shown in illustrations 6 a & b, in order to create a row of orange purls on a brown background, we would have to have a two-stage process:
- First, on the face of the stockinette fabric, we'd have to KNIT a row of orange, which puts color into the current row.
- Then, on the NEXT row of the fabric, we'd have to work these orange stitches as necessary to impart a purl texture to them when they are viewed from the smooth "knit" side--we'd purl them if working in the round, but we'd knit them if working back and forth.
Illustration 1, below, shows a new color (orange) being purled onto the right needle. As we established above, purling with the new color is NOT the way to add a new row of a new color, and this illustration shows why: purling pops the heads of the ROW BELOW to the surface of the fabric. In fact, that's what the icky dots ARE: They are the contrasting color purl heads of the row below, as you can see at the arrows.
Illustration 2 is a closeup: Now it's easy to see that using the new color to purl the purls in ribbing makes the purled head of the old color show as an icky dot.
The next 2 illustrations below, 3a (overview) and 3b (closeup), have the keys to the mystery of creating ribbing without the icky dots. Specifically, if you KNIT with the new color, even in the purl rows, the dots will be eliminated.
See what we did? We SUBSTITUTED texture change for color change! Specifically, the top brown stitches in the purl columns (the two columns on the right side of illustrations 3a and 3b) are now knit stitches, and knit stitches, as we know, don't show any icky dots where they change color. The tricky thing is that, as illustration 3b shows, we return to the purl pattern by purling the purl columns in the SECOND row of orange, and this imparts the purl texture to the FIRST row of orange, as explained in part 1 of this post.
Now, in knitting, as in all other fields of life, there is no free lunch. Knitting across the tops of the purl columns eliminates the color change--the icky dots--but, this comes at the price of interrupting the texture of the purl columns. This price, however, is low. In other words, the trade-off of texture-disruption for dot-elimination is a pretty good one. The icky dots (color change) are easy to see, but the texture change is hard to see: it is hiding in the receding purl columns, as shown by the closeup in illustration 4. Of course, this illustration can't give you a feel of the fabric, and knitting across the purl columns at the color-change row leaves a little bump, but it's not much of a bump, and blocking usually smooths that right out. The only other price is a slight tendency to want to fold along each color change, but on a garment being worn, you will never notice this: only when you go to put it away does it feel slightly floppy.
What a lot of words and pictures!
- KNIT all the stitches of the new color, all the way across the whole fabric, ignoring the texture changes (purls) of that row. So, for ribbing, on the color change row, just knit all the way across--no purling, just knitting.
- On the next row as you work the loops of the new color, RETURN TO YOUR TEXTURE PATTERN. So, for ribbing, once you've completed the color change row and are on the second row of the new color, return to purling in the purl columns and knitting in the knit columns. This imparts the correct texture to the stitches in the first color change row, and hides the knit stitches on the inside of the garment.
You have been reading TECHknitting on "eliminating dots in ribbing: purling in color"


text:
One of the nice things about UNIX development is your variety of choices. A given computer might easily run two or three varieties of UNIX. A PowerPC® Mac will typically run OS X (mostly a BSD under the hood, even though it uses a Mach kernel), NetBSD, or Linux® without complaint. The IBM POWER™-based big iron has Linux and AIX® ports, and some varieties will also run BSD.
If you want to give some thought to portability, then, you can fairly easily get a lot of exposure to a variety of systems with only a small amount of hardware. Deciding which standards to follow might seem daunting. A good starting place is the system man pages, which will often indicate which standards they comply with, and even which features are extensions. Don't have the hardware budget to fill your basement with old iron? You can run a lot of systems on emulated hardware (such as vmware) for testing or man page reference.
And yet it moves
In a fit of irony, some people have complained that the diversity of UNIX standards makes UNIX a less stable target than a more monolithic environment with a single vendor, for instance, Microsoft® Windows®. This simply does not match the reality of software development. In the past 20 years, developers for "the same" desktop platform ("whatever Microsoft ships") have been told that the API to target is (in this order):
- Win16
- Win32
- WinNT
- WinXP
- and most recently .NET.
Of course, that list is from last year, and now the "stable" target that you should be developing for, if you have an eye for the future, is Vista.
It hasn't been quite as bad in the Macintosh world, where the number of major API changes has been limited: classic single-tasking Mac OS, classic multitasking Mac OS (System 7), Carbon (System 8/9 and preview of OS X), and Cocoa (OS X), but even there, the cost of migration has been significant. At least OS X finally offers a stable UNIX API for the back-end part of programs, allowing developers to ignore the API creep except in GUI code.
By contrast, twenty-year-old UNIX utilities still compile and
run. A new desktop computing API will come and everyone will have
to rewrite for it, but mountains will erode away before
read() and
write() stop
working. This is the reason that all the hassle of formal UNIX standards
has had so little effect on practical UNIX software development; the core
API is simple, clean, and well-designed, and there is no need to change it
In fact, the stability of this API might be one of the reasons that many Mac users aren't very worried about a proposed shift from one processor architecture to another. UNIX users have been switching hardware platforms since the 1970s; it's no big deal. Users switching from MIPS to POWER, or from PA-RISC to Itanium, or from Itanium to EM64T, are just as comforted by the knowledge that the OS will keep running.
