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Nauplius. Population biology of the hermit crab Paguristes tortuga e Schmitt, 1933 (Anomura, Diogenidae) from Anchieta Island, Ubatuba, Brazil
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1 . 8(2), , 185 Population biology of the hermit crab Paguristes tortuga e Schmitt, 1933 (Anomura, Diogenidae) from Anchieta Island, Ubatuba, Brazil Mantelatto 1, F. L. M. and Sousa, L. M. Departamento de Biologia FFCLRP/Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Av. Bandeirantes, 39 - CEP , Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brazil. Abstract The population of the infralittoral hermit crab Paguristes tortugae Schmitt, 1933 from Anchieta Island was studied with emphasis on its seasonal abundance, seasonal size-frequency distribution, sex ratio, recruitment and reproductive period based on juveniles and ovigerous female ratios, respectively. The animals were collected monthly by Scuba diving from January to December 1998 on the infralittoral rocky shores and sandy areas of South, East, Small Beaches and/or Wind Bay of Anchieta Island. Total mean hermit crab size, measured as shield length, was 4. ± 1.18 mm for males, 3.16 ±.98 mm for non-ovigerous females, and 3.72 ± 1.7 mm for ovigerous females. This island population differed in size-frequency distribution (bimodal) when compared to populations of the same species from other localities. Continuity in recruitment and reproduction was observed, with a high incidence from November to March (spring to autumn). The species P. tortugae presented sexual dimorphism in size, with a higher growth rate observed in males. Three individuals exhibited an abnormal gonopore position. The sex ratio pattern (anomalous) changed seasonally. Key words: Anomura, hermit crab, Paguristes, population biology Introduction Decapod crustaceans present a high number of living species that inhabit a wide variety of biotopes. Consequently, this group represents promising study because the establishment of these animals in such environments derives from the evolution of adaptative population strategies. Thus, the Anomura represent a highly significant group among marine crustaceans, comprising more than 8 species of the hermit crabs of the world and have undergone considerable revision (Ingle, 1993). Hermit crabs represent an important portion of the many intertidal and moderately deep benthic communities, where they play an important role in the marine food chain (Fransozo and Mantelatto, 1998). Despite of this situation, the population aspects of hermit crabs have been poorly studied. Of 46 hermit crab species recorded in Brazilian waters, 21 were recorded on the northern coast of São Paulo State, 14 of them belonging to the family Diogenidae and 7 to the family Paguridae (Melo, 1999; Mantelatto et al., 1). The genus Paguristes is represented by more than species distributed in all tropical and subtropical oceans, occurring from the intertidal zones to moderate depths (Provenzano, 1978). Paguristes tortugae Schmitt, 1933 is a relatively common species distributed in the Western Atlantic from Florida to Brazil (as far south as Santa Catarina State) (Rieger and Giraldi, 1997; Melo, 1999). This species has been studied concerning to systematic descriptions (Forest and Saint Laurent, 1967; Tommasi, 1967), post-embryonic development (Hebling and Negreiros-Fransozo, 1983), population structure and shell occupation (Negreiros-Fransozo and Fransozo, 1992), fecundity (Negreiros-Fransozo et al., 1992; Mantelatto et al., 2), shell utilization pattern, and reproductive aspects (Gandolfi, 1996; Mantelatto and Dominciano in press). Despite the reports about Brazilian shore populations of this species, they represent promising
2 Mantelatto, F. L. M. and Sousa, L. M. Biology of Paguristes tortugae 186 material for study on comparative population biology and ecology with specimens from different areas. In addition, three groups of hermit crabs in particular (i.e., the genera Pagurus and Paguristes, and the Pylopagurus-like species), have been a difficult group to study because there are many still-undescribed species and considerable identification problems among specialist and nonspecialists alike (Hendrickx and Harvey, 1999). Hermit crabs have also been included in numerous reports of decapods from Central and South America (see Haig and Harvey, 1991 in review). However, few species have received more than brief attention. In Brazil, several studies on the population structure of hermit crabs were carried out in the Ubatuba region (São Paulo State) for Pagurus criniticornis (Dana, 1852), Pagurus brevidactylus (Stimpson, 1879), Clibanarius antillensis Stimpson, 1859 and Clibanarius vittatus (Bosc, 182) by Negreiros-Fransozo et al. (1991), Dardanus insignis (de Saussure, 1858) by Fernandes-Góes (1997), Calcinus tibicen (Herbst, 1791) by Fransozo and Mantelatto (1998), Loxopagurus loxochelis (Moreira, 191) by Martinelli et al. (in press), Petrochirus diogenes (Linnaeus, 1758) by Bertini and Fransozo (), and Paguristes erythrops by Garcia and Mantelatto (1). In this report, we describe the population structure of P. tortugae in the infralittoral region of Anchieta Island (Ubatuba), São Paulo State, Brazil, with respect to seasonal abundance, seasonal sizefrequency distribution based on shield length as a measure of animal size, recruitment and reproductive period based on juveniles and ovigerous female ratios, respectively. Material and Methods Study Area Anchieta Island (23 o 33 S and 45 o 5 W) was recently declared an ecological reserve of São Paulo State. The island has a total area of about km 2, located landwards, and separated from the coast by a m long and 35 m deep canal. There are six small beaches, and almost the entire shore area is rocky, with an irregular surface and areas with large boulders. This area is important in view of the significant anthropogenic activity, which has led to the expansion of the tourist center (Mantelatto and Garcia, 2). The physical and chemical features of this area have been described by Medeiros (1992), however scientific information about the crustacean fauna from this location is scanty. Sampling Hermit crabs were obtained monthly from January to December 1998 on the infralittoral rocky shores and sandy areas of South, East, Small Beaches and/or Wind Bay of Anchieta Island. Except for January and July (with one site sampled), at least two of these sites were sampled monthly as a function of ocean conditions permitting access and diving activities. Specimens were captured during the daytime by three people using SCUBA diving methods over a period of min over the same area of about 85 m 2. This methodology provided large amounts of material from this area and thus was considered efficient for the hermit crab population study (Mantelatto and Garcia, 2). Analysis Animals were frozen and transported to the laboratory where they were carefully removed from their shells and measured for cephalothoracic shield length (CSL = from the tip of the rostrum to the V- shaped groove at the posterior edge). Sex was determined from the gonopore position (on the basis of the 3 rd and 5 th pair of pereopods for females and males, respectively). Measurements were made with a caliper rule (.1 mm) or with a camera lucida. The specimens were grouped into.5 mm size class intervals from 1. to 8. mm. The reproductive condition of the population was expressed as the percentage of females carrying eggs relative to the total number of females collected (Fransozo and Mantelatto, 1998). The chi-square
3 . 8(2), , 187 test (χ 2 ) was used to evaluate the sex ratio and to compare male and female percentage per month. The size distribution frequency was analyzed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Normality test (KS). The mean size of individuals of both sexes was compared by the Mann-Whitney Sum test. All used tests are in accordance with the methods described by Zar (1996). Results There were no significant differences between number and size of the specimens from the four sampled areas on Anchieta Island and therefore the data were pooled for analysis. A total of 2429 individuals (mean, and minimum to maximum shield length) of P. tortugae were obtained, represented by 92 males (4. ± 1.18 mm, 1. to 7.8 mm), 495 non-ovigerous females (3.16 ±.98 mm, 1.1 to 6.2 mm), and 842 ovigerous females (3.72 ± 1.7 mm, 1.8 to 6.7 mm). The mean size of males was significantly larger than the mean size of females (P <.1). Three males presented anomalous characteristics in gonopore position. Two of them with a normal pair of gonopores on 5 th pereiopod and one gonopore on the left 4 th pereiopod, and the third abnormal male presented a pair of gonopores on the 5 th pereiopod, one gonopore on the 4 th and another on the 3 rd pereiopod. These abnormal individuals were included in the male category because they presented a pair of pleopods on the first two abdominal segments. The KS test indicated that female data (KS =.1; P <.1) and male data matches (KS =.58; P <.1) varied significantly from the pattern expected for a population of normal distribution. There was a conspicuous bimodal size distribution for males and ovigerous females and an unimodal distribution for non-ovigerous females (Table I and Figure 1). Male modal size ranged from 3. to 3.5 and from 4.5 to 5. mm of CSL. Non-ovigerous females showed a modal size ranging from 2.5 to 3. mm and ovigerous females a modal size ranging from 2.5 to 3. mm and from 4. to 5. mm of CSL. Males reached a larger size than females since only males occurred in the largest two size classes. Monthly CSL values were, in general, bimodal and slightly asymmetrical. Recruitment into the zone studied (by specimens which belong to the previously defined size class < 1.8 mm CSL, based on the smallest ovigerous females size) occurred in all months (Figure 2). Number of individuals males (N = 92) ovigerous females (N = 842) non ovigerous females (N = 495) Cephalothoracic shield length (mm) Figure 1: P. tortugae: Size frequency distribution of individuals collected from Anchieta Island during January to December Overall sex ratio (proportion of males =.82 : 1.) was significantly different from the expected 1:1 sex ratio (χ 2 = 24.7; P <.5), and the proportion of males clearly increased with larger sizes in P. tortugae. Analysis of reproductive activity indicated by the presence of ovigerous females, revealed that spawning period extended along all months, with a high occurrence of ovigerous females (more than 5 % of mature females) that peaked throughout summer, except for October (41.6 %). This condition was a strong indicator of high reproductive activity (Figure 3). The first spawn occurred among females belonging to the mm CSL size class, whereas the proportion (5. % or more) of ovigerous females was clearly increased with larger sizes in P. tortugae (Figure 4).
