text:
-La Weekly Prop 19: Dreams of Legal Weed October, 2010/Vol. 32/No.48
- Rodney Cummings
- 1 years ago
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2 Bruce Margolin is Synonymous With Fighting Weed Busts in California... The Dean of Weed Defense Attorneys. He has Defended 25,000 Pot Cases and Timothy Leary. -La Weekly Prop 19: Dreams of Legal Weed October, 2010/Vol. 32/No.48 Finally someone has made the Marijuana Laws easy to understand. What you don t know can hurt you. Read this Book. -Jack Herer, Hemp Advocate and Author, The Emperor Wears No Clothes R.I.P In our mission to provide quality training, Oaksterdam University utilizes The Margolin Guide as a key component to our curriculum. The Margolin Law Guide offers smart practices to stay compliant with California Law. The entire community will understand their constitutional rights and learn to have successful encounters with law enforcement by following this guide. -Dale Sky Clare, Executive Chancellor, Oaksterdam University. The Law Office Of Bruce M. Margolin State And Federal Criminal Defense Est Holloway Drive At The Sunset Strip West Hollywood, CA Phone: or LAWS Fax: Website: Watch for Opening of our new office in Nothern CA, Mr. Margolin is available to represent clients throughout California and in all 50 states (pro hoc vice) 2013 Edition Copyright Dec 2012 All rights reserved.
3 From the Author Dear Reader, I am offering my guide in the hopes that the information provided will help everyone stay out of trouble because, No one belongs in jail for marijuana SM! Knowledge of the laws and your rights can be the key to your freedom. I trust you will find my guide easy to read and will make the laws and your rights simple to understand. For over 40 years as a criminal defense attorney, I have successfully defended thousands of clients faced with marijuana related charges and many others accused of all varieties of criminal offenses (please see the partial List of Recent Successes starting on page 34). I have seen that many of those who have been arrested and prosecuted were not only the victims of the unjust marijuana laws, but also due to their lack of knowledge of their constitutional rights and how to invoke them. To help ensure the protection of your constitutional rights including: not to Consent to Search, and the Miranda rights, etc. Please see the Invocation of Rights (wallet sized card) inserted here at the centerfold. Please note that even though one may choose to invoke their rights it is best to be respectful to law enforcement. Unfortunately, convictions of marijuana offenses still can have serious consequences, including jail, prison, probation, loss of professional and driver s licenses, student aid and even deportation. My Guide includes both medical and non-medical California marijuana laws including many of the recent, and highly important landmark appellate court rulings (pages 18-20). California non-medical marijuana laws are very similar to those throughout the U.S., however there are significantly different punishments in other States as well as in the Federal Courts. California s medical marijuana laws are unique in that they provide more rights and protections to qualified patients, caregiver, collectives and patient cooperatives. (See the Federal Sentencing Guidelines, Laws in all 50 States, and Medical Marijuana sections of this Guide). This booklet is a guide, not legal advice. I have simplified the laws to make them easier to understand. Not all the marijuana laws are included in this guide, but I have compiled those that are most relevant to typical cases brought for prosecution. Ultimately, only the actual statutes and the case rulings should be relied upon and therefore, I have included statutes and case law citations. I have done my best to be accurate, however, please note that errors can occur, including in the editing or printing process. Finally, be aware that laws change frequently due to appellate court decisions and new legislation. Visit my website for future updated versions of my guide. I am available for phone and office consultation if you, or someone you care about needs help. Call laws (5297) or Sincerely, Bruce Margolin, Esq. You may download a free PDF version of my guide at laws.com Just click on the Margolin Guide icon on the home page. i
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5 List of Recent Successes (both marijuana and non marijuana related criminal matters) iii iv 59 PM Margolin-Book2011.indd 5 10/19/11 2:32:03 PM
6 Report To The People By Bruce M. Margolin, Esq. A California Field Poll in 2012 reported an unprecedented majority of 56% of the public in support of legalizing and taxing marijuana. California NORML sponsored AB 390 legislation (tax, regulate, and legalize marijuana), which passed the Health and Safety Committee, however the bill had been withdrawn pending the vote on Prop 19 ( November 3, 2010 ). Unfortunately Prop 19 wording left many hesitant to support it although it did receive 46% and in some cities like Beverly Hills and Santa Barbara the vote for was over the required 50%. There are new initiatives being proposed to bring legalization to the voters of California and we are hopeful to have one single initiative that all the marijuana reform organizations and activists can support on a united front. In the meanwhile, we will continue out efforts to legalize by legislation. I am pleased that both the states of Washington and Colorado have legalized up to an ounce of Marijuana for all purposes by adults over 21. The 9th Circuit Federal Court of Appeals held that the California Medical Marijuana laws may coexist with the federal laws, even though the federal laws do not recognize medical marijuana (See Raich v. Ashcroft, 352 F. 3rd 1222). However, some Federal Court Judges have imposed punishments far below the sentencing guidelines to thoses that were acting in complience with Califonia medical marijuana laws. (See, US v. Charles Lynch and US v. Ed Rosenthal). Unfortunately the United States Congress continues to arbitrarily refuse to reschedule marijuana to make it availible for medical purposes. The DEA Administrative Law, Judge Frances Young, ruled in a lawsuit brought by N.O.R.M.L. decades ago that marijuana is one the safest substances known to mankind when used under medical supervision and that it should be rescheduled. His ruling remains ignored by the DEA. However, in October of 2012, another lawsuit brought by ASA (America s for Safe Access) sighting new studies that have affirmed the medicinal value of marijuana, and we are awaiting that court s ruling. Our former California Attorney General Jerry Brown (now Governor) in August 2008 provided guidelines that included that non-profit patient collectives and Co-ops may operate dispensaries. Our New A.G. Kamala Harris has not yet released her guidelines. OnDecember 21, 2011, she wrote to members of the legislature asking them to propose new legislation that will clarify the interpretation of our marijuana laws, including the formation and operation of marijuana dispensaries, the definition of profit, and concerns about editbles. It is conceded by the her, prosecutors and the Appellate Courts that the marijuana laws are unclear. See Jerry Browns entire opinion regarding the Guidelines for the Security and Non-Diversion of Marijuana Grown for Medical Use and A.G. Kamala Harris letter on my website. I have authored motions to dismiss the continuing prosecution of patients and collectives/dispensaries, as a denial of due process because the medical marijuana laws are so ambiguous. Copies are availble at my office upon request. Many cities & counties are concerned about the proliferation of marijuana dispensaries. For example, the Los Angeles City Council has attempted to close all but seventy dispenceries of the 500 or more existing ones, which is obviously not sufficient to meet the needs of such a large city. Others have banned dispensaries altogether. The California Supreme Court have several cases before it regarding regulating the operations of dispensaries and the rights of cities and counties to ban them. This area of the law is an example of the multiple contradictions of the rulings of different courts, and are an example of the ongoing confusion of how the laws are to be interpreted. In court defendents often need their own court qualified Cannabis Experts to overcome the Narcotic s officer s opinion that the marijuana in question is for sale and/or the operation of their collectives or Co-ops are illegal. Experts need to be recruited and trained to testify on behalf of the defense. The National Institute of Court Qualified Cannabis Experts, of which I am founder and director, holds seminars on becoming a court-qualified expert. Our faculty has included such notables as court qualified cannabis experts Chris Conrad and Bill Britt, and others. We accept resumes from those interested.send resumes via ( ), fax ( ) or call my office. I lecture on behalf of the California State Bar Continuing Education Program to Bar Associations, Public Defenders Offices, Doctors Medical Associations and at law schools on constitutional rights and marijuana laws. I m available for speaking engagements upon request. Defendants convicted of the more serious marijuana offenses may face jail or even prison sentences. As a result of felony convictions they are excluded from opportunities that otherwise allow them to become productive members of society. Please contact your legislatures to encourage them to support the legalization of marijuana. Go to the Internet today for information of how to contact your representative. Letters and telephone calls coming from constituents of the legislatures own districts greatly affect their concerns to represent their voters; and get reelected. Our campaign is not to promote marijuana use or fueled by any special interests, we re simply united in our view that marijuana prohibition laws just don t work and are unjust. Go online for information to find and join some of the many great organizations working to reform the marijuana and drug laws including LANORML.ORG, CANORML.ORG or NORML.ORG, Students for Sensible Drug Policy (SSDP.ORG), Drug Policy Alliance (drugpoliciy.org,) American for Safe Access (safeaccessnow.org), etc, or call LA NORML s Office (310) You can download my Guide free: laws.com or 420laws.com. iv