What is UNIX, anyway?
Technical professionals use the term UNIX fairly loosely; for instance, some people have quipped that Plan 9 (see Resources) is more Unix than UNIX is. (The difference in capitalization has been taken by some to distinguish between the design philosophy and the trademark; the trademark is all capitals, but the design philosophy is just a proper name.)
Since the first person had to explain that a program ran only on Berkeley Unix, or only on AT&T UNIX, or only on some other operating system, there have been debates about what exactly is or is not part of UNIX. The Berkeley/System III (and later System V) splits led to fierce competition in the UNIX market. Early attempts at standardization of the Berkeley/System V camps ironically led to even more splits! Formal UNIX standardization has been elaborate, baroque, and inefficient, against a backdrop of code which has moved from one system to another with porting efforts ranging from "minimal" to "none." This frequently surprises people who are used to fighting tooth and nail with vendors to get enough standards compliance to have any hope of compiling an application.
Even when there's divergence, UNIX systems typically provide solid API documentation. You might not like migrating from sockets to streams, or vice versa, but at least the documentation for both is complete. UNIX systems are not big on hidden or undocumented APIs.
Just as there are many varieties of UNIX, there are many UNIX standards:
- Probably the oldest standard that people still refer to is AT&T's 1985 System V Interface Definition (SVID). This standard shows up, for instance, in man pages describing the standards compliance of functions that have been in the C library "forever."
- Meanwhile, X/Open (now the Open Group) was developing "portability guides" with names like XPG2, XPG3, and so on. XPG1 was actually released in 1995. The XPG guides are largely subsumed into newer specs, but once again, are still referred to sometimes in documentation.
- The IEEE's POSIX standard showed up in 1990 with updates in 1992 and 1993 and a second edition in 1996. It's still a viable standard, although it has suffered from poor accessibility. POSIX specs have names like 1003.x; for instance, 1003.1 and 1003.2, which refer to different parts of the standard, or 1003.1-1988 and 1003.1-1990, which refer to two versions of the standard.
- The fairly ominous sounding "Spec 1170" (also known as "UNIX 98" or "Single Unix Specification") is probably the most complete specification; it is produced by the Open Group, and is effectively a descendant of the XPG series. In practice, this is "the" UNIX standard these days, although it's a little large; this has had an impact on conformance testing.
- The Linux Standards Base is not strictly a UNIX standard, but it's a standardization effort relevant to a very large number of developers working with code designed to run "on UNIX."
In practice, very little conflict exists between UNIX specifications, and distinctions are often out in the boundaries no one uses anyway, so people tend to just write clean UNIX code and not worry about it. While many people have anxiety about the Keystone Kop feel of UNIX standardization, there hasn't been a practical problem with UNIX software portability in a long time.
What are we specifying, anyway?
You can look at OS specifications in two very different ways: one is from the point of view of a developer trying to port an application, and the other is from the point of view of the user trying to interact with the system.
UNIX conveniently blurs this distinction. The primary user interface is also one of the primary development environments; therefore, UNIX specifications often cover not only the C language API, but also the shell environment and many of the core utilities shell programmers rely on. This is a far cry from the total lack of native automation many systems offer, and the close integration of automation tools with the way users normally work turns out to be an advantage.
However, these distinctions remain: it's not unheard of for the level
of conformance of the C programming environment and the shell environment
to be very different. The shell environment, especially system
administration, is where you find the most variance. C implementations
everywhere will provide
printf(), but whether
system startup involves /etc/inittab, /etc/rc, or Something Else is pot
luck. Other systems have generally not had this issue to deal with; there's
only one Mac OS vendor, one Amiga vendor, and so on, so any given operating
system will be self-consistent. (Of course, vendors of totally different operating systems have no portability between them.)
Some specifications have gone further, specifying significant aspects of file system hierarchy and layout. This helps system administrators and software developers, but it can occasionally codify a questionable decision that really needs reviewing. In some cases, existing practice in a field reflects a decision a college student at Berkeley made at 3 AM. The primary danger here is that this could be a barrier to future improvements.
SVID: System V Interface Definition
The System V Interface Definition nominally describes the interface to System V UNIX; SVID corresponds to System V Release 2 (SVR2). It is not clear that even System V ever completely conformed to the SVID specification -- it's a fairly large specification and has become less important as more recent specifications have been adopted. You can still see references to SVID in the STANDARDS section of many man pages, but in practice it's not significantly used anymore.
SVID was released in 1985 and still received references in the early '00s. In the additional releases, SVID2 corresponds to SVR3, and SVID3 corresponds to SVR4. These are the versions most likely to show up in man pages describing conformance.
The POSIX name (coined by Richard Stallman as a vast improvement over the originally proposed name, "IEEE-IX," which strikes me as the sort of sound a car alarm makes) refers to a family of related standards that covers everything from a C programming API to a shell environment. The POSIX spec is predominantly associated with UNIX environments, but some non-UNIX systems have adopted all or part of the POSIX API.
