text:
Bray, E.L.
The article provides information on bauxite and alumina mining. U.S. states like Alabama, Arkansas and Georgia produced small amounts of bauxite and bauxitic clays for nonmetallurgical uses. Total metallurgical-grade bauxite imports in 2008 is cited. The leading suppliers of bauxite to the U.S. are Jamaica, Guinea and Brazil. The estimated domestic production of alumina in 2008 is mentioned. It also discusses consumption and prices of both bauxite and alumina.
Porous Alumina Films with Width-Controllable Alumina Stripes
Huang Shi-Ming
Full Text Available Abstract Porous alumina films had been fabricated by anodizing from aluminum films after an electropolishing procedure. Alumina stripes without pores can be distinguished on the surface of the porous alumina films. The width of the alumina stripes increases proportionally with the anodizing voltage. And the pores tend to be initiated close to the alumina stripes. These phenomena can be ascribed to the electric field distribution in the alumina barrier layer caused by the geometric structure of the aluminum surface.
Porous Alumina Films with Width-Controllable Alumina Stripes
Huang Shi-Ming; Pu Lin; Shi Yi; Huang Kai; Wu Zhi-Ming; Ji Li; Kang Jun-Yong
Abstract Porous alumina films had been fabricated by anodizing from aluminum films after an electropolishing procedure. Alumina stripes without pores can be distinguished on the surface of the porous alumina films. The width of the alumina stripes increases proportionally with the anodizing voltage. And the pores tend to be initiated close to the alumina stripes. These phenomena can be ascribed to the electric field distribution in the alumina barrier layer caused by the geometric structure o...
Microporous alumina ceramic membranes
Anderson, Marc A.; Sheng, Guangyao
Several methods are disclosed for the preparation microporous alumina ceramic membranes. For the first time, porous alumina membranes are made which have mean pore sizes less than 100 Angstroms and substantially no pores larger than that size. The methods are based on improved sol-gel techniques.
Hobensack, J.E. [Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc., Piketon, OH (United States)
Activated alumina is used as a trapping media to remove trace quantities of UF{sub 6} from process vent streams. The current uranium recovery method employs concentrated nitric acid which destroys the alumina pellets and forms a sludge which is a storage and disposal problem. A recently developed technique using a distilled water rinse followed by three dilute acid rinses removes on average 97% of the uranium, and leaves the pellets intact with crush strength and surface area values comparable with new material. Trapping tests confirm the effectiveness of the recycled alumina as UF{sub 6} trapping media.
The Alumina Technology Roadmap outlines a comprehensive long-term research and development plan that defines the industry's collective future and establishes a clear pathway forward. It emphasizes twelve high-priority R&D areas deemed most significant in addressing the strategic goals.
Dellacorte, Christopher; Pepper, Stephen V.; Honecy, Frank S.
Outer layer of silver lubricates, while intermediate layer of titanium ensures adhesion. Lubricating outer films of silver deposited on thin intermediate films of titanium on alumina substrates found to reduce sliding friction and wear. Films provide effective lubrication for ceramic seals, bearings, and other hot sliding components in advanced high-temperature engines.
Nanoindentation of shock deformed alumina
In the current study, the experimental results on the nanoindentation response of both as prepared and shock recovered alumina of 10 μm grain size and identical processing history are presented and analyzed. The shock recovery experiments were deliberately conducted with gas gun arrangements at shock pressures much above the Hugoniot Elastic Limit (HEL) of alumina. The nanoindentation experiments were conducted at 10-1000 mN load with a Berkovich indenter. The nanohardness and Young's modulus value of shock recovered alumina were always lower than those of the as prepared alumina samples. Subsequently, the detailed characterizations of the shock recovered alumina samples by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were utilized to understand the reasons behind the drop in nanohardness and Young's modulus of shock recovered alumina samples.
High Temperature Stability of Potassium Beta Alumina
Williams, R. M.; Kisor, A.; Ryan, M. A.
None. From Objectives section: Evaluate the stability of potassium beta alumina under potassium AMTEC operating conditions. Evaluate the stability regime in which potassium beta alumina can be fabricated.
Adsorptive desulfurization by activated alumina.
Srivastav, Ankur; Srivastava, Vimal Chandra
This study reports usage of commercial grade activated alumina (aluminum oxide) as adsorbent for the removal of sulfur from model oil (dibenthiophene (DBT) dissolved in n-hexane). Bulk density of alumina was found to be 1177.77 kg/m(3). The BET surface area of alumina was found to decrease from 143.6 to 66.4 m(2)/g after the loading of DBT at optimum conditions. The carbon-oxygen functional groups present on the surface of alumina were found to be effective in the adsorption of DBT onto alumina. Optimum adsorbent dose was found to be 20 g/l. The adsorption of DBT on alumina was found to be gradual process, and quasi-equilibrium reached in 24 h. Langmuir isotherm best represented the equilibrium adsorption data. The heat of adsorption and change in entropy for DBT adsorption onto alumina was found to be 19.5 kJ/mol and 139.2 kJ/mol K, respectively. PMID:19523762
Alumina-Reinforced Zirconia Composites
Choi, Sung R.; Bansal, Narottam P.
Alumina-reinforced zirconia composites, used as electrolyte materials for solid oxide fuel cells, were fabricated by hot pressing 10 mol percent yttria-stabilized zirconia (10-YSZ) reinforced with two different forms of alumina particulates and platelets each containing 0 to 30 mol percent alumina. Major mechanical and physical properties of both particulate and platelet composites including flexure strength, fracture toughness, slow crack growth, elastic modulus, density, Vickers microhardness, thermal conductivity, and microstructures were determined as a function of alumina content either at 25 C or at both 25 and 1000 C. Flexure strength and fracture toughness at 1000 C were maximized with 30 particulate and 30 mol percent platelet composites, respectively, while resistance to slow crack growth at 1000 C in air was greater for 30 mol percent platelet composite than for 30 mol percent particulate composites.
Alumina supported iridium catalysts - preparation
This report describes the method employed in the preparation of alumina supported iridium catalysts, with metal contents between 30 and 40%, that will be used for hydrazine monopropellant decomposition. (author)
Gelcasting polycrystalline alumina
Janney, M.A. [Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States)
This work is being done as part of a CRADA with Osram-Sylvania, Inc. (OSI) OSI is a major U.S. manufacturer of high-intensity lighting. Among its products is the Lumalux{reg_sign} line of high-pressure sodium vapor arc lamps, which are used for industrial, highway, and street lighting. The key to the performance of these lamps is the polycrystalline alumina (PCA) tube that is used to contain the plasma that is formed in the electric arc. That plasma consists of ionized sodium, mercury, and xenon vapors. The key attributes of the PCA tubes are their transparency (95% total transmittance in the visible region), their refractoriness (inner wall temperature can reach 1400{degrees}C), and their chemical resistance (sodium and mercury vapor are extremely corrosive). The current efficiency of the lamps is very high, on the order of several hundred lumens / watt. (Compare - incandescent lamps -13 lumens/watt fluorescent lamps -30 lumens/watt.) Osram-Sylvania would like to explore using gelcasting to form PCA tubes for Lumalux{reg_sign} lamps, and eventually for metal halide lamps (known as quartz-halogen lamps). Osram-Sylvania, Inc. currently manufactures PCA tubes by isostatic pressing. This process works well for the shapes that they presently use. However, there are several types of tubes that are either difficult or impossible to make by isostatic pressing. It is the desire to make these new shapes and sizes of tubes that has prompted Osram-Sylvania`s interest in gelcasting. The purpose of the CRADA is to determine the feasibility of making PCA items having sufficient optical quality that they are useful in lighting applications using gelcasting.
Dynamic Tensile Response of Structured Alumina-Al Composites
Atisivan, Raj; Bandyopadhyay, Amit; Gupta, Yogendra
Plate impact experiments were carried out to examine the high strain-rate tensile response of alumina-aluminum composites with tailored microstructures. A novel processing technique was used to fabricate interpenetrating phase alumina-aluminum composites with controlled and reproducible microstructures. Fused deposition modeling (FDM), a commercially available rapid prototyping technique, was used to produce the controlled porosity mullite ceramic preforms. Alumina-Al composites were then processed via reactive metal infiltration of porous mullite ceramics. With this approach, both the micro as well as the macro structures can be designed via computer aided design (CAD) to tailor the properties of the composites. Two sets of dynamic tensile experiments were performed. In the first, the metal content was varied between 23 and 39 wt. percent. In the second, the microstructure was varied while holding the metal content nearly constant. Samples with higher metal content, as expected, displayed better spall resistance. For a given metal content, samples with finer metal diameter showed better spall resistance. Relationship of the microstructural parameters on the dynamic tensile response of the structured composites will be discussed. Work supported by DOE.
Transport properties of alumina nanofluids
Recent studies have showed that nanofluids have significantly greater thermal conductivity compared to their base fluids. Large surface area to volume ratio and certain effects of Brownian motion of nanoparticles are believed to be the main factors for the significant increase in the thermal conductivity of nanofluids. In this paper all three transport properties, namely thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity and viscosity, were studied for alumina nanofluid (aluminum oxide nanoparticles in water). Experiments were performed both as a function of volumetric concentration (3-8%) and temperature (2-50 deg. C). Alumina nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 36 nm were dispersed in water. The effect of particle size was not studied. The transient hot wire method as described by Nagaska and Nagashima for electrically conducting fluids was used to test the thermal conductivity. In this work, an insulated platinum wire of 0.003 inch diameter was used. Initial calibration was performed using de-ionized water and the resulting data was within 2.5% of standard thermal conductivity values for water. The thermal conductivity of alumina nanofluid increased with both increase in temperature and concentration. A maximum thermal conductivity of 0.7351 W m-1 K-1 was recorded for an 8.47% volume concentration of alumina nanoparticles at 46.6 deg. C. The effective thermal conductivity at this concentration and temperature was observed to be 1.1501, which translates to an increase in thermal conductivity by 22% when compared to water at room temperature. Alumina being a good conductor of electricity, alumina nanofluid displays an increasing trend in electrical conductivity as volumetric concentration increases. A microprocessor-based conductivity/TDS meter was used to perform the electrical conductivity experiments. After carefully calibrating the conductivity meter's glass probe with platinum tip, using a standard potassium chloride solution, readings were taken at various
Ion guiding in alumina capillaries
Juhász, Z.; Sulik, B.; Biri, S.;
Transmission of a few keV impact energy Ne ions through capillaries in anodic alumina membranes has been studied with different ion counting methods using an energy dispersive electrostatic spectrometer, a multichannel plate (MCP) array and sensitive current-measurement. In the present work, we...
Alumina has got some excellent properties like chemical inertness, thermal and mechanical strength against hazardous environment. Alumina is a good ceramic material which is being used for structuralapplications. To enhance the toughness and strength of the body some Zirconia is also used with it. The use of Zirconia in alumina is known as toughening of alumina. One difficulty arises, when alumina and alumina toughened composite are sintered , because the low sinterability of Alumina-Zirconia...
Processing and Performance of Alumina Fiber Reinforced Alumina Composites
P.Y.Lee; T.Uchijima; T.Yano
Processing of alumina fiber-reinforced alumina matrix composites by hot-pressing was described. The mechanical properties of the composites fabricated by different sintering conditions including temperature and pressure have been investigated. The results indicated that the higher sintering temperature and pressure corresponded to the higher bulk density and higher maximum strength of the composite, whereas the pseudo-ductility of the composite was lower. The preliminary results of the composite with monazite-coated fibers showed that maximum strength could be improved up to 35% compared with the noncoated fiber composite in the same sintering condition. Moreover, the fracture behavior of the composite changed from completely brittle fracture to non-brittle fracture under the suitable sintering conditions. SEM observation of the fracture surface indicated that the coating worked as a protective barrier and avoided sintering of the fibers together even at high temperature and pressure during densification process.
Sintering behaviour of spinel–alumina composites
Soumen Pal; A K Bandyopadhyay; P G Pal; S Mukherjee; B N Samaddar
Study of alumina–magnesia binary phase diagram reveals that around 40–50 wt% alumina dissolves in spinel (MgAl2O4) at 1600°C. Solid solubility of alumina in spinel decreases rapidly with decreasing temperature, which causes exsolution of alumina from spinel phase. Previous work of one of the authors revealed that the exsolution of alumina makes some interlocking structures in between alumina and spinel phases. In the present investigation, refractory grade calcined alumina and spinel powder were used to make different batch compositions. Green pellets, formed at a pressure of 1550 kg cm-2 were fired at different temperatures of 1500°, 1550° and 1600°C for 2 h soaking time. Bulk density, percent apparent porosity, firing shrinkage etc were measured at each temperature. Sintering results were analysed to understand the mechanism of spinel–alumina interactions. SEM study of present samples does not reveal the distinct precipitation of needle shaped -alumina from spinel, but has some effect on densification process of spinel–alumina composites. Microstructural differences between present and previous work suggest an ample scope of further work in spinel–alumina composites.
Synthesis of zirconia toughened alumina
This paper deals with the synthesis of zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) and evaluation of its mechanical properties. ZTA ceramics were prepared by partial chemical route. High purity alumina (particle size 0.48 μm) was coated with yttria stabilised zirconia through solution techniques. Small amounts of dopants such as MgO, MnO and TiO2 were added to ZTA as densification aids. These powders were calcined at 650 deg C for 1 hour, followed by wet ball milling, compaction, sintering at 1600 deg C for 2.5 hour. Sintered density values upto 90% of theoretical density of ZTA were achieved. Hardness values upto 1800 VPN and modulus of rupture values upto 180 MPa were obtained. (author)
Bauxite Mining and Alumina Refining
Donoghue, A. Michael; Frisch, Neale; Olney, David
Objective: To describe bauxite mining and alumina refining processes and to outline the relevant physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, and psychosocial health risks. Methods: Review article. Results: The most important risks relate to noise, ergonomics, trauma, and caustic soda splashes of the skin/eyes. Other risks of note relate to fatigue, heat, and solar ultraviolet and for some operations tropical diseases, venomous/dangerous animals, and remote locations. Exposures to bauxite dust,...
Synthesis of high porosity, monolithic alumina aerogels
Poco, J F; Satcher, J H; Hrubesh, L W
Many non-silica aerogels are notably weak and fragile in monolithic form. Particularly, few monolithic aerogels with densities less than 50kg/m3 have any significant strength. It is especially difficult to prepare uncracked monoliths of pure alumina aerogels that are robust and moisture stable. In this paper, we discuss the synthesis of strong, stable, monolithic, high porosity (>98% porous) alumina aerogels, using a two-step sol-gel process. The alumina aerogels have a polycrystalline morphology that results in enhanced physical properties. Most of the measured physical properties of the alumina aerogels are superior to those for silica aerogels for equivalent densities.
Influence of Alumina Addition on the Optical Property of Zirconia/Alumina Composite Dental Ceramics
JIANG Li; LIAO Yunmao; LI Wei; WAN Qianbing; ZHAO Yongqi
The influence of various alumina additions on the optical property of zirconia/alumina composite ceramics was investigated.The relative sintered densities,transmittances,color and the microstructure of the composite ceramics were studied.The experimental results showed that the relative sintered densities and transmittances decreased with alumina addition.The lightness increased obviously but the chroma change was small.Pure zirconia nanopowders sintered densely could obtain the relatively high transmittance,while the transmittance and the lightness of slight addition changed significantly.The zirconia/alumina composite ceramics with alumina addition less than 7.5wt% could achieve the relatively stable and reliable optical properties.
Fracture toughness of advanced alumina ceramics and alumina matrix composites used for cutting tool edges
M. Szutkowska
Purpose: Specific characteristics in fracture toughness measurements of advanced alumina ceramics and alumina matrix composites with particular reference to α-Al2O3, Al2O3-ZrO2, Al2O3-ZrO2-TiC and Al2O3-Ti(C,N) has been presented.Design/methodology/approach: The present study reports fracture toughness obtained by means of the conventional method and direct measurements of the Vickers crack length (DCM method) of selected tool ceramics based on alumina: pure alumina, alumina-zirconia composit...
Characterization and application of electrospun alumina nanofibers
Alumina nanofibers were prepared by a technique that combined the sol–gel and electrospinning methods. The solution to be electrospun was prepared by mixing aluminum isopropoxide (AIP) in ethanol, which was then refluxed in the presence of an acid catalyst and polyvinylpyrolidone (PVP) in ethanol. The characterization results showed that alumina nanofibers with diameters in the range of 102 to 378 nm were successfully prepared. On the basis of the results of the XRD and FT-IR, the alumina nanofibers calcined at 1,100°C were identified as comprising the α-alumina phase, and a series of phase transitions such as boehmite → γ-alumina → α-alumina were observed from 500°C to 1,200°C. The pore size of the obtained γ-alumina nanofibers is approximately 8 nm, and it means that they are mesoporous materials. The kinetic study demonstrated that MO adsorption on alumina nanofibers can be seen that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model fits better than the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. PMID:24467944
S. Raman; Doremus, R.; R. German
The mechanism of initial sintering of alumina was explored by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The transformation of gamma to alpha alumina influenced sintering behavior. This transformation appears to involve plastic deformation in the alumina. Sintering of fine alpha alumina powder directly occurs with an activation energy close to that of grain boundary diffusion of oxygen.
Dissolution Kinetics of Alumina Calcine
Batcheller, Thomas Aquinas
Dissolution kinetics of alumina type non-radioactive calcine was investigated as part of ongoing research that addresses permanent disposal of Idaho High Level Waste (HLW). Calcine waste was produced from the processing of nuclear fuel at the Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center (INTEC). Acidic radioactive raffinates were solidified at ~500°C in a fluidized bed reactor to form the dry granular calcine material. Several Waste Management alternatives for the calcine are presented in the Idaho High Level Waste Draft EIS. The Separations Alternative addresses the processing of the calcine so that the HLW is ready for removal to a national geological repository by the year 2035. Calcine dissolution is the key front-end unit operation for the separations alternative.
Alumina forming iron base superalloy
Yamamoto, Yukinori; Muralidharan, Govindarajan; Brady, Michael P.
An austenitic stainless steel alloy, consists essentially of, in weight percent 2.5 to 4 Al; 25 to 35 Ni; 12 to 19 Cr; at least 1, up to 4 total of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Nb and Ta; 0.5 to 3 Ti; less than 0.5 V; 0.1 to 1 of at least on element selected from the group consisting of Zr and Hf; 0.03 to 0.2 C; 0.005 to 0.1 B; and base Fe. The weight percent Fe is greater than the weight percent Ni. The alloy forms an external continuous scale including alumina, and contains coherent precipitates of .gamma.'-Ni.sub.3Al, and a stable essentially single phase FCC austenitic matrix microstructure. The austenitic matrix is essentially delta-ferrite-free and essentially BCC-phase-free.
Alumina Thin Film Growth: Experiments and Modeling
Wallin, Erik
The work presented in this thesis deals with experimental and theoretical studies related to the growth of crystalline alumina thin films. Alumina, Al2O3, is a polymorphic material utilized in a variety of applications, e.g., in the form of thin films. Many of the possibilities of alumina, and the problems associated with thin film synthesis of the material, are due to the existence of a range of different crystalline phases. Controlling the formation of the desired phase and the transformati...
Characterization and application of electrospun alumina nanofibers
Kim, Jeon-Hee; Yoo, Seung-Joon; Kwak, Dong-Heui; Jung, Heung-Joe; KIM, Tae-Young; Park, Kyung-Hee; Lee, Jae-Wook
Alumina nanofibers were prepared by a technique that combined the sol–gel and electrospinning methods. The solution to be electrospun was prepared by mixing aluminum isopropoxide (AIP) in ethanol, which was then refluxed in the presence of an acid catalyst and polyvinylpyrolidone (PVP) in ethanol. The characterization results showed that alumina nanofibers with diameters in the range of 102 to 378 nm were successfully prepared. On the basis of the results of the XRD and FT-IR, the alumina nan...
Recent Development of High Alumina Refractories in China
WANGJin-xiang; LIUJie-hua
The paper reviews the achievements which have been attained recently in China in high alumina refractories raw materials and their products,including 1) homogenization ,urification and electric fusion of high alumina raw materials and synthesizing of spinel from natural raw materials;2) processing principle and characteristics and microstructural features of creep-resistance high alu-mina brick ,alumina-magnesia-carbon brick and thermal shock resistanced high alumina brikc and their application in practice.
Burned Microporous Alumina-Graphite Brick
@@ 1 Scope This standard specifies the definition,classifica-tion,technical requirements,test methods,inspection rules,marking,packing,transportation and quality certificate of burned microporous alumina-graphite brick.
Acoustic Emission and Damage Characteristics of Alumina
REN Hui-lan; NING Jian-guo; HE Jian-hua
gy, AE counts, AE amplitude changing with loading time are analyzed for the notched alumina specimen. It is indicated that AE characteristic parameters reflect the damage process and fracture of material.
Loss tangent measurements on unirradiated alumina
Zinkle, S.J.; Goulding, R.H. [Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States)
Unirradiated room temperature loss tangent for sapphire and several commercial grades of polycrystalline alumina are complied for frequencies between 10{sup 5} and 4x10{sup 11} Hz. Sapphire exhibits significantly lower values for the loss tangent at frequencies up to 10{sup 11} Hz. The loss tangents of 3 different grades of Wesgo alumina (AL300, AL995, AL998) and 2 different grades of Coors alumina (AD94, AD995) have typical values near {approx}10{sup -4} at a frequency of 10{sup 8} Hz. On the other hand, the loss tangent of Vitox alumina exhibits a large loss peak tan d{approx} 5x10{sup -3} at this frequency.
Reactivity of non-stoichiometric black alumina
Oxides such as alumina, when divided or poorly crystallized, show enhanced physico-chemical properties with respect to those of non-divided crystals of the same solids. A stoichiometric difference may even be produced in the alumina, which brings about a new modification of its properties. However its characteristics of hydrogen chemisorption or of catalytic activity in ethylene hydrogenation do not appear to depend on the stoichiometric difference. (author)
Point defects in alumina studied by thermoluminescence
Papin, Eric; Grosseau, Philippe; Guilhot, Bernard; Benabdesselam, Mourad; Iacconi, Philibert
Alpha alumina powders have been produced by thermal treatment under controlled atmosphere of highly pure gamma alumina. The influence of the atmosphere and the addition of dopants (Mg2+, Cr3+, Th4+) were studied by thermoluminescence (TL). TL is a technique which gives information about point defects. It allowed to reveal the presence of oxygen and aluminium vacancies. The sintering of undoped powders prepared under different atmosphere was investigated by dilatometry. Powders prepared under ...
Dissolution of alumina in stainless steelmaking slags
Divakar, M.; Lahiri, A.K. [Indian Inst. of Science, Bangalore (India). Dept. of Metallurgy; Goernerup, M. [Uddeholm Technology AB (Sweden)
Dissolution of alumina in stainless steelmaking slags was studied by conducting laboratory scale experiments on typical slags in the temperature range 1823-1923 K. The mechanism of dissolution was studied under the actual steelmaking conditions where several phenomena such as simultaneous reduction of chromium, iron and vanadium oxides by carbon, in-situ gas generated due to the reduction, foam/emulsion formation occur. The kinetics of alumina dissolution are studied under the influence of the above mentioned phenomena. (orig.)
Monitoring Transport Across Modified Nanoporous Alumina Membranes
Steinle, Erich D.; Andrew L. Molder; Hardin, Jonathan L.; Ravikanth Kona; Penumetcha, Sai S.
This paper describes the use of several characterization methods to examine alumina nanotubule membranes that have been modified with specific silanes. The function of these silanes is to alter the transport properties through the membrane by changing the local environment inside the alumina nanotube. The presence of alkyl groups, either long (C18) or short and branched (isopropyl) hydrocarbon chains, on these silanes significantly decreases the rate of transport of permeant molecules through...
Silicide characterization at alumina-niobium interfaces
McKeown, JT; Radmilovic, Velimir R; Gronsky, R.; Glaeser, AM
Alumina–niobium interfaces formed by liquidfilm-assisted joining with copper/niobium/copper interlayers exhibited microstructures that depend on the nature of the alumina components. Characterization of these interfaces in the transmission electron microscope provided insight on the relationship between interfacial microstructure and fracture performance. Interfaces between sapphire and niobium and those between high-purity (99.9%) polycrystalline alumina and niobium were free of secondary ph...
Alumina Recovery from Kaolin with Mineral Impurities
SI Peng; QIAO Xiuchen; YU Jianguo
The alumina recovery from low grade kaolin (K-JS) treated through thermal and mechanical methods was investigated.High grade kaolin (K-SX) was used as comparison.The optimum calcination temperatures for K-JS and K-SX were both 600 ℃,which resulted in 89.34wt% of alumina extraction from K-JS and 83.37wt% from K-SX.With the increase in calcination temperature,the chemical reactivity of calcined K-JS and K-SX to acid decreased.Mechanical treatment was much more effective in increasing the alumina extraction from activated kaolin.Around 99wt% of alumina was extracted from K-JS ground for 10 hours and 95wt% of alumina was extracted from K-SX ground for 20 hours.The IR results showed that the substitute of Al for Si occurred in calcined K-SX,however,the impurities in K-JS decreased this substitute.More alumina could be extracted from low grade kaolin than that from high grade kaolin under identical thermal or mechanical conditions.
