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On Wednesday, Dec. 26 the Chippewas feel like they won the war.
Central Michigan jumped out to an early lead in the Little Caesars Pizza Bowl against Western Kentucky — which was playing in its first bowl game as an FBS team — but had to fight off a feisty Hilltoppers squad late in the game with Ryan Radcliff's third touchdown pass of the day, an 11-yard strike to Cody Wilson with 5:11 left in the game to secure a 24-21 win.
After two straight losing seasons, the Chippewas secured the first winning season, bowl game and bowl win under Dan Enos.
Western Kentucky marched down the field in the closing seconds, but saw Kawaun Jakes' pass on 4th-&-2 from inside the Central Michigan 20-yard line fall incomplete.
"I'm so proud of our players and our coaches," Enos said. "We beat a very good team. We prepared for all of the bowl practices. we were business-like and handled this trip very, very well."
With playmaker Titus Davis sitting out the bowl game due to a suspension, Central Michigan was looking for a spark.
Andrew Flory provided not only a spark, but also a little sizzle with a pair of long touchdowns.
On the Chippewas first series, Flory caught a Radcliff pass and raced past the Hilltoppers defense for a 69-yard touchdown to give Central Michigan a 7-0 lead.
Western Kentucky answered back 1 minute, 27 seconds later on a 6-yard touchdown run from Jakes to tie it up 7-7.
Flory came up big again on Central Michigan's next possession with a 29-yard touchdown that gave the Chippewas a lead they held until late in the third quarter.
David Harman kicked a 50-yard field goal off the crossbar early in the second to give the Chippewas a 17-7 lead.
But the Hilltoppers weren't down or out.
Antonio Andrews, the nation's all-purpose yardage leader, broke through the Central Michigan defense for a 39 yard run that moved Western Kentucky into scoring position, and the Hilltoppers broke through when Jakes found Jack Doyle in the back of the end zone for a one-handed, 6-yard touchdown catch.
The touchdown was Jakes' 51st of his career, moving him into sole possession of the Western Kentucky career passing touchdown record.
"First half wasn't real good, but the second half we picked it up on defense," Western Kentucky interim coach Lance Guidry said. "Offense had the ball most of the third quarter."
The third quarter was a defensive affair, until late in the quarter when Western Kentucky moved down within the 5-yard line.
A couple plays later, Kadeem Jones plunged over the pile for a controversial 1-yard touchdown to give the Hilltoppers a 21-17 lead.
Jones fumbled as he was going over the pile, and Central Michigan's Jahleel Addae recovered, however, officials ruled that he had crossed the plane before fumbling.
Central Michigan responded like a team that won three straight and four of five to secure a bowl bid, by charging down into scoring position on the legs of Zurlon Tipton. It appeared to work when he narrowly plunged across the line on 4th-&-Goal from the 1-yard line for a touchdown.
Western Kentucky called a timeout to challenge the call, and officials determined that Tipton was stopped just short, giving the Hilltoppers possession inside their own 1-yard line.
The Chippewas defense stepped up and appeared to record a safety on the first play, but Andrews was given forward progress inside the one. The Chippewas hung tough on the next two plays, and brought the heat on 4th-&-8 from the Western Kentucky 3-yard line.
The Hilltoppers fumbled the punt snap, allowing Avery Cunningham enough time to break through the line and get a hand on the ball for the block.
The ball bounced around until Addae was able to pounce on it at the Western Kentucky 26-yard line.
Central Michigan only needed five plays for Radcliff to find Wilson on a flag route in the corner of the end zone for the game-winning touchdown.
Radcliff finished 19 of 29 for 253 yards and three touchdowns to be named the game's MVP. Central Michigan's Shamari Benton was named Lineman of the Game after tallying nine total tackles.
Wilson had a game-high 10 receptions for 101 yards, while Flory finished with three receptions for 105 yards with two scores. Tipton rushed for 101 yards, extending his season-ending streak to seven straight games with 100 yards rushing.
Andrews rushed for a game-high 119 yards for the Hilltoppers, while Jakes finished 14 of 24 through the air for 199 yards and a touchdown.
Both teams close out the 2012 campaign at 7-6 overall.


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A research team led by biogeochemists at the University of California, Riverside has tested a popular hypothesis in paleo-ocean chemistry, and proved it false.
The fossil record indicates that eukaryotes — single-celled and multicellular organisms with more complex cellular structures compared to prokaryotes, such as bacteria — show limited morphological and functional diversity before 800-600 million years ago. Many researchers attribute the delayed diversification and proliferation of eukaryotes, which culminated in the appearance of complex animals about 600 million years ago, to very low levels of the trace metal zinc in seawater.
As it is for humans, zinc is essential for a wide range of basic cellular processes. Zinc-binding proteins, primarily located in the cell nucleus, are involved in the regulation of gene transcription.
Eukaryotes have increasingly incorporated zinc-binding structures during the last third of their evolutionary history and still employ both early- and late-evolving zinc-binding protein structures. Zinc is, therefore, of particular importance to eukaryotic organisms. And so it is not a stretch to blame the 1-2-billion-year delay in the diversification of eukaryotes on low bioavailability of this trace metal.
But after analyzing marine black shale samples from North America, Africa, Australia, Asia and Europe, ranging in age from 2.7 billion years to 580 million years old, the researchers found that the shales reflect high seawater zinc availability and that zinc concentrations during the Proterozoic (2.5 billion to 542 million years ago) were similar to modern concentrations. Zinc, the researchers posit, was never biolimiting.
Study results appear online Dec. 23 in Nature Geoscience.
"We argue that the concentration of zinc in ancient marine black shales is directly related to the concentrations of zinc in seawater and show that zinc is abundant in these rocks throughout Earth's history," said Clint Scott, the first author of the research paper and a former UC Riverside graduate student. "We found no evidence for zinc biolimitation in seawater."
Scott, now a research geologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, explained that the connection between zinc limitation and the evolution of eukaryotes was based largely on the hypothesis that Proterozoic oceans were broadly sulfidic. Under broadly sulfidic conditions, zinc should have been scarce because it would have rapidly precipitated in the oceans, he explained.
"However, a 2011 research paper in Nature also published by our group at UCR demonstrated that Proterozoic oceans were more likely broadly ferruginous — that is, low in oxygen and iron-rich — and that sulfidic conditions were more restricted than previously thought," said Scott, who performed the research in the lab of Timothy Lyons, a professor of biogeochemistry and the principal investigator of the research project.
The research team argues that ferruginous deep oceans, combined with large hydrothermal fluxes of zinc via volcanic activity on the seafloor, maintained high levels of dissolved zinc throughout the oceans and provided a relatively stable marine reservoir of the trace metal over the past 2.7 billion years.
"The key challenge in understanding the early evolution of life is recognizing the environmental conditions under which that life first appeared and diversified," Lyons said. "We have taken a very direct approach that specifically tracks the availability of essential micronutrients, and, to our surprise, zinc supplies in ancient seawater were much higher and less variable than previously imagined.
"We can imagine for the first time," he quipped, "that zinc supplements were not on the shopping lists of our early eukaryotic ancestors, and so we better find another reason to explain the mysterious delay in their rise in the ocean."
University of California - Riverside: http://www.ucr.edu
This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.
Free-living songbirds show increased stress hormone levels when nesting under white street lights. But different light spectra may have different physiological effects as this study finds, suggesting that using street lights with specific colour spectra may mitigate effects of light pollution on wildlife
Scientists identify the condition aphantasia, in which people cannot create images in their head
The dust in our homes contains an average of 9,000 different types of fungi and bacteria, a study suggests.
A mosquito can bear up to 23 times its total body weight on each leg, which is crucial for landing on water – the insect's secret is way it stands
Tropical species with smaller geographical ranges are more likely to die out in a warming climate than those that can adapt by 'invading' new regions
Most people think of bacteria as germs, signs of filth, or unwanted bringers of disease. Slowly, that view …
The gloomy octopuses crowded at Jervis Bay, Australia, appear to spit and throw debris such as shell at each other in what could be an intentional use of weapons
Therapies based on hormones that make us more trusting enhance our natural placebo effect – a finding that could alter the way clinical trials are conducted
The blind, hairless babies born recently at Washington D.C.'s National Zoo are completely dependent on their mothers—who can sometimes accidentally crush them.
The poop-hoarding insects have an amazingly advanced internal GPS that allows them to navigate by day or night.

subset: commoncrawl


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New Orleans police are investigating a homicide in the 5100 block of Basinview Drive in eastern New Orleans after responding to reports of shots fired about 3:35 p.m.
The victim was 30 years old with a driver's license from Houston. He was shot multiple times and died about six minutes after arriving at University Hospital.
"A verbal disagreement preceded the shooting," Officer Hilal Williams said.
Police have a suspect, who they did not identify, in custody, she said.