The POSIX specification reflects a generalization of UNIX terminology and API; in some cases, the POSIX specification of a feature is much looser than the behavior everyone expects from UNIX systems.
POSIX does not imply UNIX! It is an attempt to generalize the traditional UNIX API to match a variety of operating system designs. So, while POSIX implies a hierarchical file system, you might well be able to manage a reasonably conformant implementation on a system with no real top-level hierarchy. (For instance, Cygwin's mapping of Windows drive letters to /cygdrive/c, /cygdrive/d, and so on.) However, people who claim to be programming "for POSIX" frequently only test on UNIX. As a side-effect, huge quantities of code allegedly developed "for POSIX systems" run only on the more UNIX-like POSIX systems since they make many assumptions not grounded in the specification. Programs that interact closely with the network stack, refer to the format of the password file, and otherwise assume they're in a traditional UNIX environment may not be as portable as the authors think. For a particularly vivid example, try porting a Linux program that relies heavily on the /proc file system to any other UNIX!
POSIX provides a C programming API and a shell environment specification. The shell environment defines not only the shell programming language, but also the core behaviors of a broad range of utilities. Most UNIX-like systems (such as Linux, OS X, or the BSDs, or even real, live certified UNIX from the big iron vendors) offer a number of extensions, both in the behaviors of these utilities and in actual additional utilities.
Availability as a weakness
One of the weaknesses of POSIX is the availability of the standard itself. You can get it from IEEE, but you have to buy it and it costs real money. If you're a commercial OS vendor, it's no big deal. If you're a programmer, it could be a comparatively large obstacle.
A single programmer who wants a copy of the POSIX specification would have to pay US$974 for it. That gets a one-year subscription; you are not licensed to continue referring to the standard thereafter. By comparison, you can obtain the C standard from ISO for a fraction of that price and once you've bought it, it's yours. If you're willing to buy from NCITS rather than ISO, you can get the ISO C standard for US$18.
It's hard to estimate the exact impact of the cost of getting access to POSIX, but there does seem to be some. Since compliance with other standards often implies POSIX compliance, some developers simply pick a different standard and assume everything will work. Speaking as a developer targeting UNIX, though, I can say that I hate it; I would much rather see IEEE's pricing model adapt to reflect the needs of the computing industry.
The pricing and licensing issues can result in situations where, although POSIX compliance is the formal term of a specification, neither party finds it convenient to refer to the POSIX specification itself, preferring to refer to related or similar specifications.
In a fit of irony, the Single Unix Spec, which incorporates POSIX, is freely available.
X/Open portability guides and the Single UNIX Standard
While POSIX tried to specify the least common denominator, X/Open (later renamed to The Open Group) tried to specify the new directions that were already being taken. Their first portability guide, XPG1, covered sockets as early as 1985. By XPG4, in 1992, they had the X11 API and System V curses support and full compliance with the C standard.
The X/Open work ended up being accepted as a baseline that was vendor-neutral enough for most people to work with -- it led to the development of the Single UNIX Standard and The Open Group acquiring the UNIX trademark.
Today, the Single UNIX Standard incorporates the various tangled specifications as a single unified one that everyone can, in theory, comply with and develop for. Furthermore, you can browse it online, or buy a CD of the entire thing for US$243. The CD is not a temporary license, but a convenience copy of data you can browse online. You might wish POSIX was as interested in disseminating its standard, but instead, you have to go the long way around.
Unified but unused
The downside to a single unified standard is its size. Trying to completely test compliance with the standard is an expensive proposition; even the larger vendors have a hard time completing the testing fast enough to do anyone any good. You might find it academically interesting to know that, in fact, a software version which shipped a year ago was compliant with a specification, but if it's not the version shipping today, it might not matter. Some vendors have simply started calling systems "UNIX" without any formal testing; in practice, if you announce that a modern release of NetBSD "isn't UNIX," people are just going to laugh at you.
Of course, this doesn't mean that people aren't using the standard. It
just means that conformance testing isn't as prevalent as it used to be.
In reality, everyone conforms about as well to the Single UNIX Standard
(and to other standards) as they comply with more rigorously tested
standards. In the words of a developer when asked about the technical
challenges of porting a major application to Linux from Solaris: "We typed
make." (This story is somewhat apocryphal and has
been attributed to both Informix and Oracle.)
Developers are concerned that the broadness of some of these standards bloats the system; however, improved storage capacity and processing capabilities seem to be keeping up handily. The big concern isn't with the implementation, but the exhaustive and complete conformance testing.
Nonetheless, some systems provide support for stripping out some of the additional features nominally required by the unified standards to allow smaller or faster runtime systems. An obvious leader in this is eCos, but Linux and BSD systems are quite amenable to having substantial functionality stripped out. Embedded Linux systems can be very slim compared to a desktop installation.
Linux is, in practice, a UNIX standard. Only it's not a standard, and the documentation sometimes lags implementation. Nonetheless, Linux cast its own vote, or more often votes, in many of the classic UNIX design debates. From the perspective of a developer who's seen many Unix-like systems, Linux is probably mostly sort of similar to System V. The heavy focus on GNU utilities gives a sort of surreal combination of Berkeley and System V features, but if you have to guess whether Linux does something the Berkeley way or the System V way, go with System V. This is especially true of system startup; nearly all Linux systems use the System V /etc/inittab and /etc/rc.d structure, or something very close to it.