Alumina Inlay Failure in Cemented Polyethylene-backed Total Hip Arthroplasty
Iwakiri, Kentaro; Iwaki, Hiroyoshi; Minoda, Yukihide; Ohashi, Hirotsugu; Takaoka, Kunio
Alumina-on-alumina bearings for THA have markedly improved in mechanical properties through advances in technology; however, alumina fracture is still a concern. We retrospectively reviewed 77 patients (82 hips) with cemented alumina-on-alumina THAs to identify factors relating to alumina failure. The mean age of the patients at surgery was 63 years. The prostheses had a cemented polyethylene-backed acetabular component with an alumina inlay and a 28-mm alumina head. Revision surgery was perf...
Monitoring Transport Across Modified Nanoporous Alumina Membranes
Erich D. Steinle
Full Text Available This paper describes the use of several characterization methods to examinealumina nanotubule membranes that have been modified with specific silanes. The functionof these silanes is to alter the transport properties through the membrane by changing thelocal environment inside the alumina nanotube. The presence of alkyl groups, either long(C18 or short and branched (isopropyl hydrocarbon chains, on these silanes significantlydecreases the rate of transport of permeant molecules through membranes containingalumina nanotubes as monitored via absorbance spectroscopy. The presence of an ionicsurfactant can alter the polarity of these modified nanotubes, which correlates to anincreased transport of ions. Fluorescent spectroscopy is also utilized to enhance thesensitivity of detecting these permeant molecules. Confirmation of the alkylsilaneattachment to the alumina membrane is achieved with traditional infrared spectroscopy,which can also examine the lifetime of the modified membrane. The physical parameters ofthese silane-modified porous alumina membranes are studied via scanning electronmicroscopy. The alumina nanotubes are not physically closed off or capped by the silanesthat are attached to the alumina surfaces.
High contrast laser marking of alumina
Highlights: • Laser marking of alumina using near infrared (NIR) lasers was experimentally analyzed. • Color change produced by NIR lasers is due to thermally induced oxygen vacancies. • Laser marking results obtained using NIR lasers and green laser are compared. • High contrast marks on alumina were achieved. - Abstract: Alumina serves as raw material for a broad range of advanced ceramic products. These elements should usually be identified by some characters or symbols printed directly on them. In this sense, laser marking is an efficient, reliable and widely implemented process in industry. However, laser marking of alumina still leads to poor results since the process is not able to produce a dark mark, yielding bad contrast. In this paper, we present an experimental study on the process of marking alumina by three different lasers working in two wavelengths: 1064 nm (Near-infrared) and 532 nm (visible, green radiation). A colorimetric analysis has been carried out in order to compare the resulting marks and its contrast. The most suitable laser operating conditions were also defined and are reported here. Moreover, the physical process of marking by NIR lasers is discussed in detail. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy were also employed to analyze the results. Finally, we propose an explanation for the differences of the coloration induced under different atmospheres and laser parameters. We concluded that the atmosphere is the key parameter, being the inert one the best choice to produce the darkest marks
Superplastic properties of alumina-zirconia composites
Superplastic deformation of two alumina-zirconia composites batches: the first with tetragonal ZrO2 stabilised with 3 mol.% Y2O3 and the second with ZrO2 stabilised with 2 mol.% Y2O3 (containing alumina volume fraction 10 - 86%) was studied. Grain sizes of two constituents were about 0.18-0.37 μm in the batch 1 and 0.36-0.14 μm in the batch 2. The composites were studied as a function of stress (20-130 MPa) and temperature (1451-1623 K) in compressive and bending tests. The strain rate was analysed in function of alumina volume fraction. It appeared that, the bigger than predicted by the rule of mixture strain rate decrease in function of alumina volume fraction is caused by improved creep resistance due to zirconium and yttrium ions doping of alumina grains. In zirconia grains modified interface-controlled Coble creep and simultaneously the intragranular dislocations motions contribute to the accommodation of grain boundary sliding (which is now thought to be main mechanism of superplastic behaviour). (author)
Dielectric Performance of a High Purity HTCC Alumina at High Temperatures - a Comparison Study with Other Polycrystalline Alumina
Chen, Liangyu
A very high purity (99.99+%) high temperature co-fired ceramic (HTCC) alumina has recently become commercially available. The raw material of this HTCC alumina is very different from conventional HTCC alumina, and more importantly there is no glass additive in this alumina material for co-firing processing. Previously, selected HTCC and LTCC (low temperature co-fired ceramic) alumina materials were evaluated at high temperatures as dielectric and compared to a regularly sintered 96% polycrystalline alumina (96% Al2O3), where 96% alumina was used as the benchmark. A prototype packaging system based on regular 96% alumina with Au thickfilm metallization successfully facilitated long term testing of high temperature silicon carbide (SiC) electronic devices for over 10,000 hours at 500 C. In order to evaluate this new high purity HTCC alumina for possible high temperature packaging applications, the dielectric properties of this HTCC alumina substrate were measured and compared with those of 96% alumina and a previously tested LTCC alumina from room temperature to 550 C at frequencies of 120 Hz, 1 KHz, 10 KHz, 100 KHz, and 1 MHz. A parallel-plate capacitive device with dielectric of the HTCC alumina and precious metal electrodes were used for measurements of the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the co-fired alumina material in the temperature and frequency ranges. The capacitance and AC parallel conductance of the capacitive device were directly measured by an AC impedance meter, and the dielectric constant and parallel AC conductivity of the dielectric were calculated from the capacitance and conductance measurement results. The temperature and frequency dependent dielectric constant, AC conductivity, and dissipation factor of the HTCC alumina substrate are presented and compared to those of 96% alumina and a selected LTCC alumina. Other technical advantages of this new co-fired material for possible high packaging applications are also discussed.
Challenges and Strategies in the Synthesis of Mesoporous Alumina Powders and Hierarchical Alumina Monoliths
Anne Galarneau
Full Text Available A new rapid, very simple and one-step sol-gel strategy for the large-scale preparation of highly porous γ-Al2O3 is presented. The resulting mesoporous alumina materials feature high surface areas (400 m2 g−1, large pore volumes (0.8 mL g−1 and the ��-Al2O3 phase is obtained at low temperature (500 °C. The main advantages and drawbacks of different preparations of mesoporous alumina materials exhibiting high specific surface areas and large pore volumes such as surfactant-nanostructured alumina, sol-gel methods and hierarchically macro-/mesoporous alumina monoliths have been analyzed and compared. The most reproducible synthesis of mesoporous alumina are given. Evaporation-Induced Self-Assembly (EISA is the sole method to lead to nanostructured mesoporous alumina by direct templating, but it is a difficult method to scale-up. Alumina featuring macro- and mesoporosity in monolithic shape is a very promising material for in flow applications; an optimized synthesis is described.
Mechanical properties of free standing porous anodic alumina films
Ignashev, E.; Shulgov, V.
Free-standing films of anodic alumina obtained from the one-sided anodization of aluminum were studied. The flexural strength of free-standing porous anodic alumina films to the lateral bending, circular bending, and microhardness were studied.
Dynamical Mechanical Properties for AD90 Alumina
REN Hui-lan; NING Jian-guo; LI Ping
The dynamic response of polycrystalline alumina was investigated in the pressure range of 0 -13 GPa by planar impact experiments.Velocity interferometer system for any reflector(VISAR) was used to obtain free surface velocity profile and determine the Hugoniot elastic limit,and manganin gauges were employed to obtain the stress-time histories and determine Hugoniot curve.Both the free surface particle velocity profiles and Hugoniot curves indicate the dispersion of the "plastic" wave for alumina.With the measured stress histories,the complete histories of strain,particle velocity,specific volume and specific internal energy are gained by using path line principle of Lagrange analysis.The dynamic mechanical behaviors for alumina under impact loading are analyzed,such as nonlinear characteristic,strain rate dependence,dispersion and declination of shock wave in the material.
Synthesis and characterization of alumina precursor and alumina to be used as nano composite; Sintese e caracterizacao de precursores de alumina e alumina para uso em nanocompositos
Antunes, M.L.P., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Sorocaba, SP (Brazil); Santos, H. Souza [Universidade de Sao Paulo (IF/USP), SP (Brazil). Inst. de Fisica; Santos, P. Souza [Universidade de Sao Paulo (EP/USP), SP (Brazil). Escola Politecnica
With the evolution of nanomaterials technology, mainly in the 90s, it was possible to observe produced composites with alumina matrix and nanomaterial as reinforcing materials. It results in a significant improvement of mechanical proprieties of these composites. Thenceforth the study of synthesis and characterization of nanostructured materials has attracted great scientific interest. In this perspective, the aim of this work is to present an experimental procedure to obtain nordstrandite (aluminum hydroxide) with nanometric dimensions. Nordstrandite synthesis, obtained by the reaction of slightly amalgamated aluminum foil with aqueous ethylene glycol, which allows the control of the size of crystal produced. This control could be confirmed by X-Ray Diffraction and Electron Microscopy. Thermal transformation study is also presented. This study allowed the identification of transition aluminas that have potential to produce nanometric aluminas. (author)
Blocking of grain reorientation in self-doped alumina materials
Alumina nanoparticles 10-20 nm in diameter were nucleated on alumina particles, 150 nm average diameter, by a colloidal route followed by calcination. It is shown that after sintering, the final grain size is up to 20% smaller due to the addition of the alumina nanoparticles. Electron backscattered diffraction analysis shows that whereas a correlation in the relative crystalline orientations between neighbouring grains exists in the pure materials, the addition of alumina nanoparticles results in a random crystalline orientation.
A Novel Processing Route for Ni-doped Alumina Composites
JING Mao-xiang; SHEN Xiang-qian; ZHOU Jian-xin; LI Dong-hong; LI Wang-xing
Alumina-based composites containing 0-15wt% Ni metallic phase were produced by hot press-sintering Ni-coated alumina powders. The Ni-coated alumina powders were prepared by the aqueous heterogeneous precipitation of alumina micro-powders and nickel sulfate salt followed by reduction process. The microstructural features and dispersion of Ni phase in Ni-coated alumina powders and the subsequent alumina-Ni cermets were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The relative density of the hot press-sintered composites was measured with the Archimedes' method while the fracture strength and the fracture toughness were defined with the three-point bending method and the micro-indentation fracture method. In the formation of alumina-Ni cermets from sintered Ni-coated alumina powders, Ni phase to some extent limits the densification rate and stifles the coarsening and growing process of alumina grains. The Ni phase is found to be located at the interfaces and the triple-joint junctions of alumina grains which results into alteration of the fracture mode of alumina and its increased fracture strength and fracture toughness if compared with monolithic alumina.
Tribological properties of nanoscale alumina-zirconia composites
Kerkwijk, B.; Winnubst, A.J.A.; Verweij, H.; Mulder, E.J.; Metselaar, H.S.C.; Schipper, D.J.
The tribological properties of zirconia (Y-TZP), alumina and their composites, alumina dispersed in zirconia (ADZ) and zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA), were investigated. These ceramics are made by colloidal processing methods such that well-defined, homogeneous microstructures with submicron grain
21 CFR 73.1010 - Alumina (dried aluminum hydroxide).
... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Alumina (dried aluminum hydroxide). 73.1010... GENERAL LISTING OF COLOR ADDITIVES EXEMPT FROM CERTIFICATION Drugs § 73.1010 Alumina (dried aluminum hydroxide). (a) Identity. (1) The color additive alumina (dried aluminum hydroxide) is a white,...
40 CFR 721.10120 - Siloxane modified alumina nanoparticles (generic).
... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Siloxane modified alumina... Specific Chemical Substances § 721.10120 Siloxane modified alumina nanoparticles (generic). (a) Chemical... as siloxane modified alumina nanoparticles (PMN P-05-687) is subject to reporting under this...
Study of the molybdenum retention in alumina; Estudio de la retencion de molibdeno en alumina
Wilkinson, Maria V.; Mondino, Angel V.; Manzini, Alberto [Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica, Buenos Aires (Argentina). Centro Atomico Ezeiza. Radioquimica y Quimica de las Radiaciones
The Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission routinely produces {sup 99} Mo by fission of highly enriched uranium contained in targets irradiated in RA-3 reactor. The current process begins with the dissolution of the irradiated target in a basic media, considering the possibility of changing the targets, it could be convenient to dissolve them in acid media. The use of alumina as a first separation step in acid dissolution processes is already known although it is necessary to determine both the type of alumina to be used and the separation conditions. The study of molybdenum retention in alumina was performed at laboratory scale, using Mo-99 as radiotracer. Different kinds of alumina were tried, varying charge solution acidity. Influence of uranium concentration in the loading solution on molybdenum retention was also studied. (author)
Study on alumina-alumina brazing for application in vacuum chambers of proton synchrotron
The paper describes an experimental study to standardize vacuum brazing process to obtain satisfactory high purity alumina brazed joints for application in rapid cycle proton synchrotron machine. Two different brazing routes, adopted for making alumina-alumina brazed joints, included (i) multi-step Mo-Mn metallization and brazing with BVAg-8 alloy and (ii) advanced single-step active brazing with CuSil-ABA alloy. Brazed alumina specimens, prepared by both the routes, yielded ultra high vacuum compatible, helium leak tight and bakeable joints. Active-brazed specimens exhibited satisfactory strength values in tensile and four-point bend tests. Metallized-brazed specimens, although exhibited relatively lower tensile strength than the targeted value, displayed satisfactory flexural strength in four-point bend test. The results of the study demonstrated that active brazing is the simple and cost effective alternative to conventional metallization route for producing satisfactory brazed joints for application in rapid cycle proton synchrotron machine. (author)
Selective metallization of alumina by laser
Shrivastva, P.B.; Boose, C.A.; Kolster, B.H.; Harteveld, C.; Meinders, B.
Nickel has been selectively deposited on an alumina substrate without any pretreatment from a flow of a nickel acetate solution using the focused beam of an excimer laser. Nickel spots as well as nickel lines were drawn and subsequently plated with an electroless Ni-B coating. Excellent adhesion of
Adsorption of Nitrogen on Organized Mesoporous Alumina
Čejka, Jiří; Veselá, Lenka; Rathouský, Jiří; Zukal, Arnošt
Amsterdam : Elsevier, 2002 - (Sayari, A.; Jaroniec, M.), s. 429-436 - ( Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis.. 141). [International Symposium on Nanoporous Materials /3./. Ottawa (CA), 12.06.2002-15.06.2002] R&D Projects: GA MŠk ME 404 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z4040901 Keywords : alumina * nitrogen * adsorption Subject RIV: CF - Physical ; Theoretical Chemistry
Method of making nanocrystalline alpha alumina
Siegel, Richard W.; Hahn, Horst; Eastman, Jeffrey A.
Method of making selected phases of nanocrystalline ceramic materials. Various methods of controlling the production of nanocrystalline alpha alumina and titanium oxygen phases are described. Control of the gas atmosphere and use of particular oxidation treatments give rise to the ability to control the particular phases provided in the aluminum/oxygen and titanium/oxygen system.
Mechanical properties of zirconia-toughened alumina
Bend samples of four compositions of zirconia-toughened alumina were heat treated at 10000C for 100 and 500 H and tested for strength and fracture toughness at room temperature. These results are compared with as-received properties, as well as stress rupture and stepped-temperature stress rupture data
Dielectric Performance of High Purity HTCC Alumina at High Temperatures - A Comparison Study with Other Polycrystalline Alumina
Chen, Liang-Yu
A very high purity (99.99+) high temperature co-fired ceramic (HTCC) alumina has recently become commercially available. The raw material of this HTCC alumina is very different from conventional HTCC alumina, and more importantly there is no glass additive in this co-fired material. Previously, selected HTCC and LTCC (low temperature co-fired ceramic) alumina materials were evaluated at high temperatures as dielectric and compared to a regularly sintered 96 polycrystalline alumina (96 Al2O3), where 96 alumina was used as the benchmark. A prototype packaging system based on regular 96 alumina with Au thick-film metallization successfully facilitated long term testing of high temperature silicon carbide (SiC) electronic devices for over 10,000 hours at 500C. In order to evaluate this new HTCC alumina for possible high temperature packaging applications, the dielectric properties of this HTCC alumina substrate were measured and compared with those of 96 alumina and a LTCC alumina from room temperature to 550C at frequencies of 120 Hz, 1 KHz, 10 KHz, 100 KHz, and 1 MHz. A parallel-plate capacitive device with dielectric of the HTCC alumina and precious metal electrodes were used for measurements of the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the co-fired alumina material in the temperature and frequency ranges. The capacitance and AC parallel conductance of the capacitive device were directly measured by an AC impedance meter, and the dielectric constant and parallel AC conductivity of the dielectric were calculated from the capacitance and conductance measurement results. The temperature and frequency dependent dielectric constant, AC conductivity, and dissipation factor of the HTCC alumina substrate are presented and compared to those of 96 alumina. Other technical advantages of this new co-fired material for possible high packaging applications are also discussed.
Full Text Available Alumina has got some excellent properties like chemical inertness, thermal and mechanical strength against hazardous environment. Alumina is a good ceramic material which is being used for structuralapplications. To enhance the toughness and strength of the body some Zirconia is also used with it. The use of Zirconia in alumina is known as toughening of alumina. One difficulty arises, when alumina and alumina toughened composite are sintered , because the low sinterability of Alumina-Zirconia forced the compact to give very low density body. To overcome this problem alumina and alumina composites are made from slurry method which gives nearly theoretical density. The combined effect of alumina and Zirconia on the phase transformation and microstructure development of heat-treated Alumina-Zirconia composites has been studied. Slurry is prepared by adding water, dispersant, binder and anti-foaming agent. In the present study, Sintering schedule is optimized and kept constant for all samples. After sintering, mechanical behaviour of the composite has been studied.
Effect of thermal residual stresses on the strength for both alumina/Ni/alumina and alumina/Ni/nickel alloy bimaterials
Hattali, Lamine; Stéphane, Valette; Ropital, Francois; Mesrati, Nadir; Tréheux, Daniel
This paper describes some technical limitations encountered in joining ceramics-ceramics or ceramics-metals, and how, to some extent, they have been practically overcome. The effect of the residual stresses on the strength of joints fabricated between alumina-alumina or alumina and the nickel base alloy HAYNES 214TM using a solid-state bonding technique with Ni interlayer was studied. Finite element analyses (FEA) for the elastic-plastic and elastic-plastic-creep behavior have also been used ...
Degradation of alumina and zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) hip prostheses tested under microseparation conditions in a shock device
Uribe, Juliana; Gremillard, Laurent; Reynard, Bruno
This paper considers the degradation of alumina and zirconia toughened alumina vs. alumina for hip implants. The materials are as assumed to be load bearing surfaces subjected to shocks in wet conditions. The load is a peak of force; 9 kN was applied over 15 ms at 2 Hz for 800,000 cycles. The volumetric wear and roughness are lower for ZTA than for alumina. The long ZTA ageing did not seem to have a direct influence on the roughness. The ageing increased the wear volumes of ZTA and it was found to have a higher wear resistance compared to alumina.
Characterization of Glasses in One Type of Alumina Rich Fly Ash by Chemical Digestion Methods: Implications for Alumina Extraction
Lijun Zhao; Hanshuang Xiao; Baodong Wang; Qi Sun
In recent years, one type of alumina rich fly ash (ARFA) with about 50 wt% of alumina has been extensively investigated for alumina extraction in China. Due to the silica in ARFA, alumina extraction would have to generate a huge amount of solid waste. There is a growing interest in the glasses in ARFA, because they are composed mainly of silica and could be removed prior to alumina extraction. In this work, the glasses in ARFA have been investigated by chemical methods, that is, acid and base...
Graphene coated with alumina and its utilization as a thermal conductivity enhancer for alumina sphere/thermoplastic polyurethane composite
Graphene was oxidized with H2O2 to introduce additional anchoring sites for effective alumina coating on graphene by the sol–gel method. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies showed that the oxygen-containing groups such as hydroxyl group useful for coating were introduced by the oxidation. The transmission electron microscopy images and thermogravimetric analysis data demonstrated that the additional anchoring sites enhanced the efficiency of the alumina coating. A small amount of alumina-coated graphene synergistically improved the thermal conductivity of the alumina sphere/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composite without any increase in the electrical conductivity, because the electrical conductivity of graphene effectively decreased by the alumina coating. Moreover, the synergistic effect of a small amount of graphene was enhanced by the alumina coating, and the stiffening of the alumina sphere/TPU composite due to the added graphene was alleviated by the alumina coating. - Highlights: • Oxidation of graphene with H2O2 introduced anchoring sites for alumina coating. • The anchoring sites improved the efficiency of alumina coating on graphene. • The alumina-coated graphene synergistically enhanced the thermal conductivity
Rheological Properties of Aqueous Nanometric Alumina Suspensions
Chuanping Li
Colloidal processing is an effective and reliable approach in the fabrication of the advanced ceramic products. Successful colloidal processing of fine ceramic powders requires accurate control of the rheological properties. The accurate control relies on the understanding the influences of various colloidal parameters on the rheological properties. Almost all research done on the rheology paid less attention to the interactions of particle and solvent. However, the interactions of the particles are usually built up through the media in which the particles are suspended. Therefore, interactions of the particle with the media, the adsorbed layers on the particle surface, and chemical and physical properties of media themselves must influence the rheology of the suspension, especially for the dense suspensions containing nanosized particles. Relatively little research work has been reported in this area. This thesis addresses the rheological properties of nanometric alumina aqueous suspensions, and paying more attention to the interactions between particle and solvent, which in turn influence the particle-particle interactions. Dense nanometric alumina aqueous suspensions with low viscosity were achieved by environmentally-benign fructose additives. The rheology of nanometric alumina aqueous suspensions and its variation with the particle volume fraction and concentration of fructose were explored by rheometry. The adsorptions of solute (fructose) and solvent (water) on the nanometric alumina particle surfaces were measured and analyzed by TG/DSC, TOC, and NMR techniques. The mobility of water molecules in the suspensions and its variation with particle volume fractions and fructose additive were determined by the {sup 17}O NMR relaxation method. The interactions between the nanometric alumina particles in water and fructose solutions were investigated by AFM. The results indicated that a large number of water layers were physically bound on the particles
High-pressure phases of alumina
Lyle, Matthew; Pickard, Chris; Needs, Richard
Alumina (Al2O3) has been widely used as a pressure standard in static diamond anvil cell experiments and is a major chemical component of the Earth. So a detailed knowledge of its high-pressure stability is of great importance in both materials science and deep Earth science. A phase transition is known to occur at roughly 80-100 GPa between corundum and the Rh2O3 (II) structure. A second phase transition to the CaIrO3 structure occurs at even higher pressures. Here we present a computational structure search to reveal three additional structures which are competitive at these pressures but hitherto unknown to be stable in high-pressure alumina.
Li + ion diffusion in nanoscale alumina coatings
Johannes, Michelle; Bernstein, Noam
Nanoscale coatings of alumina are used to stabilize surfaces for a variety of technologies. Diffusion of ions through these coatings is of primary importance: in some cases, diffusion is unwanted (e.g. corrosion) and in others (e.g. electrode materials), it is necessary. In this work DFT and AIMD calculations are used to investigate Li+ ion diffusion through a nano-layer of alumina, examining the phase (alpha, gamma, and amorphous), ion concentration, and electron count dependence. We look at the role of the surface itself in promoting diffusion. One of our main findings is that as the number of ions or charge increases, the diffusivity rises. We show how our data can explain electrochemical data from coated LiCoO2 cathodes and may point toward better and more efficient coatings for stabilizing electrodes.
Slip casting alumina with Na-CMC
Ruys, A.J.; Sorrell, C.C. [Univ. of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales (Australia)
Many forming methods are in common use for engineering ceramics. Of these, slip casting is an ideal forming method because of its low cost, simplicity and flexibility, potential for uniform particle packing and suitability to the production of articles of intricate shape. Slip casting nonclay materials, such as alumina, requires the use of both a deflocculant and a binder. There are many commercially available deflocculants and binders that can be tested in alumina casting slips. However, determination of a suitable deflocculant/binder combination and quantification of the optimal additions of the deflocculant/binder pair can be time consuming. Certain deflocculants are capable of acting as binders. One such additive is sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-cmc), a cellulose ether. Na-cmc is a powerful binder. It is a member of the carbohydrate binder group--the binder group with the strongest binding power. It is capable of acting as a deflocculant in glazes and nonclay casting slips.
Microstructural evolution of alumina-zirconia nanocomposites
Ceramic materials have limited use due to their brittleness. The inclusion of nanosized particles in a ceramic matrix, which are called nanocomposites, and ceramic processing control by controlling the grain size and densification can aid in obtaining ceramic products of greater strength and toughness. Studies showed that the zirconia nano inclusions in the matrix of alumina favors an increase in mechanical properties by inhibiting the grain growth of the matrix and not by the mechanism of the transformation toughening phase of zirconia. In this work, the microstructural evolution of alumina nanocomposites containing 15% by volume of nanometric zirconia was studied. From the results it was possible to understand the sintering process of these nanocomposites. (author)
Activation of consolidation processes of alumina ceramics
Matrenin, S. V.; Zenin, B. S.; Tayukin, R. V.
