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Explore Ship Wheel, Decor Ideas, and more!
Paint a pallet white and hang stuff from it with overdoor hooks. | Chic Fashion Pins : The Cutest Pins Around!!!
There is a new trend in upcycling industrial products that is taking hold in Chico, California with the RailroadWare Insulatorlights.
This passage way made with the same shipping pallets could be perceived as a dual natured pallet wood creation. This is a decorative measure, and also a protective measure as well as it would prevent us from some tiny harmful worms and bugs that might cause irritation and inflammation. And the wooden planter is even better than that.
Would be PERFECT on the front porch!!
Wood / Pallet,


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Season 04, Episode 01 – "First Blood"
The women of H Block return to Wentworth after the rebuild to find a new dynamic in play – Vera is Governor, Will is deputy and Kaz Proctor has established a power base. Bea questions whether she has the stamina or desire to be Top Dog for the next forty years of her sentence.
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Apartment for rent from € 73/day in FlorenceName/Address: Vinegia
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46sq. m.
1 1
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Comfortable and unpretentious, the ideal location to base to visit all its attractions of Florence in a quiet street but nice and central, what more could you want?
LayoutOn 1st floor: (Open plan kitchen(microwave, dishwasher, fridge freezer, washing machine), Living/diningroom(Single sofa bed, TV), Bedroom(double bed or 2 single beds), Bathroom(shower, washbasin, toilet))
- Deposit: € 50
- Cleaning: Mandatory: € 50
- Pets: Not allowed
- Bed linen: Included
- Bath towels: Included
- Kitchen linen: Included
- Electricity: Included
- Gas/Oil: Included
- Wifi: Free
- Tourist tax: No
The position on the map may not be accurate
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- October 22: Toyota Recalls Highlander to Reconnect Brake Fluid Sensor recalls | 3 days ago
- October 19: Lexus Exploding Sunroof Lawsuit Alleges Sunroof Glass is Defective news | 6 days ago
- October 16: California DMV Welcomes Federal Driverless Car Guidelines news | 9 days ago
- October 12: Toyota Recalls Prius Over Rollaway Dangers recalls | 13 days ago
- September 15: Toyota Recalls Prius to Fix Spasmatic Airbags recalls | 40 days ago
2003 Toyota Tundra
wheels / hubs Problems
CarComplaints.com Notes: A dependable pickup option that does have a slight history of frame corrosion. Even though mud looks cool on a truck, it's best if you run this through the car wash every now and again.
Worst 2003 Tundra wheels / hubs Problems
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- NHTSA: Wheels: Lugs/Nuts/Bolts1
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Warren Sapp Gets Pimp-Slapped By The U Director Billy Corben
Warren Sapp Loves Billy Corben 4EVAH
When a 300 pound 6'3" retired NFL quarterback killer talked smack about Billy Corben on WQAM 560's Sid Rosenberg show last week, the Miami documentary filmmaker didn't waste time sacking Warren Sapp's blathering nonsense.
The former University of Miami and Tampa Bay Buccaneers defensive lineman was on Rosenberg's afternoon show this past April 21, dogging The U, the documentary about the Hurricanes football program produced by Rakontur, Corben's company. And he made an audacious claim: Rakontur paid ex-Hurricanes wide receiver and former ESPN commentator Michael Irvin -- which Corben emphatically denies.
Two days later, Corben went on Rosenberg's show for a rebuttal. Listen to it after the jump.
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Family of 4 - Ephrata, PA
Posted by Ashley W. on 10/7/2016
Start date: ASAP
- 105 miles away (Ephrata, PA)
- $8.00 - $10.00 per hour
- 3 children (Toddler, Preschool, Elementary)
We are looking to someone to spend most of the day with our 2 year old daughter, along with picking up our 5 year old son and 7 year old son from school. My schedule varies from day to day:)
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Hotfrog Ireland provides information regarding Dicey Riley's Bar in Gort Galway. Dicey Riley's Bar is located at Market Square, Gort Galway and provides Social services. Contact them on (091) 632 031.
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A South African Diary: Contested Identity, My Family - Our Story. Part D:
- Mervyn Snow
- 1 years ago
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1 A South African Diary: Contested Identity, My Family - Our Story Part D: Compiled by: Dr. Anthony Turton Caution in the use and interpretation of these data This document consists of events data presented in chronological order. It is designed to give the reader an insight into the complex drivers at work over time, by showing how many events were occurring simultaneously. It is also designed to guide future research by serious scholars, who would verify all data independently as a matter of sound scholarship and never accept this as being valid in its own right. Read together, they indicate a trend, whereas read in isolation, they become sterile facts devoid of much meaning. Given that they are facts, their origin is generally not cited, as a fact belongs to nobody. On occasion where an interpretation is made, then the commentator s name is cited as appropriate. Where similar information is shown for different dates, it is because some confusion exists on the exact detail of that event, so the reader must use caution when interpreting it, because a fact is something over which no alternate interpretation can be given. These events data are considered by the author to be relevant, based on his professional experience as a trained researcher. Own judgement must be used at all times. All users are urged to verify these data independently. The individual selection of data also represents the author s bias, so the dataset must not be regarded as being complete. The reader is strongly urged to do additional research before drawing conclusions, using this dataset merely as a guide of some known events. Images used in this document are from the public domain, unless otherwise noted, so copyright is not being claimed by the author. Andrew Charles Turton, my younger brother, is thanked for his work in sourcing the Turton genealogical data used in this text. ~ 1 ~
2 Gold is discovered in the Transvaal Republic. Britain covets this resource and plots the overthrowal of the ZAR Government to gain access to it. Paul Kruger tries to monopolize the gold industry, reserving posts for Boers and excluding Uitlander s. Mills & Williams (2006:83) note that the discovery of gold is a key trigger for the subsequent Second Anglo-Boer War. (See also Turton et al., 2006) The British are apprehensive about possible German intervention in Pondoland, so they force the sale of Port St John s The coldest winter in living memory devastates the ranchers of the American West. Deep snow drifts kill hundreds of thousands of cattle, causing farmers to leave the land and seek their fortunes elsewhere. It was in this social climate that gold fever found its frenzied roots. 20/7/86 Turton Genealogy: Aletta Johanna Louisa Sophia De Bruyn, wife of Louis Hosea Jordaan (Maternal 3 rd Great-Grandparent), dies aged 81. While the exact location of her death is unknown, her husband Louis Hosea Jordaan, died at Kroonstad, Orange Free State on 24/8/1874, suggesting that they participated in the Great Trek. 11/12/86 Turton Genealogy: Gysbert Van Rooyen (Maternal 3 rd Great-Grandparent), dies at Roodekrans, in the Waterberg District of Rustenburg, Transvaal Republic. Given that he was born in Grahamstown in 1828, and that he married Barbara Christina Jacoba Meintjies on 6/6/1847 in Craddock, who dies on 11/4/1909 in the Boschfontein District of Rustenburg, Transvaal Republic provides strong evidence that both he and his wife participated in the first movement of settlers during or after the Great Trek from the Cape to the Transvaal Republic. This evidence is supported even further when noting that their child, Susara Aletta Van Rooyen, was born on 15/8/1853 at Zuurplaat and died on 12/4/1892 in Dwarsvlei, District Pretoria. Additional evidence comes from his father, Gysbertus Van Rooyen, who was baptized in Grahamstown on 9/11/1798, was married on 3/4/1820 in Craddock and who died on 15/2/1884 in Bosfontein, District Rustenburg. It is also evident that Barbara Christina Jacoba Meintjies lived through the Second Anglo-Boer War and the British Scorched Earth Policy The Transvaal Republic negotiates a concession with Lobengula. This is immediately countered by Sir Hercules Robinson of Britain, who uses the access provided by Robert Moffat s son John, to convince Lobengula not to give any of the Matabele-Ndebele land away to the Boers, without prior sanction by the British. At the time Ndebele land stretches from the Bechuanaland Protectorate border (the contemporary Botswana-Zimbabwe border) towards the Zambezi River in the north and Portuguese territory to the east. The Ndebele capital is Lobengula s royal kraal Bulawayo, meaning the place of slaughter. The British call this Matabeleland, with the area to the north-east occupied by the Shona people known as Mashonaland The Transvaal government grants a concession to Edouard Lippert, a German national with a long history in Kimberley, for the exclusive right to manufacture dynamite, gunpowder, explosives and ammunition for a period of sixteen years. In terms of this concession a local factory is to be erected within five years, and the importation of machinery and raw materials by Lippert is to be duty free. The importation of actual dynamite is not duty exempt however (Meredith, 2007:298). Lippert sells this concession to a French consortium with a Dutch national as the managing director of the Transvaal subsidiary called the Zuid Afrikaansche Maatschappij voor Ontplofbare Stoffen Beperkt (Meredith, 2007:298) Cecil John Rhodes forms the Consolidated Goldfields Company Ralph Williams arrives in Pretoria as the British consul, describing the village as homely to a degree. He describes what he finds: The Old Colonial Executive Office, the workroom of a ~ 2 ~