Linux offers an unusually rich variety of extensions, and some programs run only on Linux, but not on any other UNIX-like system. This is a frustrating state for software developers, as new programmers who cut their teeth on Linux sometimes need a few days to get their sea legs in a non-Linux environment. The unfortunate tendency not to distinguish between portable features and local extensions has made life harder for a lot of programmers.
Extensions: A toss-up of functionality
A common misunderstanding is the assumption that if a system complies with the POSIX specification, programs which work on that system will work on other POSIX systems.
Like the C standard it draws on, POSIX allows a number of extensions.
For instance, only five lowercase letters are not options
to Berkeley
ls. (They're "ejvyz" if you're
wondering.) GNU utilities typically take a broad variety of additional
option flags, and new utilities, such as progress(1) ("feed input
to a command, displaying a progress bar"), are added to systems all the
time. Programs depending on these extensions might not be fully portable
from one POSIX system to another.
Furthermore, some features which might seem fairly fundamental might be
only partially functional. (A classic C example is the
system() function -- it might be defined to indicate
that a command processor is not available and do absolutely nothing else.)
Fundamental features, such as BSD sockets, were not included in POSIX to start; sockets are specified in P1003.1g. The specification in the standard was not quite compatible with some existing implementations, though. The POSIX specification has not always matched up well with real-world practices -- some vendors have politely just ignored the POSIX specifications.
The GNU utilities most Linux systems use have the quirk that they do
not run as POSIX utilities by default. Many depend on an environment
POSIXLY_CORRECT, to force POSIX
compliance; the default behaviors are subtly different. (In many cases,
the non-POSIX behavior is more convenient to many users; for instance, the
selection of 1024-byte blocks instead of 512-byte blocks as a default is
obviously correct, no matter what the historical practice was.)
It's not UNIX, but it's Unix
One of the interesting side-effects of standardization is the existence of systems which are clearly not based on UNIX but which comply with some substantial portion of the various UNIX standards, especially POSIX. (At one point, Microsoft advertised Windows NT as providing compliance with POSIX, though some critics argued that the compliance wasn't useful for real applications.)
Some systems provide near-compliance with POSIX while omitting whole subsystems. For instance, eCos (see Resources) provides much of the POSIX API, but being a single-process environment, it provides no real support for the process management API and no shell environment. For many programs this is good enough and the complete API isn't necessary. Even partial compliance can substantially contribute to porting efforts.
A lot of systems provide at least a partial UNIX-like API in part because so much software has been written for it, but also in part because the core of the UNIX API has done a particularly good job of providing the essential abstractions most applications need to interact with files and do their work.
Rough consensus and running code
"We reject kings, presidents and voting. We believe in rough consensus and running code." -- Dave Clark
The IETF's famous slogan fits surprisingly well to the practical reality of UNIX standardization.
No matter how confusing it might be to sort through the range of committees and organizations pitching UNIX standards, the underlying meat of standardization is there -- programs for one UNIX system will generally run on another. In fact, it's been there for a fairly long time. With rare exceptions, porting hassles between UNIX systems are long forgotten. If you're a developer, and you want a stable platform, UNIX remains the only real option; of course, that "option" is actually a broad range of options, from NetBSD to Linux to Solaris, but given consistent code portability, this can only be an advantage.
UNIX has a variety of different vendors producing products which are compatible with each other, rather than a single vendor which produces products which aren't -- an innovative strategy; perhaps competitors will finally adopt it, and if not, there's always next time!
- It can't be a complete history of UNIX without "The nitty-gritty on the C committee" (developerWorks, November 2004), another Standards and specs column that shows you what goes into the making of an ISO standard.
- As always, Wikipedia is a good place to start looking for definitions of POSIX and SVID.
- Get a history of UNIX standardization from someone who should know -- Eric Raymond.
- The Free Standards Group supports ongoing work on free (and perhaps faster) standardization for UNIX-like systems.
- Despite persistent rumors and prognostications to the contrary, Unix is most certainly not dead yet.
- Plan 9 from Bell Labs is arguably the current state of the art in Unix design philosophy. It's not UNIX, but it's definitely Unix.
- eCos is an open source, royalty-free, RTOS intended for embedded applications that, while it offers a single-process environment, still uses the familiar POSIX API.
- "Unix utilities, Part 1," "Part 2," "Part 3," and "Part 4," (developerWorks, May-June 2001) introduces a fascinating component architecture that gets back to the basics -- UNIX.
- Visit the developerWorks Power Architecture zone for all-things Power Architecture technology.
- Visit the developerWorks Linux zone to expand your Linux skills.
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The Overseas Exile blog is aimed primarily at those who want to *become* expats. We list many tips or tricks on how to get this done, whether you are rich or poor, skilled or unskilled. We also discuss how to succeed once you become an expat, what expat life is like and worldwide developments that might impact your experience as an expat.
Overseas Exile
We're all about how to become an expat. Whether you're rich, poor, skilled, unskilled, or even if you have a criminal record, there are options for you to realize your dreams and live in another country.