The methods for activating sintering ceramics based on Al2O3 by mechanical activation in the planetary mill, by adding in the mixture of nanopowders (NP) Al, Al2O3, and submicron powder TiO2, and by applying the technology of spark plasma sintering (SPS) are developed. It has been shown that adding the nanopowder up to 20 wt. % Al2O3 in a coarse powder α-Al2O3 activates the sintering process resulting in increased density and hardness of the sintered alumina ceramics. Substantial effect of increasing density of alumina ceramics due to adding the submicron powder TiO2 in the compound of initial powder mixtures has been established.
Mesoscale Modelling of the Response of Aluminas
The response of polycrystalline alumina to shock is not well addressed. There are several operating mechanisms that only hypothesized which results in models which are empirical. A similar state of affairs in reactive flow modelling led to the development of mesoscale representations of the flow to illuminate operating mechanisms. In this spirit, a similar effort is undergone for a polycrystalline alumina. Simulations are conducted to observe operating mechanisms at the micron scale. A method is then developed to extend the simulations to meet response at the continuum level where measurements are made. The approach is validated by comparison with continuum experiments. The method and results are presented, and some of the operating mechanisms are illuminated by the observed response
Phototransferred thermoluminescence and exoemission in alpha alumina
Iacconi, P.; Lapraz, D.; Alessandri-Fraccaro, M.F.; Addi, D. (Univ. de Nice-Sophia Antipolis (France). Lab. d' Emission Electronique et de Luminescence)
{alpha}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}, irradiated by ionising radiation and submitted to UV illumination, presents a phototransfer phenomenon that is characterised by thermoluminescence (TL) and by thermostimulated exoelectronic emission (TSEE). The TL and the TSEE glow curves of {alpha}-alumina from -196 to 700{sup 0}C are compared, to parallel one phototransfer observation with another and to draw various conclusions concerning the stability of the traps involved in dosimetric applications. (author).
Selective metallization of alumina by laser
Shrivastva, P.B.; Boose, C.A.; Kolster, B.H.; Harteveld, C; Meinders, B.
Nickel has been selectively deposited on an alumina substrate without any pretreatment from a flow of a nickel acetate solution using the focused beam of an excimer laser. Nickel spots as well as nickel lines were drawn and subsequently plated with an electroless Ni-B coating. Excellent adhesion of the metallized layers was achieved, since with laser irradiation, both etching and deposition took place simultaneously.
Tribological behaviour of anodised alumina nanohoneycombs
Wang, Shuo; 王硕
Anodic alumina nanohoneycombs (AAO) have been widely used because of its convenient fabrication and controllable pores' geometry. A lot of investigations have been conducted to study its physical and chemical properties. However, the mechanical properties, especially tribological properties, of such a popular nanomaterial still remain almost unknown. In this project, a series of scratch experiments were conducted on AAO films fabricated by a two-step anodisation method. The testing system...
Separation of tungsten and rhenium on alumina
Full Text Available The conditions for the efficient separation of tungsten(VI and rhenium (VII on alumina were established. The distribution coefficients Kd for tungstate and perrhenate anions, as well as the separation factors a (a = KdWO42-/Kd ReO4- were determined using hydrochloric or nitric acid as the aqueous media. A solution of sodium chloride in the pH range 26 was also examined. Under all the tested experimental conditions, alumina is a much better adsorbent for tungsten than for rhenium. The obtained results indicated that the best separation of these two elements is achieved when 0.01 0.1 mol dm-3 HCl or 1.0 mol dm-3 HNO3 are used as the aqueous media. If NaCl is used as the aqueous phase, the best separation is achieved with 0.20 mol dm-3 NaCl, pH 46. Under these experimental conditions, the breakthrough and saturation capacities of alumina for tungsten at pH 4 are 17 and 26 mg W/g Al2O3, respectively. With increasing pH, these values decrease. Thus, at pH 6 they are only 4 and 13 mg W/g Al2O3, respectively.
Synthesis and characterization of single-crystalline alumina nanowires
ZHAO Qing; XU Xiang-yu; ZHANG Hong-zhou; CHEN Yao-feng; XU Jun; YU Da-peng
Alumina nanowires were synthesized on large-area silicon substrate via simple thermal evaporation method of heating a mixture of aluminum and alumina powders without using any catalyst or template. The phase structure and the surface morphology of the as-grown sample were analyzed by X-ray diffractometry(XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The chemical composition and the microstructure of the as-grown alumina nanowires were characterized using transmission electron microscope(TEM). The nanowires are usually straight and the single crystalline has average diameter of 40 nm and length of 3 - 5 μm. The growth direction is along the [002] direction. Well aligned alumina nanowire arrays were observed on the surface of many large particles. The catalyst-free growth of the alumina nanowires was explained under the framework of a vapor-solid(VS)growth mechanism. This as-synthesized alumina nanowires could find potential applications in the fabrication of nanodevices.
Free-standing alumina nanobottles and nanotubes pre-integrated into nanoporous alumina membranes
A novel interfacial structure consisting of long (up to 5 μm), thin (about 300 nm), highly-ordered, free-standing, highly-reproducible aluminum oxide nanobottles and long tubular nanocapsules attached to a rigid, thin (less than 1 μm) nanoporous anodic alumina membrane is fabricated by simple, fast, catalyst-free, environmentally friendly voltage-pulse anodization. A growth mechanism is proposed based on the formation of straight channels in alumina membrane by anodization, followed by neck formation due to a sophisticated voltage control during the process. This process can be used for the fabrication of alumina nanocontainers with highly controllable geometrical size and volume, vitally important for various applications such as material and energy storage, targeted drug and diagnostic agent delivery, controlled drug and active agent release, gene and biomolecule reservoirs, micro-biologically protected platforms, nano-bioreactors, tissue engineering and hydrogen storage. (paper)
Atmospheric Moisture Content Effects on Ionic Liquid Wettability of Alumina
Brittle, S.; Samuel, A; W. B. Zimmerman
The contact angles or wettability of 7 Ionic Liquids, on an alumina substrate, have been measured under two different storage conditions. The first using a small amount of moisture content, the second with no moisture content. The contact angle of Ionic Liquid droplets on an alumina substrate were measured using an Attension Theta instrument with automated software. The results show that a small amount of moisture improves the wettability of the Ionic Liquid – alumina system and therefore sub...
Corrosion of Refractory Alumina-Graphite and Alumina-Graphite-Zirconia in Slag Containing Titania
XU Yuan; LIU Qing-cai; BAI Chen-guang; CHEN Deng-fu; Joseph W Newkirk
The corrosion of refractory alumina-graphite and alumina-graphite-zirconia in the slag containing titania was studied by immersion tests (quasi-static and dynamic tests). Combining direct observation with microscopic investigations, a mechanism for corrosion was proposed based on the oxidation of graphite and the dissolution of refractory components. During the corrosion process, there are some special phenomena and laws that can be explained by the relation between the corrosion rate and the TiO2 mass percent, the rotational refractory velocity and the morphology of the deteriorated layer.
Challenges and Strategies in the Synthesis of Mesoporous Alumina Powders and Hierarchical Alumina Monoliths
Anne Galarneau; Alexander Sachse; Sarah Hartmann
A new rapid, very simple and one-step sol-gel strategy for the large-scale preparation of highly porous γ-Al2O3 is presented. The resulting mesoporous alumina materials feature high surface areas (400 m2 g−1), large pore volumes (0.8 mL g−1) and the ��-Al2O3 phase is obtained at low temperature (500 °C). The main advantages and drawbacks of different preparations of mesoporous alumina materials exhibiting high specific surface areas and large pore volumes such as surfactant-nanostructured alu...
Rheology of Alumina-Based Graphite-Containing Castables
YE Fangbao; M. Rigaud; LIU Xinhong; ZHONG Xiangchong
In this work, the rheological behavior of ultra-low cement alumina-based castables with addition of flake graphite and extruded graphite pellets has been investigated by using IBB rheometer. Emphasis has been laid on the influence of the type and amount of carbon addition on rheological properties of the alumina-based castables and the results are compared with corresponding alumina castable samples without any carbon addition. It is found that alumina-based castables with extruded graphite pellets have good rheological behavior and flowability with lower water demand ( < 6. 3% )and no segregation during the shearing of castable.
Modelling the initial stage of porous alumina growth during anodization
Aryslanova, E. M.; Alfimov, A. V.; Chivilikhin, S. A.
Artificially on the surface of aluminum there may be build a thick layer of Al2O3, which has a porous structure. In this paper we present a model of growth of porous alumina in the initial stage of anodizing, identifying dependencies anodizing parameters on the rate of growth of the film and the distance between the pores and as a result of the created model equations were found for changes in the disturbance of alumina for the initial stage of anodizing aluminum oxide porous border aluminum-alumina and alumina-electrolyte, with the influence of surface diffusion of aluminum oxide.
Tribological and stability investigations of alkylphosphonic acids on alumina surface
Alumina substrates are commonly used for various micro-/nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS). For efficient and lifetime longevity of these devices, lubricant films of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with nanometer thickness are increasingly being employed. In the present paper, we report preparation, tribological and stability investigations of alkylphosphonic acids on the alumina surface. The alkylphosphonic acids were prepared on the alumina surface using the liquid phase deposition method. The effectiveness of modification of the alumina surface by alkylphosphonic acids was investigated using water contact angle measurements, secondary ion mass spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron and infrared spectroscopy. Frictional behavior in milinewton load range was studied by microtribometry. It is shown that surface modification of the alumina surface by alkylphosphonic acids reduces the coefficient of friction values compared to the unmodified alumina. In comparison to the non-modified alumina surface, all tested alkylphosphonic acids cause a decrease in the friction coefficients in friction tests for counterparts made from different materials, such as steel, zirconia and silicon nitride. It is also found that the alumina surface modified by alkylphosphonic acids with longer chain has a higher degree of hydrophobicity and lower coefficient of friction. The best frictional properties are obtained for the system consisting of the alumina surface modified by n-octadecylphosphonic acid and silicon nitride counterpart. Stability tests in different environmental conditions: laboratory, acidic and alkaline solutions were also monitored.
Degradation of alumina and zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) hip prostheses tested under microseparation conditions in a shock device
Uribe, Juliana; Geringer, Jean; Gremillard, Laurent; Reynard, Bruno
This paper considers the degradation of alumina and zirconia toughened alumina vs. alumina for hip implants. The materials are as assumed to be load bearing surfaces subjected to shocks in wet conditions. The load is a peak of force; 9 kN was applied over 15 ms at 2 Hz for 800,000 cycles. The volumetric wear and roughness are lower for ZTA than for alumina. The long ZTA ageing did not seem to have a direct influence on the roughness. The ageing increased the wear volumes of ZTA and it was fou...
Pengaruh Pemasukan Alumina Terhadap Operasi Tungku Reduksi di PT. Inalum Kuala Tanjung
Sudjana, Putra Eka
Produksi aluminium cair di PT INALUM memerlukan bahan baku utama berupa alumina (Al2O3). Pemasukan alumina (Al2O3) mempunyai dua metode yaitu Regular Feeding dan Demand Feeding. Metode demand feeding yang digunakan yaitu pemasukan alumina (Al2O3) berdasarkan kebutuhan . Konsentrasi alumina (Al2O3) pada operasi tungku reduksi berkisar antara 2% - 4%. Konsentrasi alumina (Al2O3) < 1% akan menyebabkan terjadinya efek anoda atau anode effect (AE) dan konsentrasi alumina (Al2O3) ...
Sulfuric Acid and Ammonium Sulfate Leaching of Alumina from Lampang Clay
Numluk, Paweena; Chaisena, Aphiruk
The rapid development of the global alumina industry has led to a considerable increase in the production alumina and processing of alumina from non-bauxitic sources. Lampang clays comprise various minerals that contain about 22.70 wt% of extractable alumina. Local clay was ground, activated by calcination and treated with sulfuric acid to extract alumina. In the activation step, the effects of temperature and time on the extraction of alumina and iron were investigated. The leaching experime...
John P. Hurley; Patty L. Kleven
In order to increase the efficiency of advanced coal-fired power systems, higher working fluid temperatures must be reached. Some system surfaces will have to be protected by covering them with corrosion-resistant refractories. Corrosion is the degradation of the material surfaces or grain boundaries by chemical reactions with melts, liquids, or gases causing loss of material and, consequently, a decrease in the strength of the structure. In order to develop methods of reducing corrosion, the microstructure that is attacked must be identified along with the mechanism and rates of attack. Earlier tests with several commercially available high-temperature castable refractories showed that the fused-alumina aggregate grains within the materials had the highest corrosion resistance of any of the castable materials. However, the cement holding the grains was easily attacked. Therefore, to improve the corrosion resistance and thermomechanical properties of alumina-based refractories, we attempted to change the cement to a more corrosion- and erosion-resistant bonding material through the addition of rare-earth oxides (REO). Phase diagrams were used to identify stable high-melting-temperature materials within the lanthanide-alumina series that could modify the bonding phase of the alumina-based refractory. Two mechanisms of reducing corrosion were investigated. One was the formation of corrosion-resistant layers within the refractory. The other was increased sintering to increase strength and seal continuous pores that would reduce slag penetration. Garnets (Re{sub 3}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12}) and perovskites (ReAl{sub 2}O{sub 3}), where Re is the REO, are two of the stable high-melting-temperature materials identified that were believed could be formed in the refractory matrix to help reduce corrosion rates. For the base refractory, Plicast 99 made by Plibrico was chosen. It is a 99% alumina castable composed of fused alumina aggregate and a cement made primarily from Alphabond
NMR Revealed Activated Alumina-Water Interaction
ZHOU Rui; ZHOU Yan; HU Kai; JI Zhen-ping; CHENG Gong-zhen
Three different spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) of water were obtained in activated alumina-water slurry system, which indicate that there exist three states of water: bound water, pore water and bulk water. The chemical shift (δH) decreases as the amount of water added to the system increases due to the differences in contribution of these three states of water in the samples. The δH value for adsorbed water decreases nearly linearly and T1 increases with elevating temperature, which result from the decrease in the content of bound water by the increase in thermal motion.
Improved Synthesis Of Potassium Beta' '-Alumina
Williams, Roger M.; Jeffries-Nakamura, Barbara; Ryan, Margaret A.; O'Connor, Dennis E.; Kisor, Adam; Underwood, Mark
Improved formulations of precursor materials synthesize nearly-phase-pure potassium beta' '-alumina solid electrolyte (K-BASE) powder. Materials are microhomogeneous powders (or, alternatively, gels) containing K(+,) Mg(2+), and Al(3+). K-BASE powder produced used in potassium-working-fluid alkali-metal thermal-to-electric conversion (K-AMTEC), in which heat-input and heat-rejection temperatures lower than sodium-working-fluid AMTEC (Na-AMTEC). Additional potential use lies in purification of pottassium by removal of sodium and calcium.
Conduction mechanism of single-crystal alumina
Will, Fritz G.; Delorenzi, Horst G.; Janora, Kevin H.
The fully guarded three-terminal technique was used to perform conductivity measurements on single-crystal alumina at temperatures of 400-1300 C. The conductivity was also determined as a function of time at various temperatures and applied fields. Further, the fractions of the current carried by Al and O ions (ionic transference numbers) were determined from long-term transference experiments in the temperature range 1100-1300 C. A mathematical model of the conduction mechanism is proposed, and model predictions are compared with experimental results.
Nanotube Arrays in Porous Anodic Alumina Membranes
Liang LI; Naoto KOSHIZAKI; Guanghai LI
This review summarizes the various techniques developed for fabricating nanotube arrays in porous anodic alumina membranes (AAMs). After a brief introduction to the fabrication process of AAMs, taking carbons, metals, semiconductors, organics, biomoleculars, and heterojunctions as typical examples, attention will be focused on the recently established methods to fabricate nanotubes in AAM, including electrochemical deposition, surface sol-gel, modified chemical vapor deposition, atomic layer deposition, and layer-by-layer growth. Every method is demonstrated by one or two reported results. Finally, this review is concluded with some perspectives on the research directions and focuses on the AAM-based nanotubes fields.
3.5. Drying of cryolite-alumina concentrate
This article is devoted to drying of cryolite-alumina concentrate. The drying process of cryolite-alumina concentrate at isothermal and polythermal conditions was studied. The kinetics and mechanism of the process were studied as well. The kinetics of concentrate drying under isothermal conditions was studied in air bath and results are presented.
Textural stability of titania–alumina composite membranes
Kumar, Krishnankutty-Nair P.; Keizer, Klaas; Burggraaf, Anthonie J.
Textural evolution (porosity reduction, pore and crystallite growth) in titania–alumina composite membranes has been studied using thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy and N2 physisorption techniques. The presence of alumina in the membranes improved the t
Dynamic compressive and tensile strengths of spark plasma sintered alumina
Girlitsky, I.; Zaretsky, E.; Kalabukhov, S.; Dariel, M. P.; Frage, N.
Fully dense submicron grain size alumina samples were manufactured from alumina nano-powder using Spark Plasma Sintering and tested in two kinds of VISAR-instrumented planar impact tests. In the first kind, samples were loaded by 1-mm tungsten impactors, accelerated to a velocity of about 1 km/s. These tests were aimed at studying the Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL) of Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS)-processed alumina and the decay, with propagation distance, of the elastic precursor wave. In the tests of the second kind, alumina samples of 3-mm thickness were loaded by 1-mm copper impactors accelerated to 100-1000 m/s. These tests were aimed at studying the dynamic tensile (spall) strength of the alumina specimens. The tensile fracture of the un-alloyed alumina shows a monotonic decline of the spall strength with the amplitude of the loading stress pulse. Analysis of the decay of the elastic precursor wave allowed determining the rate of the irreversible (inelastic) strains in the SPS-processed alumina at the initial stages of the shock-induced inelastic deformation and to clarify the mechanisms responsible for the deformation. The 1-% addition of Cr2O3 decreases the HEL of the SPS-processed alumina by 5-% and its spall strength by 50% but barely affects its static properties.
Radiation dose determination by using powder Seydisehir alumina
Thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs) is a passive dose measurement method used for the supervision, quality control and calibration during radiation dose measurements. Nowadays TLDs, including alumina, are largely used and investigated due to high sensitivity, physical and chemical stability, and re-usefulness. In this work, powder form of Seydisehir alumina is used as a thermoluminescence material and α and β radiation doses were measured.
Dynamic compressive and tensile strengths of spark plasma sintered alumina
Fully dense submicron grain size alumina samples were manufactured from alumina nano-powder using Spark Plasma Sintering and tested in two kinds of VISAR-instrumented planar impact tests. In the first kind, samples were loaded by 1-mm tungsten impactors, accelerated to a velocity of about 1 km/s. These tests were aimed at studying the Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL) of Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS)-processed alumina and the decay, with propagation distance, of the elastic precursor wave. In the tests of the second kind, alumina samples of 3-mm thickness were loaded by 1-mm copper impactors accelerated to 100–1000 m/s. These tests were aimed at studying the dynamic tensile (spall) strength of the alumina specimens. The tensile fracture of the un-alloyed alumina shows a monotonic decline of the spall strength with the amplitude of the loading stress pulse. Analysis of the decay of the elastic precursor wave allowed determining the rate of the irreversible (inelastic) strains in the SPS-processed alumina at the initial stages of the shock-induced inelastic deformation and to clarify the mechanisms responsible for the deformation. The 1-% addition of Cr2O3 decreases the HEL of the SPS-processed alumina by 5-% and its spall strength by 50% but barely affects its static properties.
Depositing Adherent Ag Films On Ti Films On Alumina
Honecy, Frank S.
Report discusses cleaning of ceramic (principally, alumina) substrates in preparation for sputter deposition of titanium intermediate films on substrates followed by sputter deposition of outer silver films. Principal intended application, substrates sliding parts in advanced high-temperature heat engines, and outer silver films serve as solid lubricants: lubricating properties described in "Solid Lubricant for Alumina" (LEW-15495).
Comparison of deep desulfurization methods in alumina production process
刘战伟; 李旺兴; 马文会; 尹中林; 武国宝
Several methods of deep desulfurization in alumina production process were studied, and the costs of these methods were compared. It is found that most of the S2− in sodium aluminate solution can be removed by adding sodium nitrate or hydrogen peroxide in digestion process, and in this way the effect of S2− on alumina product quality is eliminated. However, the removal efficiency of2-23SOin sodium aluminate solution is very low by this method. Both S2− and2-23SO in sodium aluminate solution can be removed completely by wet oxidation method in digestion process. The cost of desulfurization by wet oxidation is lower than by adding sodium nitrate or hydrogen peroxide. The results of this research reveal that wet oxidation is an economical and feasible method for the removal of sulfur in alumina production process to improve alumina quality, and provide valuable guidelines for alumina production by high-sulfur bauxite.
Morphology and transmittance of porous alumina on glass substrate
Guo Peitao, E-mail: email@example.com [Wuhan University of Technology. Wuhan (China); Xia Zhilin [Wuhan University of Technology. Wuhan (China); Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials and Application Technology, Xiangtan University, Ministry of Education, Xiangtan (China); Xue Yiyu [Wuhan University of Technology. Wuhan (China); Huang Caihua [China Three Gorges University, Yichang (China); Zhao Lixin [Wuhan University of Technology. Wuhan (China)
The porous optical film has higher threshold of laser-induced damage than densified films, for the study of mechanism of laser-induced damage of porous optical film with ordered pore structure. Porous anodic alumina (PAA) film with high transmittance on glass substrate has been prepared. Aluminum film was deposited on glass substrate by means of resistance and electron beam heat (EBH) evaporation. Porous alumina was prepared in oxalic acid solution under different anodizing conditions. At normal incidence, the optical transmittance spectrum over 300-1000 nm spectra region was obtained by spectrophotometer. SEM was introduced to analysis the morphology of the porous alumina film. The pore aperture increased with the increase of anodizing voltage, which resulted in a rapid decrease of the pore concentration and the optical thickness of porous alumina film. Damage morphology of porous alumina film is found to be typically defects initiated, and the defect is the pore presented on the film.
Preliminary joining experiment of alumina pipes by using ceramics sleeve
Preliminary experiments on alumina ceramics pipes joining by using shrinkable alumina sleeve and high melting point oxide solder have been carried out. Sleeves were prepared by way of sintering at relatively low temperature to shrink 1% during following joining process. As solder, alumina-calcia system was selected and paste containing alumina and calcium carbonate powder mixture was prepared. Joining was carried out by inserting the paste between sleeve and pipes, and by heating at 1500degC in air. By the shrink of sleeve and the formation of interface by solder, it was possible to realize the joined pipe without the vacuum leakage. The airtightness of the joined alumina pipes is almost equal to it of the metal pipe welding. (author)
Dispersion Caused by Carbon Dioxide During Secondary Alumina Dissolution: A Lab-Scale Research
Yang, Youjian; Gao, Bingliang; Wang, Zhaowen; Shi, Zhongning; Hu, Xianwei; Yu, Jiangyu
Secondary alumina is the byproduct of dry scrubbing in aluminum smelting. Secondary alumina has superior dissolution characteristics to primary alumina. Secondary alumina dissolves in pieces in molten cryolite, which results in larger contact area and better diffusion kinetics. In this work, the dissolution phenomenon of primary alumina, secondary alumina, and primary alumina doped with sodium carbonate or calcium carbonate (mass ratio = 10:1, 20:1) was observed and compared to estimate carbon-induced dispersion in industrial secondary alumina. Temperature fluctuations during sample dissolution were measured to evaluate the benefits of preheating on alumina dissolution. It was found that carbon mixed in secondary alumina significantly influences the dispersion of alumina particles at the moment of feeding, and thermodynamic analysis also shows that the combustion heat from carbon facilitates dispersion.
Modified-starch Consolidation of Alumina Ceramics
JU Chenhui; WANG Yanmin; YE Jiandong; HUANG Yun
The alumina ceramics with the homogeneous microstructure and the higher density were fabricated via the modified-starch consolidation process by 1.0 wt%of a modified starch as a consolidator/binder.The swelling behavior of the modified oxidized tapioca starch was analyzed by optical microscope,and two other corn starches(common corn starch and high amylose COrn starch)were also analyzed for comparison.The modified starch used as a binder for the consolidation swelled at about 55℃.began to gelatinize at 65℃ and then was completely gelatinized at 75℃.But the corn starches could not be completely gelatinized even at 80℃for 1 h.The high-strength green bodies(10.6 MPa)with the complex shapes were produced.The green bodies were sintered without any binder burnout procedure at 1700℃and a relative density of 95.3% was obtained for the sintered bodies,which is similar to that of the sintered sample formed by conventional slip casting.In addition,the effect of temperature on the apparent viscosity of the starch/alumina slurry in the process was investigated,and the corresponding mechanism for the starch consolidation was discussed.