3 government strong enough to defy the power of England, was a dirty, tumble-down place, containing a rough deal table and eight or ten common chairs. Whenever I had need to put any matters officially forward I was asked to attend the council [Raad]. At the head of the table sat the State Secretary [Dr Willem Leyds], with on one side of him the famous General Piet Joubert, the Commandant General, and on the other as the Vice-President, General Smit, our conqueror at Majuba Hill. The other members sat around the table. The President sat in an easy chair away from the table, smoking continually an old Dutch pipe, and opposite him was another easy chair in which I sat. There was no spittoon in the room, though there was sad necessity for it, and it was the invariable habit of Mr Kruger to put his leg under the table near the State Secretary s chair and drag out the waste-paper basket to serve as a spittoon for himself (and for me had I needed it) during the interview. He used it copiously, and I was constrained to draw in my legs lest he should exceed its limits and trench within my domain (Meredith, 2007:291-2). 16/5/87 Turton Genealogy: Josiah Turton (Paternal Great-Great Grandfather), dies in Dundee, Natal, having lived through the period of the Anglo-Zulu War. Josiah s wife, Jane Elizabeth Raistrick, was born on 29 November 1814 and records show that she died on an unknown date and was buried in Vryheid, near the coalfield and base of the Mountain Talana. No further details are known. (See details of the Battle of Talana on 20/10/1899) Cecil Rhodes writes his third will (see 1877 & 1882), with much the same theme as before. This version carries a covering letter to Lord Rothschild suggesting that the Jesuit order be used as a template for the secret society, but that the words British Empire should replace Roman Catholic Religion (Meredith, 2007:382) There are 44 separate gold mining companies now operating in the Transvaal gold fields (Meredith, 2007:392) A boom starts in Johannesburg, lasting until This attracts scores of prostitutes who arrive by train from the Cape Colony and Natal (Meredith, 2007:293) Joseph Chamberlain gives an insight into his mindset when he asks of the London Chamber of Commerce, if there, is a man in his senses, who believes that the crowded population of these islands [Britain] could exist for a single day if it were cut adrift from the great dependencies which now look to us for protection and which are the natural market for our trade? Chamberlain, later to join the cabinet of the Gladstone government, becomes possessed with the notion of developing imperial trade, to the point where he later regards the Transvaal, both as an anomaly and as a threat to British supremacy (see 1/8/1895) (Meredith, 2007:315). 7/88 Cecil Rhodes tells the Cape parliament: I regard him [Paul Kruger] as one of the most remarkable men in South Africa, who has been singularly unfortunate. When I remember that Paul Kruger had not a sixpence in his Treasury when his object was to extend his country over the whole of the northern interior, when I see him sitting in Pretoria with Bechuanaland gone, and other lands around him gone from his grasp, and last of all, when he, with his whole idea of a pastoral Republic, finds that idea vanishing, and that he is likely to have to deal with a hundred thousand diggers, who must be entirely out of sympathy and touch with him, I pity the man (Meredith, 2007:294). 8/88 The Imperial East Africa Company (IEAC) is chartered by Sir William Mac Kinnon The gold boom in the Transvaal starts to wind down (Meredith, 2007:293) The concession policy of Paul Kruger comes under the spotlight after a corruption scandal emerges. This is centred on a concession to supply water to Johannesburg, which has been granted to Frikkie Eloff, private secretary to the President and also his son-in-law, without consulting the Volksraad. Eloff makes 20,000 Pounds out of the deal without so much as digging a spadeful [sic] of earth ~ 3 ~
4 (Meredith, 2007:297). (See Tempelhoff 2003 for additional details of corruption in the water sector during the early days of gold-driven economic growth) The first job reservation takes place as regulations are written that prohibit an unsupervised black worker being employed on the diamond mines. Supervision is designated as being for people of European descent only A defence treaty is agreed between the Orange Free State and the Transvaal (Meredith, 2007:370). 1/89 The local subsidiary of the French dynamite consortium known as the Zuid Afrikaansche Maatschappij voor Ontplofbare Stoffen Beperkt begins production of dynamite. The Transvaal government cancels all other permits for the importation of dynamite as a result. It becomes evident in 1892, that this is fraudulent, because the French company is not actually producing dynamite. They are importing it and pretending it is locally made, thus evading the import duty. This results in a vigorous debate in the Volksraad, with many calling for the concession to be cancelled (Meredith, 2007:298-9). 5/89 Flush with revenues from gold mining, Paul Kruger lays the corner stone for the new Raadzaal on the west side of Church Square in Pretoria. This is completed in 1891 at a cost of 155,000 Pounds (Meredith, 2007:292). 10/89 The British South Africa Company (BSAC) is chartered giving rise to a quasi-sovereign state in Southern Africa centred on what is to become Rhodesia and Bechuanaland. 12/89 British High Commissioner Sir Henry Loch succeeds Hercules Robinson Paul Kruger agrees with British requests to end Transvaal territorial expansion and places pressure on the leaders of the Banjailand Trek, which never takes off as a result The first railway line between Cape Town and the Orange Free State is officially opened. This triggers investment in Bloemfontein, which starts to become a modern town as new buildings are erected (Meredith, 2007:370) Lord Salisbury negotiates with the Germans and Belgians to secure a route from Cape Town to the headwaters of the Nile and the Mediterranean The Baring Crisis occurs confronting the British government with considerable problems in the financial field. This triggers a split in the Liberal Party (with Liberal Unionists voting together with Conservatives), which goes on to impact British government decision-making for the next twenty years (Welsh, 2000:308). This forces Joseph Chamberlain, a key player on the South Africa side of the British domestic political equation, to shift from being a Radical Liberal to become a staunch and enthusiastic Imperialist instead. This in turn triggers a period of great instability in the Colonial Office, which goes on to have no less than five heads in 18 months between June 1885 and Cecil John Rhodes becomes Prime Minister of the Cape. Welsh (2000:308) notes that this, and subsequent events arising from this, must be interpreted against the instability in the Colonial Office from June 1885 to A new regulation is issued in the Transvaal to prevent the Uitlander s from becoming an electoral majority. This regulation stipulates that Uitlander s are only eligible for the franchise after a residence period of fourteen years in the Transvaal. This triggers a crisis when applicants, who are required to relinquish existing national allegiances as part of the process, are left virtually stateless. 1/9/90 Turton Genealogy: Wilhelm Pieter Pistorius (Paternal Great-Grandfather) marries Anna Sophia Mynhardt Weeber. ~ 4 ~
5 3/90 There is a slump in the Transvaal, with many Uitlander s losing their jobs and money as a result of speculation on shares in newly floated companies. Paul Kruger, en route to a meeting with Sir Henry Loch scheduled for Blignaut s Pont, addresses a crowd at the Wanderers Club. The crowd is hostile, shouting Rule Britannia. The Transvaal Vierkleur flag is trampled underfoot. When Loch later asks him about the event, Kruger replies: Sir Henry, those people remind me of a baboon I once had, which was so fond of me that he would not let anyone touch me. But one day we were sitting round the fire, and unfortunately the beast s tail got caught in the flames. He now flew at me furiously, thinking that I was the cause of the accident. The Johannesburger s are just like that. They have burned their fingers in speculations and now they want to revenge themselves on Paul Kruger (Meredith, 2007:295). 21/9/90 Turton Genealogy: Ethel Irene Pistorius is born to Wilhelm Pieter Pistorius (Paternal Great- Grandfather) and his wife Anna Sophia Mynhardt. Ethel dies aged 73 on 4/9/ At the height of the Barings Banking Crisis, Chancellor of the Exchequer Goshen is concerned about future supplies of gold The Natal railway reaches the Transvaal border Cecil Rhodes drafts his fourth will (see 1877, 1882 & 1888) with similar instructions as before (Meredith, 2007:382) Cecil Rhodes has a riding accident that leaves him unconscious for a day, breaking his collar bone. This starts his long decline into ill-health (Meredith, 2007:382) An Ndebele commander tells Lobengula that he should think well about the Whites intentions. He asks for permission to exterminate these Whites. Moffatt later reports an encounter with an impi who had behaved with the greatest insolence to me personally, shaking their clubs and cursing me (Meredith, 2007:280) The Raadzaal, commenced in May 1889, is completed in Pretoria. It is later described as one of the handsomest and probably the costliest pile in South Africa (Meredith, 2007:292) Paul Kruger attempts to appease Uitlander demands by creating a Second Volksraad, made up of non-burghers who qualified for the franchise. The Second Volksraad is limited in function, and is also subject to veto by the First Volksraad (Meredith, 2007:295) Paul Kruger is mired in a corruption scandal in which he accused of diverting the railway line from Delagoa Bay to Pretoria over the land belonging to Eloff and Nellmapius, both relatives and friends of his, enabling them to be awarded compensation (Meredith, 2007:300). 11/91 Lobengula tries to appease his warriors in their thirst for blood by sending them on a raid into Mashonaland to chastise Chief Lomagunda for failing to pay tribute. The chief and three of his Induna s are killed in this action. Jameson tells Lobengula that the correct course of action would have been to ask the Company to intervene. Lobengula s response reflects the sentiments of the Ndebele people at the time: I sent a lot of my men to go and tell Lomagunda to ask you and the white people why you were there and what you were doing. He sent back word to me that he refused to deliver my message and that he was not my dog or slave. That is why I sent some men to go and kill him. Lomagunda belongs to me. Does the country belong to Lomagunda? Lobengula is careful to instruct his warriors to avoid contact with white people however (Meredith, 2007:280) The railway link between the Transvaal and the Cape Colony is completed (Meredith, 2007:293). This brings in more people than ever before as communications improve. ~ 5 ~
