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can anybody help me saying wat are the disadvantages of winrunner ,load runner and test director...as this was asked in an interview almost all the questions were abt disadvantages...can anybody please let me know abt it..
the price!!!!
It's twice more expensive than the others products!!
Thanks & Regards
Disadvantages as compared to what?
I guess the fact that it isn't free is a generic "disadvantage".
How did you respond during your interview?
(Seems like an odd set of interview questions to me.)
Joe StrazzereVisit my website: AllThingsQuality.com to learn more about quality, testing, and QA!
My response, without going into details, would be that there are no hard and fast disadvantages. Rather, there are potential issues which may or may not make it worthwhile to use any or all of these tools (or any other vendor's tools) depending on many variables in the situation: type of application to be tested, type of testing to be done, experience of staff with these tools and with automated testing in general, schedule pressures/limitations, etc..
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(Seems like an odd set of interview questions to me.)
Yeah it does seem odd - unless the interviewer is looking to see if you are strictly a "record and play" automator. This disadvantage is that this automation technique (R&P) is extremely limited.
Mercury sales people seem to believe R&P is the best thing about the product. Even some of their onsite support/consultants believe it too.
Maybe this company is feeling burned in that way?
[quote]Originally posted by swt88:
(Yeah it does seem odd - unless the interviewer is looking to see if you are strictly a "record and play" automator. This disadvantage is that this automation technique (R&P) is extremely limited.
But that's not a disadvantage of WinRunner.
Rather, that's a disadvantage or relying solely on Record & Play as a technique, right?
A possible "disadvantage":
Each has a tremendous amount of flexibility, extensibility, and adaptability. This tends to extend the learning curve - if one has a goal of learning each tool exhaustively. That would probably be a career in itself.
I think the only real disadvantage I have seen is that, like any tool in the wrong hands - it can be extremely costly to implement and likely ineffective.
Originally posted by jpensyl:
...would probably be a career in itself.
I think the only real disadvantage I have seen is that, like any tool in the wrong hands - it can be extremely costly to implement and likely ineffective.
I have to agree on the career in itself. I have worked with many tools over the years, and wouldn't say I am an absolute expert in any of them. But I am very experienced and know how to move between tools. To me they are like any other programming language. You have to learn the built-in functions, language syntax, logic constructs and data constructs. But most use the same principles, and the techniques of automation remain the same.
In as far as the Mercury product line and its weaknesses I would say for WinRunner my main complaint is that it does not handle calling non-C API's very well or at all. But this is due to the age of the product. WR needs a major overhaul in some respects, and they are trying to do this with QTP (even this tools has some drawbacks for the serious developer type like myself). TestDirector's flaw to me is that the Projects cannot share information, or test scripts, easily or at all. This is inherent to using a database as the repository for information. Is this a bad thing, no. Just need to open up things a bit so that you can get more re-use. Also, the report engine is kinda clunky. But again Merc. Int. is working to resolve that with the 8.0 version and the incorporation of Crystal Reports.
Now in as far as the Sales people at Merc. Int. doing the R&P Automagic B.S. Yep, seen it and lived through it. I just finished a project where I reworked the QTP test implementation. The underlying library code was very good, just when they got to building the actual tests it went awry. I don't know if that was Merc. or the client. But it was pretty clunky to start and after my rework the client was a lot happier with the tool and what it could do. Which for me was nice to have a "win" in automation for once.
So... a fool with a tool is still a fool & it's automation not automagic. But that is my opinion.
For all the general stuff to know about QA/Test go here http://www.softwareqatest.com/
I agree with Jim.
Originally posted by jpensyl:
I agree with Jim.
Thanks JP! I think the biggest dis-service the tool vendors do to us test professionals is selling the tools as being a silver bullet. They are not. But again that is how the Sales Wonks make their money, executives get "sold" on the tools and we get them to implement.
As a consultant I always try to get a feel for what the perception of the tools and automation means to the client. Usually I have to re-educate people on what the tools can do and the effort involved to implement them. Sometimes the messenger is shot (me [img]images/icons/cool.gif[/img] ), and other times they look at me with the deer in headlights look and go "whoa... dude...!" Either way I try to help them out.
I like the Merc. tools. I have had good luck working with them. I also have had success with Compuware QA/Run, Rational Robot, and Segue Silk. So again to me the tool does have some importance (need the right tool for the job), but it is how you use the tool that really counts. Every tool has advantages and disadvantages.
Again, that's my opinion and I could be wrong.
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Diversified Maintenance
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Nitrosatable drugs, such as secondary or tertiary amines and amides, form N-nitroso compounds in the presence of nitrite. Various N-nitroso compounds have been associated with neural tube defects in animal models. Using data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, the authors examined nitrosatable drug exposure 1 month before and 1 month after conception in 1,223 case mothers with neural tube defect-affected pregnancies and 6,807 control mothers who delivered babies without major congenital anomalies from 1997 to 2005. Nitrite intakes were estimated from mothers' responses to a food frequency questionnaire. After adjustment for maternal race/ethnicity, educational level, and folic acid supplementation, case women were more likely than were control women to have taken tertiary amines (odds ratio = 1.60, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.31, 1.95). This association was strongest with anencephalic births (odds ratio = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.40, 2.73); odds ratios associated with tertiary amines from the lowest tertile of nitrite intake to the highest tertile were 1.16 (95% CI: 0.59, 2.29), 2.19 (95% CI: 1.25, 3.86), and 2.51 (95% CI: 1.45, 4.37), respectively. Odds ratios for anencephaly with nitrosatable drug exposure were reduced among women who also took daily vitamin supplements that contained vitamin C. Prenatal exposure to nitrosatable drugs may increase the risk of neural tube defects, especially in conjunction with a mother's higher dietary intake of nitrites, but vitamin C might modulate this association.
