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The Second Sunday of Easter (or Sunday of Divine Mercy)
- Yolanda Cruz Rey
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1 The Second Sunday of Easter (or Sunday of Divine Mercy) April 12, 2015 Hour of Divine Mercy Sunday Thomas believed because he saw the risen Jesus. Although we have never seen Him, we believe that Jesus is the Christ, begotten by God. We give thanks to the Lord that He has formed us into a community of believers, united in the Spirit. Readings for next Sunday Acts 3:13-15, Ps 4:2, 4, Jn 2:1-5a Lk 24:35-48 The Second Sunday of Easter is the Sunday we as a Church celebrate God s unfathomable Mercy. John Paul II made it an official part of the Liturgical Calendar. He did this to emphasize how important it is to open ourselves to God s Mercy as well as to pray for a world that is in such desperate need of His Mercy. This Sunday, April 12, Fr. Ron will lead a Divine Mercy Holy Hour at 3:00 pm in the church. Please join in this special time of prayer. Parish Staff Pastor ~ Rev. Ron Nelson Parochial Vicar ~ Rev. Bryce McProud Parochial Vicar ~ Rev. William Palmer Pastoral Associate ~ Deacon Tom Altenhofen Business Manager ~ Laura Olguin Director of Outreach Ministry ~ Lilly Hagen Director of Music ~ David Phillips Director of Religious Ed. ~ Julie Rutledge-Sanchez Parish Secretary ~ Sally Ross Sacramental Registrar ~ Margaret Fleming LifeTeen Coordinator ~ Leslie Jones Lead Custodian ~ James DuChateau Regular Mass Schedule Monday Friday ~ 6:55 am & 12:15 pm Saturday ~ 8:00 am Sunday Vigil (Saturday evening) ~ 5:30 pm Sunday ~ 7:30 am, 9:00 am, 11:00 am 1:00 pm (Spanish), 5:30 pm LifeTeen National Holidays ~ 9:00 am Confessions 11:00 noon ~ Monday, Wednesday & Friday 4:00 pm & 7:00 pm ~ Saturday GRAVITY Gravity is a dazzling and exhilarating film about the majesty and horror of outer space. Dr. Ryan Stone (Sandra Bullock) is a researcher-turned-astronaut who accompanies a space shuttle crew to repair the Hubble telescope. While she is working on the telescope outside the shuttle, a blizzard of space debris from an exploded satellite suddenly hurtles toward them. The shuttle is destroyed and the crew is killed. Stone alone survives; she is now adrift in space and begins a heart-racing odyssey to return to earth. The key to appreciating the film is the title: Gravity. On one level, the movie is a first-rate adventure story about survival in the cruel environment of outer space. Stone is trapped in a silent, dark, unmerciful vacuum and must use all of her training and wit to survive. But she also struggles with the same absence of gravity in her life on earth. The death of her daughter in a schoolyard accident has left her spiritually adrift, alone and helpless, unmoored and unconnected to anyone. At one point it appears that time has run out. Death is imminent. The moment is an epiphany: I know we re all going to die but I m going to die today. Funny to know (that), but the thing is that I m still scared. I m really scared. Nobody will mourn for me, nobody will pray for my soul. Imagining that she is speaking to someone who might hear her last words, she asks aloud, Will you mourn for me? Will you say a prayer for me? Or is it too late? I d say one for myself, but I ve never prayed in my life. Nobody ever taught me how. Nobody ever taught me how. Gravity evokes those times every one of us experiences in our lives, whether in the vastness of space or on the hard ground of earth, when hope seems lost and to continue on would be pointless yet somehow we find a reason to persevere. Through grace, we rediscover gravity : a connectedness to love, a rootedness in compassion, a lifeline of grace. In Christ, we experience such gravity in the healing, compassion, and forgiveness we encounter in our travels.
2 Mass Intentions April 13 April 19, 2015 Daily Morning Masses M ~ Jovita Madrid Hunt T ~ Gladys Hammar W ~ Beatrice Kost T ~ Jeri DuPre F ~ Chinenye Nnoli S ~ Tom Jones Daily Afternoon Masses M ~ Patricia Cary T ~ Phillip Heidt W ~ Intentions of the Rios Gomez Family T ~ Catholic Daughters F ~ Phillip Heidt Sunday Masses 5:30 pm Vigil ~ Thomas Blodgett 7:30 ~ Eugene T. Kachenko 9:00 ~ Richard & Luisa May 11:00 ~ Diann Grosjean 1:00 ~ Intentions of Betty Morrissey 5:30 LifeTeen ~ For Parishioners In Our Prayers Let us remember: all those who are ill, including, Monica Baylon, Sandy Brown, Andre Carrillo Vera, David Couture, Robert Cresanto, Joe Davis, Anita DeVaney, Larry DeVaney, Rick Dunham, America P. Escalante, Maria Franco, Jerry Gordon, Eleanor Hollis, Bruce Hollister, The Kirby Family, William Keller, Maria Legarreta, Dr. Jane Mossberg, Janet Murphy, Tina O Connor, David Olszyk, Guadalupe Ortiz-Sanchez, Maria Guadalupe Rios, Scarlet Rudy Craig, Rita Schafer, Jack Steimer, Bob Stevens and Sandra Tracy all those who have died, including, Pedro Hernandez, Carmen Ceballos Roland Wieck, Jack Powell and John Palmer Perpetual Adoration No Coverage Tuesday pm Wednesday 4-5 am Thursday 3-4 am Saturday am Servers April 13 April 19, :55 am Mon. Fri. ~ Victor Nnoli 8:00 am Sat. ~ Victor Nnoli 12:15 pm Mon. Fri. ~ Fred Heideman Sunday, April 19 5:30 pm Vigil ~ Ted Essner, Oliver Tracer 7:30 am ~ Knights of Columbus 9:00 am ~ Ryan Helbling, Kelly Schombert, TJ Schombert 11:00 am ~ Benjamin Aldana, Quinn O Connell, Katie Thompson 5:30 pm LifeTeen ~ Jack Conway, Cannon Mann, Michael Rochon Lectors April 13 April 19, :55 am Mon. Fri. ~ Steve Chipman 8:00 am Sat. ~ Steve Chipman 12:15 pm Mon.,Tues.,Thurs.,Fri. ~ Laura Paxton 12:15 pm Wed. ~ Mary Ellen York Sunday, April 19 5:30 pm Vigil ~ Connie Tapp, Joe Hoffman 7:30 am ~ Knights of Columbus 9:00 am ~ Anie Helbling, Marybeth Schombert 11:00 am ~ Nick Renken, Mary Ellen York 5:30 pm LifeTeen ~ Rachael Plant Carmelite Dinner The Carmelite Dinner will be on Tuesday, May 5, It will be held at the O Hara Catholic School Gym. Tickets are $25 and are available in the Parish Office or by calling Kirsten Keller at We regret that we omitted a name from the Easter flower list last weekend. It is with Easter joy that we remember: Michael Lewis, Jr. Catholic Radio Spring Sharathon Your Catholic radio station, KMME 94.9 FM and FM will broadcast its Spring Sharathon, April 20 24, The weeklong event will feature a variety of special guests, interesting conversations about the importance of our faith and an opportunity for listeners to support the region s only Catholic radio station. More information is available by calling One Session Bible Studies Fr. Bryce will be offering three consecutive One Session Bible Studies, focusing on the one chapter books of the New Testament. The schedule is: Monday, April 20 and Tuesday, April 21 ~ Philemon Monday, April 27 and Tuesday, April 28 ~ 2 nd and 3 rd John Monday, May 3 and Tuesday, May 4 ~ Jude The Monday classes will meet from 6:45 to 7:45 pm The Tuesday classes will meet from 10:30 to 11:30 am All classes will be in the Teen Center.