6 1892 A railway concession is granted to a French speculator, Baron Eugène Oppenheim, for a railway link to the Selati goldfields. Oppenheim creates a stir when he reveals that he has paid 30,000 Pounds on travelling expenses to different members of the Executive Council and Volksraad and their relatives and friends as the price for granting the concession. Kruger responds saying that he sees no harm in everyone receiving some payment as long as it does not amount to bribery (Meredith, 2007:297) Flora Shaw, a correspondent with the London Times, visits Johannesburg describing it as, hideous and detestable, luxury without order, sensual enjoyment without art, riches without refinement, display without dignity. Everything in fact which is most foreign to the principles alike of morality and taste by which decent life has been guided in every state of civilization (Meredith, 2007:293) The Franchise Bill is passed by the Cape Parliament restricting the Black franchise in an attempt to force the Xhosa people into the moneyed economy Cecil Rhodes has an accident when his cart overturns on a mountainous road. This hastens his health decline (Meredith, 2007:382) Cecil Rhodes drafts his fifth will (see 1877, 1882, 1888 & 1891) with similar instructions as before (Meredith, 2007:382) Paul Kruger explains his two-tier system of old burghers and new burghers to an audience of Uitlander s in Johannesburg. They remain unimpressed and hostile (Meredith, 2007:296). 7/92 Alfred Beit writes a note in response to the dawning reality that Zambesia is not the Eldorado it was originally expected to be. In this note he says, I shall make some arrangements with Rhodes and Rudd so as to make their interests fall in line with ours. I think it would be wise to do so. Rhodes s brains are not to be despised and if he had interests apart from theirs there would always be friction. As a result of this, Beit offers Rhodes s company Gold Fields an allocation of 30,000 shares in Rand Mines at par. This act saves Gold Fields from oblivion (Meredith, 2007:303). 12/4/92 Turton Genealogy: Susara Aletta Van Rooyen, wife of Johannes Petrus Botha (Maternal Great-Great Grandfather) dies in Dwarsvlei District Pretoria aged 38. Both she and her husband had moved around a lot during their short lives, indicating strong driving forces at work that prevented a permanent settlement at any given place for too long. It is known that her parents (Gysbert Van Rooyen and Barbara Christina Jacoba Meintjies) moved to the Transvaal in the first batch of settlers after the Great Trek (see 1828, 12/12/1828, 6/6/1847, 11/12/1886, and 11/4/1909). It is also evident that Barbara Christina Jacoba Meintjies lives through the Second Anglo-Boer War and the British Scorched Earth Policy. 16/4/92 Turton Genealogy: Jabez Turton, a chemist, son of Josiah Turton and Jane Elizabeth Raistrick, born on 10 December 1835, files a patent on 16 April 1892 for the chemical extraction of gold from ore. The mines offer him 100,000 Pounds for the rights to use the process, which is shown to work flawlessly. Jabez holds out for more money, but the process proves to be costly even if it works faultlessly. He dies penniless in 1911 in Durban. 5/92 Turton Genealogy: Clarence Stanley Turton (I) (Paternal Grandfather) is born in Kimberley to Jabez Turton and Susanne Letitia Turton (nee Clarence). 8/92 The first organized Uitlander opposition to the policies of the Kruger government takes place when the Transvaal National Union is launched. The objective is, to obtain by all constitutional means equal rights for all citizens of this republic, and the redress of all grievances. The leader is Charles Leonard, a prominent solicitor (Meredith, 2007:306-7). 8/92 The dynamite concession scandal reaches a peak (see 1/1889) when the Transvaal government decides to cancel the French concession in favour of the importation of product from England, France and Germany instead. This is unsatisfactory however (see 1893) (Meredith, 2007:299). ~ 6 ~
7 11/92 Cecil Rhodes tells shareholders present at the second annual meeting of the British South Africa Company that, We are on the most friendly terms with Lobengula. I have not the least fear of any trouble with Lobengula (Meredith, 1007:279). Rhodes also regarded war with him as being inevitable. The only issue is thus the timing and reason for this war A man by the name of Mohandras Karamchand Ghandi, a lawyer from India, arrives in Durban. He is aged The dynamite concession fiasco (see 8/1892) is finally settled when the Transvaal government takes over the monopoly and then signs a contract with the original Zuid Afrikaansche Maatschappij voor Ontplofbare Stoffen Beperkt (see 1/1889) to act as agents for the manufacture and sale of explosives for a period of fifteen years. Shares are awarded to the Nobel consortium and to Lippert, the original concession holder (Meredith, 2007:299). This corruption scandal causes members of the public to refer to the existence of a Third Volksraad as well As a result of the growing concern for corruption and the mismanagement of public finances, General Piet Joubert forms an opposition group known as the Progressives and stands against Paul Kruger in the presidential election. The Progressives are pro-reform for Uitlander s. Kruger wins the election by the narrowest of margins, gaining 7,854 votes against Joubert s 7,009 (Meredith, 2007:301) During a meeting in London, Cecil John Rhodes presents his case for interceding militarily in the Transvaal Republic in support of the Uitlander s Cecil Rhodes, now a part of the Witwatersrand deep mining family of magnates, starts to consolidate his position in the gold sector. He forms Consolidated Gold Fields of South Africa by merging smaller interests. This new company makes a profit of 207,000 Pounds in 1893, declaring a dividend of 10% (Meredith, 2007:303). 2/93 Responding to the need to sink deeper shafts to chase the gold reef underground, a new company is formed. This is called Rand Mines with a nominal capital of 400,000 Pounds in shares of 1 Pound each. One of the chief beneficiaries is Cecil Rhodes, who has until now regarded the Witwatersrand as a sideshow to his adventure in Zambesia (Meredith, 2007:302-3). 5/93 Cecil John Rhodes wins an election victory in the Cape, freeing him of the limiting factor of the Liberal s such as Merriman, James Rose Innes, J.W. Sauer and James Sievewright, whose combined efforts had inhibited his ambitions until now. This allows Rhodes to unleash his full greed and considerable talent to enrich himself under the mantle of British imperialism. 5/93 After winning the presidential election by the narrowest of margins against General Piet Joubert, Paul Kruger makes a speech at the inauguration of his third term in office. In this speech he promises that newly naturalized citizens will be given all the privileges granted by the law, but he also warns them that with this privilege comes patriotic duty, because nobody can serve two masters (Meredith, 2007:301). 6/93 Lobengula sends an impi to Fort Victoria to punish the Shona Chief Bere for allowing people to steal his cattle. Lobengula sends advance warning to the BSAP Commander at Fort Victoria, Captain Charles Lendy; to Jameson at Fort Salisbury and to Moffatt in Bechuanaland of his intentions. The message to Lendy reads as follows: Sir, an impi is at present leaving this neighbourhood for the purpose of punishing some of Lo Bengula s [sic] people who have lately raided some of his own cattle. The impi in its progress probably will come across some white men, who are asked to understand that it has nothing whatsoever to do with them. They are likewise asked not to oppose the impi in its progress. Also, if the people who have committed the offence have taken refuge among the white men they are asked to give them up for punishment (Meredith, 2007:280-1). None of these letters arrive before the impi attacks. No whites are attacked but hundreds of Mashona are killed and cattle are taken. Lendy refuses to hand over Shona men, women and children seeking ~ 7 ~
8 refuge in Fort Victoria. This attack causes Rhodes to realize that the authority of the British South Africa Company is being questioned, which would not bode well for the future of business. Jameson, initially inclined to ignore the incident because no whites had been killed, changes his tune when confronted by an angry mob of settlers in Fort Salisbury demanding Company action. Jameson travels to Fort Victoria to assess the situation before making a final decision (see 17/7/1893). 17/7/93 Jameson reports to Rhodes on his fact-finding mission to Fort Victoria. The labour question is a serious one. There is no danger to the whites but unless some shooting is done I think it will be difficult to get labour even after they [Matabele] have all gone. There have been so many cases of Mashona labourers killed in the presence of white masters that the natives will not have confidence in the protection of the whites, unless we actually drive the Matabele out (Meredith, 2007:281-2). The response by Rhodes makes it clear that he defers the decision to Jameson, saying only, If you do strike, strike hard. 18/7/93 Jameson summonses Lobengula s representative to a meeting at Fort Victoria, where he issues an ultimatum. The meeting is witnessed by Hans Sauer, present in the area on a prospecting mission. Sauer later writes of this meeting saying in paraphrase: The commanders listened intently to what Jameson had to say; then the senior Induna among them rose to reply. They were acting on the orders of the king, he said. Mashonaland was still a province of the Ndebele kingdom. Lobengula had never ceded any governing rights to the Company, only the right to dig for gold and other minerals. He was entitled to assert his overlordship of the Ndebele nation, as he had done in the past. Sauer concludes verbatim as follows: To those of us who were acquainted with the conditions under which the Chartered Company had been permitted to enter Mashonaland, the reply of the old Matabele Induna was conclusive. The old man had correctly stated the facts, and from the legal point of view there was no answer to him (Meredith, 2007:282). Jameson rejects this legality in an act that becomes a pivotal one in the history of the region. Jameson says that the Ndebele impi s must depart at once for the border within an hour or they would be driven out by force. Jameson now orders Captain Lendy to take an armed force of 40 men, and to locate the Ndebele impi. Jameson s orders to Lendy are, if they resist, shoot them. Lendy s force encounters an Ndebele impi a few miles outside Fort Victoria. This impi is busy obeying Lobengula s order to avoid contact with the whites so they offer no resistance. Lendy orders his men to fire, thus starting the First Matabele War. Jameson, now enthused by how easy this victory was (it was described as a partridge shoot by one of Lendy s men), now decides that a war of conquest of Matabeleland might be feasible. He drafts a plan involving a force of 800 men and telegraphs it to Rhodes saying, We have the excuse for a row over murdered women and children and now the getting of Matabeleland open would be a tremendous lift in shares and everything else. The cost of the campaign could be kept to a minimum by paying volunteers in land, gold and loot (Meredith, 2007:283). Rhodes sends a short reply, Read Luke xiv 31. Jameson later recalls his response to this: I asked for a Bible and looked up the passage and read: Or what king going to make war against another king, sitteth not down first, and consulteth whether he be able with ten thousand to meet him with twenty thousand? Of course, I understood at once what the message meant. The Matabele had an army of many thousands. I had nine hundred settlers available for action. Could I, after careful consideration, venture to face such unequal odds? I decided at once in the affirmative, and immediately telegraphed back to Mr Rhodes at Cape Town. All right. Have read Luke fourteen thirty-one (Meredith, 2007:283). 