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To understand the information contained in financial statements with a view to know the strength or weaknesses of the firm and to make forecast about the future prospects of the firm and thereby enabling the financial analyst to take different decisions regarding the operations of the firm.
Fundamental Analysis has a very broad scope. One aspect looks at the general (qualitative) factors of a company. The other side considers tangible and measurable factors (quantitative). This means crunching and analyzing numbers from the financial statements. If used in conjunction with other methods, quantitative analysis can produce excellent results.
Ratio analysis isn't just comparing different numbers from the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement. It's comparing the number against previous years, other companies, the industry, or even the economy in general. Ratios look at the relationships between individual values and relate them to how a company has performed in the past, and might perform in the future.
A ratio is one figure express in terms of another figure. It is a mathematical yardstick that measures the relationship two figures, which are related to each other and mutually interdependent. Ratio is express by dividing one figure by the other related figure. Thus a ratio is an expression relating one number to another. It is simply the quotient of two numbers. It can be expressed as a fraction or as a decimal or as a pure ratio or in absolute figures as " so 1
many times". As accounting ratio is an expression relating two figures or accounts or two sets of account heads or group contain in the financial statements.
Ratio analysis is the method or process by which the relationship of items or group of items in the financial statement are computed, determined and presented. Ratio analysis is an attempt to derive quantitative measure or guides concerning the financial health and profitability of business enterprises. Ratio analysis can be used both in trend and static analysis. There are several ratios at the disposal of an annalist but their group of ratio he would prefer depends on the purpose and the objective of analysis. While a detailed explanation of ratio analysis is beyond the scope of this section, we will focus on a technique, which is easy to use. It can provide you with a valuable investment analysis tool. This technique is called cross-sectional analysis. Cross-sectional analysis compares financial ratios of several companies from the same industry. Ratio analysis can provide valuable information about a company's financial health. A financial ratio measures a company's performance in a specific area. For example, you could use a ratio of a company's debt to its equity to measure a company's leverage. By comparing the leverage ratios of two companies, you can determine which company uses greater debt in the conduct of its business. A company whose leverage ratio is higher than a competitor's has more debt per equity. You can use this information to make a judgment as to which company is a better investment risk. However, you must be careful not to place too much importance on one ratio. You obtain a better indication of the direction in which a company is moving when several ratios are taken as a group.
Ratio is work out to analyze the following aspects of business organizationA) Solvency1) Long term 2) Short term 3) Immediate B) Stability C) Profitability D) Operational efficiency E) Credit standing F) Structural analysis G) Effective utilization of resources H) Leverage or external financing
Since a ratio is a mathematical relationship between to or more variables / accounting figures, such relationship can be expressed in different ways as follows – A] As a pure ratio: For example the equity share capital of a company is Rs. 20,00,000 & the preference share capital is Rs. 5,00,000, the ratio of equity share capital to preference share capital is 20,00,000: 5,00,000 or simply 4:1. B] As a rate of times: In the above case the equity share capital may also be described as 4 times that of preference share capital. Similarly, the cash sales of a firm are
000. So it involves the comparison of two or more firm's 4 . 12.5 times that of cash sales.5 [30.000] or simply by saying that the credit sales are 2. so the ratio of credit sales to cash sales can be described as 2. For example.00. 30. net sales of the firm are Rs.000 & the amount of the gross profit is Rs. 10.00.00. TYPES OF COMPARISONS The ratio can be compared in three different ways – 1] Cross section analysis: One of the way of comparing the ratio or ratios of the firm is to compare them with the ratio or ratios of some other selected firm in the same industry at the same point of time. The importance of a correct standard is oblivious as the conclusion is going to be based on the standard itself. In interpreting the ratio of a particular firm.00. The standard ratio may be the past ratio of the same firm or industry's average ratio or a projected ratio or the ratio of the most successful firm in the industry.50.000 & credit sales are Rs.000/12.00. C] As a percentage: In such a case.00.00.000.000/50.Rs.00. then the gross profit may be described as 20% of sales [ 10. the analyst cannot reach any fruitful conclusion unless the calculated ratio is compared with some predetermined standard. one item may be expressed as a percentage of some other item.000] STEPS IN RATIO ANALYSIS The ratio analysis requires two steps as follows: 1] Calculation of ratio 2] Comparing the ratio with some predetermined standards.
2] Time series analysis: The analysis is called Time series analysis when the performance of a firm is evaluated over a period of time. an assessment can be made about the trend in progress of the firm. about the direction of progress of the firm. The cross section analysis is easy to be undertaken as most of the data required for this may be available in financial statement of the firm. then meaningful & comprehensive evaluation of the performance of the firm can definitely be made.financial ratio at the same point of time. The cross section analysis helps the analyst to find out as to how a particular firm has performed in relation to its competitors. The Time series analysis looks for (1) important trends in financial performance (2) shift in trend over the years (3) significant deviation if any from the other set of data\ 3] Combined analysis: If the cross section & time analysis. By comparing the present performance of a firm with the performance of the same firm over the last few years. both are combined together to study the behavior & pattern of ratio. the ratio of operating expenses to net sales for firm may be higher than the industry average however. over the years it has been declining for the firm. 5 . Time series analysis helps to the firm to assess whether the firm is approaching the long-term goals or not. A trend of ratio of a firm compared with the trend of the ratio of the standard firm can give good results. The firms performance may be compared with the performance of the leader in the industry in order to uncover the major operational inefficiencies. whereas the industry average has not shown any significant changes. For example.
only audited financial statements should be considered. which must be taken care of. PRE-REQUISITIES TO RATIO ANALYSIS In order to use the ratio analysis as device to make purposeful conclusions. there are certain pre-requisites. 2) If possible. which clearly shows that the ratio of the firm is above the industry average. 6 . 1) The dates of different financial statements from where data is taken must be same. The accounting figures are inactive in them & can be used for any ratio but meaningful & correct interpretation & conclusion can be arrived at only if the following points are well considered. but it is decreasing over the years & is approaching the industry average. otherwise there must be sufficient evidence that the data is correct.The combined analysis as depicted in the above diagram. It may be noted that these prerequisites are not conditions for calculations for meaningful conclusions.
3) Accounting policies followed by different firms must be same in case of cross section analysis otherwise the results of the ratio analysis would be distorted. 4) One ratio may not throw light on any performance of the firm. Therefore, a group of ratios must be preferred. This will be conductive to counter checks. 5) Last but not least, the analyst must find out that the two figures being used to calculate a ratio must be related to each other, otherwise there is no purpose of calculating a ratio.
Accounting ratios express the relationship between figures taken from financial statements. Figures may be taken from Balance Sheet , P& P A/C, or both. One-way of classification of ratios is based upon the sources from which are taken. 1] Balance sheet ratio: If the ratios are based on the figures of balance sheet, they are called Balance Sheet Ratios. E.g. ratio of current assets to current liabilities or ratio of debt to equity. While calculating these ratios, there is no need to refer to the Revenue statement. These ratios study the relationship between the assets & the liabilities, of the concern. These ratio help to judge the liquidity, solvency & capital structure of the concern. Balance sheet ratios are Current ratio, Liquid ratio, and Proprietory ratio, Capital gearing ratio, Debt equity ratio, and Stock working capital ratio. 2] Revenue ratio: Ratio based on the figures from the revenue statement is called revenue statement ratios. These ratio study the relationship between the profitability & the sales of the concern. Revenue ratios are Gross profit ratio, Operating ratio, Expense ratio, Net profit ratio, Net operating profit ratio, Stock turnover ratio. 3] Composite ratio: These ratios indicate the relationship between two items, of which one is found in the balance sheet & other in revenue statement. There are two types of composite ratiosa) Some composite ratios study the relationship between the profits & the investments of the concern. E.g. return on capital employed, return on proprietors fund, return on equity capital etc. b) Other composite ratios e.g. debtors turnover ratios, creditors turnover ratios, dividend payout ratios, & debt service ratios
Accounting ratios can also be classified according to their functions in to liquidity ratios, leverage ratios, activity ratios, profitability ratios & turnover ratios. 1] Liquidity ratios: It shows the relationship between the current assets & current liabilities of the concern e.g. liquid ratios & current ratios. 2] Leverage ratios: It shows the relationship between proprietors funds & debts used in financing the assets of the concern e.g. capital gearing ratios, debt equity ratios, & Proprietory ratios. 3] Activity ratios: It shows relationship between the sales & the assets. It is also known as Turnover ratios & productivity ratios e.g. stock turnover ratios, debtors turnover ratios. 4] Profitability ratios: a) It shows the relationship between profits & sales e.g. operating ratios, gross profit ratios, operating net profit ratios, expenses ratios b) It shows the relationship between profit & investment e.g. return on investment, return on equity capital. 5] Coverage ratios: It shows the relationship between the profit on the one hand & the claims of the outsiders to be paid out of such profit e.g. dividend payout ratios & debt service ratios.
operating ratios. expenses ratios 4] Ratios for long-term creditors: Debt equity ratios. proprietor ratios. 10 . liquid ratios. return on capital employed. return on equity capital 3] Ratios for management: Return on capital employed. turnover ratios. stock working capital ratios 2] Ratios for the shareholders: Return on proprietors fund.BASED ON USER: 1] Ratios for short-term creditors: Current ratios.
LIQUIDITY RATIO: Liquidity refers to the ability of a firm to meet its short-term (usually up to 1 year) obligations. The ratios. E. Quick/Acid-Test ratio. are Current ratio. It is also known as 'working capital ratio' or ' solvency ratio'. It is expressed in the form of pure ratio.g. 2:1 Formula: Current assets Current ratio = Current liabilities 11 . which indicate the liquidity of a company. These ratios are discussed below CURRENT RATIO Meaning: This ratio compares the current assests with the current liabilities. and Cash ratio.