3 Adult Confirmation Class If you are out of High School, and would like the opportunity to receive the sacrament of Confirmation this year, call the Parish Office and register for the classes to prepare to receive the fullness of the Holy Spirit in Confirmation. There will be three required classes offered on the following three Sundays: April 19, 26 and May 3 from 9:00 to 10:30 am in a Parish Center classroom. The Sacrament of Confirmation will be conferred by Bishop Peter Smith at our parish on Wednesday, May 20, 2015 at a 7:00 pm Mass. Important Please call the Parish Office to register. For additional information, call Deacon Tom at Eugene Catholic Young Adults Single, married, Christmas discerning, Flowers or young parents ages 21-39, join us for our next meeting as we discuss the communion of Saints: Thursday, April 16, 6:45 pm This Christmas, the St. church Jude Catholic will again Church be adorned with many poinsettias and wreaths. For further If you questions, would like contact: to sponsor Christmas flowers, please pick up an envelope at the entrance of the Church. Return Follow your us envelope on Facebook: in the collection basket or to the Church office Facebook.com/EugeneCYA before December 22. Be sure to clearly fill out the front of the envelope with the name and circle the in memory (deceased) or honor of (living). The names will be listed in the bulletin Freeways at the end Recovery of the month. Group Suggested donation: $25 Every Friday at 7:00 pm, a new addiction recovery group is meeting in the St. Mary Room of the Parish Center. Freeways (Fourteen Real, Effective, Evidence-based Ways to Achieve Your Sobriety) Catholic Recovery Network combines: Elements of the 12 Step programs The biochemical approach The cognitive behavioral approach Our own experience Our Higher Power is Jesus Christ. Our spiritual program is through the Sacraments of the Catholic Church, and a daily devotion, gratitude list and examination of conscience. We hope this will grow beyond Eugene-Springfield and be part of the next stage of the recovery movement. Gospel of Life/Pro-Life Ministry The Gospel of Life/Pro-Life Ministry is in great need of committee members who would help our ministry to be more active in the pro-life movement and pray to end abortion. If you feel called to this ministry, please contact Mary Ellen York at Meetings are every third Tuesday at 1:00 pm in the Luke classroom of the Parish Center. WEEKLY COLLECTION April 5, 2015 Offertory $18, Parish Pay 2, Misc. Income Easter 10, Total $31, Budget $24, st Way 1 st Way has been greatly blessed. There are many people who have taken part in this great project of saving babies from abortion. The Knights of Columbus have been stalwart supporters of our work. They have provided ultrasound machines, first for our local office, and now for our mobile unit. In addition, they have stepped forward to take responsibility for driving the mobile unit to various locations. In the short time we have been on the road, 1 st Way sonographers have helped women with unplanned pregnancies. By being visible in various locations from Hwy. 99 to Springfield, from Mohawk Blvd. to Barger, the van has been a rolling advertisement to our communities. 1 st Way has two generous sonographers who give their time but a few more qualified people are needed to make the van more accessible to even more pregnant women. And, as always, your continued financial support is welcomed. Call Thank you! First 1000 Days Campaign A Catholic Culture of Life Initiative The 1000 days from conception through a child s second birthday are the most crucial for a child s development. These 1000 days are our best opportunity to shape a healthier, more prosperous future for the child. All children. Where All Are Welcomed and Loved With Mercy (Day 28) The regulations and all efforts to reduce the impact of climate change should respect human life and dignity, especially that of the poorest and most vulnerable: from children in the womb to the elderly. Rachel s Vineyard Retreat Healing Lives Impacted by Abortion, One Weekend at a Time Did your abortion, or a loved one s abortion, change you? Is there a dividing point in your life: before the abortion and after the abortion? Have you convinced yourself that you have dealt with your abortion experience, but you still feel uncertain? Have you been Good looking Friday at the Evening Rachel s Vineyard Fish Dinner Retreat ad in The the Knights bulletin of Columbus for years, will and begin wondering serving soup what at it 4:30 is all pm about? On June 12-14, 2015 there will be a retreat in Portland where healing, forgiveness, hope, and transformation are offered in a safe, caring and strictly confidential environment. For more information, please contact Patricia Hutchinson, Catholic Charities Project Rachel Coordinator, at ; or To learn about the national program, visit:
4 Young Women s Discernment Group A monthly group gathers for fellowship, food, prayer, and conversation around the question of a vocation to religious life. The next meeting will be on Sunday, April 19, 2015 at 6:30 pm at St. Alice Catholic Church in Springfield. Please RSVP to Fr. Jaspers by calling or at News from St. Vinnie s Gardeners and plant starts are needed to inform and inspire residents of St. Vincent de Paul affordable housing as they dig into their community gardens. Convenient locations. Can you help? Call Angie, Mark your calendar for Metamorphose and see textile scraps and discard art transformed! The runway show and art auction will be April 18 at 6:00 pm, Oregon Wine Lab. All ages welcome. Details at It s picnic season! Table hosts and generous guests are needed for the Picnic Supper, May 14 at St. Mary s Parish Hall. It s great food, informal fun, fabulous entertainment, and an easy way to help homeless families with children. Call Rebecca at We appreciate your help. Catholic Daughters of the Americas The Catholic Daughters of the Americas invites all Catholic women, 18 years and older, to an information and social night, Our featured speaker, CDA Historian, Gloria Amort, will talk about the history of the Catholic Daughters and their connection to the Knights of Columbus. We are called to serve. Maybe this is what you are looking for. Come and see what CDA is all about. Monday, April 27, :30 8:00 pm Knights of Columbus Hall 1144 Charnelton St., Eugene For questions, please contact Julia Kelso, Regent at Tamale Sales The teens attending the Steubenville San Diego Conference will be selling tamales this May as a fundraiser. They will be ready for pick up on Sunday, May 17 after all the Masses. We would like to collect our orders early. Here are your tamale options: Chicken with green sauce Pork with red sauce Cheese with spinach Veggies They are sold by the dozen and are $24.00 per dozen. You can order half dozens or do a combination of flavors. To order, please or call Leslie Jones at or If ing, please list how many dozen you want, they type you want, and your name and phone number. Thank you for supporting our teens and their conference! Homeless Hospitality We would like to sincerely thank all of the volunteers who helped with St. Mary s Homeless Hospitality this year. To our gracious Coordinators, Gordon and Tamara Richards, thank you for your endless dedication and compassion for those in need. God Bless you for your generosity of time & talent. Thank you Thank you to everyone who participated in the 2015 Easter Egg Hunt at St. Mary. Thank you for the egg and candy donations and to everyone who helped stuff eggs. Thank you to the Catholic Daughters, Knights of Columbus, High School youth and La Esperanza for the refreshments. It was a beautiful day and there were many smiling children. We look forward to seeing you all again next year! Thank you to everyone who helped in making St. Mary s Easter Triduum a beautiful, solemn and prayerful celebration. Thank you to the choirs and musicians, the decorators, servers, lectors, sacristans and all our wonderful RCIA volunteers who welcomed our Elect and Candidates into the Church. God bless you all! Food for the Poor As often as you did it to one of the least of My brothers and sister, you did it to Me. Matthew 25:40 Food for the Poor was founded on the basis of this Gospel. We seek out the poorest of the poor in 16 different countries, aiding some of the most destitute. In each face we see the living Christ, who is hungry, thirsty, a stranger and naked. Just as our Lord served those society ignored, we are there; feeding the hungry, building water wells for thirsty villages, building houses for the homeless, aiding the impoverished elderly, raising orphans in a loving atmosphere of Christian discipline, healing the sick or overcoming illiteracy by supporting schools. Please join us the weekend of April 18-19, 2015 to hear Rev. Msgr. Patrick Marron speak at all the Masses about Food for the Poor. Monsignor Marron will share personal witness about Food for the Poor s mission to care for the destitute as a means of living out the Gospel mandate to love one another. Archbishop s Seminary Tea The 80 th Annual Archbishop s Seminary Tea will be on Wednesday, April 29, 2015 at the Portland Golf Club, 5900 SW Scholls Ferry Rd., from 3:00 7:00 pm. Tickets are $30 and are available at the tea or by calling Kirsten Keller at Please join us to meet Archbishop Alexander Sample, Auxiliary Bishop Peter Smith and other special guest. Jesus is not dead, He has risen, He is alive! He does not simply return to life; rather, He is life itself, because He is the Son of God, the living God. ~ Pope Francis ~
5 Página en Español, PÁGINA EN Abril ESPA 12, 2015 Información en Español llame a la oficina Lunes, Martes y Viernes de 9:00 am 12:00 pm La Iglesia Católica y el Plan de Dios para Ti Como Dios Distribuye sus Dones (Parte 15) Jesús nos prometió que no nos dejaría huérfanos (Jn 14:18), sino que enviaría al Espíritu Santo para guiarnos y protegernos. Nos dio los Sacramentos para sanar, alimentar y fortalecernos. Los 7 Sacramentos: Bautismo, Eucaristía, Penitencia (Reconciliación o Confesión), Confirmación, Órdenes Sagradas, Matrimonio y la Unción de los Enfermos, son símbolos que actualmente transmiten la gracia y el amor de Dios. Los sacramentos de ven presagiados en el Antiguo Testamento por cosas que no comunicaban realmente laq gracia, sino que simplemente la simbolizaban (la circuncisión, por ejemplo, prefiguró el bautismo, y la cena Pascual prefiguró la Eucaristía) Cuando Cristo vino, él no abolió los símbolos de la gracia de Dios. Lo sobrenaturalizó, activándolos con su gracia. Los transformó en algo más que símbolos. Dios usa constantemente cosas materiales para mostrar su amor y poder. Adultos Católicos Jóvenes Hombres y Mujeres Solteros, casados, padres entre la edad de 27 y 39 años, les invitamos a participar en la próxima conversación este jueves16 de abril a las 6:45 pm en la Iglesia de San Judas (4330 Willamette St). Para más información favor de comunicarse con: eugeneyoung Pláticas Pre-Bautismales Se llevan a cabo cada 3 y 4 sábado del mes. Necesita registrarse en la Oficina Parroquial. Favor de no traer niños pequeños a las pláticas ya que distraen la atención en las clases Requisitos para Primera Comunión Ser miembro activo y estar registrado en la iglesia por lo menos 6 meses antes