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Safe Driving for Work Driver s Handbook
- Louise Williamson
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1 Safe Driving for Work Driver s Handbook
2 Our Vision: Influence a sustainable reduction in the numbers of people killed or seriously injured or who suffer illness as a result of driving for work in all economic sectors All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by an means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Health and Safety Authority, An Garda Síochána or the Road Safety Authority. Version1.0 October 2012
3 Acknowledgement This handbook has been jointly developed by An Garda Síochána, the Health and Safety Authority and the Road Safety Authority as a tool for working drivers to help them understand and manage the risks that they face and create when driving for work. It will help working drivers make safer choices about the way they drive and behave around vehicles. This is a guidance document. Using the information given should help you to comply with your statutory duties in respect of safe driving for work practices. The document is not exhaustive and provides information, in no particular order, on the main risks that working drivers may encounter, as part of their work practices. All information contained in this document is accurate at the time of publication. It is the responsibility of the reader to update his/herself regularly on any changes to Road Traffic or Safety, Health and Welfare at Work legislation that may be relevant to driving for work. More detailed information on general road safety topics can be found at or Information on worker safety, health and welfare can be found at We acknowledge input from the Royal Society for Prevention of Accidents [ROSPA UK] in partnership with DBDA UK, and the Electricity Supply Board [ESB] for concept and reproduction of certain content. 1
4 Contents 2 Introduction Summary Safe Driver Driver Training Driver Qualification and Authorisation Knowledge of rules of the road Fitness to Drive Fatigue Measures to tackle driver fatigue Medical Conditions Eyesight Alcohol and Drugs Medicines and driving Illicit drugs Daily Stress Events Personal safety Safe parking Dealing with Potentially Aggressive behaviour Safe Vehicle Who is responsible for the vehicle? Using your own vehicle Pre-drive vehicle checks Vehicle cleanliness Tyres Safety Equipment Seating position and safety Seat belts Child restraints Securing Loads General considerations Roof Rack/Roof Boxes Towing and Trailers Vehicle security Key security
5 Electric Vehicles Safe Journey Driver considerations Give yourself time Pre Journey Checks Safe speed Speed limits Impact of your speed on pedestrians Distractions Mobile phones In-vehicle navigation systems Other distractions Safe Driving Practices Motorway Driving Joining a motorway On the motorway Leaving the motorway Motorway breakdowns Driving Conditions Driving at night Weather conditions and seasonal hazards Is your vehicle weather ready? Rain Driving in Snow and ice Driving in Fog Low sunshine Hot weather Dealing with Collisions and Emergencies Collisions Breakdowns Further reading Appendix Appendix Notes
6 Introduction The purpose of this handbook is to make working drivers aware of some of the main risks that they may face or create while driving for work. In terms of understanding how to manage the risks, the handbook outlines what is required of a driver in terms of his or her, vehicle, journey and driving behaviours. In addition it deals with emergency situations and gives practical advice on what to do to help keep you safe from avoidable harm. This handbook will help you work with your employer to avoid preventable incidents and injuries to yourself, your passengers and other people when driving for work. It should be used with your employer s driving for work policies and procedures. Driving is an essential part of work life for many people. It can be enjoyable and pleasant, but it can also be stressful and dangerous. Driving is one of the most dangerous activities that people do. Every year in Ireland many people are killed and seriously injured while driving for work. Thousands suffer serious injury each year. Most of these horrific incidents were preventable. Between 1996 and 2010 over 4412 cars, 511 vans and 846 trucks were involved in fatal collisions on Ireland s roads. In addition cars, 1513 vans and 1563 trucks were involved in serious injury collisions. It is estimated that up to 1/3 of road collisions involve a vehicle used in connection with work activity. 4
7 There are many safer choices that can be made to make sure that you do not become involved in an incident or road collision when driving for work. At-work drivers have a higher collision rate than the general driving population, even after their higher mileages are taken into account. Drivers of company cars, vans, buses and HGV s are more likely to take risks and to be at fault when they have a driving incident. This is not just due to driving skills and attitudes, but may also be due to the nature of the driving that at-work drivers do, the vehicles they drive and the amount of time spent behind the wheel or on the road. The greater the time spent behind the wheel, the greater the exposure to risks associated with driving for work. If you drive more than 40,000 kilometres per year, you are considered to be at high risk of having a collision. Introduction 5
8 Young at-work drivers in particular may find themselves driving vehicles (such as vans) in which they did not learn to drive and have little or no experience of driving. The joint HSA and RSA Employer Guidance on Driving for Work reminds employers that health and safety law applies to driving for work in the same way as for all work activities. Driving risks should be effectively managed within the safety management system that employers should have in place for managing all work related risks. By law, your employer needs to make sure, that when you are driving for work, you are: Legally entitled to drive the vehicle you are using Using a vehicle that is safe and roadworthy Properly informed, trained, competent and fit to drive it safely Using the vehicle safely [as per manufacturer s and employer instructions] Introduction 6
9 Summary For ease of reference the handbook is divided into four clearly marked sections and each section is briefly outlined below; Safe Driver Drivers must hold a valid driving licence for the vehicle being driven and carry it while driving. It is vitally important to understand and obey all the rules of the road and to update yourself regularly on road safety. Drivers have an individual responsibility for their driving behaviour. Drivers must assess their fitness to drive. Never drink and drive. Never drive under the influence of drugs [prescribed or over-the counter]. Never drive when tired. Drivers must wear a seat belt on every journey. Safe Journey Before setting off, always plan your route and check for weather and traffic updates. Always drive at the appropriate speed for the prevailing conditions. Always use daytime running lights and slow down or even cancel your journey in severe weather conditions [rain, fog, high winds, ice or snow] Safe Vehicle Always carry out a vehicle pre-check before using your vehicle. This should be done daily and a more detailed check should be carried out weekly or as prescribed by your employer. Make sure loads are securely stowed or fastened in the vehicle. If carrying loads on the vehicle, loads must be appropriately stowed and restrained to prevent any movement during transit. 7