This compares assets. bank credit. i. 12 . Current assets include cash and bank balances. It is expressed in the form of pure ratio. as originally contemplated.g.. that is the entity is under utilizing its current assets.term liabilities. inventory of raw materials. LIQUID RATIO: Meaning: Liquid ratio is also known as acid test ratio or quick ratio. and prepaid expenses.e. in the ordinary course of business. dividends payable and outstanding expenses. Liquid ratio compare the quick assets with the quick liabilities. which will become liquid within approximately twelve months with liabilities. with in a year. which will be due for payment in the same period and is intended to indicate whether there are sufficient short-term assets to meet the short. Recommended current ratio is 2: 1. Current liabilities consist of trade creditors. CA gets converted into cash in the operating cycle of the firm and provides the funds needed to pay for CL. debtors (net of provision for bad and doubtful debts). bills payable. E. The current liabilities defined as liabilities which are short term maturing obligations to be met.The current assests of a firm represents those assets which can be. marketable securities. semi-finished and finished goods. The higher the current ratio. normally not exceeding one year. the greater the short-term solvency. This ratio measures the liquidity of the current assets and the ability of a company to meet its shortterm debt obligation. CR measures the ability of the company to meet its CL. Any ratio below indicates that the entity may face liquidity problem but also Ratio over 2: 1 as above indicates over trading. bills receivable. 1:1. converted into cash within a short period time. Current ratio (CR) is the ratio of total current assets (CA) to total current liabilities (CL). provision for taxation.
Formula: Quick assets Liquid ratio = Quick liabilities Quick Ratio (QR) is the ratio between quick current assets (QA) and CL. This is a fairly stringent measure of liquidity because it is based on those current assets. Inventory and prepaid expenses are excluded since these cannot be turned into cash as and when required. This ratio considers only the absolute liquidity available with the firm. a quick ratio of 1:1 is considered good. QR indicates the extent to which a company can pay its current liabilities without relying on the sale of inventory. CASH RATIO Meaning: This is also called as super quick ratio. cash immediately or at a short notice without diminution of value. One drawback of the quick ratio is that it ignores the timing of receipts and payments. which are highly liquid. QA includes cash and bank balances. Inventories are excluded from the numerator of this ratio because they are deemed the least liquid component of current assets. which can be converted into. Generally. short-term marketable securities.The term quick assets refer to current assets. and sundry debtors. Formula: Cash + Bank + Marketable securities Cash ratio = Total current liabilities 13 . QA refers to those current assets that can be converted into cash immediately without any value strength.
14 . An earnings per Share represents earning of the company whether or not dividends are declared. financial analysts look at the cash ratio. the earning per share are determined by dividing net profit by the number of equity shares. If there is only one class of shares. EPS measures the profits available to the equity shareholders on each share held. If the super liquid assets are too much in relation to the current liabilities then it may affect the profitability of the firm. INVESTMENT / SHAREHOLDER EARNING PER SAHRE:Meaning: Earnings per Share are calculated to find out overall profitability of the organization.Since cash and bank balances and short term marketable securities are the most liquid assets of a firm.
But remember not all profit earned is going to be distributed as dividends the company also retains some profits for the business DIVIDEND PER SHARE:Meaning: DPS shows how much is paid as dividend to the shareholders on each share held. Formula: Dividend Paid to Ordinary Shareholders Dividend per Share = Number of Ordinary Shares DIVIDEND PAYOUT RATIO:Meaning: Dividend Pay-out Ratio shows the relationship between the dividend paid to equity shareholders out of the profit available to the equity shareholders. 15 .Formula: NPAT Earning per share = Number of equity share The higher EPS will attract more investors to acquire shares in the company as it indicates that the business is more profitable enough to pay the dividends in time.
equity capital & preference capital & long term borrowings.Formula: Dividend per share Dividend Pay out ratio = Earning per share *100 D/P ratio shows the percentage share of net profits after taxes and after preference dividend has been paid to the preference equity holders. The Capital-gearing ratio shows the relationship between two types of capital viz: . This is also known as leverage or trading on equity. Equity shareholders earn more when the rate of the return on total capital is more than the rate of interest on debts. 16 . GEARING CAPITAL GEARING RATIO:Meaning: Gearing means the process of increasing the equity shareholders return through the use of debt. It is expressed as a pure ratio.
A firm.Formula: Preference capital+ secured loan Capital gearing ratio = Equity capital & reserve & surplus Capital gearing ratio indicates the proportion of debt & equity in the financing of assets of a concern. can comfortably meet its operating expenses and provide more returns to its shareholders. which generates a substantial amount of profits per rupee of sales. There are two types of profitability ratios: Gross Profit Margin and Net Profit Margin. 17 . The relationship between profit and sales is measured by profitability ratios. PROFITABILITY These ratios help measure the profitability of a firm.
financing. It measures the efficiency of production as well as pricing. purchase.GROSS PROFIT RATIO:Meaning: This ratio measures the relationship between gross profit and sales. how productive the concern . It measures the overall efficiency of production. selling. Formula: Gross profit Gross profit ratio = Net sales NET PROFIT RATIO:Meaning: Net Profit ratio indicates the relationship between the net profit & the sales it is usually expressed in the form of a percentage. This ratio shows the profit that remains after the manufacturing costs have been met. Formula: NPAT Net profit ratio = Net sales This ratio shows the net earnings (to be distributed to both equity and preference shareholders) as a percentage of net sales. selling & inventory. how much amount is left to meet other expenses & earn net profit. It is defined as the excess of the net sales over cost of goods sold or excess of revenue over cost. pricing and tax 18 * 100 * 100 . administration. how good its control is over the direct cost. This ratio helps to judge how efficient the concern is I managing its production.
inventory/stock turnover ratio. The important turnover ratios are debtors turnover ratio. Capital employed refers to the long-term funds invested by the creditors and the owners of a firm. fixed assets turnover ratio.management. These ratios are based on the relationship between the level of activity represented by sales or cost of goods sold and levels of investment in various assets. It is the sum of long-term liabilities and owner's equity. Formula: NPAT Return on capital employed = Capital employed *100 FINANCIAL These ratios determine how quickly certain current assets can be converted into cash. They are also called efficiency ratios or asset utilization ratios as they measure the efficiency of a firm in managing assets. the gross and net profit margin ratios provide an understanding of the cost and profit structure of a firm. ROCE indicates the efficiency with which the long-term funds of a firm are utilized. It means that the capital employed comprises of shareholder funds plus long-term debts. average collection period. and total assets turnover ratio. The term fund employed or the capital employed refers to the total long-term source of funds. RETURN ON CAPITAL EMPLOYED:Meaning: The profitability of the firm can also be analyzed from the point of view of the total funds employed in the firm. Alternatively it can also be defined as fixed assets plus net working capital. Jointly considered. These are described below: 19 .
The higher the DTO. Formula: Credit sales Debtors turnover ratio = Average debtors 20 .DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO (DTO) Meaning: DTO is calculated by dividing the net credit sales by average debtors outstanding during the year. Average debtors are the average of debtors at the beginning and at the end of the year. Net credit sales are the gross credit sales minus returns. It measures the liquidity of a firm's debts. the better it is for the organization. from customers. This ratio shows how rapidly debts are collected. if any.
the more efficient is the management of inventories. However. which may lead to frequent stock outs and loss of sales and customer goodwill. Formula: Net sales Fixed assets turnover = Net fixed assets This ratio measures the efficiency with which fixed assets are employed. In general. For calculating ITR. The higher the ratio. Formula: COGS Stock Turnover Ratio = Average stock ITR reflects the efficiency of inventory management. a high inventory turnover may also result from a low level of inventory.INVENTORY OR STOCK TURNOVER RATIO (ITR) Meaning: ITR refers to the number of times the inventory is sold and replaced during the accounting period. 21 . FIXED ASSETS TURNOVER (FAT) The FAT ratio measures the net sales per rupee of investment in fixed assets. averages may be used when a flow figure (in this case. and vice versa. A high ratio indicates a high degree of efficiency in asset utilization while a low ratio reflects an inefficient use of assets. However. the fixed assets turnover ratio tends to be high (because the denominator of the ratio is very low). cost of goods sold) is related to a stock figure (inventories). the average of inventories at the beginning and the end of the year is taken. this ratio should be used with caution because when the fixed assets of a firm are old and substantially depreciated.
PROPRIETORS RATIO: Meaning: Proprietary ratio is a test of financial & credit strength of the business. Proprietary ratio compares the proprietor fund with total liabilities. Formula: Stock Stock working capital ratio = Working Capital 22 . Formula: Proprietary fund Proprietary ratio = Total fund OR Shareholders fund Proprietary ratio = Fixed assets + current liabilities STOCK WORKING CAPITAL RATIO: Meaning: This ratio shows the relationship between the closing stock & the working capital. It is usually expressed in the form of percentage. Total assets also know it as net worth. The purpose of this ratio is to show the extent to which working capital is blocked in inventories. This ratio determines the long term or ultimate solvency of the company. In other words. It helps to judge the quantum of inventories in relation to the working capital of the business. Proprietary ratio determines as to what extent the owner's interest & expectations are fulfilled from the total investment made in the business operation. The ratio highlights the predominance of stocks in the current financial position of the company. It is expressed as a percentage. It relates shareholders fund to total assets.
The relationship between borrowed funds & owners capital is a popular measure of the long term financial solvency of a firm.Stock working capital ratio is a liquidity ratio. Alternatively.g. It is usually expressed as a pure ratio. E. Leverage means the process of the increasing the equity shareholders return through the use of debt. Debt equity ratio shows the margin of safety for long-term creditors & the balance between debt & equity. This ratio also helps to study the solvency of a concern. It shows the extent of funds blocked in stock. It is a qualitative test of solvency. 2:1 Formula: Total long-term debt Debt equity ratio = Total shareholders fund Debt equity ratio is also called as leverage ratio. RETURN ON PROPRIETOR FUND: Meaning: Return on proprietors fund is also known as 'return on proprietors equity' or 'return on shareholders investment' or ' investment ratio'. Leverage is also known as 'gearing' or 'trading on equity'. This ratio indicates 23 . This relationship is shown by debt equity ratio. this ratio indicates the relative proportion of debt & equity in financing the assets of the firm. DEBT EQUITY RATIO: MEANING: This ratio compares the long-term debts with shareholders fund. It indicates the composition & quality of the working capital. If investment in stock is higher it means that the amount of liquid assets is lower.
It shows the speed at which payments are made to the supplier for purchase made from them. This ratio is of practical importance to prospective investors & shareholders. 24 . A very low ratio indicates that the company is not taking full benefit of the credit period allowed by the creditors. Higher creditors turnover ratio or a lower credit period enjoyed signifies that the creditors are being paid promptly.the relationship between net profit earned & total proprietors funds. It enhances credit worthiness of the company. which the relationship between profit & investment by the proprietors in the concern. Its purpose is to measure the rate of return on the total fund made available by the owners. It is a relation between net credit purchase and average creditors Net credit purchase Credit turnover ratio = Average creditors Months in a year Average age of accounts payable = Credit turnover ratio Both the ratios indicate promptness in payment of creditor purchases. This ratio helps to judge how efficient the concern is in managing the owner's fund at disposal. Return on proprietors fund is a profitability ratio. Formula: NPAT Return on proprietors fund = Proprietors fund * 100 CREDITORS TURNOVER RATIO: It is same as debtors turnover ratio.