Properties of Transition Metal Doped Alumina
Nykwest, Erik; Limmer, Krista; Brennan, Ray; Blair, Victoria; Ramprasad, Rampi
Crystallographic texture can have profound effects on the properties of a material. One method of texturing is through the application of an external magnetic field during processing. While this method works with highly magnetic systems, doping is required to couple non-magnetic systems with the external field. Experiments have shown that low concentrations of rare earth (RE) dopants in alumina powders have enabled this kind of texturing. The magnetic properties of RE elements are directly related to their f orbital, which can have as many as 7 unpaired electrons. Since d-block elements can have as many as 5 unpaired electrons the effects of substitutional doping of 3d transition metals (TM) for Al in alpha (stable) and theta (metastable) alumina on the local structure and magnetic properties, in addition to the energetic cost, have been calculated by performing first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. This study has led to the development of general guidelines for the magnetic moment distribution at and around the dopant atom, and the dependence of this distribution on the dopant atom type and its coordination environment. It is anticipated that these findings can aid in the selection of suitable dopants help to guide parallel experimental efforts. This project was supported in part by an internship at the Army Research Laboratory, administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, along with a grant of computer time from the DoD High Performance Computing Modernization Program.
Combination for electrolytic reduction of alumina
Brown, Craig W.; Brooks, Richard J.; Frizzle, Patrick B.; Juric, Drago D.
An electrolytic bath for use during the electrolytic reduction of alumina to aluminum. The bath comprises molten electrolyte having the following ingredients: AlF.sub.3 and at least one salt selected from the group consisting of NaF, KF, and LiF; and about 0.004 wt. % to about 0.2 wt. %, based on total weight of the molten electrolyte, of at least one transition metal or at least one compound of the metal or both. The compound is, a fluoride; oxide, or carbonate. The metal is nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, or molybdenum. The bath is employed in a combination including a vessel for containing the bath and at least one non-consumable anode and at least one dimensionally stable cathode in the bath. Employing the instant bath during electrolytic reduction of alumina to aluminum improves the wetting of aluminum on a cathode by reducing or eliminating the formation of non-metallic deposits on the cathode.
Lightweight alumina refractory aggregate. Final report
Swansiger, T.G.; Pearson, A.
Objective was to develop a lightweight, high alumina refractory aggregate for use in various high performance insulating (low thermal conductivity) refractory applications (e.g., in the aluminium, glass, cement, and iron and steel industries). A new aggregate process was developed through bench and pilot-scale experiments involving extrusion of a blend of calcined and activated alumina powders and organic extrusion aids and binders. The aggregate, with a bulk density approaching 2.5 g/cc, exhibited reduced thermal conductivity and adequate fired strength compared to dense tabular aggregate. Refractory manufacturers were moderately enthusiastic over the results. Alcoa prepared an economic analysis for producing lightweight aggregate, based on a retrofit of this process into existing Alcoa production facilities. However, a new, competing lightweight aggregate material was developed by another company; this material (Plasmal{trademark})had a significantly more favorable cost base than the Alcoa/DOE material, due to cheap raw materials and fewer processing steps. In late 1995, Alcoa became a distributor of Plasmal. Alcoa estimated that {ge}75% of the market originally envisioned for the Alcoa/DOE aggregate would be taken by Plasmal. Hence, it was decided to terminate the contract without the full- scale demonstration.
Ultrasonic analysis of sintered alumina pellets
Uranium dioxide pellets are used as fuel in Pressurized Water Reactors. These pellets require some degree of porosity to accommodate fission products generated during the burning of fuel. It is usual to utilize the Archimedes method to determine the sintered pellet porosity. For the determination of closed pores, samples of pellets need to be analyzed using micrography to calculate the distribution of the pores. The ultrasonic group of the Nuclear Engineering Institute (IEN) is developing a nondestructive characterization through ultrasonic technique in the frequency domain, this technique will permit to minimize the time for determination of porosity and increase the accuracy of measurement using only one technique, taking into account pores open and closed, and to be capable to analyze 100% of the pellets. Several studies have been conducted in order to validate this method. In this work, the frequency spectrum from alumina pellets were obtained by a 5MHz frequency transducer and by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM), it was possible to investigate the interior of the material and to associate its structure to the behavior of the ultrasonic wave. Each sintering temperature showed a characteristic ultrasonic signal that could be associated with the Alumina porosity. This result showed that this method is very sensitive to the pore distribution in the material because, even within the same temperature group, variations occurred according to distribution of pore sizes. (author)
Terbium luminescence in alumina xerogel fabricated in porous anodic alumina matrix under various excitation conditions
Terbium-doped alumina xerogel layers are synthesized by the sol-gel method in pores of a porous anodic alumina film 1 μm thick with a pore diameter of 150–180 nm; the film is grown on a silicon substrate. The fabricated structures exhibit terbium photoluminescence with bands typical of trivalent terbium terms. Terbium X-ray luminescence with the most intense band at 542 nm is observed for the first time for such a structure. Morphological analysis of the structure by scanning electron microscopy shows the presence of xerogel clusters in pore channels, while the main pore volume remains unfilled and pore mouths remain open. The data obtained confirm the promising applications of fabricated structures for developing matrix converters of X-rays and other ionizing radiations into visible light. The possibilities of increasing luminescence intensity in the matrix converter are discussed.
Microstructural evolution of alumina-zirconia nanocomposites; Evolucao microestrutural de nanocompositos alumina-zirconia
Ojaimi, C.L.; Chinelatto, A.S.A.; Chinelatto, A.L. [Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa (UEPG), PR (Brazil); Pallone, E.M.J.A., E-mail: email@example.com [Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, Sao Paulo, SP (Brazil). Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos
Ceramic materials have limited use due to their brittleness. The inclusion of nanosized particles in a ceramic matrix, which are called nanocomposites, and ceramic processing control by controlling the grain size and densification can aid in obtaining ceramic products of greater strength and toughness. Studies showed that the zirconia nano inclusions in the matrix of alumina favors an increase in mechanical properties by inhibiting the grain growth of the matrix and not by the mechanism of the transformation toughening phase of zirconia. In this work, the microstructural evolution of alumina nanocomposites containing 15% by volume of nanometric zirconia was studied. From the results it was possible to understand the sintering process of these nanocomposites. (author)
Dissolution kinetics for alumina in cryolite melts. Distribution of alumina in the electrolyte of industrial aluminium cells
Kobbeltvedt, Ove
This thesis contributes to the understanding of which factors determine the rate of dissolution of alumina added to the bath in alumina reduction cells. Knowing this may help reduce the occurrences of operation interruptions and thus make it possible to produce aluminium using less energy. When alumina powder was added to a stirred cryolite melt, the alumina dissolved in two distinct main stages. In the first stage, the dissolution rate was very high, which reflects dissolution of single alumina grains that are being dispersed in the bath upon addition. In the second stage, lumps of alumina infiltrated with bath dissolved at a rate considerably slower than that of the first stage. The formation of these alumina agglomerates is the most important contributor to slow dissolution. The parameters varied in the experiments were convection, batch size, and temperature of the bath and of the added alumina. Increased gas stirring of the bath speeded up dissolution in both stages but the size of the batch was of little significance. Increasing the bath temperature had no effect in the first stage but speeded up dissolution considerably in the second stage. Compared to adding alumina at room temperature, preheating it to a high temperature (600 {sup o}C) increased the dissolution rate in the first stage while preheating to lower temperatures (100-300 {sup o}C) decreased the dissolution rate. In the second stage, preheating slowed the dissolution. The two latter phenomena of reduced dissolution rates are ascribed to the removal of moisture from the alumina upon preheating. The bath flow and the distribution of alumina in the bath were measured in four different types of cells. It was found that if a certain asymmetry of the magnetic field traverse to the cell was present, due to the presence of risers, then loops of high velocity bath flow occurred near the short ends of the cell. Thus, alumina added near the short ends is effectively transferred away from the feeding
Scattering and absorption coefficients of silica-doped alumina aerogels.
Fu, Tairan; Tang, Jiaqi; Chen, Kai; Zhang, Fan
Alumina-based aerogels are especially useful in many applications due to their excellent stability at high temperatures. This study experimentally analyzed the radiative properties of silica-doped alumina aerogels through spectral directional-hemispherical measurements for wavelengths of 0.38-25 μm. The silica-doped alumina aerogel samples were prepared with a 1.4∶1 molar ratio of silica to alumina. A two-flux model was used to describe the radiation propagation in a 1D scattering absorbing sample to derive expressions for the normal-hemispherical transmittances and reflectances based on the transport approximation. The normal-hemispherical transmittances and reflectances were measured at various spectral wavelengths and sample thicknesses using the integrating sphere method. The spectral absorption and transport scattering coefficients of silica-doped alumina aerogels were then determined from the measured normal-hemispherical data. The absorption and transport scattering coefficients of silica-doped alumina aerogels are (0.1 cm-1, 36 cm-1) and (0.1 cm-1, 112 cm-1) for wavelengths of 0.38-8.0 μm. The spectral transport scattering coefficient varies in the opposite direction from the spectral absorption coefficient for various wavelengths. The radiative properties for silica and alumina aerogels were quite different for the absorption coefficient for wavelengths of 2.5-8.0 μm and for the transport scattering coefficient for wavelengths of 0.38-2.5 and 3.5-6.0 μm. The measured radiative properties were used to predict the spectral normal-hemispherical reflectance and transmittance of the silica-doped alumina aerogels for various sample thicknesses and wavelengths. The predicted values do not change for the sample thicknesses greater than a critical value. The analysis provides valuable reference data for alumina aerogels for high-temperature applications. PMID:26836071
Ballistic Performance of Alumina and Zirconia-toughened Alumina Against 7.62 Armour Piercing Projectile
S G. Savio
Full Text Available A study was carried out to compare the ballistic performance of high purity alumina and zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA using depth of penetration (DoP test configuration against 7.62 mm armour piercing (AP ammunition. The effect of tile thickness on the differential efficiency factor (DEF was studied for tile thickness in the range of 3 mm to 6 mm for alumina tiles and 3 mm to 5 mm for ZTA tiles. The DEF is found to increase as tile thickness increases. An analysis on the failed shots showed that the residual shot weight does not follow a single linear relationship with ceramic tile thickness unlike the residual DoP for all thicknesses of tiles. Post-ballistic analysis on ceramic powder for particle size distribution was carried out and the results are presented.Defence Science Journal, Vol. 64, No. 5, September 2014, pp.477-483, DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.64.6745
Mechanical behavior of alumina and alumina-feldspar based ceramics in an acetic acid (4%) environment
This study investigates the mechanical properties of alumina-feldspar based ceramics when exposed to an aggressive environment (acetic acid 4%). Alumina ceramics containing different concentrations of feldspar (0%, 1%, 5%, 10%, or 40%) were sintered at either 1300, 1600, or 1700 oC. Flaws (of width 0%, 30%, or 50%) were introduced into the specimens using a saw. Half of these ceramic bodies were exposed to acetic acid. Their flexural strength, KIC, and porosity were measured and the fractured samples were evaluated using scanning electronic- and optical microscopy. It was found that in the ceramic bodies sintered at 1600 oC, feldspar content up to 10% improved flexural strength and KIC, and reduced porosities. Generally, it was found that acetic acid had a weakening effect on the flexural strength of samples sintered at 1700 oC but a beneficial effect on KIC of ceramics sintered at 1600 oC. It was concluded that alumina-based ceramics with feldspar content up to 10% and sintered at higher temperatures would perform better in an aggressive environment similar to oral cavity.
Aluminum matrix composites reinforced with alumina nanoparticles
Casati, Riccardo
This book describes the latest efforts to develop aluminum nanocomposites with enhanced damping and mechanical properties and good workability. The nanocomposites exhibited high strength, improved damping behavior and good ductility, making them suitable for use as wires. Since the production of metal matrix nanocomposites by conventional melting processes is considered extremely problematic (because of the poor wettability of the nanoparticles), different powder metallurgy routes were investigated, including high-energy ball milling and unconventional compaction methods. Special attention was paid to the structural characterization at the micro- and nanoscale, as uniform nanoparticle dispersion in metal matrix is of prime importance. The aluminum nanocomposites displayed an ultrafine microstructure reinforced with alumina nanoparticles produced in situ or added ex situ. The physical, mechanical and functional characteristics of the materials produced were evaluated using different mechanical tests and micros...
Crystallography of Alumina-YAG-Eutectic
Farmer, Serene C.; Sayir, Ali; Dickerson, Robert M.; Matson, Lawrence E.
Multiple descriptions of the alumina-YAG eutectic crystallography appear in the ceramic literature. The orientation between two phases in a eutectic system has direct impact on residual stress, morphology, microstructural stability, and high temperature mechanical properties. A study to demonstrate that the different crystallographic relationships can be correlated with different growth constraints was undertaken. Fibers produced by Laser-Heated Float Zone (LHFZ) and Edge-defined Film-fed Growth (EFG) were examined. A map of the orientation relationship between Al2O3 and Y3Al5O12 and their relationship to the fiber growth axis as a function of pull rate are presented. Regions in which a single orientation predominates are identified.
Fracture simulation for zirconia toughened alumina microstructure
Kim, Kyungmok; Forest, Bernard
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to describe finite element modelling for fracture and fatigue behaviour of zirconia toughened alumina microstructures. Design/methodology/approach - A two-dimensional finite element model is developed with an actual $Al{_2}O{_3}$ - 10 vol% $ZrO{_2}$ microstructure. A bilinear, time-independent cohesive zone law is implemented for describing fracture behaviour of grain boundaries. Simulation conditions are similar to those found at contact between a head and a cup of hip prosthesis. Residual stresses arisen from the mismatch of thermal coefficient between grains are determined. Then, effects of a micro-void and contact stress magnitude are investigated with models containing residual stresses. For the purpose of simulating fatigue behaviour, cyclic loadings are applied to the models. Findings - Results show that crack density is gradually increased with increasing magnitude of contact stress or number of fatigue cycles. It is also identified that a micro-void brings about...
Cast alumina forming austenitic stainless steels
Muralidharan, Govindarajan; Yamamoto, Yukinori; Brady, Michael P
An austenitic stainless steel alloy consisting essentially of, in terms of weight percent ranges 0.15-0.5C; 8-37Ni; 10-25Cr; 2.5-5Al; greater than 0.6, up to 2.5 total of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Nb and Ta; up to 3Mo; up to 3Co; up to 1W; up to 3Cu; up to 15Mn; up to 2Si; up to 0.15B; up to 0.05P; up to 1 total of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Y, La, Ce, Hf, and Zr; alumina, and a stable essentially single phase FCC austenitic matrix microstructure, the austenitic matrix being essentially delta-ferrite free and essentially BCC-phase-free. A method of making austenitic stainless steel alloys is also disclosed.
Optimized alumina coagulants for water treatment
Nyman, May D.; Stewart, Thomas A.
Substitution of a single Ga-atom or single Ge-atom (GaAl.sub.12 and GeAl.sub.12 respectively) into the center of an aluminum Keggin polycation (Al.sub.13) produces an optimal water-treatment product for neutralization and coagulation of anionic contaminants in water. GaAl.sub.12 consistently shows .about.1 order of magnitude increase in pathogen reduction, compared to Al.sub.13. At a concentration of 2 ppm, GaAl.sub.12 performs equivalently to 40 ppm alum, removing .about.90% of the dissolved organic material. The substituted GaAl.sub.12 product also offers extended shelf-life and consistent performance. We also synthesized a related polyaluminum chloride compound made of pre-hydrolyzed dissolved alumina clusters of [GaO.sub.4Al.sub.12(OH).sub.24(H.sub.2O).sub.12].sup.7+.
Processing of silicon nitride and alumina nanosize powders
Gonzalez, E.J.; Piermarini, G.; Hockey, B.; Malghan, S.G. [National Inst. of Standard and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD (United States)
The effects of pressure on the compaction and subsequent processing of nanosize {gamma} alumina powders were studied. A 3 mm diameter piston/cylinder die was used to compact the nanosize powders to pressures of 1 and 2.5 GPa. The green bodies were sintered at temperatures up to 1600{degrees}C. Results show that green body density can be increased by higher compaction pressures. It appears that as a result of the {gamma}-to-{alpha} transformation in alumina, higher green density does not necessarily produce a higher density sintered alumina body. The microstructures of the sintered bodies are described in terms of porosity and phase content.
Reaction of Sillimnite with Alumina at Elevated Temperatures
SHENYang-yun; SHENYi
The reaction of sillimanite with alumina at temperatures 1650℃ an 1750℃ has been investigated.The results have shown that,in the laboratory test conditions,the higher the alumina content,the lower will be the amounts of glass-phse of the fired body and the higher will be the formation of mullite .In the present tests,however,the reaction in concern has not been completed,the reaction in concern has not been completed.Some uncombined residual alumina still exist in the form of corundum.
Blister formation in alumina thin films bombarded with xenon ions
Blisters have been observed in evaporated alumina thin films after xenon irradiation. The aim of this study is to further understand the mechanisms responsible for such a process. Surface blistering dependence on the thickness of the alumina films as well as irradiation fluence, temperature and post-irradiation thermal annealing have been investigated. From our experimental results, it has been proved that the substrate-alumina interface is not responsible for blistering. The application of a gas pressure model and a lateral compressive stress model shows that the latter seems to be more adequate in explaining blister formation. (author)
Wenshan's 800,000-ton Alumina Project Completed
<正>On September 26,2012,the completion ceremony of the 800,000-ton alumina project was held at the alumina factory in Matang Industrial Park, Wenshan city,Yunnan.Wenshan's 800,000-ton alumina project and its supporting mining construction projects have been listed as one of 20 major industrial construction projects of Yunnan. The project covers an area of approximately 5,500 mu,with an estimated total investment of RMB 4,987 million. It is invested and built
3.6. Chlorination of alumina containing waste products
Chlorination of alumina containing waste products is considered in this article. Based on conducted studies following optimal conditions of chlorination of alumina containing waste products with reducer - coal were found: temperature - 750-850 deg C, chlorination duration -1-1,5 hours, quantity of reducer - 30% and size of particles - 0,1 mm. Based on conducted studies following optimal conditions of chlorination of alumina containing waste products with reducer - natural gas were found: temperature - 650-750 deg C, chlorination duration - 2 hours, chlorine to methane ratio is 4:1 and size of particles - 0,2-0,3 mm.
Porous alumina based ordered nanocomposite coating for wear resistance
Yadav, Arti; Muthukumar, M.; Bobji, M. S.
Uniformly dispersed nanocomposite coating of aligned metallic nanowires in a matrix of amorphous alumina is fabricated by pulsed electrodeposition of copper into the pores of porous anodic alumina. Uniform deposition is obtained by controlling the geometry of the dendritic structure at the bottom of pores through stepwise voltage reduction followed by mild etching. The tribological behaviour of this nanocomposite coating is evaluated using a ball on flat reciprocating tribometer under the dry contact conditions. The nanocomposite coating has higher wear resistance compared to corresponding porous alumina coating. Wear resistant nanocomposite coating has wide applications especially in protecting the internal surfaces of aluminium internal combustion engines.
Alumina Paste Sublimation Suppression Barrier for Thermoelectric Device
Paik, Jong-Ah (Inventor); Caillat, Thierry (Inventor)
Alumina as a sublimation suppression barrier for a Zintl thermoelectric material in a thermoelectric power generation device operating at high temperature, e.g. at or above 1000K, is disclosed. The Zintl thermoelectric material may comprise Yb.sub.14MnSb.sub.11. The alumina may be applied as an adhesive paste dried and cured on a substantially oxide free surface of the Zintl thermoelectric material and polished to a final thickness. The sublimation suppression barrier may be finalized by baking out the alumina layer on the Zintl thermoelectric material until it becomes substantially clogged with ytterbia.
Characterization of Glasses in One Type of Alumina Rich Fly Ash by Chemical Digestion Methods: Implications for Alumina Extraction
Lijun Zhao
Full Text Available In recent years, one type of alumina rich fly ash (ARFA with about 50 wt% of alumina has been extensively investigated for alumina extraction in China. Due to the silica in ARFA, alumina extraction would have to generate a huge amount of solid waste. There is a growing interest in the glasses in ARFA, because they are composed mainly of silica and could be removed prior to alumina extraction. In this work, the glasses in ARFA have been investigated by chemical methods, that is, acid and base digestions. The chemical compositions have been measured by XRF for ARFA from the digestion processes. The K2O standard, XRD, and FTIR spectroscopies were successfully used to define the digestions processes, and size analysis and SEM-EDX provided rich information on particle transformations. As a result, acid and base digestion methods were found to produce very similar results for the glasses in ARFA. The K2O standard was attributed to the formation of glasses by illites, and TiO2 and Fe2O3 were proposed to originate from ilmenite in alumina rich coals (ARC. Some implications of the results were also discussed for the alumina extraction from ARFA.
Direct spray pyrolysis of aluminum chloride solution for alumina preparation
吕国志; 张廷安; 王龙; 马思达; 豆志河; 刘燕
The effects of pyrolysis mode and pyrolysis parameters on Cl content in alumina were investigated, and the alumina products were characterized by XRD, SEM and ASAP. The experimental results indicate that the spray pyrolysis efficiency is higher than that of static pyrolysis process, and the reaction and evaporation process lead to a multi-plot state of the alumina products by spray pyrolysis. Aluminum phase starts to transform intoγ-Al2O3 at spray pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C, which is about 200 °C lower than that of static pyrolysis process. The primary particle size of γ-Al2O3 product is 27.62 nm, and Cl content in alumina products is 0.38%at 800 °C for 20 min.
Structure and surface properties of praseodymium modified alumina
Mixed PrO2-Al2O3 oxides with different PrO2 content (1-20 wt.%) were prepared by wetness impregnation of γ-alumina with aqueous solution of praseodymium nitrate. The samples were characterized by different techniques, using surface adsorption-desorption of N2 (SBET), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) and temperature-programmed desorption of CO2 (TPD-CO2). TGA and XRD showed the presence of small praseodymium oxide species on the alumina surface. XPS and DRS detected electron deficient interaction between deposited praseodymium oxide and alumina. It was observed a lower reduction temperature for supported Pr oxide species compared to that of the bulk Pr6O11. TPD-CO2 studies suggested that the deposition of Pr oxide on alumina leaded to increase of the basicity of mixed oxides.
Fused Cast Alumina Refractory Products for Glass Tank Furnace
SHEN Keyin
@@ 1 Subject and Scope The standard specifies the requirement, testing method, inspection rule and requirements for the labeling, packing, shipping and storing of the fused cast alumina refractory products for glass tanks.
Aluminum microstructures on anodic alumina for aluminum wiring boards.
Jha, Himendra; Kikuchi, Tatsuya; Sakairi, Masatoshi; Takahashi, Hideaki
The paper demonstrates simple methods for the fabrication of aluminum microstructures on the anodic oxide film of aluminum. The aluminum sheets were first engraved (patterned) either by laser beam or by embossing to form deep grooves on the surface. One side of the sheet was then anodized, blocking the other side by using polymer mask to form the anodic alumina. Because of the lower thickness at the bottom part of the grooves, the part was completely anodized before the complete oxidation of the other parts. Such selectively complete anodizing resulted in the patterns of metallic aluminum on anodic alumina. Using the technique, we fabricated microstructures such as line patterns and a simple wiring circuit-board-like structure on the anodic alumina. The aluminum microstructures fabricated by the techniques were embedded in anodic alumina/aluminum sheet, and this technique is promising for applications in electronic packaging and devices. PMID:20356280
High Alumina Refractory Bricks for Electric Arc Furnace Roofs
@@ 1 Scope This standard specifies the sort, technical requirement, test method, inspection rules, marking, packing, transportation, storage and quality certification of high alumina refractory bricks for electric arc furnace roofs.
Superhydrophobic alumina surface based on stearic acid modification
A novel superhydrophobic alumina surface is fabricated by grafting stearic acid layer onto the porous and roughened aluminum film. The chemical and phase structure, morphology, and the chemical state of the atoms at the superhydrophobic surface were investigated by techniques as FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM, and XPS, respectively. Results show that a super water-repellent surface with a contact angle of 154.2o is generated. The superhydrophobic alumina surface takes on an uneven flowerlike structure with many nanometer-scale hollows distribute in the nipple-shaped protrusions, and which is composed of boehmite crystal and γ-Al2O3. Furthermore, the roughened and porous alumina surface is coated with a layer of hydrophobic alkyl chains which come from stearic acid molecules. Therefore, both the roughened structure and the hydrophobic layer endue the alumina surface with the superhydrophobic behavior.
Removing Fluoride Ions with Continously Fed Activated Alumina.
Wu, Yeun C.; Itemaking, Isara Cholapranee
Discussed is the mathematical basis for determining fluoride removal during water treatment with activated alumina. The study indicates that decreasing particle size decreases the pore diffusion effect and increases fluoride removal. (AS)
Recent advances in silica-alumina refractory: A review
Chaouki Sadik
Full Text Available In this article, the elaboration and the characterization of silica-alumina refractory have been reviewed. Refractory oxides encompass a broad range of unary, binary, and ternary ceramic compounds that can be used in structural, insulating, and other applications. This paper provides a historical perspective on the elaboration and the use of silica-alumina refractory, reviews applications for refractory oxides, describes typical processing routes, overviews fundamental structure–property relations, and summarizes the properties of these materials.