Su hijo/a debe asistir por lo menos 2 años a clases de catecismo Las inscripciones serán al principio del año escolar después de Misa con Rosa Zavala y después en la Oficina Parroquial. Confesiones en Español Viernes 17 de Abril 11:00 am a 12:00 pm Sábado 18 de Abril 4:00 a 5:00 y 7:00 a 8:00 pm Fe Familiar Preguntas para Compartir Segundo Domingo de Pascua Juan 20: El evangelio de hoy nos habla de la aparición del Resucitado a los discípulos. Los discípulos de Jesús estaban confundidos y con miedo cuando se reunieron juntos. Jesús llegó al lugar donde estaban y dijo: La paz esté con ustedes y entonces les mostró las manos y el costado. Tomás, que no estaba allí ese día, no creía hasta que Jesús apareció otra vez y le mostró las manos y el costado. Cómo crees que los discípulos se sintieron cuando vieron a Jesús? Cómo te sentirías tu si se te apareciera Jesús hoy? Tiene Preguntas Acera de Inmigración? Los servicios legales de Inmigración de Caridades Católicas ofrecerá charlas informativas el domingo 28 de abril en el centro parroquial de la Iglesia de Santa Alicia (1520 Calle F) en Springfield. Ofrecerán cuidado de niños. Gracias Gracias a todos los que participaron en nuestro primer año de búsqueda de huevillos de pascua. Gracias a los Caballeros de Colón, Hijas Católicas, estudiantes de la preparatoria y a La Esperanza por los jugos. Fue un día bello. Esperamos verlos el próximo año. Registrado en Santa María? Si usted asiste regularmente o si es nuevo miembro de Santa María y aún no está registrado en nuestra parroquia, le invitamos a que lo haga en la oficina parroquial durante las horas de oficina. También si cambia de dirección o se va a ir del área, favor de avisarnos. Muchas gracias. Requisitos Para Primera Comunión Ser miembro activo y estar registrado en la iglesia por lo menos 6 meses antes Su hijo/a debe asistir por lo menos 2 años a clases de catecismo Las inscripciones serán al principio del año escolar después de Misa con Rosa Zavala y después en la Oficina Parroquial. Requisitos Para los Bautizos Antes de bautizar a su niño/a los PADRES necesitan: Ser miembros activos y estar registrados en la iglesia por lo menos 6 meses antes del bautizo. Registrarse para asistir a las pláticas Pre-Bautismales Los PADRINOS también deben haber asistido a las pláticas Pre- Bautismales, y cumplir con lo siguiente: Haber recibido los sacramentos de iniciación: bautizo, confesión, primera comunión y confirmación, Tener por lo menos 16 años de edad Ser miembros activos de la Iglesia católica Si están casados deben ser casados por la Iglesia Católica
6 Sunday, April 12 SECOND SUNDAY OF EASTER (SUNDAY OF DIVINE MERCY) Coffee & Donuts 7:30 Mass 9:00 Mass/Children s Liturgy 11:00 Mass 12:00 ~ English Baptisms 12:00 ~ Spanish Religious Ed. 1:00 Misa 3:00 ~ Divine Mercy Hour 4:00 ~ LifeNight 5:30 LifeTeen Mass Monday, April 13 6:30 ~Religious Ed./Edge Tuesday, April 14 6:30 ~ La Esperanza Music Practice 6:30 ~ Mystagogy with Reception Wednesday, April 15 1:00 ~ Marian Prayer 6:00 ~ Choir Practice (11:00) 6:30 ~ Confirmation Class 6:30 ~ Span. Adult Sacramental Prep. Thursday, April 16 1:00 ~ CDA Potluck Meeting 5:30 ~ Choir Practice (9:00) 7:00 ~ Esperanza Prayer Group 7:30 ~ LifeTeen Band Practice Friday, March April 17 6:30 ~ La Esperanza Saturday, April 18 8:00 Mass 4:00 ~ Reconciliation 5:30 Vigil Mass 7:00 ~ Reconciliation 7:00 ~ Spanish Baptismal Prep. Sunday, April 19 THIRD SUNDAY OF EASTER KC Breakfast/Carmelite Ticket Sales 7:30 Mass 9:00 Mass/Children s Liturgy 11:00 Mass 1:00 Misa 12:00 ~ Spanish Religious Ed. 4:00 ~ LifeNight 5:30 LifeTeen Mass Monday, April 20 6:30 ~ Religious Ed./Edge 6:45 ~ Bible Study Tuesday, April 21 9:15 ~ DJM 10:30 ~ Bible Study 1:00 ~ Gospel of Life/ Pro-Life Ministry 5:30 ~ St. Mary Conf./SVdP 6:30 ~ La Esperanza Music Practice 6:30 ~ Mystagogy with Reception Wednesday, April 22 1:00 ~ Marian Prayer 6:00 ~ Choir Practice (11:00) 6:30 ~ Confirmation Class 6:30 ~ Span. Adult Sacramental Prep. Thursday, April 23 5:30 ~ Choir Practice (9:00) 7:00 ~ Esperanza Prayer Group 7:30 ~ LifeTeen Band Practice Friday, March April 24 6:30 ~ La Esperanza Saturday, April 25 ST. MARK 8:00 Mass 4:00 ~ Reconciliation 5:30 Vigil Mass 7:00 ~ Reconciliation 7:00 ~ Spanish Baptismal Prep. Sunday, April 26 FOURTH SUNDAY OF EASTER Coffee & Donuts 7:30 Mass 9:00 Mass/Children s Liturgy 11:00 Mass 1:00 Misa 12:00 ~ Spanish Religious Ed. 4:00 ~ LifeNight 5:30 LifeTeen Mass Monday, April 27 6:30 ~ Religious Ed./Edge 6:45 ~ Bible Study
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St Louis the King 4331 W Maryland Glendale, Arizona 85301 WE CELEBRATE MASS HORARIO DE MISAS Mon,Tue,Thu,Fri/Lun,Mar,Jue,Vier 7:00 am Wednesday/Miercoles 8:00 am Saturday/Sábado 8:00 am Saturday/SábadoMás detalles
Saint John Vianney Parish
Saint John Vianney Parish 4600 Hyland Avenue Phone: (408) 258-7832 Fax: (408) 258-6152 www.sjvnews.net Emergency Phone Number (408) 921-2340 Nuestra Misión Our Mission Es conectar, Reflejar y CelebrarMás detalles
February 8, 2015 - Fifth Sunday in Ordinary Time
February 8, 2015 - Fifth Sunday in Ordinary Time SAINT LAWRENCE THE MARTYR CATHOLIC PARISH AND EDUCATION CENTER 1971 ST. LAWRENCE DRIVE, SANTA CLARA, CA 95051 TEL. NO. 408-296-3000 FAX NO. 408-296-3100Más detalles
July 13, 2014 Fifteenth Sunday in Ordinary Time
Parish Office: 773.486.4300 Parish Fax: 773.252.5346 School Office: 773.486.1334 School Fax: 773.486.1782 www.stjohnberchmans.org 2517 Logan Boulevard Chicago, IL 60647 Masses: Monday-Thursday: 7:00 a.m.Más detalles


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by Felicia
(Nokesville, VA)
My precious Fatboy... I love and miss you terribly...