7 Possession Ca Health & Safety Code b infraction (as of Jan. 1, 2011), sections c, a are Misdemeanors LAW: It is illegal to knowingly have marijuana under your dominion and control unless legally authorized for medicinal purposes. (The protections provided for patients by the medical marijuana laws are available. See pages 14 to 24.) POSSESSION OF LESS THAN AN OUNCE (28.5 grams) [11357 (b) H&S] is an infraction. No booking with valid identification. A citation (similar to a traffic ticket) is issued, which makes a court appearance optional for the defendant or his/her attorney in order to defend the case. The defendant is entitled to move to suppress unlawful searches, etc. However the defendant is entitled to a trial by judge not a jury. PENALTY: No jail sentence or probation can be imposed. There will be no criminal record. The maximum penalty is a fine of $100, plus court assessments, for a total of approximately $371. Deferred Entry of Judgment (DEJ) and Drug Sentencing Alternatives are available to avoid conviction and see section Courtroom Strategy for How to Avoid Conviction for Less than an Ounce. Please refer to page 9. Those under 21 years will lose their driver s license for 1 year if convicted. Refer to the How to Save Your Driver s License section of the guide, page 5. POSSESSION OF MORE THAN AN OUNCE (28.5 grams and up) [11357 (c) H&S] is also a misdemeanor. PENALTY: The maximum sentence is up to 6 months in county jail and a fine of up to $500 Deferred Entry of Judgment (DEJ) and Prop. 36 are available. See the table of contents. Note, possession of over 30 grams is a deportable offense (even if DEJ is granted); consult immigration attorney for specifics. Note from Bruce: My experience is that first time offenders do not go to jail. Summary (non-reporting) probation is usually granted on condition of a small fine or community service. POSSESSION OF CONCENTRATED CANNABIS (HASHISH) [11357 (a) H&S] This offense may be charged or sentenced as a felony or misdemeanor; therefore, it is called a wobbler. Note that Hashish is included under the Medical Marijuana patient s protection. Please see page 25. Note from Bruce: Manufacturing of hashish, even for medical purposes, is illegal when made with Butane or other chemical process. Also note that unlike giving away less than an ounce of marijuana is a misdemeanor punishable by only a hundred dollar fine, however, even just giving away (or of course selling) any amount of hashish is a felony and punishable by state prison. PENALTY: As a misdemeanor: maximum possible sentence is up to 1 year in jail, a fine of not more than $1,000 or both. As a felony: State prison sentence range from 16 months, to 2 or 3 years, plus a fine up to $10,000. Those under the age of 21 will lose their driver s license for 1 year. Deferred Entry of Judgment (DEJ) and Prop. 36 are available. Refer to the DEJ and Prop. 36 sections of the guide. SEEDS: Health & Safety Code marijuana means all parts of the Cannabis plant sativa L., whether growing or not; including the seeds. Therefore possession of marijuana seeds is in violation of the law. JUVENILES (Up to age 18): All marijuana offenses, including possession of over or under an ounce, sales, possession for sale, and cultivation may be dismissed by participation in a drug education program, and community service. Otherwise, the courts can impose anything from home on probation, camp placement, or a youth authority commitment up to the maximum term of imprisonment of the offense. However, possess ion for less than an ounce of marijuana is punishable by up to one hundred dollars (plus penalties). Minors criminal records are not permanent and can also be sealed. Minors (under 21) if convicted of any marijuana offense will result in a one year mandatory driver s license suspension is, even if a vehicle is not involved. 1
8 Possession For Sale California Health & Safety Code Felony POSSESSION FOR SALE: Possession of marijuana with the intent to sell any amount is a felony. Sale means any exchange of marijuana for cash, favors, goods, bartering or other benefits. Note that giving away up to an ounce is a misdemeanor; with a $100 maximum fine [HS (b)]. Refer to the Medical Marijuana Laws section of the guide for the protections afforded patients, collectives and Co-ops., etc. PENALTY: Possession of any amount of marijuana with the intent to sell is punishable by imprisonment in state prison [11359 H&S]. Unless probation is granted, which it almost always is, penalties can be up to 16 months or 2-3 years in state prison, and a fine of up to $10,000. Persons under age 21 will lose their driver s license for 1 year. For non-citizens, conviction for possession for sale is a deportable offense and will result in denial of citizenship, etc. Deferred Entry of Judgment and Drug Sentencing Alternatives are NOT available. Note from Bruce: INTENT TO SELL is often proven simply by the expert opinion alone of a qualified narcotics officer that the marijuana possessed was for sale rather than personal use. The narcotics officer s opinions are often based upon the quantity of marijuana, the number of packages, the presence of packaging material (baggies), the presence of large amounts of money, scales, ledgers (pay and owe notes), cell phones, pagers, foot traffic to and from the premises, and incriminating text messages. Dealing or bartering marijuana for anything of value (not just money) is illegal. The defense has the right to present their own expert s opinion to testify as to whether or not the amount and other factors are consistent with personal use as opposed to possession for sale. The defendant may also choose to testify and call other witnesses to defeat the allegation of not for personal use/sale. Our office has access to court qualified cannabis/marijuana experts to testify on behalf of the defense. Also, I am the director of The National Institute of Court Qualified Cannabis Experts. For more information see National Institute of Court Qualified Cannabis Experts on page 24. A SEARCH WARRANT FOR THE RESIDENCE MAY BE OBTAINED NO MATTER WHERE THE BUST TAKES PLACE: No matter where the location of the arrest for possession for sale takes place (for example in a car 100s of miles away), police may be able to obtain a search warrant for the defendants residence. THE NUMBER OF PACKAGES AND CONSISTENT WEIGHTS = FOR SALE: The number of packages seized is often the controlling factor relied upon by the prosecution. For example, a half-pound in a single package may be charged as simple possession, while 16 half-ounce packages will almost certainly be charged as possession for sale, especially if the packages are in specific weights (for example eighths, ounces, quarter pounds.) WOBBLERS TO OBTAIN MISDEMEANOR AND PLEA BARGAINING: Felony marijuana offenses of possession for sale, cultivation, and transportation may sometimes be reduced by plea bargaining to maintaining a place where marijuana is possessed, [11366 H&S], or possession of hashish [11357 (a) H&S]. These offenses are wobblers, which means they are reducible to misdemeanors either at the time of sentencing or more often after a period of probation 18 to 36 months and then the conviction can be expunged which means that the court records will show that the conviction is set aside, not guilty is entered and the case is dismissed. Note from Bruce on Second and Third Strike Law and felony marijuana convictions: As of November 6, 2012, the third offense must be serious or violent. Therefore, marijuana felony offenses will not be a basis for third strike punishment of 25 to life in prison. Marijuana offenses are not strikes. However, any felony marijuana conviction with one or more strikes mandates no probation and doubles the sentence, and serving 85% of the time (not 50%). JUDGES CAN STRIKE THE USE OF THE PREVIOUS STRIKE IN THE CASE BEFORE HIM (Romero Motion). 2
9 Cultivation California Health & Safety Code Felony LAW: Persons who plant, cultivate, harvest, dry, or process (even just one plant) are guilty of a felony. (California s medical marijuana laws protect patients and their caregivers. Please see the Medical Marijuana Laws at pages and in particular page Limits.) PENALTY: Unless probation is granted (and usually is see below), the sentencing range is 16 months, 2 or 3 years in state prison, and a fine of up to $10,000. Persons under 21 will lose their driver s license for 1 year. This is a deportable offense for non-citizens. Refer to the Deferred Entry of Judgment section of the guide for D.E.J. program to obtain dismissal (Page 10). Note from Bruce on Sentences: Probation is almost granted to first time offenders, even when large numbers of plants are seized (e.g., 700+ plants). Some prosecutors will charge only a misdemeanor possession offense when just a few plants are seized ( H&S Code). Refer to the Definition of Probation in the guide at page 4. PLANTS ALONE MAY ALLEGEDLY BE POSSESSED FOR SALE: The defense may be able to refute the prosecution s charge of possession for sale in cultivation cases by introducing the 1992 DEA Cannabis Yields Study, which states that (saleable) marijuana buds comprise less than 10% of the total net weight of the plants. Refer to the Report to People section on page ii of this Guide regarding The National Institute of Court Qualified Experts. Also see the The expert testimony regarding the evaluation of a patient s needs for important information on how to evaluate when marijuana is possessed for sale versus personal use at page 24. TOO MANY PLANTS FOR DEFERRED ENTRY PROGRAM: The prosecution may object to DEJ by contending the cultivation is not for personal use, even though possession for sale is not charged. The defendant is entitled to a hearing before a judge to decide whether or not DEJ will be granted over the prosecutor s objection. Also, see the DEJ section of the guide at page 10. FEDERAL 5 AND 10 YEARS MANDATORY MARIJUANA SENTENCING LAWS: In Federal Courts, and in some states other