10 Dealing with Collisions and Emergencies Personal safety and the safety of any passengers should always be your first consideration. Use your hazard warning lights and hi-visibility clothing to make sure you and your vehicle can be seen by other road users. Collisions that result in injury while driving for work should be reported to the Gardai, as appropriate [refer to Appendix 1], and your line manager immediately. Details should be recorded on a preliminary incident report form. Summary 8
11 Safe Driver As a driver, you must play your part by making sure that you are fit to carry out your driving duties. You should plan your journeys safely and obey occupational health and safety, and road traffic laws when driving for work. You also need to understand and follow your employer s driving for work policies, procedures and rules. Driver Training Drivers should consider maintaining their skill and knowledge by undergoing regular refresher training. Your employer may have specific vehicle familiarisation or refresher training procedures in place. When required to drive a vehicle with which you are not familiar take time to inform yourself on the safe operation of that vehicle type before going on any journey. Driver Qualification and Authorisation As part of driving for work policy and procedures, you should be authorised to drive for work by your employer and you should submit the following documentation to your employer to verify that you are suitably qualified and authorised to drive:- Valid driving licence for the category of vehicle Driving licence endorsements or penalties Proof of insurance and type of use Details of any medical conditions related to driving ALL DRIVERS MUST CARRY A VALID NATIONAL OR INTERNATIONAL DRIVING LICENCE FAILURE TO DO SO IS AN OFFENCE 9
12 Knowledge of rules of the road You must have a satisfactory knowledge of the rules of the road to get a driving licence, but learning about road safety does not stop once you pass your test. Drivers must regularly update themselves on road safety rules. It is recommended that drivers refresh their understanding of the rules of the road at least once a year by visiting Fitness to Drive You should report to work fit for all work activities including driving duties. If you are not fit for work, it is your responsibility to inform your manager. Your physical health, psychological and emotional state and your general attitude towards driving play a major part in your fitness to drive. You should inform your employer about any health issue or personal circumstances that may affect your driving (your employer may require this). It is important to remember that your fitness to drive can be negatively affected by: Fatigue Alcohol Drugs [over the counter, prescription or illicit] Temporary illness A medical condition Daily stress events Safe Driver Fatigue Fatigue is a major contributory cause of fatal and serious injury vehicle collisions and incidents. 10
13 Thousands of crashes are caused by tired drivers. They are usually severe because a sleeping driver cannot brake or take avoidance action, so the impact generally occurs at high speed. Fatigue related collisions often result in very serious injuries or death. You are most likely to feel sleepy when driving: On long journeys on monotonous roads Between 2am and 6am Between 2pm and 4pm After having less sleep than normal After drinking alcohol After taking medicines which cause drowsiness On journeys home after night shifts On journeys after a very long working day DO NOT CONTINUE TO DRIVE IF YOU ARE SUFFERING FROM FATIGUE TIREDNESS KILLS, IT COULD BE YOU Measures to tackle driver fatigue Most, if not all, of the risk could be avoided by awareness and planning. You can counteract fatigue in a number of ways. Safe Driver 11
14 Safe Driver Reduce road journeys Avoid the most dangerous times Reduce your driving time Measures to tackle driver fatigue Avoid driving by: Using the phone, , video-conferencing or public transport to do business Car-sharing to reduce number of journeys you take Avoid driving: At night, [especially after a long shift] After drinking alcohol After taking medicine that makes you drowsy In poor weather conditions Take a break at regular intervals or after every two hours of driving Follow any safe or legal limits set by your employer on maximum driving distances and journey times Make sure you comply with drivers hours and tachograph rules, if you are subject to them 12
15 Make sure you are well rested Stop if you feel tired Discuss concerns with your manager Safe Driver Resist the temptation to carry on if you feel tired If possible, share the driving with a colleague If necessary, plan an overnight stop into your work schedule Avoid driving when you would normally be asleep Make sure you get plenty of sleep before a long drive Keep meals light during or immediately before you drive. Heavy meals can make you drowsy If you start to feel tired: Find somewhere safe to stop (not the hard shoulder) Take two strong caffeine drinks and have a catnap for minutes Find somewhere suitable to sleep overnight, if necessary If you are concerned about your driving hours, journeys or schedules or if you find yourself driving when too tired, discuss this with your line manager 13
16 Medical Conditions YOU ARE LEGALLY REQUIRED TO INFORM THE RELEVANT DRIVER LICENSING AUTHORITIES OF ANY MEDICAL CONDITION THAT MAY AFFECT YOUR ABILITY TO DRIVE SAFELY FURTHER ADVICE ON MEDICAL CONDITIONS AND DRIVING IS AVAILABLE AT Common conditions, such as colds, flu, migraine, stomach upsets, hay fever, etc. can affect your ability to drive safely. For example, the symptoms of a cold (headache, blocked sinuses, sneezing, and tiredness) if severe enough can impair your concentration, reactions and judgment. Drivers can be tempted to soldier on, when it would be safer, not to drive until they are feeling better. If you start to feel ill while driving, stop the vehicle somewhere safe. If the condition is not serious, you may feel well enough to continue after a short break, a warm drink or taking some medication. But if you find your concentration is affected, then you should make other arrangements to continue your journey. Safe Driver If you think that you are unfit to drive for any reason, do not drive. Contact your line manager to explain and allow alternative arrangements to be made. 14
17 Eyesight You should have your eyes tested regularly. Have them examined at least every 2 years or as advised by an optometrist or a qualified dispensing optician. If you do have to wear glasses for driving, make sure to always wear them when driving and keep the lenses clean and scratch free. Carry a spare pair in your car. Carry a pair of sunglasses in your vehicle [even in the winter] in case they are needed. Alcohol and Drugs The consumption of alcohol or drugs (including prescription drugs) impairs judgment, makes drivers over-confident, and makes drivers likely to take risks. It slows reactions, increases stopping distances, affects judgment of speed and distance, and reduces the field of vision. Even a small amount of alcohol, well below the legal limit, can seriously affect your ability to drive safely. Drink and drug drivers kill and injure many people every year. The legal drink drive limit is 50mg of alcohol per 100ml of blood. For specified drivers there is a lower limit of 20mg per 100 ml of blood. Specified drivers include learner or novice drivers, commercial and professional drivers. YOU ARE LEGALLY OBLIGED TO CARRY YOUR DRIVING LICENCE WITH YOU WHEN YOU DRIVE A VEHICLE IF YOU CANNOT PRODUCE IT FOR INSPECTION TO A GARDA, YOU WILL BE TESTED AT THE LOWER BLOOD ALCOHOL LIMIT OF 20 MG PER 100 ML OF BLOOD Drivers who have consumed alcohol may focus more on tasks such as gear changes and take too long to make vital decisions and may miss hazards such as pedestrians on the roads. Safe Driver 15