Adsorption of textile dye onto modified immobilized activated alumina
Wasti, A.; Ali, Awan M.
The study describes the synthesis of modified immobilized activated alumina (MIAA) and its application for the removal of textile dye from aqueous media. Immobilization was carried out by using the sol–gel method while modifications were made during the synthesis by adding powder activated alumina. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out at 20 ± 1 °C to see the effect of different parameters like contact time, stirring rate, initial concentration of the dye and dose of MIAA. The removal...
Preparation of spherical hollow alumina particles by thermal plasma
Spherical hollow particles were prepared from solid alumina powders using DC arc thermal plasma, and then spray coating was performed with the as-prepared particles. Operating variables for the hollow particle preparation process were additional plasma gas, input power, and carrier gas flow rate. The spherical hollow alumina particles were produced in the case of using additive gas of H2 or N2, while alumina surface was hardly molten in the pure argon thermal plasma. In addition, the hollow particles were well produced in high power and low carrier gas conditions due to high melting point of alumina. Hollow structure was confirmed by focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy analysis. Morphology and size distribution of the prepared particles that were examined by field emission-scanning electron microscopy and phase composition of the particles was characterized by X-ray diffraction. In the spray coating process, the as-prepared hollow particles showed higher deposition rate. - Highlights: ► Spherical hollow alumina powder was prepared by non-transferred DC arc plasma. ► Diatomic gasses were added in Ar plasma for high power. ► Prepared hollow alumina powder was efficient for the plasma spray coating
High toughness alumina ceramics with elongated grains developed from seeds
XIE; Zhipeng; (谢志鹏); GAO; Lichun; (高立春); LI; Wenchao; (李文超); XU; Lihua; (徐利华); WANG; Xidong; (王习东)
In the present paper, the influence of α-Al2O3 seeds and sintering methods on elongated grain growth and fracture toughness is investigated. The preparation of alumina ceramics started with commercial aluminum hydroxide. Abrasives were introduced to the starting materials by wet-grinding of high-purity alumina milling balls. Abrasives, playing the role of seeds, lowered the transformation temperature of aluminum hydroxide to alumina. Microstructures with elongated grains were developed by hot-pressing for the above calcined powders containing α-Al2O3 seeds, and alumina grain shapes changed with the amount of seeds introduced. However, only equiaxed grains were observed for the samples pressureless sintered. Fracture toughness of the alumina ceramics was dramatically improved by elongated grains. For the sample hot-pressed at 1600℃ for 2 h under 40 MPa pressure, fracture toughness reached 7.1 MPa·m1/2, which is much higher than that of normal alumina ceramics without elongated grains. In addition, high flexural strength of 630 MPa for the hot-pressed samples was also obtained.
Characterization and performance of alumina inserts reinforced with zirconia
Alumina-based ceramics reinforced with zirconia were produced as inserts to be used as cutting tools. The objective of this work was to characterize and to evaluate the inserts as well as their performance in service. Additions of zirconia varying from 0.05 up to 0.20 wt% were done in alumina in order to select that composition presenting the best mechanical behavior. To do this, four-point bending mechanical strength, hardness and fracture toughness measurements were carried out. The best performance was found for alumina processing 0.010 wt.% of zirconia addition. The addition of zirconia was made with the objective of giving higher toughness to the insert throughout the microcracking reinforcing mechanism. The alumina reinforced inserts were compared with inserts of alumina without zirconia. It was accomplished by performing machining tests onto a SAE 1045 steel. The obtained results indicated that the zirconia reinforcement was able to improve the performance of the alumina cutting tools considerably. (author)
Adsorption of itaconic acid from aqueous solutions onto alumina
Full Text Available Itaconic acid, IA (C5H6O4, was investigated as a potential flocculant for the aqueous processing of alumina powders. The adsorption of IA, as a function of its concentration and pH value of the solution, onto the alumina surface was studied by the solution depletion method. The stability of the suspensions in the presence of itaconic acid was evaluated in light of the surface charge of the alumina powder used, the degree of dissociation of IA, as well as the sedimentation behavior and rheology of the suspensions. It was found that the adsorption process is extremely pH dependent; the maximum adsorption of IA onto alumina surface occurring at a pH close to the value of the first IA dissociation constant, pKa1. Also, IA does not influence the value of the point of zero charge of alumina. It was shown that IA represents an efficient flocculant for concentrated acidic alumina suspensions.
Antibacterial activity of zinc oxide-coated nanoporous alumina
Highlights: ► Atomic layer deposition was used to deposit ZnO on nanoporous alumina membranes. ► Scanning electron microscopy showed continuous coatings of zinc oxide nanocrystals. ► Activity against B. subtilis, E. coli, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis was shown. - Abstract: Nanoporous alumina membranes, also known as anodized aluminum oxide membranes, are being investigated for use in treatment of burn injuries and other skin wounds. In this study, atomic layer deposition was used for coating the surfaces of nanoporous alumina membranes with zinc oxide. Agar diffusion assays were used to show activity of zinc oxide-coated nanoporous alumina membranes against several bacteria found on the skin surface, including Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. On the other hand, zinc oxide-coated nanoporous alumina membranes did not show activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans. These results suggest that zinc oxide-coated nanoporous alumina membranes have activity against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that are associated with skin colonization and skin infection.
Dynamic yield and tensile strengths of spark plasma sintered alumina
Fully dense alumina samples with 0.6 μm grain size were produced from alumina powder using Spark Plasma Sintering and tested in two types of VISAR-instrumented planar impact tests. In the tests of the first type the samples of 0.28 to 6-mm thickness were loaded by 1-mm tungsten impactors accelerated up to a velocity of about 1 km/s. These tests were aimed to study the Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL) of the SPS-processed alumina and the decay of the elastic precursor wave with propagation distance. In the second type of test the samples of ∼3-mm thickness were loaded by 1-mm copper impactors accelerated up to velocities 100-1000 m/s. These tests were aimed to study the dynamic tensile (spall) strength of the alumina. The data on tensile fracture of the alumina demonstrate a monotonic decline of the spall strength with the amplitude of the loading stress pulse. The data on the decay of the elastic precursor wave allows for determining the rates of the irreversible (inelastic) strains in the SPS-processed alumina at the initial stages of shock-induced inelastic deformation and, thus, to derive some conclusions concerning the mechanisms responsible of the deformation.
Antibacterial activity of zinc oxide-coated nanoporous alumina
Skoog, S.A. [Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Box 7115, Raleigh, NC 27695-7115 (United States); Bayati, M.R. [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Box 7907, Raleigh, NC 27695-7907 (United States); Petrochenko, P.E. [Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Box 7115, Raleigh, NC 27695-7115 (United States); Division of Biology, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993 (United States); Stafslien, S.; Daniels, J.; Cilz, N. [Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, North Dakota State University, 1805 Research Park Drive, Fargo, ND 58102 (United States); Comstock, D.J.; Elam, J.W. [Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439 (United States); Narayan, R.J., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Box 7115, Raleigh, NC 27695-7115 (United States); Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Box 7907, Raleigh, NC 27695-7907 (United States)
Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Atomic layer deposition was used to deposit ZnO on nanoporous alumina membranes. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Scanning electron microscopy showed continuous coatings of zinc oxide nanocrystals. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Activity against B. subtilis, E. coli, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis was shown. - Abstract: Nanoporous alumina membranes, also known as anodized aluminum oxide membranes, are being investigated for use in treatment of burn injuries and other skin wounds. In this study, atomic layer deposition was used for coating the surfaces of nanoporous alumina membranes with zinc oxide. Agar diffusion assays were used to show activity of zinc oxide-coated nanoporous alumina membranes against several bacteria found on the skin surface, including Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. On the other hand, zinc oxide-coated nanoporous alumina membranes did not show activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans. These results suggest that zinc oxide-coated nanoporous alumina membranes have activity against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that are associated with skin colonization and skin infection.
Annealing Would Improve beta" - Alumina Solid Electrolyte
Williams, Roger; Homer, Margie; Ryan, Margaret; Cortez, Roger; Shields, Virgil; Kisor, Adam
A pre-operational annealing process is under investigation as a potential means of preventing a sudden reduction of ionic conductivity in a Beta"-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE) during use. On the basis of tests, the sudden reduction of ionic conductivity, followed by a slow recovery, has been found to occur during testing of the solid electrolyte and electrode components of an alkali metal thermal-to-electric converter (AMTEC) cell. At this time, high-temperature tests of limited duration have indicated the superiority of the treated BASE, but reproducible tests over thousands of hours are necessary to confirm that microcracking has been eliminated. The ionic conductivity of the treated BASE is also measured to be higher than untreated BASE at 1,073 K in low-pressure sodium vapor. Microcracking resulting in loss of conductivity was not observed with treated BASE in one high-temperature experiment, but this result must be duplicated over very long testing times to be sure of the effect. Shorter annealing times (10 to 20 hours) were found to result in significantly less loss of mass; it may be necessary for the packed powder mixture to evolve some Na2O before the Na2O can leave the ceramic.
Microstructure Analysis of Thermally Etched Alumina Ceramics
Fudurić Jelača, M.
Full Text Available Ceramography is the art and science of preparation, examination, and evaluation of ceramic microstructures. Microstructure is the structure level approximately 0.1 to 100 μ m between the wavelength of visible light and the resolution limit of the naked eye. The microstructure includes most grains, secondary phases, grain boundaries, pores, microcracks, hardness microindentations. Investigation and evaluation of ceramic microstructure is very important because a number of mechanical, optical, thermal, electrical and other properties of ceramics are significantly affected by the microstructure. The techniques for ceramographic preparation are divided into five parts: sawing, mounting, grinding, polishing and etching.In this paper a method for preparation of a cold isostatically pressed high purity alumina ceramics (α-Al2O3 is described. Microstructure analysis of prepared ceramics was performed by means of optical microscopy (OM, scanning electron microscopy (SEM and atomic force microscopy (AFM. Porosity is determined on the polished sample; grain size is measured after thermal etching. The mean grain diameter is determined by means of lineal-intercept method, circular-intercept method and image analysis.
Coprecipitated nickel-alumina methanation catalysts
In the last few years there has been a renewed interest in the methanation reaction CO+3H2=CH4+H2O. The investigations described in this thesis were performed in relation to the application of this reaction, within the framework of the so-called 'NFE' project, also called 'ADAM' and 'EVA' project. This project, which has been under investigation in West Germany for some years, aims at the investigation of the feasibility of transporting heat from a nuclear high temperature reactor by means of a chemical cycle. A promising possibility to realize such a cycle exists in applying the combination of the endothermic steam reforming of methane and the exothermic methanation reaction. This thesis describes the investigations into a certain type of methanation catalyst, viz. a coprecipitated nickel-alumina catalyst, with the aim to give more insight into the interrelationship between the preparation conditions on the one hand and catalyst properties such as activity and stability on the other hand. (Auth.)
Thermal Conductivity of Alumina and Silica Nanofluids
Castellanos, Julian G. Bernal
This thesis studies the effects of the base fluid, particle type/size, and volumetric concentration on the thermal conductivity of Alumina and Silica nanofluids. The effects of base fluid were observed by preparing samples using ethylene glycol (EG), water, and mixtures of EG/water as the base fluid and Al2O3 (10 nm) nanoparticles. The particles type/size and volumetric concentration effects were tested by preparing samples of nanofluids using Al2O3 (10nm), Al2O3 (150nm), SiO2 (15 nm), and SiO2 (80 nm) nanoparticles and ionized water as base fluid at different volumetric concentrations. All samples were mixed using a sonicator for 30 minutes and a water circulator to maintain the sample at room temperature. The thermal conductivity was measured using a Thermtest Transient Plane Source TPS 500S. The effects of gravity, Brownian motion and thermophoresis were also studied. EG produced the highest thermal conductivity enhancement out of all base fluids tested. Smaller particle size produced a higher enhancement of thermal conductivity, while the volumetric concentration did not have a significant effect in the thermal conductivity enhancement. Finally, gravity, Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis effects played a role in the total enhancement of the thermal conductivity. The nanoparticles were observed to settle rapidly after sonication suggesting gravity effects may play a significant role.
Emre Yalamac
Sintering behaviors of alumina-spinel powder mixtures were investigated up to 1600oC using a vertical dilatometer. Final density and microstructure of pure alumina, magnesium aluminate spinel (MgAl2O4) ceramics and ceramic composites with different alumina-spinel ratio were examined. As a result, the densification and final density of alumina-spinel composites were affected by addition of 10 wt. % and 20 wt. % spinel into alumina. Non-stoichiometric alumina-rich spinel phase was d...
Ion polarization behavior in alumina under pulsed gate bias stress
Alkali metal ion incorporation in alumina significantly increases alumina capacitance by ion polarization. With high capacitance, ion-incorporated aluminas become promising high dielectric constant (high-k) gate dielectric materials in field-effect transistors (FETs) to enable reduced operating voltage, using oxide or organic semiconductors. Alumina capacitance can be manipulated by incorporation of alkali metal ions, including potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), and lithium (Li+), having different bond strengths with oxygen. To investigate the electrical stability of zinc tin oxide-based transistors using ion incorporated alumina as gate dielectrics, pulsed biases at different duty cycles (20%, 10%, and 2% representing 5 ms, 10 ms, and 50 ms periods, respectively) were applied to the gate electrode, sweeping the gate voltage over series of these cycles. We observed a particular bias stress-induced decrease of saturation field-effect mobility accompanied by threshold voltage shifts (ΔVth) in potassium and sodium-incorporated alumina (abbreviated as PA and SA)-based FETs at high duty cycle that persisted over multiple gate voltage sweeps, suggesting a possible creation of new defects in the semiconductor. This conclusion is also supported by the greater change in the mobility-capacitance (μC) product than in capacitance itself. Moreover, a more pronounced ΔVth over shorter times was observed in lithium-incorporated alumina (abbreviated as LA)-based transistors, suggesting trapping of electrons in existing interfacial states. ΔVth from multiple gate voltage sweeps over time were fit to stretched exponential forms. All three dielectrics show good stability using 50-ms intervals (20-Hz frequencies), corresponding to 2% duty cycles
The mechanical reliability of alumina scales and coatings
Alexander, K.B.; Pruebner, K.; Tortorelli, P.F. [Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States)
The mechanical integrity of oxide scales ultimately determines their ability to protect materials from corrosion and other environmental effects arising from deleterious reactions with gases and condensable products. The microstructure and mechanical behavior of alumina products thermally grown or deposited on Fe-28 at.% Al intermetallic alloys are being characterized in order to develop the knowledge and means to control the mechanical reliability of alumina scales by microstructural manipulation through design and processing. Mechanical characterization involved gravimetric data from cyclic oxidation experiments, in-situ observation of oxidized specimens undergoing flexural loading in a scanning electron microscope, and measurements of hardness, elastic modulus and cracking resistance by nanoindentation. Values of cracking thresholds for Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} scales were consistent with other measurements for surface and bulk alumina. The oxidation behavior of Fe{sub 3}Al alloys coated with a thin (0.5 - 1 {mu}m) alumina film deposited by plasma synthesis has been studied. During exposure in the oxidizing environment, new oxide was formed between the coating and the substrate. The presence of the deposited amorphous oxide inhibited the subsequent thermal oxidation of the metal. Because the thermally grown alumina forms under the deposit, the adherence of the coating is controlled by the strength of the metal/oxide interface that develops during oxidation.
Plasma Processes : Plasma sprayed alumina coatings for radiation detector development
Mary Alex; V Balagi; K R Prasad; K P Sreekumar; P V Ananthapadmanabhan
Conventional design of radiation detectors uses sintered ceramic insulating modules. The major drawback of these ceramic components is their inherent brittleness. Ion chambers, in which these ceramic spacers are replaced by metallic components with plasma spray coated alumina, have been developed in our Research Centre. These components act as thin spacers that have good mechanical strength as well as high electrical insulation and replace alumina insulators with the same dimensions. As a result, the design of the beam loss monitor ion chamber for CAT could be simplified by coating the outer surface of the HT electrode with alumina. One of the chambers developed for isotope calibrator for brachytherapy gamma sources has its outer aluminium electrode (60 mm dia × 220 mm long) coated with 250 thick alumina (97%) + titania (3%). In view of potential applications in neutron-sensitive ion chambers used in reactor control instrumentation, studies were carried out on alumina 100 to 500 thick coatings on copper, aluminium and SS components. The electrical insulation varied from 108 ohms to 1012 ohms for coating thicknesses above 200 . The porosity in the coating resulted in some fall in electrical insulation due to moisture absorption. An improvement could be achieved by providing the ceramic surface with moisture-repellent silicone oil coating. Irradiation at Apsara reactor core location showed that the coating on aluminium was found to be unaffected after exposure to 1017 nvt fluence.
Aluminas with dispersoids. Tribologic properties and in vivo aging.
Mandrino, A; Moyen, B; Ben Abdallah, A; Treheux, D; Orange, D
Three base alumina ceramics with dispersoids: monoclinic zirconia alumina (A5Z), tetragonal zirconia alumina (A20Z) and aluminalon (Aa20) have been investigated because of their improved mechanical properties with reference to pure alumina (AI203). Bending strength and fracture toughness are twice higher than alumina for the most toughened. These two parameters were measured by four-points bending tests after 1 week, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12 months of non loaded in vivo aging in wistar rats. They showed a little decrease for AI203 and Aa20 and a total stability for A5Z and A20Z even after one year. For tribologic study of the ceramic/polyethylene combination, cylinder against plane and pin on flat tests were conducted on an alternative movement with hip parameters of speed and load in presence of ringer solution. For the most representative test (pin on disk), the friction coefficients were nearly the same for all materials but UHMWPE wear volume was twice lower against A20Z than against AI203. A20Z/UHMWPE combination would be very interesting as new friction couple for total hip arthroplasty. Further studies are currently conducted. PMID:2397268
Enriched fluoride sorption using alumina/chitosan composite
Alumina possesses an appreciable defluoridation capacity (DC) of 1566 mg F-/kg. In order to improve its DC, it is aimed to prepare alumina polymeric composites using the chitosan. Alumina/chitosan (AlCs) composite was prepared by incorporating alumina particles in the chitosan polymeric matrix, which can be made into any desired form viz., beads, candles and membranes. AlCs composite displayed a maximum DC of 3809 mg F-/kg than the alumina and chitosan (52 mg F-/kg). The fluoride removal studies were carried out in batch mode to optimize the equilibrium parameters viz., contact time, pH, co-anions and temperature. The equilibrium data was fitted with Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms to find the best fit for the sorption process. The calculated values of thermodynamic parameters indicate the nature of sorption. The surface characterisation of the sorbent was performed by FTIR, AFM and SEM with EDAX analysis. A possible mechanism of fluoride sorption by AlCs composite has been proposed. Suitability of AlCs composite at field conditions was tested with a field sample taken from a nearby fluoride-endemic village. This work provides a potential platform for the development of defluoridation technology.
Synthesis and structural evaluation of freeze-cast porous alumina
In this work we fabricated alumina samples by the freeze-casting technique using tert-butanol as the solvent. The prepared materials were examined by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microtomography. Next, they were coated with sol–gel silica films by dip-coating. Permeability tests were carried out in order to assess the permeation behavior of the materials processed in this study. We observed that the sintering time and alumina loading showed a remarkable effect on both the structural properties and flexural strength of the freeze-cast samples. Nitrogen adsorption tests revealed that the silica prepared in this study exhibited a microporous structure. It was observed that the presence of silica coatings on the alumina surface decreased the CO2 permeance by about one order of magnitude. Because of the similar kinetic diameters of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, the CO2/N2 system showed a separation efficiency that was lower than that observed for the He/CO2 and He/N2 systems. We noticed that increasing the feed pressure improved the separation capacity of the obtained materials. - Highlights: • Porous alumina samples obtained by the freeze-casting technique • Microporous silica coating prepared by a simple sol–gel dip-coating methodology • Samples examined by SEM, μ-CT, and nitrogen sorption tests • Mechanical tests were carried out in the freeze-cast samples. • The presence of silica coatings on the alumina surface decreased the CO2 permeance
The nature of hydrogen in γ-alumina
Gibbs free energy models are derived from the calculated electronic and phonon structure of two possible models of γ-alumina, a defective spinel phase and a hydrogenated spinel phase. The intrinsic vacancies and hydrogen in the two structural models give rise to a considerable configurational (residual) entropy and significantly contribute to thermodynamic stability and physical-chemical properties of γ-alumina, which was neglected in previous studies but considered in this work. The electronic densities of states, calculated using a hybrid functional for the two structural models of γ-alumina, are presented. The dynamic stability of the two phases is confirmed by full-spectrum phonon calculations. The two phases share many similarities in their electronic structure, but can be distinguished by their vibrational spectra and specific heat. The defective spinel is found to be the ground state of γ-alumina, while the hydrogenated spinel to be a metastable phase. However, dehydration of the metastable phase into the ground state is expected to be slow due to the low diffusion rate of H, which leaves hydrogen as a locked-in impurity in γ-alumina.
Modifying alumina red mud to support a revegetation cover
Xenidis, A.; Harokopou, A. D.; Mylona, E.; Brofas, G.
Alumina red mud, a fine-textured, iron-rich, alkaline residue, is the major waste product of bauxite digestion with caustic soda to remove alumina. The high alkalinity and salinity as well as the poor nutrient status are considered to be the major constraints of red mud revegetation. This research was conducted to evaluate the ameliorating effect of gypsum, sewage sludge, ferrous sulfate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and calcium phosphate on alumina red mud. The effectiveness of the mixtures was evaluated by applying extraction tests and performing experiments using six plant species. Gypsum amendment significantly reduced the pH, electrical conductivity, and sodium and aluminum content of red mud. Sewage sludge application had an extended effect in improving both the soil structure and the nutrient status of the gypsum-amended red mud. Together with the gypsum and sewage sludge, calcium phosphate application into red mud enhanced plant growth and gave the most promising results.
New adsorbent, silver-alumina for radioactive iodine filter
Silver-alumina adsorbent has been developed for the iodine filter installed in the off-gas treatment system of a radioactive waste tank vent. In order to improve the removal efficiency under a highly humid atmosphere and to reduce susceptibility to contaminants in the air, the optimum average pore size of alumina was determined to be about 600 A when the impregnated silver compound was silver nitrate. The holding capability of impregnated silver was also improved by developing a double pore structure alumina. The effects of chemical forms and contaminants on the removal efficiency were explained by an ionic reaction mechanism at high relative humidity, which involves water vapor adsorption in micropores by capillary condensation followed by formation of a silver iodide compound
Studies on synthesis of alumina nanopowder from synthetic Bayer liquor
Procedure for synthesis of alumina nanopowder from Bayer liquor (synthetic sodium aluminate solution) is investigated. Cooling, ageing and then addition of 3 ml/l Tiron (1,2-dihydroxy-3,5-benzene disulfonic acid disodium salt) to the supersaturated liquor affect purity and fineness of the nanopowder product. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) analyses indicate that purity of the alumina nanopowder increases with the aging time. Experimental observations show that highly pure alumina nanopowders could be produced by direct calcination of cold gelatinous sodium aluminate solution followed by careful washing at a Tiron concentration of 3 ml/l NaOH
Calculation of the effective emissivity of blackbodies made of alumina
Blackbodies are sources of temperature radiation that are used for calibration of radiation thermometers. Their effective emissivity should be close to the value of 1 to approximate an ideal Planckian radiator. Their effective emissivity depends on the geometry of their cavity and the used material. It can be estimated by measurements, but often it is calculated by numerical methods. For typical graphite blackbodies, it was shown in the past that high effective emissivities better than 0.999 can be reached. In this paper, calculations of the effective emissivity of a alumina blackbody are presented. Alumina is a new material for blackbodies, with different radiation properties. Using two calculation methods (integrative cavity method and Monte Carlo method), the effective cavity emissivity for blank and coated alumina is estimated. It is shown that effective spectral emissivities up to 0.999 87 can be reached. (paper)
Origin of High-Alumina Basalt, Andesite, and Dacite Magmas.
Hamilton, W
The typical volcanic rocks of most island arcs and eugeosynclines, and of some continental environments, are basalt, andesite, and dacite, of high alumina content. The high-alumina basalt differs from tholeiitic basalt primarily in having a greater content of the components of calcic plagioclase. Laboratory data indicate that in the upper mantle, below the level at which the basaltic component of mantle rock is transformed by pressure to eclogite or pyroxenite, the entire basaltic portion probably is melted within a narrow temperature range, but that above the level of that transformation plagioclase is melted selectively before pyroxene over a wide temperature range. The broad spectrum of high-alumina magmas may represent widely varying degrees of partial melting above the transformation level, whereas narrow-spectrum tholeiite magma may represent more complete melting beneath it. PMID:17794034
Thermal and Electrical Characterization of Alumina Substrate for Microelectronic Applications
This paper reports the effect of sintering temperature on thermal and electrical properties of alumina material as substrate for microelectronic devices. Alumina materials in the form of green sheet with 1 mm thickness were sintered at 1100 deg. C, 1300 deg. C and 1500 deg. C for about 20 hours using heating and cooling rates of 2 deg. C/min. The densities were measured using densitometer and the microstructures of the samples were analyzed using SEM micrographs. Meanwhile thermal and electrical properties of the samples were measured using flash method and impedance analyzer respectively. It was found that thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the substrate increases as sintering temperature increases. It was found also that the dielectric constant of alumina substrate increases as the sintering temperature increases.