27/7/93 Lobengula reacts angrily when he hears that Lendy s force had gunned down his Impi outside Fort Victoria. Lobengula tells a British South Africa Company official, I thought you had come to dig gold, but it seemed to me that you have come not only to dig the gold but to rob me of my people and my country as well (Meredith, 2007:284). Lobengula sends official protects to Queen Victoria, Loch and Moffatt, but still makes it clear that he wants to avoid conflict. Note: It is clear from historic evidence that Lobengula is not the belligerent in this case, but that Jameson is looking for a reason to fight (which is consistent with the Jameson/Rhodes plan later for the Transvaal see Jameson Raid). 10/93 Jameson assembles a force of 650 volunteers and 900 Shona auxiliaries. The volunteers are given a contract promising them 3,000 morgen (6,300 acres) of land in any part of Matabeleland, twenty gold claims and loot (Meredith, 2007:284). Note: This sets up the wholesale theft of land that ensues, and sets in motion the tragic set of events that culminates in the 21 st Century as the Zimbabwe ~ 8 ~
9 crisis in which land restitution is a central issue. It also drives racial polarization with all whites being tainted by the actions of one man Jameson (and his master Cecil John Rhodes). This is part of the tragedy of both present-day South Africa and Zimbabwe. 9/10/93 Charles Helm, a missionary in Matabeleland, writes a letter to a friend in which he captures the prevailing sentiment. As you know it is my opinion that we shall never do much good in Matabeleland until the Matabeles [sic] have had a lesson. And their treatment of the Mashona and other tribes deserves punishment. But I wish we entered on a war with clean hands (Meredith, 2007:284). 12/10/93 On hearing of Jameson s endeavours, Lobengula sends a cable to Loch, denouncing the claims of a Matabele impi of 7,000 men that had passed north-east of Fort Victoria. Every day I hear from you reports which are nothing but lies. I am tired of hearing nothing but lies. What Impi of mine have your people seen and where do they come from? I know nothing of them (Meredith, 2007:284). 1/11/93 The First Matabele War starts in what is present day Zimbabwe (formerly Rhodesia), when an Ndebele (Matabele) force consisting of the Imbezu and Ingubu Regiments attacks a laager consisting of 670 British soldiers on the banks of the Impembisi River. The laager has an artillery component of 5 Maxim guns, 2 seven-pounder s and a Hodgkiss gun. This heavy weaponry creates havoc among the attacking Ndebele s. Leander Starr Jameson (see Jameson Raid on 30/12/1895) of the British South Africa Company belonging to Cecil John Rhodes, determines that the quickest way to end the war is to march on the royal kraal at Bulawayo and capture King Lobengula. The British force is divided into two columns for this purpose. The Victoria Column under the command of Major Allan Wilson consists of 400 men, and the United Salisbury Column under the command of Major Patrick Forbes consists of 300 men. In addition to this a force of 700 men under Khama, Chief of the Bamangwato and loyal to the British, is hastily raised from Bechuanaland to the south. 2/11/93 The Bamangwato force under Khama engages an Ndebele force on the banks of the Singuesi River close to Tati. 2/11/93 Advancing reconnaissance forces including Selous (refer to Selous Scouts and their role in the Rhodesian Bush War - see 1962) and Burnham, reach Bulawayo. They report that Lobengula is burning his royal kraal at Bulawayo rather than surrendering it to the British. 3/11/93 Leander Starr Jameson, part of the Victoria Column, arrives at Bulawayo, only to find Lobengula in full flight across the Zambezi River. They are later joined by the United Salisbury Column. 4/11/93 An advance party reaches Bulawayo, only to find it smouldering and empty, with two white traders left unmolested on Lobengula s orders, playing poker on the roof of a store (Meredith, 2007:284). 13/11/93 Major Forbes launches his United Salisbury Column on a mission to capture Lobengula and destroy the Ndebele forces. 24/11/93 Turton Genealogy: Jacoba Maria Margaretha Van Der Merwe, wife of Gerrit (Gert) Schalk Van Der Merwe (Maternal 3 rd Great-Grandparent), dies at an unknown place. Given the closeness of the family names, it is possible that Jacoba Maria Margaretha Van Der Merwe and her husband Gerrit (Gert) Schalk Van Der Merwe were related (maybe cousins?). Indications are that they were Trekboers. 12/93 Lobengula, now in retreat across the Shangani River, has council with his Induna s, saying, The white men will never cease following us while we have gold in our possession, for gold is what the white men prize above all things. Collect now all my gold and carry it to the white men. Tell them they have beaten my regiments, killed my people, burnt my kraals, captured my cattle, and that I want peace. Lobengula s gold is duly assembled and it amounts to some 1,000 sovereigns. This is sent with two messengers entrusted to deliver the gold, accompanied by a message conceding defeat. These messengers approach the main body of the advancing troops, and finding two men, hand them the gold and the message leaving with the assurances that they will be handed over to the appropriate people. The Matabele messengers, believing they had executed their responsibility according to the instructions of their king, withdraw. The gold and message is not delivered (Meredith, 2007:285). ~ 9 ~
10 Note: This is further evidence of the greed and moral fibre of those who stole Matabeleland and the country that is later to be known as Zimbabwe. It also speaks of war crimes, because a commander, once defeat has been conceded, is entitled to basic rights. (See 1/1894). 12/93 Rhodes arrives in Fort Salisbury where he authorizes Jameson to hand out cattle, land and mining concessions to the volunteers who had massacred the Matabele. This leads to the establishment of a Loot Committee tasked with the responsibility of diving the spoils of war. Key Rhodes officials are given massive tracts of land around Bulawayo. Major Sir John Willoughby, the chief staff officer of the Pioneer Column on secondment from the Royal Horse Guards, is allocated 600,000 acres of land, and Rhodes surveyor-general is allocated 640,000 acres (Meredith, 2007:285). Willoughby later plays a significant role in the Jameson Raid (see 1/1/1896) with a street in Krugersdorp named after him. 3/12/93 The Shangani Patrol, under the command of Major Allan Wilson and a component of the Victoria Column, engages the Ndebele when they cross the Shangani River. Rising in flood, the swollen river prevents reinforcements from arriving, so the Shangani Patrol is wiped out in what some commentators call the British equivalent of Custer s Last Stand (see Wikipedia at ) The British government officially recognizes the British South Africa Company s jurisdiction over Matabeleland, leaving Rhodes to rule as he sees fit (Meredith, 2007:285-6). Note: By so doing, the British government endorses the murder and theft that led to the plundering and final conquest of what is later to become Rhodesia and Zimbabwe, sowing the seeds of racial mistrust and hatred for decades (if not centuries) Cecil John Rhodes, head of the British South Africa Chartered Company, makes a move to have the Bechuanaland Protectorate ceded to his company to be amalgamated with his newly established personal country called Rhodesia Consolidated Gold Fields of South Africa makes an annual profit of 309,000 Pounds. They declare a dividend of 15% (Meredith, 2007:303) Cecil Rhodes appoints the professional engineering services of John Hays Hammond after a meeting in Groote Schuur. Hammond is mandated to improve Rhodes gold holdings by purchasing new land suitable for deep mining operations. Hammond becomes the first chief consulting engineer to Gold Fields of South Africa and the British South Africa Company (Meredith, 2007:304). Hammond earns a salary of 12,000 Pounds per annum, making him the highest paid individual in South Africa at the time. He starts to establish Rhodes as a major player in the gold sector Cecil Rhodes has an accident when riding near Kokstad. This causes a further decline in his health (Meredith, 2007:382) The railway line between the Transvaal and Delagoa Bay (Lourenço Marques) is completed, bringing in an influx of prostitutes from Europe and New York City (Meredith, 2007:293). This railway link makes the Transvaal less dependent on the Cape for trade The Transvaal National Union sends a petition signed by 13,000 people to the Transvaal government. This petition is ignored (Meredith, 2007:307) A conflict emerges on the Witwatersrand as a result of the underground rights to the bewaarplaatsen. These are lots of land on which the tailings and mine waste are deposited. The mines have surface rights only, with Kruger s government retaining the underground rights. Now that deep mining is becoming the main engine of wealth generation, these sub-surface rights become a crucial issue, driving a new dispute between the Randlords and Kruger. The mining industry seeks the support of the Second Volksraad, which they get because it is made up of people sympathetic to Uitlander interests. Kruger gets the First Volksraad, made up exclusively of Transvaal burghers, to overthrow ~ 10 ~