18 It is almost impossible to be sure how many units you have consumed because the alcoholic strength of drinks varies enormously, as does the size of measures. It is difficult to know the alcoholic strength of a drink without seeing the bottle. Drinks poured at home are usually larger than ones bought in a pub or restaurant. The only safe option is to avoid drinking alcohol in the hours before you will be driving (for example, at lunchtime). Never rely on trying to calculate accurately how much alcohol is in your body, and whether you are above or below the drink drive limit. IT IS AN OFFENCE TO DRIVE OVER THE PRESCRIBED LEGAL LIMITS FOR ALCOHOL AND DRUGS THE BEST ADVICE IS NEVER EVER DRINK AND DRIVE THE MORNING AFTER The morning after is a dangerous time for impaired driving. It takes 1 hour for your body to process 1 unit of alcohol. So, for example, it could take 10 hours or more hours for your body to process the alcohol and become alcohol free. Many drink drivers are caught the morning after they have been drinking. It takes several hours for alcohol to disappear from the body, so if you were drinking late the previous night, you could easily still be over the limit on your way to work the next morning. Even if under the legal limit, you may still be affected by the alcohol in your body. Safe Driver FOR MORE INFORMATION ON ALCOHOL AND DRIVING, SEE 16
19 Medicines and driving Check with your doctor or pharmacist whether any over-thecounter or prescribed medicines you are taking are likely to affect your driving (for example, by causing drowsiness). If so, ask for an alternative that does not affect driving, or avoid driving altogether. CHECK POTENTIAL SIDE EFFECTS OF MEDICATIONS THAT MAY AFFECT YOUR DRIVING WITH YOUR DOCTOR OR PHARMACIST Always check the label on medicines and the patient information leaflet for any warnings. There are many common drugs that have side effects that may impair your driving ability such as: Sleeping tablets Anti-depressants Sedatives, tranquillisers or other medicines for anxiety Some pain killers Some allergy or hay-fever medicines Many cough and cold remedies Some medicines for epilepsy Some medicines for diabetes Some medicines for blood pressure or heart conditions Some herbal remedies or supplements Some medicines can make you feel fatigued. You may have impaired cognitive functioning or they make affect your confidence and emotional state. Safe Driver 17
20 Illicit drugs Illicit drugs such as cannabis, cocaine and ecstasy affect drivers in different ways such as slower reaction times, aggressive behaviour, poor concentration, panic attacks and paranoia. As the effects of these drugs wear off, drivers may feel extremely fatigued. FURTHER INFORMATION ON DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF DRUGS IS AVAILABLE FROM THE RSA AT Daily Stress Events Stressors are generated by day-to-day events, e.g. work related issues, relationship difficulties, financial matters and family matters. It is important to manage these stress events in order to minimise their impact on your driving. Contact your line manager to discuss any stress events that could have a negative impact on your driving. Personal safety A well-maintained and regularly-serviced vehicle is less likely to break down and leave you stranded. Join a reliable breakdown organisation. Your employer may have done this for you. Take a mobile phone with you for emergencies. Make sure the phone is fully charged before your journey. In general do not pick up hitchhikers or offer lifts to people you do not know. Safe Driver Keep valuables and bags out of sight and out of reach. Keep the car doors locked while driving in slow moving or stationary traffic if you feel vulnerable. 18
21 Always lock the door when you are away from the vehicle even when paying for fuel. Safe Parking The golden rule is to make sure that others can see you and that you do not park in an isolated place. Always consider the position of the vehicle on the other side of your intended space. Think about pulling in your wing mirrors, but remember to pull them out again before driving off. Put all valuable items out of sight, e.g. in the boot before leaving your vehicle. Lock all doors, windows and the sunroof. Listen and look around before getting out of your vehicle. Note the location of the street. where you park. Think about the time you will be returning to your vehicle a safe place during the day may be very different at night. Under no circumstances should headlights be left on when the vehicle is parked. If needed consider using side or parking lights. Choose a car park or parking space that is close to your final destination. Safe Driver 19
22 If possible, choose a location that: Is visible to other people Is in an open area, so that you have a good all-round view Is well-lit Is not close to bushes or dark corners Allows you to reverse into your chosen space, so you can drive out more safely Allows you to park next to a fixed object (where possible or practical) to minimise the risk of damage to your vehicle If using a car park: Note what time the car park closes Note the level you parked on [write it on your ticket] Lock your doors and close the windows as you enter the car park In multi-storey car parks choose a space that is: Near the manned kiosk, if there is one Close to the exit level required When returning to the vehicle: If you are alone, try to follow a group Approach the vehicle with your keys in your hand so you can get in quickly if necessary Check the vehicle as you approach. If there are any signs of it having being tampered with, do not get in call the Gardai If you have one, keep a personal attack alarm to hand it s no good at the bottom of a bag! Safe Driver Dealing with Potentially Aggressive Behaviour Avoid getting into conflict with another driver. Responding to another driver s aggression or challenge could put you at risk of injury or worse. 20
23 If you accidentally cause another driver to become angry hold up your whole hand as a friendly acknowledgement of your mistake this can diffuse the situation. Do not overreact to, or panic about, another driver s error, bad driving or poor attitude. They may be unaware of their actions. Stay away from them and concentrate on your own driving, safely and responsibly. If your mood is affected by an incident during your journey, once you have moved away from any danger, find an opportunity to stop and take time out. Never put yourself or your passengers in danger by getting out of the car to deal with an angry or aggressive driver. If confronted with potentially violent situation, remain in the car with the windows closed and door locked. Stay calm and think logically. If necessary, call for help on a mobile phone (not while driving). Do not make gestures, flash headlights or sound the horn. This may make the situation worse. It will also distract you. Do not make eye contact with an angry or aggressive driver as this has the potential to make the situation worse. If you find you are being followed by an impatient driver (tailgated) do not allow yourself to be pushed along, intimidated or made to increase your speed. Without actually pulling over or stopping find a safe opportunity to allow that driver to pass. Do not allow an aggressive driver to follow you home. IF YOU THINK THAT YOU ARE BEING FOLLOWED BY AN AGGRESSIVE DRIVER, MAKE YOUR WAY TO A PUBLIC PLACE, GARDA STATION OR BUSY STREET AND IF NECESSARY CALL THE GARDAI (999 OR 112) Safe Driver 21