This ability is reflected in the liquidity ratio of a firm. 2] Long-term solvency. The long-term solvency is measured by the leverage/ capital structure & profitability ratio Ratio analysis s that focus on earning power & operating efficiency. This respect of the financial position of a borrower is of concern to the long-term creditors. 4] Overall profitability.IMPORTANCE OF RATIO ANALYSIS: As a tool of financial management. security analyst & the present & potential owners of a business. Ratio analysis is relevant in assessing the performance of a firm in respect of the following aspects: 1] Liquidity position. 25 . 5] Inter firm comparison 6] Trend analysis. A firm can be said to have the ability to meet its short-term liabilities if it has sufficient liquid funds to pay the interest on its short maturing debt usually within a year as well as to repay the principal. The importance of ratio analysis lies in the fact that it presents facts on a comparative basis & enables the drawing of interference regarding the performance of a firm. ratios are of crucial significance. The liquidity ratio are particularly useful in credit analysis by bank & other suppliers of short term loans. 1] LIQUIDITY POSITION: With the help of Ratio analysis conclusion can be drawn regarding the liquidity position of a firm. 2] LONG TERM SOLVENCY: Ratio analysis is equally useful for assessing the long-term financial viability of a firm. The liquidity position of a firm would be satisfactory if it is able to meet its current obligation when they become due. 3] Operating efficiency.
Similarly the various profitability ratios would reveal whether or not the firm is able to offer adequate return to its owners consistent with the risk involved. for instance. which are interested in one aspect of the financial position of a firm. In fact. dependent upon the sales revenues generated by the use of its assets. This is possible if an integrated view is taken & all the ratios are considered together. This is made possible due to inter firm comparison & comparison with the industry averages. relevant from the viewpoint of management. The leverage ratios. they are concerned about the ability of the firm to meets its short term as well as long term obligations to its creditors.Ratio analysis reveals the strength & weaknesses of a firm in this respect. 4] OVERALL PROFITABILITY: Unlike the outsides parties. the solvency of a firm is. one of the popular techniques is to compare the ratios of a firm with 26 . will indicate whether a firm has a reasonable proportion of various sources of finance or if it is heavily loaded with debt in which case its solvency is exposed to serious strain. to ensure a reasonable return to its owners & secure optimum utilization of the assets of the firm. The various activity ratios measures this kind of operational efficiency. A single figure of a particular ratio is meaningless unless it is related to some standard or norm. in the ultimate analysis. the management is constantly concerned about overall profitability of the enterprise. 3] OPERATING EFFICIENCY: Yet another dimension of the useful of the ratio analysis. That is. is that it throws light on the degree of efficiency in management & utilization of its assets.total as well as its components. 5] INTER – FIRM COMPARISON: Ratio analysis not only throws light on the financial position of firm but also serves as a stepping-stone to remedial measures.
though the present level may be satisfactory but the trend may be a declining one. Ratio analysis provides a basis for both intra-firm as well as inter-firm comparisons. whether the movement is favorable or unfavorable. Ratio analysis helps in the assessment of the liquidity. which give the decision-maker insights into the financial performance of a company.the industry average. For example. profitability and solvency of a firm. that is. It should be reasonably expected that the performance of a firm should be in broad conformity with that of the industry to which it belongs. ratio analysis enables a firm to take the time dimension into account. In other words. The significance of the trend analysis of ratio lies in the fact that the analysts can know the direction of movement. 6] TREND ANALYSIS: Finally. take remedial measures. the firm can seek to identify the probable reasons & in light. On the other hand. which is important for decision making and forecasting. ADVANTAGES OF RATIO ANALYSIS Financial ratios are essentially concerned with the identification of significant accounting data relationships. 27 . operating efficiency. If the results are at variance either with the industry average or with the those of the competitors. This is made possible by the use of trend analysis. whether the financial position of a firm is improving or deteriorating over the years. An inter firm comparison would demonstrate the firms position vice-versa its competitors. The advantages of ratio analysis can be summarized as follows: Ratios facilitate conducting trend analysis. the ratio may be low as compared to the norm but the trend may be upward.
Where historical cost convention is used. The comparison of actual ratios with base year ratios or standard ratios helps the management analyze the financial performance of the firm. there is need to consider the changes in technology. LIMITATIONS OF RATIO ANALYSIS Ratio analysis has its limitations. When comparing performance over time. The movement in performance should be in line with the changes in technology. The movement in performance should be in line with the changes in price. Changes in accounting policy may affect the comparison of results between different accounting years as misleading. asset valuations in the balance sheet could be misleading. there is need to consider the changes in price. These limitations are described below: 1] Information problems Ratios require quantitative information for analysis but it is not decisive about analytical output . Ratios based on this information will not be very useful for decision-making. 28 . The figures in a set of accounts are likely to be at least several months out of date. 2] Comparison of performance over time When comparing performance over time. and so might not give a proper indication of the company's current financial position.
3] Inter-firm comparison Companies may have different capital structures and to make comparison of performance when one is all equity financed and another is a geared company it may not be a good analysis. 3] 5 main areas: Liquidity – the ability of the firm to pay its way Investment/shareholders – information to enable decisions to be made on the extent of the risk and the earning potential of a business investment Gearing – information on the relationship between the exposure of the business to loans as opposed to share capital 29 . Selective application of government incentives to various companies may also distort intercompany comparison. not qualitative information. and employ similar production methods and accounting practices. Inter-firm comparison may not be useful unless the firms compared are of the same size and age. comparing the performance of two enterprises may be misleading. Even within a company. They do not indicate future trends and they do not consider economic conditions. comparisons can be distorted by changes in the price level. Ratios provide only quantitative information. Ratios are calculated on the basis of past financial statements. PURPOSE OF RATIO ANLYSIS: 1] To identify aspects of a businesses performance to aid decision making 2] Quantitative process – may need to be supplemented by qualitative Factors to get a complete picture.
it is true that what can be achieved by the technique of ratio analysis cannot be achieved by the mere preparation of financial statement. 30 . which need the management attention in order to improve the situation. as the ratio all by them do not mean anything. liquidity. which is already appearing in the financial statement. solvency. either individually or in relation to those of other firms in the same industry. At the same time. ratio calculated on the basis of historical financial statements may be of good assistance to predict the future.e. Ratio analysis also helps to locate & point out the various areas. The process of this appraisal is not complete until the ratio so computed can be compared with something. Ratio analysis is one of the best possible techniques available to the management to impart the basic functions like planning & control. This comparison may be in the form of intra firm comparison. As the ratio analysis is concerned with all the aspect of a firms financial analysis i. Thus proper comparison of ratios may reveal where a firm is placed as compared with earlier period or in comparison with the other firms in the same industry. profitability & overall performance. it enables the interested persons to know the financial & operational characteristics of an organisation & take the suitable decision. As the future is closely related to the immediate past. Ratio analysis helps to appraise the firm in terms of their profitability & efficiency of performance. Profitability – how effective the firm is at generating profits given sales and or its capital assets Financial – the rate at which the company sells its stock and the efficiency with which it uses its assets ROLE OF RATIO ANALYSIS: It is true that the technique of ratio analysis is not a creative technique in the sense that it uses the same figure & information. inter firm comparison or comparison with standard ratios. activity.
Self-Service Terminals for Banking Sector and Fuel Dispensers for Petroleum Sector. APLAB enjoys worldwide recognition for the quality of its products. Since its inception in 1962. APLAB has been serving the global market with wide range of electronic products meeting the international standards for safety and reliability such as UL. VDE etc. Power Conversion and UPS Systems. 31 .EVALUATION OF APLAB LIMITED THROUGH RATIO COMPANY PROFILE THE COMPANY – APLAB Limited is a professionally managed Public Limited company quoted on the Bombay Stock Exchange. They specialize in Test and Measurement Equipment. business integrity and innovative engineering skills.
on time. with in budget. It serves customer global customer par excellence. our customers & so to us. It is a professionally managed 40 years old public limited company. MISSION: To deliver high quality. To be the TOP INDIAN COMPANY as conceived by our customers. & UPS & fuel dispensers for petroleum sector. engineered products. as rated by our employees. It enjoys worldwide recognition for the quality of its business integrity & innovative engineering skills. To be " THE BEST " company to work for. recognized for quality & integrity. VISION: To be a global player. GOAL: 32 .ABOUT APLAB: Aplab started its operation in October 1962. It is quoted on BOMBAY STOCK EXCHANGE. carefully. It specialized in Test & measurement instruments. as per the customer specification in a manner profitable to both. power conversion.
Foster an open door policy. 3] To expand knowledge and remain at the leading edge in technology to serve the global market. VALUES & BELIEFS: Their values & beliefs required that they Treat employees with respect & give them an opportunity for input on how to continuously improve their service goals. Offer opportunities for growth. " Do it right the first time & every time" is their team commitment * our way of doing business. discussion & ideas to improve work environment & increase productivity. professional development & recognition. Goal at Aplab is extract ordinary customer service as we provide our customer needs in the personal service industry. 4] To understand the customer's needs and provide solutions than merely selling products. to ensure customer satisfaction. to resolve customer service issues. CORPORATE MISSION – 1] To achieve healthy and profitable growth of the company in the interest of our customers & the shareholders. Provide most effective & corrective action. 2] To encourage teamwork. it ensures as growth & prosperity. 5] To create intellectual capital by investing in hardware and embedded software development. which encourages interaction. reward innovation and maintain healthy interpersonal relations within the organization. 33 .