Various N-nitroso compounds have been associated with neural tube defects (NTDs) in animal models (1, 2), and DNA alkylation of embryonic cells has been suggested as one of the mechanisms for teratogenicity (1). Extensive experimental evidence indicates that N-nitroso compounds can be formed in vivo by nitrosatable amines or amides reacting with nitrosating agents, such as nitrite, in an acidic environment like that found in the stomach (3). Endogenous N-nitroso compound formation contributes 40%–75% of exposure to such compounds in humans (4), and a variety of drugs contribute nitrosatable amines or amides in the endogenous formation of N-nitrosamines and N-nitrosamides. In experiments with simulated gastric conditions (5–7), the combination of drugs containing secondary or tertiary amines or amides with nitrite have yielded a range of N-nitroso compounds, depending on the chemical structure of the drug.
Few epidemiologic studies have been conducted on the relation between nitrosatable drugs and NTDs. Olshan and Faustman (8) noted an association between exposure to nitrosatable drugs during the first 4 months of pregnancy and spina bifida, whereas Croen et al. (9) did not detect this association with NTDs in their study population. In a study that also took into account dietary nitrate and nitrite intakes, Brender et al. (10) noted a significant positive association between prenatal use of drugs with the potential for nitrosation in Mexican-American women and NTDs in their offspring, especially among offspring of women who also had higher prenatal dietary intakes of nitrites. This finding was consistent with results from an experimental study with mice in which the percentage of NTDs and other defects increased in conjunction with a nitrosatable compound as the dose of nitrite increased (11), indicating that the combined teratogenicity of these compounds might be due to the nitrosation products formed within the stomach.
Previous studies of maternal exposure to nitrosatable drugs and birth defects were based on an incomplete assessment of drugs with respect to their nitrosatability. In their recent review, Brambilla and Martelli (12) identified 182 drugs that had been tested, of which 173 (95%) were found to form N-nitroso compounds or other reactive species. Furthermore, none of the previous studies examined the effects of nitrosatable drugs by their molecular structure (secondary or tertiary amines vs. amides) or examined the potential modulating effect of vitamin C, a well-documented inhibitor of nitrosation (13). Many drugs that are tertiary amines form N-nitrosodimethylamine in the presence of nitrite (12). In animal studies, prenatal administration of acetoxymethyl-methylnitrosamine, which has the same active intermediate metabolite as N-nitrosodimethylamine, was associated with exencephaly and other defects at doses not associated with maternal toxicity (1). In the present study, we examined 1) the relation between prenatal exposure to nitrosatable drugs by their molecular structure (secondary amines, tertiary amines, and amides) in conjunction with dietary intake of nitrites and NTDs in offspring and 2) the effect of supplemental and dietary intake of vitamin C on these associations.
The National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS), previously described by Yoon et al. (14), is an ongoing population-based case-control study of birth defects in the United States that began in 1997. Ten Centers for Birth Defects Research and Prevention (CBDRP) (in Arkansas, California, Georgia, Iowa, Massachusetts, New York, and Texas (1998 to present); New Jersey (1998 to 2002); and North Carolina and Utah (2003 to present)) have participated or are currently participating in this national study. Case infants are identified from livebirths (all centers), stillbirths (all centers except New Jersey and New York from 1997 to 1999), and elective pregnancy terminations (Arkansas, California, Georgia, Iowa, North Carolina, Texas, and Utah) (15). Case definitions are standardized across centers, and clinical information on potential cases is evaluated by a clinical geneticist at each center (16) and independently reviewed by 1 or more other clinical geneticists. Infants with single-gene or chromosome abnormalities are excluded from the NBDPS (16). For this study on nitrosatable drugs, we included cases with NTDs (anencephaly, craniorachischisis, spina bifida, and encephalocele) and controls who had estimated delivery dates (EDDs) from October 1, 1997, through December 31, 2005.
Controls (livebirths who had no major birth defects and whose mothers resided in the study area at delivery) with EDDs during the same period were randomly selected from live birth certificates (Iowa, Massachusetts, New Jersey, North Carolina, and Utah) or hospital records (California, New York, and Texas) (15). Centers in Arkansas and Georgia initially selected controls from hospital records but switched to live birth certificates exclusively in January of 2001. The institutional review boards in each state and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention approved the study protocol, and the institutional review boards of Texas A&M University, the University of Iowa, and the Texas Department of State Health Services also approved this project on nitrosatable drugs and birth defects.
In the NBDPS, women are interviewed via telephone by trained interviewers who administer a standard questionnaire after informed consent is obtained. The interview takes approximately 1 hour to complete and covers topics regarding maternal health (including medications being taken), diet (vitamin, food supplement, and food and beverage consumption), home/work (residence and occupation), demographic characteristics, and water use (14). Interviews are targeted for completion within 6 months of delivery, with a maximum time from delivery/termination to interview of no more than 24 months. Time of interview is determined by the EDD, and no women are interviewed until 6 weeks after the EDD (or delivery of a full-term infant).