24 Safe Vehicle Who is responsible for the vehicle? If your employer provides the vehicle, they must make sure that it is properly registered, taxed, DOE or NCT tested as well as insured. They are required to have vehicles serviced according to the manufacturer s recommendations. Your employer will need to advise you when services and roadworthiness inspections are due and make necessary arrangements. Regular servicing helps to avoid faults and unexpected breakdowns. Your employer should advise clearly on your responsibilities in respect of company provided vehicles. There should be a clear rule that any vehicle that is, or suspected to be, in an unsafe or illegal condition will not be used until all necessary repairs have been completed. AS A DRIVER, YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR ENSURING THAT THE VEHICLE YOU ARE DRIVING IS SAFE TO USE ON THE ROAD AND MEETS ALL LEGAL REQUIREMENTS. THIS IS REGARDLESS OF OWNERSHIP 22 Using your own vehicle If you are using your own vehicle for work purposes, then you are responsible for its roadworthiness, motor tax, insurance and condition. Your employer has a legal duty to verify that your vehicle is safe and legal when it is being used for work. It is essential that if you use your own vehicle for work (excluding commuting), your motor insurance policy includes
25 cover for business use. Make sure you inform your insurers that you use the vehicle for work, and how you do so. Some employers set rules (e.g. age limits, safety features) for the type of vehicle that can be used for work purposes. Your employer may have rules requiring you to: Show documentary evidence that your vehicle has valid motor tax and valid roadworthiness certificate Show documentary evidence, that you are insured to drive your vehicle for business use Show evidence that your vehicle is serviced according to the manufacturer s recommendations. Agree to conduct regular vehicle safety checks Not carry loads for which the vehicle is unsuited (a car is not a van) Not carry hazardous materials Only carry the number of passengers for whom there are seat belts Not use the vehicle in conditions for which it is not designed (e.g. off-road) SOME EMPLOYERS MAKE CHECKS ON DRIVERS OF PRIVATE CARS ANNUALLY (OR MORE FREQUENTLY) SOME EMPLOYERS MAY, IN ADDITION DO RANDOM SPOT CHECKS AS AN EMPLOYEE, YOU MUST CO-OPERATE WITH YOUR EMPLOYER S HEALTH AND SAFETY PROCEDURES AND FOLLOW THEIR RULES AND POLICIES RELATING TO YOUR OWN VEHICLE, WHEN IT IS USED FOR WORK Pre-drive vehicle checks As a driver you must consider whether the vehicle is suitable for the work task, for example: Safe Vehicle 23
26 If carrying passengers, is there a seat belt for each occupant? If carrying children, are there appropriate child seats and child restraints for each child that needs one? If carrying a heavy load or an animal, can you secure it safely? If you find any problem during the check, report it to your manager immediately. THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF VEHICLE BREAKDOWN IS VEHICLE NEGLECT DAILY PRE DRIVE CHECKS ARE A SIMPLE AND EFFECTIVE WAY TO SPOT POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS ISSUES BEFORE THE VEHICLE IS USED PRE-DRIVE PREVENTATIVE CHECKS ARE SIMPLE AND LESS TIME-CONSUMING THAN THE BREAKDOWN THAT MAY FOLLOW IF YOU DO NOT DO THEM You need to check both the exterior and interior of the vehicle before driving. Check the following: Safe Vehicle Tyres. Undamaged (no cuts or bulges), are at the correct pressure and have enough tread depth all round. The legal minimum is 1.6mm, but above 3mm gives much shorter braking distances in the wet Vehicle body. No signs of damage or loose vehicle body panels and that the boot and bonnet are closed properly Fluid levels. Oil, coolant and windscreen wash levels are correct (check when cold) Fuel. Know the correct type of fuel for the vehicle [especially for hire or loan cars]. Make sure the fuel cap closed and secure 24
27 Brakes. Working correctly. Make sure the parking brake is on properly when parked and before exiting the vehicle at any time Lights and indicators. Clean, not damaged and working correctly. Carry spare bulbs in your vehicle Windscreen and windows. Clean and not damaged. No items attached that may restrict driver s view. Use of screen wash in winter stops your water freezing. In summer this helps to remove insects from windscreen Washers and wipers. Working correctly. It is recommended to change wipers regularly. The rubber deteriorates over time when exposed to the elements. An occasional wipe with methylated spirits will prevent streaking Mirrors. Clean, correctly positioned for your maximum safe vision and not damaged. No items attached that may restrict driver s view Documentation. All the legally required documentation is displayed on the windscreen (i.e. Motor tax, Roadworthiness, Insurance discs) Dashboard. Look at the dashboard when you start the car and check which lights illuminate. If you are not familiar with the vehicle, check the handbook to ensure you know what the different lights mean Doors. Make sure that all of the vehicles doors are closed properly Seat position. Adjust driver s seat to suit you. You should be able to see and reach all of the controls comfortably. Good all-round, unobstructed, visibility is vital. Check that your view is not obstructed by objects such as stickers or electronic devices Safe Vehicle 25
Section 2: The learner driver 27 Conditions for learner permit holders 27 Learner permit expiration 30
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- 10-13-2008, 03:48 AM Thread Author #1
Calendar color question
I had to reformat my computer this weekend and had to reinstall iTunes and Outlook. I resynced my phone to Outlook and put my calendar and contact info back on Outlook. It worked fine (unlike when I first got the phone) but there is one catch. On my phone there are now two calendars. "Outlook calendar" and "Calendar". I think what happened is the data from my iPhone created a new calendar in Outlook. I tried to delete the empty calendar from Outlook but it wouldn't let me (delete calendar option was whited out). So now I have two calendars on my iPhone which isnt that big a deal except the calendar with data is RED! I like the idea of color coding my calendars but it is not a deal breaker. After the Mobile Me debacle I had I was content just to use the blueish grey default that was on the phone. Is there a way to merge the calendar in outlook with data with the default calendar (no data) in outlook so I can have one calendar on the iPhone? If not, is there a way to change the calendar color to a different one that's not RED? It looks like every appointment I have is an emergency or something haha!
I'm using:
Outlook 2007
The newest vers. of iTunes
Any help is appreciated and thank you in advance.
- 10-13-2008, 08:06 AM Thread Author #2
Tried to choose calendar in iTunes
I tried to just sync one calendar in iTunes but when I check the calendar with data it doesnt allow me to just sync that calendar. It automatically checks both boxes for both calendars. I tried just to sync the calendar with no data and it automatically checks the sync all calendar option.
Hey, I'm trying!
Once again any help is appreciated.
- 10-13-2008, 08:21 AM Thread Author #3
Fixed it
Sorry but I got it fixed. Pretty simple actually. I spent most of the night trying to get everything back up and running on my computer and the answer was uber simple. I guess I was just tired and lazy to find the answer.