APLAB has entered the field of Professional Services starting with the Banking and the Petroleum Industry. QUALITY POLICY: Aplab will deliver to its customer products & services that consistently meet or exceed their requirement. After completing three years in the new era. "Quality is everybody's responsibility" and all strive to "do it right the first time". Aplab will encourage its employees & suppliers to develop quality products prevent defects & make continual improvement in all processes. Focus on developing embedded system software has been also enhanced. Aplab will achieve this by total commitment & involvement of every individual. Entire organization is committed to create an environment that encourages individual excellence and a personal commitment to quality.ISO 9001:2000 Quality at APLAB is a part of our people's attitude. In APLAB.THE 21ST CENTURY SUCCESS – APLAB had planned to enter the 21st Century with a program for a fast and healthy growth in the global market based on company's high technology foundation and the reputation of four decades for prompt customer service and as a reliable solution provider. QUALITY IS OUR WORK CULTURE . we can say with pride that we have been delivering our promises to our customers and the shareholders. We believe that professional services sector is poised to grow at a very rapid pace. QUALITY OBJECTIVE: 34 . It is therefore natural that APLAB Limited is certified for quality with ISO 9001:2000 registration.
of India accredits our R&D Laboratories. Development of products to suit exports markets. The company has achieved its position of leadership in the Indian instrumentation industry & continuous to maintain it through its strong grip of technology. We spend more than 4% of the company revenue in Research & Development activities. Aplab is an ISO 9001:2000 certifies company. Development of new product especially hi-tech intelligent product & electronic substitution. highly qualified skilled engineers who excel in the latest state-of-the-art-technology.000 [4 sigma] RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Developing innovative products with the latest technology is the core strength of APLAB. 3. Customizing the products to the customer's specifications & adaptation of imported technology. 4. import 35 . 2. 100% customer satisfaction. Almost all the products manufactured by the company are import transaction control system. On time delivery every time reduction is out going PPM to 10. Specific areas in which the company carries out R&D 1. The Science & Technology Ministry of the Govt. APLAB is recognized not only for manufacturing standard products but also in providing solutions and services as per the customer specifications. We have a large team of dedicated. Improvement in the existing products & production processes.
With the company. and USA & Australia. Government of India. Canada & USA. France. 36 . Belgium. R&D is an ongoing process. It has resulted in considerable saving of foreign exchange. which are fully developed in house. Canada.substitution items. Over 30 million U.S. This is done to achieve state of the art in our design & to bring about improvement to get maximum performance / cost ratio. EXPORT APLAB currently exports over 25% of its production to Western Europe. The ministry of science & technology. Dollars worth of Power Systems and Test Instruments from APLAB are today operational in UK. recognizes the company's R&D. Sweden. Germany. Through a continuous interaction with production& Quality Assurance Department takes up redesign of existing products. This will greatly help the company in facing competition in local markets from foreign companies. FUTURE PLAN OF ACTION Major R&D activity is concentrated around up gradation of product design & re-alignment of production processes to bring about improved quality at lower cost.
DC Uninterruptible Power Supply) d. DC/DC LINE CONVERTERS. ATM INSTACASH e. ISOLATION TRANSFORMER ATM INSTACASH The Banking Automation Division of APLAB was launched in 1993. POWER SUPPLIES. Inverter. SMPS. Isolation Transformer) c.OFFICERS STAFF WORKERS PRODUCTS OF APLAB: a. HIGH POWER AC SYSTEMS (UPS. when we introduced INSTACASHIndia's first indigenously manufactured ATM INSTACASH demonstrated APLAB's skills in design. TEST & MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS b. HIGH POWER DC SYSTEMS (DC Power Supply. hardware manufacturing and software integrations. INVERTERS. STABILIZER. CONDITIONER. 38 . AC-DC POWER SUPPLY. Frequency Converter.
18.104.22.168 3.01 15.80.09.77 18.29. APLAB LIMITED BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31ST MARCH 2002 (RS.32.'000) AS AT 31ST 2002 AS AT 31ST 2002 SOURCES OF FUNDS SHAREHOLDERS FUND Share capital Reserves and surplus LOANS Secured Unsecured DEFFERED TAX LIABILITY (NET) TOTAL APPLICATION OF FUNDS FIXED ASSETS Gross block Less: depreciation Net block Capital work in progress INVESTMENT CURRENT ASSESTS.37 54.57.73 1.13.48 3. The latest is IMAGEENABLED Cheque Processing solution.99 15.69 21.00 16.96 5.QUICKCLEAR.36 6.29.09 39 .11.18.49.Our in house R&D group is constantly striving to scan the rapidly changing technology and offer suitable end to end solutions.36.67.33 10. LOANS & ADVANCES Inventories Sundary debtors Cash & bank balances Loan & advances CURRENT LIABLITIES & PROVISIONS Current liabilities 5. MICR Cheque Processing and Smart Card based solutions.32 5.00.31.80 15.06.81.32 19.85 38.69 12.36 46.47 1. We are into Self Service Delivery Systems.
28 8.04 2.22 1.69 20.21.77.'000) AS AT 31-3.Provisions NET CURRENT ASSESTS MISCELLANEOUS EXPENDITURE Total 57.19.64 49.57 15.05 5.76 18.31.68 1 .50 1.12 24.01 PROFIT & LOSS ACCOUNT FOR THE ENDED 31ST MARCH 2002 (RS.84 3818.02 20.75 9.07 50.19 188.8.131.52 30.95.2002 AS AT 31-3-2002 INCOME: Sales and operating earnings Other income Variation in stock EXPENCES: Materials consumed Purchase of trading goods Payments to & provision for employees Manufacturing expenses Excise duty Other expenses Interest & finance charges Depreciation Less: transferred to revaluation PROFIT BEFORE TAX PRIOR YEAR ADJUSTMENT (NET) PROVISION FOR TAXATION Current tax Deferred tax liability / (Assets) PROFIT AFTER TAX Balance brought forward from previous year Balance available for appropriation Appropriations: General reserve Surplus / (loss) carried to B/S Proposed dividend Tax on proposed dividend 40 48.97.05.14 6.61.71 2.30.42 4.37 1.15 1.93.68 1 20.04.37 65.76.22 49.
74 6.29.41 BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31ST MARCH 2003 (RS.76 3.97 11.40.00 220.127.116.113 AS AT 31-3.25 8.79 19.02.42 20.62 51.78 1.26 19.56 1.11 17.95.2003 SOURCES OF FUNDS SHAREHOLDERS FUND Share capital Reserves and surplus LOANS Secured Unsecured DEFFERED TAX LIABILITY (NET) TOTAL APPLICATION OF FUNDS FIXED ASSETS Gross block Less: depreciation Net block Capital work in progress INVESTMENT CURRENT ASSESTS.93 6.76 22.214.171.124 41 .02.16 14.23. LOANS & ADVANCES Inventories Sundary debtors Cash & bank balances Loan & advances CURRENT LIABLITIES & PROVISIONS Current liabilities Provisions 5.00.71 87.98.55.04 188.8.131.52 10.41 0.05.41.55 4.19 21.27.'000) AS AT 31-3.53.00.62.69 Basic earning per share (rupee) 0.21 37.
06.00 126.96.36.199 2.49 63.95 1.62.64) 82.23 2.52 10.99 22.19 (19.07.NET CURRENT ASSESTS MISCELLANEOUS EXPENDITURE TOTAL 29.62.99 72.10 5.97 1.37.97 184.108.40.206 26.03 1.94 1 82.50 4 184.108.40.206) 59.66 .41 82.94 57.2003 INCOME: Sales and operating earnings Other income Variation in stock EXPENCES: Materials consumed Purchase of trading goods Payments to & provision for Employees Manufacturing expenses Excise duty Other expenses Interest & finance charges Depreciation Less: transferred to revaluation PROFIT BEFORE TAX PRIOR YEAR ADJUSTMENT (NET) PROVISION FOR TAXATION Current tax Deferred tax liability / (Assets) PROFIT AFTER TAX Balance brought forward from previous year Balance available for appropriation Appropriations: General reserve Surplus / (loss) carried to B/S Proposed dividend Tax on proposed dividend Basic earning per share (rupee) 42 59.57 1.22 15.50 1.04 (59.26.2003 AS AT 31-3.69 7.'000) AS AT 31-3.60 10.36.11 PROFIT & LOSS ACCOUNT FOR THE ENDED 31ST MARCH 2003 (RS.40.
29 188.8.131.52 1.86 5.19 32.2004 AS AT 31-3.42. LOANS & ADVANCES Inventories Sundary debtors Cash & bank balances Loan & advances CURRENT LIABLITIES & PROVISIONS Current liabilities Provisions NET CURRENT ASSESTS TOTAL 5.98.56 4.BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31ST MARCH 2004 (RS.46.49.00 17.59 22.16.00.97.08 18.12.34 21.'000) AS AT 31-3.42.74 850.16.15 95.17 3.89 40.01.69.07 43 .02 21.58 53.55 15.59 188.8.131.524 SOURCES OF FUNDS SHAREHOLDERS FUND Share capital Reserves and surplus LOANS Secured Unsecured DEFFERED TAX LIABILITY (NET) TOTAL APPLICATION OF FUNDS FIXED ASSETS Gross block Less: depreciation Net block Capital work in progress INVESTMENT CURRENT ASSESTS.35.20 19.03 6.35.07 18.28.29 220.127.116.11 12.33 40.
51.39 53.94 2.2004 AS AT 31-3-2004 INCOME: Sales and operating earnings Other income Variation in stock EXPENCES: Materials consumed Purchase of trading goods Payments to & provision for employees Manufacturing expenses Excise duty Other expenses Interest & finance charges Depreciation Less: transferred to revaluation PROFIT BEFORE TAX PRIOR YEAR ADJUSTMENT (NET) PROVISION FOR TAXATION Current tax Deferred tax liability / (Assets) PROFIT AFTER TAX Balance brought forward from previous year Balance available for appropriation Appropriations: General reserve Surplus / (loss) carried to B/S Proposed dividend Tax on proposed divident Basic earning per share (rupee) 73.17.86 25.89 93 1.71 1.03.08 9.94.51 70.07.99 74.30 7 75.PROFIT & LOSS ACCOUNT FOR THE ENDED 31ST MARCH 2004 (RS.10.'000) AS AT 31-3.90.96 72.98 22.214.171.124 44 .50 8.61 1.00 188.8.131.52 14.13 17294 4 1.47 3.98 3.47 31.19.85 28.09.99 2.30 1.00.74.33 12.