11 this decision (Meredith, 2007:305). A similar issue becomes relevant at the same time. The Transvaal government does its business by offering monopolies, which they claim is a necessary evil because the economy is not diversified and is thus unable to survive without protection. One critical monopoly is the cyanide one (another being dynamite), because cyanide is crucial to the extraction of gold. It is in this process that issue-linkage occurs between the Uitlander question and the gold industry Swaziland is unilaterally proclaimed a protected dependency of the Transvaal in a bid to gain access to a sea port. The Swazi King Bhunu is forced to flee to Natal where he takes refuge Lord Kimberley secures Kosi Bay by sending a gunboat named HMS Thrush in an attempt to thwart Transvaal aspirations of gaining a harbour The Glen Grey Act is passed in an attempt to pressure the Thembu people to start working in the moneyed economy. This Act makes the maximum land allocated to each Xhosa family (four acres) too small to support that family, thus forcing them to seek employment elsewhere. This gives rise to the Transkei General Council, also known as the Bunga, by which the Xhosa people are to be ruled by the British in future (Welsh, 2000:309) The Transvaal railway company reaches the coast. This triggers a rate war as the Transvaal and Cape railway companies compete for freight A settlement is reached with the British government giving the Transvaal a protectorate in a portion of Swaziland In order to find a counter-balance to the growing British presence in the Transvaal, Paul Kruger seeks closer ties with Germany (Meredith, 2007:309) The Natal Indian Congress is launched with the help of Mahatma Gandhi. At this stage the Asian population in South Africa numbered 76,000, mostly of a humble Hindu origin, but with a small set of wealthy Guajarati merchants, commonly Muslims (Meredith, 2007:505). 1/94 Lobengula of the Matabele (Ndebele) dies of mysterious causes, ending the First Matabele War when the various Induna s (Chiefs) surrender to the British. The integrity of the British South Africa Company is called into question when it becomes known that Lobengula sent 1,000 Pounds worth of gold to Leander Starr Jameson along with a message of surrender, but this is stolen and the message is never delivered, leading to the unnecessary massacre of the Ndebele people in Matabeleland (see 12/1893). The outcome of the First Matabele War is the destruction of the Ndebele nation, with more than 10,000 dead, compared with the loss of only 100 British. Note: This gives an insight into the integrity and moral fibre of Jameson (and by implication his master Cecil Rhodes), with both of these people set to play such a pivotal role in the future of Southern Africa for decades to come. 3/94 Sir Henry Gladstone suggests that a rebellion in the Transvaal might be justified on the grounds that the British government is merely protecting the rights of its citizens, the Uitlander s (Welsh, 2000:313). 9/94 Cecil Rhodes is busy with a routine tour of inspection in Matabeleland and Mashonaland with John Hays Hammond, a consulting engineer and Dr Starr Jameson. During this visit the notion of staging a coup d état against the Transvaal government is mooted for the first time. Rhodes, Jameson and Hammond thus become co-conspirators in what eventually becomes the Jameson Raid (Meredith, 2007:312). 10/94 Jameson visits the Witwatersrand gold fields, coming to the conclusion that a rising of Uitlander s in Johannesburg is more or less inevitable (Meredith, 2007:312). 12/94 Rhodes meets with Queen Victoria at a banquet. When she asks what he is presently engaged in, he replies, I am doing my best to enlarge Your Majesty s dominions. He goes on to say that he is ~ 11 ~
12 convinced that the Transvaal which we ought never to have given up will soon be returned to the Empire (Meredith, 2007:286). While in London, Rhodes also urges British officials to hand over the Bechuanaland Protectorate to the Cape within a year. Objections are raised by the Rolong Chief Montshiwa and the Tlhaping Chief Mankurwane (Meredith, 2007:286) Rhodes decides to change the name of the place called Zambesia (Matabeleland and Mashonaland) to Rhodesia (Meredith, 2007:286) Rhodes pushes through legislation in the Cape parliament that incorporates part of Bechuanaland into the Colony (Meredith, 2007:286) Three Batswana Dikgosi (traditional leaders) Khama, Sechele and Bathoen, travel to London to protest the transfer of their land to Cecil John Rhodes Severe drought breaks out. This lasts until Cecil Rhodes has a severe bout of influenza, occurring simultaneously with a bout of malaria, leaving his health in a deteriorated condition, starting to manifest at this time as cardio-vascular disease (Meredith, 2007:382) Consolidated Gold Fields of South Africa makes an annual profit of 2.1 Million Pounds, becoming the largest return ever recorded by a limited company listed in London. This yields a 125% dividend (Meredith, 2007:303) The white population of Johannesburg is 50,000. Most come from the Cape or Britain, with only 6,000 being Transvaal burghers, mostly impoverished Boers. This feeds into the Uitlander question (Meredith, 2007:306) The Transvaal government has a revenue stream of 4.2 Million Pounds (see 1883) (Meredith, 2007:300). This rapid growth in revenue has not been accompanied by an improvement in audit and financial management systems, so corruption is rife (see 1896) A survey is conducted among the prostitutes in Johannesburg, revealing the existence of 97 brothels of various nationalities, with 36 being French, 20 being German and 5 being Russian. The brothel area of Johannesburg gets the name of Frenchfontein (Meredith, 2007:293) A tariff war erupts between the Transvaal and the Cape. Central to this is the right to move goods by rail. The Transvaal, in order to protect the viability of the new line to Delagoa Bay, tries to exclude the Natal and Cape connection by means of tariff barriers. However, the Cape line has monopoly of the traffic to Johannesburg, with around 85% of all freight being handled this way, so they have a high vested interest. The Transvaal government trebles the tariff on all freight moving along the 51 mile section of line from the Vaal River to Johannesburg, sparking retaliatory action. The Cape Government contracts transport riders to offload the freight before it crosses the Vaal River border, to be taken by ox wagon the remaining 51 miles. Kruger counters this initiative by closing all the drifts across the river so that ox wagons are unable to ford. The Cape Government appeals to Chamberlain in London, who issues an ultimatum to Kruger, instructing him to lift the drifts blockade. In support of this, Chamberlain also orders a military unit, en route to India, to divert to the Cape. This becomes known as the Drifts Crisis (Meredith, 2007:318) During the Drifts Crisis, Paul Kruger is seen by Milner to back down when the use of force is perceived as being real and imminent. This informs Milner s policy choice in the wake of Kruger s re-election (see 2/1898) (Meredith, 2007:373) A constitutional expert named James Bryce, visits the Orange Free State, later describing it as an ideal commonwealth the kind of commonwealth which the fond fancy of the philosophers of the last century painted (Meredith, 2007:370). ~ 12 ~
13 1895 Elections in the Orange Free State bring Marthinus Steyn, a 38 year old English-trained lawyer to the Presidency. This means that for the first time in history a Free Stater is President in the Orange Free State (Meredith, 2007:370). 5/95 Jameson visits Johannesburg and again comes to the conclusion that an Uitlander uprising is likely (see 10/1894). This feeds into the plan being hatched by Rhodes, Hammond and Jameson, now also being supported by Lionel Philips, the chairman of Rand Mines and president of the Chamber of Mines, and Colonel Frank Rhodes, a brother of Cecil Rhodes and former cavalry officer, who is appointed as military advisor to the growing conspiracy, who collectively believe that a coup d etat will succeed (Meredith, 2007:312). Rhodes also arranges for Sir Hercules Robinson to be reappointed as British High Commissioner in Cape Town, knowing that his help would be vital. 3/5/95 After the defeat of Lobengula in the First Matabele War, the British South Africa Company under Cecil John Rhodes is given legal mandate over a place called Rhodesia in his honour. This lays the foundation for the festering discontent that eventually gives rise to the Rhodesian Bush War (see 1962), also known as the War of Chimurenga. 4/95 Lord Grey predicts what he calls rough times ahead (Welsh, 2000:315). 6/95 Cecil Rhodes sends a letter to the new Colonial Secretary, Joseph Chamberlain, in which he states that, I am anxious to take over the Bechuanaland Protectorate at once. It will save you 80,000 Pounds a year and if you give it to me I promise to build the railway from Mafikeng to Bulawayo in four years and to begin the railway a month after the transfer (Meredith, 2007:287). 6/95 Cecil Rhodes has a meeting at Groote Schuur with Beit where they discuss the possibility of staging a coup d état against the Transvaal government. Beit expresses some misgivings but he agrees to continue helping Rhodes with the purchase of equipment and weapons (Meredith, 2007:311). 7/95 Rhodes sends Dr Rutherford Harris to London to pursue the matter of his requested transfer of Bechuanaland (see 6/1895). While engaged in these negotiations over the next few weeks, three Tswana chiefs arrive Khama, Sechele and Bathoen all opposing the transfer of land to the British South Africa Company. Citing the Ndebele experiences, this party notes that, You can see now that what they really want is not to govern us nicely but to take our land to sell it that they may see gain. And we ask you to protect us The Company have conquered the Matabele, and taken the land of the people they conquered. We know that custom: but we have not yet heard that it is the custom of any people to take the best lands of their friends. In Bathoen s country [around Gaberone - sic] they seek a large piece of land, and in that land Bathoen s people have gardens and cattle posts. In Kgama s country they seek nearly all the best parts Where will our cattle stay if the waters are thus taken from us? They will die. The Company wants to impoverish us so that hunger may drive us to become the white man s servants who dig in his mines and gather his wealth (Meredith, 2007:287). 7/95 Cecil Rhodes has a meeting with a journalist named Francis Dormer, who urges Rhodes to become more conciliatory towards Paul Kruger. Dormer says, I am all for tackling Mr Kruger, but I am not for tackling the Transvaal. Rhodes succeeds in convincing Dormer to meet with Jameson, which he does at a later date, at the Rand Club. The emerging plan is, according to Meredith (2007:313), now based on a number of monumental miscalculations. The first being that having captured Matabeleland by force, the assumption is that the toppling of Kruger would be just as easy. The second is that the resident Uitlander population would be ready and willing to play an active role in an uprising. The third is that white settlers left in Rhodesia would be unharmed while the British South African Police are away from their stations providing the military muscle needed to unseat Kruger by force. These three fundamental assumptions thus underpin the planning for the Jameson Raid. With this planning now in place, Rhodes urges Joseph Chamberlain to transfer the Bechuanaland Protectorate into the hands of the British South Africa Company, because it needs a military base close to the Transvaal. ~ 13 ~