Thanks again.
- 10-13-2008, 12:30 PM #4Administrator
- Posts
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With exchange I don't think you can change the colors... That only works while syncing with iCal.
- 10-17-2008, 06:19 PM #5iPhone Intermediate
- Posts
- 308 Posts
- Global Posts
- 336 Global Posts
Can you get ical on a pc? Not like it matters because with exchange everything is outlook. Unless one can sync outlook with ical just like outlook and google calendar.
- 10-19-2008, 05:57 AM #6TiPb Blog and Forum Staff
- Posts
- 86 Posts
- Global Posts
- 87 Global Posts
It auto assigns the colors in order from red to purple. I have submitted feedback to apple on this because itvid really annoying. I hope they create a fix to manually assign colors.
- 10-05-2013, 01:37 PM #10iMore Nanite
- Posts
- 1 Posts
- Global Posts
- 18 Global Posts
Re: Fixed it
What did you do? I have the same problem.

subset: commoncrawl


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"We arrived rather late and found our gift bag and room key in the office, as advertised. We found the room to be clean and in order with a queen bed, small table with two chairs, electric fire place and attached bath. Parking in back of the lodge is adequate. Our two night stay was pleasant. We..."
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I bought a used EQ but the power wire isn't the original wire, I need to know which wire is power, which is ground, and what the third wire is for. Picture of the power wire the way it is is available upon request, and I would glady accept as a solution a picture of the original power wire.
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1 SAMPLE EXAM QUESTIONS MODULE EE5552 NETWORK SECURITY AND ENCRYPTION September 2010 (reviewed September 2014) ECE, SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND DESIGN BRUNEL UNIVERSITY UXBRIDGE MIDDLESEX, UK
2 NETWORK SECURITY AND ENCRYPTION COPYRIGHT 2010 BY BRUNEL UNIVERSITY ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM BRUNEL UNIVERSITY. ECE, School of Engineering and Design Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH United Kingdom.
3 Introduction This booklet contains sample questions and includes outline solutions. These may be used as to aid your learning and also as practice for the examination. The questions include a marking scheme and this is particularly important for questions requiring descriptive answers. The number of marks should guide the length of the answer, only a few minutes should be spent on a section worth only 2 marks. This is at most two sentences, and more likely one. The solutions are intended to illustrate in outline roughly what a good answer would look like; they are often brief to give an indication of the information of relevance. If you cannot understand a solution, or suspect that it is wrong, spend an hour or so to attempt to fully understand it. Then, if you are still uncertain, leave it for a day or two and come back to it with a fresh mind. At any time, of course, you are very welcome to phone Dr. Owens for help but him for a date and a time to ring him first. Dr. Owens also replies to queries about the course material.
4 1. a) Give the typical requirements of a secure distributed system. [3 marks] b) Describe the meaning of a system in the context of security engineering. [6 marks] c) In security engineering define what is meant by a principal and explain the meaning of identity. [5 marks] e) Explain why challenge response identification systems are used. [2 marks] f) Explain how public key cryptography may be used for identification.
5 Solution 1 a) Typical requirements of a secure distributed computing system are: o User authentication o Message integrity with respect to origin and content o Message confidentiality o Fault-tolerance [3 marks] b) In the context of security engineering a system is taken to mean: One or more applications, for example, payroll Together with the collection of components, operating system, communications, and other parts of an organization s infrastructure that they are dependent upon Together with all users of the applications both internal and external to the organization, the management of the organization, its customers and surrounding environment including competitors and regulators [6 marks] c) A principal is an element of the system. An element can be o a person o a role o an item of equipment o a piece of software o an encryption key Identity means a correspondence between the names of two principals signifying that they refer to the same person, item of equipment, or piece of software. o This is best understood in terms of one person taking on several roles. [5 marks] d) The use of one-time passwords does not rule out the possibility that an attacker can learn the password before the identification takes place. To get around this problem challenge response identification systems are used. [2 marks] e) Public-key cryptography may be used for identification as follows: o o o o If Bob wants to identify himself to Alice he asks Alice for a random number Bob encrypts this random number with his private key and sends the cipher text to Alice Alice decrypts the cipher text using Bob s public key and compares the result with the number she sent. If there is a match then she accepts this as proof of identity. For this challenge response system to work Alice must be sure that she has the authentic public key of Bob.
6 2. a) Explain what a nonce is and the reason for using a nonce. [2 marks] b) Describe how a man-in-the-middle attack may be performed on a Wi-Fi network and the consequences of such an attack. [10 marks] c) Explain how a man-in-the-middle attack on a Wi-Fi network can be defeated. d) Outline the scope of key management.
7 Solutions 2 a) In principle, a nonce is a number that is used only once. o A nonce is used to guarantee a message is fresh and not a replay of an old message. [2 marks] b) Wi-Fi is a wireless technology that provides simple broadband access using a laptop and an access point to which the laptop has authenticated itself. Suppose an attacker has a modified Wi-Fi card designed to intercept data. All information coming from the access points within wireless range can be read. Suppose an attacker wishes to authenticate to a corporate access point they should not be able to use. In a man-in-the-middle attack the attacker sets up a bogus access point: o o o The bogus access point identifies a real corporate access point in advance. When a corporate laptop sees the bogus access point and tries to associate to it the bogus access point copies all the messages it receives to the valid corporate access point, substituting its own Medium Access Control (MAC) address for the source address. The bogus access point copies all the messages received from the valid access point back to the mobile device again substituting its own Medium Access Control (MAC) address for the source address. This intervention is possible even when the data is encrypted and without the enemy knowing the secret keys. If the message content is encrypted very little can be achieved without some knowledge of the contents of the messages before they were encrypted. More can be achieved if the attacker is allowed to replay captured messages. In particular, if a simple challenge response scheme were used for authentication by replaying captured messages the bogus access point could associate itself to the corporate access point. [10 marks] c) A man-in-the-middle attack on a Wi-Fi network can be defeated by requiring mutual authentication between the corporate user and the access point and providing protection against replay attacks. The security methods for Wi-Fi called Wireless Protected Access (WPA) and Robust Security Network (RSN/WPA2) do this. d) Key management includes all aspects of the keying relationships: o o o o o User initialisation Generation and distribution of keying material Controlling key material use Backing up Archiving and updating keying material.
8 3. a) In general, there are three types of identity authentication tasks. List these tasks. b) Explain the role of the logic of authentication.