As part of the interview, women in the NBDPS are questioned about their use of prescription and nonprescription drugs from 3 months before the estimated date of conception to the date of birth of the index pregnancy. In addition to the name of the medication, information is collected regarding the dates that the drug(s) were taken and the frequency of use. Reported drugs are linked to their active ingredients by using the Slone Epidemiology Center Drug Dictionary system (17), which identifies individual ingredients in multiple-component products (18). Methods used to classify drugs with respect to nitrosatability, functional groups, and indications have been published previously (19). Briefly, all orally administered and orally inhaled prescription and nonprescription medications and their active ingredients reported by case and control women were identified. These drugs were cross-referenced against previously compiled lists of nitrosatable medicinal compounds (12, 20) and categorized on the basis of the presence of amine (secondary or tertiary) and amide functional groups. Within its functional group, each component was also categorized by its primary indication or therapeutic use. Complete data on nitrosatable drug use and covariates were available for 1,168 (95.5%) participating case women and 6,553 (96.3%) participating control women. The Web Appendix (available at http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/) contains a list of the drugs that were identified as nitrosatable and reported as taken by NBDPS subjects with EDDs during the period of 1997–2005. For the present study on NTDs, we focused on drugs that women reported taking from 1 month before conception to 1 month after conception.
As part of the NBDPS interview, women are questioned about their average consumption of foods and beverages during the year before becoming pregnant with the index pregnancy through the use of a 58-item food frequency questionnaire adapted from the short Willett food frequency questionnaire (21, 22). Separate, more detailed questions to assess consumption of breakfast cereals cover intake from 3 months before conception through the end of pregnancy. From these 2 sources of information, dietary intakes of nitrates and nitrites in milligrams per day were estimated using procedures described in detail elsewhere (23, 24). Briefly, 1) weighted means for nitrates and nitrites in milligrams per 100 grams were calculated for each food item based on the relevant literature; 2) the respective means were multiplied by the serving size (in grams) assigned to each food; 3) nitrates and nitrites in each serving size were multiplied by the number of servings per month; and 4) nitrate and nitrite levels across all food items were summed and then divided by 30 to obtain milligrams per day of dietary nitrate and nitrite intake. We calculated total dietary nitrite intake with the formula suggested by Choi (25) (total nitrite = dietary nitrite intake + (0.05 × dietary nitrate intake)). Dietary intakes of nitrites and total nitrites were categorized into tertiles based on the control women's distributions, as was done in a previous study (10). We excluded from the stratified analyses of nitrosatable drugs and dietary nitrites women whose calculated daily kilocalorie intake was less than 500 or greater than 5,000. These lower and upper limits are consistent with other dietary studies (26) and with what has previously been used with the NBDPS population (27, 28). Complete data for any nitrosatable drug use stratified by total nitrite intake were available for 1,132 (92.6%) participating cases and 6,376 (93.7%) participating controls.
Covariate selection was based on factors associated with NTDs in other studies and maternal factors associated with nitrosatable drug exposure (19). Potential confounders that were assessed included maternal race/ethnicity, educational level, and age; study site; body mass index based on self-reported height and weight (in kg/m2); folic acid supplementation around the time of conception; and dietary folate intake (expressed as dietary folate equivalents in quartiles based on the control women's distribution).
Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for NTDs in relation to any nitrosatable drug use and for secondary amines, tertiary amines, and amides. Women who did not report taking any drugs classified as nitrosatable around conception served as the reference group in all analyses. Final models for the association between nitrosatable drugs and NTDs included maternal race/ethnicity, educational level, and folic acid use as covariates.
Nitrosatable drug exposure was stratified by tertiles of dietary nitrite and total nitrite intake, and odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated for NTDs for each stratum, with adjustment for maternal race/ethnicity, educational level, folic acid use, and total energy intake. Multiplicative interaction was assessed by including the product terms of secondary and tertiary amines with dietary nitrite and total nitrite in the logistic models. Additive interaction was examined using the methods discussed by Andersson et al. (29), in which the relative excess risk due to interaction and the attributable proportion due to interaction were calculated with their respective 95% confidence intervals. In the absence of additive interaction, both measures equaled zero.
Nitrosatable drug exposure was also stratified by vitamin C supplementation during the first month of pregnancy and by dietary vitamin C intake (categorized as <85 mg/day or ≥85 mg/day, cutpoints that were based on recommended dietary allowances for pregnant women >18 years of age (30) and that corresponded to the 41st percentile for study participants). The presence of multiplicative and additive interactions was assessed for secondary and tertiary amines with vitamin C supplementation and dietary intake with the same methods used for these drugs as with dietary nitrite/total nitrite.
A total of 1,223 eligible case women with NTD-affected pregnancies (352 with anencephaly or craniorachischisis, 730 with spina bifida, and 141 with encephalocele) and 6,807 control women with an EDD during 1997–2005 participated in the NBDPS. Participation rates for case women with NTD-affected pregnancies and control women were 68% and 66%, respectively, with median time from EDD to interview of 9 months for case women and 8 months for control women. Case women were more likely than were control women to be Hispanic, to be less educated, to have a body mass index of 30 or higher, and to live in California or Texas, but they were slightly less likely than controls to use a folic acid preparation around the time of conception (Table 1).
A higher proportion of case women (19.5%) than of control women (16.9%) reported taking drugs classified as nitrosatable (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.31, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.12, 1.55), especially drugs classified as tertiary amines (AOR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.31, 1.95) (Table 2). Women with anencephalic births were approximately twice as likely as were controls (AOR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.40, 2.73) to report taking drugs classified as nitrosatable tertiary amines. Use of tertiary amines was less strongly associated with spina bifida (AOR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.15, 1.91) and encephalocele (AOR = 1.48, 95% CI: 0.83, 2.63). Restriction of analyses to data from study centers that included terminations in case findings did not materially change the adjusted odds ratios for NTDs (AOR = 1.59), anencephaly (AOR = 1.93), or spina bifida (AOR = 1.44) associated with tertiary amine drug exposure.