4 Mantelatto, F. L. M. and Sousa, L. M. Biology of Paguristes tortugae January Males (N = 18) Ovigerous females (N = 16) Non ovigerous females (N = 7) July N = 11 N = 14 N = 11 February N = 61 N = 57 N = August N = 143 N = 176 N = 87 Number of individuals March N = 71 N = 83 N = 24 5 September N = 71 N = 76 N = 4 April N = 65 N = 1 N = October N = 62 N = 185 N = 87 4 May N = 61 N = 61 N = November N = 8 N = 123 N = 5 June N = 57 N = 78 N = Figure 2: P. tortugae: Monthly size class frequency distributions. 4 4 December N = 116 N = 1 N =
5 . 8(2), , 189 Table I: P. tortugae: Size frequency distribution of hermit crabs collected on Anchieta Island from January to December The values indicate the number of individuals and the percentage in relation to the total specimens captured. Size classes Males % Non ovigerous % Ovigerous % Total % (mm) females females Total Ovigerous fem ales Non ovigerous females % 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% % % % % Jan Feb M ar Apr M ai Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure 3: P. tortugae: Percentage of non-ovigerous and ovigerous females during the study period (1998). % 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% % % % % Ovigerous females Non ovigerous females Cephalothoracic shield length (mm) Figure 4: P. tortugae: Percentage of non-ovigerous and ovigerous females as a function of size (CSL).
6 Mantelatto, F. L. M. and Sousa, L. M. Discussion Biology of Paguristes tortugae 19 The sampling methodology used in this study, that provided large amount of specimens from irregular surfaces, revealed an abundant population of P. tortugae in the region of Anchieta Island. This population consisted of specimens of different sizes, with high potentiality for reproduction and growth on a large scale. Paguristes tortugae is sexually dimorphic in relation to size, with males reaching larger cephalothoracic shield lengths than females, corroborating the pattern reported for this species from other sites (see Negreiros-Fransozo and Fransozo, 1992 and Gandolfi, 1996). This condition was well documented for other hermit crab species (Ameyaw-Akunfi, 1975; Bertness, 198; Blackstone, 1985; Lowery and Nelson, 1988; Asakura, 1992; Martinelli et al., in press; Fransozo and Mantelatto, 1998; Manjón-Cabeza and García-Raso, 1998). According to Abrams (1988), three factors can interfere in the sexual dimorphism of hermit crabs: 1) the difference in energy available for growth, with males growing more because they do not expend energy in egg production, but use their full energy for structural metabolism; 2) the larger reproductive effort exhibited by males may be due to their ability to fertilize more than one female; 3) males of larger dimensions have a greater chance on obtaining females for copulation as a function of intraspecific fights. All these factors can interfere in the size of P. tortugae males. The high number of individuals of P. tortugae in the study area was probably related to their high reproductive effort, corroborated by the number of ovigerous females (34 % of the total individuals captured) and by the sex ratio in favor of females. Also, based on the size of the smallest ovigerous females (1.8 mm of CSL) we may infer that the sexual maturity occurs in small-sized individuals in the life cycle of P. tortugae in the Anchieta region. The smallest and the largest individuals captured (respectively 1. and 7.8 mm of CSL) were males. Negreiros-Fransozo and Fransozo (1992) found a smaller population (respectively 2. and 7.6 mm of CSL) of P. tortugae from the rocky coast of a nearby area (Lázaro Beach). However, the mean values (CSL) of males, non-ovigerous and ovigerous females were higher than those of specimens captured on Anchieta Island. It is possible that the differences were associated with the type of gastropod shell species occupied at both sites. On Lázaro Beach, individuals of P. tortugae were captured occupying Stramonita haemastoma (Linnaeus, 1767) shells, in opposite to the condition observed on Anchieta Island where the individuals captured were preferentially occupying Pisania auritula (Link, 187), and Morula nodulosa (Adams, 1845) shells, with S. haemastoma being occupied at a low percentage (5.5%) (Mantelatto and Garcia, 1). Considering that shell size can interfere on hermit size (Markham, 1968; Bertness, 1981), it is possible to infer that the larger sizes attained by S. haemastoma individuals can promote the greater growth of hermits from Lázaro Beach. In our study there were few juveniles smaller than 1. mm in CSL. These observations and the maximum size attained by the specimens support the hypothesis that recruitment may occur in a habitat different from that occupied by adults probably due to the need for protection and/or food resources (Fransozo and Mantelatto, 1998). Alternately, the juveniles may prefer deeper sea-beds, as mentioned for Calcinus tubularis (Linnaeus, 1767) by Manjón-Cabeza and García-Raso (1995). Hazlett (1983) described the daily movement of C. tibicen in St. Thomas, US Virgin Island, which may be correlated to foraging for resources and shell acquisition. The bimodality in size frequency distribution found in the present study was also reported by Gandolfi (1996), while Negreiros-Fransozo and Fransozo (1992) described a unimodal pattern for P. tortugae from Lázaro Beach. The unimodality of size frequency distributions is a common pattern observed in decapod crustaceans and usually characterizes the occurrence of slight monthly variations and may usually result from continuous recruitment without class disruption, and from mortality rates (Díaz and Conde, 1989). The pattern observed for P. tortugae in the present study, as well as in a study by Gandolfi (1996), is uncommon and may reflect recruitment pulses or behavioral differences (Díaz and Conde, op. cit.). A hypothesis to answer this question probably is defined by the life cycle of P. tortugae that occurs
7 . 8(2), , 191 over a period of years. The second peak in size distribution frequency in the last size classes corresponds to a strong recruitment of a population of individuals in the second year of life, which belonged to the first peak in size frequency distribution in the previous year, and so on. The bimodality in monthly size frequency distribution is a strong factor eliminating the hypothesis of catastrophic mortality. The sex ratio investigated in size classes of P. tortugae presented an anomalous pattern (see Wenner, 1972 for a review). This model was described for Calcinus latens (Randall, 184) and Calcinus laevimanus (Randall, 184) by Gherardi and McLaughlin (1994) and Wenner (op. cit.), respectively. Disparities in crustacean sex ratio can be related to differences in life cycle, growth rate for each sex, and sexual reversion (Wenner, op. cit.). For the studied species this pattern changed with the season, indicating that this phenomenon (sex ratio pattern) is more a function of season or habitat than of size. However, the presence of three individuals with anomalies (intersexes) needs further studies in order to clarify the questions about the reproductive cycle, the possibility of hermaphroditism, developmental abnormality and/or the feminizing of male crabs by parasites (i.e., crabs which would otherwise be males developing female characteristics) (O Brien, 1999). The sex ratio favoring females, taken together with a continuous reproductive period throughout the year and a relatively early sex maturity, favors the hypothesis of a trait associated with a considerable behavioral difference in development, as supported by the high population density detected in the study region. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to FAPESP (# 98/7454-5) for financial support and to CNPq (# 46/ 99-2) for a Scientific Initiation Fellowship to LMS. We thank Secretaria do Meio Ambiente do Estado de São Paulo, IBAMA and Parque Estadual da Ilha Anchieta for permission (Proc. # 42358/98) during sampling work. Special thanks are due to Dr. Nilton Hebling (Zoology Department, IB UNESP Rio Claro) for assistance with species identification and to the NEBECC co-workers, Jussara Martinelli and Renata Garcia, for their help during field and laboratory work. All experiments conducted in this study complied with currently applicable state and federal laws. References Abrams, P. A Sexual difference in resource use in hermit crabs; consequences and causes. Pp In: Chelazzi, G. and M. Vannini (Eds.). Behavioral adaptation to intertidal life. V. 1. New York, Plenum, Inc. Ameyaw-Akumfi, C The breeding biology of sympatric species of tropical intertidal hermit crabs, Clibanarius chapini and Clibanarius senegalensis. Marine Biology, 29: Asakura, A Population ecology of the sand-dwelling hermit crab Diogenes nitidimanus Terao. 5. Ecological implications on the pattern of molting growth. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 12: Bertini, G. and Fransozo, A.. Population dynamics of Petrochirus diogenes (Crustacea, Anomura, Diogenidae) in Ubatuba region, São Paulo, Brazil. Crustacean Issues, 12: Bertness, M. D Shell preference and utilization patterns in littoral hermit crabs of the Bay of Panama. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 48: Bertness, M. D The influence of shell-type on hermit crab growth rate and clutch size (Decapoda, Anomura). Crustaceana, 4(2): Blackstone, N. W The effects of shell size and shape on growth and form in the hermit crab Pagurus longicarpus. Biological Bulletin, 168: Díaz, H. and Conde, J. E Population dynamics and life history of the mangrove crab Aratus pisonii (Brachyura, Grapsidae) in a marine environment. Bulletin of Marine Science, 45: Fernandes-Góes, L. C Distribuição e biologia populacional de Dardanus insignis (Saussure, 1858) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura) na região de Ubatuba, SP. 15p. Master Science Dissertation - Instituto de Biociências - UNESP - Botucatu.
8 Mantelatto, F. L. M. and Sousa, L. M. Biology of Paguristes tortugae 192 Forest, J. and Saint Laurent, M Campagne de la Calypso au large des côtes atlantiques de l Amérique du Sud ( ). 6. Crustacés Décapodes: Pagurides. Annales de l Institut Oceanographique, 45(2): Fransozo, A. and Mantelatto, F. L. M Population structure and reproductive period of the tropical hermit crab Calcinus tibicen (Decapoda, Diogenidae) in the Ubatuba region, São Paulo, Brazil. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 18(3): Gandolfi, S. M Padrão de utilização de conchas e aspectos da reprodução de Paguristes tortugae e Pagurus brevidactylus (Decapoda, Anomura) em costões do canal de São Sebastião, SP. 69p. Master Science Dissertation - Instituto de Biociências - UNICAMP - Campinas. Garcia, R. B. and Mantelatto, F. L. M. 1. Population dynamics of the hermit crab Paguristes erythrops (Diogenidae) from Anchieta Island, Southern Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdon, 81(6): Gherardi, F. and McLaughlin, P. A Shallow-water hermit crab (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Paguridea) from Mauritius and Rodrigues Islands, with the descrition of a new species of Calcinus. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 42(3): Haig, J. and Harvey, A. W Three new species of the Pagurus lepidus complex (Decapoda, Anomura, Paguridae) from the eastern Pacific. Contributions in Science (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles Country), 4: Hazlett, B. A Daily movement in the hermit crabs Clibanarius tricolor and Calcinus tibicen. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 3(2): Hebling, N. J. and Negreiros-Fransozo, M. L Desenvolvimento pós-embrionário de Paguristes tortugae Schmitt, 1933 (Decapoda, Diogenidae), em laboratório. Boletim de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, 6: Hendrickx, M. E. and Harvey, A. W Checklist of anomuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda) from Eastern Tropical Pacific. Belgian Journal of Zoology, 129(2): Ingle, R Hermit crabs of the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. 1 st ed., London, Chapman and Hall. 495 p. Lowery, W. A. and Nelson, W. G Population ecology of the hermit crab Clibanarius vittatus (Decapoda, Diogenidae) at Sebastian Inlet, Florida. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 8: Manjón-Cabeza, M. E. and García-Raso, J. E Study of a population of Calcinus tubularis (Crustacea, Diogenidae) from a shallow Posidonia oceanica meadow. Cahiers du Biologie Marine, 36: Manjón-Cabeza, M. E. and García-Raso, J. E Population structure and growth of the hermit crab Diogenes pugilator (Decapoda: Anomura: Diogenidae) from the northeastern Atlantic. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 18(4): Mantelatto, F. L. M. and Garcia, R. B. 2. Hermit crab fauna from the infralittoral area of Anchieta Island (Ubatuba, Brazil), pp In: Briones, E.E. and Alvarez, F. (Eds.). Modern Approaches to the Study of Crustacean. In press Mantelatto, F. L. M.; Garcia, R. B.; Martinelli, J. M. and Hebling, N. J. 1. On a record of Dardanus venosus (H. Milne Edwards) (Crustacea, Anomura) from the São Paulo State, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 18(1): Mantelatto, F. L. M.; Alarcon, V. F. and Garcia, R. B. 2. Egg production strategies in the tropical hermit crab Paguristes tortugae from Brazil. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 22(2): Mantelatto, F. L. M. and Dominciano, L. C. C. In press. Pattern of shell utilization by the hermit crab Paguristes tortugae (Diogenidae) from Anchieta Island, Southern Brazil. Scientia Marina. Markham, J. C Notes on growth-patterns and shell-utilization of the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus (L.). Ophelia, 5: Martinelli, J. M.; Mantelatto, F. L. M. and Fransozo, A. In press. Population structure and breeding season of the South Atlantic hermit crab Loxopagurus loxochelis (Anomura, Diogenidae) from Ubatuba region, Brazil. Crustaceana. Medeiros, L. R. A Meiofauna de praia arenosa da Ilha Anchieta, São Paulo: I. Fatores físicos. Boletim do Instituto Oceanográfico, 4(1/2): Melo, G. A. S Manual de identificação dos Crustacea Decapoda do litoral brasileiro: Anomura, Thalassinidea, Palinuridea, Astacidea. São Paulo, Plêiade. 551p. Negreiros-Fransozo, M. L. and Fransozo, A Estrutura populacional e relação com a concha em Paguristes tortugae Schmitt, 1933 (Decapoda, Diogenidae), no litoral norte do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Naturalia, 17: Negreiros-Fransozo, M. L.; Fransozo A. and Hebling, N. L Estrutura populacional e determinação do tamanho da concha ocupada por 4 espécies de ermitões (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura) do litoral de São Paulo. Biotemas, 4(2):
9 . 8(2), , 193 Negreiros-Fransozo, M. L.; Fransozo, A.; Mantelatto, F. L. M.; Nakagaki, J. M. and Spilborghs, M. C. F Fecundity of Paguristes tortugae Schmitt, 1933 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura) in Ubatuba (SP), Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 52: O Brien, J. J Parasites and reproduction. Pp In: Pearse, J. (Ed.). Encyclopedia of Reproduction. San Diego, Academic Press. Provenzano Jr., A. J Larval development of the hermit crab Paguristes spinipes Milne-Edwards, 188 (Decapoda, Diogenidae) reared in laboratory. Bulletin of Marine Science, 28(3): Rieger, P. J. and Giraldi, J. L. B Calcinus tibicen (Herbst, 1791) e Paguristes tortugae Schmitt, 1933, novo registro de Diogenidae (Decapoda, Anomura) para o litoral de Santa Catarina, Brasil., 5(2): Tommasi, L. R Observações preliminares sobre a fauna bêntica de sedimentos moles da Baía de Santos e regiões vizinhas. Boletim do Instituto Oceanográfico, 16 (1): Wenner, A. M Sex ratio as a function of size in marine Crustacea. American Naturalist, 6: Zar, J. H Biostatistical analysis. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, 662 pp. Received: 15 th Dec Accepted: 15 th Dec 1
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We are delighted to present you with this list of current lead supervisor job vacancies in glasgowClick on a job title to view the job details in full.