21 16.91 24.04.01 92.60.88 220.127.116.11.66.67 220.127.116.11.02 47.89 22.05 8.48.91 19.21.'000) AS AT 31-3.64 10.04.19 47.89 13.36.2005 SOURCES OF FUNDS SHAREHOLDERS FUND Share capital Reserves and surplus LOANS Secured Unsecured DEFFERED TAX LIABILITY (NET) TOTAL APPLICATION OF FUNDS FIXED ASSETS Gross block Less: depreciation Net block Capital work in progress INVESTMENT CURRENT ASSESTS.06.2005 AS AT 31-3.55.00 19.87 21.94 21.19 PROFIT & LOSS ACCOUNT FOR THE ENDED 31ST MARCH 2005 45 .14.00.91 17. LOANS & ADVANCES Inventories Sundary debtors Cash & bank balances Loan & advances CURRENT LIABLITIES & PROVISIONS Current liabilities Provisions NET CURRENT ASSESTS TOTAL 5.02 58.23.02 126.96.36.199 2.84 8.12.12 5.15 4.66.BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31ST MARCH 2005 (RS.
31 41.75.83 15.00.26.25.00 13.73.45) 74.55 22.214.171.124 1.69 (38.23.24 4.2005 AS AT 31-3 2005 INCOME: Sales and operating earnings Other income Variation in stock EXPENCES: Materials consumed Purchase of trading goods Payments to & provision for employees Manufacturing expenses Excise duty Other expenses Interest & finance charges Depreciation Less: transferred to revaluation PROFIT BEFORE TAX PRIOR YEAR ADJUSTMENT (NET) PROVISION FOR TAXATION Current tax Deferred tax liability / (Assets) PROFIT AFTER TAX Balance brought forward from previous year Balance available for appropriation Appropriations: General reserve Surplus / (loss) carried to B/S Proposed dividend Basic earning per share (rupee) 74.82 1.85 5.84 70.78 7 2.23.68 84 220.127.116.11.41 75.20 3 90.41 8.00 2.21.84 (3.54.31) 2.52 CALCULATIONS AND INTERPRETATION OF RATIO'S 1] CURRENT RATIO: 46 .15 2.44.(RS.78 2.15.31 1.'000) AS AT 31-3.75.
70. Almost 4 years current ratio is same but current ratio in 2004-2005 is bit higher. the current assets are 2. From this working capital.98.53 2004 -2005 58.92.21 21.28.66 2.32 2.72 times the current liabilities. 2001-2002 46.72 47 .30. The consistency increase in the value of current assets will increase the ability of the company to meets its obligations & therefore from the point of view of creditors the company is less risky.36.89 2004-2005 .93 2002-2003 51.08.77.14 2002-2003 . cash that would be more liquid in the sense of being able to meet obligations as & when they become due. the company meets its day-to-day financial obligations.36 2003-2004 53. The available working capital with the company is in increasing order. The Aplab Company's has a very good liquidity position of company.28.62.93. which makes company more sound.80 15.46. the current ratio throws light on the company's ability to pay its current liabilities out of its current assets.72 rupee are available to the them.72:1 in 2004-2005.29.02 2.36.19 2. Thus.32. 2001-2002 .19 The company has sufficient working capital to meets its urgency/ obligations. A company has a high percentage of its current assets in the form of working capital.39 21.Formula: Current assets Current ratio = Current liabilities YEAR Current assets Current liabilities Current ratio COMMENTS: In Aplab company the current ratio is 2. In other words the current assets are 2.08 21.07 2003-2004 . it means that for one rupee of current liabilities.69.
06 2003-2004 24.80. The liquid ratio of the Aplab Company has increased from 1.19 1.67 15. Almost in all 4 years the liquid ratio is same. Liquid ratio of Company is favorable because the quick assets of the company are more than the quick liabilities.32 1. 2001-2002 21.01 21.93. This indicates that the dependence on the short-term liabilities & creditors are less & the company is following a conservative working capital policy.30 21.02 1.28. The liquid ratio shows the company's ability to meet its immediate obligations promptly.31 21.36 3] PROPRIETORY RATIO: Formula: Proprietary fund Proprietary ratio = Total fund Shareholders fund Proprietary ratio = Fixed assets + current liabilities OR 48 .01.2] LIQUID RATIO: Formula: Quick assets Liquid ratio = Quick liabilities YEAR Quick assets Quick liabilities Liquid ratio COMMENTS: The liquid or quick ratio indicates the liquid financial position of an enterprise.66 1.36 2002-2003 23. which is better for the company to meet the urgency.36 in 2004-2005.11.12 to 1. Day to day solvency is more sound for company in 2004-2005 over the year 2003-2004.36.12 2004 -2005 29.62.01.
20 32.59 220.127.116.11.90 2004 -2005 24.07 64. However in the year 2004-2005 it has declined to 52%.YEAR Proprietary fund Total fund Proprietary ratio COMMENTS: 2001-2002 21.09.92 33.91 66.05 36. As the Proprietary ratio is not favorable the Company's long-term solvency position is not sound.58 2003-2004 21.02.20% in the year 2004-2005.69.77.77 30.82.06 49 . It shows that the solvency position of the company is sound.32.46. This Proprietary ratio of the Company shows a downward trend for the last 4 years.14 62.06 2002-2003 19.46.14. 2001-2002 19.63 2004 -2005 19.19 52.88 37.38. This shows that the contribution by outside to total assets is more than the owners fund.89 65.42. The amount of stock is increasing from the year 2001-2002 to 2003-2004. It means that the for every one rupee of total assets contribution of 36 paise has come from owners fund & remaining balance 66 paise is contributed by the outside creditors.17 37.55 2003-2004 22. In the year 2004-2005 the sale is increased which affects decrease in stock that effected in increase in working capital in 2004-2005.12. 4] STOCK WORKING CAPITAL RATIO: Formula: Stock Stock working capital ratio = Working Capital YEAR Stock Working Capital Stock working capital ratio COMMENTS: This ratio shows that extend of funds blocked in stock.20 The Proprietary ratio of the company is 36.69 52.53 40 2002-2003 21.19 57.79 29.55.
01 24.2001-2002 TO 2003-2004] Capital gearing ratio is all most same which indicates.97 2002-2003 10.97.41.47 2002-2003 14. Capital gearing ratio is a leverage ratio.48 21.312 22.214.171.124 2004 -2005 1.14. It means that during the year 2004-2005 company has borrowed more secured loans for the company's expansion.59 2004 -2005 22.59 50.80.55. near about 50% of the fund covering the secured loan position.19 2003-2004 16.13. 6] DEBT EQUITY RATIO: Formula: Total long term debt Debt equity ratio = Total shareholders fund YEAR Long term debt 2001-2002 15.e.22.214.171.124.56 21. But in the year 2004-2005 the Capital-gearing ratio is 71%.38. which indicates the proportion of debt & equity in the financing of assets of a company.86 22.67 2003-2004 11.42.70 21.69 50 .5] CAPITAL GEARING RATIO: Formula: Preference capital+ secured loan Capital gearing ratio = Equity capital & reserve & surplus YEAR Secured loan Equity capital & reserves & surplus Capital gearing ratio COMMENTS: 2001-2002 12.69 56.42.15 22.491 71 Gearing means the process of increasing the equity shareholders return through the use of debt.91 Shareholders 21.19 47.29. For the last 3 years [i.
the shareholders fund also increased. 7] GROSS PROFIT RATIO: Formula: Gross profit Gross profit ratio = Net sales * 100 YEAR Gross profit Net sales Gross profit Ratio 2001-2002 24.52 68.37 73.75 0.22 51 . The lower ratio viewed as favorable from long term creditors point of view.93 The debt equity ratio is important tool of financial analysis to appraise the financial structure of the company.48 188.8.131.52 to 0.fund Debt Equity Ratio 0. This shows long-term capital structure.02.27 2004 -2005 42.89 66.90 184.108.40.206 0.74 COMMENTS: 0.45 68. This shows that with the increase in debt. This ratio is very important from the point of view of creditors & owners.09. It expresses the relation between the external equities & internal equities. The rate of debt equity ratio is increased from 0.78 62.76.80 2003-2004 45.48 2002-2003 37.46 56.93 during the year 2001-2002 to 2004-2005.54.
51 + 9.46 61.69.88% 2002-2003 21.978 54. It has increased to 73.02 + 3.89 59% 2004 -2005 2.02.96.98 + 2. However the gross profit ratio decreased to 66. It is further declined to 62. It is the profit on turnover.478 6.37 + 5.76.80% in the year 2002-2003 due to increase in sales without corresponding increase in cost of goods sold.45.32 + 2.17.71 43. Although the gross profit ratio is declined during the year 2002-2003 to 2004-2005.48%.141+ 84.27% in the year 2003-2004.80.16% 52 .23 51.94 68.226+ 27. In the year 2001-2002 the gross profit ratio is 56.57. The net sales and gross profit is continuously increasing from the year 2001-2002 to 2004-2005.76.62.90.33.22% in the year 2004-2005. 8] OPERATING RATIO: Formula: COGS+ operating expenses Operating ratio = Net sales YEAR COGS + Operating expenses Net sales Operating ratio 2001-2002 18.98 + 7. due to high cost of purchases & overheads.Gross profit Ratio 80 60 40 20 0 20012002 20022003 20032004 2004 2005 Gross profit Ratio COMMENTS: The gross profit is the profit made on sale of goods.37 63.21.07.27% *100 2003-2004 28.
37 43.COMMENTS: The operating ratio shows the relationship between costs of activities & net sales. in 2002-2003 was 63.47% 2004 -2005 2.78 3.88%.51 68.89 4.98 51.71.29% 2003-2004 3.21.07.76.45. in 2003-2004 was 59% & in 2004-2005 it is 54.02.37 5. though the cost has increased in 2002-2003 as compared to 2001-2002. which in 2001-2002 was 61.09. A] MANUFACTURING EXPENSES: Formula: Manufacturing expenses Manufacturing expense ratio = Net sales YEAR Manufacturing expenses Net sales Manufacturing expenses ratio 2001-2002 2. Operating ratio over a period of 4 years when compared that indicate the change in the operational efficiency of the company.41 68. 9] EXPENSE RATIO: The ratio of each item of expense or each group of expense to net sales is known as 'Expense ratio'. This is due to increase in the cost of goods sold.46 5% 2002-2003 2.27%.69. Expense ratio analyzes each individual item of expense or group of expense& expresses them as a percentage in relation to net sales. The operating ratio of the company has decreased in all 4 year. indicate downward trend in cost but upward / positive trend in operational performance.16%. The expense ratio brings out the relationship between various elements of operating cost & net sales. it is reducing continuously over the next two years.98% *100 53 .