9 Solutions 3 a) In general, there are three types of identity authentication tasks which are: Identity authentication for something known, such as a password; Identity authentication for something possessed, such as a smart card; Identity authentication for some personal characteristics, such as fingerprints. b) The logic of authentication formally describes the operation of an authentication protocol. It does this by formally describing the knowledge and the beliefs of the legitimate parties involved in authentication, and while analyzing the authentication protocol step by step, describes how their knowledge and beliefs change at each step. After the analysis, all the final states of the protocol are set out.
10 5. a) An ideal password authentication scheme has to withstand a number of attacks. Describe five of these attacks. [10 marks] b) Describe the goals an ideal password authentication scheme should achieve. [10 marks]
11 Solutions 5 a) Any five of the following: SR1. Denial of Service Attacks An attacker can update false verification information of a legal user for the next login phase. Afterwards, the legal user will not be able to login successfully anymore. SR2. Forgery Attacks (Impersonation Attacks) An attacker attempts to modify intercepted communications to masquerade the legal user and login to the system. SR3. Forward Secrecy It has to be ensured that the previously generated passwords in the system are secure even if the system s secret key has been revealed in public by accident or is stolen. SR4. Server spoofing attacks Mutual authentication can help withstand the server spoofing attack where an attacker pretends to be the server to manipulate sensitive data of the legal users. Mutual authentication means the user and the server can authenticate each other. Not only can the server verify the legal users, but the users can also verify the legal server. SR5. Parallel Session Attacks Without knowing a user s password, an attacker can masquerade as the legal user by creating a valid login message out of some eavesdropped communication between the user and the server. SR6. Password Guessing Attacks Most passwords have such low entropy that they are vulnerable to password guessing attacks, where an attacker intercepts authentication messages and stores them locally and then uses a guessed password and seeks verify the correctness of their guess using these authentication messages. SR7. Replay Attacks Having intercepted previous communications, an attacker can replay the intercepted messages to impersonate the legal user to login to the system. SR8. Smart Card Loss Attacks When the smart card is lost or stolen, unauthorized [10 marks] b) An ideal password authentication scheme should achieve the following goals: 1 The passwords or verification tables are not stored in the system. 2 The passwords can be chosen and changed freely by the users. 3 The passwords cannot be revealed by the administrator of the server. 4 The passwords are not transmitted in plain text over the network. 5 The length of a password must be appropriate for memorization. 6 The scheme must be efficient and practical. 7 Any unauthorized login can be quickly detected when a user inputs a wrong password. 8 A session key is established during the password authentication process to provide confidentiality of communication. 9 The ID should be dynamically changed for each login session to avoid partial information leakage about the user s login message. 10 The proposed scheme is still secure even if the secret key of the authentication server is leaked out or stolen. [10 marks]
12 6. a) Describe the three main concerns with the use of passwords for authentication. Explain what is meant by a social engineering attack on a password. b) Explain how attacks on passwords are broadly classified. c) Explain how access control lists are use to represent access control matrices. Describe the environments in which they are widely used and their advantages and disadvantages. [6 marks] d) Suppose the following groups are defined to shorten a system s access control lists: Group1: Alice, Bob, Cynthia, David, Eve Group2: Alice, Bob, Cynthia Group3: Bob, Cynthia Suppose the access control list for File 1 is: File 1: Group 1, R; Group 2, RW If Alice wants to write to File 1 giving your reasoning state whether Alice will be allowed to do so if: i) The first relevant entry policy is applied ii) The any permission in list policy is applied Suppose the access control list for File 2 is: File 2: Group 3, RWE iii) Show how the need for a Group 3 for File 2 can be removed using access none. [6 marks]
13 Solutions 6 a) There are three main concerns with the use of passwords for authentication: Will the user disclose the password to another person intentionally, accidentally, or because they were deceived? Will the user be able to regularly enter the password correctly? Will users be able to remember their passwords or will they have to record them somewhere or choose easily guessed passwords? When an attacker obtains a password directly from its user by deceit the attack is known as social engineering. b) Attacks on passwords can be broadly classified as: A targeted attack on one account: The attacker tries to obtain a particular user s password. Attempt to penetrate any account on a system: The attacker tries to steal any password for the system, for example, by a dictionary attack. Attempt to penetrate any account on any system: This is when an attacker is seeking access to any system within a given domain. Service denial attack: An attacker may want to prevent a specific user from using the system. c) Access control lists are used to simplify access rights management by storing the access control matrix a column at a time along with the resource to which the column refers. ACLs are widely used in environments where the users manage the security of their own files such as Unix systems. Their advantages are: Easy to understand Easily answer the question "who has what kind of access to this resource" Work well in distributed systems; Rights stored together with resources Their main disadvantage is: May be inefficient. Determining rights may require searching a long list [6 marks] d) The first relevant entry is Group 1 because Alice is a member of Group 1. Group 1 has read only access to File 1 son Alice has read only access to File 1. Alice is a member of Group 1 and Group 2. As Group 2 has read and write access to File 1, Alice has write access to File 1. The access control list for File 2 may be written: File 2: Alice, None; Group 2, RWE [6 marks]
14 7. a) Explain the principle of least privilege. [5 marks] b) Explain how capability lists are used to represent access control matrices. Discuss the main problem associated with the use of capability lists and its consequences. [6 marks] c) Explain how capability lists are now commonly implemented in the form of attribute certificates to get around the main problem associated with the use of capability lists for access control. [3 marks] d) The permission bits associated with a program call Prog1 and a dataset called Data1 are as follows: Prog1: Data1: State the permissions these bits give. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of using permission bits for access control. [6 marks]