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GENESEE COUNTY, MI -- Residents in Genesee County hoping to rid their households of hazardous items and electronic waste will have their chance this week at three locations.
The Household Hazardous Waste & Electronic Waste Collection Day is taking place 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Saturday, Oct. 13.
Locations scheduled for drop-off and items taken include:
-Carter Middle School, 300 Rogers Lodge, Clio; household hazardous waste, E-waste and tires
-Flint East- Water Service Center, 3310 E. Court St., Flint; household hazardous waste and tires
-Goodwill Industries, 501 S. Averill Ave., Flint; E-waste
Items being collected include: household pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, compact and tube fluorescent light bulbs, household and car batteries, gasoline, aerosol cans, antifreeze, Mercury, used oil, oil-based paint, old prescriptions, paint thinners, up to seven tires (not tractor or semi tires; must be off rim), television sets, computer monitors, laptops and notebooks, printers and copiers, DVD and VCR players, fax machines, cell phones, video cameras and stereo equipment.
Residents may not bring commercial waste, explosive material, industrial waste, latex paint, medical waste, radioactive material or TV consoles for disposal.
For more information about the event, contact the Genesee County Recycle Hotline at 810-762-7744, Keep Genesee County Beautiful at 810-767-9696 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.


text: code – 091 Labs A community-run makerspace in Galway, Ireland 2016-07-06T12:51:01Z http://091labs.com/feed/ WordPress Mark http://bhalash.com http://091labs.com/?p=61614 2013-11-08T18:12:13Z 2013-11-08T16:45:54Z Every time I say "C-with-Linux-for-hardware classes," I feel a little like Derek Zoolander: The Alanna Kelly C Workshop for People Who Can't Code Good and who Wanna Learn to do Other Stuff Good Too. Anyway. Our C-with-Linux-for-hardware classes, hosted by Alanna Kelly, will begin on this Tuesday, November 19, and run for a total of […] The post C/Electronics classes, from Tuesday November 19 appeared first on 091 Labs. ]]> 0


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During the program, actors with the Cloverdale Playhouse read poems written by family members of 9/11 victims that reflected on the sacrifice of public safety workers as well as the community's reaction following the attacks. In addition, Alabama Forestry Commission representative Dale Hurst spoke to students about how to be prepared for emergencies.
Principal Jannette Wright said she hoped the program would remind students of how the terrorist attacks shocked the nation since many of them may be too young to fully remember.
"For those of us who do remember that day, it was devastating," said Principal Wright. "It's something that we will never forget."
Tara Fenn, a Prattville resident that performs at the Cloverdale Playhouse, says she was glad to get the chance to particiapte in the program.
"It's an opportunity to reach children and take part in something to commemorate 9/11," said Fenn.
The program was one of several taking place in the Montgomery area today in honor of the victims of 9/11.
The Montgomery Fire and Rescue honored the 343 firefighters and 60 police officers who lost their lives with a ceremony at Station 3 on Carmichael Road. During the ceremony, flags at all fire stations were lowered to half-staff. They will remain at half-staff until 8 a.m. tomorrow.
In addition, nearly 303 volunteers will be participating in the "9/11 Day of Service" event organized by Hands On River Region. The event will give volunteers the chance to participate in 21 service projects at various non-profit organizations in Montgomery.


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You won't be able to dismiss this by usual means (escape or click button), but you can close it programatically based on user choices or actions.
"We used a lot of colorful pictures from our engagement shoot so our guests were blown away even with the standard finishing of the invite. We also added a photo on the back so it became a keep sake for many."
"Beautiful design printed on a quality textured paper stock. I fell in love with this card in lilac. So classy, so beautiful. It felt right...for all you brides, you know what I mean!"
"I was so afraid to order my shipment without seeing the exact card proof but I love them! I had ordered the LINEN background because others had recommended it, and instead of the textured I ordered the PEARL WHITE SHIMMER for a more modern look. I couldn't be happier with them. It looks like, from other reviewers, you really have to change the background to linen if you want the shimmer. I hadn't liked the roughness of the original sample. The red is a bit on the pink side but not too much. The designers were able to put the little Ganesh in the top circle for me which I was very impressed with! I definitely recommend!"
"Absolutely love how the cards turned out! We received so many complements from our family and friends. I used one of our engagement shots and added the ceremony details to personalize. The process was simple and shipping was fast. Customer service was excellent too."
"I wanted a beach themed invitation for my vow renewals. I did not want a typical beach theme though. This design fit the bill. A floral ocean theme. The beautiful vintage flowers with the ocean is just so unique and beautiful! I love it. The paper quality is gorgeous as well. Love everything about it! Received tons of compliments. delivery could have been a little quicker....."


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Left unfunded by the state, the Lake Hopatcong Commission closes its doors. It's hard to understand the state's logic.
New Jersey has a gas tax of 14.5 cents a gallon dedicated to infrastructure. Lake Hopatcong has at least five marinas that sell gas. Most boats have 30- to 50-gallon tanks. Anyone who has spent the day water skiing or towing the kids on a tube knows how easy it is to fill up two or three times in one day. This gas tax money should go toward the commission.
Payment of additional fees by boaters might not be enforced. The Marine State Police are underfunded and understaffed. My wife and I witnessed a family of swans deliberately run down by a jet skier this summer. We called the police, but they do not arrive until 10 a.m., so nothing could be done.
Perhaps the state could sell Lake Hopatcong to surrounding property owners, including the four towns on its shores. Property owners could get low-interest loans. Imagine the returns in increased property values. Think what owning a piece of New Jersey's largest lake could be worth with co-op style ownership and management.


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I read your piece on the evils of woodstoves and the loss of lives they can cause (Dispatch, Nov. 7, "Where there's smoke, there's trouble for lungs"). And now, with our new green governor Inslee, there will be a new push to outlaw them. In fact, you have a picture of the culprit on page B-3, undoubtedly supplied by the Puget Sound Clean Air Agency.
During this next legislative session in Olympia there will be a renewed push to outlaw all woodstoves, certified or not. But why no mention of fireplaces? Why will most legislation skirt around it because the poor have woodstoves for heat and the rich have fireplaces to sup their brandy on those cold winter nights?
In fact, what does the White House, the Capitol building and Bill Gates all have in common? They all have working fireplaces. In fact, President Obama's Christmas card had the president's dog, Bo, cuddled up by a roaring fire. Don't we deserve as much as the president's dog? The answer is no, we don't. Who sits on the air quality board? That would be power companies, trucking firms, the ports of Tacoma and Seattle. So the area's largest polluters are the ones that want the disabled vet's woodstove because he can't afford sky-high electrical bills. Now they want new policing patrols on the ground and in the air, so they can be in a neighborhood near you.
When Olympia reconvenes in January, expect the siren song for your woodstove to be amplified. The irony is we now live in a state where you can smoke unfiltered marijuana by the bale, but if you warm yourself with twigs by the woodstove, expect to be fined.
Matt Hamilton
I just wanted to let you know about a wonderful experience I had in Eatonville. On Tuesday, Nov. 6, I was leaving work at the Eatonville Veterinary Clinic at approximately 5:30 pm when I saw flashing blue lights in my rear view mirror and realized I was being pulled over by the police. Initially I was horrified, as I had no idea what I had done wrong. Officer Wade approached my driver's side window and very politely informed me that my headlights were not on. I showed him that my dash lights were lit and therefore I was unaware that my lights were not.
Officer Wade asked me to pop the hood and then proceeded to see if he could figure out why the lights were not on. He then asked me to follow him to the Napa Parts Store in town to purchase some new bulbs, as he was concerned about my safety in the dark and rain on my way home.
I very gratefully followed him to Napa and, after purchasing my new bulbs, was even more astonished when officer Wade and the man at Napa volunteered to put the bulbs in for me in the rain. What wonderful, selfless service. I would have been stranded without their help and am so thankful to them both, but especially to officer Wade, whom I feel went above and beyond the call of duty to help a citizen in need. Who says the age of chivalry is dead?
With all the negative media out there against the police, it is so gratifying to be able to give some positive feedback to those wonderful men and women who put themselves in harm's way to serve and protect us all.
Michelle Norman


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Temperatures will gradually increase as the cloud cover decreases Thursday and Friday, allowing for highs to ease back into the 80s by the weekend, forecasters with the National Weather Service in Portland say.
As for rain, there's not much more than a little drizzle predicted Thursday morning, followed by a slight chance of rain Friday afternoon and Saturday night for northwest Oregon and southwest Washington.
Wednesday morning's cloud cover kept Portland in the mid-70s and overnight temperatures will once again dip below 60 degrees.
Those overnight lows will steadily rise to near 60 degrees by the weekend, as highs are forecast to reach 83 degrees Saturday and 85 degrees on Sunday.
Look for good windsurfing conditions again Thursday in the central Columbia River Gorge, forecasters said, matching the 35 mph gusts that blew Wednesday afternoon.
-- Stuart Tomlinson


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The St. Louis Rams will put an end to the painful summer football drought by kicking off training camp on July 25—just over two weeks away.
News has been slow in recent weeks as the players and coaches enjoy the final moments of their offseason break, but things will heat up shortly, and the questions we've been pondering all offseason will finally be met with answers.
This article will highlight several of the reports and headlines leading up to camp and provide some insight, while also pointing out a few things to look forward to.


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ITD employees have an opportunity to thank Chuck Winder for his 11 years of service on the transportation board and to wish him well in his continued business and public service pursuits during an informal reception Friday, Sept. 15, at Headquarters.
The reception will be from 9 a.m. to 11 a.m. in the auditorium.
As chair of the transportation board, Winder played an integral role in setting the agenda for transportation projects throughout Idaho. A strong leader and adept mediator, he developed a reputation for striking balance and achieving consensus. He actively supported the board's initiative to identify alternative funding sources through the Forum on Transportation Involvement, and frequently spoke about development of Gov. Dirk Kempthorne's Connecting Idaho program.
Under Winder's leadership, ITD improved its environmental stewardship, established strong working relationships with elected officials, improved internal efficiencies, improved safety and driving conditions on Idaho's interstates and major highways, secured substantial salary increases for employees and passed a four-cent increase in the state fuel tax (1996).
Published 9-1-06