Fatboy left me this sad June 7, 2008... I still can't believe that he is gone. I keep going to my bedroom expecting to see him sprawled out on my bed; all fours in the air... I sit here in this chair, in front of this computer, and I don't feel the warmth of his body at my feet... or the power of that head sitting on the top of my knee...
Fatboy was a 2 year old American Pit Bull Terrier; too young to have died. Now that he is gone, I have a huge void in my heart, my home, my life... There is a lot of empty time in my day now.
He was a great dog, the best I could have ever asked for. I would talk to him and babble on about my day, and he would hang onto every word; as if he knew what I was talking about... Now he is gone.
Fatboy lives on through his daughter, Fatgirl. A picture perfect image of her father. I look at her now, and I know that he is a part of her, and I can't take my hands off of her.
I love you, Fatboy... I always have, I always will.
Mommy misses you, baby boy!!
[Gimme that nose, boy!!] =D
Comments for The Loss of My Best Friend...
13 years ago you came into our lives. You gave us so many good memories, Toby, which we will treasure forever. RIP, boy. I miss you so, so much. xx
Thank you for giving me the best of your 15 years. Greeting me every morning and welcoming me at night when I got home. I will miss you dearly. But the
Muffin, you will always be a part of me. My life here will be so empty without you. You left this planet way before your time, but your heart and love

subset: commoncrawl


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"Flirting in Bondi" Clothing Tip by Sweetberry1
Clothing, Sydney: 18 reviews and 22 photos
Nooo... not that kind of flirting.. LOL..
'Flirting' is the name of the lingerie shop on the promenade of Bondi Beach.. It just caught my eye, and I couldn't resist taking a photo.
However, I did wonder if I could afford to buy the 'price tag' .. ;-)
What to buy: In A Lingerie shop??? What else?
Address: The Promenade, Bondi.
Theme: Women's Clothes
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Relevant offers
Four wickets on debut, including a hat-trick by Hayden Spencer led Palmerston North Boys' High School to a five-wicket win over Palmerston in a low-scoring game at Boys' High yesterday.
Palmerston batted first and managed a paltry 68 in 23.2 overs, then the school boys chased it down in the 19th over.
Some rash shots saw Palmerston scrape to 64 for six, before Spencer cleaned up the tail.
The medium-pace bowler removed Russell Swindells then dismissed David Hands, Kane Dunlop and Dan Battley in successive balls to complete his hat trick.
Benn Dixon, the last man out, top-scored for Palmerston North, making 18, one of only three batsman to make it to double figures.
In reply, Boys' High made hard work of the total; they were teetering at three for three, but got there in the end, losing five wickets along the way.
Cameron Rowe with 19 not out and Arana Noema-Barnett with 23 saw them home.
Dan Battley was the pick of the bowlers for Palmerston with four for 21.
Boys' High's lose five of their players for the rest of the season as Brynn Cleaver, Nick Simon, James Holland, Hayden Hill and Robbie Yule, who was playing for Manawatu, are leaving school.
Cleaver, Simon and Yule are joining Old Boys, while Hill is going to United and Holland is linking up with Marist.
United batsman Scott Larsen blasted his way to 113 to help give them a 20-run win over Old Boys at Hokowhitu Park.
Larsen hit seven sixes in his 97-ball knock as United were bowled out in the 49th over. Then the United bowlers had Old Boys out just short of their target.
United lost the toss and were put in to bat and Larsen and Scott Vanderkolk, with 44, put on a 135-run partnership for the sixth wicket to get to 249.
Stu Glendinning took five wickets for 54, but United still posted a decent total.
Old Boys made a good go at the chase with Villi Tosi (70), Scott Davidson (41), Robbie Laird (34) and Craig Clare (34) all contributing.
Sonpreet Singh took his 19th wicket for the season as he got three for 32.
Cam Harris and Matt Ball took two wickets each as they had Old Boys all out for 229 in the 49th over.
Tight bowling and a whirlwind start with the bat saw Marist record a six-wicket win over Freyberg at Wallace Park.
Freyberg won the toss and batted first and ground their way to 218 for nine from their 50 overs.
At one stage they were six for 125, but Chris Turkington with 59 and Tim Hall with 53 added some respectability to the score, batting down the order.
Michael Cummings was Marist's best bowler taking four for 26 and Tom Giesen three for 23.
Marist started their chase quickly, as their top order scored 100 runs after 17 overs, then slowed down as they made their way to 219 for four, to make it an easy win.
Aaron Hatton continued his good form with 58 not out, captain Sam Hartley was unbeaten on 48, Giesen made a quick-fire 41 and Sheldon Kearns scored 30.
Turkington was Freyberg's best bowler taking two for 41, but didn't have enough runs to defend.
Palmerston 68 (Hayden Spencer 4-21) lost to PNBHS 69-5 (Arana Noema-Barnett 23; Dan Battley 4-21) by five wickets.
United 249 (Scott Larsen 113, Sam Vanderkolk 44; Stu Glendinning 5-54) beat Old Boys 229 (Villi Tosi 70, Scott Davidson 41, Robbie Laird 34, Craig Clare 34; Sonpreet Singh 3-32) by 20 runs.
Freyberg 218-9 (Chris Turkington 59, Tim Hall 53; Michael Cummings 4-28, Tom Giesen 3-23) lost to Marist 219-4 (Aaron Hatton 57*, Sam Hartley 48*, Giesen 41, Sheldon Kearns 30) by six wickets.