Overall, NTDs were associated with drugs classified as tertiary amines across a broad range of indications, such as analgesic opioids (odds ratio (OR) = 1.25), antidiabetic drugs (OR = 2.04), antiemetic phenothiazines (OR = 1.34), antiepileptics (OR = 3.48), antihistamines (OR = 1.46), antiinfective macrolides (OR = 2.90), cough medications (OR = 1.24), gastrointestinal histamine 2 blockers (OR = 1.66), and stimulants (OR = 1.17) (data not shown; associations reported are restricted to drugs with at least 5 exposed cases and 5 exposed controls). Exclusion of women who took antidiabetic, antiepileptic, and antibiotic drugs slightly reduced the adjusted odds ratios for NTDs (AOR = 1.45), anencephaly (AOR = 1.83), and spina bifida (AOR = 1.36), but the 95% confidence intervals for these odds ratios excluded 1.0. Antihistamines were the most commonly taken tertiary amine drugs by both case women (5.5%) and control women (3.9%) and were most strongly associated with anencephalic births (AOR = 2.39, 95% CI: 1.56, 3.67).
The strongest associations between anencephaly and nitrosatable secondary and tertiary amines were among women with nitrite and total nitrite levels (sum of dietary nitrite and 5% dietary nitrate intake) in the upper 2 tertiles of estimated intake (Table 3). Notably, the odds ratios were near or below 1.0 for nitrosatable drug use in the lowest tertiles of nitrite and total nitrite intake. Adjusted odds ratios for anencephaly associated with tertiary amines for the lowest tertile to the highest tertile of total nitrite were 1.16 (95% CI: 0.59, 2.29), 2.19 (95% CI: 1.25, 3.86), and 2.51 (95% CI: 1.45, 4.37), respectively (P = 0.053 for multiplicative interaction; relative excess risk due to interaction = 1.095 (95% CI: −0.163, 2.35); and attributable proportion due to interaction = 0.552 (95% CI: 0.105, 0.998)). Exposures to nitrosatable secondary and tertiary amines were also most strongly associated with encephalocele in the highest tertiles of dietary nitrite and total nitrite intake (data not shown). The pattern of increasing odds ratios associated with nitrosatable drug exposure across increasing levels of dietary nitrites was less apparent for spina bifida (Table 4), and no significant multiplicative or additive interaction was noted. Exposure to tertiary amines was most strongly associated with spina bifida among women with an estimated dietary nitrite intake greater than 1.91 mg/day (AOR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.12, 2.66).
Daily supplementation with preparations containing vitamin C diminished the association between nitrosatable drugs and anencephaly but not between nitrosatable drugs and spina bifida (Table 5). Among women who took a daily supplement with vitamin C, the odds ratio for having an anencephalic birth in association with nitrosatable tertiary amine use was lower (AOR = 1.52, 95% CI: 0.86, 2.71) than the corresponding estimates among women who did not take these supplements on a daily basis (AOR = 2.77, 95% CI: 1.48, 5.17) and among those who did not take the supplements at all (AOR = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.25, 3.57) during the first month of pregnancy (P = 0.510 for multiplicative interaction; relative excess risk due to interaction = 0.750 (95% CI: −0.377, 1.876); and attributable proportion due to interaction = 0.340 (95% CI: −0.106, 0.785)).
Among women whose dietary intake of vitamin C was estimated to be 85 mg/day or more, the adjusted odds ratio for spina bifida in conjunction with tertiary amine drug exposure was 1.15 (95% CI: 0.78, 1.69) compared with 1.81 (95% CI: 1.28, 2.56) among women with a lower dietary intake of this vitamin (data not shown) (P = 0.130 for multiplicative interaction; relative excess risk due to interaction = 0.659 (95% CI: −0.112, 1.430); and attributable proportion due to interaction = 0.337 (95% CI: 0.017, 0.656)). In contrast, tertiary amine drug exposure was more strongly associated with anencephaly in women with dietary vitamin C intakes estimated to be 85 mg/day or more (AOR = 2.69, 95% CI: 1.76, 4.12) than in women with intakes less than 85 mg/day (AOR = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.66, 2.02).
In the present study, a large, population-based case-control study of nitrosatable drugs and birth defects, women who had NTD-affected pregnancies were more likely than were control women to have taken drugs classified as nitrosatable during the period 1 month before conception to 1 month after conception. To our knowledge, this birth defects study is the first in which nitrosatable drugs have been examined specifically by molecular structure. We found that tertiary amines were more strongly associated with NTDs, particularly anencephaly, than were secondary amines or amides. Furthermore, the strongest associations between nitrosatable drug exposure and NTDs were noted among women with higher estimated intakes of dietary nitrites. In contrast, nitrosatable drug exposures showed little to no association with NTDs among women in the lowest tertile of dietary nitrite intake. The association between tertiary amine drug exposure and anencephalic births was reduced among women who took a daily supplement with vitamin C compared with women who took these supplements less than daily or not at all.
The findings of the present study show a pattern similar to that seen in a study of nitrosatable drug use among Mexican-American women in Texas and NTDs in their offspring (10). In the Texas study, odds ratios for NTDs associated with nitrosatable drug use for the lowest tertile to the highest tertile of total dietary nitrite intake were 0.9 (95% CI: 0.3, 3.4), 2.7 (95% CI: 0.8, 11), and 7.5 (95% CI: 1.8, 45), respectively. However, the overall odds ratio for any NTD in relation to nitrosatable drug use was higher (AOR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.4, 5.3) than the odds ratio noted in the present study, including that found for Hispanic women in NBDPS (AOR = 1.26, 95% CI: 0.84, 1.89). Anencephaly and spina bifida were not examined separately by nitrite intake in the Texas study because of insufficient numbers by phenotype.