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How to Make a Relationship Work in the Long Run
Relationships between two people only work out when both of them are willing to carry it on and to take it to the next level. If a relationship is just one sided where the guy is very much interested and his girlfriend is not, then it won't be too long before you will hear about their break up. Thus it is imperative that in order to make a relationship work and go on smoothly both the people involved in the relationship should work on it collectively. Following are some of the tips that you can keep in mind in to make your relationship with your girlfriend work out without problems.
How to make a relationship work by always being honest
Honesty forms the very foundation of any relationship. Similarly if you are going out with a girl then it is impossible that you both can get intimate emotionally if you keep lying about things. Honesty is the best policy and you should not keep anything away from her. This does not just mean the big things and issues in your life but it involves every tiny detail. The more she knows about you the better the possibility for you two to be together in the future. Whenever you tell her honest and emotionally revealing things about you, you will more one step closer to her heart. If not then whenever you lie or hide things you go down one step further.
How to make a relationship work by acting with integrity
Many guys make a mistake when it comes to integrity. They don't give proper attention to the promises they make and this leads to frustrations, arguments, and further problems. Again it does not simply apply to just the bigger promises but every small thing you promise your girlfriend (like taking out the trash or picking up milk on the way home). When you don't follow through it only proves to her that you're not the kind of guy that she can trust. When you start following through on your promises, she will start trusting in you. This leads to a healthier relationship which works out more smoothly.
pages: 1 2
Success Stories
"I went from a seemingly impossible situation to being reunited with my girlfriend. Considering that I now have the woman of my dreams back in my life, the money I invested in their coaching program was worth every penny.
Their advice was spot-on. Without it, I would have never gotten back together with my girlfriend. We are now talking about the possibility of getting married."
--Stephen C., United States
"We were broken up for 4 months before I joined. The tables turned and I wasn't sure I wanted to be with him after all of it.
He had to prove to me that things would be different this time and that we would work through the issues we had before and only then did we decide return as a couple.
Now we are going through pre-marital counseling and planning to marry next year already! Don't give up. Follow through the program. Yes, it will be hard and painful at times, but trust the process and it'll pay off."
--Faye C., United States