The Overseas Exile blog covers the laws of different countries, domestic laws that might affect you, different occupations you could pursue and, of course, what it's like to be an expat.
US Trying to Prevent Americans Giving Up Their Citizenship
Certification of Loss of Nationality (Wikipedia) I haven't written in this blog for a while, but this story is too important to ignore. Read morePosted on 14 July 2016 EXPAT, LEGAL, TRAVEL
New Banking Scam Targeting Expat Americans
The IRS has FATCA thrust upon them,but I don't think they're too upset about it. There's a new banking scam targeting overseas Americans and there's not much yo... Read morePosted on 25 September 2014 EXPAT, LEGAL, TRAVEL
Grateful For High Taxes in France?
The grocery store by our home in La Rochelle It's been a while since I've posted. We've been very busy with our company and I've been working other projects. Read morePosted on 16 February 2014 EXPAT, LEGAL, TRAVEL
We're Back from New York ... Sort of ... (pics)
Doubtless you've noticed the lack of updates recently. This was a combination of a significant work load, lots of work last month to get out the survey results... Read morePosted on 12 December 2013 EXPAT, LEGAL, TRAVEL
Overseas Exile Expat Survey Results — Politics
Today is part 4 of the Overseas Exile survey results. It's all about that subject we love to hate: politics. The answers may surprise you. As usual, click on th... Read morePosted on 27 November 2013 EXPAT, LEGAL, TRAVEL
Overseas Exile Expat Survey Results — Emotions
Today's summary of expat results revolves around expat's emotional responses to being an expat. In other news, I'm learning more about Excel's pivot tables and... Read morePosted on 25 November 2013 EXPAT, LEGAL, TRAVEL
Overseas Exile Expat Survey Results — Living Abroad
This is the second entry in my Overseas Exile 2013 US Expat Survey results. Click here for the first entry, covering "Personal Information" about expatriates.... Read morePosted on 22 November 2013 EXPAT, LEGAL, TRAVEL
Initial Overseas Exile Expat Survey Results
Image by Mizunoryu As of this writing, the US Expat Survey has 235 responses. That's after removing obvious "joke" responses and duplicate responses. Read morePosted on 20 November 2013 EXPAT, LEGAL, TRAVEL
Buying Citizenship in Malta, a Gorgeous Mediterranean Island Country
Now, for a mere €650,000 (~$880,000US), you can buy citizenship in Malta. It's a beautiful Mediterranean island now known to many as one of the settings of HBO'... Read morePosted on 19 November 2013 EXPAT, LEGAL, TRAVEL
An American's Adventures in London
The unglamorous Hayes and Harlington Train Station Photo by Sunil060902 If you're an American living abroad, please complete the Overseas Exile expat survey.... Read morePosted on 15 November 2013 EXPAT, LEGAL, TRAVEL
Red State France Is Doing Fine, Thank You
Released under GNU Free Documentation License Standard and Poor's has cut France's credit rating, apparently concerned that France can't rescue itself from its... Read morePosted on 13 November 2013 EXPAT, LEGAL, SOCIETY, TRAVEL
US Expat Survey
Image by Mizunoryu If you are a US citizen currently living outside of the US, please complete the 2013 Overseas Exile US expatriate survey. Read morePosted on 11 November 2013 EXPAT, LEGAL, TRAVEL
Future Expats: Emigrating to Mars
Natural color image of Sol 52 on Mars Photo courtesy of NASA Forgive me for today's flight of fancy, but given that I love being an expat and I love science... Read morePosted on 08 November 2013 EXPAT, LEGAL, TRAVEL
Are You Ever Going Home?
My home is wherever they are. I'm routinely asked if I'm "ever going home". The presumption that people would know where my home is perplexes me. I've lost coun... Read morePosted on 06 November 2013 EXPAT, LEGAL, TRAVEL
Moving Abroad by Getting Married
Your author and his wife, married at Tower Bridge Because I no longer live in the US, I've been called a traitor more than once. This is generally from people... Read morePosted on 04 November 2013 EXPAT, LEGAL, TRAVEL
How to Get a Job in Sweden
Stotorget, Stockholm, Sweden Photo by Mastad Yesterday I posted about a Swedish job site that was possibly a scam, but I know that many people would love to... Read morePosted on 01 November 2013 EXPAT, LEGAL, TRAVEL
This Swedish Jobs Web Site Is a Bit Tvivelaktig (questionable)
This is not Simon Nordin Note: there is a company in Australia named Swede Recruit. This post is not about that company. There are many people desperate to... Read morePosted on 31 October 2013 EXPAT, LEGAL, TRAVEL
You Can Move to Pitcairn Island
Pitcairn Island Dock Photo by Jens Bludau On April 28, 1789, the crew of the HMS Bounty mutinied for reasons that are debated to this day. Read morePosted on 29 October 2013 EXPAT, LEGAL, TRAVEL
Do It Yourself Expats
Nighttime shot of one of the towers of The vieux port in La Rochelle Note: click on the photos to enlarge them. They're photos of the town I live in and are... Read morePosted on 21 October 2013 EXPAT, LEGAL, TRAVEL
Doing Business in La Rochelle, France
Afternoon on the Bay of Biscay Click on the photos to see larger versions. Life has really taken a strange and interesting turn. If you travel enough and leave... Read morePosted on 16 October 2013 EXPAT, LEGAL, TRAVEL
THE %(site_name)s COMMUNITY
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While there were plenty of remarkable performances to discuss during the 2nd day of the New Balance Nationals, Union Catholic dominated the talk as the Vikings owned this place with a sizzling hurdle and sprint show.