14 7/95 Sir Henry Loch, the British high commissioner, intervenes in a dispute over citizenship after Kruger orders a militia to be mobilized to sort out a minor dispute with Chief Lebogo in the Zoutpansberg area. Included in this militia is a contingent of 23 British citizens. Five refuse to obey orders and they are arrested. Loch, a fervent imperialist, believes that Uitlander discontent can be used by Britain as an excuse to re-occupy the Transvaal. When in Pretoria, Loch receives a deputation of Johannesburg Uitlander s, who assure him that 10,000 able bodied men would give Britain their support. This leads Loch to conclude that an Uitlander uprising is inevitable at some stage, so he sends a secret despatch to the Colonial Office in which he speaks of the need, to force matters with a high hand on the ground. He predicts that the Uitlander s were bound to win in the struggle against the Boers, and if they won without British help, they would probably maintain the independence of the Republic and pursue a policy hostile to federation. Loch proposes that the Bechuanaland Protectorate Police should be deployed to support the Uitlander uprising, prior to the intervention of the British forces stationed in the Cape and Natal. He suggests the railhead at Mafeking on the Transvaal border to be the most ideal point from which to launch an invasion (Meredith, 2007:308-9). This proposal is received by the Colonial Office in a cool manner, with Sir Robert Meade describing it as extremely dangerous. Lord Ripon, the Colonial Secretary concurs with Meade s appraisal. As a result of this, Loch is reprimanded for coquetting with the would-be Rebels and is recalled from his posting. Cecil Rhodes takes note and from this moment onwards starts to develop Loch s plan further into what is later to become the Jameson Raid. 8/95 Lord Grey has a meeting with the Colonial Secretary in London in which he notes the importance of establishing a base in Bechuanaland from which a British South Africa Chartered Company raid can be launched into the Transvaal Republic. The route to the Transvaal from Bechuanaland is deemed to be faster and less easy to defend by the intended victims than a force coming in from Natal. 8/95 The Transvaal National Union sends a petition signed by 35,000 people to the Transvaal government. This petition is ignored (Meredith, 2007:307). At this stage Rhodes throws his support behind the Uitlander issue. 1/8/95 Chamberlain starts to engage with Cecil Rhodes, Harris and Earl Grey over the issue of Rhodes request to transfer the Bechuanaland Protectorate to the British South Africa Company (see 1888 & 7/1895) (Meredith, 2007:315-6). (See also 10/12/1896). 2/8/95 After the meeting in London with Chamberlain, Harris and Grey send a cable to Cecil Rhodes giving feedback of the event. This is relevant in the fallout after the Jameson Raid takes place. This cable reads: We decided therefore to inform the Secretary of State for Colonies guardedly reason why we wish to have base at Gaberones [sic] and advisable our presence in Protectorate. Secretary of State for Colonies heartily in sympathy with C.J. Rhodes s policy but he would not on this ground alter decision with regard to Protectorate, but offered an alternate to justify residence B.S.A. Co., in Protectorate to consider favourable at once application for large land grant [in] Protectorate in exchange for Railway extension north Meredith, 2007:316). Taken on face value, this means that Chamberlain, and thus the British government, is fully aware of the planned Jameson Raid, even if they later deny it. 13/8/95 James Maguire, a director of the British South Africa Company, provides an insight into the mindset of Chamberlain, after a meeting with him in London today. Reporting on this meeting, Harris sends a cable to Rhodes saying: Chamberlain will do anything to assist except hand over the administration Protectorate provided he officially does not know anything of your plan. He does consider Rhodes s ingenuity resource can overcome any difficulty caused by refusal Protectorate now (Meredith, 2007:317). 20/8/95 Harris and Grey meet again with Chamberlain in London. After this meeting Chamberlain sends a cable to Robinson in Cape Town instructing him to obtain a grant of land around Gaberones [sic] from the Tswana chief Bathoen for the use of the British South Africa Company. Bathoen refuses however, infuriating Rhodes as a result, forcing him to look for land around the Pitsani Potlugo north of Mafikeng, to be brought under the jurisdiction of the British South Africa Company (see 18/10/1895) (Meredith, 2007:317). ~ 14 ~
15 10/95 Jameson has a discussion with Hans Sauer in Bulawayo, in which he expresses contempt for the Boer people, saying they lack a fighting spirit. I could drive them out of the Transvaal with five hundred men armed with sjamboks (Meredith, 2007:323). The planning for the Jameson Raid is simple. A force of 1,500 men equipped with Maxim guns, field artillery and rifles would be placed in Bechuanaland in readiness to invade the Transvaal. The Johannesburg conspirators known as the Reform Committee would recruit 7,500 volunteers and prepare the Transvaal for insurrection. The volunteers would be armed with rifles and Maxim guns purchased in Britain by Harris for Rhodesia. These would be shipped to the Cape and transported to De Beers premises in Kimberley from where they would be smuggled into Johannesburg in oil drums and stored on mining premises in readiness. The conspirators would then overwhelm the Boer force and they would declare a provisional government (Meredith, 2007:323-4). 10/95 In a secret meeting between Rhodes, Sir Hercules Robinson and Sir Graham Bower, the imperial secretary, details of the planned coup d état in the Transvaal are discussed. Rhodes informs these people that a group of Johannesburg capitalists had decided to support an Uitlander uprising and that Chamberlain knew of the plan and supported it (Meredith, 2007:320). 10/95 The white residents in Bulawayo draw up a letter of protest on hearing that the BSAP are being redeployed to Bechuanaland. This is delivered to Jameson in his capacity as the administrator of Matabeleland (Meredith, 2007:354). 12/10/95 Flora Shaw, a colonial correspondent with the London Times, sends a telegraph to Cecil Rhodes in which she reports on a meeting with Chamberlain. The telegraph reads, Joe sound but have special reason to believe wishes you do it imm[ediately] (Welsh, 2000: ). This is referring to an Uitlander uprising in the Transvaal with instructions that it should be launched. 18/10/95 Chamberlain instructs Robinson to issue a proclamation that grants the British South Africa Company the right to a strip of land north of Mafikeng (see 20/8/1895). Chamberlain also appoints Jameson as the resident commissioner on this land. This immediately triggers a wave of military movements as members of the BSAP are mobilized with orders to move south from Bulawayo to Pitsani on the pretext that they are to provide protection to the construction of a new railway line (Meredith, 2007:317). 11/95 In order to avoid paying tariffs, the Cape Railway Company starts to offload its goods and move them across the border into the Transvaal on ox-wagons. Paul Kruger orders the Vaal River drifts (fording points for ox wagon trains bringing in goods to the Transvaal from the Cape) closed in order to protect the Transvaal Railway Company. This is deemed by the British to be a violation of the London Convention and sets up justification for the subsequent Anglo-Boer War. 11/95 The Colonial Office, conscious of the concerns of the Tswana chiefs (see 6/1895), decide that the Chief s lands will be protected, but a strip of land 100,000 square miles in extent, will be conceded to the British South Africa Company. This land is a strip adjacent the Transvaal and is needed for the construction of the railway link between Mafeking and Bulawayo (Meredith, 2007: 288). 1/11/95 Jameson inspects the camp facilities at Pitsani. BSAP members start to arrive from Matabeleland and Mashonaland. To boost the numbers, Chamberlain gives permission for members of the Bechuanaland Border Police to transfer to the BSAP. Jameson also recruits 100 men from the Duke of Edinburgh s Own Volunteer Rifles based in Cape Town (Meredith, 2007:324). 7/11/95 Paul Kruger backs down in the face of Chamberlain s ultimatum and diversion of troops to the Cape, and the drifts across the Vaal River are again available for use by transport wagons to avoid paying the high tariff on the Cape Johannesburg railway line. This ends the Drifts Crisis but many lessons have been learned (Meredith, 2007:318). 19/11/95 Jameson arrives in Johannesburg where he has a meeting with the principal conspirators Charles Leonard, Lionel Phillips, John Hays Hammond and Frank Rhodes. They set a provisional date for the insurrection as 28 December 1895, agreeing that Jameson and his raiding party should cross into the ~ 15 ~
16 Transvaal two days earlier to meet up with the Johannesburg conspirators in time. To act as a safe guard, Jameson also gets a letter from Charles Leonard. This letter calls on support because, thousands of unarmed men, women and children of our race will be at the mercy of well-armed Boers, while property of enormous value will be in great peril (Meredith, 2007:324). Note: This becomes known as the women and children letter, which is in fact a fraud. 20/11/95 Charles Leonard tries to get the women and children letter back from Jameson, sensing a possible disaster. Jameson refuses, stating that he has already sent it to Cape Town (Meredith, 2007:325). (See 30/12/1895). Note: This speaks to the integrity of Jameson who seems intent to use fraud and the manipulation of others to bolster his position if need be. 25/11/95 A meeting is held at Groote Schuur with all of the principal conspirators in the Jameson Raid Leonard, Phillips, Hammond and Frank Rhodes (Robinson is absent but is to be kept informed of events by Jameson). This is the final planning session (Meredith, 2007:326). 12/95 With the BSAP now converging on Pitsani in Bechuanaland, Matabeleland is left with 48 policemen. In the whole of Rhodesia there are only 63 policemen (Meredith, 2007:354). 7/12/95 Colonel Frank Rhodes sends a cable to Jameson, using pre-arranged code words, informing him that, The polo tournament here is postponed for one week, as it would clash with race week (Meredith, 2007:326-7). 10/12/95 Flora Shaw sends a cable to Rhodes saying: Can you advise when you will commence the plans, we wish to send at earliest opportunity sealed instructions representative London Times European capitals. It is most important using their influence in your favour (Meredith, 2007:321). 12/12/95 Moberley Bell, a manager at the London Times, urges Rhodes to adopt swift action because Leyds had been travelling in Europe trying to put a stop to the planned Jameson Raid. In a cable it is stated, Delay dangerous sympathy now complete but will depend very much upon which of the European powers given time to enter protest which as European situation considered serious could paralyse Government (Meredith, 2007:327). 