During the year 2001–2002 to 2002-2003 the manufacturing expense increased because there is increase in the charges like labour.89 13.34% to 12. rent .2% 2002-2003 7. sales tax & purchase tax . repair to plant & machinery & miscellaneous works expenses.COMMENTS: The manufacturing expense is shows the downward trend. B] OTHER EXPENSES: Formula: Other expenses Other expense ratio = Net sales YEAR Other expenses Net sales Other expenses ratio 2001-2002 5. because increase in the charges of rent of office. printing & stationary.76.23 51.94 68.76.62. But during the year 2004-2005 the other expenses is decrease from 13. This indicates that the company has control over the manufacturing expense. This indicates that the company also controlling the other expenses.93% 2003-2004 9. Because decrease in equipment lease rental.96%. 54 . advertisement & publicity.78 68.40%.40% *100 COMMENTS: The other expense of company is increased during the 2001-2002 to 20032004.78 12.46 13. The manufacturing expense during the year 2001-2002 to 2004-2005 is decreased from 5% to 3. equipment lease rental. commission & discount.17. advertisement & publicity.44.45.71 43.09. transport charges. transport outward & other charges.37 14. power & electricity.02.34% 2004 -2005 8.
94 51. manufacturing & other expenses.9 & in 2004-2005 by 1. managerial efficiency & sales promotion.78 68. It is a clear index of cost control.12 in 2003-2004 by 0.10) NET PROFIT RATIO Formula: NPAT Net profit ratio = Net sales YEAR NPAT Net sales Net profit ratio 2001-2002 20.09.5 2004 -2005 2. 55 .48 2002-2003 82.78 4.54.e. Company's sales have increased in all 4 years & at the same time company has been successful in controlling the expenses i. Profitability ratio of company shows considerable increase.37 1.02.75.e.6 2003-2004 1.98 434546 0.04 * 100 NET PROFIT 5 4 3 2 1 0 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 COMMENTS: The net profit ratio of the company is low in all year but the net profit is increasing order from this ratio of 4 year it has been observe that the from 2001-2002 to 2004-2005 the net profit is increased i.89 2. in 2003 it is increased by 1.76.94 68.72.
02 6.49.11 4.33.5 months for stock to be sold out after it is produced.96.4 to 3. it means with lower inventory the company has achieved greater sales.89. The stock turnover ratio is 2001-2002 was 3.4 times then the stock holding period is 3.26 6. The inventory cycle makes 3.73 12] RETURN ON CAPITAL EMPLOYED: Formula: NPAT Return on capital employed = Capital employed *100 56 .4 2002-2003 21.20 2004 -2005 25.72. In the year 2001-2002 to 2004-2005 the stock turnover ratio has improved from 3.4=3.73.6 2003-2004 28. This indicates that it takes 3.11] STOCK TURNOVER RATIO: Formula: COGS Stock Turnover Ratio = Average stock YEAR COGS Average stock Stock Turnover Ratio COMMENTS: Stock turnover ratio shows the relationship between the sales & stock it means how stock is being turned over into sales. it means the stock turnover ratio is 3.4 times which indicate that the stock is being turned into sales 3.5 months [12/3.98 5.58 3.5months].73 times.4 times during the year.90. For the last 4 years stock turnover ratio is lower than the standard but it is in increasing order.32 5.90 3. 2001-2002 18. the stock of the company is moving fast in the market. Thus.97.4 round during the year. It helps to work out the stock holding period.30 3.
94.28 2004 -2005 2.000 1.79.000 0. 5.000 3. from 0.52 for each share of Rs. All of sudden in 2001-2002 the return on capital employed increased from 0.68 38.93 5.79 The return on capital employed shows the relationship between profit & investment.00.75.54 2002-2003 82.52 means shareholder gets Rs.79.46 2004 -2005 2.54 to 5. The return on capital employed of Rs. 10/-. In other words the shareholder earned Rs.78 47.35.66.00.00.ofequity share Earning per share COMMENTS: Earning per share is calculated to find out overall profitability of the company.e. tax.& appropriation. Its purpose is to measure the overall profitability from the total funds made available by the owner & lenders.5 is earned on a capital employed of Rs.18.5 is available to take care of interest.52 57 .23.72.66 2003-2004 1. This indicates a very high profitability on each rupee of investment & has a great scope to attract large amount of fresh fund. The Earning per share is 5.11 2.72.52 per share.94. 2001-2002 20.94 40.YEAR NPAT Capital employed Return on capital employed COMMENTS: 2001-2002 20.100.94 37. this amount of Rs. The return on capital employed is show-increasing trend.01 0.000 50.75. i.78.000 50. 13] EARNING PER SHARE: Formula: NPAT Earning per share = Number of equity share YEAR NPAT No.07 4.5 indicate that net return of Rs.000 50. Earning per share represents the earning of the company whether or not dividends are declared.98.00.000 50.23 2003-2004 1.54 to 5. 5.000 5.41 2002-2003 82.
52. This shows it is continuous capital appreciation per unit share by 0.60 58 . 14] DIVIDEND PAYOUT RATIO: Formula: Dividend per share Dividend Pay out ratio = Earning per share YEAR Dividend per share Earning per share Dividend payout ratio 2001-2002 0. It is beneficial to the shareholders and prospective investor to invest the money in this company.35 2004 -2005 1.52.41 to 05.52 32.80 5.41 2002-2003 1 1.41 to 05.46 43. Therefore the shareholders earning per share is increased continuously from 2001-2002 to 2004-2005 by 0.24 * 100 2003-2004 1.66 60.The net profit after tax of the company is increasing in all years.50 3. The above diagram shows the Earning per share and Dividend per share is increasing rapidly.
In the year 2002-2003 the company has declared the dividend 60.02 68. During the last 4 years the rate of cost of goods sold ratio is continuously decreasing however the gross profit & sales is increased during the same period. The company has not earned more profit in the year 2001-2002 hence the company has not declared dividend in the year 2001-2002.32 51.76. it indicates that in 2001-2002. From this one can say that the company is more conservative for expansion.33.45. In the year 2004 the company has declared 1.78 37.COMMENTS: In the year 2002-2003 and 2003-2004 the Dividend pay out ratio is 60.09. 2001-2002 18.50 dividends per share hence the earning per share has doubled.90.96.72.04 2003-2004 28.51% so the gross profit is 56.51 2002-2003 21. In the year 2001-2002 the cost of goods sold ratio is 43. the 43% of raw material is consumed in the process of production.37 43.89 41.98 43.46 43.35 respectively.76 is retained with them for the expansion.24 and the balance 39.02. 15] COST OF GOODS SOLD: Formula: COGS Cost of goods sold Ratio = Net sales YEAR COGS Net sales Cost of goods sold ratio COMMENTS: This ratio shows the rate of consumption of raw material in the process of production.24 and 43.49%.26 68. However the company has declared more dividends in the year 2002-2003 as the company has sufficient profit.77 * 100 59 .19 2004 -2005 25.
& marketable securities to meet any contingency.78 24.75.64 21.20 2002-2003 3.32 15. bank balance.66 0.72.29.49.32 0.59 7. Then again it is increased to 0.14.04.93.28 17] RETURN ON PROPRIETORS FUND: Formula: NPAT Return on proprietors fund = Proprietors fund YEAR NPAT Proprietors fund Return on proprietors fund 2001-2002 20. In the year 2001-2002 the cash ratio is 0.41 * 100 60 .94 22.28 in the year 2004-2005. 2001-2002 3.25 21.18 2003-2004 4.74 21.36.94 21.28.19 0.95.55.02 0.18 in the year 2002-2003.71 2004 -2005 2.84 2003-2004 1.69 0.31.21 2004 -2005 6.16] CASH RATIO: Formula: Cash + Bank + Marketable securities Cash ratio = Total current liabilities YEAR Cash + Bank + Marketable securities Total current liabilities Cash ratio COMMENTS: This ratio is called as super quick ratio or absolute liquidity ratio.20 & then it is decreased to 0.97 2002-2003 82. This shows that the company has sufficient cash.68 21.91 11.62.19 3.42.21 in the year 2003-2004 & 0.
58 2004 -2005 2.13 2002-2003 82. 3 approximately is earned on the each Rs. 16.13% to 55% during the year 2001-2002 to 2004-2005.41%.94 50.78 50.68 50.000 34. This shows that the company has a very large returns available to take care of high equity dividend. 18] RETURN ON EQUITY: Formula: NPAT Return on equity share capital = No.75.000 16. The return on proprietors fund during the year 2001-2002 to 2004-2005 is increased from 0. & has a great scope to attract large amount of fresh fund from owners. It is used by the present / prospective investor for deciding whether to purchase.100 of the funds contributed by the equity shareholders. It shows that the company has a very large returns available to take care of high dividends. The rate of return on equity share capital is increased from4.84% it means the net return of Rs. In the year 2002-2003 the return on proprietors fund is 16. of equity share Return on equity share capital COMMENTS: This ratio shows the relationship between profit & equity shareholders fund in the company.000 4.COMMENTS: Return on proprietors fund shows the relationship between profits & investments by proprietors in the company.000 55 * 100 . of equity share YEAR NPAT No. which means the net return of Rs. keep or sell the equity shares.97% to 11. During the last 4 years the rate of return on proprietors fund is in increasing order.5 2003-2004 1. large transfers 61 2001-2002 20.72.94 50. large transfers to reserve etc.5%. 100 of funds contributed by the owners. is earned on the each Rs. In the year 2002-2003 the return on proprietors fund is 3.
11% of net sales remains as operating profit after meeting all operating expenses. 19] OPERATING PROFIT RATIO: Formula: Operating profit Operating profit ratio = Net sales COMMENTS: Operating profit ratio shows the relationship between operating profit & the sales. purchase.11% means that 7.11% to 9. 100. Thus.11% indicates that average operating margin of Rs. 7 is available for meeting non operating expenses. & also company has a great scope to attract large amount to fresh funds by issue of equity share & also company has a very good price for equity shares in the BSE.to reserve. *100 20] CREDITORS TURNOVER RATIO: Formula: Net credit purchase Credit turnover ratio = Average creditors 62 . The operating profit ratio of 7. In the other words operating profit ratio 7. inventory.38%.7 is earned on sale of Rs. It indicates that the company has great efficiency in managing all its operations of production. this amount of Rs. selling and distribution and also has control over the direct and indirect costs. company has a large margin is available to meet non-operating expenses and earn net profit. The operating profit is equal to gross profit minus all operating expenses or sales less cost of goods sold and operating expenses. During the last 4 years the operating profit ratio is increased from 7.