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Colesco Consulting are recruiting for a Maintenance Supervisor on behalf of a leading M&E provider based from Glasgow. The role is for an office based Supervisor working from our client's head office in Glasgow.
Duties include:
Responsibility for the operational delivery of planned, reactive and associated projects from the maintenance contract. Operate and improve procedures to deliver the ... more about Maintenance Supervisor
Workshop Supervisor
An exciting opportunity has become available in Glasgow for a market leading plant hire company who are looking for a successful and ambitious Workshop Supervisor.
Main Purpose
To effectively lead and manage the Workshop activities alongside the workshop manager.
Duties and Responsibilities
· Maintain plant and vehicles to comply with documented service requirements, ... more about Workshop Supervisor
Flushing Supervisor
Our client a main contractor on Scottish Water is looking for a Flushing Supervisor to work nights Mon - Thursday on their flushing works. You will work 32 hours a week but be paid for 40. Thus you will be on an equivalent rate between £13.22 - £14.22 per hour depending on experience. A Van + Fuel card will be included. This is very much a long term contract that will lead ... more about Flushing Supervisor
First People Solutions are currently seeking a Electrical Supervisor for an established engineering client based throughout Scotland. The role will be based throughout Central Scotland and the East of Scotland.
Candidates MUST have experience/exposure to the water/waste sector and will be expected to supervise and lead a team of electricians working on remedial, maintenance and repair ... more about Electrical Supervisor
Our client is a national Legal business who, due to continued growth, seeks additional Claims Litigation Handler for their Motor Division
The Role
To provide technical and practical support in dealing with recovery of insurers outlays and uninsured loss claims; from issue of proceedings through to enforcement action on English litigation matters.
To take initial ... more about Claims Litigation Handler
Our Client is a national Legal business, who due to continued growth seeks
The Role
To provide technical and practical support in dealing with recovery of insurers outlays and uninsured loss claims; from issue of proceedings through to enforcement action on English litigation matters.
To take initial instructions from clients and to advise, as appropriate on the ... more about Claims Handler
Award-winning hotel operator require an ambitious and personality led Assistant Restaurant, Banqueting & Events Manager to help lead and develop their outstanding luxury dining operation.
This fantastic company has long developed an untouchable reputation for it's consistently high levels of customer service and the dining experience they deliver.
Reporting directly to the Restaurant Manager ... more about Assistant Restaurant & Banqueting Manager - Luxury Venue
Manpowers client have an urgent requirement for a Contracts Manager for a Permanent position based in Glasgow You will lead a team of around 25, providing direction and strategy to ensure successful, on budget and on time delivery whilst ensuring work takes place in a safe and controlled manner.You will be the main contact between client and team.
Overall ... more about Contracts Manager
The Role:
In this role you provide technical and practical support in dealing with recovery of insurers outlays; from issue of proceedings through to enforcement.
You will take initial instructions from clients and to advise, as appropriate on the legal action and all alternatives, as appropriate, open to the client. To Provide Technical support to the team and work provider on both procedural ... more about Senior Technical Claims Handler
Job Purpose Statement
• To provide business support in all activities relating to Customer Connections including the CIC & acceptance process, operation & maintenance of Registration Systems & capacity records, operation of Data transfer Network processes, assist in the complaint process and in preparation of management reporting.
Accountability Statements
• Contribute as an effective ... more about Team Member Clerical
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The Solution Automotive Limited
The Solution Automotive is an established, progressive and privately owned recruitment company solely specialising in staffing solutions for the UK automotive industry.
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Whether you are looking for a job in London or Loch Lomond, visit Jobs Today and start searching for the latest UK local jobs.
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Home Learning College
Studying with Home Learning College, the UK's leading distance learning provider, will help you to unlock your true potential and get the job you want. Learn direct from home and gain the industry recognised Professional Qualifications you need to take that next step in your career.
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CV-Library Ltd
Re-inventing internet recruitment.
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NIjobs.com is the number one recruitment website in Northern Ireland.
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Cognitive Publishing Ltd
rtmjobs.com offers rail industry candidates an online recruitment experience like no other.
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Tip Top Job site is an online recruitment service for jobseekers to search jobs and recruiters to advertise job vacancies in the UK and worldwide. Search and find a job today!
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Cosimo and his girlfriend were great guests. They were very friendly and very easy to host, and left my place in great condition. I definitely recommend them.
Cosimo stayed w/ me in San Diego. He was an exemplary guest: clean, quite and friendly. Would have him anytime!
Clean and respectful guest.
Clean and respectful guest.
Extremely charming & delightful guests!! They were very clean, quiet, & respectful.


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Today's Devotional
Fireworks and MercyHow does it make you feel to know that God understands your human frailty and has mercy on you?
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Chevron Room Decor
Chevron Picture DIY NEED TO DO ASAP FOR MY DORM
Most of our clients' complaints are about their carpets, rugs http://burkecarpetcleaning.net/
Gray and White Chevron Striped Double Light by COUTURELIGHTPLATES, $16.95 bedroom decor, bathroom decor , shabby chic, teen room decor
Cute Room Decor For Girls
Chevron Clock in Gray - http://www.theboysdepot.com/chevron-clock-in-gray.html
chevron anchor pillow | Tiffany Chevron Anchor Throw Pillow by RexLambo | Society6
Mint Green Chevron Design Hand Painted Wall Mounted Jewelry Display Rack. $40.00, via Etsy.
Yellow Grey Gray Chevron Wallpaper Border Wall Art Decals Baby Neutral Nursery Sticker or any Home Room Decor #decampstudios
Nursery Decor or Child's Room 8x10 Grey Chevron Monogram wall hanging with teal letter. "A" wall art. on Etsy, $24.00


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Bountiful Jobs
Looking for jobs in Bountiful? Snagajob has great opportunities with the area's leading companies. And applying for Bountiful jobs has never been easier. Look at the job listings below, click on a job title that interests you and hit the "apply now" button. Part-time jobs, teen jobs, student jobs and summer jobs are now just a click away. Start your job search now.
Bountiful, UT Job Openings
Jamba Juice175 N. 500 W., Suite E
Bountiful, UT
Smiths555 S 200 W
Bountiful, UT
Michaels Arts and Crafts420 S 500 W Ste 0113
Bountiful, UT
Carl's Jr.195 W 500 S
Bountiful, UT
Smiths555 S 200 W
Bountiful, UT
Smiths555 S 200 W
Bountiful, UT
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In this visual thinking worksheet, students count all the rectangles in a figure that has both large and small shapes. Students write how many rectangles they count in the figure.
2nd - 3rd Math 3 Views 0 Downloads
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Gunjan Upreti recently published a trip You Can Now Get Married Inside The Most Expensive Train In India. But Guess How Much It Costs?
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Fashion Design
- Consumer Products, High Fashion Handbags and Shoes, Interior Design, Furnitures.
This service includes everything from early concept development, 3Dvisualisation and product planning through to creation of construction drawings, specifying of fixtures and fittings and overseeing of the build.
For any inquiry, please contact us.