15 Solutions 7 a) The principle of least privilege requires that a user be given no more privilege than necessary to perform a job. Ensuring least privilege requires identifying what the user's job is, determining the minimum set of privileges required to perform that job, and restricting the user to a domain with those privileges and nothing more. By denying to subjects transactions that are not necessary for the performance of their duties, those denied privileges cannot be used to circumvent the organizational security policy. [5 marks] b) Capability lists register per principal what rights the principal has to the listed resources. The main problem with capability lists is that changing the status of a resource which can be difficult because it can be hard to find out which users have permission to access the resource. For example, changing a program s status so that no user may execute it can be difficult because it can be hard to find out which users have permission to execute the program. This equally applies to changing a files status and can be a problem when investigating an incident or preparing evidence of a crime. [6 marks] c) Attribute certificates are closely related to public key certificates. Attribute certification in essence is a way of extending authentication-oriented use of Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) to support tasks related to authorization. Attribute Certificates provide a solution to certify binding of attributes to a given subject. [3 marks] d) File Owner Group Others r w e r w e r w e Prog Prog1 can be read, written, and executed by its owner, read and executed by its group, other users can read it Data Data1 can be read, written, and executed by its owner, and read by its group, other users can do nothing with it. The advantages and disadvantages of using permission bits for access control are: They are very simple They provide a fixed set of rights for a fixed set of subjects sand are therefore very inflexible They are efficient because the are no lists to search; Access rights are registered directly with the objects to which they relate [6 marks]
16 8. a) Shannon proposed two measures of security: unicity distance and cover time. Explain how each of these concepts seeks to provide an indication of the security of a cipher system and outline the theoretical concept which has now superseded the notion of cover time. [8 marks]
17 Solutions 8 ( a) If we assume that a cryptanalyst knows everything about a cipher system but the key, the unicity distance is the average number of ciphertext characters which must be received before he can in principle identify the key. It is defined as H(K)/(H(Σ)-H(X)) where (i) H(K) is the entropy of the key, and for equally likely keys is log( K ) H(Σ) is the maximum entropy for a source with Σ symbols = log( Σ ). H(X) is the actual entropy of the source. (ii) The cover time was defined as the computation time required to determine the key, given sufficient plain text and cipher text, assuming that a cryptanalyst had access to a powerful computer. (iii) The concept of computational complexity is the modern counterpart of cover time. Generally one designs a cipher system so that encryption and decryption are computationally feasible, whereas identification of the key by a cryptanalyst is infeasible. Feasible generally means polynomial time, whereas infeasible generally means super-polynomial. By choosing a sufficiently "large" instance of his cipher system, the cryptographer can ensure that the cryptanalyst cannot afford sufficient computer power to attack it. [8 marks]
18 9. a) Explain briefly the concepts: one-way function, one-way hash function, trapdoor one-way function. [5 Marks] b) Explain why a stream cipher fails to protect message integrity. [5 Marks] c) Describe how a one-way hash function may be used for message authentication. [5 Marks] d) The concept of computational complexity has superseded the notion of covertime as a measure of the security of a cryptosystem. Explain how computational complexity theory provides the theoretical basis for the design of modern scalable cryptosystems. [5 Marks]
19 Solution 9 a) A one-way function is a function that is easy to compute but which is extremely difficult to invert. A hash function is a function that takes a big number, or a piece of text, or some other data and computes from it a smaller number or bit vector. A one-way hash function is similar. A one-way hash function is a function for which it is extremely difficult to find two distinct arguments that give the same result. Also, given the result of a one-way hash function, it should be extremely hard to find any argument that gives that result. A trapdoor one-way function is a one-way function together with a certain piece of additional information. It is extremely difficult to invert without the additional information, but easy to invert using the additional information. [5 marks] b) A stream cipher cannot protect message integrity because it is vulnerable to attacks in depth. For example, fund transfer messages are very highly structured. Suppose an attacker knew bytes of such a message contained the amount to be transferred. They could request a modest sum (500 euro) to be sent to an accomplice. If by wiretapping the attacker can obtain the corresponding ciphertext for the message C = M XOR K they know M for bytes so know K for bytes They take the ciphertext and change bytes to read 500,000 euro XORed with K for bytes then send it on. [5 marks] c) In a symmetric key system, a one-way hash function is used as the fundamental component of a key dependent Hash-Based Message Authentication Code that takes as its input the whole message and outputs a message authentication code that is appended to the message. Only those with knowledge of the key may generate or check the message authentication code. In a public key system the message is input into a one way hash function the output of which is a message digest. A private key is used to encrypt the message digest to give digital signature which is attached to the message. The corresponding public key may be used to check the signature. An adversary will be unable to create a valid signature. [5 marks] d) A modern scalable cryptosystem is designed so that encryption and decryption are computationally feasible but identification of the key by a cryptanalyst is infeasible. A problem is considered feasible if it is in class P and infeasible if it is not. It follows that cryptosystems are designed so that encryption and decryption are in P and cryptanalysis is not. By choosing a sufficiently large key the cryptographer can ensure that the cryptanalyst cannot afford sufficient computer power to attack it. [5 marks]
20 11. a) A Feistel cipher is used in the DES algorithm. Describe the operation of a Feistel cipher. [5 marks] b) Briefly describe three modes of operation of DES. [7 marks] c) Discuss the security of AES. [12 marks]
21 Solutions 11 a) A Feistel cipher is given an arbitrary set of functions over Boolean vectors of length n. The plaintext and ciphertext are both pairs of n bit words ( w 1, w 2 ). One of the given functions f is chosen and the pair of words ( w2, f ( w1 ) w2 ) is formed, where is bitwise addition modulo 2. This step is repeated as many times as required, choosing a different f each time. To recover the key from a plaintext-ciphertext pair requires the solution of a set of polynomial equations modulo 2. [5 marks] b) Any three of the following would be acceptable: On July 1, 2009, Bruce Schneier blogged about related-key attacks published in December 2009 on the 192-bit and 256-bit versions of AES, which exploit AES's somewhat simple key schedule. A related-key attack can break 256-bit AES with a complexity of which while faster than brute force is still infeasible. In a similar manner, 192-bit AES can be broken by an attack with a complexity of bit AES is not affected by these attacks. In ECB mode, a 64 bit plaintext is encrypted directly. This mode is generally used only for key encryption. A potentially powerful technique for improving the security of DES is triple encryption. That is encrypting each message block under three different DES keys in succession. Triple encryption is thought to be equivalent to doubling the key size of DES, to 112 bits, and should prevent decryption by an enemy capable of single-key exhaustive search. In CBC mode, a random initialisation vector is XORed with the first block of plaintext. The result is then encrypted with DES and transmitted. The result is also XORed with the next data block and the process repeated. DES may also be used in cipher feedback mode (CFB). This is a variant of CBC which does not require that a full 64 bit block is received before encryption can begin. It is useful when the text is character based and in some network applications where