UC started its dazzling day by smashing the national record in the shuttle hurdles as Obafemi Animashaun, Christoffe Scott, Tyrell Gibbs and Zach Ghizzone combined to run 29.20 to smash the old record of 29.45 set in 2004 by Westside of Anderson, S.C.
There is more!!!
A couple hours later, Animashaun, Ghizzone, Jordan Jimerson and Taylor McLaughlin teamed up to take down the meet record in the 4x200 by burning a NJ#3 all-time, US #18 all-time and US #1 this season of 1:27.80 in the trials.
The old record of 1:27.91 was set in 2009 by New Bern of N.C.
The splits for UC were 22.0 for Jimerson, 21.7 for Ghizzone, 22.6 for Animashaun and 21.4 for McLaughlin.
The only NJ teams to run faster indoors in the 4x200 than UC are Camden (1:26.90 in 2004) and Vineland (1:27.60 in 2004).
As great as UC was on Saturday, they have the potential to top it on Sunday when it will be favored to win the 4x200 and will be one of the favorites in the 4x400 (it's run a US#2 3:18.88 in the 4x400).
If coach Mike McCabe's UC team wins both the 4x200 and 4x400 on Sunday, its 2-day performance will rank as one of the greatest indoor performances in national high school relay history!!!!.
Stay tuned.


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An excerpt from www.HouseOfNames.com archives copyright © 2000 - 2016
Anglo-Saxon name. It comes from when a family lived in Rothwell, a place-name found in the counties of Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire, and the West Riding of Yorkshire. The place-name Rothwell is derived from the Old English words roth, which means forest clearing, and wella, which means spring or stream. The place-name as a whole translates as "spring or stream in the summer clearing. In the Domesday Book, [1]CITATION[CLOSE]
Williams, Dr Ann. And G.H. Martin, Eds., Domesday Book A Complete Translation. London: Penguin, 1992. Print. (ISBN 0-141-00523-8) compiled in 1086, each of those places was rendered as Rodewelle.
Rowsewell Early Origins
Lincolnshire where they held a family seat from early times and their first records appeared on the census rolls taken by the ancient Kings of Britain to determine the rate of taxation of their subjects.
Rowsewell Spelling Variations
Rowsewell Spelling Variations
Before the last few hundred years, the English language had no fast system of spelling rules. For that reason, spelling variations are commonly found in early Anglo-Saxon surnames. Over the years, many variations of the name Rowsewell were recorded, including Rothwell, Rathwell, Rosswell, Rosewell and others.
Rowsewell Early History
Rowsewell Early History
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Rowsewell research. Another 173 words (12 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Rowsewell History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Rowsewell Early Notables (pre 1700)
Rowsewell Early Notables (pre 1700)
More information is included under the topic Early Rowsewell Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
The Great Migration
The Great Migration
To escape oppression and starvation at that time, many English families left for the "open frontiers" of the New World with all its perceived opportunities. In droves people migrated to the many British colonies, those in North America in particular, paying high rates for passages in cramped, unsafe ships. Although many of the settlers did not make the long passage alive, those who did see the shores of North America perceived great opportunities before them. Many of the families that came from England went on to make essential contributions to the emerging nations of Canada and the United States. Research into various historical records revealed some of first members of the Rowsewell family emigrate to North America: Elizabeth Rothwell who settled with her husband in New England in 1654; James and Hesta Rothwell arrived in Pennsylvania in 1685; William Rothwell arrived in Pennsylvania in 1807..
Rowsewell Family Crest Products
Rowsewell Family Crest Products
See Also
See Also
Other References
The Rowsewell Family Crest was acquired from the Houseofnames.com archives. The Rowsewell Family Crest was drawn according to heraldic standards based on published blazons. We generally include the oldest published family crest once associated with each surname.
This page was last modified on 2 February 2016 at 15:46.
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E. Brunsell (Space Explorers, Inc.), J. Hill (French Camp Academy)
The NASA / JPL Solar System Educators Program (SSEP) is a professional development program with the goal of inspiring America's students, creating learning opportunities, and enlightening inquisitive minds by engaging them in the Solar System exploration efforts conducted by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). SSEP is a Jet Propulsion Laboratory program managed by Space Explorers, Inc. (Green Bay, WI) and the Virginia Space Grant Consortium (Hampton, VA). The heart of the program is a large nationwide network of highly motivated educators. These Solar System Educators, representing more than 40 states, lead workshops around the country that show teachers how to successfully incorporate NASA materials into their teaching. During FY2001, more than 9500 educators were impacted through nearly 300 workshops conducted in 43 states. Solar System Educators attend annual training institutes at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory during their first two years in the program. All Solar System Educators receive additional online training, materials and support.