than California, the number of plants presumptively determines the length of the prison sentence. Under Federal law, there are mandatory sentencing laws of five years for 100+ plants, and a mandatory sentencing of 10 years for 1,000+ plants, no matter how big or what stage, even just rooted seedlings (rooted clones). Refer to the Federal Sentencing section of the guide at page 13. PROTECTION FROM POLICE WITH FENCES: Case Law provides that fully enclosed residential yards with 6-foot fences are legally protected from police observation. However, if the police can view plants in other ways for example, from a neighbor s property or from aircraft, they can obtain a warrant for the home and buildings on or connected to the property. There is also Google Map, which one judge has opined that has destroyed the expectation of privacy. TRASH CANS ARE NOT PROTECTED if left outside the property. Trashcans left outside the property can be searched without a warrant. If plants or other incriminating items constituting probable cause are found, a search warrant can be issued for the residence and the entire property. HIGH ELECTRIC BILLS AND PROBABLE CAUSE FOR SEARCH WARRANT: Indoor cultivation busts are often the result of unusually large electric bills (compared to others in the neighborhood) combined with informant tips, and/or the smell detected from outside the property. Electric bills are not constitutionally protected, so they may be obtained without a warrant or probable cause. THEFT OF ELECTRICITY: Persons, who tap electric lines, or otherwise bypass electrical metering, will also face felony grand theft charges; this makes the cultivation defense more complicated in particular when there is a medical defense potential. Note from Ed Rosenthal (Ask ED, author- activist). Using marijuana is not addicting but cultivating often is. 3
10 Transportation, Importation, Sale or Gift California Health & Safety Code Felony or Misdemeanor LAW- LESS THAN AN OUNCE- MISDEMEANOR NO JAIL: Giving away and/ or transportation of less than an ounce of marijuana for personal use is a no arrest offense with proper identification [H&S 11360(b).] A ticket is issued (similar to that of a traffic violation) requiring a mandatory court appearance on a date set in the future. You must have valid identification; otherwise you are subject to arrest. PENALTY: Refer to the Possession, less than an ounce regarding penalties section of the guide at page 1. No jail. Up to $100 fine, and possible license suspension, etc. at page 1. LAW-FELONIES, TRANSPORTATION, SALE, ETC.: To offer, attempt or transport, import into the state, sell, furnish, administer, or give away marijuana. Bartering or exchanging for anything of value is considered sale. For patient s rights and protections, refer to the Medical Marijuana Laws section of the guide at page 14. PENALTY:Unless probation is granted (and it almost always is) for first time offenders, the sentencing ranges from 2, 3, or 4 years in a state prison. See Note from Bruce - 3-Strike laws page 2 of this guide. Sales to or employing minors under age 14, is 3, 5, or 7 years; over 14 is 3, 4, or 5 years [H&S Section 11361] Note that giving away under an ounce of marijuana is a misdemeanor imposing a maximum fine of $100 plus assessments. Deferred entry of judgment (DEJ) is not available. Refer to DEJ section of this guide. Proposition 36 sentencing alternative is an option for transportation and possession for personal use. Persons under age 21 will lose their driver s license for 1-year automobile/driving related or not. Possession and Transportation of over 30 grams is a deportable offense for non-citizens, even with green cards, and is considered an aggravated felony under the immigration laws. DEJ is not a defense against deportation. Under 8 USC 1227 (a) (2) (B) (i), a conviction for single offense for simple possession of under 30 grams of marijuana is not an aggravated felony under the immigration laws. Refer to the Landmark Medical Marijuana Appellate Cases (Pages 18-20) of this Guide regarding transportation etc. by patients, caregivers, members of Co-ops and collectives stating on page 14. Note from Bruce: Probation can be expected and the definition of probation Almost without exception, my experience is that first time offenders who are convicted receive probation no matter how much is involved in almost all CA State Courts. (i.e. 700 plants, 5,263 pounds.) However, the term probation doesn t mean that time in the county jail is necessarily avoided. In felony cases, the term probation means only that the state prison sentence is not imposed. The terms of probation may include up to a year in the county jail, and search conditions. Alternatives to jail also can be fines, house arrest, or community service. In misdemeanor cases, probation means all or part of the county jail sentence is not imposed. THE RIGHT TO REMAIN SILENT (MIRANDA RIGHTS): Suspects do not have to be advised of their Miranda rights while merely being detained during an investigation. If you choose to talk, those statements will be used against you. Upon arrest, police are required to advise. However, even if the cops fail to give the Miranda warnings, any statements made by the defendant are still admissible to contradict a defendant s testimony if he chooses to take the stand to testify. Note: June, 2010 the U.S. Supreme Court held that silence alone does not invoke one s right to remain silence. A suspect must speak up and say NO to the request by the police to waive their rights, or say, I wish to remain silent, I want a lawyer. For your protections and to invoke your constitutional rights see the wallet sized Invocation of Rights card in the centerfold of this Guide. 4
11 Driving Under The Influence (DUI) When Impaired California Health & Safety Code Felony LAW: It is unlawful to drive while under the influence of marijuana if impaired to the degree that one is unable to operate a motor vehicle safely. PENALTY: 1st offense: maximum 6 months in jail; fine of $390-$1,000; restricted license and 3 years probation, and, if under 21 years old, loss of license for 1 year, and DUI program. (Medical patients are not exempt from statutes prohibiting driving while impaired.) Note from Bruce: MARIJUANA DUI CASES ARE OFTEN DIFFICULT FOR THE PROSECUTION TO PROVE: Unlike the.08% blood alcohol level in drunk driving cases, which makes a defendant presumptively guilty, there is no legal standard amount of THC that presumptively establishes impairment. Other factors are used such as; driving violations, field sobriety tests, performance, walk a line, touch of nose, speech, admissions of effects. And note that claiming to be tired only adds to the possibility of impairment. ALCOHOL AND WEED DON T MIX! Studies show that using alcohol with marijuana radically increases chances of impairment and these types of cases are less defensible. DON T DO IT! DUI SUSPECTS CAN REFUSE TO ANSWER QUESTIONS, INCLUDING WHEN OR IF YOU USED MARIJUANA: In the event of being pulled over by the police, suspects may refuse to answer any questions (other than identifying yourself ) or take field sobriety tests. If you are arrested you are required to take a Breathalyzer, and /or blood or urine test if requested. OTHERWISE REFUSAL TO TAKE A CHEMICAL TEST AS REQUESTED WILL RESULT IN THE LOSS OF DRIVER S LICENSE FOR A YEAR and may be seen as consciousness of guilt. Note from Bruce: Answering questions about use of marijuana, including when, can be very damaging to the defense, especially if within 4 hours! CHOOSING A BREATH, BLOOD, OR URINE TEST: DUI, MARIJUANA: Experts advise to first choose a breath test, as it does not register THC. If it is requested that you submit to a blood or urine test and you haven t used marijuana for at least 3 days choose the blood test, as experts indicate that THC is usually detectable in the blood for up to 2 days, otherwise choose a urine test. Even though a urine test will probably show a positive marijuana metabolite result (up to 35 days or more), the presence of Marijuana metabolite alone does not establish impairment, which is required to prove DUI. HOW TO SAVE YOUR DRIVER S LICENSE: CALIFORNIA LAW: Persons under 21 convicted of D.U.I. or any marijuana offense ill lose their California Driver s License for one year, even if not driving at the time. See page 9, Courtroom Strategy: How to Avoid Conviction For Less Than An Ounce (and save your driver s license). Adults can obtain a Restricted License (1st offense only) but now must install car ignition interlock device per D.M.V. Adults may also lose their license for up to 3 years when a motor vehicle is involved [CA Vehicle Code 13202] as the judge can suspend or order the DMV to revoke the driver s license for possession for sale, transportation, or sale to a minor. In many other states, anyone convicted involving any controlled substance, including marijuana, will lose their driver s license for 6 months or more, regardless of whether or not the offense is driving-related. When the defendant can show a critical need to drive, they can attempt to obtain only a restricted license (see VC ). YOUTHFUL OFFENDER ALTERNATIVE PROGRAMS: For defendants under 21. For possession of marijuana in some California counties, prosecutors have established alternative programs to avoid suspension of driver s license, usually requiring the defendant to attend counseling, such as Mother s Against Drunk Driving. Typically, 90 days later, the defendant is allowed to plead to an alternative of disturbing the peace. This avoids a controlled substance conviction and loss of license. 5