text:
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private wrongs for which you can sue the party who wronged you and recover money
What are NonCriminal Wrongs? (torts)
social control
Criminal law is only one kind of ____, one form of responsibillity for deviating from social norms.
case citation—
______-the numbers, letters, and punctuation that follow the title of a case in the excerpts or in the bibliography at the end of the book (p. 35)
plurality opinion (in criminal cases)—
_____-opinion that represents the reasoning of the greatest number (but less than a majority) of justices (p. 34)
concurring opinion (in criminal cases)—
_____- opinions written in which justices agree with the conclusions of either the majority or the dissenting opinion, but they have different reasons for reaching the conclusion (p. 34)
opinion (in criminal cases)—
______-explanation of how and why the court applied the law to the facts of the case (p. 32)
discretionary decision making
______-judgments made by professionals, based on unwritten rules, their training, and their experience (p. 31)
burden of persuasion—
_____-defendants have to prove their defenses by a preponderance of the evidence, defined as more than 50 percent (p. 30)
burden of production—
______- requirement that defendants have to "start matters off by putting in some evidence in support" of their justification or excuse (LaFave and Scott, 1986, 52) (p. 30)
corpus delicti—
____- (Latin body of the crime). Properly applies to the elements of criminal conduct (for example, stealing someone's property in theft) and bad result crimes (for example, criminal homicide) (p. 30)
bench trial—
_____-cases where defendants give up their right to a jury trial, prosecutors have to prove guilt to the trial judge. (p. 30)
reasonable doubt—
______-"the proof that prevents one from being convinced of the defendant's guilt, or the belief that there is a real possibility that the defendant is not guilty" (Black's Law Dictionary 2004, 1293) (p. 29)
presumption of innocence—
_____- the prosecution has the burden of proof when it comes to proving the criminal act and intent (p. 29)
fixed (determinate sentences)—
______- the sentence depends on the criminal harm suffered by the victim, not the rehabilitation of the offender (p. 29)
indeterminate sentencing laws—
_____- sentences that made prison release dependent upon rehabilitation (p. 28)
determinism (and criminal punishment)—
_____- forces beyond offenders' control cause them to commit crimes (p. 27)
principle of utility—
_____- permitting only the minimum amount of pain necessary to prevent the crime as punishment (p. 25)
deterrence theory—
_____- rational human beings won't commit crimes if they know that the pain of punishment outweighs the pleasure gained from committing crimes (p. 25)
rationalism (and criminal punishment)—
_____- natural law that individuals can, and ordinarily do, act to maximize pleasure and minimize pain (p. 25)
hedonism (and criminal punishment)—
_____-natural law that human beings seek pleasure and avoid pain (p. 25)
rehabilitation (and criminal punishment)—
_____- aims to prevent future crimes by changing individual offenders so they'll want to play by the rules and won't commit any more crimes in the future (p. 24)
incapacitation (and criminal punishment)—
______-prevents convicted criminals from committing future crimes by locking them up, or more rarely, by altering them surgically or executing them (p. 24)
special deterrence (and criminal punishment)—
______-aims, by punishing already convicted offenders, to prevent them from committing any more crimes in the future (p. 24)
general deterrence (and criminal punishment)—
______-aims, by threat of punishment to deter criminal behavior in the general population (p.24)
prevention(and criminal punishment)—
_____-punishing offenders to prevent crimes in the future (p. 22)
criminal punishment—
_____-penalties that meet the following four criteria: 1. They have to inflict pain or other unpleasant consequences; 2. They have to prescribe a punishment in the same law that defines the crime 3. They have to be administered intentionally; and 4. The state has to administer them. (p. 22)
_____-intentionally inflicting pain or other unpleasant consequences on another person (p. 21)
rates of imprisonment—
______ the numbers of prisoners per 100,000 people in the general population (p. 20)
federal system—
_____-52 criminal codes, one for each of the 50 states, one for the District of Columbia, and the U.S. Criminal Code (p. 19)
administrative crimes—
______- violations of state and federal rules made by administrative agencies. (p. 19)
analysis of criminal liability—
______- how to analyze statutes and cases to answer the question "What behavior deserves criminal punishment? (p. 17)
model penal code (MPC)—
______- the code developed by the American Law Institute to guide reform in criminal law (p. 16)
codified (criminal law)—
_____- put into writing the criminal law, defining crimes and spelling out punishments. (p. 15)
____- minor crimes for which the penalty is usually less than one year in jail or a fine (p. 11)
crimes of moral turpitude—
_____- criminal behavior that needs no law to tell us it's criminal because it's inherently wrong or evil, like murder and rape (p. 11
______-private wrongs for which you can sue the party who wronged you and recover money (p. 8)
criminal liability—
____-"conduct that unjustifiably and inexcusably inflicts or threatens substantial harm to individual or public interests" (1985, § 1.02(1)(a)) (p. 6)
(1) What behavior deserves criminal punishment, and
(2) What is the appropriate punishment for criminal behavior.
The criminal law can be boiled down to answering two questions:
violent crimes,
property crimes,
and minor crimes.
Criminal behavior can be summarized into three basic categories:
a definition of behavior that deserves punishment also known as criminal liability.
The American Law Institute's (ALI) Model Penal Code (MPC) provides:
"conduct that unjustifiably and inexcusably inflicts or threatens substantial harm to individual or public interests" (1985, § 1.02(1)(a)).
Criminal liability falls on :
Crimes and torts represent two different ways our legal system responds to social and individual harm. Crimes and torts are both different and similar.
Crimes can be classified or graded according to many schemes. The most widely used scheme for classifying crimes is according to the kind and quantity of punishment.
punishable by death or confinement in the state's prison for one year to life without parole; misdemeanors are punishable by fine and/or confinement in the local jail for up to one year.
Felonies are crimes :
specific crimes and arranges them into groups according to subject matter.
The special part of criminal law defines :
state criminal codes
Most criminal law is found in ______ created by elected representatives in state legislatures and municipal codes created by city and town councils elected by the people
substantial body of criminal law
There's also a ______ in the U.S. Criminal Code created by Congress
common-law crimes.
Judges' court opinions were the original source of criminal law, and it remained that way for several centuries. Crimes defined by judges' court opinions are known as ______
Model Penal Code (MPC)
After the final draft of the ________ in 1962, most states changed their penal code to be more like the MPC and less like the common-law.
crimes committed on military bases and other national property; crimes against federal officers; and crimes that are difficult for one state to prosecute.
The U.S. government's power is limited to crimes specifically related to national interests, such as:
Although the United States has only ____ of the world's population, it has almost ____of the world's prisoners.
. Think of "not guilty" as "not legally guilty." A guilty verdict doesn't mean not innocent; it means the government proved its case beyond a reasonable doubt.
Discretionary decision making
______-is decision making that's hidden from view. It includes the police decision to investigate or not, prosecutors decision to charge, judges suspending sentences, and more.
(1) title
(2) citation
(3) procedural history
(4) judge
(5) facts
(6) decision
(7) opinion.
There are seven main parts of each case:
majority opinions,
dissenting opinions,
concurring opinions,
plurality opinions
There are different types of case opinions, these include .
1.) The names of the parties are given first.
2.) The first number (319) is the volume number. 3.) The abbreviation (N.W. 2d) is the set of books or reporters.
4.)The second number (459) is the page in that volume where that opinion begins.
5.) Finally, the last number (1982) is the date the opinion was handed down.
An example of a citation would be State v. Metzger, 319 N.W. 2d 459 (Neb. 1982). :::::::
There are a variety of publications and reporters for different jurisdictions. Some citations will also indicate the particular court that handed down the opinion in the same parentheses as the date.
Abuse-of-discretion standard—
_____-"failure to exercise sound, reasonable, and legal decision making; and appellate court's standard for reviewing a decision that is asserted to be grossly unsound, unreasonable, illegal, or unsupported by the evidence." (p. 75)
Apprendi rule—
_____-other than the fact of prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt (p. 72)
sentencing guidelines—
_____-sentencing scheme in which a commission establishes a narrow range of penalties and judges are supposed to choose a specific sentence within that range (p. 70)
fixed (also called determinate) sentencing—
______=sentencing scheme which fixes or determines sentence length according to the seriousness of the crime (p. 70)
mandatory minimum sentences—
______-laws requiring judges to impose a non discretionary minimum amount of prison time that all offenders have to serve (p. 67)
three-strikes-and-you're-out laws—
______-laws that are supposed to make sure that offenders who are convicted of a third felony get locked up for a very long time (p. 67)
principle of proportionality—
______-a principle of law stating that the punishment must be proportional to the crime committed (p. 60)
cruel and unusual punishment—"
______-barbaric" punishments and punishments that are disproportionate to the crime committed (p. 60)
Second Amendment—
_______-A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. U.S. Constitution, Amendment II (p. 56)
fundamental right to privacy
_______—a right that bans "all governmental invasions of the sanctity of a man's home and the privacies of life" (p. 52)
expressive conduct (in First Amendment)—
________-actions that communicate ideas and feelings (p. 47)
equal protection of the laws—
_________-the 14th Amendment includes a clause which requires states to provide citizens with equal protection. This has been interpreted by the courts to mean that state agents (and laws) cannot make arbitrary, irrational distinctions between people. Differential of people are permitted, but this differential treatment must not be based on race, religion, or gender. (p. 46)
fair notice (in void-for-vagueness doctrine)—"
______-Would an ordinary, reasonable person know that what he was doing was criminal?" (p. 42)
void-for-overbreadth doctrine—
_____-the principle that a statute is unconstitutional if it includes in its definition of undesirable behavior conduct protected under the U.S. Constitution (p. 48)
void-for-vagueness doctrine—
_____-the principle that statutes violate due process if they don't clearly define crime and punishment in advance (p. 42)
ex post facto law—
_____-a law passed after the occurrence of the conduct constituting the crime (p. 41)
constitutional democracy—
_____-a democracy in which the majority can't make a crime out of what the Constitution protects as a fundamental right (p. 40)
. The principle of legality
_____ means that no one can be convicted of, or punished for, a crime unless the law defined the crime and prescribed the punishment before they engaged in the behavior that was defined as a crime.
hughes v. state
Court said that the definition of a human life includes a viable human fetus.Whether or nor the fetus is born alive, an unborn fetus that is viable at the time of injury is a human being which may be the victim of a homicide. (Oklahoma)
1.), knowing what the law commands provides individuals with the opportunity to obey the law and avoid punishment.
2.) providing individuals with this opportunity promotes the value of human autonomy and dignity.
3.) the ban on retroactive criminal lawmaking also prevents officials from punishing conduct they think is wrong but which no existing criminal law prohibits.
The purpose of banning ex post facto and vague criminal statutes is that they undermine the central values of free societies::::
the Fifth Amendment and the Fourteenth Amendment
The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that vague laws violate the guarantees of two provisions in the U.S. Constitution:.
1.) void laws fail to give fair warning to individuals as to what the law prohibits.
2.) they allow arbitrary and discriminatory criminal justice administration.
The void-for-vagueness doctrine addresses two evils:
Whether the emphasis is on notice to individuals or control of officials, the void-for-vagueness doctrine can never cure the uncertainty in all laws
whether the language may apply not only to a particular act about which there can be little or no difference of opinion, but equally to other acts about which there may be radical differences
The test to determine whether a statute defining an offense is void for uncertainty is :::::,
Equal protection is far more frequently an issue in criminal procedure than it is in criminal law; we'll note briefly here the limits it puts on criminal lawmaking and punishment.
In addition to the due process guarantee, the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution commands that "no state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.":::::::::
1.) is the ban on making a crime out of the First Amendment rights to speech, religion, and associations;
2.)the other is criminalizing behavior protected by the right to privacy created by the U.S. Supreme Court.
The Bill of Rights bans defining certain kinds of behavior as criminal::::::.
The Court has ruled that free speech is a fundamental right, one that enjoys preferred status.
(Gitlow v. New York). ::::::
libel and slander
fighting words
and clear and present danger.
According to the Supreme Court, there are five categories of expression not protected by the First Amendment:
invalidating laws so broadly written that the fear of prosecution creates a "chilling effect" that discourages people from exercising that freedom.
The void-for-overbreadth doctrine protects speech guaranteed by the first amendment by :::::
(Griswold v. Connecticut 1965, 484).
The U.S. Supreme Court has decided there is a constitutional right to privacy, a right that bans "all governmental invasions of the sanctity of a man's home and the privacies of life" ::::
fundamental right
Not only is privacy a constitutional right, it's a _____ that requires the government to prove that a compelling interest justifies invading it.
First, Third, Fourth, Ninth, Fifth and Fourteenth. This cluster of amendments sends the implied but strong message that we have the right to be let alone by the government.
According to the Court (Griswold v. Connecticut 1965), the fundamental right to privacy originates in six amendments to the U.S. Constitution:
instantaneous and painless and can't involve unnecessary mutilation of the body. Punishments must also be proportional - the punishment must fit the crime.
According to the Supreme Court, for a punishment not to be "cruel" it must be :::::
proportionality principle applies
A majority of the U.S. Supreme Court has consistently agreed that the ______to death penalty cases
as the Court puts it, "death is different." There are numerous capital crimes where no one is killed; they include treason, espionage, kidnapping, aircraft hijacking, large-scale drug trafficking, train wrecking, and perjury that leads to someone's execution (Liptak 2003)
Executing mentally retarded persons and juveniles _____ the ban on cruel and unusual punishment
1. Addresses laws that fail to give fair warning to individuals as to what the law prohibits
2. Addresses laws that allow arbitrary and discriminatory criminal justice administration
The Aims of the Void-for-Vagueness Doctrine are:
(Texas v. Johnson 1989, 404).
The Court has expanded the meaning of "speech" by holding that the protection of the amendment "does not end with the spoken or written word"
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965),
In ______the Court concluded that the fundamental right to privacy originates in six amendments to the U.S. Constitution: the First, Third, Fourth, Ninth, Fifth, and Fourteenth Amendments.
The Right to Bear Arms
District of Columbia v. Heller (2008)
In _________the Court stated that the core of the Second Amendment is "the right of law-abiding, responsible citizens to use arms in defense of hearth and home" (2821).
;.. The consensus that the ban on cruel and unusual punishment includes a proportionality requirement in capital punishment does not extend to prison sentences.
1.) They addressed the public's dissatisfaction with the criminal justice system.
2.) They promised a simple solution to a complex problem—the "panacea phenomenon." 3.) The use of the catchy phrase "three strikes and you're out" was appealing
). Three-strikes laws are popular for three reasons.
non discretionary minimum
Mandatory minimum sentencing laws require judges to impose a _____amount of prison time that all offenders have to serve
Mandatory minimum sentences are the more rigid form of the broad scheme of determinate sentencing. This scheme, which fixes or determines sentence length according to the seriousness of the crime, places sentencing authority in legislatures.
Mandatory minimum sentences are the more rigid form of the broad scheme of determinate sentencing.
1.) criminal act (actus reus),
2.) criminal intent (mens rea),
3.) concurrence,
4.) attendant circumstances,
5.) bad result (causing a criminal harm).
There are five elements available to writers of criminal codes:
1.) it helps to prove intent,
2.) it reserves the harsh sanction of the criminal law for cases of actual danger,
3.) it protects the privacy of individuals.
The actus reus serves many purposes:
:criminal law punishes people
: we can only punish people we can blame
: we can only blame people who are responsible for their acts,
:people are only responsible for their voluntary acts.
Only voluntary acts qualify as criminal acts because:
. Most statuses or conditions don't qualify as actus reus. Status can arise from prior voluntary acts or from no act at all (sex, age, race).
(Robinson v. California, 1962),
According to the Court_______legislatures can't make status or personal condition by itself a crime.
(Powell v. Texas, 1968)
Additionally, the Court _____ clearly stated that the Constitution bans only pure status as a basis for criminal liability.
Failures to act
_______ satisfy the actus reus requirement only when it's outrageous to fail to do something to help someone in danger
1.) the simple failure to act, usually the failure to report something required by law
2.) the failure to intervene to prevent injuries and death to persons or the damage and destruction of property.
There are two kinds of criminal omission:
failure to act
failure to intervene
Both omissions are criminal omissions only if defendants had a legal duty to act.:::
"Good Samaritan" doctrine
American bystander rule
There are two approaches to defining a legal duty to rescue strangers or call for help.::::
"Good Samaritan" doctrine
One is the _______, which imposes a legal duty to help or call for help for imperiled strangers. Only a few jurisdictions follow the Good Samaritan approach.
American bystander rule
Nearly all follow the approach of the _______(State v. Kuntz 2000, 951) which has no legal duty to rescue or summon help for someone who's in danger, even if the bystander risks nothing by helping.
It's only by means of a legal fiction (pretending something is a fact when it's not, if there's a "good" reason for pretending) that the principle of actus reus includes possession.
Constructive possession
______ means I control banned stuff, but it's not on me (it's in my car, my apartment, or other places I control).
elements of a crime
_____—the parts of a crime that the prosecution must prove beyond a reasonable doubt, such as actus reus, mens rea, concurrence, causation, and bad result (p.82)
mens rea—
______the "state of mind" the prosecution has to prove beyond a reasonable doubt; criminal intent from an evil mind; the mental element in crime, including purpose, knowledge, recklessness, and negligence (p. 82)
corpus delicti—
_______Latin body of the crime). Properly applies to the elements of criminal conduct (for example, stealing someone's property in theft) and bad result crimes (for example, criminal homicide) (p. 83)
attendant circumstances element—