17/12/95 Moberley Bell, a manager at the London Times sends a warning to Rhodes stating that Chamberlain would be prepared to shrug off European protests (refer to 12/12/1895) provided swift action was taken. The cable reads, Chamberlain sound in case of interference European powers but have special reason to believe wishes you must do it immediately (Meredith, 2007:327). Note: This cable also indicates that Chamberlain, and thus the British government, is fully in the know, despite what he later claims. 17/12/95 President Cleveland of the USA threatens Britain with war over a boundary dispute between Venezuela and British Guyana. Chamberlain notes Meredith (2007:327), takes the view that if there was to be an uprising in Johannesburg, it needed to occur as soon as possible, before European opposition became too strong and before Britain was more deeply involved in an American imbroglio over Venezuela. Note: This provides additional evidence that the British government is party to the forthcoming Jameson Raid, despite their subsequent vehement denials when it later fails. 20/12/95 Maguire and Lord Grey send a cable to Rhodes urging him to, hurry up on account of the approaching problem between Britain and Venezuela. On the strength of this message, Beit cables Phillips in Johannesburg, using the pre-arranged code words saying, Our foreign supporters urge immediate floatation (Meredith, 2007:328). Note: This provides additional evidence that the British government is party to the forthcoming Jameson Raid, despite their subsequent vehement denials when it later fails. 22/12/95 In a meeting between Rhodes and the Times reporter Francis Younghusband, at Groote Schuur, the latter informs Rhodes on instruction of the Reformers in Johannesburg, that there is no enthusiasm for an uprising anymore and in fact, there is very strong opposition to it taking place under the Union Jack. Younghusband advises Rhodes to delay, which infuriates him (Meredith, 2007:328). Similar advice is given later the same day by Sir Graham Bower, the imperial secretary. Bower had by now ~ 16 ~
17 become convinced that the revolution was losing momentum and would in fact fail (Meredith, 2007:329). 23/12/95 Rhodes ignores the advice given the previous day by Younghusband and Bower, sending a cable to Jameson stating that the uprising would take place on the date originally fixed 28 December Company will be floated next Saturday, reads the cable using pre-arranged code words (Meredith, 2007:330). 24/12/95 The German Consul in Johannesburg reports to the German government that the British party in Johannesburg is thought to be preparing trouble in the next few days (Meredith, 2007:344). 25/12/95 George Farrar of the Reform Committee meets with Leonard at the home of the latter, saying, I hear if Jameson comes around he is going to hoist the Union Jack. I have induced every man who has joined me and who is helping me in this business to go in on the basis that we want a reformed republic. This is Boer country; it would be absolutely morally wrong to do anything else and I will not go a yard further in this business unless that basis is maintained (Meredith, 2007:330). Later the same day in a meeting at the Rand Club, an American, Captain Thomas Mein says, If this is the case of England gobbling this country up, I am not in it. The Reform Committee makes a decision to postpone the Jameson Raid saying they need confirmation first from Rhodes as to whether the Union Jack will be hoisted, or whether this is merely a case of a reformed Transvaal as they had originally agreed to (Meredith, 2007:330). 27/12/95 The vacillation of the Reform Committee enrages Jameson. He has already sent out wire cutting parties to break telegraph connections in preparation of the mobilization of his force. Jameson ends a cable to Harris in Cape Town saying, expect to receive a telegram from you nine tomorrow morning Saturday 28 th authorizing movement we must carry into effect original plans (Meredith, 2007:331). Note: The wire cutting party gets drunk and is unable to climb the telegraph poles they are ordered to sabotage. They cut fence wires instead. This leaves the telegraph line intact, so it carries information about the raiding party immediately it is detected crossing the border, allowing some time for intervention planning by the Transvaal government (see 30/12/1895). This speaks to the quality of men under the command of Jameson and gives an additional insight into the fantasy world in which he seemed to live. (See Longford, 1982; and Seymour Fort, 1908). 28/12/95 The British ambassador in Berlin is summonsed by the German government and informed that they would not accept, any change in the status quo [in the Transvaal] in the direction sought by Cecil Rhodes. The ambassador denies British involvement, but the build up of troops in Bechuanaland is noted by the German s as being evidence that something is amiss (Meredith, 2007:345). 28/12/95 Charles Leonard arrives in Cape Town accompanied by Fred Hamilton, editor of the Johannesburg Star. They make their way to Groote Schuur to explain to Rhodes that the Reform Committee is not ready. There are too few supporters and not enough weapons to make the venture succeed. They urge for six more months of time. Rhodes tells them, I will keep Jameson six months or nine months or longer on the border as a moral support to you (Meredith, 2007:331). Harris sends Jameson various cables, It is all right if you will only wait. We cannot have a fiasco. Public will not subscribe one penny towards it even with you as director (Meredith, 2007:332). 29/12/95 Jameson sends a telegram to Cape Town, Shall leave tonight for the Transvaal. Rhodes personal secretary collects this cable at 11 a.m. (Meredith, 2007:332). Rhodes fails to send a personal instruction to Jameson however, either deliberately or because he was happy that his messages were going through via intermediaries. 29/12/95 Sensing that things are going awry, Chamberlain decides to cover himself by sending a letter to Lord Salisbury, I have received private information that a rising in Johannesburg is imminent and will probably take place in the course of the next few days. If the rising is successful it ought to turn to our advantage (Meredith, 2007:332). Chamberlain covers himself further by sending a cable to Robinson: There seems to be a fiasco at Johannesburg owing probably to Rhodes having misjudged the balance of opinion there. It has been suggested, although I do not think it probable, that he and Jameson might endeavour to force matters at Johannesburg to a head by Jameson or someone else in ~ 17 ~
18 the service of the Company advancing from the Bechuanaland Protectorate with police. In view of Articles Nos. 22 and 8 of the Charter I could not remain passive were this to be done. Therefore, if necessary, but not otherwise, remind Rhodes of these Articles, and intimate to him that, in your opinion, he would not have my support, and point out the consequences which would follow to his schemes were I to repudiate the action (Meredith, 2007:333). 30/12/95 A mercenary militia of around 400 horsemen, with the support of Maxim guns, under the command of Dr. Leander Starr Jameson, paid for by Cecil John Rhodes, attacks the Transvaal from Pitsani, Bechuanaland. This is known as the Jameson Raid and is neutralized during a series of skirmishes at Krugersdorp and Doornkop, so it fails to reach Johannesburg, its ultimate destination. (See 2/1904). 30/12/95 Paul Kruger enters a meeting of the Executive Council in Pretoria, with a telegram in his hand. This telegram has been sent from Zeerust, reporting a large amount of troop movements into the Transvaal at a settlement known as Malmani. It seems that Jameson s party has failed to cut the telegraph line as originally planned. In response to this telegram, which cites 800 troops from the British South Africa Company supported by maxim guns moving in the direction of Johannesburg, Piet Joubert orders an immediate mobilization of burghers (Meredith, 2007:340). 30/12/95 Sir Graham Bower has a meeting with Cecil Rhodes at Groote Schuur at the request of the latter. Bower is greeted by a sight that he later describes. Rhodes, ashen faced, holds a telegram sent by Jameson, telling Bower that Jameson had invaded the Transvaal. Rhodes is in a panic, telling Bower, I will resign tomorrow. Armed with this news, Bower sends a note to Sir Hercules Robinson saying, There is, I fear, bad news from Jameson. He seems to have disobeyed Rhodes, and to have taken the bit between his teeth. Later that same day, Bower suggests sending a telegram to Frank Newton, the resident commissioner of Bechuanaland, instructing him to order Jameson to return. Robinson writes a formal letter to Rhodes repudiating Jameson s action, warning that this act might well result in the revocation of the British South Africa Company charter. Rhodes decides not to repudiate Jameson or recall him via Newton, sending a note instead to his agents in London portraying Jameson as a hero. This note is based on the bogus women and children letter (see 19/11/1895 & 20/11/1895) and reads, Dr Jameson moved to assist English in Johannesburg because he received strong letter begging Dr Jameson to come signed by leading inhabitants. This letter will be telegraphed to you verbatim tomorrow. Meanwhile do not refer press. We are confident of success. Johannesburg united and strong on our side (Meredith, 2007:336). 30/12/95 Chamberlain sends a telegram to Robinson instructing him to leave no stone unturned to prevent mischief (Meredith, 2007:339). 30/12/95 The Reform Committee meets in Johannesburg, shocked at news of the Jameson Raid. They use as their HQ, the Goldfields building and they effectively take over management of Johannesburg, declaring their aim is to preserve law and order. They make a decision to send a delegation to Kruger to explain the situation (Meredith, 2007:340). 30/12/95 In the late afternoon as the Jameson Raid approaches Krugersdorp, they decide to rest. They have been shadowed by a Boer commando since their first detection in Malmani. While resting Jameson receives a message from the Boer Commandant instructing him to turn back. Jameson refuses, citing the women and children letter as his justification, but he explains that his force has no hostile intentions with any Transvaal burgher (Meredith, 2007:342). 31/12/95 In the early morning as Jameson is saddling his force in preparation for the day s ride, a message arrives from Newton, the resident Commissioner of Bechuanaland, instructing him to return. Jameson does not send a reply and decides to advance instead (Meredith, 2007:342). 31/12/95 The Reform Committee meets with officials from the Kruger government. A bizarre set of events unfolds when this official asks of them whether they represent the people of Johannesburg. Eager to prove that they do, they send a telegraph accompanied by a full list of their membership. This list is later used to arrest every person on it as mopping up operations take place (see 9/1/1896) (Meredith, 2007:342). Note: This again speaks to the amateurish approach to the planned coup d état and tells us something of the fantasy world in which Jameson seemed to live. ~ 18 ~