In 2 other studies, the relation between nitrosatable drug use and NTDs was examined. Utilizing data from the Collaborative Perinatal Project, Olshan and Faustman (8) found that nitrosatable drug use during the first 4 months of pregnancy was associated with spina bifida (OR = 4.55, 95% CI: 0.66, 31.62) but not with anencephaly (0 of 6 case mothers exposed). They identified 13 nitrosatable drugs taken by the cohort. Using the list of nitrosatable drugs developed by Olshan and Faustman (8), Croen et al. (9) noted minimal association between nitrosatable drug use and NTDs among births to California residents (OR = 1.2, 95% CI: 0.77, 1.8); odds ratios for specific phenotypes were not reported.
A number of compounds have been found to inhibit nitrosation, with vitamin C being the most studied (13). In experimental studies in human volunteers, concomitant administration of ascorbic acid with nitrate and nitrosatable precursors such as proline (31) or a fish meal rich in amines (32) significantly reduced the excretion of N-nitroso compounds in comparison with these combined exposures without ascorbic acid. It is noteworthy that Brambilla and Martelli (12) concluded in their extensive review of nitrosatable drugs that the nitrosatable drug-nitrite interaction could be substantially reduced by the administration of vitamin C. In the present study, the associations between drugs classified as secondary or tertiary amines and anencephaly were reduced in women who took a daily vitamin supplement with vitamin C during the periconceptional period. The associations between these drugs and spina bifida were reduced among women who had an estimated dietary intake of vitamin C of 85 mg/day or more. However, we have no explanation for why we did not observe reduced associations between anencephaly and higher dietary vitamin C intake or reduced associations between spina bifida and vitamin C supplementation.
The present study had several other limitations. Approximately one-third of the eligible case and control women did not participate in the study, although participation rates were similar between cases and controls. Cogswell et al. (15) examined how well the NBDPS control women with EDDs from 1997 to 2003 represented the base population from which the case women were also identified. Control participants were similar to their base populations with respect to maternal age, smoking, and prevalence of diabetes mellitus but differed slightly by maternal race/ethnicity and educational level. Assessment of dietary nitrate and nitrite intakes was restricted to a food frequency questionnaire that might have not captured all dietary sources of these food contaminants or accurately reflected the actual amounts consumed (24). The potential for differential recall between case and control women regarding medications taken during early pregnancy is also of concern. However, women were not specifically asked about nitrosatable drug exposure, and it is unlikely that recall of medications taken would differ between cases and controls by type of nitrosatable drugs (e.g., secondary or tertiary amines) or by dietary intake of nitrites. Finally, although the present study utilized extensive reviews (12, 20) of nitrosatable drugs that were not available when previous studies of nitrosatable drugs and birth defects were conducted, exposures to some nitrosatable drugs might have been missed because the components have not been tested for nitrosatability or because results of such tests have not been published.
In conclusion, results of the present study suggest that early prenatal exposure to nitrosatable drugs, especially tertiary amines, in conjunction with nitrite intake might increase risk of NTDs. To our knowledge, this is the first study indicating that vitamin C might modulate the association between prenatal exposure to nitrosatable drugs and NTDs in offspring.
Author affiliations: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Rural Public Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas (Jean D. Brender, Ann M. Vuong, Mayura U. Shinde, Qi Zheng, John C. Huber, Jr.); Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts (Martha M. Werler, Katherine E. Kelley); Program for Research in Nutrition and Health Disparities, School of Rural Public Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas (Joseph R. Sharkey); Navy and Marine Corps Public Health Center, Portsmouth, Virginia (John S. Griesenbeck); Department of Epidemiology and Center for Education and Research on Therapeutics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (Paul A. Romitti); Birth Defects Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas (Peter H. Langlois, Mark A. Canfield); and Environmental Epidemiology and Disease Registries Section, Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas (Lucina Suarez).
This work was supported by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences at the National Institutes of Health (grants 5R01ES015634 and 3R01ES015634-03S1) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Texas Center for Birth Defects Research and Prevention (cooperative agreement U50/CCU613232).
Coding of drug information in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study used the Slone Drug Dictionary under license from the Slone Epidemiology Center of Boston University.
The authors thank the participating staff and scientists from all sites in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. They also thank Dr. Roberta McKean-Cowdin of Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center/Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, for sharing the list of nitrosatable drugs developed by the late Dr. William Lijinsky for the childhood cancer studies. In addition, the authors thank Michelle Steck, Texas A&M Health Science Center, for her assistance in developing the nitrate and nitrite estimates for the food frequency questionnaire and Amy Hanson, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, for her assistance in the development of the nitrosatable drug files.
This work was presented at the 24th Annual Meeting of the Society for Pediatric and Perinatal Epidemiologic Research in Montreal, Canada, on June 21, 2011, and at the 3rd North American Congress of Epidemiology in Montreal, Canada, on June 23, 2011.
The content of this article is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences or the National Institutes of Health.
Dr. Martha Werler has provided consultation for Amgen, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, and Abbott regarding their pregnancy registries for rheumatoid arthritis drugs. These companies may manufacture drugs that were evaluated in this study.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Local Facility Offers Behind-the-Scenes Look at Recycling Process
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Local Facility Offers Behind-the-Scenes Look at Recycling Process
By Alyssa Martinez
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CONTENT: Article
Blue bins are scattered throughout campus and a number of signs are posted as friendly reminders for students and faculty to properly dispose of trash as well as reusable materials. Proper disposal of materials, however, is only the beginning of the recycling process.