12 Drug Testing And Employment Unless employed by a governmental agency, there is no constitutional protection from testing or for refusing a drug test. The testing of government employees has been struck down by courts in many types of work except where the employee s impairment could cause serious threat or harm, i.e., train conductor. Private employers, however, may impose drug testing as a condition of employment, and if dirty the employee can be fired. An employee who has been accused of having a positive drug test result should request a second independent laboratory test of the dirty sample. It has been reported that false positives can result for a number of reasons. False positives can force an employee into unnecessary rehabilitation programs or, even worse, result in an unwarranted firing. Firing a good employee is a loss to both parties. Estimates of the length of time marijuana use is detectable in the body by urine testing: Single use: 5 Days Double use: days Heavy use: days Ross v. Raging Wire Telecom [42 Cal. 4th 920 (2008)] - CA Supreme Court ruled that an employer may terminate or deny employment to anyone who admits to using or who uses marijuana; even if they are a qualified medical marijuana patient. Note from Bruce: CLEANSING THE BODY OF THC: I am not aware of any chemical product that has proven effective in cleansing the system of THC. Abstaining, exercising, and drinking lots of water are the only proven ways to rid the body of THC. You may purchase an over-the-counter kit that detects THC from most drugstores to do a confidential test. EMPLOYERS NEED GUIDANCE: Employers should be informed and made to understand that the rational purpose for conducting drug testing is to determine if an employee is impaired on the job. Since the marijuana metabolite is detectable in urine for up to 35 days or more after use, it does not establish impairment. The scientific community generally agrees that the effects of marijuana last no more than about 3 hours after use. Arguably, a more effective approach to assure safety is to observe the employee s on-the-job behavior, along with motor skill testing such as the tests used in DUI cases. This type of policy reduces the cost of testing, protects the privacy of the employees as well as their morale, and is a more effective way to uncover employees inability to perform their duties safely for any number of reasons (i.e. fatigue, illness, etc.) 6
13 Forfeiture California Health & Safety Code 11470(e) H&S Forfeiture laws allow the State and Federal government to seize money and property that are the proceeds of, or are used to, facilitate illicit drug activity. Forfeiture proceedings are usually filed separately from the criminal case; the defendant is the money or property itself. The owner must file a claim opposing forfeiture and may be required to prove its legitimate source. U.S. V. BAJAKAJIAN (1998) 524 U.S The forfeiture of a defendant s property or money must be proportionate to the gravity of the offense committed. State and Federal governments can impose criminal punishment in addition to forfeiting the defendant s property and money. There is no double jeopardy defense. The Federal courts have held, however, that the value of the forfeited property cannot be disproportionate to the crime. In 1995, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals said that, If, for example, one marijuana plant were found growing on the ranch, forfeiture of all 825,000 acres would be excessive (U.S. v Little Canyon Rd., (1995) [59 F. 3d 974, 9th Cir.] California law does protect innocent owners in some cases (See below). Under California statutes, a criminal conviction is required for forfeitures under $25,000. However, the state police agencies may turn the property or money over to the Feds, where a criminal conviction is not required for forfeiture under federal laws. The California forfeiture statute [ 11470(e) H&S] allows forfeiture of the following: A ) All controlled substances, except arguably medical marijuana. B ) All money and equipment involved in the crime. C ) Any vehicle used, or intended to be used, in transportation of the marijuana (with more than 10 pounds dry weight). Motor vehicle forfeitures can be prevented if an innocent spouse is co-owner, or has a community property interest, and the defendant s immediate family who has no knowledge of the illegal activity uses the vehicle. Maintaining a Place (H&S 11366) and Forfeitures: Homes and land (real property) are also subject to state forfeiture if the owner is convicted of maintaining the property for the purpose of manufacturing, distributing, or possessing marijuana for sale. However, property that is used as a family residence or other lawful purpose, and is co-owned by an innocent person with no knowledge of the unlawful use, may not be subject to forfeiture. Note from Bruce On Seizures of Money: I have had many clients who have had their money seized at airports or when traveling in vehicles. The cops often use narcotics dogs to see if they hit (smell marijuana) on the currency, and use that as a basis to seize the currency. However, the dog s smell alone may not be enough to forfeit the money. Thereafter, it often takes months to be notified by state or federal prosecutors of intent to proceed with forfeiture. The money becomes the defendant in civil proceedings against it, as being the unlawful proceeds or used to facilitate unlawful drug activity. The claimant must file a notice to oppose the forfeiture within 30 days. 7
14 Search And Seizure Laws The California Constitution and the 4th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantee our right to be free from unlawful searches and seizure by police. Illegally seized evidence must be suppressed and excluded in the criminal prosecution against a defendant whose rights have been violated. With no admissible evidence the case must be dismissed. YOUR CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS INCLUDE (AMONG OTHERS): Not to have your personal property searched without a search warrant To refuse to answer police questions or make any statements To refuse to open your door to your home unless there is an emergency or a search warrant Not to be detained or questioned without your consent (even at airports) Note from Bruce: See the Invocation of Rights wallet size card inserted here in the centerfold of my guide to help assure your rights are invoked and thereby protected. THE DEFINITION OF PROBABLE CAUSE: Probable cause to search and seize must exist, otherwise the evidence can t be used against the defendant in court. There must be a reasonable belief that a crime has been or is about to be committed (i.e. that there is contraband present.) Search of homes or other private property requires warrants. Automobiles can be searched without a warrant. THE SMELL OF MARIJUANA: The smell of marijuana, (burnt or fresh), by police or their trained dogs is probable cause to search the suspect s person and car without a warrant, and is the basis to obtain a search warrant for a home or other place. See below ** REASONABLE EXPECTATION OF PRIVACY IS REQUIRED FOR STANDING FOR A DEFENDANT TO SUPPRESS EVI- DENCE: In California, as well as in many other states and under federal law, the defendant must have a reasonable expectation of privacy, called standing, in the location of the search in order to challenge the admissibility of illegally-seized evidence and have it suppressed. Some examples are set out below. CARS PASSENGERS: People who have their possessions, such as backpacks, in someone else s car have no standing to challenge an illegal search. There is no recognized right of privacy in someone else s car unless you are the driver at the time of the search. However, all persons have reasonable expectation of privacy regarding the clothing they are wearing and anything on their person. Passengers can challenge the reason for the stop. HOUSE GUESTS: Overnight guests have the same rights as the occupants to object to the illegal search of the host s home. Campsites and motel & hotel rooms are also protected. BACKYARDS FENCES: Renter s and homeowner s enclosed yards (e.g. a yard with a 6-foot fence, even with small cracks) are protected from police peeping close-up through the fence, but not from aerial observation. Police may not use ladders to see over an enclosed fenced yard. IN JAIL AND IN PUBLIC ETC.: There is no right of privacy while in police cars, jail, (including telephone calls) or in visiting rooms, except in-person meetings with lawyers or clergy. No privacy rights while in public. For example, police camera attached to telephone poles focused on your driveway. TELEPHONES, TEXTS, INTERNET: CONVERSATIONS on hard wire, cell phones, and in telephone booths are protected, unless one party agrees to police listening in. Cordless phone users do not have an expectation of privacy because neighbors can hear conversations with the same frequency. There has been a great increase of the Government use of electronic surveillance like wire tapping and the laws have made the police access to the use of electronic surveillance much easier. Legal rulings regarding use of cell phone locators are under consideration. No warrant is required for disclosure of information stored by your INTERNET PROVIDER i.e. Hotmail, Gmail, AOL. Police may confiscate a suspect s cell phone and read text messages when making a lawful arrest for a drug offense. **POLICE MAY NOT ENTER A HOME BASED ON SEEING OCCUPANTS SMOKING MARIJUANA: [PEOPLE V HUA (2008) 158 Cal. App. 4th 1027] Police entry without warrant into defendant s apartment was not justified under the exigent circumstances exception to the warrant requirement. The defendant s refusal to allow the police to enter the home was upheld. The plants observed inside were suppressed and the case was dismissed. Refer to the Miranda Rights section of the guide page 4. 8