The JPL missions and programs involved in SSEP include: Cassini Mission to Saturn, Galileo Mission to Jupiter, STARDUST Comet Sample Return Mission, Deep Impact Mission to a Comet, Mars Exploration Program, Outer Planets Program, Deep Space Network, JPL Space and Earth Science Directorate, and the NASA Office of Space Science Solar System Exploration Education and Public Outreach Forum.
Scientists can get involved with this program by cooperatively presenting at workshops conducted in their area, acting as a content resource or by actively mentoring Solar System Educators. Additionally, SSEP will expand this year to include other missions and programs related to the Solar System and the Sun.
If you would like more information about this abstract, please follow the link to http://www.ssep.org/. This link was provided by the author. When you follow it, you will leave the Web site for this meeting; to return, you should use the Back comand on your browser.
The author(s) of this abstract have provided an email address for comments about the abstract: firstname.lastname@example.com
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The Midland Republican's campaign collected $2.6 million, dominated with political action committee and individual contributions from mostly corporate donors, federal election records show. Two Democratic incumbents in heavily contested contests collected more this election cycle, however: U.S. Rep. Gary Peters of Bloomfield Township recorded nearly $2.9 million; U.S. Rep. Mark Schauer, D-Battle Creek, reported nearly $2.8 million in donations.
Camp reported $2 million in political action committee contributions and $593,030 in individual donations, data shows. The figures cover campaign finances this election cycle through Sept. 30. He had more than $1.7 million in cash on hand, the campaign reported.
None of Camp's three challengers in the 4th Congressional District reported any fundraising or expenses. They include: Richfield Township Democrat Jerry M. Campell from Roscommon County, U.S. Taxpayers Party contender John D. Emerick of Mount Pleasant, and Carrollton Township Libertarian Clint Foster.
Federal records show 367 contributions from individual donors and 914 contributions from PACs from across the country to Camp's campaign.
Among some of the biggest PAC donors which contributed at least $5,000 each included the Boeing Co., the Airline Pilots Association, Eli Lilly & Co., USAA Employee PAC, National Thoroughbred Racing Association, Wine & Spirits Wholesalers of America, John Deere, American Crystal Sugar, Credit Suisse Securities, Praxair Inc., American Express, the CSX Corp. Good Government Fund and Microsoft Corp., among others.


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With Felix Jones out for a few weeks, the brunt of the workload will be on Tashard Choice and DeMarco Murray. Murray didn't waste any time in making his mark by running for a 91-yard TD. Murray's td is the 2nd longest td run in Cowboys history. Tony Dorsett still owns the longest at 99 yards.
Lets go Cowboys!


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Thomas Lance Rentzel
Position: WR-FL
6-2, 202lb (188cm, 91kg)
Born: October 14, 1943 in Queens, NY
College: Oklahoma (College Stats)
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 55 (1190th overall since 1960)
Draft: Minnesota Vikings in the 2nd round (23rd overall) of the 1965 NFL Draft., Buffalo Bills in the 6th round (48th overall) of the 1965 AFL Draft.
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Muriel Bowser unsure on parking minimums, corner stores
Wednesday is the final ward-based community information session for the zoning update, in Ward 4. This is a particularly important one as Councilmember Muriel Bowser seems undecided on, or leaning against, proposals to reduce parking minimums near transit or to permit corner stores in Petworth, and confused about the specifics of the proposal to let homeowners rent out a basement or garage.
The meeting starts at 6:30 (doors open at 6) at Takoma Education Campus, 7010 Piney Branch Rd NW. As with the others, the Office of Planning will present, then there will be time for people to ask OP staff questions individually, followed by a "town hall" where people can speak at a microphone.
Bowser has already asked the Office of Planning to delay forward motion on the zoning update last year. In a December email to the Chevy Chase listserv, she expressed "concern" over many of the very important, fairly timid, yet fiercely opposed provisions of the zoning update:
Neighbors-Explanations of accessory dwellings are confusing
I'm happy to answer any specific questions you have. My office has convened at least two meetings on the Zoning Update. I'll post to my website the major issues for which we've advocated. Briefly, the chief concerns raised in our meetings: parking requirements near transit zones, by right corner stores and accessory dwelling units, height requirements, non-residential uses in neighborhoods, and community input.
I remain concerned about parking requirements near transit zones and by right, non-residential uses in residential neighborhoods. I believe the issue with by right Accessory Dwelling Units (detached) has been removed from the recommendations.
Again, I'll alert you when a full summary of the issues is posted on my website. I've been invited to present to Citizens Association in January and will plan to spend some time discussing there as well.
Muriel Bowser
Ward 4 Councilmember
Bowser appears to be, or to have been, confused about the accessory dwelling proposal. It's not surprising, since OP has been explaining it in a very opaque way.
At the Ward 3 meeting last week, OP's Jennifer Steingasser explained that the current, old regulations require a variance for an accessory dwelling inside a main house, but allow a unit by-right for a "domestic employee" above a garage. Steingasser said that OP's goal was to "flip" the two, allowing accessory units as of right inside main buildings but requiring a special exception for a new carriage house.