Pressureless sintering behavior of injection molded alumina ceramics
Liu W.
Full Text Available The pressureless sintering behaviors of two widely used submicron alumina (MgOdoped and undoped with different solid loadings produced by injection molding have been studied systematically. Regardless of the sinterability of different powders depending on their inherent properties, solid loading plays a critical role on the sintering behavior of injection molded alumina, which greatly determines the densification and grain size, and leads to its full densification at low temperatures. As compared to the MgO-doped alumina powder, the undoped specimens exhibit a higher sinterability for its smaller particle size and larger surface area. While full densification could be achieved for MgO-doped powders with only a lower solid loading, due to the fact that MgO addition can reduce the detrimental effect of the large pore space on the pore-boundary separation.
Alumina Template-Dependant Growth of Cobalt Nanowire Arrays
L. Malferrari
Full Text Available Different electrochemical regimes and porous alumina were applied for template synthesis of cobalt nanowire (nw arrays, revealing several peculiar cases. In contrast to quite uniform filling of sulfuric acid alumina templates by alternating current deposition, nonuniform growth of the Co nw tufts and mushrooms was obtained for the case of oxalic acid templates. We showed herein for the first time that such configurations arise from the spontaneous growth of cobalt nw groups evolving from the cobalt balls at the Al/alumina interface. Nevertheless, the uniform growth of densely packed cobalt nw arrays, up to tens of micrometers in length, was obtained via long-term direct current galvanostatic deposition at low current density using oxalic acid templates one-side coated by conducting layer. The unique point of this regime is the formation of hexagonal lattice Co nws with a preferred (100 growth direction.
Fabrication of alumina films with laminated structures by ac anodization
Anodization techniques by alternating current (ac) are introduced in this review. By using ac anodization, laminated alumina films are fabricated. Different types of alumina films consisting of 50–200 nm layers were obtained by varying both the ac power supply and the electrolyte. The total film thickness increased with an increase in the total charge transferred. The thickness of the individual layers increased with the ac voltage; however, the anodization time had little effect on the film thickness. The laminated alumina films resembled the nacre structure of shells, and the different morphologies exhibited by bivalves and spiral shells could be replicated by controlling the rate of increase of the applied potentials. (paper)
Intrinsic and extrinsic luminescence of nanosize transition alumina powders
Luminescence spectroscopy in the VUV-visible range under electron-beam excitation and synchrotron radiation was applied to investigate electronic properties of alumina nanopowders, which were prepared using the combustion synthesis method. By varying reaction and post treatment conditions we were able to prepare phase pure samples and powders with mixtures of α- and γ-phases mainly. In addition to the well-known 7.6 eV luminescence of STE of α-alumina, all samples possessed complex emission bands in UV range (3–5 eV) which originate from intrinsic excitonic emissions and extrinsic electronic excitations. -- Highlights: ► Luminescent spectroscopy of nanosized alumina powders was studied at 8 K. ► The crystalline structure of samples was analysed. ► Luminescent spectra, lifetimes and absorption onsets were discussed
Plastic deformation and sintering of alumina under high pressure
Plastic deformation of alumina (Al2O3) under high pressure was investigated by observing the shape changes of spherical particles, and the near fully dense transparent bulks were prepared at around 5.5 GPa and 900 °C. Through analyzing the deformation features, densities, and residual micro-strain of the Al2O3 compacts prepared under high pressures and temperatures (2.0–5.5 GPa and 600–1200 °C), the effects of plastic deformation on the sintering behavior of alumina have been demonstrated. Under compression, the microscopic deviatoric stress caused by grain-to-grain contact could initiate the plastic deformation of individual particles, eliminate pores of the polycrystalline samples, and enhance the local atomic diffusion at the grain boundaries, thus produced transparent alumina bulks
Alumina composites for oxide/oxide fibrous monoliths
Most work on ceramic fibrous monoliths (FMs) has focused on the Si3N4/BN system. In an effort to develop oxidation-resistant FMs, several oxide systems have recently been examined. Zirconia-toughened alumina and alumina/mullite appear to be good candidates for the cell phase of FMs. These composites offer higher strength and toughness than pure alumina and good high-temperature stability. By combining these oxides, possibly with a weaker high-temperature oxide as the cell-boundary phase, it should be possible to product a strong, resilient FM that exhibits graceful failure. Several material combinations have been examined. Results on FM fabrication and microstructural development are presented
Effects of yttrium on the sintering and microstructure of alumina-silicon carbide "nanocomposites"
Cock, AM; Shapiro, IP; Todd, RI; Roberts, SG
Alumina and alumina-based "nanocomposites" with 2 and 5 vol% silicon carbide and varying amounts of yttria (0-1.5 wt%) have been prepared by pressureless sintering in the temperature range 1450°-1650°C. The effects of composition and sintering temperature on density and microstructure are reported. Yttria inhibited sintering in alumina, but enhanced the sinterability of the nanocomposites. It also induced abnormal grain growth in both alumina and nanocomposites, but strongly bimodal grain siz...
Hydrogen removal from e-beam deposited alumina thin films by oxygen ion beam
Hydrogen interstitials and oxygen vacancies defects create energy levels in the band gap of alumina. This limits the application of alumina as a high-k dielectric. A low thermal budget method for removal of hydrogen from alumina is discussed. It is shown that bombardment of alumina films with low energy oxygen ion beam during electron beam evaporation deposition decreases the hydrogen concentration in the film significantly
Direct current plasma spraying of mechanofused alumina-steel particles
Bouneder, Mohamed; Ageorges, Hélène; El Ganaoui, M.; Pateyron, Bernard; Fauchais, Pierre
Paper project pages 26 Stainless steel particles (60 µm in mean diameter) cladded with an alumina shell (2 µm thick and manufactured by mechanofusion) were sprayed with an Ar-H2 (53-7 slm) d.c. plasma jet (I = 500 A, P = 28 kW, \\rho_th = 56 %). Two main types of particles were collected in flight, as close as 50 mm downstream of the nozzle exit: particles with a steel core with pieces of alumina unevenly distributed at their surface and those consisting of a spherical stainless steel parti...
Behaviour modelling of two aluminas in divergent spherical pyrotechnical experiments
Two pure aluminas of different characteristics have been subjected to the propagation of a longitudinal divergent spherical shock wave through pyrotechnical experiments. An approach combining a phenomenological analysis and numerical 1D-calculations is proposed to study the behaviour of these aluminas submitted to that type of wave loading. The modelling, proposed in a previous paper, is refined and gives satisfying experimentation-calculation correlations. An analysis of the influence exerted by the various encountered phenomena (plastic activity, pore closure, microcracking) is performed. The significant consequence of the activation of damage with an extension criterion is also underlined. (orig.)
Inelastic neutron scattering studies of methyl chloride synthesis over alumina
Lennon, David; Parker, Stewart F.
Not only is alumina the most widely used catalyst support material in the world, it is also an important catalyst in its own right. One major chemical process that uses alumina in this respect is the industrial production of methyl chloride. This is a large scale process (650 000 metric tons in 2010 in the United States), and a key feedstock in the production of silicones that are widely used as household sealants. In this Account, we show how, in partnership with conventional spectroscopic a...
Comparative study on sintered alumina for ballistic shielding application
This work presents a development of the armor made from special ceramic materials and kevlar. An experimental investigation was conducted to study the ballistic penetration resistance on three samples taken from sintered alumina: a commercial one and two formulations A and B made in IAE/CTA. The main differences between the two formulations was the grain size and bend resistance. The knowledge of the mechanisms during the penetration and perforation process allowed to apply a ductile composite laminate made form kevlar under the alumina to delay its rupture. The last ballistic test showed how a Weibull's modulii and other mechanical properties are able to improve ballistic penetration resistance. (author)
Synthesis of alumina based on industrial waste material
López-Andrés, Sol; Fillali, Laila; Jiménez, José Antonio; Tayibi, Hanan; Padilla, Isabel; López-Delgado, Aurora
A hazardous waste generated in slag milling process by the aluminium industry was used as a raw material for the synthesis of alumina, α-Al2O3. This waste is considered as hazardous material in the European legislation due to the release of toxic gases (hydrogen, ammonia, methane and hydrogen sulphide) in the presence of water. The process developed in this work allows to obtaining 1 ton of alumina from 4 tons of hazardous waste and generates an inert solid residue consisting principally of s...
The lifetime prediction of ceramics is discussed on the basis of the relationship between stress intensity factor KI and crack velocity v. The effects of water environment, the cyclic loading and microstructure of material on KI-v characteristics are studied by carrying out the crack growth tests by the double torsion (DT) method under the static and cyclic loading in both environments of air and water for alumina and zirconia. KI-v characteristics determined by the double torsion method are used to predict time-to-failure under the cyclic loading of alumina and zirconia ceramics. The predictions agree qualitatively with the experimental results.
Adsorption of textile dye onto modified immobilized activated alumina
Ayesha Wasti; M. Ali Awan
The study describes the synthesis of modified immobilized activated alumina (MIAA) and its application for the removal of textile dye from aqueous media. Immobilization was carried out by using the sol–gel method while modifications were made during the synthesis by adding powder activated alumina. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out at 20 ± 1 °C to see the effect of different parameters like contact time, stirring rate, initial concentration of the dye and dose of MIAA. The removal...
Pengaruh Temperatur Bath Terhadap Alumina Solubility Pada Tungku Reduksi Di PT Inalum Kuala Tanjung
Rahman, Syahri
Alumina solubility is maximum aluminium oxide concentration of the cryolite electrolyte depend on its composition. The factors that affect to the quantity of alumina solubility are cryolite temperature (NA3AlF6), %AlF3, and %CaF2 in cryolite. From observation data, know that if cryolite temperature high, so alumina solubility provided high too.
Catalytic cleavage of lignin b-O-4 link mimics using copper on alumina and magnesia-alumina
Strassberger, Z.; Alberts, A.H.; Louwerse, M.J.; Tanase, S.; Rothenberg, G.
Copper on γ-alumina and on mixed magnesia-alumina, Cu/MgO-Al2O3, catalyse the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of β-O-4 lignin-type dimers, giving valuable aromatics. The typical selectivity to phenol is as high as 20%. By changing the support's acidity we can modify the dispersion of copper. Interestingly, more HDO occurs with larger copper agglomerates than with finely dispersed particles. The presence of copper also increases the selectivity of the HDO cleavage. Three different pathways are hypoth...
Substrate-induced coagulation (SIC) of nano-disperse alumina in non-aqueous media: The dispersibility and stability of alumina in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone
Basch, Angelika; Strnad, Simona
This work investigated colloidal properties such as the zeta-potential, the electrophoretic mobilities and the wetting behaviour of alumina dispersed in non-aqueous media. Non-aqueous dispersions of alumina were prepared in the solvent N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP). The wetting behaviour of alumina in NMP was characterized by the powder contact angle method and the Wilhemy plate method. The behaviour of the dispersion should provide information for the development of a substrate-induced coag...
Relevance of alumina grit analysis in zircaloy fabrication process
Zirconium based alloys are the natural choice for both fuel element and in-core structural components in the water cooled thermal reactors, namely BWRs, PWRs and PHWRs. Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC), Hyderabad is engaged in the production of zirconium based alloys that are used as hardware in the nuclear industry. After hot working of zircaloy, due to its reactivity, an oxide layer is formed on its surfaces. Hence to remove this oxide layer grit blasting operation using alumina grit sand is followed during which the particles of the sand gets fragmented and the oxide layer on the material thus gets dislodged. Thus alumina grit plays a prominent role in the zircaloy fabrication process. In order to have an ideal and effective removal of the oxide layer from the zircaloy surface, knowledge about the composition of the grit with respect to Al2O3, SiO2, TiO2, Fe2O3, CaO and MgO is essential. Therefore the chemical compositional analysis of alumina grit for confirming to specification becomes an essential step in the Quality Assurance (QA) programme for acceptance of the material. The present paper describes the analytical methodology followed in our laboratory for the chemical analysis of alumina grit samples used in the grit blasting operations
N-doped mesoporous alumina for adsorption of carbon dioxide
Jayshri A.Thote; Ravikrishna V.Chatti; Kartik S.Iyer; Vivek Kumar; Arti N.Valechha; Nitin K.Labhsetwar; Rajesh B.Biniwale; M.K.N.Yenkie; Sadhana S.Rayalu
N-doped mesoporous alumina has been synthesized using chitosan as the biopolymer template.The adsorbent has been thoroughly investigated for the adsorption of CO2 from a simulated flue gas stream (15% CO2 balanced with N2) and compared with commercially available mesoporous alumina procured from SASOL,Germany.CO2 adsorption was studied under different conditions of pretreatment and adsorption temperature,inlet CO2 concentration and in the presence of oxygen and moisture.The adsorption capacity was determined to be 29.4 mg CO2/g of adsorbent at 55℃.This value was observed to be 4 times higher in comparison to that of commercial mesoporous alumina at a temperature of 55℃.Basicity of alumina surface coupled with the presence of nitrogen in template in synthesized sample is responsible for this enhanced CO2 adsorption.Adsorption capacity for CO2 was retained in the presence of oxygen; however moisture had a deteriorating effect on the adsorption capacity reducing it to nearly half the value.
Alumina and Zirconia Based Layered Composites:Part 1 Preparation
Hadraba, Hynek; Maca, K.; Chlup, Zdeněk
Roč. 412, - (2009), s. 221-226. ISSN 1013-9826 R&D Projects: GA ČR(CZ) GA106/06/0724 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z20410507 Keywords : electrophoretic deposition * alumina * zirconia Subject RIV: JH - Ceramics, Fire-Resistant Materials and Glass
High rate reactive magnetron sputtering of alumina coatings
Bulíř, Jiří; Novotný, Michal; Pokorný, Petr; Lančok, Ján; Musil, Jindřich
Warrendale, PA: MRS , 2009. s. 27-28. ISBN N. [E- MRS 2009 Spring Meeting. 08.06.2009-12.06.2009, Strasbourg] Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z10100522 Keywords : reactive pulsed magnetron sputtering * alumina * optical emission spectroscopy * mass spectroscopy Subject RIV: BH - Optics, Masers, Lasers
Dynamical stability of the alpha and theta phases of alumina
Lodziana, Zbigniew; Parlinski, K.
Using density functional calculations the phonon dispersion relations, phonon density of states, and free energy of theta and alpha phases of alumina are investigated. The temperature dependence of the free energy indicates that entropy contributes to the destabilization of the alpha phase at the...
Multifunctional substrates of thin porous alumina for cell biosensors
Toccafondi, Chiara
We have fabricated anodic porous alumina from thin films (100/500 nm) of aluminium deposited on technological substrates of silicon/glass, and investigated the feasibility of this material as a surface for the development of analytical biosensors aiming to assess the status of living cells. To this goal, porous alumina surfaces with fixed pitch and variable pore size were analyzed for various functionalities. Gold coated (about 25 nm) alumina revealed surface enhanced Raman scattering increasing with the decrease in wall thickness, with factor up to values of approximately 104 with respect to the flat gold surface. Bare porous alumina was employed for micro-patterning and observation via fluorescence images of dye molecules, which demonstrated the surface capability for a drug-loading device. NIH-3T3 fibroblast cells were cultured in vitro and examined after 2 days since seeding, and no significant (P > 0.05) differences in their proliferation were observed on porous and non-porous materials. The effect on cell cultures of pore size in the range of 50–130 nm—with pore pitch of about 250 nm—showed no significant differences in cell viability and similar levels in all cases as on a control substrate. Future work will address combination of all above capabilities into a single device.
Controlled growth of single nanowires within a supported alumina template
Vlad, A [Unite de Dispositifs Integres et Circuits Electroniques, Universite Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Place de Levant, 3, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgium); Matefi-Tempfli, M [Unite de Physico-Chimie et de Physique des Materiaux, UCL, Place Croix du Sud, 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgium); Faniel, S [Unite de Dispositifs Integres et Circuits Electroniques, Universite Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Place de Levant, 3, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgium); Bayot, V [Unite de Dispositifs Integres et Circuits Electroniques, Universite Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Place de Levant, 3, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgium); Melinte, S [Unite de Dispositifs Integres et Circuits Electroniques, Universite Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Place de Levant, 3, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgium); Piraux, L [Unite de Physico-Chimie et de Physique des Materiaux, UCL, Place Croix du Sud, 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgium); Matefi-Tempfli, S [Unite de Physico-Chimie et de Physique des Materiaux, UCL, Place Croix du Sud, 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgium)
A simple technique for fabricating single nanowires with well-defined position is presented. The process implies the use of a silicon nitride mask for selective electrochemical growth of the nanowires in a porous alumina template. We show that this method allows the realization of complex nanowire patterns as well as arrays of single nanowires with a precise position and spacing.
Controlled growth of single nanowires within a supported alumina template
Vlad, A.; Mátéfi-Tempfli, M.; Faniel, S.; Bayot, V.; Melinte, S.; Piraux, L.; Mátéfi-Tempfli, S.
A simple technique for fabricating single nanowires with well-defined position is presented. The process implies the use of a silicon nitride mask for selective electrochemical growth of the nanowires in a porous alumina template. We show that this method allows the realization of complex nanowire patterns as well as arrays of single nanowires with a precise position and spacing.
Alumina-encapsulated vaccine formulation with improved thermostability and immunogenicity.
Zhou, Hangyu; Wang, Guangchuan; Li, Xiao-Feng; Li, Yaling; Zhu, Shun-Ya; Qin, Cheng-Feng; Tang, Ruikang
Developing vaccine formulations with excellent thermostability and immunogenicity remains a great challenge. By in situ encapsulating a live-attenuated strain of human enterovirus 71 (EV71) in alumina, we obtained a robust vaccine formulation named EV71@NanoAlum, which features significantly enhanced thermostability and immunogenicity. This attempt follows a material-based tactic for vaccine improvement. PMID:27098047
Grafting of alumina on SBA-15: Effect of surface roughness
Zukal, Arnošt; Šiklová, Helena; Čejka, Jiří
Roč. 24, č. 17 (2008), s. 9837-9842. ISSN 0743-7463 R&D Projects: GA AV ČR KAN100400701 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z40400503 Keywords : alumina-grafted materials * SBA-15 * Nitrogen adsorption Subject RIV: CF - Physical ; Theoretical Chemistry Impact factor: 4.097, year: 2008
Interaction of alumina with liquid Pb83Li17 alloy
Highlights: • The role of oxygen in the interaction of alumina with Pb83Li17 alloy was studied. • Li of Pb83Li17 alloy undergoes oxidation even in flowing high pure argon atmosphere. • It was seen that alumina reacts with Pb83Li17 alloy at 550 °C to form LiAlO2 compound. • The reaction is rapid in the presence of oxygen and happens more slowly in the presence of flowing argon. - Abstract: Eutectic lead lithium (Pb83Li17) alloy is being considered a coolant, neutron multiplier and tritium breeder for International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) and Fusion Power Reactors (FPR). In order to reduce the magneto-hydrodynamic drag (MHD) and to prevent corrosion of structural materials due to the flow of lead lithium (Pb83Li17) alloy, alumina (Al2O3) is proposed as a candidate ceramic coating material. Interaction of liquid Pb83Li17 alloy with Al2O3 at the operating temperature of these reactors is therefore an important issue. The present paper deals with the characterization of Pb83Li17 alloy and its interaction with Al2O3 at the reactor operating temperature. The interaction was studied using EPMA, XRD and thermal analysis technique. The result indicates that alumina can interact with Pb83Li17 alloy at 550 °C even in high purity argon atmosphere. The role of oxygen in the interaction process has also been discussed
Nanocomposite formed by titanium ion implantation into alumina
Composites of titanium nanoparticles in alumina were formed by ion implantation of titanium into alumina, and the surface electrical conductivity measured in situ as the implantation proceeded, thus generating curves of sheet conductivity as a function of dose. The implanted titanium self-conglomerates into nanoparticles, and the spatial dimensions of the buried nanocomposite layer can thus be estimated from the implantation depth profile. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry was performed to measure the implantation depth profile, and was in good agreement with the calculated profile. Transmission electron microscopy of the titanium-implanted alumina was used for direct visualization of the nanoparticles formed. The measured conductivity of the buried layer is explained by percolation theory. We determine that the saturation dose, φ0, the maximum implantation dose for which the nanocomposite material still remains a composite, is φ0 = 2.2 × 1016 cm−2, and the corresponding saturation conductivity is σ0 = 480 S/m. The percolation dose φc, below which the nanocomposite still has basically the conductivity of the alumina matrix, was found to be φc = 0.84 × 1016 cm−2. The experimental results are discussed and compared with a percolation theory model
Radiative properties of radially nonisothermal alumina particles with multiphase
Accurate prediction of radiative properties of alumina (Al2O3) particle with phase transition is essential to both spray deposition of coatings and solid aluminized rocket plume diagnostics. In this paper, a theoretical model based on the electromagnetic theory is applied to determine thermal radiation of a radially inhomogeneous alumina particle having a radial temperature distribution, where a concise and efficient algorithm is developed for the calculation. The internal absorption efficiencies for single phase and multiphase particle are calculated and discussed. The absorption efficiency at the surface of multiphase alumina spherical particle is calculated by the effective-medium sphere mode, and the result is compared with that of multilayered sphere model, which shows that effective-medium sphere mode gives similar results when each layer's thickness is much less than the wavelength of the incident light. The effect of temperature difference between the center and the surface on the spectral radiant flux of multiphase alumina particle is also analyzed in this paper.
State of the art: alumina ceramics for energy applications
Prominent ceramic raw materials and products manufacturers were surveyed to determine the state of the art for alumina ceramic fabrication. This survey emphasized current capabilities and limitations for fabrication of large, high-density, high-purity, complex shapes. Some directions are suggested for future needs and development
Urbach's rule criteria in alumina irradiated with ions
Irradiation of dielectrics with ions is available for aims of the optical, mechanical and other properties modification. The defect localized states effect on alumina optical absorption properties depends on ability of incorporated elements to substitute the lattice cations. The complex energetic spectrum of the defect localized states demands the generalized approaches which characterize the radiation induced disorder in materials as a whole. The Urbach's rule criteria for the absorption spectra of alumina irradiated with the silicon, chromium and titanium ions (Φ=1017 cm-2, Ei=100 keV) were investigated. The induced defect, their clusters and hard solid solution effect on the Urbach's equation parameters was determined. Analysis the reasons of the absorption change was given. Absorption spectra of irradiated alumina were subjected the Urbach's rule as all it criteria were fulfilled. This is stipulated by the static disorder in crystalline lattice induced by substitution defects, intrinsic defects and cluster formation on its base. A common focal point in absorption spectrums situated at 4.4 eV was fixed. This Urbach's focus is determine by the processes of defects clusterization, the energetic characteristics of clusters and depend on ability of the implanted ions to form the hard solid solutions in alumina. A correlation between the interband and exponential absorption parameters indicates to synthesis in Al2O3 a new strongly defect material having band gap width near the 4.5 eV and absorption edge stipulated by the defect cluster levels. (authors)
Preparation of highly-ordered carbon nanotube arrays in the anodized alumina template
A highly-ordered, hexagonally arranged alumina nanopore template was prepared by self-organized two-step anodization process of aluminium in oxalic acid solution. Highly parallel pores were obtained within domains of a few micrometers. Highly-ordered, parallel carbon nanotube arrays were successfully grown in the alumina template nanopores by chemical vapor deposition catalyzed by alumina itself. The nanotube arrays are suitable for channeling of particle beams. The structures of aluminium, alumina template and carbon nanotubes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD). The growth mechanism and formation condition of both alumina template and carbon nanotube were discussed. (authors)
Zirconia-alumina coupling: aging of zirconia should be kept out of concern
Villermaux, F. [Norton Desmarquest Fine Ceramics, Evreux (France)
Zirconia-alumina coupling already demonstrated its advantages as ceramic-ceramic bearing compared to alumina-alumina system: equivalent wear performance but higher mechanical reliability and increase of design possibilities (more neck lengths - head Oe22.22 mm). The last step for the in-vitro validation of this system was to investigate the wear behavior with aged zirconia head. Some hip simulator tests have been performed with artificially aged zirconia heads and showed no significant influence on the zirconia-polyethylene or zirconia-alumina wear performance. Then, zirconia-alumina can really be considered as reliable ceramic-ceramic system and aging should be kept out of concern. (orig.)