data blocks are smaller the 64 bits. The process is started by encrypting a random initialisation vector stored in a 64 bit shift register and taking the first k of the 64 bits of the output of the DES algorithm. These k bits are XOR ed with the first k bits of plaintext to give k bits of ciphertext. The k ciphertext bits are input to the shift register. The contents of the register form the input to the DES algorithm at the second step. At each step the plaintext is enciphered in blocks of k bits at a time and each ciphertext block of k bits is fed into the 64 bit shift register. The shift register is the input to DES for generating k bits for XORing with the next block of plaintext to give the next k bits of ciphertext. OFB mode is the stream cipher version of DES. An initialisation vector is chosen randomly and stored in a shift register as an initial input to DES. This is encrypted and k bits of the result form k bits of a keysteam and are also shifted into a shift register ready for the next cycle. The resulting keystream is XORed with the data just as with a linear feedback shift register. [7 marks] c) Side-channel attacks do not attack the underlying cryptographic algorithm, and so have nothing to do with its security, but attack implementations of the cipher on systems which inadvertently leak data. There are several such known attacks on certain implementations of AES: In October 2005 a paper was presented that demonstrated several cache-timing attacks against AES. One attack was able to obtain an entire AES key after only 800 operations triggering encryption, in a total of 65 milliseconds. This attack requires the attacker to be able to run programs on the same system or platform that is performing AES. In December 2009 an attack on some hardware implementations of AES was published that used Differential Fault Analysis and allows recovery of key with complexity of Although there is no proof of the security of the AES cryptographic algorithm it is the first publicly accessible and open cipher approved by the United States National Security Agency (NSA) for top secret information. In 2003 it stated:
22 The design and strength of all key lengths of the AES algorithm (i.e., 128, 192 and 256) are sufficient to protect classified information up to the SECRET level. TOP SECRET information will require use of either the 192 or 256 key lengths. The implementation of AES in products intended to protect national security systems and/or information must be reviewed and certified by NSA prior to their acquisition and use. On July 1, 2009, Bruce Schneier blogged about related-key attacks published in December 2009 on the 192-bit and 256-bit versions of AES, which exploit AES's somewhat simple key schedule. A related-key attack can break 256-bit AES with a complexity of which while faster than brute force is still infeasible. In a similar manner, 192-bit AES can be broken by an attack with a complexity of bit AES is not affected by these attacks. [12 marks]
23 12. a) Define a discrete memoryless source. [2 marks] b) What is Perfect Secrecy? Describe a system that achieves it. [6 marks] c) Explain how the unicity distance of the system, described in part b), justifies the claim that the system is unbreakable if keys are not reused. d) Explain why it is impractical to implement the system described in part b). [2 marks]
24 Solutions 12 a) A discrete memoryless source (DMS) is a source that emits an endless stream of statistically independent, distinguishable symbols from its alphabet and is the simplest model of an information source. [2 marks] b) A cipher system has perfect secrecy if the ciphertext gives the cryptanalyst no information about the key. The one time pad achieves perfect secrecy. It comprises a sequence of random symbols drawn from the same alphabet as the message which is known to both the sender and the receiver. A message is encrypted by combining it with an initial segment of the sequence of the same length as the message. That segment is then discarded. The segment is the key and in the case of a message made up of bits the combining of the message and the key can be as simple as XORing the two sequences together c) Unicity distance H K U = ( ) lg Σ H. [6 marks] For a message of n symbols the one time pad requires n randomly generated symbols of the key. For a key of n symbols drawn from an alphabet Σ there are are equally likely then the probability of a particular key is H >0, to break the cipher. n U = lg Σ lg Σ H n n Σ possible keys. If all keys 1/ Σ and H ( K) = n lg Σ. Since > n and we need more ciphertext characters than the n available d) The one time pad is impractical because we cannot mathematically generate truly random sequences. A one time pad can be approximated by generating an extremely long psuedorandom sequence. [2 marks]
25 13. a) Discuss the security of additive, multiplicative and affine ciphers against known plaintext attacks. [5 Marks] b) An affine cipher with modulus 26 encrypts 4 as 2 and 7 as 17. Determine the key. [5 Marks] c) Consider an encryption system in which the entropy of the plain text is 32 bits per 128 bit block and in which the AES algorithm is used with a single 128 bit key. Assuming that all keys are equally likely, calculate the unicity distance of this cipher system. d) Outline what it means for a cryptosystem to be scalable and how scalability is achieved. [3 marks] e) The computational complexity of a problem is generally stated as the number of primitive steps required by some model of computation to solve the problem. Define the class of polynomial time problems (P). [3 marks]
26 Solutions 13 a) None are secure against known-plaintext attacks. This can be seen by considering the affine ciphers, of which the other two are special cases. An affine cipher comprises multiplication by one key, and then addition of a second key. Thus the key is given as a pair of integers ( k, k + ) a a k k. m + m +, and we encrypt with In order to attack an affine cipher, two different plaintext-ciphertext pairs are required. This gives two equations, and since there are two unknowns to be obtained, this is sufficient. We have a k a 1 2 k + k + + k + There is a unique solution to these equations if the difference between plaintexts is coprime with the modulus. marks] m m b 1 b 2 [5 b) We know 4k + k + m 2 and 7k + k + m 17. Subtracting these equations we obtain ( 4 7) k + ( k k ) 3k k From 4k + k + m 2 we get k = 2 k = 2 20 = 18 = 8 mod 26 c) Unicity distance is defined as U + + = H ( K ) lg Σ H ( X ) where H(K) is the entropy of the key, and for equally likely keys is lg( K ) lg Σ is the maximum entropy for a source with Σ symbols H(X) is the actual entropy of the source. Unicity distance of the system = H(K)/(lg Σ -H(X)) = 128/(128-32) = [5 marks] d) A cryptosystem is scalable if it allows us to set the cryptanalyst a harder task whenever the time spent on encryption and decryption is increased, by using a longer key. To achieve scalability, it must be arranged that as the cryptosystem is scaled up, the time required for cryptanalysis increases much faster than the time spent on encryption and decryption. [3 marks] O(n a e) Problems whose computational complexity is no greater than ), for some constant a, where n is the size of the problem are members of the class of polynomial time problems (P). [3 marks]
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text:
Revealed at CES, the D-BOX GP-100 is a racecar-style gaming seat that will rock your world as you navigate corners and experience feedback from your game. So if you want to "thrill up" game and you don't mind the $15,000 price tag, this chair might just be for you. I think I'll wait for the GP-200 ;)
D-BOX describes, "The all new GameSim motion chair is not an evolution, it's a complete revolution that will change the future of gaming. We've been extremely busy on this project and have been very pleased with the public's reaction so far."
Thanks to Keith Cunningham for sending this our direction.
$15,000 Racing Chair
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