However, this wording confused many people, including some of our commenters who were at the meeting, as well as a vocal opponent who spent about 10 minutes arguing with Steingasser. I didn't agree with that opponent's views on the issue, but sympathized with her confusion as she received one complex answer after another that didn't elucidate the issue very well.
Accessory dwellings are an important policy. They are the easiest way to add housing choices without changing the built form of neighborhoods, help house people at stages of life where they want an English basement or small garage, and give homeowners a way to earn more income and help pay the mortgage or supplement a fixed retirement income.
The Office of Planning need not "spin" the issue as not really much of a change. Instead, they should proudly explain why this is the right policy and stand up for it.
Map shows more about corner store proposal
They are standing up for, and more clearly explaining, the corner store proposals. OP made this map of corner stores in Ward 4, and says they are working on comparable maps for other wards. (At the Ward 3 meeting, a few residents asked for Ward 3 specific maps; it wasn't clear to me why they couldn't just focus on the upper-left portion of a citywide map, but whatever.)
In the map above, the dark purple is the mixed-use or commercially zoned areas, and the light purple the "buffer zone" in which it will be illegal to create a corner store. The red dots are examples of the type of store that the new zoning will allow (though most of them are in the buffers).
Yellow is the area where corner stores will be legal under the zoning update; in Ward 4, it's pretty much just Petworth and a few other very small areas. With corner stores limited to actual corners or buildings originally built as commercial, there will be very few eligible sites, since most of the buildings already have residents in them.
Can you attend?
Thanks in part to Greater Greater Washington readers, people supporting the zoning code or asking for it to go further equaled the number of people opposing the changes at last week's Ward 3 meeting. One person asked OP to restore their proposal for parking maximums (which require just a transportation analysis to exceed), and another spoke up for lighter restrictions on corner stores.
DC Council Chairman Phil Mendelson, Councilmember Mary Cheh, Zoning Commissioner Rob Miller, reporters Tom Sherwood and Mike DeBonis, and many others heard a wide range of views from residents, ranging from wanting more change to none at all. It's important to have a similar diversity of views at tomorrow's Ward 4 meeting, the last one of this series.
Please stop by Takoma Education Campus, 7010 Piney Branch Rd NW, at 6:30 (doors open at 6) and try to stay until about 8, when they'll let people speak in the town hall. The balance of views during that open mic session will likely have a lot of sway over whether Councilmember Bowser stands in the way of the zoning update or not.
Update: The original version of this post suggested that Bowser was leaning against or "unsure" on the accessory dwelling proposal. However, the email shows she is leaning against the other proposals. She does not appear to be undecided on, but apparently is confused about, the accessory dwelling proposal. The post has been corrected.
by David Alpert on Jan 15, 2013 12:51 pm • link • report
Haven't followed the corner store debate but I am more sensitive to that than the hoopla over ADU's.
1. Restrictions on hours that don't exist for basically any other business (except places that sell alcohol).
2. Restrictions on location that amount to the city basically pre-choosing where your business can be.
3. On top of that you can't be too close to an already existing commercial zone. Some of these zones are literally about a block long. As if people who live close to these blocks are especially burdened and have no refuge anywhere else in the city to get away from the presence of a new convenience store.
What exactly is the legal definition of corner store anyway? I can't imagine why anyone would be concerned if it's basic foodstuffs. I suppose they could create a zoning category that prohibits alcohol if that's of concern. Personally, it sounds terribly convenient to me, as a person that stops by one of my corner stores on the way home to pick up a half gallon of milk or a bottle of wine.
Corner stores sound like a nice idea, but existing actual stores seem be getting turned into restaurants, and not necessarily cheap ones.
In the sense that people could be bothered by late-night foot traffic, I don't mind the hours restrictions too much. Even with less restrictive rules, the ones on the Hill closed by 10 anyway (while that was because it was the end of alcohol sales for non-grocers, the one closest to my house actually closed at 9:30, so the hours decision was mostly demand/convenience for the family - they were almost exclusively family-run). 9 is a little early, but I think it's late enough that most people can get their "last run" in before they have to decide if what they need/want is worth the trip to a real grocery store. I always saw these as a huge asset to a neighborhood when done well, and, I guess, I'd be very happy to have one and think others should have the chance to have a more convenient shopping opportunity nearby.
Limiting alcohol to beer & wine and prohibiting single sales for these stores in neighborhoods where problems may arise (or not allowing a liquor license at all, though that often sinks a business such as this) seems, to me, the route to limit problems while providing a convenient service for the neighborhood. The beauty of rules and decisions like that is that they are handled OUTSIDE of the zoning code, so they are easier to change and can be tailored to a neighborhood's needs. Some neighborhoods will attract and be very happy with stores that would want to sell singles of high-quality beers, while others would want to prevent a sea of 40's from becoming strewn all over the lawns. Over time, the neighborhoods in those categories are likely to change, and, by not baking a behavior-regulating rule into a long-term building and use code, everyone can be best served while still being protected.
by Vann-Di Galloway on Jan 17, 2013 11:47 am • link • report
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