- Manawatu Standard
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What enterprise tools can scan files for sensitive data?
Given the many recent high-profile data breaches, organizations seem keen on securing their sensitive data, including credit card and social security numbers. In this expert Q&A, SearchSecurity.com's Mike Chapple reviews tools that can scan text-based files for this critical information.
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(such as credit card numbers or SSNs) is a hot topic these days. Given the recent spate of high-profile data security breaches, organizations are keen to secure known stores of sensitive information, as well as ferret out any dangerous unknown goldmines. There are open source security tools to assist with this task, like Spider from Cornell University. The downside to any of these tools is that they're bound to have a high false-positive rate, and the only solution is spending time analyzing log files.
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Used Car - 2014 Dodge Avenger SE FWD in Orlando, Fl
Actual costs may vary.
Silver with Black Cloth, Keyless Entry, Power Mirrors, Auxiliary Audio In/USB, CD player, Steering Wheel Audio Control, Alloy Wheels, Tire Pressure Monitor System, Power Windows and Locks, Cruise Control and Tilt Steering, Automatic *** PREVIOUS ACCIDENT *** Car Looks New, Must See! CRORLTP
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The Dodge Avenger is an attractive midsize sedan, most notably for its sporty features and standard equipment which it typically found in higher class vehicles. The Dodge Avenger is offered in three trim levels: SE, SXT, and R/T. Two engine choices are offered on the Avenger, a 2.4-liter four-cylinder engine, or a 3.6-liter flex-fuel V6 engine. Four cylinder engines can be had with either a four-speed automatic transmission, or six-speed automatic transmission with manual shift mode. The V6 engine is matched to a six-speed automatic transmission with manual shift mode. Standard and optional equipment include leather wrapped steering wheel, heated front seats, cruise control, LED brake lights, aluminum wheels, multimedia center with 28 gigabytes of internal memory, USB port, and Bluetooth streaming audio. Safety features found on every Avenger include stability and traction control systems, anti-lock brakes with brake assist, active front head restraints, six airbags, tire pressure monitoring and a security system. For 2014, the Avenger continues unchanged.
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Adoption of Internet Technologies in Small Business
- Abraham Skinner
- 1 years ago
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1 Adoption of Internet Technologies in Small Business Jungwoo Lee Yonsei University Seung Ik Baek Hanyang University Abstract The adoption of information technology represents a problem of magnitude to small business entrepreneurs. Situation they are facing is different from larger corporations, making technology adoption behavior different from them. This study reports on antecedent drivers of small business adoption of Internet technologies. A behavioral model of innovation acceptance was developed with its foundation on previous literature on technology acceptance and innovation adoption research focused on small businesses. The model posits relationships of relative advantage of using IT, compatibility, ease of use, computer selfefficacy, financial slack of the firm, innovativeness of the firm, image of IT, and competitive pressure against the adoption behavior of four different Internet technologies -- , business homepage, e-sales and e-procurement. The results confirm the strong association of these antecedents with the adoption behavior and reveal different patterns of adoption behavior across different technologies. Different compositions of these antecedents provide insights on theoretical development of Internet technology acceptance model. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Keywords: small business, information technology adoption, innovation adoption, Internet technology, Internet adoption, technology acceptance, technology adoption 1. Introduction Small businesses contribute more and more to the national and international economies throughout the world. In US, small businesses employ 53 percent of the private work force, generate 47 percent of all sales, are responsible for 50 percent of the private sector gross domestic product, and produced an estimated 75 percent of the 2.5 million new jobs created during 1995 (Small Business Administration, 1996). Although there is no reason to believe that information technology (IT) is any more critical to large corporations than to small businesses, the challenges faced by small businesses are different from those of large corporations. In this regard, through a literature review, this research selected most well received antecedents of adoption (perceived relative advantage of IT, compatibility, ease of use of IT, computer self-efficacy of the owner, financial slack of the firm, original innovative orientation of the firm, image about IT and competitive pressure) and empirically tests the impact of these antecedents on the adoption of four different Internet technologies ( , business homepage, e-sales, and e-procurement) in small business environment. Seventy-one small independent retailers across four different industries -- appliance, electronics, furniture, and hobby -- have participated in this study.
2 The paper is organized into three sections. First, research questions and theoretical backgrounds are presented. The next section describes the study design and data analysis, and presents results. Finally, implications of the findings and conclusions are offered. 2. Research Questions and theoretical background This research studies the adoption of new Internet technologies in small businesses. Focus of the study is on identifying individual and organizational antecedents of technology adoption behavior through extant literature review, and empirically testing the theoretical relationship of these antecedents against the adoption behavior in the context of small businesses. Prior research has developed a long list of drivers for small business IT adoption, but close inspection of previous literature in the area of small business technology adoption revealed that only a handful of factors were found to actually influence the adoption behaviors: innovativeness and IS knowledge (Thong, 1999), relative advantage (Cragg and King, 1993; Premkumar and Roberts, 1999; Thong, 1999), firm size (Bridge and Peel, 1999; Premkumar and Roberts, 1999), ease of use and perceived usefulness (Iacovou, et al., 1995; Igbaria, et al., 1998; Igbaria, et al., 1997), top management support (Cragg and King, 1993; Foong, 1999; Premkumar and Roberts, 1999), external pressure (Iacovou, et al., 1995; Premkumar and Roberts, 1999), and intensity of strategic planning (Bridge and Peel, 1999). In relation to the outcome measure of adoption behavior, different measures have been developed in the small business literature: adoption decisions (Thong, 1999), degree of adoption (Cragg and King, 1993; Iacovou, et al., 1995; Julien and Raymond, 1994; Lefebvre, et al., 1995; Premkumar and Roberts, 1999; Thong, 1999), system use (Bridge and Peel, 1999; Foong, 1999; Igbaria, et al., 1998), satisfaction (Foong, 1999; Palvia and Palvia, 1999) and adoption intention (Harrison, et al., 1997). However, none of these differentiates different types of technologies except in (Premkumar and Roberts, 1999). Each of these adoption measures was focused on specific technologies, such as EDI (Iacovou, et al., 1995) or in general information technology. The research model utilized to examine the research questions is presented in Figure 1. Each of the major components and linkages in this research model is discussed below. Figure 1. Research model Relative Advantage Compatibility Ease of Use Computer Self-Efficacy Financial Slack Internet Adoption Innovativeness Image Competitive Pressure