15 Courtroom Strategy: How To Avoid Conviction For Less Than An Ounce 11357(b) H&S (And Save Your Drivers Licence) Note from Bruce: Under California law, anyone under 21 convicted of any marijuana offense will lose their driver s license for one year, even if offense is not driving related. 1. DEFERRED ENTRY OF JUDGMENT (DEJ) will prevent loss of your license because the conviction is deferred, (held until conditions are met), and is later dismissed in 18 to 36 months. Refer to the Deferred Entry of Judgment and Prop. 36 Drug Court sections of the guide, page Many prosecutors will agree to dismiss by participation in INFORMAL DIVERSION; typically on the condition that the defendant attends usually about 5 to 15 Narcotics Anonymous meetings. Informal Diversion is better than formal, court ordered DEJ, because the 5-year exclusion from formal DEJ is not affected and doesn t show on the record. Informal DEJ takes much less time and avoids substantial costs of formal DEJ programs. 3. ILLEGALLY-SEIZED EVIDENCE Refer to the previous Search and Seizure section of the guide. Illegally obtained evidence must be suppressed and cannot be used against the defendant in court. Hence, there is no conviction or loss of license. 4. PLEA BARGAIN: In less-than-an-ounce cases, prosecutors often agree to dismiss the offense in exchange for a plea to other charges, such as Disturbing the Peace, [PC 415] or Trespassing, [PC 602]. There is no loss of license for these offenses. Also, try to get an infraction instead of a misdemeanor count. 5. Don t forget, the defendant currently has the right to a TRIAL BY JUDGE. You don t have to plead guilty or no contest (nolo contendere is the same as pleading guilty). In less-than-an-ounce cases, the prosecution or the court may decide to dismiss the charges in order to avoid the time and expense of a jury trial. In the event of a conviction even after a jury trial, the maximum ne is still $100 (plus the court assessments) total approximately $371 if the charge involves less than one ounce. Refer to the Prop. 36 section of the guide for information about dismissal, even after conviction by participation in drug programs (page 11). Destruction Of Arrest Or Conviction Records California Health & Safety Code Removing and Expungement ( PC ) of your Marijuana Conviction California law requires all governmental agencies to automatically destroy all records of a marijuana possession charge, and giving away or transporting up to one ounce charges, except cases concerning concentrated cannabis, two years after the date of conviction or arrest, unless the terms of the sentence have not been satisfied. This applies only to possession (not possession for sale) of any amount, and for giving away or transporting less than an ounce. Drug diversion records are also to be destroyed. Thereafter, no public agency may limit or deny the individual any opportunity as the result of the conviction. The record should not be included in any subsequent probation report or be considered for any purpose by any subsequent sentencing court in any other matter ( H&S). Note from Bruce: I have been advised that the U.S federal records do not get destroyed. Unfortunately, felony marijuana convictions for sale, transportation, possession for sale and cultivation cannot be destroyed. However, they are subject to expungement under PC , which gives the person the right to deny the conviction except when applying for public office, licensing by a state or local agency, or contracting with the state lottery. Expungement does not prevent prosecution for an ex-felon in possession of a firearm or use in future as a conviction against the defendant as a prior. Expungement does not remove the conviction from the defendant s records, but would indicate that conviction has been set aside, a not guilty is entered and the case dismissed. 9
16 Deferred Entry of Judgment (DEJ) = Dismissal Charges of possession of marijuana or hashish and cultivation for personal use can be dismissed by successful completion of Deferred Entry of Judgment. DEJ is not applicable to charges involving sales or possession for sale or transportation unless for personal use. The defendant must plead guilty to the offense prior to trial. However, the conviction is not entered, and the sentence remains deferred pending successful completion of the court-mandated drug education program. After successful completion of an approved drug education program, the case will be dismissed in months. The program requires about 20 hours of classes and may include drug testing. The requirements to be eligible are: Defendant has no prior convictions involving controlled substances The offense did not involve a crime of violence or threatened violence The non-deferrable narcotics offenses were committed concurrently Probation or parole has never been revoked without being completed No felony convictions within the last 5 years The court will enter judgment if the defendant: 1) performs inadequately in the drug program 2) is convicted of any felony or misdemeanor that reflects a propensity for violence 3) engages in any criminal conduct rendering him or her unsuitable for DEJ If the defendant fails the DEJ program, the law provides for a possible alternative program. Proposition 36 is used only for cases involving possession and transportation for personal use. Refer to the Prop 36 section of the guide. If the defendant refuses or fails in drug court, the court will impose the sentence. Upon dismissal, the defendant can legally represent that he or she was not convicted, granted DEJ, or even arrested, except if applying for a position as a police officer or the state lottery. Note, DEJ will not protect non-ctizens, even with green cards, from deporation if there was more then 30 grams involved. Note from Bruce: Large Cultivation: The prosecutor may object to DEJ where they contend that the amount of cultivation is beyond personal use, even when possession for sale is not charged. The defendant is entitled to a hearing before a judge, who may overrule the District Attorney s objection to DEJ. DEFERRED ENTRY OF JUDGMENT IS NOT A FREE RIDE. There is considerable time and expense involved in completing the required programs. DEJ is a trump card, available to the defendant only once every five years. It should not be used without carefully considering the ways to beat the case or to plea bargain to an alternative offense (e.g. Trespassing 602 PC, or Disturbing the Peace 415 PC) as an infraction. Informal diversion (which requires no guilty plea) is where the prosecutor agrees to dismiss the case, typically subject to completion of Narcotics Anonymous meetings, and the case is dismissed. Under the DEJ program drug testing can be imposed. Dirty test (or absence of reduction of THC) will be grounds for entry of the conviction and imposing the sentence. Some organizations who oversee the programs do not drug test. The law is not settled as to patients rights to use medicinal marijuana on DEJ. However note that recent case law has provided that patients are eligible for treatment under Prop 36 and is good argument for DEJ patients. Medical marijuana patients are eligible for Prop 36 treatment. See People v. Beatty (2010) 181 Ca App. 4th, p See page
17 Proposition 36 Alternative Sentencing Program California Penal Code 1210 California law mandates drug treatment instead of incarceration for possession and for transportation for personal use of marijuana and other drugs. The defendant is eligible for the drug treatment program even after conviction, unlike Deferred Entry of Judgment, which must be taken before trial. The program can require numerous meetings, counseling and commitment to stop all drug use. The program is up to 12 months and 6 months after-treatment. Defendants can expect to be drug tested in the Prop. 36 programs. Probation may be revoked for failure of the drug treatment program or for committing a violent offense, Defendants are allowed probation violations, for example, two failed tests or poor attendance, prior to being exposed to jail. Upon successful completion the conviction will be set aside. Prior convictions for drug offenses, even sales, will not disqualify a defendant under Proposition 36 unless a conviction is for a serious or violent felony committed within the past 5 years, e.g., a strike conviction as listed in CA Penal Code Section PC or PC. Note from Bruce: Medical marijuana patients are eligible for Prop 36 treatment. See People v. Beatty (2010) 181 Cal. App. 4th, p Drug Court Sentencing Alternatives A program of rehabilitation can be an alternative to jail. Conviction for almost any offense committed due to substance abuse may qualify. The court has great discretion as to which defendants they will accept. The defendants history and record is considered, in particular any prior rehabilitation attempts and violent offenses. Typically, cases accepted are theft related crimes due to drug dependency. Parolees: A person on parole who commits a non-violent drug possession offense or who violates a drug-related condition of his/her parole may be eligible for Prop. 36, instead of returning to prison. The parolee must have no prior convictions at any time for serious/violent felonies. Parole authorities (not the courts) set conditions. Entrapment LAW: Entrapment occurs when police or informants use tactics that would convince an otherwise law-abiding person to commit a crime. A defendant is not guilty of any offense if the defendant s intent to commit the crime was created by the police or their informant. Under Federal law showing the defendant had a prior propensity to commit the crime can defeat a claim of entrapment. OFFERING AN OPPORTUNITY IS NOT ENTRAPMENT! Police or their agents (informants), while under cover, may provide the opportunity for the crime to be committed. For example, Hey, anyone here want to sell me some herb? That is NOT entrapment. Note from Bruce: COPS CAN LEGALLY LIE- Undercover narcotics officers and their informants do not have to tell the truth or admit their informant role, even if they are asked directly. Asking, are you a cop? doesn t help. 11