______a "circumstance" connected to an act, an intent, and/or a result required to make an act criminal (p. 82)
_______—the requirement that actus reus must join with mens rea to produce criminal conduct or that conduct must cause a harmful result (p. 83)
bad result crimes (result crimes)—
______serious crimes that include causing a criminal harm in addition to the conduct itself, for example, criminal homicide (p. 84)
manifest criminality—
______the requirement in law that intentions have to turn into criminal deeds to be punishable (p. 85)
_____ refers to who we are as opposed to what we do; a condition that's not an action can't substitute for action as an element in crime (p. 86
criminal omissions—
_____two forms: (1) mere failure to act or (2) failure to intervene in order to prevent a serious harm (p. 91)
legal duty—
_____liability only for duties imposed by contract, statute, or "special relationships" (p. 91)
doctrine that imposes a legal duty to render or summon aid for imperiled strangers (p. 93)
"Good Samaritan" doctrine—________
there's no legal duty to rescue or call for help to aid someone who's in danger even if helping poses no risk whatsoever to the potential rescuer (p. 93)
American bystander rule—_________
legal fiction (in actus reus)—
______ treating as a fact something that's not a fact if there's a good reason for doing so (p. 97)
Mens rea ("mental element," also called "mental attitude," "state of mind," or "criminal intent")
mens rea:, courts and legislatures have used so many vague and incomplete definitions of the mental element
, mens rea consists of several mental attitudes that range across a broad spectrum, from purposely committing a crime you're totally aware is criminal to merely creating risks of criminal conduct or causing criminal harms that you're not the slightest bit aware you're creating.
______ are the only direct evidence of mental attitude. Because confessions by defendants regarding their intentions are rare, proof of state of mind usually depends on circumstantial evidence.
subjective fault
objective fault.
Two kinds of fault satisfy the mental element in criminal liability:
usually means the intent to commit the criminal act as defined in a statute
General intent _________
the intent to commit the actus reus of the crime, and some "special mental element" in addition to the intent to commit the criminal act.
. Specific intent is most commonly defined as _______
From most to least blameworthy, the Model Penal Code's four mental states are:
In recklessness, it's awareness of the risk of causing a criminal result, whereas in knowingly it's awareness of causing the result itself. .
Recklessness is about consciously creating risks; negligence is about unconsciously (unreasonably) creating risks
voluntary criminal act that caused harm
In strict liability cases, the prosecution has to prove only that defendants committed a _______
The principle of concurrence
_______ means that some mental fault has to trigger the criminal act in conduct crimes and the cause in bad-result crimes.
Causation is about holding an actor accountable for the results of her conduct. Causation only applies to bad-result crimes
Factual cause
_____ is an empirical question of fact that asks whether an actor's conduct triggered a series of events that ended in causing death, or other bodily harm; damage to property; or destruction of property. "But for" cause means, if it weren't for an actor's conduct, the result wouldn't have occurred.
1.) It asks, "Is it fair to blame the defendant for the harm triggered by a chain of events her action(s) set in motion?"
2.) If the harm is accidental enough or far enough removed from the defendant's triggering act, there's a reasonable doubt about the justice of blaming the defendant,
3.) and there's no proximate cause
Legal (proximate) cause is a subjective question of fairness that appeals to the jury's sense of justice:
Intervening cause
. _____ is a fact in addition to the proximate cause which contributed to a crime.
fault-based mental attitude,
namely purpose,
or negligence
Mistake is a defense whenever the mistake prevents the formation of any :.
defendants usually present some evidence that the mistake raises a reasonable doubt about the formation of a mental element required for criminal liability.
Mistakes sometimes are called a failure-of-proof defense because ________
culpability (blameworthiness)—
______the idea that we can only punish people that we can blame, and we can only blame people that are responsible for what they do (p. 105)
_____—the requirement that a criminal intent has to trigger a criminal act in criminal conduct crimes and that criminal conduct has to cause a bad result in bad result crimes (p. 106)
cause in fact—
______the objective determination that the defendant's act triggered a chain of events that ended as the harmful result (p. 106)
legal cause
_____—the subjective judgment that it's fair and just to blame the defendant for the bad result (p. 106)
objective fault—
______requires no purposeful or conscious "bad mind" in the actor; it sets a standard of what the "average person should have known" (p. 109)
general intent—
_____intent to commit the actus reus—the act required in the definition of the crime (p.109 )
specific intent—
_____the attitude represented by subjective fault, where there's a "bad" mind or will that triggers the act; the intent to do something beyond the actus reus (p. 110)
general intent "plus"—"
_________ general intent" refers to the intent to commit the actus reus of the crime, and "plus" refers to some "special mental element" in addition to the intent to commit the criminal act (p. 110)
principle of concurrence—
______some mental fault has to trigger the actus reus in criminal conduct crimes and the cause in bad-result crimes (p. 123)
_____requirement that criminal conduct causes a harm defined in the criminal code (p. 124)
"but for" cause—
_____ meaning that if it weren't for an actor's conduct, the result wouldn't have occurred. (p. 124)
legal (proximate) cause
_____—the main cause of the result of criminal conduct; legal cause
(p. 124)
intervening cause
_____—the cause that either interrupts a chain of events or substantially contributes to a result (p. 125)
proximate cause of death—"
______a cause which, in natural and continuous sequence, produces the death, and without which the death would not have occurred." (p. 126)
superseding cause—
_____ a cause which constitutes a break in the natural and continuous sequence between a proximate cause and the outcome. (p. 126)
defense of excuse—
_____a defense where the mistake prevents the formation of any fault-based mental attitude, namely purpose, knowledge, recklessness, or negligence. (p. 128)
failure-of-proof defense—
______mistake defense where defendants present some evidence that the mistake raises a reasonable doubt about the formation of a mental element required for criminal liability. (p. 128)
affirmative defenses ,,,,preponderance of the evidence
Most justifications and excuses are ______which require defendants to produce credible evidence. They also require the defendant to prove the defense by a ______.
All the justification defenses are_____ to the rule of law. They allow individuals to take the law into their own hands. According to the rule of law, the government has a monopoly on the use of force. Use of force by individuals must be justified by law.
concession to necessity and is only justified when the force is reasonably and immediately necessary for defense.
Self-defense is a ________
the necessity is unprovoked and the attack involves threatened death or serious bodily injury.
Deadly force is justified only when________
The right to defend others
______ includes everyone from close family members to any stranger who needs immediate protection from attack. The same rules apply as in self-defense.
justification defenses—
______defendants admit they were responsible for their acts but claim what they did was right (justified) under the circumstances (p.136)
excuses defenses—
_____defendants admit what they did was wrong but claim that, under the circumstances, they weren't responsible for what they did (p. 136)
burden of production—
_____the responsibility to introduce initial evidence to support a defense (p. 136)
burden of persuasion—
_____the responsibility to convince the fact finder of the truth of the defense (p. 136)
preponderance of the evidence—
_____more than 50 percent of the evidence proves justification or excuse (p. 136)
_____general principle of an honest and reasonable belief that it's necessary to commit a lesser crime (evil) to prevent the imminent danger of a greater crime (evil) (p. 143)
withdrawal exception—
_____if initial aggressors completely withdraw from fights they provoke, they can claim the defense of self-defense (p. 138)
imminent danger of attack—
_____element in self-defense that injury or death is going to happen right now (p. 138)
stand-your-ground rule—
_____if you didn't start the fight, you can stand your ground and kill (p. 143)
retreat rule—
____you have to retreat but only if you reasonably believe that backing off won't unreasonably put you in danger of death or serious bodily harm (p. 143)
castle exception—
______exception to the retreat doctrine allowing you to stand your ground and use deadly force to fend off an unprovoked attack, but only if you reasonably believe the attack threatens death or serious bodily injury (State v. Kennamore 1980, 858) (p. 143)
choice-of-evils defense
______(general principle of necessity)—justifies choosing to commit a lesser crime to avoid the harm of a greater crime (p. 160)
defense of consent—
______a justification defense that says if mentally competent adults want to be crime victims, no paternalistic government should get in their way (p. 166)
voluntary consent—
_____consent that was the product of free will, not of force, threat of force, promise, or trickery (p. 167)
knowing consent—
____the person consenting understands what she's consenting to; she's not too young or insane to understand (p. 167)
A "not guilty" verdict reflects the jury's conclusion that:
A "not guilty" verdict reflects the jury's conclusion that:
________ involves crimes that make one person criminally liable for the actions of another.
the state did not prove all the elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.
A "not guilty" verdict reflects the jury's conclusion that:
guilty of lesser offenses.
Evidence that doesn't amount to a perfect defense might amount to an imperfect defense; that is, defendants are:
mens rea. p. 128
Mistake is a defense whenever the mistake prevents the formation of any fault-based
intervening cause.
The cause that either interrupts a chain of events or substantially contributes to a result is called the:
The Fourteenth Amendment
Which Amendment to the Constitution requires that states provide equal protection of the law?
________ involves crimes that make one person criminally liable for the actions of another.
retribution and incapacitation.
Since the mid-1980s, the two rationales that have dominated penal policy are:
A defense in which the defendant accepts responsibility for the act but claims what they did was right is called
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text:
The Whale And The Elephant Pt 1: QF A380 SYD-SIN
The Whale And The Elephant Pt 2: QF 747 SIN-LHR
The Whale And The Elephant Pt 3: QF 747 LHR-HKG
At last we reach the final leg of the journey...
Four hours later I was awake and down in Citygate buying half priced shoes, clothes for baby and wife. Then off to Hong Kong Island and Pacific Plaza for more clothes for my wife and a swimsuit for me. I could see the hotel swimming pool out of my window and wanted a swim! It's a fair ride by MTR train to downtown Hong Kong and requires changing trains.
I was hungry, so I rode the MTR to Yau Ma Tei in Kowloon for that classic Nathan Road view of Hong Kong's neon and tenements and a really bad meal of chicken and noodles. Plus a ginger custard at the Yee Shun Milk café. It was dusk now and I was looking forward to a quick swim and a rest before tonight's flight.
When I finally got back to the hotel room I took out my boarding pass just to confirm the flight time. It was then that I discovered that I was wrong about the boarding time. It wasn't 10:20pm, it was 8:20pm! I had to get to the airport NOW! So much for the swim! I rushed to stuff everything back into my bags and raced down to the lobby. Fortunately I just made the minibus and the Qantas departures area was the first stop. Also fortunate that I already had my boarding pass.
Security was painfully slow and as I reached the gate the PA was already stating "Final boarding call".
CARRIER: Qantas
AIRCRAFT: Boeing 747-400
I wasn't the last to board. My name has only ever been called once before and that was due to a train fan of a cousin needing to take me the long way to Adelaide Airport via the passenger train terminal.
Once down that aerobridge and into my seat and I could relax once more. So much for exploring Hong Kong Airport!
The first thing I noted was that this Qantas 744 hadn't been refurbished. It still had the blue seat covers , no premium economy and no first class either. I didn't mind, because after two other refurbished 747 flights this was a change. I was in seat 35A, nice and forward. I was a couple of rows behind where the centre rows began, behind the stairs to the upper deck. I like the spot, again it gives you that sense that you are on a large aircraft.
The flight was fairly empty, with plenty of empty middle seats. Our departure was delayed while the pilot waited for refueling paperwork to be completed. I was still exhausted and actually nodded off while we waited.
Eventually everything was ready and we disembarked from the terminal, heading off across the field of colourful lights that is an airport at night. I paid cursory attention to the safety demonstration, utterly familiar now with the aircraft. Then, without much ado, we powered up into the dark night skies.
As we took off there were some wonderful views of Hong Kong city at night. Then we entered cloud lit up by the lights of the aircraft.
The captain switched off the seatbelt sign and immediately there was the clack-clack of many belts released, despite the warning that they should be left on at all times when the passengers were in their seats. The next night a Qantas A330 hit turbulence en route from Hong Kong to Perth causing a few injuries amongst the passengers and underlining the seatbelt requirements.
Fortunately, although the first few hours were a bit rough, we suffered no similar experience. I had been a little nervous, for in the lobby of the hotel had been a level 1 typhoon warning - a possibly approaching typhoon.
Despite the distance from the typhoon on the map I wondered if we had hit some of the outliers of the weather system when, less than half an hour into the flight, a spectacular lightning show became visible out of my window. Many inter-cloud bursts flashed not that far away. But our flight, as it had been on all other legs, was unperturbed.
Dinner was served, either a braised chicken in tomato and lime sauce with parsley potatoes or pork in a sweet bean chilli sauce with egg noodles and asian greens. I ate the chicken, as the lime sounded nice. The meal was accompanied by a cucumber and snow pea salad, a bun, a Tim Tam, and finally a dessert that I could fully appreciate; a mango, sago and pomelo soup. Nice meal, much better than the one I paid for in the restaurant (that's what you get if you eat along Nathan Road. I was in a hurry, okay).
The rest of the night was spent in a fugue state, listening to my mp3's (I had purchased another pair of noise cancelling headphones in Hong Kong) and occasionally drifting off. The flight was incredibly smooth around the equator. Not once did the seatbelt lights come on, not even near Guam!
Breakfast was served as the first glimmerings of dawn appeared over the horizon. I had the scrambled eggs with bacon, mushrooms and slow roasted tomatoes (eating neither the mushrooms or tomatoes) instead of the Chinese breakfast of stir fried noodles, pork gyoza and sui mai. Yoghurt, fruit salad, a fruit bun and orange juice rounded out the tray. I was going to have to get used to eating cereal again after this flight! I enjoyed my breakfasts on Qantas as they were all very tasty.
As I was on the left of the aircraft I had spectacular views of the sunrise. It is a gorgeous time of day to fly over northern Australia, with the skies so calm and a carpet of cloud far below. I'll let my photos tell you the rest of the flight towards Sydney.
Before I knew we were on descent into Sydney. We passed through the cloud layer, but beneath us the valleys of the undulating land north of Sydney were still shrouded in morning fogs. We continued south, with perfect views of Sydney's central business district, the Harbour Bridge, Opera House, Anzac Bridge all visible below.
Our flight path actually took us past Sydney Airport, south past Cronulla and over the Royal National Park before we made our turn left and over the ocean. Down across Botany Bay, the morning waters so serene, disturbed only by the odd boat, before we touched down, back on Australian soil.
As we taxied towards the terminal I saw the Singapore Airlines and Qantas A380's parked, the Emirates bird taxiing out for its flight to New Zealand. I also saw plenty of Qantas 744's. Both types are wonderful aircraft and I had a wonderful time flying each.
I emerged from the aircraft glad to be going home to my family. Before I made it through customs I had a brief argument with a middle aged peroxide bleached Hong Kong woman who had blatantly shoved into the line when everyone else was calmly queuing. As they do, she was extremely aggressive in return asking if "I was a man or a gentleman?" I just ignored her, so as not to give her any face. What I should have done was to tell her that a polite lady would have said "excuse me". It still felt remarkably satisfying. Pity that they didn't bust her for anything at customs. It would have made a nice Border Security moment!
As I waited 15 minutes for the next train to take me home (a ride that cost me over $15) I reflected on the fact that, whatever is wrong with Sydney, it is still a nicer place than London. And it was good to going home to my loving family.
So, which do I prefer: the Whale or the Elephant? It's so difficult to say! Qantas' Airbus A380 was so comfortable in economy class and the entertainment options were a step up from the 747. Loved the tail camera too! The downside was the windows. On the other hand, the Boeing 747 had fantastic windows for sightseeing, but the seats were a bit less comfortable. Not uncomfortable, just not as good as in the A380, something that could be rectified with a refit. The A380 reached a higher cruise altitude faster, but its performance felt ponderous. You could really feel the thrust on the 747 as it powered into the skies.
One thing I am certain of is that I prefer both aircraft to the A330.
It was nice to fly long-haul on a full service carrier again after so many trips on Jetstar. I don't want to take anything away from the budget carrier, especially from their wonderful crew, but there is something really nice about a good seatback IFE and decent meal service. Even just a flight map makes a big difference.
I really enjoyed my meals on the flights, though I can see that the portions may be a little small for some. One area Qantas needs to improve their catering is desserts. Cheap packet ice creams don't cut it for me, especially when I've had so many fantastic desserts with them in the past. Cut the cheese and crackers, the bun, but not the dessert... please!
One item I was confused about were the amenity packs. I only seemed to get one on the HKG-SYD leg, when I needed it least. Not that I ever really use them anyway...
It's difficult for me to say much about Qantas' cabin crew on these flights because I so rarely interacted with them. Most of the time I was off in my own little self-sufficient world, earphones on and hidden away in the window seat. When I did interact the experience was always positive and I have no complaints. The CSM's commentary on the descent into London was one highlight that stood out.
Over the past few years I have stepped out at Sydney after flights long and short and said that I wanted to give up flying, that I can't handle it anymore. Not this time! In the space of a little over a week I had completed over 40 hours of flight in economy (not that I've ever travelled in any other class) and for the most part the experience had been highly enjoyable.
So enjoyable, in fact, that I soon booked another return trip on the A380 to Singapore in August/September, this time with my whole family flying (sans dog). So stay tuned for that trip report, where I'll be able to properly contrast the whale and the elephant.
If you want to read more about my time in Singapore, London and Belgium then please see my travel blog. You can also view the full set of photos online, plus those of previous trips on my photo gallery.
If you've made it this far, congratulations! You may also be interested in reading my extensive set of previous trip reports (not in order).
[Edited 2009-07-22 22:24:15]