71.80 7. There is no standard ratio in absolute term.08. but it is increased by 3.6 times 3.3 months 2002-2003 22.88. DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO: Formula: Credit sales Debtors turnover ratio = Average debtors Days in a year Debt collection period = Debtor's turnover 2001-2002 21.21.21 3.3 months 2003-2004 29. It indicates the number of rounds taken by the credit cycle of payables during the year. indicate that the creditors are being turned over 4times during the year.80.86 4 times 3 months 2004 -2005 25.this means the company has settled the creditors dues very fastly than the previous year. The creditors ratio for the year 2001-2002 and 2002-2003 as good as the same.04 7.6 times 3. It shows the speed with which the payments are made to the suppliers for the purchase made from them.96.29.Months in a year Average age of accounts payable = Credit turnover ratio YEAR Net credit purchase Average creditors Credit turnover ratio Average age of accounts payable COMMENTS: The creditors turnover ratio shows the relationship between the credit purchase and average trade creditors.42 3.39 3 times 4 months 63 .61 6. The credit turnover ratio of 4.43 5.91.6 to 4 in 2003-2004.
Debt collection period indicates the duration of the credit cycle of the debtors.5 = 146]. which indicates that the debts are being collected at a fast speed during the year.06.8 times 96 days 2004 -2005 68. The Debtors turnover ratio of 2.36 19.49.5 rounds during the year.87.05.09.21.35 2.5 times during the year.8 times 130 days 2003-2004 74. it means the rate at which the trade debts are being collected.56 3. This ratio measures the collectibility of debtors & other accounts receivable. The Debtors turnover ratio is almost same during the year 2001-2002 to 2004-2005.YEAR Credit sales Average debtors Debtors turnover ratio Debt collection period COMMENTS: 2001-2002 47. The operating cycle of the debtors is short. 146 days [365/ 2. 64 .78 18.104.22.168 2. In other words the debts collection period is short which result into less chance of bad debts.9 times 125 days Debtor's turnover ratio is alternative known as " Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio".67 2.e.5 times 146 days 2002-2003 55. It means that the credit cycle of debtors makes 2. It helps to workout the debt collection period i.5 indicates that the debtors are being turned over 2.33 19.48 18. This indicates that it take146 days on an average for the debtors to be settled.
The management should take care of inventory management and speed up the movement of stock. Stock turnover rate is satisfactory.SUMMARY OF FINANCIAL POSITION OF APLAB LIMITED After going through the various ratios. Immediate solvency position of the company is also quite satisfactory. I would like to state that: • • • • • • • The short-term solvency of the company is quite satisfactory. The return on capital employed is satisfactory. The company is paying promptly to the suppliers. Over all profitability position of the company is quite satisfactory. Stock of the company is moving fast in the market. The company can meet its urgent obligations immediately. 65 . Credit policies are effective. Effective selling technique or product modification may be adopted to face the competitors and to improve the financial position of the company by taking appropriate decisions.
Ratios generally do the work of diagnosing a problem only and failed to provide the solution to the problem. They are as good for as bad as the data it self. Financial ratios are a useful by product of financial statement and provide standardized measures of firms financial position. It is an important and powerful tool in the hands of financial analyst. profitability and riskiness. However the ratio analyses suffers from different limitations also.CONCLUSION: The focus of financial analysis is on key figures contained in the financial statements and the significant relationship that exits. Long-term solvency position as measured by different debt ratios can help a debt investor or financial institutions to evaluate the degree of financial risk. The profitability of the firm can be analyzed with the help of profitability ratios. 66 . particularly for the trade creditors and banks. By calculating one or other ratio or group of ratios he can analyze the performance of a firm from the different point of view. The operational efficiency of the firm in utilizing its assets to generate profits can be assessed on the basis of different turnover ratios. The ratios need not be taken for granted and accepted at face values. The reliability and significance attach to the ratios will largely on hinge upon the quality of data on which they are best. The ratio analysis can help in understanding the liquidity and short-term solvency of the firm. These ratios are numerous and there are wide spread variations in the same measure.
business/financial 67 . JAIN MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING AINAPURE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT L.org. CHOPDE D.BIBLIOGRAPHY REFERENCE BOOKS – FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT Theory.com.L.com/business/financial www. Concepts & problems R. KHAN AND P.N. CHOUDHARI S.bizd.Y.P.cecunc.zeromillion.ac.N.RUSTAGI FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT Text and problems M.uk/compfact/ratio www. K. CHOPDE ANAUAL REPORTS OF APLAB LIMITED 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 WEBSIDES www.
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LAST UPDATED : 22 Oct 2016, 22:35 IST
- 11% of child workers are from Bihar, say experts
Patna: A workshop on 'Behaviour change and strategy for elimination of child labour in Bihar' was organized here by labour resources department and UNICEF on Saturday. "The state has made great strides to combat child labour problem. However, the issue is deeply rooted and has to be dealt with strict laws and awareness. There are many people who send their children to work as labourers. They must be made aware against it. The experience shared at the workshop by different stakeholders will go a long way in controlling child labour in the state," said state labour resources minister Vijay Prakash, who inaugurated the workshop. The Unicef experts claimed that one among every 11 children below 14 is working as a child labourer in the country. As per 2011 census, 6.5 million children in 5-14 age group work in unorganized sector. Out of them, 11% of the child workers are from Bihar which is at second position in terms of child labourers. Unicef chief in Bihar, Yameen Mazumder said, "Child labour thrives on various structural factors such as adverse social norms, unregulated informal sectors, lack of quality education and poor implementation of law. In order to address child labour problem in a comprehensive manner, there is a need to engage with primary stakeholders (children and parents)." He said the experience shared by institutions of local governance, frontline workers, administrative and non-governmental organization will help plug in the deficiencies and design a better framework to control child labour in Bihar. Unicef has also devised a three-step workshop to create awareness among the stakeholders. These are state-level inception workshop, workshops with children and community members and finally a culmination workshop to bring together key insights gathered from various workshops for identifying a behaviour change strategy for elimination and prevention of child labour.
- 460 Jessop workers told to sign attendance register from Oct 25
The 460 workers in Jessop will start signing the attendance register from October 25. The state is also writing to President Pranab Mukherjee for his assent to the bill for taking over the Pawan Ruiacontrolled company. Since the Ruia group has distanced themselves from operations in Jessop, the state government has decided to maintain regular attendance to weed out presence of any ghost worker.
- TMC MP Sultan Ahmed opposes Uniform Civil Code
KOLKATA: TMC MP Sultan Ahmed said on Friday that the Narendra Modi government's attempts to impose the Uniform Civil Code on the Muslims of the country will be resisted by the community. "it is going to be a long battle. Get ready for it," Ahmed told a gathering of over 1,000 people in a meeting at Esplanade just after the Friday prayers. The meeting was called to protests against the center's efforts to do away with the Muslim Personal Law and bring in the Uniform Civil Code. "The Muslims have been following their own laws for several centuries now. No political party has the right to interfere in it," said Ahmed. Ahmed however refused to comment on the triple talaq issue as it is sub-judiced. "I will not comment on it because it is pending in the court."
- Shortage of agri workers hits paddy harvesting in Nawada
Shortage of skilled workers has hit paddy harvesting across the district. While countries like China, Korea, Taiwan, all predominantly rice-consuming nations, have developed affordable paddy/wheat cutters ranging between Rs 9,000 to Rs 14,000, India is yet to manufacture any such equipment.
- TMC schoolkids from Gaimukh shift to old premises after acid leak
Thane: Over 160 students from the recently-refurbished municipal school at Gaimukh were relocated to their old tin-shed premises after a container truck turned turtle inside the school premises on Wednesday morning. Due to the incident, a pungent odour and smoke started emitting as acid spilled on the road. The container was carrying 80 drums or 21,600 kg acid from Tarapur to JNPT when the driver lost control of the vehicle near Octroi post. The truck then rammed into a pavement and crashed inside the school premises. Officials from the Regional Disaster Management Cell (RDMC) said that the accident occurred half-an-hour before the school could start; else a major disaster could have taken place. RDMC and fire brigade officials reached the spot and started controlling the gas leak. They neutralized the acid with sodium bicarbonate powder. "It took us eight hours to clear the area and bring the situation under control. Hydrochloric acid is very dangerous and it was unsafe to allow children around it. So we requested the principal to shut the school," said Santosh Kadam, the disaster management officer at the RDMC. Meanwhile, the school principal decided to shift the students to their old premise as their exams are on.
- TMC proposes to set up new fire station at Shil
Thane: The civic administration has proposed to construct a fire station at Shil, following a rise in the number of emergency cases in Diva and Daighar areas. Shil is developing, however, residents have to rely on just one fire station that is located near Mumbra railway station, which is 10 km away. According to experts, this is violation of the standing fire advisory council's mandate which states that a fire station must cater to a minimum population of 50,000. "The directorate of civil defense has mandated certain guidelines one of which includes having a fire station for a population of 50,000. The response time to any emergency should not be more than a minute. However, in the case of residents living in Shil, there is only one fire station," said an official from the Directorate of Maharashtra Fire Services, based in Mumbai. Residents have complained that often rescue teams arrive after they have already managed to put off the blaze. During the chemical leak, last year, at Davle it took rescue officials nearly an hour to reach the area. "Fire brigade officials never reach on time in case of an emergency. The traffic at Mumbra and Shil often affects the movement of the fire engines. Many times, residents themselves manage to douse the fire," said Vaibhav Patil, a local resident. Meanwhile, fire officials from the city have agreed to the fact that the city requires nearly eight more fire stations, including one at Diva. A fire station has now been proposed to be developed at Shilphata on an area spanning 2,429m at a cost of Rs 3 crore. The facility will have parking space for two fire-fighting engines, along with a residential quarters for the staff. "We have proposed a new fire station at Shil. We will develop the facility in phases and have sought approval for constructing basic infrastructure at the premises. We are remodeling Mumbra and Wagle Estate fire stations," said a senior civic official.
- Nepal lifts ban on allowing migrant workers to Afghanistan
Nepal will allow its nationals to go to war-torn Afghanistan for work, a labour ministry official said on Thursday, ending an almost four-month ban imposed after 13 Nepali security guards were killed by a Taliban suicide bomber in the Afghan capital.