18 TYPICAL BAIL RANGES (STATE OF CALIFORNIA): Possession: less than an ounce- (no arrest) ticket only; over an ounce- $500. Concentrated Cannabis (Hash): $10,000 Cultivation/Process: up to 1 lb $10K, up to 25 lbs -$30K over 25 lbs. up -$50K Possession for Sale: up to 1 lb. -$5k-$20K, 1-24 lbs --$25K-$30K, 25 lbs $50K over 50lbs -$100k Transport/Sale/Furnishing: Up to 1 lb. -$15K, over 5 lbs. -$20K, Over 25 lbs. - $50K Using Minor To Sell/Transport: up to 5 lbs- $30K, over 10 lbs-$40k, over 25 lbs-$50k over 50lbs -$100k RELEASE ON YOUR OWN RECOGNIZANCE (O.R.) is a person s promise to appear in court. In Los Angeles if in custody after booking, the arrested person may call the Bail Commissioner (collect) before going to court to request an O.R. Neither attorneys nor anyone else can do it for them. Jailers provide the on duty Bail Commissioner s phone number. The commissioner will attempt to verify employment, residence, etc. by calling the arrestee s references to see if he has sufficient local ties to justify O.R. The Bail Commissioner may consider the opinion of; the arresting officer, prior record and/or prior failure to appear in previous court cases, including traffic tickets. If the Bail Commissioner denies the O.R. release, the judge in court may grant O.R. or reduce bail, at the arraignment or after the preparation of an O.R. report. IF YOU HAVE TO POST BAIL: Bail can be posted by cash or cashier s check for the full amount of bail, which will be returned if the defendant appears as directed at the court proceedings. -WARNING- Posting cash bail often results in seizure of the money for purposes of forfeiture, based on claims that they are proceeds of drug trafficking. Note from Bruce: A second option is to go to a BAIL BONDSMAN, who typically will charge a non-refundable premium of 8-10% of the amount for bail. For example, if the bail is$10,000, you pay the bondsmen $1,000 which you never get back. Bail bonding agents usually have discretion regarding the type and amount of collateral required. Some will waive collateral altogether if friends or family members have good jobs and guarantee the bond. UNDER THE FEDERAL SYSTEM, release can be on personal surety bonds (promise to appear), corporate surety bail bond companies, third party surety, a real property bond, and/or cash. Collateral may be required. YOUR PHONE CALL: in California, after being booked, arrestees have the right to make 3 completed phone calls: to an attorney, bail bondsman, relative or other person. Be careful. These phone calls are not confidential. BAIL ENHANCEMENTS: Be aware that depending on the county you are in, bail can be raised considering the circumstances surrounding the arrest. Some counties have bail charts and enhancements listed on online. For example, San Bernardino County has listed the following bail enhancements for H&S 11358, cultivation of marijuana: $25,000 + chart enhancement over 10lbs. add $40,000 over 25lbs. add $50,000 over 100lbs. add $200,000 with a gun $50,000 Posting Bail 12
19 Federal Sentencing For Marijuana Offenses States prosecute almost all marijuana offenses. My experience is that the Federal government may opt to prosecute when offenses involve Federal property (such as U.S. national forests), very large quantities (for example, 1,000s + plants or 500+ kilos), the crossing of national borders, and/or where Federal agents conducted the investigation. However, I had a case this year involving approximately 400 plants prosecuted in U.S. Federal Court. Be aware that there are 5 and 10-year mandatory prison sentences for marijuana offenses in Federal Court. 100 Kilos, 100 plants or rooted seedlings mandates 5 years; 1,000 plants or rooted seedlings is 10 years. Neither medical marijuana nor the California medical laws are recognized as a defense in Federal Court. Seedlings are assigned a weight of 100 grams, for example, 60 plants= 6,000 grams= 6 kilos=15-21 months level 14 offense. If a plant weighs more than 100 grams, the actual weight is used. The Federal guidelines below are for the judge s consideration as to what sentence to impose and are considered the most relevant factor in determining the sentence but they are no longer mandatory. Amount of Marijuana Sentence/Months Offense Level Less than 250 grams 0-6 months g 2-8 months kg 6-12 months kg months kg months kg months kg months kg months kg months kg months 24 5-Years Mandatory kg months kg months kg months Year Mandatory kg months kg months 34 More than 10,000 kg months 36 Level Adjustments Early plea & acceptance of responsibility -2 or- 3 at level 16 Organizer or Leader +4 Between Minimal & Minor -3 Manager or Supervisor +3 Abuse of Position of Trust +2 Lesser Leader +2 Use of Special Skill +2 Minimal Participants -4 Obstruction +3 There are numerous factors (i.e. criminal convictions history) that affect the guidelines and sentencing. 13
20 Medical Marijuana Laws Compassionate Use Act Of 1996/Proposition 215 (CUA) etc. Ca. Health and Safety Code Any licensed physician (M.D., O.D.) may orally, or in writing, approve or recommend the use of marijuana for the treatment of cancer, anorexia, AIDS, chronic pain, spasticity, glaucoma, arthritis, migraine, and any other condition or illness for which marijuana provides relief. Notes from Bruce: There is a lot of confusion about the interpretation of the medical marijuana laws. This is, in part, because the laws are relatively new and the courts of appeals have not yet had the opportunity to rule on how they are to be interpreted. Most of the appellate cases so far ruled on are included here in my guide. See Appellate Court Landmark Cases Medical Marijuana at pages 19 and 21 * See Note From Bruce: Regarding The Ambiguities Of The Current Medical Marijuana Laws (Page 15). The Compassionate Use Act provides that patients (and their caregivers) may possess and cultivate marijuana in an amount consistent with the patient s current medical needs. [ H&S Code]. See page 21, for information regarding patient collectives & co-ops established by Senate Bill 420. Notes from Bruce: The doctor s opinion regarding the patient s medicinal needs can be the most important testimony along with a court qualified cannabis expert for the defense. Patients and caregivers should discuss with their doctor the need for the doctor s commitment to testify on their behalf in the event the patient is prosecuted. Notes from Bruce: Transportation of marijuana for current medical needs is also lawful (See Sec H&S Code) but not for just storing in the vehicle (PEOPLE V. WAYMAN (2010) [189 Cal. App. 4th p. 215]) (Page 22). Medical Marijuana Program Act (Senate Bill 420) Health and Safety Code Provides for protection from Arrest and Seizure for amounts up to 8 ounces of dried flowers and 6 mature or 12 immature plants unless the patient s doctor determines that the patient s needs require more or if the city or county allows greater amounts. See page 17. The act provides that a physician (M.D. or O.D.) who has conducted a medical examination and taken responsibility for an aspect of the medical care and has concluded that the patient has a serious medical condition that medical use of marijuana is appropriate, may recommend or approve its use. See H & S. In order to give law enforcement much needed guidance as to what amounts are presumptively legal and to provide qualified patients protection against unnecessary arrest, confiscation and prosecution, the California Legislature enacted Senate Bill 420. Senate Bill 420 provides additional patient s rights including to form collectives and co-operatives to cultivate and provide marijuana to their members as well as protections from arrest and seizures. The law greatly expanded the medical laws and made legal patients collectives and cooperatives and provided a variety of new protections, including transportation H&S (See Page 21). Notes from Bruce: The Compassionate Use Act (Prop. 215), passed in 1996, provides protection from conviction only, not from arrest, seizure or prosecution. Unlike the Compassionate Use Act, Senate Bill 420 additionally provides protection from arrest, seizure, prosecution, as well as conviction. The limits set for the protections afforded by this legislation are 8 ounces of mature marijuana (flowers/buds), and 6 mature plants (flowering) or 12 immature plants. Doctors usually provide a letter confirming that their patient s use of marijuana has been recommended or approved. Some doctors will indicate that their patient s needs are in excess of the limits set in under the Senate Bill 420 (MMP), which is allowed under the act. Health and Safety Code sets out that only the dry processed flowers (buds) are to be considered when evaluating the permissible amounts. Leaves and stalks are not to be considered. The Supreme Court of California held in Jan 2010 that the limits set in SB 420 are not applicable in the prosecution of a patient. Patients need only to raise a reasonable doubt in court that the amounts confiscated were consistent with the patients current medical needs, because it would violate the rights established by the initiative under Prop 215 (CUA) (People v. Kelly (2010) 47 Cal. 4th 1008). 14
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Substance Abuse Services for Youth in Florida: A Guide for Families March 2009 Florida Certification Board/Southern Coast ATTC Monograph Series #4 Substance Abuse Services for Youth in Florida: A GuideMore information
The ULTIMATE guide to motorycle accident cases in Washington MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENT SECRETS UNLOCKED
The ULTIMATE guide to motorycle accident cases in Washington MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENT SECRETS UNLOCKED Tricks and traps that wreck Washington injury cases. The Ultimate Guide to Motorcycle Accident Cases inMore information


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You are going to Watch Ronin Warriors Episode 38 English dubbed online free episodes with HQ / high quality. Stream Anime Ronin Warriors Episode 38 Online English dub Episode Description : Lady Evil Sees the Light. Anubis launches Quake With Fear at Lady Kayura and the Dark Warlords, tying them up and tries to reach the real Lady Kayura, however Badamon, controlling Lady Kayura, tells him that his hold on her is unbreakable and breaks free of the chains and charges at Anubis. Meanwhile, Nether Spirits arrives on barges with one each coming from one of nine nearby towers and each take one of the Ronin Warriors to one of the towers. The possessed Lady Kayura tries to convince Anubis to surrender while Anubis tries to convince the Dark Warlords that they are just being used which Lady Kayura proves by trapping them in spheres of energy. Badamon explains that the nine armors forever link the mortal realm and the Nether World which has always been the Warlords purpose…
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DH drinks the Mount Franklin lightly sparkling water with a hint of lemon ...could you make the same with soda stream or is it completely different ????