text:
I have twins that are 2 yrs 9 months old (3 in November). Wow, I'm surprised at how different this third year has been from the second year.
I was nursing them before bed/naptime and when they woke up, so about 4 times a day. But a few months ago, I realized that I was delaying bedtime because (now, don't stone me!) I really didn't feel like nursing them before bed! I didn't mind nursing when they woke up, though.
So, one day, I told them that we would snuggle and sing before bed, but no nursing. And they went right to bed! Since that day, we have been nursing when they wake up only (2 X per day) and it is so much more enjoyable for me!!
Any other experiences from moms nursing two-year-olds?


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Product Description
Rocker Molding with Clips for 1965-1966 Mustangs.Runs along the exterior of the car just below the door. Beautiful reproduction. Includes mounting clips.
Product ReviewsWrite a review
Rocker Panel Molding With Clips Pair 1965-1966 is rated out of 5 by 2.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Mustang Mike 1223 from Nice chrome finish Really makes the rockers pop. Nice chrome finish. Perfect fit
Date published: 2016-02-11
Rated 3 out of 5 by Harolds65 from Nice parts! But delayed arrival The rocker moldings were good quality and look nice. They were backordered so delivery was delayed.
Date published: 2015-04-03
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By Bill Tumas: We're here with a replacement rocker panel molding kit fitting all 1964 through 1966 Mustangs. These rocker panel moldings are replacements for the original moldings found on the bottom of the rocker panels of '64 through '66 Mustangs. They have the correct aluminum polish finish with the black inserts. Our kit includes both left and right, as well as complete clips and rivets for installation. Our rocker panel molding kit is excellent for replacing your originals or adding rocker panel moldings to your restoration. Both the rocker panel molding, as well as the installation kits, are sold separately.