Effects of maternal exposure to nano-alumina during pregnancy on neurodevelopment in offspring mice
Objective To observe the effects of maternal exposure to nano-alumina during pregnancy on the neurodevelopment in offspring mice.Methods Female ICR mice were exposed to nano-alumina 10 d before mating,and the nano-alumina exposure lasted till offspring mice were born.All the female mice were randomly divided into 5groups:solvent control group (saline) ,nano-carbon group (11.76 mg/ml) ,microalumina group (50 mg/ml) ,50 nm alumina group (50 mg/ml) ,and 13 nm alumina group (50 mg/ml) .All the mice were treated by
Development of an imaging system for the detection of alumina on turbine blades
An imaging system capable of detecting alumina on turbine blades by acquiring LED-induced fluorescence images has been developed. Acquiring fluorescence images at adjacent spectral bands allows the system to distinguish alumina from fluorescent surface contaminants. Repair and overhaul processes require that alumina is entirely removed from the blades by grit blasting and chemical stripping. The capability of the system to detect alumina has been investigated with two series of turbine blades provided by Rolls-Royce plc. The results illustrate that the system provides a superior inspection method to visual assessment when ascertaining whether alumina is present on turbine blades during repair and overhaul processes. (paper)
Synthesis and structural evaluation of freeze-cast porous alumina
Souza, Douglas F., E-mail: email@example.com [Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais — UFMG, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP: 31270-901, Escola de Engenharia, bloco 2, sala 2230 (Brazil); Nunes, Eduardo H.M., E-mail: email@example.com [Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais — UFMG, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP: 31270-901, Escola de Engenharia, bloco 2, sala 2230 (Brazil); Pimenta, Daiana S.; Vasconcelos, Daniela C.L. [Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais — UFMG, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP: 31270-901, Escola de Engenharia, bloco 2, sala 2230 (Brazil); Nascimento, Jailton F.; Grava, Wilson [Petrobras/CENPES, Avenida Horácio Macedo 950, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP:21941-915 (Brazil); Houmard, Manuel [Department of Materials Engineering and Civil Construction, Federal University of Minas Gerais — UFMG, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP: 31270-901, Escola de Engenharia, bloco 1, sala 3304 (Brazil); Vasconcelos, Wander L., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais — UFMG, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP: 31270-901, Escola de Engenharia, bloco 2, sala 2230 (Brazil)
In this work we fabricated alumina samples by the freeze-casting technique using tert-butanol as the solvent. The prepared materials were examined by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microtomography. Next, they were coated with sol–gel silica films by dip-coating. Permeability tests were carried out in order to assess the permeation behavior of the materials processed in this study. We observed that the sintering time and alumina loading showed a remarkable effect on both the structural properties and flexural strength of the freeze-cast samples. Nitrogen adsorption tests revealed that the silica prepared in this study exhibited a microporous structure. It was observed that the presence of silica coatings on the alumina surface decreased the CO{sub 2} permeance by about one order of magnitude. Because of the similar kinetic diameters of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, the CO{sub 2}/N{sub 2} system showed a separation efficiency that was lower than that observed for the He/CO{sub 2} and He/N{sub 2} systems. We noticed that increasing the feed pressure improved the separation capacity of the obtained materials. - Highlights: • Porous alumina samples obtained by the freeze-casting technique • Microporous silica coating prepared by a simple sol–gel dip-coating methodology • Samples examined by SEM, μ-CT, and nitrogen sorption tests • Mechanical tests were carried out in the freeze-cast samples. • The presence of silica coatings on the alumina surface decreased the CO{sub 2} permeance.
Advanced morphological analysis of patterns of thin anodic porous alumina
Different conditions of fabrication of thin anodic porous alumina on glass substrates have been explored, obtaining two sets of samples with varying pore density and porosity, respectively. The patterns of pores have been imaged by high resolution scanning electron microscopy and analyzed by innovative methods. The regularity ratio has been extracted from radial profiles of the fast Fourier transforms of the images. Additionally, the Minkowski measures have been calculated. It was first observed that the regularity ratio averaged across all directions is properly corrected by the coefficient previously determined in the literature. Furthermore, the angularly averaged regularity ratio for the thin porous alumina made during short single-step anodizations is lower than that of hexagonal patterns of pores as for thick porous alumina from aluminum electropolishing and two-step anodization. Therefore, the regularity ratio represents a reliable measure of pattern order. At the same time, the lower angular spread of the regularity ratio shows that disordered porous alumina is more isotropic. Within each set, when changing either pore density or porosity, both regularity and isotropy remain rather constant, showing consistent fabrication quality of the experimental patterns. Minor deviations are tentatively discussed with the aid of the Minkowski measures, and the slight decrease in both regularity and isotropy for the final data-points of the porosity set is ascribed to excess pore opening and consequent pore merging. - Highlights: • Thin porous alumina is partly self-ordered and pattern analysis is required. • Regularity ratio is often misused: we fix the averaging and consider its spread. • We also apply the mathematical tool of Minkowski measures, new in this field. • Regularity ratio shows pattern isotropy and Minkowski helps in assessment. • General agreement with perfect artificial patterns confirms the good manufacturing
Advanced morphological analysis of patterns of thin anodic porous alumina
Toccafondi, C. [Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Department of Nanophysics, Via Morego 30, Genova I 16163 (Italy); Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Department of Nanostructures, Via Morego 30, Genova I 16163 (Italy); Stępniowski, W.J. [Department of Advanced Materials and Technologies, Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego Str., 00-908 Warszawa (Poland); Leoncini, M. [Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Department of Nanostructures, Via Morego 30, Genova I 16163 (Italy); Salerno, M., E-mail: email@example.com [Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Department of Nanophysics, Via Morego 30, Genova I 16163 (Italy)
Different conditions of fabrication of thin anodic porous alumina on glass substrates have been explored, obtaining two sets of samples with varying pore density and porosity, respectively. The patterns of pores have been imaged by high resolution scanning electron microscopy and analyzed by innovative methods. The regularity ratio has been extracted from radial profiles of the fast Fourier transforms of the images. Additionally, the Minkowski measures have been calculated. It was first observed that the regularity ratio averaged across all directions is properly corrected by the coefficient previously determined in the literature. Furthermore, the angularly averaged regularity ratio for the thin porous alumina made during short single-step anodizations is lower than that of hexagonal patterns of pores as for thick porous alumina from aluminum electropolishing and two-step anodization. Therefore, the regularity ratio represents a reliable measure of pattern order. At the same time, the lower angular spread of the regularity ratio shows that disordered porous alumina is more isotropic. Within each set, when changing either pore density or porosity, both regularity and isotropy remain rather constant, showing consistent fabrication quality of the experimental patterns. Minor deviations are tentatively discussed with the aid of the Minkowski measures, and the slight decrease in both regularity and isotropy for the final data-points of the porosity set is ascribed to excess pore opening and consequent pore merging. - Highlights: • Thin porous alumina is partly self-ordered and pattern analysis is required. • Regularity ratio is often misused: we fix the averaging and consider its spread. • We also apply the mathematical tool of Minkowski measures, new in this field. • Regularity ratio shows pattern isotropy and Minkowski helps in assessment. • General agreement with perfect artificial patterns confirms the good manufacturing.
Luminescence characterisation of alumina substrates using cathodoluminescence microscopy and spectroscopy
Polycrystalline alumina (Al2O3) substrates, found in many electronic devices and proposed as dosemeters in emergency situations, were invstigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with cathodoluminescence (CL) and elemental analysis probes. The characteristics of the CL spectra, surface morphology, and impurity content of the Al2O3 substrates were examined and compared with those of single crystal dosimetry-grade Al2O3:C. Whereas the CL spectrum, measured from 250 to 800 nm, for the Al2O3:C, contained resolved bands located at ∼340 nm and at ∼410 nm, the spectrum measured with the Al2O3 substrate was significantly broader, extending from ∼250 to ∼450 nm, and also included a narrow band at 695 nm. While it is likely that the accepted model of recombination at F+ (∼340 nm) and F (∼410 nm) in Al2O3:C also applies to the substrate, it is suggested that the presence of impurities within the alumina give rise to additional recombination centres. The 695 nm emission has been assigned to a Cr3+ ion impurity in previous work on alumina and a band indicated at ∼300 nm may be associated with Mg2+ or Ca2+, the presence of which was confirmed by elemental mapping. Comparison of the spatial distribution of CL with the surface morphology and elemental composition of the samples indicates that the components of the emission spectrum can be qualitatively correlated with impurity content and morphological features of the samples. - Highlights: • Morphological (SEM) and elemental characterisation (EDS/WDs) of alumina substrates. • Cathodoluminescence (CL) emission spectroscopy of alumina substrates. • Close relationship of the CL emission with the SEM and EDs/WDS characteristics
Processing and Mechanical Properties of Various Zirconia/Alumina Composites for Fuel Cell Applications
Choi, Sung R.; Bansal, Narottam P.
Various electrolyte materials for solid oxide fuel cells were fabricated by hot pressing 10 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (10-YSZ) reinforced with two different forms of alumina, particulates and platelets, each containing 0 to 30 mol% alumina. Flexure strength and fracture toughness of both particulate and platelet composites at ambient temperature increased with increasing alumina content, reaching a maximum at 30 mot% alumina. For a given alumina content, strength of particulate composites was greater than that of platelet composites, whereas, the difference in fracture toughness between the two composite systems was negligible. No virtual difference in elastic modulus and density was observed for a given alumina content between particulate and platelet composites. Thermal cycling up to 10 cycles between 200 to 1000 C did not show any effect on strength degradation of the 30 mol% platelet composites, indicative of negligible influence of CTE mismatches between YSZ matrix and alumina grains.
High alumina metamorphic rocks of the Kings Mountain district, North Carolina and South Carolina
Potter, Donald Brandreth
The following evidence suggests that high alumina quartzite in this district is of metasedimentary origin: high alumina quartzite occurs as well defined thin beds that can be traced up to three and one half miles along strike; many outcrops of high alumina quartzite exhibit compositional layering (i.e., kyanigte quartzite is interlayered with staurolite quartzite, and with non-kyanitic magnetiferous quartzite); high alumina quartzite beds occur in a conformable sequence of high alumina metasedimentary and metavolcanic schists. It is suggested that the high alumina quartzite beds are metamorphosed beds of sandy or silty clay; these beds probably represent one stage in the deposition of fine grained clayey clastic sediments. No evidence was found to support the view of Smith and Newcombe (1951) that the kyanite at Henry Knob developed by hudrothermal introduction of alumina. The present study indicates that kyanite in the kyanite quartzite here, as throughout the district, is of metasedimentary origin.
Study on the bound water of several high specific surface-area oxides (beryllia, alumina, silica-alumina)
This study is concerned with the bound water of several oxides (beryllia, alumina, silica-alumina) at different steps of their dehydration (heating temperatures between 150 and 1100 deg. C). The following techniques have been used simultaneously: Thermal analysis (a new method has been developed), nitrogen adsorption (study of the texture), Diborane hydrolysis (qualitative and quantitative analysis of surface water), Infra-red spectrography (in the absorption range of water), Nuclear magnetic resonance (in the resonance range of protons). Thanks to these different techniques, five kinds of bound water have been observed. Attention is called on the great influence of the thermal treatment conditions on the evolution of the products resulting from the decomposition of alumina α-trihydrate Al(OH)3 and beryllium α-hydroxide, in the course of the dehydration. Moreover, the author emphasizes the peculiar properties of the two kinds of oxides (alumina and beryllia) prepared through a new method of treatment under low pressure and constant speed of decomposition. Such particular features concern mainly texture, bound water, and consequently, also catalytic activity. (author)
W. Pabst
Full Text Available In this fourth paper of a series on the effective elastic properties of alumina-zirconia composite ceramics the influence of porosity on the effective tensile modulus of alumina and zirconia ceramics is discussed. The examples investigated are alumina and zirconia ceramics prepared from submicron powders by starch consolidation casting using two different types of starch, potato starch (median size D50 =47.2 µm and corn starch (median size D50 =13.7 µm. The dependence of effective tensile moduli E, on the porosity f, measured for porosities in the ranges of approx. 19-55 vol.% and 10-42 vol.% for alumina and zirconia, respectively, using a resonant frequency technique, was evaluated by fitting with various model relations, including newly developed ones. A detailed comparison of the fitting results suggests the superiority of the new relation E/E0 = (1 - f·(1 - f/fC, developed by the authors (with the tensile modulus of the dense ceramic material E0 and the critical porosity fC, over most other existing fit models. Only for special purposes and well-behaved data sets the recently proposed exponential relation E/E0 = exp [-Bf/(1 - f] and the well-known Phani-Niyogi relation E/E0 = (1 - f/fCN might be preferable.
A study on heat transfer characteristics of spherical and fibrous alumina nanofluids
Highlights: ► Spherical and fibrous alumina nanoparticles were prepared by pulsed wire evaporation and hydrolysis methods. ► Fibrous alumina nanofluid exhibited higher thermal conductivity enhancement than spherical one due to entangled structure of nanofibers with high aspect-ratio. ► Decreasing rate of viscosity with temperature for fibrous alumina nanofluid was much larger than that for spherical one. - Abstract: Ethylene glycol based nanofluids containing spherical/fibrous alumina nanoparticles were synthesized by pulsed wire evaporation and hydrolysis methods. The crystallographic and morphological properties of the prepared nanoparticles were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, nitrogen gas adsorption and transmission electron microscopy. The average diameter of spherical alumina nanoparticles was about 80 nm and the alumina nanofibers exhibited a high aspect ratio (length/width). The viscosity and thermal conductivity of the spherical/fibrous alumina nanofluids were experimentally measured in the temperature range from 25 to 80 °C. For the fibrous alumina nanofluid, the increase of temperature raised thermal conductivity but lowered viscosity. On the other hand, for the spherical alumina nanofluid, both thermal conductivity and viscosity were decreased with increasing temperature. In particular, the fibrous alumina nanofluid exhibited a higher enhancement of thermal conductivity than the spherical one due to the well-connected structure between entangled nanofibers with high aspect ratio.
Effects of single and two stages anodizing on nonporous anodic alumina template at different potentials
The porous anodic alumina has extensive applications as mold or template for filling the highly ordered patterned ID nanomaterials (semiconductors, magnetic nanowires etc.) and as a mask for nano dots of different materials. Pores in anodic alumina synthesized under appropriate conditions are self organized. Pore density, pore diameter, interpore distance may be changed through variation of different parameter such as anodic potential, choice of electrolyte, temperature and kind of pre-treatment. The porous anodic alumina has been synthesized by single and double stage anodizing at different potentials. The potentials used were 40V, 50V, 60V and 70V. By comparison of ordered pore formation under both the conditions, it has been found that pores formed in doubly anodized alumina are more ordered/organized than in singly anodized anodic alumina at same potential used for both type of synthesis. SEM images revealed that the pore density in the singly anodized alumina was greater than in doubly anodized alumina prepared under the same potential. Using the SEM image, the pore diameter in the case of doubly anodized alumina was found to be in the range of 50- 70 nm, whereas, for singly anodized alumina pore diameter was found to be in the range of 50-100 nm. Scanning electron Microscope images and electrochemical parameters showed that two stage anodizing is better than single stage anodizing to achieve highly ordered nanoporous alumina template. (author)
Study of preparation and surface morphology of self-ordered nanoporous alumina; Estudo da preparacao e da morfologia de superficie de alumina nanoporosa auto-organizada
Rodrigues, Elisa Marchezini; Martins, Maximiliano Delany, E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com [Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN/CNEN-MG), Belo Horizonte, MG. (Brazil); Silva, Ronald Arreguy, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Centro Universitario de Belo Horizonte (UniBH), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil)
Nanoporous alumina is a typical material that exhibits self-ordered nanochannels spontaneously organized in hexagonal shape. Produced by anodizing of metallic aluminum, it has been used as a template for production of materials at the nanoscale. This work aimed to study the preparation of nanoporous alumina by anodic anodizing of metallic aluminum substrates. The nanoporous alumina was prepared following the methodology proposed by Masuda and Fukuda (1995), a two-step method consisting of anodizing the aluminum sample in the potentiostatic mode, removing the layer of aluminum oxide (alumina) formed and then repeat the anodization process under the same conditions as the first anodization. This method produces nanoporous alumina with narrow pore diameter distribution and well-ordered structure. (author)
Nano α-alumina powders from aluminium dross waste
The paper describes a solvo thermal chemical process to recycle aluminium dross waste into nano α-alumina powder. The process includes washing to remove the unwanted sodium follow by dissolving of this waste with dilute acid. The solvo thermal process then proceed with addition of propanol to crystallize the aluminium hydroxide. XRD analysis of this crystal shows that it belongs to Gibbs site (Al(OH)3). The crystals were then calcined at 1300 degree C where white powder was produced. Characteristic studies were then performed on this powder using XRD, SEM, EDX and particle size analysis showing that it has single α-alumina crystal phase with almost spherical shape. As the initial particle size is coarse and had a mean particle size of 3.80 μm, high speed wet milling was used and enable to reduce it to 0.49 μm. (Author)
Synthesis of Porous Nano Alumina Powder by Combustion Method
Development of Porous Alumina powder by combustion technique using glysine fuel and aluminum nitrate as and oxidizer is able to produce porous Alpha alumina powders. Thermodynamic modeling of the combustion reaction show that as the fuel to oxidant ratio increases, the amount of gases produced and adiabatic flame temperature also increase. X-ray diffraction showed the amorphous structure for as-synthesized powder and present of well-crystallized a- Al2O3 after calcination at 1100 degree Celsius. Morphology microstructure of pore size ranging between 134-495 nm were observed by SEM. The crystallite size (Scherrer) is observed at ∼568.2 A and FWHM 0.143 degree. (author)
Catalyst materials based on plasma-processed alumina nanopowder
Dubencovs Konstantins
Full Text Available A platinum catalyst for glycerol oxidation by molecular oxygen has been developed applying the extractive-pyrolytic method and using, as a support, a fine alumina powder with an average particle size of 30-60 nm processed by plasma technology. The extractive-pyrolytic method (EPM allows affixing small amounts of catalytic metals (1-5% with the particle size ranging from several nanometers to several tens of nanometers onto the surface of the support. The prepared material - 4.8 wt. % platinum on nano-sized alumina - can be used as a catalyst for glycerol oxidation by oxygen with conversion up to 84%, in order to produce some organic acids (glyceric and lactic acid with a selectivity of about 60%.
Epitaxial growth of tungsten nanoparticles on alumina and spinel surfaces
Rodriguez-Suarez, T; Lopez-Esteban, S; Pecharroman, C; Esteban-Cubillo, A; Moya, J S [Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), C/ Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz 3, 28049, Cantoblanco, Madrid (Spain); Diaz, L A; Torrecillas, R [Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientIficas (CSIC), C/ Francisco Pintado Fe 26, 33011, Oviedo, Asturias (Spain); Gremillard, L [Universite de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, MATEIS, UMR CNRS 5510, 20 avenue Albert Einstein, Villeurbanne F-69621 (France)], E-mail: email@example.com
Isolated tungsten nanoparticles ({alpha}-W and {beta}-W phase) were synthesized and epitaxially grown on alumina and spinel particle surfaces with an average tungsten size of {<=}20 nm for a low tungsten content (of {<=}1.5 vol%). Using tungsten (VI) ethoxide alcoholic solutions, tungsten trioxide hydrated precursors were attached to a ceramic grains surface as a nanoparticle coating. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) micrographs showed epitaxial interfaces between alumina, spinel and metallic tungsten. This epitaxial growth is assumed to be due to the effect of water vapour on the sublimation of ortho-tungstic acid during the reduction process in a hydrogen atmosphere. The planes involved in the epitaxy were found to be (22-bar 0){sub Al2O3} parallel (121){sub W} and (311){sub MgAl2O4} parallel (110){sub W}.
Effect of alumina on silicon carbide bodies with clay bonding
Components made of silicon carbide are very important ceramic products due to their good resistance against thermal shocks. Home made of such products having silicate bonding usually have various defects in their structures. In this research effects of alumina addition on the components made of silicon carbide with clay bonding have been investigated, in order to see its effects on mechanical and structural properties such as blistering. Addition of up to 15 weights %. Al2O3 improved thermal shock resistance and increased bending strength from 25 MPa to 32 MPa due to Al2O3 transformation to mullite. However, when the amounts of alumina exceed 15 weights % mechanical strength as well as resistance to thermal shock reduced due to reman ing of Al2O3 in the components after sintering
Preparation of zirconia-alumina powder by co-precipitation
A zirconia-alumina powder with a near spherical shape and an average size of 0.1 ~ 0.2μm was prepared byco-precipitation. XRD analysis shows that α-Al2O3 phase may be directly transformed from amorphous in calcining the hydroxide composite. The ZrO2-Al2O3 composite ceramics manufactured from this powder has the maximum fracture toughness of 9 M Pa·m- 1/2 at 15 % ZrO2 and 740 MPa fracture strength at 5 % ZrO2. Zirconia grains about 1 μm in diameter aredispersed uniformly in the alumina ceramic matrix
Positron energy-loss measurements in thin alumina films
Transmitted-positron energy loss measurements were performed on approximately 100A alumina films with incident positron energies ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 keV. The positrons were electrostatically focussed on the film and the transmitted positrons were energy analyzed using a four-grid retarding field analyzer coupled with a two-stage channel electron multiplier plate connected with a phosphor screen. A strong transmitted elastic peak as well as indications of discrete energy losses were detected in these measurements. The observed discrete loss effects occurred at an average energy of approx. 25 eV and possibly approx. 50 eV. These findings are consistent with reported electron loss peaks due to plasmon excitation in alumina films
Melt processing of Bi--2212 superconductors using alumina
Holesinger, Terry G.
Superconducting articles and a method of forming them, where the superconducting phase of an article is Bi.sub.2 Sr.sub.2 CaCu.sub.2 O.sub.y (Bi-2212). Alumina is combined with Bi-2212 powder or Bi-2212 precursor powder and, in order to form an intimate mixture, the mixture is melted and rapidly cooled to form a glassy solid. The glassy solid is comminuted and the resulting powder is combined with a carrier. An alternative to melting is to form the mixture of nanophase alumina and material having a particle size of less than about 10 microns. The powder, with the carrier, is melt processed to form a superconducting article.
Process for High-Rate Fabrication of Alumina Nanotemplates
Myung, Nosang; Fleurial, Jean-Pierre; Yun, Minhee; West, William; Choi, Daniel
An anodizing process, at an early stage of development at the time of reporting the information for this article, has shown promise as a means of fabricating alumina nanotemplates integrated with silicon wafers. Alumina nanotemplates are basically layers of alumina, typically several microns thick, in which are formed approximately regular hexagonal arrays of holes having typical diameters of the order of 10 to 100 nm. Interest in alumina nanotemplates has grown in recent years because they have been found to be useful as templates in the fabrication of nanoscale magnetic, electronic, optoelectronic, and other devices. The present anodizing process is attractive for the fabrication of alumina nanotemplates integrated with silicon wafers in two respects: (1) the process involves self-ordering of the holes; that is, the holes as formed by the process are spontaneously arranged in approximately regular hexagonal arrays; and (2) the rates of growth (that is, elongation) of the holes are high enough to make the process compatible with other processes used in the mass production of integrated circuits. In preparation for fabrication of alumina nanotemplates in this process, one first uses electron-beam evaporation to deposit thin films of titanium, followed by thin films of aluminum, on silicon wafers. Then the alumina nanotemplates are formed by anodizing the aluminum layers, as described below. In experiments in which the process was partially developed, the titanium films were 200 A thick and the aluminum films were 5 m thick. The aluminum films were oxidized to alumina, and the arrays of holes were formed by anodizing the aluminum in aqueous solutions of sulfuric and/or oxalic acid at room temperature (see figure). The diameters, spacings, and rates of growth of the holes were found to depend, variously, on the composition of the anodizing solution, the applied current, or the applied potential, as follows: In galvanostatically controlled anodizing, regardless of the
Electrochemically grown metallic nanocomb structures on nanoporous alumina templates
Electrochemical growth of metallic nanocomb structures on anodized alumina templates is described. Nanocombs originate from the orderly growth and merger of very thin (d=15±5 nm) metallic nanowires which do not completely fill much larger pores (d∼100 nm) in the alumina template (t≤3 μm). Instead, the nanowires prefer growing along the inner corners of the hexagonal pores, coalescing into a highly ordered structure as they emerge, resulting a metallic form reminiscent of the topology of the original template. We disclose here the typical processing conditions and the microstructure of this previously unknown material as observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. It is shown that Au nanocombs have an anomalous EDX spectra and can emit electrons at a field of ∼1 kV/cm.
Interfacial characterization of alumina-to-alumina joints fabricated using silver–copper–titanium interlayers
Two Ag–Cu–Ti interlayers with different compositions (Ag–35.3Cu–1.75Ti and Ag–26.7Cu–4.5Ti) were used to join sintered polycrystalline Al2O3 having different amounts of porosity to investigate the effect of titanium and porosity contents on evolution of interfacial chemistry and microstructures. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used to characterize the interfacial microstructure. Two reaction layers, Ti2O and Cu3Ti3O, were found at the interface of Ag–Cu–Ti interlayers and Al2O3 using a series of simulated and experimental selected area diffraction patterns (SADP) of TEM and EDS. The total thickness of Ti2O and Cu3Ti3O reaction layers at the interfaces increases with increasing amounts of Ti in the Ag–Cu–Ti interlayers but is independent of the porosity content in the Al2O3. Two possible formation mechanisms of Ti2O and Cu3Ti3O reaction layers at the interface of Ag–Cu–Ti interlayers and Al2O3 have been proposed based on the interfacial characterization performed in the present study. - Highlights: • Effect of alumina porosity and % Ti in interlayer on interface structure delineated • SEM, EDS, XRD, TEM with SADP used to delineate phases, compositions, crystallography • Ti2O and Cu3Ti3O reaction layers identified and their formation mechanisms proposed
Proton adsorption onto alumina: extension of multisite complexation (MUSIC) theory
Nagashima, K.; Blum, F.D.