19 31/12/95 Jan Hofmeyer meets with Robinson insisting that the British government must issue a public statement about the Jameson Raid, making it clear that, the criminal law will be enforced to the utmost against him (Meredith, 2007:338). 31/12/95 Rhodes makes a last ditch attempt to save the situation arising from the Jameson Raid by sending a telegram to Flora Shaw. Unless you can make Chamberlain instruct the High Commissioner to proceed at once to Johannesburg the whole position is lost. High Commissioner would receive splendid reception and still turn position to England s advantage (Meredith, 2007:338). 31/12/95 Chamberlain writes to Lord Salisbury about the Jameson Raid. I am sorry to say the Transvaal business has entered a more acute stage. Having failed to get up a revolution in Johannesburg Rhodes has apparently sent in Dr Jameson who has crossed the border of the Transvaal with 800 armed police. This is a flagrant piece of filibustering for which there is no justification that I can see in the present state of things in the Transvaal. If it were supported by us it would justify the accusation of Germany and other powers that having first attempted to get up a revolution in a friendly State and having failed, we had then assented to an act of aggression and without any grievance of our own, had poured in British troops. It is worth noting that I have no confidence that the force now sent, with its allies in Johannesburg, is strong enough to beat the Boers and if not we should expect that conflict would be the beginning of a race war in South Africa (Meredith, 2007:339). 31/12/95 Chamberlain sends a personal cable to Paul Kruger seeking to avert a crisis. Regret to hear of Jameson s action. Sir Hercules Robinson has sent messengers to call him back. Can I cooperate with you further in this emergency in endeavouring to bring about a peaceful arrangement which is essential to all interests in South Africa, and which would be promoted by the concessions that I am assured you are ready to make? (Meredith, 2007:340). 31/12/95 The London Times carries a story saying, The news of the advance of an armed party from Bechuanaland is not very favourably received. There is no general wish in the community to resort to arms except in defence, and equally little wish to destroy the independence of the Republic (Meredith, 2007:341). 31/12/95 Cecil John Rhodes resigns as Prime Minister of the Cape Colony after the Jameson Raid fails to meet its tactical objective the overthrowal of the Transvaal Government by force. This raises many moral questions about British interests in the goldfields of the Transvaal and Orange Free State so it sets the scene for the subsequent Anglo-Boer War. The Transvaal government arms itself after the Jameson Raid Famine is reported in Namaqualand and the Great Fish River stops flowing. This becomes known as the Year of Troubles because of the drought, locust plague and other misfortunes As a result of corruption scandals (see 1895), an inspectorate is established to improve the management of public finances (see 1898) (Meredith, 2007:300) The White population of Johannesburg is 50,907, of which 6,205 are Transvaaler s, 16,265 are Uitlander s from England and 15,162 from the Cape Colony (Welsh, 2000:302) There are more non-dutch-speaking voters than Dutch-speaking voters in the Transvaal (Welsh, 2000:307). This gives renewed energy to the Uitlander issue In the wake of the Jameson Raid, a report is written by Lord Selborne in his capacity as Chamberlain s Under-Secretary. This report notes that the key to the future of British interests in the southern African region is the Transvaal, saying it is the richest spot on earth that is going to be the natural capital state and centre of South African commercial, social and political life. This report envisages two possible future scenarios: (1) Britain can succeed in uniting all South Africa into a Confederate state modelled on the Dominion of Canada, which means there will not be a future ~ 19 ~
20 United States of South Africa; or (2) There will eventually be a United States of South Africa as the various British Colonies and partial Republics amalgamate over time (Meredith, 2007:366-7) In the wake of the Jameson Raid, Paul Kruger becomes deeply suspicious of the British, assuming they will try to unseat him again. This triggers the purchase of weapons from Germany and France. Between 1896 and 1899 one third of the Transvaal annual revenue is spent on military purchases. These include substantial stocks of weapons such as field guns, siege guns, howitzers, Maxim guns and modern assault rifles. Rifles and ammunition are standardized to Mauser and Martini-Henry so that the Burghers can be re-supplied easily if need be in future. Fortresses are also constructed in Pretoria and Johannesburg (Meredith, 2007:369-70). Note: The Johannesburg Fort is now home to the Constitutional Court An Ndebele impi attacks land belonging to the British South Africa Chartered Company, killing around 200 men, women and children occupying that land Cecil Rhodes is riding in the Matopo Hills with his friend Hans Sauer. He comes across a granite dome called Malindidzuma the dwelling place of the spirits when he decides that this is where he wishes to be buried when he dies (Meredith, 2007:475) Cecil Rhodes is photographed with a severely blotchy skin, suggesting that his health is not good at this time (Meredith, 2007:382). 1/96 While Jameson is preparing for his trial in London, Alfred Austin, the official Poet Laureate, publishes a piece in the London Times, portraying him as a hero, but basing his work on the fraudulent women and children letter to justify his actions and divert public opinion away from the planned coup d état to one of gallant rescue instead (Meredith, 2007:349): When men of our own blood pray us To ride to their kinsfolk s aid, Not Heaven itself shall stay us From the rescue they call a raid There are girls in the gold-reef city, There are mothers and children too, And they cry: Hurry up! For Pity! So what can a brave man do. At the same time, Rudyard Kipling writes a poem called If, based on his absolute admiration for Jameson. This poem, now famous, reads as follows: If you can keep your head when all about you, Are losing theirs and blaming it on you, If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you, But make allowance for their doubting too; If you can wait and not be tired of waiting, Or being lied about, don t deal in lies, Or being hated, don t give way to hating, And yet don t look for good, nor talk too wise; If you can dream and not make dreams your master; If you can think and not make thoughts your aim; If you meet with triumph and disaster, And treat those two imposters just the same; If you can bear to hear the truth you ve spoken, Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools, Or watch the things you gave your life to, broken, ~ 20 ~
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Hello /wsr/, this is a nostalgia driven whim.
9Dragons is the first MMO I ever played and made many friends and memories in it. It is also a pretty bad game.
On February the 16th, 9Dragons will terminate service in america (The current publisher in america is GamesCampus). I have know on the existence of private servers for this game but i never bothered to try them because the game is plain awful, but this means that it is possible to run a private server.
After hearing about the end of 9D in america i got nostalgic and would like to request any useful information regarding how to run a private server for this game.
Forgot to add that google hasn't been of much help so far. All i could find were old forum posts talking about a private server client, but i could not find it.


text: alexandrost Alexandrost is 21 years old male from Sokolov, Czech Republic. He is interested in meet new people. 21, male, sokolov Likes: 26x Facebook profile Who s/he liked? Send message Favorite May she/he ask you for a date? Never Maybe Sure Pop Rock Road Trips Predator Bryan Adams PES 2012 Honesty Makeup iPhone Football Coke Report photo Sign up to see all photos Facebook Twitter Google+ Pinterest Similar users Sergio 23, Long Island online 27 ShoesNights InTattoo Jose 24, California City 35 FriendshipHappiness Nick 20, Chandler 26 Rap Mikel 20, Ocala online 40 Cesar 22, Downey 162 Tonny 21, Washington 46 Javier 23, South Ozone Park 65 Dj 19, Hesperia 87 Carlos 24, Saint Louis 40


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The brand enlisted local traders and a dive team to complete the stunt, who worked to position the partly submerged, oval-shaped creations on a floating barge located within the body of water.
Each egg measures roughly the height of a double-decker London bus, and weigh nine, six and four tonnes respectively.
The activity forms part of the brand's 'Bunny's been busy' campaign, which will see the Cadbury bunny hide eggs in unexpected locations across the country in the lead up to Easter.
The stunt is set to live on, with an exhibition that looks at how it was conceived and delivered planned to open within the nearby Loch Ness Visitor Centre.
The activity has also seen Cadbury donate £5k to the Loch Ness project, and £1k to the Royal National Lifeboat Institute to help support local services.
Agency PsLIVE is behind the Loch Ness stunt, meanwhile Golin, RPM, Fallon, Carat and Elvis are also working on Cadbury's broader Easter campaign.
Claudia Miceli, senior brand manager, Cadbury Easter said: "For many years Cadbury has been part of Easter in family homes and this year we wanted to mark the start of Easter season in a joyful and fun way.
"The Cadbury Easter Bunny will be hiding #EggsEverywhere this Easter season, so look out for more giant eggs popping up across the country."
Adrian Shine, Local Loch Ness expert and marine naturalist, who worked with Cadbury to install the eggs in the Loch added: "This is the first time we've had anything like this appear in the Loch and the result was very impressive – Nessie certainly has been given an Easter treat! It was great working with Cadbury on this and also having the opportunity to raise funds for our project."
The brand released initial details of its Easter campaign on Tuesday (1 March). It also recently teamed up with the London Contemporary Orchestra (LCO) to host a special music event inspired by each of its nine Dairy Milk flavours.
Comment below to let us know what you think.
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