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My opinion - the way that you use that actually results in you not smoking is the best way to stop. I had quit many times, mostly cold turkey, and always ended up going back. I finally tapered off of cigarettes over several months and haven't smoked in a year.
I also deeply resented the advice of other people about how to quit, and why to quit, even though I knew it was the most stupid and self-destructive thing I ever did in getting started (I didn't smoke until my 30's).
But watching my husband die of cancer at 46, shrinking from a 175-lb beautiful healthy and very fit guy (46 inch chest, 32 inch waist) to a 100-lb bald ghost who couldn't walk or eat or pee on his own, did wonders for my resolve. I am sorry to be so blunt. Maybe you don't need to hear that and I don't mean to make an enemy. He quit cold turkey when he was diagnosed... too late.
I wish you every chance for a healthy life free of this enslavement. And I do know how tough it can be.
My Primal Journal: http://www.marksdailyapple.com/forum/thread57034.html
"...since our orthodox theories have not saved us we may have to readjust them to bring them into harmony with Nature's laws. Nature must be obeyed, not orthodoxy." Weston A. Price
Well, I had several friends with whom I would usually take smoking breaks with, and we'd smoke a lot at parties and such. At one such party, some of them said they planned to stop, and I knew that one other smoking friend was going away for a month, so it just seemed like an opportune moment. The next day I actually went out to smoke the last cigarette late at night, just so there wouldn't be any left the next morning. Around this time was also when I had first started to take exercise more seriously, so that helped as well. What exactly changed in me I'm not sure, but after smoking that last one I just felt differently. It was a couple of weeks until I hung out with the friends again, and they hadn't actually managed to quit quite yet, but I didn't feel compelled to start again, whereas previously I would think 'just one more'...
So I guess I don't really know what exactly changed my motivation, but I recognized that something 'clicked' and went with it.
This amazing book helped me. It currently has 794 5-star reviews and if you try it you'll see why.
You can use his method whether or not you have already stopped. IT REALLY WORKS (please excuse the caps).
Don't be tempted by gum - it is every bit as addictive as cigarettes.
Best of luck! I actually just hit 8 years myself today. Be vigilant, I still get the odd craving!
As I said earlier, there is no luck involved. You MUST decide to absolutely quit smoking forever or it's not going to happen. It'll keep pulling you in. I don't think that OP is ready for such a commitment. Not to be negative either. His words and actions tell me otherwise. I have never even once see a regular smoker "quit" but only have one or a couple while drinking or for stress etc etc, that hasn't gone back to full fledged smoking. Not once. And every single one of them argued with me that it was no problem that they had it under control. Some to the point of getting down right pissed off! In every case, they were in a very short time back to full on smoking. This stuff is that addictive. To stop for good you must come to terms with the fact that you can't ever have even one ever again. Its that cut and dried. This applies to the vast vast majority of people. Almost everyone.
Go buy some Hagen Daazs, several containers & flavors without the carageenan: strawberry, coffee, vanilla & chocolate. You must quit smoking; I ate a lot of frozen yogurt back in the day when I quit.
I quit six years ago. I had tried several times, but it really hit me when I was standing outside in the park next to the cancer hospital after my mother had her third surgery--her cancer wasn't smoking related, but I realized just how stupid it was to be smoking when I have a family history like mine.
I made the decision, and at 7:55 am on the following Monday, I quit. I know for me, one puff will turn into one cigarette, and then I will be buying a pack. I can never, ever smoke again. I had to shift all my thinking to start calling myself a non-smoker, even from that very first day. Until I stopped defining myself as a smoker who was quitting and started thinking of myself as a person who did not ever smoke, I never managed to succeed.
I developed a pack-a-day gum habit for a while, which now means I can't chew gum either because it reminds me of feeling so ill when I quit. But I remember vividly the day my sense of smell really came back. It was spring, and I went for a walk at lunchtime because that was one of my strategies for coping with cravings. I was walking down a tree-lined street when suddenly my nose was filled with the scent of sun-warmed lilacs. Amazing.
Other incentives? My new boyfriend was allergic to cigarette smoke and couldn't kiss me if I'd just had one, and his kisses were worth not smoking--that guy is now my partner of six years. I saved up all the money I would have spent on smokes and bought myself treats: fresh flowers, new clothes, and most memorably, eventually a really great antique maple wardrobe. I used the quitnet website and was amazed to watch the ticker go by and realize how much money I'd saved (approaching $10,000 at this point, and that's not accounting for price increases).
It also counts how many cigarettes I haven't smoked (26808), but in my mind, that will always only be one, the next one, because that's the only one I ever have to pass up.
If I didn't define myself for myself, I would be crunched into other people's fantasies for me and eaten alive. --Audre Lorde
Owly's Journal
Owly, what a great description of mentally coping with addiction. I have been through a similar experience with self-injury. I still struggle with the identity portion, with being a "former" cutter. To me, it feels like a part of me that will never leave, though I wish it would.
Depression Lies


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NORTON SHORES, MI -- Maranatha Bible Conference, the nonprofit ministry campus in Norton Shores, is trying something new this holiday season – hosting a "Women's Christmas Tea."
Coordinator for the event, Sheri Holman, is already referring to it as an "annual" program.
"This is an ideal setting for women of the community to come in a relaxed atmosphere and hear a wonderful program," Holman said from her Grand Haven home.
The special guest presenter is Terri McFarland, an inspirational speaker and recording artist from Holland.
But there will also be holiday beverages, including tea, and a dessert buffet.
"The tables will be decorated individually by 25 different decorators and each will be creating a centerpiece," Holman said of the table settings in the dining area that includes a fireplace. "It really should give women ideas for decorating at home."
Holman was an ideal candidate to plan the women's session. She has directed similar events for a number of years at her Covenant Life Church in downtown Grand Haven.
McFarland hopes the program will be an "oasis" in which to recall the real meaning of the holiday in a program she titles "Whiter Than Snow."
• What: Women's Christmas Tea – featuring Terri McFarland with "Whiter Than Snow"
• When: 4 p.m. Dec. 2
• Where: Sweet Shop area of the Family Life Center at Maranatha Bible Conference, 4759 Lake Harbor Rd.
• Tickets: $15 in advance, available via phone at (231) 798-2161
• For more info: See www.retreatwithpurpose.com
"Women especially can get a to-do list each Christmas season that keeps us so preoccupied that we might not think of what Christmas really is," said McFarland. "I think we need to embrace some time to slow down and take a breath and simply focus on the Jesus Christ of Christmas."
A former high school and college coach, McFarland remains active in the Fellowship of Christian Athletes and in summer sports camps. In addition to high school teaching, she also does several dozen speaking and singing engagements each year.
At Sunday's program she will sing tunes from her Christmas album, "O Holy Night." Among the songs is an arrangement of "Somewhere It's Snowing" which transitions into the hymn "Whiter Than Snow," which titles the program.
"In a season of gift-giving, I think we should take the gifts that God has blessed us with and give them back to him in service to others," she added.
McFarland is coping with a sense of personal loss this holiday. Her mother, Siola McFarland of Holland, a retired teacher, passed away on Nov. 15.
"My mom was an accomplished pianist and vocalist and she was my musical training," she said. "She has a wonderful legacy that we hold in high esteem."
Initial response to the event has been encouraging. Holman, also president of Maranatha's womens organization, reports that half of the 200 or so tickets for the tea had already been sold by Thanksgiving week.
Maranatha marketing director Scott Eikenberry said the facility hosts many events for outside groups and organizations, especially during the fall to spring seasons.
"But I think we'd like to develop additional events that we would coordinate," he said.
Holman is grateful she was in the right place at the right time.
"I was so excited when our new executive director (Mark Sumney) mentioned a women's Christmas time program," Holman said of the original idea for the event. "He had no idea of my experience with Christmas programs, and that's how all of this came about."


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AUBURN HILLS -- Detroit Pistons coach John Kuester is not waiting around to see whether Richard Hamilton is traded.
Apparently he is ready to shake things up right now.
The Pistons will make wholesale changes to their starting lineup for tonight's game against the Memphis Grizzlies, according to Vincent Goodwill of the Detroit News.
Goodwill reported via his Twitter account that Tracy McGrady and Rodney Stuckey will start in the backcourt tonight, with Chris Wilcox replacing Charlie Villanueva at power forward.
Ben Wallace said after the morning shootaround that his injured ankle will prevent him from playing, which means Greg Monroe will start at center.
Tayshaun Prince will remain the starter at small forward.
Pistons players said following the shootaround this morning – and before the news about the lineup change went public – that the team could use a shakeup.
"We're 12-25. Something needs to change," Prince said. "We're 12-25. Whether you think it's a Rip trade or a Tayshaun trade or anything, something needs to be done."
Wallace agreed.
"There's no question about it," he said. "Something needs to change. We've got more losses than wins. Exactly what? I can't put my finger on it. Change is good sometimes."
Another possible change involves trade talks that include Hamilton, though there seems to be nothing new on that front. A trade proposal that would send Hamilton – along with Denver teammates Carmelo Anthony and Chauncey Billups – to the New Jersey Nets came to light Friday, and talks heated up Sunday, but have been somewhat quiet ever since.
Billups talked Tuesday about the possibility of being traded.
"I'm sure we will find out soon if it will be a reality or not," he told Yahoo! Sports. "I'll be ready either way. Of course, Rip is pulling for anything to get out of his current situation. We will see."
Hamilton, who was not available for comment after the shootaround, has maintained all along that he isn't bothered by trade rumors and that he his happy playing for the Pistons. But he has not played well lately. He is shooting just 35.5 percent (27-for-76) since scoring 35 points in his first game off the bench after being replaced in the starting lineup by Ben Gordon.
Hamilton finished with two points on 0-for-5 shooting Monday in a loss at Chicago.
Wallace said players see some positives in being involved in trade talks.
"It never bothered me about being traded," he said. "As long as I got some people talking about me, then I'm all right. When it gets to the point where they can't trade you then you've got problems."


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Bruton to move NHMS June date?: Bruton Smith will look for any reason to move one of New Hampshire's Cup dates to Kentucky, if WMUR-TV's report is true. I wonder if Bruton will show his face this weekend to address this issue.
Coke Zero 400 to be shown in 3D: Looking for a different viewpoint of the upcoming race at Daytona? Click here to see plans for a new dimension of NASCAR.
Boris Said's crew chief gets into it with Tony Stewart: SB Nation's Jeff Gluck writes about a post-race skirmish from Sunday.
Jeff Gordon: Public Enemy #1: Will there be retaliation against Gordon from the drivers he ran off the road at Sonoma? ESPN.com's Ed Hinton weighs in.
New sponsor for Bowyer at Loudon: Jayski.com has details of a one-off deal for Clint Bowyer's No. 33 car this weekend.