- West Bengal governor expresses concern over injury to TMC MP Abhishek Bandyopadhyay
KOLKATA: Governor Keshari Nath Tripathi has expressed his concern about the injury to MP Abhishek Bandyopadhyay, who met a road accident near Singur, Hoogly, on Tuesday. Tripathi visited Belle Vue Nursing Home, where Bandyopadhyay is undergoing treatment and enquired about his health from chief minister Mamata Banerjee. The governor wished the MP a speedy recovery. Trinamool Congress MP Abhishek Banerjee, who is also Mamata Banerjee's nephew, was injured and had to be rushed to hospital after his car met with an accident on Tuesday. Around 4:30 pm on Tuesday, Banerjee's car hit a truck that was being towed on the National Highway 2 near Singur. It then turned turtle and fell into the grassy road divider. He was somehow pulled out of the wreckage and rushed to Belle Vue Clinic in Kolkata. Banerjee's condition is reported to be stable, hospital sources said on Thursday. He has suffered some cuts below the eye. A CT scan has been done. Early reports suggested Banerjee's driver may have fallen asleep. The chief minister asked the DGP to examine if the driver may have been drugged. "Such accidents have been happening too often to be taken lightly," she said. She also said the police should review the fitness and skill of drivers the police was deploying. She also suggested thorough background checks. Abhishek Banerjee is 29 and the MP from Diamond Harbour.
- TMC MP Abhishek Banerjee to undergo surgery after getting injured in car crash
KOLKATA: Trinamool Congress MP Abhishek Banerjee, who was injured in a car crash on Tuesday, will undergo a surgery to heal a fracture on his left anterior cheek bone. Even though his condition was stated to be stable, doctors at the Belle Vue Clinic – where he is admitted – apprehended Banerjee has multiple hairline fractures that have left him in immense pain and will be under observation for the next 72 hours. A stream of ministers, politicians and celebrities – including his aunt chief minister Mamata Banerjee – visited Belle Vue that was virtually cordoned off on Wednesday afternoon by a huge police contingent led by commissioner Rajeev Kumar and DC (South) Murli Dhar. A medical team comprising 14 doctors is supervising Banerjee's treatment. The young Trinamool leader underwent an MRI on Wednesday and the report confirmed a fracture of the left orbital bone which will need a surgery. It is a major one that has punctured his cheek muscle. "We are waiting for the swelling around his eye to subside. Unless it goes, a surgery can't be done. We expect him to be ready for the operation in 3-4 days," said P Tondon, CEO, Belle Vue. Abhishek is now on a liquid diet and has been kept on antibiotics to prevent infection. He is on oxygen support since his 'oxygen saturation level was low', said a medical bulletin issued by the hospital. Even though his clinical parameters are normal, chances of an infection can't be ruled out, according to P Tondon, CEO, Belle Vue. "He slept well last night but is in discomfort. Abhishek is also running a slight temperature. Once the facial surgery is done, he should improve. At the moment, he needs rest. The other injuries, which are not yet detected, should heal with time and will not require surgical intervention," said Tondon. Other than the injury on his cheek, Abhishek has a wound on his back, just below his shoulder. "It is probably a minor bone injury that is being investigated. But it is causing him a great deal of pain," added Tondon.

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3 BHK Apartment - 1,255 sq ft
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Jones said it was the people that convinced him to commit to the Gators, but the 6-2, 190 pound human wrecking machine loves the defense and sees himself fitting in there very well.
"I loved it there and felt so comfortable with the coaches the players and the atmosphere," Jones said. "I describe it as a vicious defense and I am aggressive player on the field. I think I will fit in well. I can come down and hit somebody. Coach Meyer said he wants me on the field early, so if I have to drop back to safety then I will do so."
Jones has family at the University and that made his decision a little easier. On the shy side, he isn't quick to make a lot of friends. Running Backs Coach Stan Drayton was the perfect recruiting coach to bring him out if his shell when he visited Gainesville.
"My cousin attends UF and it did play a little part in the decision," Jones said. "I know I have a secondary person to go to if I need to at UF. When I was up there the first time, I didn't really know anyone and Coach Drayton started to introduce me to Brandon Siler, Vernell Brown and Avery Atkins."
"I hung out with Avery in the summer, we hung out a lot. He was a real cool person. Brandon Siler is a character. He knows how to have fun on the football field."
What was the straw that broke the camel's back for Jones and his decision to become a Gator? Believe it or not it wasn't the stuff he saw on campus and the coaches. Certainly they factored into it, but it was the recruiting class he is going to be a part of. A handful of the class participated in an all-star week and game out in California in December.
"I went to the Florida - FSU game but I also visited Florida a lot," he said. "That was the game where they pulled in most of their commitments. That was crazy there that night."
"The Cali-Florida week is what really sealed the deal with me being a Gator, I made friends with Tim Tebow. He kept coming to me saying 'what's up future teammate?' Dustin Doe is a great person and a funny dude. I know all those guys a lot now."
He and Doe put on a show out in California and were the stars for a defensive team that had the first shutout in the series with the 20-0 win.
"Dustin Doe and I were on the field tearing it up at the same time and we locked it down," Jones said. "Coach Meyer told me that was something special and he expects us to do the same thing on the field at Florida."
The Alabama Crimson Tide made it very difficult for Jones to commit to the Gators, even though he had so many connections. Alabama really does know how to recruit players and do it well.
"I loved Alabama, I got to know the coaches real well," Jones said. "I knew their coaches as well as anyone but Florida. It came down to a tough decision between the two. It came down to me being more used to Florida and knowing them a little bit better."
Now he is happy to be a Gator and will take his official visit this coming weekend to Gainesville and the Swamp. He plans on having his family there with him including his father who was hospitalized earlier last month to see about the choice he made.
"My father is doing better and is planning on coming on the official visit with me this weekend," Jones said. "I am looking forward to hanging out with the players and hanging out with my future teammates."
A.J. Jones is rated by most as the top linebacker in the state of Florida. The big time need for linebackers at Florida made Jones a top priority and two weeks before signing day, they met that need. A.J. Jones promises to be a big time player at the University of Florida.
Florida Lands Four-Star Linebacker Jones
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Anagram Challenge
In this anagrams worksheet, students use the given letters to spell as many different words as they can. Students write the words on the provided lines.
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Have you ever wondered how to create a successful word wall? The first two pages of this document highlight the positive benefits for having a word wall. There's also a section that presents the word wall routine which presents how and...
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Joseph Had a Little Overcoat: Flash Card Games
Expand the vocabulary of young readers with this series of five activities based the children's book Joseph Had a Little Overcoat by Simms Taback. From playing bingo to group storytelling, a variety of different approaches are presented...
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Compound Word Trivia
Engage young learners in expanding their vocabulary with these fun games and activities. Children learn how compound words, root words, and affixes provide clues about the meaning of unfamiliar vocabulary. These six activities get...
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Greek and Latin Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes
How can adding a prefix or suffix to a root word create an entirely new word? Study a packet of resources that focuses on Greek and Latin roots, as well as different prefixes and suffixes that learners can use for easy reference
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Smart Solutions is the theme of a unit created to meet the needs of English language earners. Through a series of lessons, scholars follow a routine—move, speak, and listen— to cover topics including stores, shops, celebrations, pets,...
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One are often overlooked in the quest for ideal beauty is the elbow. But not so at Josephine: The Beauty Retreat on Manhattan's Upper East Side.
One are often overlooked in the quest for ideal beauty is the elbow. But not so at Josephine: The Beauty Retreat on Manhattan's Upper East Side. Owner Josephine Allen offers her "very upscale" clientele a 20-minute, three-step exfoliation treatment priced a $30. She begins with a hand massage and works her way up to the elbow, where she applies an exfoliant scrub of natural pumice and crushed mandarin orange peel to remove dead skin. Next, she applies a masque, which she leaves on for 5-10 minutes. Finally, she tops off the treatment with a moisturizer. Despite the fact that she doesn't market the treatment aggressively, Allen says it's quite popular, especially in the dry winter months and in spring when clients go sleeveless.
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Dave Alvin Leads Tribute to Amy Farris at McCabe's (11/08)
Next Sunday at McCabe's Guitar Shop in Santa Monica a veritable constellation of roots music stars will be paying tribute to one of their own: much-beloved fiddler, all-around strings virtuosa, singer and songwriter Amy Farris, who passed away in Los Angeles last September.
Dave Alvin, Stan Ridgway, Peter Case, I See Hawks in L. A. and other surprise guests will be performing in honor of the Austin native, their friend and collaborator
Cover for the show is a suggested donation of $10, with all proceeds going to Amy's charity of choice, Hungry For Music, a non-profit organization whose mission is "to inspire underprivileged children by bringing positive musical and creative experiences into their lives through musical instrument donations, concerts and workshops."
McCabe's is encouraging fans to bring "a favorite photo, item, or note to post on the memorial bulletin board for viewing. Items left will be put into a scrapbook for Amy's family."
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Acacia Communications (ACIA) PT Raised to $125 at Needham & Company
- Top 10 News for 10/17 - 10/21: Merger Rumors Abound; CEOs Depart; Tesla Kicks Autopilot Up A Notch
- Wall Street ends little changed; Microsoft hits record
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Rating Summary:
4 Buy, 1 Hold, 0 Sell
Rating Trend: Down
Today's Overall Ratings:
Up: 14 | Down: 11 | New: 8
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Needham & Company analyst Alex Henderson reiterated a Buy rating and raised his price target on Acacia Communications (NASDAQ: ACIA) to $125.00 (from $100.00).
Henderson commented, "There has been a substantial amount of positive news flow on the Optical market and we believe Acacia stands to benefit from much of it. Indications of new orders from China Mobile likely coming in February of CY17 lead our list and with the upside guidance of the CY3Q actuals, we are increasing our estimates, increasing our Target Price to $125 and Reiterating our Buy Rating on ACIA"
The analyst said upside to the December quarter is likely and Street estimates are likely to rise.
The firm raised FY 2016 EPS from $2.61 to $2.92 and FY 2017 EPS from $2.86 to $3.18. The firm's conservative case model is yielding $740MM in Revenues and $4.00 in EPS in CY18. An upside model on Acacia could deliver as much as $5.00 per share on Revenues in the $850MM vicinity in CY18,
For an analyst ratings summary and ratings history on Acacia Communications click here. For more ratings news on Acacia Communications click here.
Shares of Acacia Communications closed at $92.50 yesterday.
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