Sales Terms & Specifications:
|Place Of Origin
|Germany, Switzerland, Asia
|Brand Name
|Customers OEM Brand
|Price Terms
|Terms Of Payment
|Minimum Order
|1 Piece/Pieces
|Delivery Lead Time
|3-10 Weeks depend on difficulty Grade
Relative Products
Organic Cotton Apparel Designing And StitchingDesighning or Stitiching master samples of Children, Adult Garments made of Organic Cotton by A Dutch Tailor. Stitching and tai
Web Design, Graphic Design,3D AnimationAs one of Asia's leading web design companies, we are able to provide your business with the online company identity so essentia
hand crochet camisole1.Fashion style,ourselves design or customers design. 2.Hand crochet.The workers crochet the product by hand.Every pc is the onl
Custom Apparel / Custom Designs & Spec / Private LabelWe are a global manufacturer, distributor and online retailer of various products including Coveralls, apparel (including work w
Gothic Corset DesigningWe are Design House with our Manufacturing unit.in India and Nepal We specilize in Gothic, Corset, Pvc clothing, Bondage clothi
Lace braiding Machine With JacquardUsage:Lace weaving for all kinds of top greater garments,shoes,caps,beddings etc. Weaving material :Cotton,Linen,Woolen,Silk and
Men's ShirtFeatures: 1) Material: 100% cotton 2) Size: according to customers' requirements Packing: Flat packed or according to customers
Miss Iran T Shirt DesignAn example of our T shirts designed by fine artists which are available for wholesale from
hand crochet scarf / poncho1.Fashion style,ourselves design or customers design. 2.Hand crochet.The workers crochet the product by hand.Every pc is the onl
Majic T-shirt DesignLazaer printed in us 50/50 or 100% cotton, fantastic detail art by master thomas m kurek
Yellow And Green Abstract Pattern Textile DesignDesign 34 T This design is refreshingly simple with bright colour and floral accents. As such it would be suitable for bedding
Hot Fix MotifThis item is 12mic polyester film metallized with aluminum coving with rayon (150D or other size). It can be used as embroidered


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1966 Lynch Bages
Hlf (37.5cl)
Hlf (37.5cl)
0 immediate, 1 marketplace
Bt (75cl)
Bt (75cl) ! Condition'+modalPrice+'
0 immediate, 2 marketplace
Average critic rating : 87.0 points
This wine showed well in the tasting. Medium garnet-colored with considerable amber at the edge, the aromatics could have pushed this wine into the 90-point category, but the flavors were dry and angular, and there was considerable astringent tannin in the finish. Nevertheless, the bouquet was classic Pauillac and Lynch Bages - sweet and cedary, with plenty of herb-tinged black fruits, smoked meat, and game-like notes. It is a medium-bodied effort made in the old, elegant, slightly excessively tannic style of Bordeaux made during this period. Wine Advocate.June, 2000
Château Lynch-Bages is one of the most important châteaux of Bordeaux, one of the leading estates of Pauillac, and one of the most reliable sources of fine claret in the region. Owned by the Cazes family since 1939, and classed as a cinquième grand cru, of fifth growth, in the 1855 classification, the quality here has been reliably excellent since the 1980s, and Lynch-Bages is well known in all wine markets for producing what some might call the epitome of Pauillac whatever the quality of the vintage.
The vineyard, which is planted to Cabernet Sauvignon (72%), Merlot (20%), Cabernet Franc (5%) and Petit Verdot (3%). A white wine, Blanc de Lynch-Bages, is made from a separate plot. About 3,000 cases of Blanc de Lynch-Bages each year: this is made up of 53% Sauvignon Blanc, 32% Sémillon and a relatively large proportion of Muscadelle at 15%.
The best vintages of Lynch-Bages in recent years would be the 2009 and 2010, and the excellent 2005 and 2006 vintages should not be overlooked. The best mature vintages of Lynch-Bages would be the brilliant duo of 1989 and 1990.
See all wines from this Producer
FINE+RARE offers UK home delivery through our logistics partner London City Bond, with next day deliveries available for Central London addresses.
We deliver Monday to Friday; charges are £ 16 + VAT for up to 10 cases (12x75cl or equivalent) for most UK postcodes.
For delivery charges to Highlands, Islands and outlying areas, please contact our Customer Service Team.
For deliveries into Hong Kong, we offer a dedicated air and sea service.
For more details regarding delivery to Hong Kong and all other destinations, please view our International Delivery information page.
Our storage costs are highly competitive. We will happily accept cases or single bottles, charging pro-rata based on the number of bottles and length of storage period.
Unlike many other wine companies, our service includes storage of duty paid wines as well as in bond from any reputable source, not just those bought through FINE+RARE.
Please visit our F+R Storage information page for more details.
FINE+RARE can arrange delivery of your wines to your personal fine wine storage account:
Deliveries within London City Bond or to a Vinotheque storage account are charged at £ 8 + VAT for up to 10 cases (12x75cl or equivalent).
Deliveries to all other storage providers are charged at £ 16 + VAT for up to 10 cases (12x75cl or equivalent).
Please contact our Customer Service Team if you have any questions.


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Commercial real estate visionary Rusty Lyon dies
The man behind popular projects such as Scottsdale Fashion Square, Chandler Fashion Square, Biltmore Fashion Park and The Boulders Resort, Rusty Lyon, passed away this month. A Celebration of Life Service is planned for Lyon on Nov. 2 at 2 p.m. at Scottsdale Bible Church at 7601 E. Shea Blvd. in Scottsdale. Lyon served at… Read More →
AAED will discuss Affordable Care Act's business impact
The Affordable Care Act's impact on healthcare in Arizona will be the topic at the Arizona Association for Economic Development's (AAED) November luncheon. The AAED event will be held on Nov. 8 from 11:30 a.m. to 1:15 p.m. at 2901 N. Seventh St. in Phoenix. Greg Vigdor, president and CEO of the Arizona Hospital and Healthcare Association,… Read More →
Liberty Property Trust fills nearly finished Rio Salado office
Liberty Property Trust today announced that it has executed two new leases, filling its nearly complete 135,663 square foot speculative office building at 1930 West Rio Salado Parkway in Tempe. DriveTime Automotive Group, an existing tenant in 1720 West Rio Salado Parkway at Liberty Center at Rio Salado, will expand into 65,889 square feet of… Read More →
CBRE sells Holiday Inn Express & Suites in Tempe
CBRE Hotels announces the sale of the Holiday Inn Express & Suites Phoenix-Tempe-University, a 72-room, limited-service hotel located at 1031 East Apache Boulevard in Tempe, Arizona. The hotel features modern design accents and is within proximity to Arizona State University and the popular Mill Avenue District. Eric Guerrero, Michael Yu, Rahul Bijlani and Pravin Boteju… Read More →
Marcus & Millichap sells $8.5M apartment community
Marcus & Millichap, a leading commercial real estate investment services firm with offices throughout the United States and Canada, announced the sale of Aria on Mill, a 76-unit apartment community in Tempe, Arizona. The $8,525,000 sales price equates to more than $112,000 per unit. "Developed in 1988, Aria on Mill provides new ownership with… Read More →
Western Wealth Capital's Janet LePage earns honor
Esteemed Champagne House, Veuve Clicquot, has awarded Janet LePage, CEO and co-founder of Western Wealth Capital, with its 2016 New Generation Award. LePage was selected from a shortlist of young entrepreneurs from across Canada. LePage, 35 years old, has grown Western Wealth Capital, a Vancouver, Canada-based multi-unit rental property investment firm, to the 3rd largest… Read More →
LGE, Revelation Real Estate team up on $5M project
LGE Design Build broke ground today on a massive $5 million mixed-use project for Revelation Real Estate in Chandler. Revelation Real Estate sets the gold standard when it comes to offering top-notch residential properties and employing the Valley's most award-winning professionals, and LGE Design Build, too, sets the bar when it comes to designing and… Read More →
iBorrow provides $3.9M loan to refinance Mesa builiding
iBorrow, a direct lender of private money loans for commercial real estate, has provided a $3.9 million loan to refinance a 40,980-square-foot office building located at 1750-1760 Mesa Drive in Mesa, Arizona. Built in 1987, the property is a two-story, single-tenant administrative office building which is fully occupied by Fresenius Management Services, a global… Read More →
Camelback Collective will be redeveloped at 28th and Camelback