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Late December has been a time for celebrations throughout history and around the world.
In China, there is Dong Zhi. For the Jews, it's Hanukkah. The Incas celebrated Inti Raymi; the Persians, Yalda; the Romans, Saturnalia. Christians have made their Christmas celebration universal.
(Of course, Christians did not intend Christmas to commemorate anything to do with the Sun. But historians have suggested that they chose the solstice time because their people were accustomed to observing the older pagan festivals. At some times in history, Christians may even have employed the observance as protective camouflage. In fact, the date of the birth of Jesus is not known.)
Even Facebookers have their Kwansolhaneidmas. I guess some holidays are more serious than others.
Why this time of year? After all, this is a time of maximum darkness and considerable cold, surely not a good time for making merry. But the important word is "maximum." Future days will be brighter, so let's party!
You can see a depiction of this in most Earth globes: they're tipped at this angle. You might have thought this was to make them easier to use, but that's not the reason.
The key fact for us today: the rotation axis does not change its orientation, its direction in space. The north end of that line always points up almost perfectly to the North Star. The Earth is a massive gyroscope, with a lot of spin momentum, and it would be very difficult to flip it around very much in space, as many people envision it doing.
Rather, the change in the seasons comes about only because the Earth is at different positions in its orbit, relative to the Sun, during the year (the seasons have little to do with the changing distance of the Sun from Earth).
At one point in its orbit, in late June, our Northern Hemisphere is "leaning toward the Sun," maximally exposed to its warming rays, so it tends to be warm there.
Six months later, in late December, the Northern Hemisphere is pointing away from the Sun, so it's cold. The rotational axis hasn't shifted direction, but the Earth is on the other side of the Sun now.
You can observe the evidence for this easily, but you must devote some time to the project. Mark and record the altitude of the Sun in degrees above the southern horizon at local noon every clear day for a year (I told you it would take some time! I suggest you draft your children to help.)
You might do this by measuring the length of the shadow of a straight pole stuck vertically in the ground. You'll find the length of the shadow reaches a maximum, meaning the altitude of the noon Sun is at its lowest, around December 21. On that day, we're tilted most directly away from the Sun. Astronomers call this the Winter Solstice; the rest of us call it the first day of winter, though that's not an official title, believe it or not — some cultures have even labeled the time "Midwinter." There are fewer hours of daylight now than any other day: maximum dark!
(Technically, the solstice is the direction in space, a point on your star chart in Sagittarius, occupied by the Sun at its maximum southerly position. But most of us think of the solstice as a time, not a direction. Please don't tell the Solstice Police on me.)
On this day, the up-and-down motion of the noonday Sun ceases. The Sun at noon seems to hang at the same altitude for several days, standing still (as far as up and down motion is concerned, anyway.) Hence the name: "Sol" meaning "Sun," "-stice" from the Latin for "still."
You can also observe interesting changes at sunset (and sunrise, but let's focus on sunset.) Sit on a boulder that's not likely to move for a year, in the middle of a large field. Have your assistant, perhaps a handy graduate student, carry a smaller rock, perhaps painted bright red, some distance away from you (the farther she goes, the more accurate this will be.) Direct her to set it down in line with the setting Sun.
Perform this experiment for a year. You'll find the sunset marker rocks will reach a point farthest to the left of west on December 21, the same day you see the lowest noontime Sun. After this day, the rocks will start marching to the right. To conserve your research budget, I recommend doing both of these experiments in the same year.
The powerful astronomer-priests who performed these measurements in past centuries knew that when the lowest-noonday-Sun and farthest-left-sunset points were observed, they had reached the darkest day. After this, the Sun would day-by-day return to its higher position in the sky; the air would eventually warm; it would soon be time to plant the new crops. Of course we should celebrate the Return of the Sun! We should also pay a substantial fee to those astronomers who had such wondrous knowledge of the world. Ah, the good old days!
There are many other fascinating customs and celebrations connected with the winter sky. You can experience them in "Season of Light," the annual holiday star show at Edelman Planetarium, which also includes a presentation on the Star of Bethlehem. This show has been so popular that an expanded schedule will be offered. The show will play at 7 and 8:30 p.m. on Saturday nights, and 3 p.m. on Sundays, the first three weekends of December.
Also playing is "Holiday Magic," a laser light show featuring songs of the season by Mannheim Steamroller, Andy Williams, Bing Crosby, the Spice Girls and many more. This show plays on Saturdays at 7:45 p.m. and Sundays at 3:45 p.m. the same days as "Season of Light." Admission fees and show descriptions can be found at www.rowan.edu/planetarium/. We hope you can pay us a holiday visit!
Keith Johnson will celebrate the return of the Sun at 1:47 p.m. EST, Dec. 21, in his role as director of Edelman Planetarium at Rowan University. He's glad to answer questions by e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.com or phone at (856) 256-4389.


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UA Gameday, a university initiative offering information on travel routes, traffic, parking, closed streets and more, is reaching out to fans to help them get the most out of their Saturday at the Capstone.
Fans can access UA Gameday's website, mobile apps, email updates, Twitter and Facebook to receive updates and tips on getting around Tuscaloosa on football Saturdays. Information is also available from the city by calling 311.
Getting to campus
With many fans traveling through Birmingham on their way to Tuscaloosa, UA Gameday expects heavy traffic at the junction of Interstate 459 and Interstate 20/59 on Saturday before the game. Drivers are advised to take I-20/59 to Tuscaloosa instead of taking I-459, where there are often backups on gamedays.
Drivers on I-459 can also take exit 1 off of I-459 onto County Road 20 and enter I-20/59 on exit 100 or merge onto Highway 216, which eventually turns into 15th Street in Tuscaloosa.
There are four main routes to campus from I-20/59, but the university suggests taking the "Cottondale Route" and "Route 216" for access to parking on the east side of campus or exiting at I-359 for access to downtown parking.
- The "Cottondale Route": Take Exit 79 off of I-20/59 and proceed west on University Boulevard East. At the fork of Highway 11 and Highway 215, bear right onto Highway 215 to continue on University Boulevard toward campus.
- "Route 216" (not a preferred route for RVs): Fans traveling from Birmingham can take exit 100 off of I-20/59 and take a right on Route 216. Keep straight at the intersection of Highway 216 and University Boulevard East and continue on 15th Street East. Turn right on 6th Avenue East toward campus.
- "359 route": Take exit 71 B off of I-20/59 and merge onto Interstate 359 north. I-359 north ends and becomes Lurleen B. Wallace Boulevard near downtown. Continue on Wallace Boulevard. Turn right onto Paul W. Bryant Drive or University Boulevard to head east toward campus.
- The "McFarland Route": Take exit 73 off I-20/59 and proceed north on McFarland Boulevard. Exit McFarland Boulevard at University Boulevard and head west toward campus.
On Saturday morning, three sections of streets near the stadium will be closed: Wallace Wade Avenue, Colonial Drive and Paul W. Bryant Drive (from Frank Thomas Avenue to Colonial Drive). Portions of University Boulevard, Hackberry Lane, Stadium Drive and other streets on campus will be closed beginning at 10 a.m.
The streets will only be open to emergency and permit vehicles. For a complete list of closures, view the UA Gameday pregame traffic map.
Several lots on the east side of campus are open for general public parking, including the lot east of Coleman Coliseum, the lot at Moody Music Building and lots around the University Medical Center and the Student Recreation Center. A complete map of open lots can be viewed on the UA Gameday website.
Fans can reserve free parking passes for Lot A and the Moody Music Building lot on the UA Gameday online through UA.
Crimson Ride will run a free shuttle with stops at the east campus RV lots, the soccer paved lot and parking lots located along Fifth Avenue. The shuttles drop off at Morgan Hall near the Quad.
Free parking is available in and near the downtown intermodal facility located on 23rd Avenue between Sixth and Seventh Street. Tuscaloosa Transit will run buses beginning at 11 a.m. until one hour after the end of the game. The price per person for each trip is $1 per trip for adults, $0.50 for people over 60 or people with disabilities and free for children three and under.
Shuttles will not run from the University Mall or Coleman Coliseum on A-Day.
Disability parking will be available for free in the lot on Wallace Wade Avenue west of the stadium, the Communications Card Lot outside the northeast corner of the stadium and at the Campus Drive parking deck at the Hackberry Lane and Campus Drive intersection.
Shuttles for people with disabilities will run from the Campus Drive parking deck to Bryant-Denny Stadium beginning at 11 a.m.
Fans can reserve on-campus RV spaces in the Northeast Commuter Lot at the corner of Fifth Avenue East and Campus Drive East for $75. RVs will be able to enter the lot on campus at 6 p.m. on Friday.
The university also offers a free lot behind Belle Foods on McFarland Boulevard that opens today. RV parking will not be allowed in any non-designated areas on campus.
Getting home
One of the quickest routes to I-20/59 is through taking I-359 south, which can be accessed via Bryant Drive, University Boulevard, Jack Warner Parkway or 10th Avenue. On the last exit ramp at the south end of I-359, keep left to travel toward Birmingham and keep right to travel toward Meridian. This is the best way for fans parking downtown and on the west side of campus to get back to I-20/59.
For fans parking on the east side of campus looking to head east on I-20/59, UA Gameday suggests taking University Boulevard heading east through Alberta City and Cottondale and taking a left onto Highway 216 to reach I-20/59. At the intersection of University Boulevard and Highway 216, there will be an electronic traffic sign directing fans to 216.
Other routes to I-20/59 include taking McFarland Boulevard south and 15th Street heading east. Traffic will not be allowed to enter McFarland Boulevard eastbound (toward I-20/59) from University Boulevard.


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As you plan for the big day, you may want to purchase personalized announcements to notify your loved ones of your achievement, or a frame for your new diploma.
Visit the WesternU Bookstore online, on campus, or at the PCA.
WesternU Bookstore
Fax: 909-469-5568
395 E. Second Street
Pomona, CA 91766-1854
Graduate Portraits, Graduation Videos & Graduation Candid Photos
Diploma & Hooding Photos (Taken on Stage)
Class & Candid Photos (Taken in Goldroom)
A wide variety of flower bouquets and orchid leis will be available for purchase at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium. Cash, checks, credit cards, and debit cards accepted. You may also pre-order flowers by visiting www.commencementflowers.org/westhealth and simply pick-up your order at the Commencement Flowers booth at the ceremony. Pre-order availability ends on May 16, 2016.