3 Relative advantage " refers to the degree to which an innovation is perceived as being better than the idea it supersedes (Rogers, 1983, p. 53)." Studies show that organizations are more likely to adopt innovations when there are experts present in the firm that identify an innovation as desirable and support its implementation. Further, it has been found that those who allocate organizational resources influence innovation adoption (Baldridge and Burnham, 1975; Hage and Dewar, 1973; Kimberly and Evanisko, 1981). In entrepreneurial ventures and small firms, these two responsibilities reside with the owner-manager (Bigoness and Perreault, 1981; Fennell, 1984; Moch and Morse, 1977). To the degree that the owner perceives an innovation as offering a relative advantage over the firm s current state, it is more likely to be adopted and implemented. This view has received empirical support in small business research (Cragg and King, 1993; Thong, 1999) as well as in the innovation diffusion literature (Prescott and Conger, 1995; Tornatzky and Fleischer, 1990). If the small firm owner-manager believes that IT innovation will enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of his/her business or afford him/her more control over the business, he/she will be more likely to adopt the innovation. H 1. The greater the perceived relative advantage of using information technologies, the more likely they will adopt Internet technologies. Compatibility. The innovation s compatibility with the business is defined as the degree to which it is perceived as being consistent with the existing values, past experiences and needs of the potential adopter (Tornatzky and Fleischer, 1990). In this regard, it is the ownermanager s perception about whether or not the changes incurred by technology adoption are compatible with its current values and systems that determines the firms adoption behavior. H 2. The more the owner feels that IT is compatible with their business, the more likely the firm will adopt the Internet technologies. Ease of use. Perceived ease of use is defined as the degree to which a person believes that using a particular system would be free of effort (Davis, 1989, p.320). When all other conditions are equal, it is expected that any technology perceived to be easier to use than another is more likely to be adopted (Moore and Benbasat, 1991). H 3. The more the owner feels that IT is easy to use, the more likely the firm will adopt the Internet technologies. Computer Self-Efficacy. Bandura defined self-efficacy as judgments of how well one can execute courses of action required to deal with prospective situations (Bandura, 1982, p.122). Extending this concept of self-efficacy, Compeau defined computer self-efficacy as judgment of one s capability to use a computer (Compeau and Higgins, 1995, p. 192). In the small business context, when making decision to adopt IT, the owner-manger may hold differing beliefs about their capabilities to perform tasks using technology they are adopting. Depending upon how strong their computer self-efficacy is, they will feel more confident in adopting new technologies. In this regard, the computer self-efficacy the owner maintains will influence the adoption behavior itself. H 4. The higher the computer self-efficacy of the owner, the more likely the firm will adopt the Internet technologies. Financial Slack. It is posited here that the adoption phenomenon in small business can also be explained by the existence of a slack in the firm s financial situation. Financial slack refers to financial resources in excess of what is required to maintain the organization (Ang and Straub, 1998). Bourgeois defined it as a cushion of excess resources available in an
4 organization that will either solve many organization problems or facilitate the pursuit of goals outside the realm of those dictated by optimization principles (Bourgeois, 1981). The reasoning is that when a firm has slack resources, firms may enlarge the scale and scope of their operations by deploying slack resources toward building up technology resources. In other words, it is easier for them to deploy technologies when the firm maintains slacks in resources. Conversely, when slack resources are low, firms are likely to resist investing in IT. H 5. The greater the firm s financial slack, the more likely the firm will adopt the Internet technologies. Innovativeness. IT is not the first technological innovation experienced by business. Historically, modernization and industrialization in the last century have firms involved in the adoption of technological innovations in production and administration. In the innovation literature, innovation is often classified into two categories: administrative innovation and product innovation. Product innovation in manufacturing firms includes those resources associated with a firm's research and development efforts, such as research facilities and the technically skilled individuals employed within them. In a retail service setting, this product innovation takes the form of new product offerings and the development of new markets products (Cooper and Schendel, 1976; Meyer and Goes, 1988). In contrast, administrative innovation involves changes in structure and managerial processes. A firm's ability to devise new organizational forms and processes enhances its ability to exploit new opportunities internally, such as technological advancement, and externally, such as new or expanding markets (Damanpour, 1988; Ibarra, 1993; Kimberly and Evanisko, 1981; Sanchez, 1995). In the context of small firms, it seems that opportunities for administrative innovation may be limited. These ventures are operating with few employees, often directly supervised by the owner-manager. Organizational structure is very flat, decision-making is completely centralized, and the owner-manager leads the product innovation and market expansion activities, while focusing less on administrative innovation. Here, the firm's innovativeness is examined through investigation of small firm product innovation. In this regard, it is posited here that the firm's existing proclivity toward (product) innovativeness may influence further innovation adoption behavior in relation to the Internet technologies. H 6. The greater the firm s innovativeness is, the more likely the firm will adopt the Internet technologies. Image. Moore and Benbasat (1991) suggest that 'image' associated with users of IT and IT itself is an important determinant of the adoption decision. Rogers (1983) also suggests 'observability' as a general attribute of innovation that influences adoption decisions. The more visible the outcome of the innovation is, the more likely it is that people will adopt it. Harrison and Mykytyn (1997) found that the subjective norms, maintained by peers and society, strongly influence the intention to adopt IT in small businesses. This suggests that the IT adoption decision in a small business context is not strictly based on cost-benefit analysis, but it may also be based on perceived impressions that a firm projects towards its internal and external environment by having IT resources. The owner-managers may receive some pressure to adopt Internet technologies in order to make the firm seem more prestigious, and as the owner-manager is the most critical strategic decision maker in the small business, the internal and external pressure they feel may be an important determinant of IT adoption. H 7. The more novel image IT projects, the more likely the firm will adopt the Internet technologies. Competitive Pressure. Aside from internal pressures identified above, there are cases where technology helps firms to obtain advantageous competitive position. Competition in the