A prominent ±3.62 acre infill, redevelopment site located in the prestigious Camelback Corridor area of Phoenix has sold for $17.475 million, or $111 per sq. ft. of land. The property, located at 2801 and 2845 E. Camelback Road, was acquired by a joint venture of Las Vegas-based developer LaPour Partners, Inc. and Holualoa Companies, headquartered… Read More →
Valley's industrial market remains red hot
The Metro Phoenix industrial market remains strong through the third quarter of 2016, recording a vacancy rate of 9.3%, according to the third quarter industrial report released by Cushman & Wakefield. Fifteen of the 17 defined submarkets have experienced improvements in overall vacancy rates since Q3 2015. The Southwest Phoenix saw a decrease in vacancy, finishing… Read More →
Adaptive reuse project revitalizes Roosevelt Row Arts District
A NEW DOWNTOWN PROJECT MERGES CHEF-DRIVEN DINING, ARTISAN RETAILERS AND WORKING ARTIST STUDIOS AND GALLERIES TOGETHER IN ONE COLLECTIVE SPACE ~The Blocks of Roosevelt Row Indulges Guests with a Place to Connect, Create and Collaborate~ Desert Viking Development is thrilled to announce a new project underway revitalizing a portion of the Downtown Phoenix's beloved Roosevelt… Read More →
Take a Look: Oscar's New Space at The Circuit
Insurance company moves in this month to true adaptive re-use project New York-based insurance company Oscar has officially moved into The Circuit in Tempe, and is gearing up to take full advantage of its 90,000 square feet of true creative office space. The Circuit was purchased and redeveloped in 2014 by a joint venture between EverWest… Read More →
Camelback Corridor redevelopment property sells for $17M
Obsolete Office Project Slated for Redevelopment into High-end Mixed-use Project A prominent ±3.62 acre infill, redevelopment site located in the prestigious Camelback Corridor area of Phoenix has sold for $17.475 million, or $111 per sq. ft. of land. The property, located at 2801 and 2845 E. Camelback Road, was acquired by a joint venture of… Read More →
ASU breaks ground on $120M Biodesign C Research Building
McCarthy Building Companies recently broke ground on the new $120 million Biodesign C Research Building, the third building in ASU's Biodesign Institute complex at Arizona State University. The new research facility will include five stories plus a basement and will be located on ASU's main campus in Tempe, Ariz., adjacent to the ASU Biodesign B building.… Read More →
Cresa's Ashley Snyder named to IAMC board
The Industrial Asset Management Council (IAMC) announced on Tuesday that Ashley Snyder, Senior Vice President of Cresa, has been elected to the IAMC board of directors. Jennifer Roth, Senior Manager, Real Estate at Bimbo Bakeries USA, Inc, and Don Hansen, Sr. Director of Real Estate and Development at W.W. Grainger were also elected to the… Read More →


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Proper quantization ruleWen-Chao Qiang1 and Shi-Hai Dong2
1 Faculty of Science, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology - Xi'an, 710055, China
2 Departamento de Física, Escuela Superior de Física y Matemáticas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Edificio 9, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos - Mexico D. F. 07738, Mexico
received 28 September 2009; accepted in final form 7 December 2009; published January 2010
published online 4 January 2010
We find a proper quantization rule, , where n is the number of the nodes of wave function . By this rule the energy spectra of a solvable system can be determined from its ground-state energy only. Particularly, we study three solvable quantum systems —modified Rosen-Morse potential, symmetric trigonometric Rosen-Morse potential and Manning-Rosen potential in D dimensions— with the proper quantization rule, and show that the previous complicated and tedious calculations can be greatly simplified. This proper quantization rule applies to any exactly solvable potential, and one can easily obtain its energy spectra with the rule.
This work is dedicated to Professor Zhong-Qi Ma on the occasion of his 70th birthday.
03.65.Fd - Algebraic methods.
34.20.Cf - Interatomic potentials and forces.
03.65.Ta - Foundations of quantum mechanics; measurement theory.


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Los Angeles: Celebrity photographer Terry Richardson has been accused by a British model for demanding sex while offering a photo shoot in a magazine.
Model Emma Appleton tweeted a screen grab of a message allegedly sent from Richardson's Facebook account, which offered a Vogue photo shoot in exchange for sex. The photographer, who has also worked with Miley Cyrus, Lady Gaga and Taylor Swift as a music director, has denied the allegations.
Candice Marks, a spokesperson for Richardson, told Buzzfeed, "This is obviously a fake. Terry did not send this text." Appleton, however, told Buzzfeed that it came from Richardson's Facebook account. But she later deleted her tweet.
"Beginning to wish I hadn't posted that... it doesn't matter who you are or what the industry is, just be a decent human being," she tweeted before deleting her account. When the Wrap contacted the Vogue magazine, they said they have no plans to work with Richardson.
"The last assignment Terry Richardson had for US Vogue appeared in the July 2010 issue and we have no plans to work with him in the future," Hildy Kuryk, communications director for US Vogue said.
Photos: Raveena Tandon, Sohail Khan at Marathi film 'Bhay' music launch
SRK-Gauri anniversary: B-Town stars and their non-filmi better halves
Birthday special: Popular mothers and daughters in Bollywood
Spotted: 'Kaabil' star Hrithik Roshan with dad Rakesh Roshan
'Rock On 2' trailer launch: Farhan, Shraddha enthrall audience with live gig


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Preview: Nuns on the Bus 2016: Choosing positive change
GSR Preview: The negative impacts of America's policy choices on people who are struggling are clear in every state where the Nuns on the Bus have visited so far.
GSR Preview: The negative impacts of America's policy choices on people who are struggling are clear in every state where the Nuns on the Bus have visited so far.
Retired Bishop John Ricard says black Catholic leaders are looking for ways to address the violence and racism that were on full display during the early July shootings.
Manifestations of anti-Semitism must be challenged, but we must also defend human rights and work for peace.
Editorial: Cluster bombs are indiscriminate and endanger innocent civilians for an indeterminate period. They kill and maim long after they have been deployed.
NCR Today: Religious leaders announced this morning a statewide tour to end the death penalty at First United Methodist Church in Omaha.
Essay: Nearly 100 years ago, during World War I, Ben Salmon, who opposed war and the theory of just war, refused to cooperate in a draft questionnaire.
Young Voices: After last week's tragedies, contending with systemic racism is crucial, but our systems are a collective reflection of who we are as individuals.
Simply Spirit: Maybe we are making some progress in peeling away the next layer of that pungent onion called systemic U.S. racism.
At a memorial Tuesday, President Barack Obama said he didn't believe America was as divided as sometimes portrayed, but struggles to understand the plight of others.
Archbishop Bernard Hebda focused on the need for healing during a July 8 Mass offered in response to the police killing of Philando Castile during a traffic stop.


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Safely clear earwax when build-up causes symptoms
By Howard LeWine, M.D.
Q: How do you clear wax build up in the ear? I have small ear canals and it's difficult for me to clear the wax build-up. I use hydrogen peroxide, but it doesn't always help. What do you recommend?
A: Earwax (the medical term is cerumen) is the sticky substance made by small glands in the ear canal. The ears make cerumen for several reasons. It keeps the skin inside the canal moist. This helps prevent dryness and itching.
Cerumen traps dust and tiny particles and helps block objects from reaching the eardrum. In addition earwax stops bacteria from multiplying, so there is less chance of infection.
As the earwax dries, it moves out of the canal naturally, taking debris with it. Although the wax feels dirty, it actually helps keep the ear clean.
In general, you should only remove earwax if it causes discomfort, difficulty hearing, ringing in the ear (tinnitus) or coughing. (Pressure against the eardrum can trigger a cough).
Cotton tip swab such as Q-tips get some wax out, but have a tendency to push some in deeper. Over time, this can make the situation worse. This is especially true for children who have smaller ear canals.