The adsorption isotherm of protons onto a commercial {gamma}-alumina sample was determined in aqueous nitric acid with sodium nitrate as a background electrolyte. Three discrete regions could be discerned in the log-log plots of the proton isotherm determined at the solution pH 5 to 2. The multisite complexation (MUSIC) model was modified to analyze the simultaneous adsorption of protons onto various kinds of surface species.
Impact loading of an aluminum/alumina composite
Johnson, J.; Hixson, R.; Gray, G
The combined demands of increased strength and reduced weight in modern dynamic structural applications require improved understanding of composite materials subject to impact conditions. In order to isolate and identify individual contributions to composite material behavior under these conditions, an experimental and theoretical program was undertaken to examine dynamic behavior of an aluminum/alumina composite consisting of a 6061-T6 aluminum matrix containing elastic, spherical Al2O3 incl...
N. Sinan KÖKSAL; B. Sadık ÜNLÜ; Cevdet MERİÇ
cUnderstanding of mechanical and thermal properties of refractory bricks used in industry is an important aspect to determine appropriate operating conditions. In this study, commercial refractory materials used in the sector of iron steel 45 % and 80 % alumina (Al2O3) of content refractory bricks were investigated. To determinate thermal shock behavior and mechanical properties of samples, thermal shock tests were applied by quenching in the water at the temperature differences of 500, 70...
Results of recent KROTOS FCI tests. Alumina vs. corium melts
Huhtiniemi, I.; Magallon, D.; Hohmann, H. [Commission of the European Communities, Ispra (Italy). Joint Research Center
Recent results from KROTOS fuel-coolant interaction experiments are discussed. Five tests with alumina were performed under highly subcooled conditions, all of these tests resulted in spontaneous steam explosions. Additionally, four tests were performed at low subcooling to confirm, on one hand, the suppression of spontaneous steam explosions under such conditions and, on the other hand, that such a system is still triggerable using an external initiator. The other test parameters in these alumina tests included the melt superheat and the initial pressure. All the tests in the investigated superheat range (150 K - 750 K) produced a steam explosion and no evidence of the explosion suppression by the elevated initial pressure (in the limited range of 0.1 - 0.375 MPa) was observed in the alumina tests. The corium test series include a test with 3 kg of melt under both subcooled and near saturated conditions at ambient pressure. Two additional tests were performed with subcooled water; one test was performed at an elevated pressure of 0.2 MPa with 2.4 kg of melt and another test with 5.1 kg of melt at ambient pressure. None of these tests with corium produced a propagating energetic steam explosion. However, propagating low energy (about twice the energy of the trigger pulse) events were observed. All corium tests produced significantly higher water level swells during the mixing phase than the corresponding alumina tests. Present experimental evidence suggests that the water depletion in the mixing zone suppresses energetic steam explosions with corium melts at ambient pressure and in the present pour geometry. Processes that could produce such a difference in void generation are discussed. (author)
Deposition of Layered Double Hydroxides on Alumina Support
Kovanda, F.; Jirátová, Květa; Koloušek, D.
Szeged : University of Szeged, 2010 - (Zaharia, L.), s. 748 ISSN 0324-6523. [Mid-European Clay Conference (MECC 2010) /5./. Budapest (HU), 25.08.2010-29.08.2010] R&D Projects: GA ČR GAP106/10/1762; GA ČR GA106/09/1664 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z40720504 Keywords : alumina support * hydroxydes * ldh Subject RIV: CI - Industrial Chemistry, Chemical Engineering
Porous Alumina and Zirconia Ceramics With Tailored Thermal Conductivity
Gregorová, E.; Pabst, W.; Sofer, Z.; Jankovský, O.; Matějíček, Jiří
Roč. 395, č. 1 (2012), 012022-012022. ISSN 1742-6588. [European Thermal Sciences Conference (Eurotherm)/6./. Poitiers, 04.09.2012-07.09.2012] Institutional support: RVO:61389021 Keywords : Ceramics * alumina * zirconia * porosity * thermal conductivity * pore-forming agent * oxide ceramics * starch * porosity Subject RIV: JK - Corrosion ; Surface Treatment of Materials http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/395/1/012022/pdf/1742-6596_395_1_012022.pdf
Ordered Nanomaterials Thin Films via Supported Anodized Alumina Templates
Mohammed eES-SOUNI; Salah ehabouti
Supported anodized alumina template films with highly ordered porosity are best suited for fabricating large area ordered nanostructures with tunable dimensions and aspect ratios. In this paper we first discuss important issues for the generation of such templates, including required properties of the Al/Ti/Au/Ti thin film heterostructure on a substrate for high quality templates. We then show examples of anisotropic nanostructure films consisting of noble metals using these templates, discus...
Ordered Nanomaterial Thin Films via Supported Anodized Alumina Templates
Es-Souni, Mohammed; Habouti, Salah
Supported anodized alumina template films with highly ordered porosity are best suited for fabricating large-area ordered nanostructures with tunable dimensions and aspect ratios. In this paper, we first discuss important issues for the generation of such templates, including required properties of the Al/Ti/Au/Ti thin-film heterostructure on a substrate for high-quality templates. We then show examples of anisotropic nanostructure films consisting of noble metals using these templates, discu...
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis on alumina supported cobalt catalysts
Bechara, R.; Balloy, D.; Vanhove, D.
Physico-chemical properties of Co/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-gamma were investigated by XRD, XPS, thermogravimetry and catalytic measurements. Interactions between the metal and its support were found for catalysts prepared from alumina with the greater specific area. For the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, the products distribution appeared not to be sensitive to the cobalt particle size, but seems to depend on the degree of cobalt reduction.
Directional solidification of the alumina-zirconia ceramic eutectic system
It is possible to produce alumina-zirconia ceramic samples through existing solidification techniques. The resulting microstructures typically consist of rods of zirconia in an alumina matrix, although a lamellar structure has been noted in some cases. In nearly all cases, colony growth was present which may possibly result from grain size, repeated nucleation events, and lamellar oscillations. In the same vein, it appears that the amount of impurities within the system might be the underlying cause for the colony growth. Colony growth was diminished through impurity control as the higher purity samples exhibited colony free behavior. In addition to colony formations, faceted alumina dendrites or nonfaceted zirconia dendrites may result in the ceramic if the sample is solidified out of the coupled zone. In all cases, for larger-sized Bridgman samples, a lower limit in the eutectic spacing was noted. The solidification model which includes the kinetic effect has been developed, although the effect appears to be negligible under present experimental conditions. A spacing limit might also occur due to the result of heat flow problems. Heat flow out of the ceramic is difficult to control, often causing radial and not axial growth. This behavior is exaggerated in the presence of impurities. Thus, higher purity powders should always be used. Higher purity samples, in addition to yielding a more microstructurally uniform ceramic, also showed increased directionality. In the future, the kinetic model needs to be examined in more detail, and further research needs to be accomplished in the area of molten ceramics. Once better system constants are in place, the kinetic model will give a better indication of the behavior in the alumina-zirconia system
Moisture-Induced Alumina Scale Spallation: The Hydrogen Factor
Smialek, James L.
For some time the oxidation community has been concerned with interfacial spallation of protective alumina scales, not just upon immediate cool down, but as a time-delayed phenomenon. Moisture-induced delayed spallation (MIDS) and desktop spallation (DTS) of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) refer to this process. It is most apparent for relatively adherent alumina scales that have survived initial cool down in a dry environment, have built up considerable thickness and strain energy, and have been somewhat damaged, such as by cyclic oxidation cracking. Indeed, a "sensitive zone" can be described that maximizes the observed effect as a function of all the relevant factors. Moisture has been postulated to serve as a source of interfacial hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen is derived from reaction with aluminum in the alloy at an exposed interface. The purpose of this monograph is to trace the close analogy of this phenomenon to other hydrogen-induced effects, such as embrittlement of aluminides and blistering of alloys and anodic alumina films. A formalized, top-down, logic-tree structure is presented as a guide to this discussion. A theoretical basis for interfacial weakening by hydrogen is first cited, as are demonstrations of hydrogen detection as a reaction product or interfacial species. Further support is provided by critical experiments that recreate the moisture effect, but by isolating hydrogen from other potential causative factors. These experiments include tests in H 2-containing atmospheres or cathodic hydrogen charging. Accordingly, they strongly indicate that interfacial hydrogen, derived from moisture, is the key chemical species accounting for delayed alumina scale spallation.
Electroless Fabrication of Cobalt Alloys Nanowires within Alumina Template
Nazila Dadvand; Kipouros, Georges J.
A new method of nanowire fabrication based on electroless deposition process is described. The method is novel compared to the current electroless procedure used in making nanowires as it involves growing nanowires from the bottom up. The length of the nanowires was controlled at will simply by adjusting the deposition time. The nanowires were fabricated within the nanopores of an alumina template. It was accomplished by coating one side of the template by a thin layer of palladium in order t...
Dependence of the Stabilization of -Alumina on the Spray Process
Stahr, C.Ch.; Saaro, S.; Berger, L.-M.; Herrmann, M.; Dubský, Jiří; Neufuss, Karel
Roč. 16, 5-6 (2007), s. 822-830. ISSN 1059-9630 R&D Projects: GA ČR(CZ) GA106/05/0483 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z20430508 Keywords : -Al2O3 stabilization * alumina * chromia * solid solution * X-ray diffraction Subject RIV: JK - Corrosion ; Surface Treatment of Materials Impact factor: 1.204, year: 2007
Ion irradiation effect of alumina and its luminescence
Aoki, Yasushi; Yamamoto, Shunya; Naramoto, Hiroshi [Japan Atomic Energy Research Inst., Takasaki, Gunma (Japan). Takasaki Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment; My, N.T.
The luminescence spectra of single crystalline alpha-alumina and ruby which has 0.02% of Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3} as a impurity, induced by 200 keV He{sup +} and Ar{sup +} irradiation were measured at room temperature as a function of irradiation dose. The analysis of the measured spectra showed the existence of three main luminescence features in the wavelength region of 250 to 350 nm, namely anionic color centers, F-center at 411 nm and F{sup +}-center at 330 nm and a band observed around 315 nm. As alpha-alumina was irradiated with He{sup +}, F-center and F{sup +}-center luminescence grew and decayed, but the behaviors of those were different from each other. It seems that a concentration quenching occurred on the F-center luminescence in the dose range above 1x10{sup 14} He/cm{sup 2}. Furthermore, F-center luminescence was strongly suppressed in ruby, compared with that in alumina. On the other hand, the luminescence band around 315 nm appeared only in the early stage of irradiation and did not show its growth part. The dose dependent behavior was similar to that of Cr{sup 3+} emission at 695 nm (R-line) in ruby in both cases of He{sup +} and Ar{sup +} irradiation. Based on the experimental results mentioned above, the processes of defect formation and excitation in alumina in the early stage of ion irradiation will be discussed. (author)
Surface tension of liquid alumina from contactless techniques
Full Text: We report new data on surface tension of liquid alumina from 2300 to 3200 K. Aerodynamic levitation of CO2 laser heated liquid drops allowed contactless measurement of vibration frequencies directly related to surface tension. Consistent data were obtained on drops of various weights ranging from 20 to 160 mg. It was also shown that oxydo-reducing character of the atmosphere does not modify sensible the results. (author)
Nanocarbon-Coated Porous Anodic Alumina for Bionic Devices
Morteza Aramesh; Wei Tong; Kate Fox; Ann Turnley; Dong Han Seo; Steven Prawer; Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov
A highly-stable and biocompatible nanoporous electrode is demonstrated herein. The electrode is based on a porous anodic alumina which is conformally coated with an ultra-thin layer of diamond-like carbon. The nanocarbon coating plays an essential role for the chemical stability and biocompatibility of the electrodes; thus, the coated electrodes are ideally suited for biomedical applications. The corrosion resistance of the proposed electrodes was tested under extreme chemical conditions, su...
Short cycle brazing of an alumina dispersion strengthened copper alloy
An alumina dispersion strengthened copper alloy (with 0.07 wt, % alumina) has been proposed for several specialized applications in fusion reactors, such as the stabilizer in superconducting magnets and the structural material for divertors and limiters. In this research, brazed joints of the alumina dispersion strengthened copper alloy were developed using resistance heating brazing. The BCuP-3 brazing alloy was chosen based upon its low activation characteristics. Brazing was conducted using a GLEEBLE 1500 system with which time, temperature, and stress were precisely controlled. Butt-brazed joints with different brazing times were evaluated based on tensile and bending fatigue properties. Results from these tests reveal that the optimum braze time is approximately 1 minute at 8000C with a holding stress of 0.5 MPa. Metallography examinations were conducted on both the as brazed structure and the fracture surfaces. In the former, a transition layer (about 10 μm tick) was formed between the braze metal and the base alloy. Microhardness measurements across the braze did not show any hardening or softening effect due to the brazing process. Metallography of the fractured tensile and fatigue samples showed that cracks always penetrated through the interface between the transition layer and the braze metal. Semiquantitative energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis was also performed across the joint. Profiles of P and Ag showed that P diffused very quickly into base metal along grain boundaries. A strong Al peak (associated with the detection of Al2O3) was found that corresponded with the transition layer. The presence of the alumina particles in the transition zone restricts the grain growth process in this region, resulting in relatively fine grain size
Formation of Corundum Phase in Plasma Sprayed Alumina Coatings
Dubský, Jiří; Chráska, Pavel; Kolman, Blahoslav Jan; Stahr, C.Ch.; Berger, L.-M.
Brisbane: Materials Australia, 2007, s. 62-62. [The 16th International Federation for Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering (IFHTSE) Congress/16th./. Brisbane (AU), 30.10.2007-1.11.2007] R&D Projects: GA ČR(CZ) GA106/05/0483 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z20430508 Keywords : Phase transformatin * Plasma spraying * Alumina * Chromia Subject RIV: JK - Corrosion ; Surface Treatment of Materials
Directional solidification of the alumina-zirconia ceramic eutectic system
Boldt, C.
It is possible to produce alumina-zirconia ceramic samples through existing solidification techniques. The resulting microstructures typically consist of rods of zirconia in an alumina matrix, although a lamellar structure has been noted in some cases. In nearly all cases, colony growth was present which may possibly result from grain size, repeated nucleation events, and lamellar oscillations. In the same vein, it appears that the amount of impurities within the system might be the underlying cause for the colony growth. Colony growth was diminished through impurity control as the higher purity samples exhibited colony free behavior. In addition to colony formations, faceted alumina dendrites or nonfaceted zirconia dendrites may result in the ceramic if the sample is solidified out of the coupled zone. In all cases, for larger-sized Bridgman samples, a lower limit in the eutectic spacing was noted. The solidification model which includes the kinetic effect has been developed, although the effect appears to be negligible under present experimental conditions. A spacing limit might also occur due to the result of heat flow problems. Heat flow out of the ceramic is difficult to control, often causing radial and not axial growth. This behavior is exaggerated in the presence of impurities. Thus, higher purity powders should always be used. Higher purity samples, in addition to yielding a more microstructurally uniform ceramic, also showed increased directionality. In the future, the kinetic model needs to be examined in more detail, and further research needs to be accomplished in the area of molten ceramics. Once better system constants are in place, the kinetic model will give a better indication of the behavior in the alumina-zirconia system.
Controlled fabrication of patterned lateral porous alumina membranes
Confined lateral alumina templates are fabricated with different pore sizes by changing the acid electrolyte and the anodization voltage. The control of the number of pore rows down to one dimension is also achieved, by controlling the thickness of the starting aluminum film as well as the anodization voltage. We observe that the mechanism of pore formation in the lateral regime is very similar to that in the classical vertical situation
Controlled growth of single nanowires within a supported alumina template
Vlad, A.; Mátéfi-Tempfli, M.; Faniel, S.;
A simple technique for fabricating single nanowires with well-defined position is presented. The process implies the use of a silicon nitride mask for selective electrochemical growth of the nanowires in a porous alumina template. We show that this method allows the realization of complex nanowire...... patterns as well as arrays of single nanowires with a precise position and spacing. © IOP Publishing Ltd....
Proton Adsorption onto Alumina: Extension of Multisite Complexation (MUSIC) Theory.
Nagashima; Blum
The adsorption isotherm of protons onto a commercial gamma-alumina sample was determined in aqueous nitric acid with sodium nitrate as a background electrolyte. Three discrete regions could be discerned in the log-log plots of the proton isotherm determined at the solution pH 5 to 2. The multisite complexation (MUSIC) model was modified to analyze the simultaneous adsorption of protons onto various kinds of surface species. Copyright 1999 Academic Press. PMID:10441408
Intensifying digestion of diaspore and separation of alumina and silica
李小斌; 彭志宏; 刘桂华; 周秋生
It was found that there lies a linear relationship among the thermodynamic data of complicate inorganic compounds with similar components. A method for estimating the thermodynamic data of complicate compound and a thermodynamic database involving alumina production were developed. It was found that the alumina digestion rate of activated diasporic bauxite by means of heat field increased much due to the structure aberration, i.e, from perfect structure to unstable corundum. The results from thermodynamic calculation and experiments showed that it was feasible for desilication at atmospheric pressure, and the effects on equilibrium concentration of SiO2 included temperature, mole ratio of Na2O/Al2O3 (αk), caustic and Na+ concentration. The technology of desilication of green liquor at atmosphere and separation of alumina and silica in aluminate solution with high concentration were established. The reaction activity of compounds containing silica and the converting law among compounds were studied, and the prototype technology of desilication products by hydrotreatment was also developed.
Dielectric properties of alumina/zirconia composites at millimeter wavelengths
Alumina-zirconia composites with ZrO2 contents up to 20% and negligible porosity were investigated at millimeter (mm) wavelengths to determine the changes appearing in the dielectric properties of pure alumina ceramics when unstabilized or partially stabilized ZrO2 is added to improve the mechanical strength. It is demonstrated that it essential to distinguish between the contributions of the monoclinic and the tetragonal phase of zirconia (m-ZrO2, t-ZrO2). Permittivity is raised with increasing content of either phases; the effective permittivity can be assessed by the rule of mixtures (Maxwell-Garnett formulation of the generalized Clasussius-Mossotti relation) using permittivity values of 10 for Al2O3, 14-21 for m-ZrO2 and 40-45 for t-ZrO2. The permittivity data show only a small variation in the investigated range of 9-145 GHz. For the dielectric loss, there is evidence of a predominant contribution of m-ZrO2; in addition, the marked increase in loss with frequency becomes sharper. The t-ZrO2, which is responsible for strengthening, does not show any significant influence on losses. It is therefore concluded, that ZrO2 strengthening of alumina is feasible without affecting mm-wave losses at room temperature as long as the presence of m-ZrO2 is avoided
Nanostructural Engineering of Nanoporous Anodic Alumina for Biosensing Applications
Josep Ferré-Borrull
Full Text Available Modifying the diameter of the pores in nanoporous anodic alumina opens new possibilities in the application of this material. In this work, we review the different nanoengineering methods by classifying them into two kinds: in situ and ex situ. Ex situ methods imply the interruption of the anodization process and the addition of intermediate steps, while in situ methods aim at realizing the in-depth pore modulation by continuous changes in the anodization conditions. Ex situ methods permit a greater versatility in the pore geometry, while in situ methods are simpler and adequate for repeated cycles. As an example of ex situ methods, we analyze the effect of changing drastically one of the anodization parameters (anodization voltage, electrolyte composition or concentration. We also introduce in situ methods to obtain distributed Bragg reflectors or rugate filters in nanoporous anodic alumina with cyclic anodization voltage or current. This nanopore engineering permits us to propose new applications in the field of biosensing: using the unique reflectance or photoluminescence properties of the material to obtain photonic barcodes, applying a gold-coated double-layer nanoporous alumina to design a self-referencing protein sensor or giving a proof-of-concept of the refractive index sensing capabilities of nanoporous rugate filters.
Environmental Sustainability of the Alumina Industry in Western Europe
Valentina Dentoni
Full Text Available The implementation of European policies on environmental protection is enforcing some substantial modifications in the processing methods and technologies traditionally adopted in the alumina industry and, in particular, in the management of the alumina residue produced. The article analyses the evolution of the alumina production and the residue disposal practices in Western Europe. Some critical aspects regarding the legal implementation of the EU Directive on the landfill of waste are highlighted and discussed. With reference to the requirements established for the landfill of non-hazardous waste, a key point is represented by the possibility of reducing the deposit protection measures if the collection and treatment of leachate is not necessary. The flexibility introduced by the Directive is not incorporated into the Italian law; this fact may represent a major issue in the prospect of disposal conversion from wet to dry methods for companies operating in Italy, as it may endanger the economic sustainability of the plants' upgrade, as well as the opportunity to attract outside investments.
Investigations of vapour explosions with alumina-droplets in sodium
Within the analysis of severe hypothetical fast breeder accidents the consequence of a fuel-coolant interaction has to be considered, i.e. the thermal interaction between hot molten fuel and sodium. Experiments have been performed to study the thermal fragmentation of a molten alumina droplet in sodium. Alumina temperatures up to 3100 K and sodium temperatures up to 1143 K were used. For the first time film boiling of alumina drops in sodium was achieved. With some droplets undergoing film boiling, the fragmentation was triggered by an externally applied pressure wave. In these experiments, the trigger was followed promptly by a strong reaction pressure wave if and only if a contact temperature threshold of TI=2060 K±160 K was exceeded. In agreement with similar experiments in which other materials were studied, this threshold corresponds to an interfacial temperature close to the homogeneous nucleation temperature of the vapourising liquid. Based on the present and previous experimental results a model concept of thermal fragmentation is developed. (orig./HP)
Investigation of vapor explosions with alumina droplets in sodium
Within the analysis of severe hypothetical fast breeder accidents the consequence of a fuel-coolant interaction has to be considered i.e. the thermal interaction between hot molten fuel and sodium. Experiments have been performed to study the thermal fragmentation of a molten alumina droplet in sodium. Alumina temperatures up to 3100 K and sodium temperatures up to 1143 K were used. For the first time film boiling of alumina drops in sodium was achieved. With some droplets undergoing film boiling, the fragmentation was triggered by an externally applied pressure wave. The trigger was followed promptly by a strong reaction pressure wave if and only if a contact temperature threshold of TI=2060±160 K was exceeded. In agreement with similar experiments in which other materials were studied this threshold corresponds to an interfacial temperature close to the homogeneous nucleation temperature of the vaporising liquid. Based on the present and previous experimental results a model concept of thermal fragmentation is developed. (orig.)
Thermodynamics of selenium sorption on alumina and montmorillonite
Jean-Pierre Morel
Full Text Available The effect of pH and temperature on the thermodynamics of selenium sorption on alumina and montmorillonite was investigated. The equilibrium constants were obtained from batch experiments carried out at 25 and 40°C, under acidic and near to neutral conditions. Microcalorimetry was used to measure directly the enthalpy change upon sorption. These data were analysed by taking into account the different reactions that occur during the sorption process (the acid–base equilibria in the bulk solution on the one hand and the complexation equilibria between surface sites of the solid and solution species on the other hand. This was done using a simple surface model which assumes that the thermodynamic properties of the aluminol surface sites of both alumina and montmorillonite are identical. Two of the considered reactions were found to predominate, one under acidic conditions and one at near neutral pH. The microcalorimetric data allowed to check that the temperature effect on selenium sorption on alumina and montmorillonite can be correctly predicted simply using the above assumption concerning the sorption sites and by applying van't Hoff relation both to the homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions.
Nanocarbon-Coated Porous Anodic Alumina for Bionic Devices
Morteza Aramesh
Full Text Available A highly-stable and biocompatible nanoporous electrode is demonstrated herein. The electrode is based on a porous anodic alumina which is conformally coated with an ultra-thin layer of diamond-like carbon. The nanocarbon coating plays an essential role for the chemical stability and biocompatibility of the electrodes; thus, the coated electrodes are ideally suited for biomedical applications. The corrosion resistance of the proposed electrodes was tested under extreme chemical conditions, such as in boiling acidic/alkali environments. The nanostructured morphology and the surface chemistry of the electrodes were maintained after wet/dry chemical corrosion tests. The non-cytotoxicity of the electrodes was tested by standard toxicity tests using mouse fibroblasts and cortical neurons. Furthermore, the cell–electrode interaction of cortical neurons with nanocarbon coated nanoporous anodic alumina was studied in vitro. Cortical neurons were found to attach and spread to the nanocarbon coated electrodes without using additional biomolecules, whilst no cell attachment was observed on the surface of the bare anodic alumina. Neurite growth appeared to be sensitive to nanotopographical features of the electrodes. The proposed electrodes show a great promise for practical applications such as retinal prostheses and bionic implants in general.

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