Where does the recycling go?
The recycling program at Cal State Fullerton is made possible with the partnership between Republic Services and CSUF's Sustainable Waste Management Services...
Keywords: Environment & Climate Change | Anaheim | Cal State Fullerton | Daily Titan | Orange County | Recycling | Republic Services | material recovery facility | sustainability | waste management
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More From Republic Services
City of Las Vegas Mayor Carolyn Goodman Recognizes Republic Services of Southern Nevada at "Get Outdoors Nevada" Day
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The Ethical Philosophy of Bertrand Russell
Based on full length book of the same title. A critical exposition of the ethical philosophy of Bertrand Russell. Traces the development of Russell's ethical ideas from cognitivism (similar to G. E. Moore) to non-cognitivism (similar to A.J.Ayer).Concludes with author, Dr. Ramendra's critical comments on Russell's ethical ideas.(This is the second revised and expanded version of the ebook.)
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Refusing The Needle: A Diabetic's Natural Journey To Kick-Ass Health
by Russell Stamets
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"I applaud you Russell, this is an accurate way of thinking. As an RN who has been working in a hospital for 30 year and observing and working for a system of healthcare that is costly and hitting the problems with more insurance billing for conditions that could be eliminated with diet and stress management your book is right on!"
At age 49, Russell Stamets was diagnosed with Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA). He was told it was irreversible and that he faced a daily shot in the stomach. Unwilling to accept western medicine's only option, insulin, Russell looked east. He researched, designed a plan, and tested it on himself. Against all odds, he succeeded in lowering his blood sugar levels and reviving his pancreas. Russell provides the details of his diet, supplements, and lifestyle (including meditation) delivered with a dose of humor, irreverence, and verse. Any type of diabetic, pre-diabetic, or anyone looking for a sane, sustainable way to achieve incredibly good health will appreciate this book.
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Tender Is The Night
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Tender Is The Night is based on F. Scott Fitzgerald's classic novel about a wealthy but disturbed woman of the 1920s who marries her psychiatrist. As she becomes stronger, he becomes weaker and totally dependent on her emotionally and financially.
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David O. Selznick had intended to film an adaptation of F. Scott Fitzgerald's TENDER IS THE NIGHT as a vehicle for his wife Jennifer Jones. But financial difficulties compelled Selznick to sell the property (including Ms. Jones' services) to 20th Century-Fox. Jones stars as a wealthy but disturbed woman of the 1920s who marries her psychiatrist (Jason Robards Jr.). They live together at her Riviera estate, where the doctor's analytical skills atrophy. As Jones grows stronger, the doctor becomes totally dependent upon her emotionally and financially. The film's supporting characters are equally self-destructive, notably an alcoholic composer (Tom Ewell) and Jones' avaricious sister (Joan Fontaine). Perhaps if Selznick had produced TENDER IS THE NIGHT, the film wouldn't have wallowed in misery for its own sake; on the other hand, we still would have been stuck with Jennifer Jones, who is woefully miscast.
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Pramod Tawade, who was not posted for duty at Azad Maidan, had gone there without seeking permission of his superiors.
Jio MAMI 2016: Bollywood Stars Shine on the Red Carpet at the Opening Ceremony
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Lynyrd Skynyrd – Pronounced 'Leh-nerd 'Skin-nerd & Second Helping: Live From Jacksonville at The Florida Theatre
Genre: Rock, Blues Rock, Southern Rock
Quality: MKV/BDRip 1080p
Video: MPEG4 Video (H264) 1920×1080 29.97fps 15.0 Mbps
Audio: English DTS-HD MA 5.1 / 48 kHz / 4503 kbps / 24-bit (DTS Core: 5.1 / 48 kHz / 1509 kbps / 24-bit)
Audio2: English LPCM 2.0 / 48 kHz / 2304 kbps / 24-bit
Full Size: 11,3Gb
• Earlier this year Lynyrd Skynyrd performed their first two studio albums, Pronounced 'L h-'nerd 'Skin-'nerd and Second Helping , live in their entirety for the first time, at two specially staged concerts at the Florida Theatre in their home town of Jacksonville, Florida. It was a special occasion for both the act and their fans as the band performed tracks they d never or rarely played live before alongside classic songs that are an essential part of any Lynyrd Skynyrd live show. These unique concerts are a must have for any Lynyrd Skynyrd fan.
1 I Ain't The One
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Lynyrd Skynyrd – Pronounced 'Leh-nerd 'Skin-nerd & Second Helping (2015) [BDRip 1080p]
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Milestone man to end drought in Grand Final?
Western Sydney Wanderers full-back Adam D'Apuzzo will play his 150th game in Sunday's Grand Final and says it's the perfect time to end his record for most A-League games without a goal for an outfield player.
The 27-year-old heads into the decider against Brisbane Roar at a sold-out Suncorp Stadium after a rock solid display in last week's semi-final win over Central Coast.
The milestone man played 102 matches for Newcastle Jets, including the triumphant 2008 Grand Final, and will make his 48th appearance for Wanderers on Sunday, yet he's still been unable to score a goal.
Twitter was alive with discussion about betting options for Grand Final goalscorers on Thursday, with D'Apuzzo's name thrown up along with his milestone much to his surprise.
"I didn't even realize it was my 150th appearance, but I'd like to get a goal, why not?" D'Apuzzo laughed when speaking to FourFourTwo after training on Thursday.
"It'd be a nice combination - the Grand Final, my 150th and my first A-League goal. It's definitely the perfect time to do it."
But the unassuming D'Apuzzo insisted he wouldn't be making any mad dashes forward or hanging around at set-pieces, rather he'd focus on his usual role.