DH drinks the Mount Franklin lightly sparkling water with a hint of lemon ...could you make the same with soda stream or is it completely different ????
Just carbonating water? Yeah you can. You carbonate the water first then mix in what you like.
You can put a drop of lemon or orange, or slice up a lemon to thin slices and drop in your carbonated water . Or mix with cordial. What ever you like.
I love our soda stream.
Yep it carbonates the water first then you put what you like in it. So some lemon or lime would work
I love our Soda Stream!
Sent from my GT-I9100 using BubHub
Soda Stream is a brand
We have a soda stream too it's great.
I think they are all the same brand, they just bring out new models occasionally.
Yep soda stream is the brand name sometimes they bring out limited edition ones which just means theyre a different colour. Mine is silver and dark grey whereas my sisters is a cream colour
Sent from my GT-I9100 using BubHub
We have one and love it. We don't buy the mixes that come with it, I think they are mostly gross and too sweet. I just drink the water carbonated with lemon
We've got one, but find the syrup is gross, so we just add cordial or juice to the carbonated water. Yummy.
Sent from my GT-I9300 using BubHub
We love our soda stream! So many yummy flavours to choose from
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Ever wondered how language and words came about and evolved?
I've had a bit of a curiosity about names in particular and since it's that time of year, what about we start off with Santa Claus, or is it Clause.
Thinking about the history of Saint Nicholas and the transition to Santa Claus... didn't the Coca Cola company have a lot to do with that?
Now, just being the devils advocate here, an interesting anagram of the letters Santa Claus gives the antonym... Satan Cauls... with the homophone Satan calls.
We all know Satan, but as best I understand so far a Caul is loosely a cap or covering over the top of the head. Could Cauls be some sort of a metaphor for emotional/spiritual warmth, dependency?


text:
The Channel
The Next Platform
Data Center
Personal Tech
Emergent Tech
Northamber almost strikes cheery note, warns profit a year off
Search engine results increasingly poisoned with malicious links
NYSE halts trading in Violin Memory shares
Getting your tongue around foreign tech-talk is easier than you think
The new FCC privacy rules are here, and nobody is happy
Use the source! OpenStack welcomes fresh tests for open-cloud unity
WD gets flash boom bang from SanDisk swallow
Cloudian passes begging bowl round VCs to net $41m for object storage dev pool
Microsoft's Surface Studio desk-slab, Dial knob, Surface Book: We get our claws on new kit
IndexedDB pulls away from less-loved web storage options
Microsoft goes back to the drawing board – literally, with 28" tablet and hockey puck knob
20 years to get Amiga Workbench 3.1 update, and only a fortnight to get first patch
Search engine results increasingly poisoned with malicious links
Windows Atom Tables popped by security researchers
Researchers tag new brace of bugs in NTP, but they're fixable
'Fappening' hacker gets 18 months in US federal clapper
The cloud is not new. What we are doing with it is
Glued-shut IT wallets hindered UK govt's programmes – study
Data integrity and failover in the hybrid cloud
Adding trendy tech SIEM to a hybrid computing setup
Tenable ate FlawCheck for DevOps enhancement
Puppet shows its hand: All
software is belong to
Putting Continuous Delivery to work in the enterprise
Continuous Lifecycle 2017: Meet the committee...
Northamber almost strikes cheery note, warns profit a year off
NYSE halts trading in Violin Memory shares
EU announces common corporate tax plan
Marketing... or how I lost my soul to Lagos
New MacBook Pro beckons fanbois to become strip pokers
iPhone fatigue and fading Samsung. This planet is bored with big brand phones
Amazon certifies third-party refurbishers: How good and new is good as new?
Let's praise Surface, not bury it
Geek's Guide
Crashed Schiaparelli lander's 'chute and shields spotted
It's ALIVE: Juno back online after reboot
UK minister promises science budget won't be messed with after Brexit
Rise of the photon clones: New method could lead to 'impenetrable' comms
Artificial Intelligence
Internet of Things
Web devs want to make the Internet of S**t worse. Much worse
Self-driving cars doomed to be bullied by pedestrians
Intel's new chip targets industrial IoT
Divide the internet into compartments to save us from the IoT fail whale
Verity Stob
Getting your tongue around foreign tech-talk is easier than you think
Topless in-car selfie attempt finishes with rear-end bonking
Vatican and musicians at odds over appropriate use of crematorium leftovers
Aussie trams equivalent to 30 skateboarding rhinos
Data Centre >
The new FCC privacy rules are here, and nobody is happy
The FCC has formally approved its new rules for internet service providers on the handling of customer data, and it seems few people on either side are particularly happy.
Shaun Nichols,
27 Oct 22:30
In its current state, Ubiquiti's EdgeSwitch won't have much of an edge on anyone
Members of the IT community rave about networking kit vendor Ubiquiti. You'll find praises sung both on Spiceworks and amongst vExperts for their UniFi devices. Unfortunately, my recent purchase of Ubiquiti's latest offering, their EdgeMax EdgeSwitches, has proven that Ubiquiti are also capable of putting out gear that is outright dire.
Trevor Pott,
27 Oct 10:57
Gov.UK goes TITSUP
Workers wait with Whitehall whiteout
Alexander J Martin,
26 Oct 14:49
Vodafone rapped with RECORD £4.6m fine for failing customers
Biz apologises and blames issues with its IT system
Kat Hall,
26 Oct 08:02
Google fibre: Subs up, Revenue up, expansion over
Access CEO asks Google Maps for nearest exit
Richard Chirgwin,
26 Oct 03:30
IBM Australia didn't stress-test #censusfail router and blocked password resets
IT Crowd jokes aside, who okayed this mess?
15 Comments
26 Oct 00:56
Is Google using YouTube to put one over on Samsung?
Let's hope not. Somebody might notice
50 Comments
24 Oct 07:27
DNS devastation: Top websites whacked offline as Dyn dies again
Twitter, Amazon, AirBnB, Github and many others hit in DDoS attack on infrastructure
99 Comments
21 Oct 18:55
Hapless Network Rail contractors KO broadband in Uxbridge
30 cables cut and countless masts out of action
57 Comments
21 Oct 12:29
Meet the slimeballs who are openly sabotaging Virgin Media
Amazingly slow Shropshire attack causes sluggish services
46 Comments
21 Oct 11:17
IBM throws ISP under a bus for Australia's #Censusfail
Big Blue claims ISP allowed DDoS. ISP says IBM rejected DDoS advice and services
23 Comments
21 Oct 02:38
Vodafone says it'll launch NB-IoT network in EU early next year
Nobody's really impressed, but take a look at the long term
20 Oct 14:48
Will rush for New Radio compromise 5G quality?
Accusations fly of vendors hijacking standards for their own purposes
20 Oct 12:37
Virgin Media boss warns Brexit could hamstring broadband investment
Praises May for indicating date on Article 50 trigger
40 Comments
20 Oct 11:03
Hard-up Brits 'should get subsidy for 10Mbps'
BT already has a subsidy for telephony, says representative body for councils
58 Comments
20 Oct 08:27
Cisco is still making hay while the SAN shines
FCIP, faster Nexus switch, management software extensions announced
20 Oct 06:34
Whinge on: T-Mobile US docked $48m for limiting 'unlimited' data plans
Telco coughs up cash to make throttling complaints go away
11 Comments
19 Oct 19:04
Openreach split could damage broadband investment, says BT's chief exec
How interesting that you'd say that, Gavin
57 Comments
19 Oct 12:57
Digi minister Matt Hancock: Britain needs go full fibre. And we're not paying for it
UK.gov 'working with fibre providers to find a solution'
31 Comments
19 Oct 10:52
Swisscom claims world's first G.fast broadband service
Copper-extender can hit ~500Mbps, CTO says users will settle for 100Mbps
13 Comments
19 Oct 05:27
nbn™ says nobody needs gigabit internet, trumpets XG-Fast at 8Gbps anyway
Placating fibre fetishists has nbn™ in a twist and distracts us from bigger issues
18 seconds that blacked out South Australia
Listen to PM Malcolm Turnbull, Australia - if you want your electricity to be like his NBN
56 Comments
06 Oct 20:55
WAN, bam, thank you... oh @£$%. We've gone dead. Drop the burger. RUUUUUN!