Since most ears are "self-cleaning," the best way to deal with extra wax in your ears is just to clean the outside of the ear with a washcloth and let the earwax move outward.
I realize that this is often not sufficient. There are several substances that help soften wax that has hardened inside the ear. In general, commercial eardrops, hydrogen peroxide, baby oil and mineral oil are safe. They should not be used if you have an active ear infection, a perforated eardrum (a hole in the ear), or you have had surgery on the ear.
Any liquid that you put into a partially blocked ear may get trapped between the wax and eardrum, and may temporarily make the blockage worse.
One caution about hydrogen peroxide: Hydrogen peroxide turns into water in the ear after the oxygen bubbles off. This leaves the ear canal moist, and can allow growth of bacteria. By gently rinsing the canal with rubbing alcohol, the water will be displaced and promote drying. If you develop pain, stop immediately; you may have an unrecognized perforated eardrum.
If none of these work, make an appointment with your doctor or an otolaryngologist (ENT specialist).
By the way, you may have heard of candling. Lighting a cone shaped candle that is placed in the ear has been falsely promoted as a way to remove impurities from the canal. And it's not safe. It can result in a burn, hardened wax in the canal and even perforation of the eardrum.
(For additional consumer health information, please visit www.health.harvard.edu.)
(c) 2015 PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. DISTRIBUTED BY TRIBUNE CONTENT AGENCY, LLC.
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Law will be changed to force through other NHS changes after Court of Appeal rejects cuts at Lewisham Hospital
- Cuts to services at south London hospital ruled unlawful by High Court
- Now the government has lost an appeal against the decision in July
- Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt says law will be changed to prevent a repeat
- Campaigners express their delight that Lewisham is 'now safe'
The government is changing the law to drive through NHS changes after losing a court battle to close services at a London hospital.
The Court of Appeal ruled today that Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt does not have the power to implement the cuts at the successful Lewisham Hospital in south east London.
But Mr Hunt said ministers are 'now looking at the law' to ensure changes can be driven through in future 'when local doctors believe it is in the interests of patients'.
Warning: Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt said the government would change the law to make it clear that NHS changes can be made
Supporters of the Lewisham hospital cheered when the judges at the Court of Appeal backed an earlier ruling that Mr Hunt's move to downgrade A&E and maternity services was 'unlawful'.
Lord Dyson, the Master of the Rolls, sitting with Lord Justice Sullivan and Lord Justice Underhill, rejected an appeal brought by the Government.
Campaigners said they were 'absolutely delighted' by the result. Rosa Curling, who represented the Save Lewisham Hospital Group, said: 'It confirms what the Save Lewisham Hospital Campaign has been arguing from the start - that the Secretary of State did not have the legal power to close and downgrade services at Lewisham Hospital.
'This expensive waste of time for the Government should serve as a wake up call that they cannot ride roughshod over the needs of the people.'
Mr Hunt's decision to close the services in Lewisham were quashed in July, when Mr Justice Silber declared that the government had breached provisions of the National Health Services Act 2006.
The ruling was a serious blow for Mr Hunt because the case involved the first legal testing of a new Government procedure for dealing with failing NHS organisations - referred to as the Unsustainable Providers Regime.
The Court of Appeal today upheld a ruling at the High Court in July
Under the new regime, Mr Hunt had appointed a Trust Special Administrator (TSA) to the 'very badly performing' South London Healthcare Trust, which went into administration after it started losing more than £1 million a week.
To help deal with the problem, the special administrator recommended measures including cuts at Lewisham Hospital.
Mr Hunt told Parliament in January that A&E and maternity services at the hospital would be downgraded.
He assured MPs the changes would improve patient care in south London, saving up to 100 lives a year, but gave an undertaking not to implement them pending the legal challenge.
Today Mr Hunt said: 'I completely understand why the residents of Lewisham did not want any change in their A&E services, but my job as Health Secretary is to protect patients across south London - and doctors said these proposals would save lives.
'We are now looking at the law to make sure that, at a time of great challenge, the NHS is able to change and innovate when local doctors believe it is in the interests of patients.'
An amendment is being made to the Care Bill currently going through Parliament to avoid a repeat of the legal challenge.
It will clarify that if changes need to be made at other hospitals they can be driven through, although it will not be retrospective so will not affect Lewisham directly.
But Andy Burnham MP, Labour's shadow health secretary, said: 'This decision is a humiliation for Jeremy Hunt and raises major questions about his judgment.
'Instead of graciously accepting the first court ruling, he has squandered thousands of (pounds of) taxpayers' money trying to protect his own pride and defend the indefensible. He is diminished by this ruling and has let down the NHS.
'The court has done an important public service today in standing up to an arrogant and high-handed Government and a Secretary of State who is trying to close A&Es across London in the middle of the worst A&E crisis in living memory.'
Delight: Campaigners welcomed the ruling which means that 'Lewisham is now safe and this case is now over'
Vicky Penner, who has been involved in the campaign from the outset, was jubilant to be told by lawyers: 'Lewisham is now safe and this case is now over.'
The mother of three young children, aged two, three and six, said: 'We are absolutely over the moon. We are thrilled that justice has prevailed for a second time.
'I was shocked that the Government was arrogant and foolish enough to carry on and try and bully through the closure of our excellent much-needed Lewisham Hospital.
'The judgment made in July was very clear indeed - that they acted unlawfully - so this is a disgraceful waste of taxpayers' money by Jeremy Hunt.'
She said the Government had brought a last-minute amendment to the Care Bill giving trust special administrators (TSAs) much greater powers, which meant no hospital in the country would be safe and showed a 'contempt for normal people and democracy'.
'We are not against change in Lewisham but against the dangerous closure of vital services being rushed through without proper consultation.'
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693 jobs
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Jobs » Director of Marketing
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Director Of Marketing jobs
Neuvoo South Africa indexes 533 director of marketing jobs in South Africa. Apply now and get the best position available.
Director of Marketing vacancies in South Africa
The director of marketing is a profession in the Marketing category. In total on Neuvoo South Africa, more than 533 jobs are indexed from hundreds of sources such as company career sites, job boards, placement agencies and newspapers. Similar vacancies from this sector like Customer Relationship Marketing, Digital Marketing, Director Product Management, Employment E Marketing, Employment E Marketing or Employment Innovation Project Manager are also very present.
Firms hiring director of marketing applicants
TAJ Cape Town, University of Pretoria, Network Engineering Menlyn, HEDZ, Curo Health or Diamond Recruitment are among the top companies looking for applicants like this.
Employment statistics
Each month on average, 267 new vacancies are listed on Neuvoo South Africa. Provinces where these candidates are most sought after are . Cities with the most corresponding vacancies available are Cape Town, Johannesburg, Sandton, Pretoria, Durban or Randburg .
Neuvoo South Africa: the largest job search website in South Africa
Neuvoo South Africa offers over 169512 vacancies in South Africa, 7,973 of which are in marketing and 533 of which are director of marketing job opportunities.Show more...
Dawn HR Solutions |
(Unspecified city), Gauteng
- 5h ago
PURPOSE OF THE JOB To establish and have in place sales vision and plan of the company, ensue execution of the sales strategy and show leadership to achieve the budgeted sales. To ...
Impact Human Resources |
Sandton, Gauteng
- 5h ago
The role is to define and drive the overall department and client strategies specifically regarding the Marketing but also contributing and playing an essential role with respect to the overall...
New Recruit |
(Unspecified city), Gauteng
- 5h ago
A global multinational leader in the logistics industry, based in Kempton Park, is seeking a Marketing PA to the Sales Director. The purpose of the role is to provide PA, marketing and...
Tricruit |
(Unspecified city), Gauteng
- 5h ago
Opportunity to join a Marketing Department in Jhb City West, will be reporting to the Marketing Director.Experience in the automotive industry, proven track experience in all aspects of...