"I want to do my role for the team," he said. "Everyone knows to the nth degree their role on the field. I'm told to the last detail what I need to do and I'll stick to it."
On a more serious note, D'Apuzzo revealed his determination to win another A-League championship, having missed last year's Grand Final.
After quitting professional football, D'Apuzzo was convinced by coach Tony Popovic to give up a budding career as an accountant to play in Wanderers' inaugural side and was a regular during the season before suffering a foot injury late in the campaign which kept him out of the finals.
"It killed me last year, I shed a little tear when I was ruled out," D'Apuzzo said.
"I was determined more than ever to, one, ensure we got there and, two, get the result we didn't last year.
"It'd be a massive achievement in my own career, to have left the game, come back and be able to win another grand final."
Having missed last year's decider, D'Apuzzo admitted he had spoken to injury doubt Mark Bridge earlier this week about his progress on his ankle complaint and how he was handling the situation.
However, D'Apuzzo was unsure if Bridge would play, despite not being named in the squad.
It is expected Bridge will fly with the squad to Brisbane on Saturday morning and be given every chance to prove his fitness.
Meanwhile, the A-League confirmed on Thursday that the Grand Final had sold out and D'Apuzzo hailed the loyal band of travelling Wanderers supporters, with approximately 9,000 WSW fans predicted to attend.
"The ones that get there, it's a great effort, with limited flights," he said.
"All the fans who drive there and make the effort, hats off to them. We more than appreciate it.
"Any support we get will be amazing. I'm sure whoever's there will be louder than the Roar supporters."comments


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INDIA: Congress report - scientists ambivalent about GM food
The Indian Science Congress currently under way saw scientists hesitate to come out openly in favour of a wholesale introduction of genetically modified food. Eminent agricultural scientist MS Swaminathan summed up the mood when he suggested the government set up a Commission on Genetic Modification to formulate official policy.
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Merger Monday took a new spin this week, when chairman and CEO of Kinder Morgan, Richard Kinder announced that his plans to consolidate all his entire Kinder Morgan empire into one giant publicly traded company, Kinder Morgan (NYSE:KMI). The deal is valued at around $44 billion ($70 billion including debt). The combined entity will be the third-largest energy company in the world, directly behind Chevron (NYSE:CVX) and Exxon Mobil (NYSE:XOM). This is the largest consolidation/merger in this space since Exxon bought Mobil back in the late 90s.
The purpose of the deal, according to CEO Kinder, is that the combined entity will allow for increased simplification when it comes to deal making, as well as decreasing the overall complexity that was associated with the incentive distributions rights that were previously set up between the four separate entities. Additionally, Kinder said that the MLP structure had gotten so big that it actually had become a limitation in its efforts to continue to grow.
The deal is structured as follows:
- Kinder Morgan Partners, LP (NYSE:KMP) shareholders will receive 2.1931 KMI shares and $10.77 in cash for each KMP share held.
- Kinder Morgan Management, LLC (NYSE:KMR) shareholders will receive 2.4849 shares of KMI for each KMR share held.
- El Paso Pipeline Partners, LP (NYSE:EPB) shareholders will receive 0.9451 shares of KMI and $4.65 cash for each EPB share held.
The deal, of course, is subject to regulatory and shareholder approval, but given the huge benefit that this consolidation will bring shareholders, I highly doubt there will be any fight from them. As for the regulatory aspect of the story, the fact that this is merely a consolidation story of four separate entities that were already all owned and run by the same group, I also doubt this will pose any risk to the deal not going through.
This deal is expected to close by the end of the year. Given that time frame, some interesting arbitrage opportunities should be explored by investors leading up to the consolidation. When the market opened up on Monday after this announcement was made, the market was not doing a good job of pricing in the complete terms of the deal for each stock. This type of mis-pricing to me spelled opportunity.
An example of this pricing can be seen here. At the time of this writing, KMI was trading for around $39.65 per share. According to the terms of the deal, that price should dictate a per share price on KMP of $97.72, yet the market had priced KMP shares at only $95.01, a $2.71 opportunity. Similar situations were also true on both EPB and KMR shares as well.
The real opportunity exists in determining at what price KMP, KMR, or EPB should be purchased at, given the new direct correlation to KMI. For purposes of this article, let's assume that worst-case scenario, KMI were to lose all of its post-consolidation premium and revert to its average trading price from last week, $36 per share (on average). I realize that this is not super-technical, but when trying to determine an entry point, I always like to assume the worst-case scenario and use a price that reflects where the market thought fair value was prior to all of the news and hype.
Using $36 per share as our base, the below table displays the bottom-end of the pricing for each of the other three stocks.
KMI Price of $36/Share
Current Price
Floor Price
Current Conversion Price
The current price reflects what the current closing price of each stock was at the time of this writing. The floor price is, in my opinion, the bottom-end of the range and ideally the purchase price that would create the greatest potential for arbitrage opportunity, based on the above assumptions. The current conversion price is the price that would be received if the deal were to close based on the terms outlined above. Keep in mind that when I say conversion price, it is factoring in the value of the actual KMI shares.
Currently, opportunity exists in the spread between what KMP, KMR, and EPB are trading for in comparison to their parent company, KMI. Additionally, since all four stocks still trade independently until the upcoming consolidation, opportunity exists in purchasing any of the three stocks above at what I have called the "floor price", since KMI is likely to be above $36 at the time of the consolidation.