This Damn War
Get back to the data centre, stat
28 Sep 09:43
Speaking in Tech: Intel joins ARMs race – even Chipzilla needs to Make All The Things
Keep those multi-billion dollar fabs pumping
17 Aug 14:23
Vodafone Australia promises fixed-line broadband over NBN
Let battle be joined with Telstra and Optus. And let's see how weak-in-mobile TPG responds
19 Oct 02:59
DNS infrastructure sprinting to IPv6 while users lag
More than one third of queries hit v6-capable servers, says 'net boffin Huston
21 Comments
19 Oct 01:54
What's 5G? Who knows, but Qualcomm's designed a modem for it
Snapdragon X50 will push 5G bps through 800 MHz of mm-wave spectrum
18 Oct 05:29
nbn™ says nobody needs gigabit internet, trumpets XG-Fast at 8Gbps anyway
Placating fibre fetishists has nbn™ in a twist and distracts us from bigger issues
39 Comments
17 Oct 23:03
Why OpenCAPI is a declaration of interconnect fabric war
Any standard but Intel in another CPU-memory interconnect consortium
11 Comments
14 Oct 22:38
Metronet gobbles up hosting firm for £47.5m, instantly doubles in size
It's a network-biz-eat-network-biz world. Burrrp
13 Oct 10:27
BT will HATE us for this one weird 5G trick
Ready to hear our bright cycle safety idea?
148 Comments
13 Oct 08:24
Junos OS CLI has a bad bug. So good luck applying its new patches
Gin palace has eight bug-killing shots for you to imbibe
13 Oct 06:24
After lessons learned from super-storm Sandy, US telcos weather Hurricane Matthew
Network cleanup going well, claim carriers
13 Oct 00:46
Telnet, SSH prod of death smashes Cisco broadband boxes offline
Plus: Login into a stranger's Cisco Meeting account and chat away as them
12 Oct 22:59
Sckipio touts fibre-like symmetrical G.fast kit
Stick this on your pole, instead of fibre
14 Comments
12 Oct 01:22
Understand your data and make good decisions
Data data everywhere
11 Oct 14:02
Boost Ofcom's powers and fix mobile market woes, Three and TalkTalk tell MPs
Funnily enough, BT really doesn't agree
13 Comments
11 Oct 13:05
Ofcom finds 'reasonable grounds' that KCOM failed to maintain 999 services
Hull operator invited to respond
16 Comments
07 Oct 12:37
Ofcom kicks off 5G auction consultation
But what about the delayed auction for more 4G capacity?
07 Oct 09:06
Australian broadband sat launch also tested next Ariane rocket
European Space agency's re-usable rocket plan takes a small step forward
06 Oct 21:44
18 seconds that blacked out South Australia
Listen to PM Malcolm Turnbull, Australia - if you want your electricity to be like his NBN
56 Comments
06 Oct 20:55
Mobile data is getting slower, faster
US cities see major crash in data speeds. But that's not the whole story...
22 Comments
06 Oct 09:35
Cisco hugs sysadmins with a bunch more patches
Nexus switch owners, pay attention
NBN is essential, says Essential poll, but not Turnbull's NBN
Finally, something that crosses the political divide
20 Comments
05 Oct 21:12
Prime Minister May hints at shaking up Blighty's 'dysfunctional' rural broadband
'Yes, but what does that actually mean?' ask alt-nets
73 Comments
05 Oct 15:19
London best for 4G - who'd have thunk?
Crap for average download speeds, though
11 Comments
05 Oct 11:46
Datacenter deep dives
It Takes a Lot of Supercomputing to Simulate Future Computing
The State of Enterprise Machine Learning
ARM Carves Path to IoT Driven Cloud Business
ARM Predicts Cambrian Server Explosion In The Coming Decades
Intel Hints At Future Skylake Xeons As Enterprises Cool
Most read
Microsoft goes back to the drawing board – literally, with 28" tablet and hockey puck knob
Squeaky bum time for Apple: It hasn't made enough iPhone 7 Pluses
How Google's Project Zero made Apple refactor its kernel
Adobe emits emergency patch for Flash hole malware is exploiting right this minute
I've arrived on Mars. Argggh, my back!
Will rush for New Radio compromise 5G quality?
BT will HATE us for this one weird 5G trick
WAN, bam, thank you... oh @£$%. We've gone dead. Drop the burger. RUUUUUN!
Speaking in Tech: Intel joins ARMs race – even Chipzilla needs to Make All The Things
VMware do we go from here?
Speaking in Tech: EMC v Pure – Stop bickering with the big dog
Bad news, Trump. NASty storage is pretty popular, too
EMC Dell deal: They're loved up and living together, but whose house rules?
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text:
Elephant calf from Gannoruwa under the custody of wild life department dies
Tuesday, 29 July 2014 - 10:04
The post mortem on the elephant calf that died day before yesterday, while it had been kept in accordance with a court order, under the care of the Udawalawey Elephant Interim Resort after it was recovered from a hideout where it had been illegally detained in Gannoruwa in Peradeniya is scheduled to be held today.
Wildlife Director General H. D. Ratnayake said that this elephant calf had been kept in Gannoruwa by submitting an invalid permit.
The Wildlife Director General said further that according to that permit data about the weight tallying with the elephant calf's height had not been mentioned.
After a report submitted to court about this, instruction was given for the post mortem to be held through a Veterinary Committee.
The Director General said further that similarly the court also ordered that the carcass of the elephant calf be buried in the Udawalawey Wildlife park.
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The Salt Of The Earth
Brazilian documentary about the life of visionary photographer Sebastião Salgado, directed by Wim Wenders and Sebastião's son Juliano Ribeiro Salgado.
On Film4: 2 Nov 1:00AM
The film that nearly ruined United Artists and threw the career of Deer Hunter director Michael Cimino seriously off track is an excessive, but surprisingly nuanced and often beautiful work of art. A magnificent folly
Cimino came to his third film as Hollywood's new golden boy after the glorious success of The Deer Hunter. Like the previous film, Heaven's Gate is an epic story of Eastern Europeans in America who find themselves embroiled in an incomprehensible, violent struggle. It is also, like The Deer Hunter, a film that plays fast and loose with the historical facts. Cimino builds his story around the Johnson County war, an obscure conflict that took place in Wyoming in 1892 in which immigrant settlers were targeted by a group of conservative, upper-class East Coast businessmen known as the Association. Into this scene comes Harvard-educated Marshal Averill (Kristofferson) who sides with the immigrants against his old college buddy Irvine (Hurt). The action builds to a dramatic, bloody confrontation between the two sides that on its own, in Cimino's original cut, lasted for more than one and a half hours.
This complex, confused and confusing film fell victim to its vastly overblown budget. With Cimino's vision and ego out of control, the production ultimately brought its studio, United Artists, to its knees and all but destroyed Cimino's career.
Beneath the hype and the excess is a beautiful, moving, at times surprisingly subtle film that hovers precariously somewhere between greatness and folly.
Brazilian documentary about the life of visionary photographer Sebastião Salgado, directed by Wim Wenders and Sebastião's son Juliano Ribeiro Salgado.
On Film4: 2 Nov 1:00AM
AnnaLynne McCord stars as a teenager with an unhealthy fascination with gore and surgery.
On Film4: 29 Oct 11:05PM
To tie-in with the launch of the BFIs Black Star season, Film4 presents a celebration of black filmmaking talent both in front of and behind the camera.
Film4's Black Cinema Season begins with Steve McQueen's 12 Years A Slave, starring Chiwetel Ejiofor, Michael Fassbender and Benedict Cumberbatch.
Film4.com Editor Michael Leader runs through ten standouts from the Toronto International Film Festival... The Oath I'd already seen three of the four Film4-backed films screening in Toronto (inc
As his Film4-backed Icelandic thriller The Oath premieres in Toronto, director/writer/actor Baltasar Kormakur speaks with Film4.com editor Michael Leader about making films in Hollywood, returning to
The best all-singing, all-dancing showstoppers every committed to screen
A summary of the critics and film professionals who voted for the top 50 Horror films of the 21st Century


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