Ad Talent |
Durban, KwaZulu-Natal
- 5h ago
Ad Talent (SA). 3 Years experience in an Account Director position. 3 Years experience working in an... Years FMCG experience Key Responsibilities. Taking a lead in clients' marketing and advertising...
Renard International |
(Unspecified city)
- 15d ago
Date Posted 8 9 2016. We currently have a fantastic opportunity in the Middle East for a Director of... Manages the development of a strategic sales plan. Determines and develops marketing communication...
NBS Group |
(Unspecified city), Western Cape
- 1d ago
Negotiable. Currently looking for a talented Marketing Director to join a marketing leading, innovative... Client Relationships,. Coaching,. Managing Processes,. Self Motivated,. Marketing Plan,. Subordinate...
Persona Staff |
Cape Town, Western Cape
- 2d ago
One of South Africa's most successfully established SEO and Digital Marketing Agencies is on the hunt... The Head of Search will work closely with the Digital Strategy Director and content team to define...
Cape Town, Western Cape
- 10d ago
Calling all Marketing leaders and creative thinkers. We have a spectacular opening for a dynamic... The successful candidate will report directly to the Managing Director and will play a key role in the...
Human Communications |
(Unspecified city), Gauteng
- 2d ago
Details. GAUTENG OFFICE OF THE PREMIER. DIRECTOR. BRANDING AND MARKETING. DIRECTORATE. Corporate... NO. 002104. CENTRE. Johannesburg. REQUIREMENTS. A 3. to 4 year degree in Branding and Marketing...
Human Communications |
(Unspecified city), Gauteng
- 2d ago
Details. GAUTENG OFFICE OF THE PREMIER. DEPUTY DIRECTOR. MARKETING AND BRANDING. SALARY. R621 822 R721... 02102. CENTRE. Johannesburg. REQUIREMENTS. A 3. to 4 year National Diploma degree in Marketing and...
Acuity Consultants |
Sandton, Gauteng
- 1d ago
This is a fantastic opportunity for a CLIENT DIRECTOR with 5. years experience in ad hoc Quantitative... years' business development & marketing experience. Proven business development track record. Excellent...
Human Communications |
(Unspecified city), Gauteng
- 5d ago
GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY SAFETY. DIRECTOR. DEVELOPMENTAL COMMUNICATION AND MARKETING. DIRECTORATE... DIRECTORATE. Corporate Communication. SALARY. R878 743 per annum (all inclusive package). REFS 002143...
CM Services |
(Unspecified city), Gauteng
- 5h ago
PLEASE SEND CV DIRECTLY TO. (email address)MAIN PURPOSE OF THE JOB To assist the Marketing Director MUST have solid PA skills To coordinate & support the day to day activities of the Sales...
Recruit Digital Associates (PTY) LTD |
Johannesburg, Gauteng
- 5h ago
Working in the advertising, digital or marketing sectors, an Account Director ensures the smooth production of campaigns. from briefing designers and copywriters, to managing budgets and...
Recruit Digital |
Johannesburg, Gauteng
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Working in the advertising, digital or marketing sectors, an Account Director ensures the smooth production of campaigns. from briefing designers and copywriters, to managing budgets and...
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- Burgers
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Five Guys Burgers & Fries
Menu for Five Guys Burgers & Fries
Menu for Five Guys Burgers & Fries provided by Allmenus.com
DISCLAIMER: Information shown may not reflect recent changes. Check with this restaurant for current pricing and menu information. A listing on Allmenus.com does not necessarily reflect our affiliation with or endorsement of the listed restaurant, or the listed restaurant's endorsement of Allmenus.com. Please tell us by clicking here if you know that any of the information shown is incorrect. For more information, please read our Terms and Conditions.
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Story 13: Ascent
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this wiki
Story 13: Ascent is a stage in Resident Evil 4: Mobile Edition's Story Mode. It is purchased from the Lite Edition through the "Scenario Pack #6" DLC along with Story 14.
"Zealots attack Leon in an effort to stop him from reaching the top of the tower!"
|This section is empty. You can help out the Resident Evil Wiki by inserting the appropriate content here.
The Emerald and Elegant Headdress treasure items can be collected here.


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If you log in, you can comment on buildings, submit new photos or update photos that you've already submitted.
We need to upgrade the server that this website runs on. Can you spare a quid to help?.
Description: Box Hall
Grade: II
Date Listed: 24 November 1966
English Heritage Building ID: 159629
OS Grid Reference: TL2977924287
OS Grid Coordinates: 529779, 224287
Latitude/Longitude: 51.9020, -0.1151
Location: Walkern Road, Benington, Hertfordshire SG2 7LN
Locality: Benington
Local Authority: East Hertfordshire District Council
County: Hertfordshire
Country: England
Postcode: SG2 7LN
Incorrect location/postcode? Submit a correction!
Explore more of the area around Benington, Hertfordshire at Explore Britain.
TL 22 SE BENINGTON Benington
(east side)
3/4 Box Hall
(formerly listed as
24.11.66 Box Hall Farmhouse)
House. Early Cl7, largely refaced and refenestrated in Cl9,
gable end of W wing rebuilt c1940. Red brick with steep old
red tile roofs. A large symmetrically planned E-shaped house
possibly large enough for 2 households, on the unit system.
2 storeys, facing S. Projecting gabled wings to right and loft
of 3 windows centre with small blocked windows at ends. Gabled
porch with battened front door. 3-light casement windows under
segmental arches. One window to each floor in wings. 2 large
external lateral chimneys at rear, each with 3 diagonal shafts.
Linked at base by later lean-to. Ovolo-mullioned windows survive
at W end (4-light) and rear (2-light). Interior: Ground floor
SW room. Wood panelled (panels full height and with bolection
moulding). Arched corner cupboard, with shaped shelves. East
of above, in lobby, arched corner cupboard with shaped shelves.
Various early types of door with moulded vertical boards. Also
Cl7 and C18 doors including 2 panelled, (one with fielded panels
of early type). 2 straight staircases. Outhouse to W not of
special interest.
Listing NGR: TL2977924287
This text is a legacy record and has not been updated since the building was originally listed. Details of the building may have changed in the intervening time. You should not rely on this listing as an accurate description of the building.
Source: English Heritage
Listed building text is © Crown Copyright. Reproduced under licence.


text:
Music Lyrics
Bass and Guitar Tabs
and More...
I Can't Stand It I Know You Planned It
But I'm Gonna Set It Straight, This Watergate
I Can't Stand Rocking When I'm In Here
Because Your Crystal Bal Ain't So Crystal Clear
So While You Sit Backand Wonder Why
I Got This Fucking Thorn In My Side
Oh My, It's A Mirage
I'm Tellin' Y'all It's a Sabotage
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You'll Shut Me Dow With A Push Of Your Button?
But I'm Out And I'm Gone
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I Can't Stand It, I Know You Planned It
But I'm Gonna Set It Straight This Watergate
I Can't Stand Rockin' When I'm In This Place
Because I Feel Disgrace Because You're All In My Face
But Make No Mistakes And Switch Up My Channel
I'm Buddy Rich When I Fly Off The Handle
What Could It Be, It's A Mirage
You're Scheming On A Thing; That's Sabotage
Click here to return to my Beastie Boys lyrics page
The lyrics are Copyright their respective owners.
Website © 2000-2014 mattsmusicpage.com. All rights reserved.
Legal & DMCA: Matt's Music Page has been providing lyrics and tabs in a legal way, paying royalties each year to a few organizations. Then, all lyrics and tabs were removed from the site. Now, there's a new owner to the site, which purchased it August 26, 2014, and he is in negotiation to obtain licensing from BMI at the moment. If you have a specific DMCA request -- please do not hesitate to contact me via the contact button on top. I will do my very best to keep this site fully legal.
Lot of 2 THE AMPLIFIED OLD TESTAMENT PART ONE (1964) & PART TWO (1962) HC
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Expires On 25th October
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Expires On 31st October
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Extraordinarily comfortable SmartWool® socks & apparel: High performance Merino hiking, skiing, outdoor sport, running, walking, cycling & daily clothing.
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