There are several reasons why I think KMI will be higher in price leading up to the consolidation. After the consolidation, KMI will roughly be worth around $92 billion in market capitalization, with an enterprise value of $140 billion. This compares to KMI's current $41-billion market capitalization. The consolidation will also make it far easier for the firm to engage in other mergers and acquisitions, while making it more nimble to penetrate the ever-growing domestic oil market. Lastly, CEO Kinder mentioned that he anticipates future dividend distributions to continue to increase at a rate of 10% from 2015-2020, starting with a $2 distribution (5.04%) in 2015. That distribution rate would put the dividend at $3.22 at the end of 2020. Compared to any of the other major oil firms, that dividend rate and anticipated distribution rate is unheard of. In an environment where the 10-year is yield around 2.40%, this should generate a great deal of buzz.
Lastly, I am really impartial to which of the three stocks are owned going into the end of the year. I currently am playing KMP, but I feel that both KMR and EPB would do just as well. Additionally, I highlighted in this article the potential of an arbitrage trade, but I do believe that the newly formed KMI will be an excellent stock to own for the long term, and I think Sunday's announcement by Richard Kinder further emphasizes his desire to create and return shareholder value for the long term.
Disclosure: The author is long CVX, KMP. The author wrote this article themselves, and it expresses their own opinions. The author is not receiving compensation for it (other than from Seeking Alpha). The author has no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article.


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text: SETA Corporation 14,781pages on this wiki Add New Page Edit History Add New Page Talk0 Company ? This article has not been classed yet. SETA Corporation [Edit] [Talk] SETA Corporation is a Japanese video game publisher. This article is a stub. You can help the Nintendo Wiki by expanding it. Retrieved from "http://nintendo.wikia.com/wiki/SETA_Corporation?oldid=365372" Categories: Company articles Pages needing a quote Class ? articles Stubs SETA Corporation Publishers


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What are you going to miss about 2009?
With 18 days left of the year and in the third week of discussions as part of our 2009 Review we are asking "What are you going to miss about 2009?"
We're also leaving previous week's open until the end of the year so you can still add to "What piece of work really stood out for you in 2009?" and "What was your favourite book/album/film of 2009?".
You can find them and the rest of the weekly discussions here
My Ex-Girlfriend (IKH). She introduced me to the world of style, fashion, and interior decor. I have been hooked ever since.
Being in my 20's.
Working full time
The prospect of the recession acting as a catalyst for social change (via design).
09 had a certain "the end is nigh" jena se qua that will be hard to beat.
Using the GFC as an excuse for just about anything. "Why haven't you been at work for three weeks?" "Why, the GFC of course"
the fact that you could say 09 with a smile on your face,also know that the words "life 09" were true.who knows what we'll say when we want to give props to 2010?
I will miss Jane Myers. My grandma passed away this year and as corny as this may sound, every time my grandpa sees the clouds part and the sun come out he will say, "There's Jane again, bringing out the sun for us."
I will miss falmouth and the sea
I will miss the present..
I'll miss my incredible design class and tutors. 20 of the coolest people i've ever known.
The hours I had to sleep
- Retracing and recreating historic reggae record sleeves with photographer Alex Bartsch
- David Wilson directs deeply moving film B.E.N. about using AI robots to tackle loneliness
- Art and About: Charlotte Trounce celebrates the architectural beauty of museums and galleries
- Riikka Laakso's screenprinted zine is a tribute to Moomin author Tove Jansson
- Sandy Van Helden's illustrations of contemporary culture
- Bompas & Parr explores the strange world of sploshing (NSFW)
- Kodak returns to its 1970s symbol, joining the retrobrand bandwagon
- Kodak unveils the Ektra: its first ever smartphone
- Working Not Working reveals the top 50 companies creatives would kill to work for
- William Knight's socially conscious portfolio of graphic design
- Juan Aballe's photographs of pastoral landscapes filled with wanderlust
- Exclusive first interview with new UK Vice.com editor Jamie Clifton


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Packed with easy ideas for Halloween, our delicious new food range and find out about our new Membership.
Find out what's happening right now.
As official partner of Love British Food, which celebrates delicious British produce, we asked some of our farmers a very important question.
Call our freephone line 0800 0686 727
visit our Contact Us page


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Economic Geology
- GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute. Abstract, Copyright, Society of Economic Geologists. Reference includes data from Bibliography and Index of North American Geology, U. S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, United States
To determine the effect of weathering on their optical properties, coals have been oxidized by two different methods under controlled conditions. No significant change in reflectance or in petrological composition has been found. The results should prove useful from the point of view of economic geology because from the study of reflectance of a sample from an outcrop it should be possible to predict some of the properties of the remainder of the seam lying beneath.


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The City of St. Catharines Fire and Emergency Management Services has an exciting job opportunity available, don't delay it closes on Tuesday, November 15, 2016 full details click ad_fire-inspector_oct2016
The next edition of the Display Fireworks Manual G18-01 is now open for public input until February 1st 2017. Please use the form attached to submit any proposed changes to text, additional text, or general comments regarding the manual. Please add new rows to the table as necessary. The current version of the manual can […]
The Corporation of the Township of Puslinch has two exciting part time job opportunities. Don't delay both these posting close at 4:30 p.m. November 11, 2016 chief-fire-prevention-officer-puslinch-job-advertisment public-fire-and-life-safety-educator-puslinch-job-advertisment
The Grimsby Regional Training Centre is pleased to offer the following course: NFPA 1031 FIRE INSPECTOR II September 26-30, 2016 Grimsby Regional Training Centre – 261 Ontario St., Grimsby 5 day course 08:30-16:30 Cost – $250 (plus tax) Coffee, cold drinks, snacks and lunch provided each day Exam Date: September 30, 2016 This […]
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