5 adopter s industry is generally perceived to positively influence the adoption of innovation. This would be even more evident if the innovation directly affects the competition position. H Methodology The greater the competitive pressure, the more likely the Internet technologies will be adopted. 3.1 Measures Details of measures are summarized in Table 1. All of these measures were adopted from existing scales whose validity and reliability have been previously demonstrated, as discussed in the previous section. The firm s adoption level was measured as binary variables, asking whether or not they have adopted each Internet technology , homepage, e-sales, and e- procurement. Table 1. Item description Construct (reliability α) Relative advantage (0.95) Compatibility Ease of Use Computer Self-Efficacy Financial Slack Innovativeness (0.73) Image (0.81) Competitive Pressure Item Description IT enhances the effectiveness of my business. IT enhances the efficiency of my business. IT gives the business owner greater control. IT is compatible with all aspects of my business. IT is easy to use. Personally I can complete a job using the software package even if there is no one around to help me out I have established lines of credit for my business I can easily get outside funding if I need it. My company (never, seldom, occasionally, frequently, very often) offers new product lines or services My company (never, seldom, occasionally, frequently, very often) targets new markets or segments My company (never, seldom, occasionally, frequently, very often) create products/services for the market before other competitors do so People in my organization who use computers have more prestige than those who do not. People in my organization who use computers have a high profile. Having a computer is a status symbol in my organization My company is using information technology due to the competitive pressure 3.2 Data Collection and Sample The data for this study was collected from seminar participants at two national meetings held in a large southwestern city in the U.S. Those attending the seminars were owner-managers of small independent retail stores representing the appliance, furniture, electronics, and hobby industries. The individuals responding were the top decision-makers in their firms. One hundred and twenty-five (125) owners attended the first seminar for retailers in the appliance, furniture, and electronics industries and sixty-three (63) in the second seminar for retailers in
6 the hobby industry: one hundred and eighty-eight (188) participants overall. Thirty-six completed surveys were returned in the first seminar and thirty-five from the latter. A total of seventy-one surveys were returned for a response rate of 37.8% (28.9 and 55.5%, respectively). 4 Results 4.1 Data Analysis Sample characteristics The characteristics of the sample are shown below in Table 2. Largely three industry sectors were included in the sample: hobby, appliance and furniture. Hobby industry was the largest category in the sample. Firm size varies from less than five employees to more than 30 employees, however more than 80% of the sample employs less than 15 people. As part of the demographic survey, a question was asked whether or not it is a family business, about 97% of the sample classify themselves as family business. Table 2. Sample characteristics Number of firms Company size Less than or equal to to to to to t o30 3 More than 30 5 Industry Appliance 21 Furniture 12 Electronics 6 Hobby 36 Annual sales revenue Less than 250K 6 250K to 500K K to 1 M 17 1M to 2.5M M to 5M 13 More than 5M 1 Years in business 1 10 years years years years years 9 More than 50 years Assessment of validity and reliability Content validity was established through the extensive process of item selection and refinement. The items used for measuring the constructs were derived from operationalization used in prior empirical studies and were adapted to suit this research context. A team of researchers involved in the larger project scrutinized the items and ensured that it measures the appropriate domain of the construct and covered the complete domain of the construct.
7 Convergent and discriminant validities were evaluated using principal component factor analysis. Principal component analysis of multi-item indicators was used to evaluate if the theorized items for a construct converge together (convergent validity) and at the same time if the items are not loaded onto dimensions other than intended (discriminant validity). The results of factor analysis are shown in Table 3. Table 3. Validity and reliability properties Mean S.D. Skewness S.E. Kurtosis S.E. Items α Relative advantage Compatibility Ease of use Computer self-efficacy Financial slack Innovativeness Image Competitive Pressure Table 4. Factor analysis Components Relative advantage Relative advantage Relative advantage Innovativeness Innovativeness Innovativeness Image Image Image Status of Internet technologies used by small businesses One of the broader objectives of this study was to determine the level of Internet technology usage. Figure 2 illustrates the use of Internet technologies in small businesses. is the most prevalent Internet technology used by over 73% of the participants. This is followed by the business homepages used by 69% of the firm. 53.5% of the sample reported sales through the Internet, and the electronic procurement is the least adopted Internet technology among the four. Only 33.8% of the firms adopted procurement transactions on the Internet.
8 Figure 2. Internet technologies in use by subjects 100.0% 73.2% 69.0% 50.0% 53.5% 33.8% 12.7% 0.0% Homepage Electronic sale Electronic procurement Other Internet Table 5. Discriminant Analysis Electronic Mail Variable Wilk s Discrim Discrim Non adopters Adopters Lambda Coef Loading Means SD Means SD Sig. Relative Advantage Compatibility Ease of Use Self Efficacy Financial slack Innovativeness Image Competitive Pressure Classification Accuracy Prediction Count Total Non adopters Adopters Original Count Non adopters Adopters % Non adopters Model Statistics Adopters Wilk s Lambda Overall Accuracy 86.4% χ Chance Accuracy 61.7% d.f. 8 Sig Press s Sig Q Validation Accuracy 80.3%
9 Table 6. Discriminant Analysis Business Homepage Variable Wilk's Discrim Discrim Non adopters Adopters Lambda Coef Loading Means SD Means SD Sig. Relative Advantage Compatibility Ease of Use Self Efficacy Financial slack Innovativeness Image Competitive Pressure Classification Accuracy Prediction Count Total Home pages Non adopters Adopters Original Count Non adopters Adopters % Non adopters Model Statistics Adopters Wilk s Lambda Overall Accuracy 84.8% χ Chance Accuracy 57.8% d.f. 8 Sig Press s Q Sig Validation Accuracy 81.8% 4.2 Results To test the research hypotheses, the discriminant analysis technique was used. This technique provides a statistical procedure to identify each predictor s contribution to a linear function that best discriminate between two or multiple groups. Discriminant analysis involves deriving a linear combination of independent variables that best discriminate between the pre-defined groups. This is the appropriate technique when the dependent variable is categorical such as adopters and non-adopters. The objective is to maximize between-group variances compared to within-group variances based on a series of discriminant scores generated by a linear combination of independent variables, so that the discriminant function separates the groups well. Separate discriminant models were generated for the four Internet technologies. The value of Wilkes Lambda, value and the level of significance are shown in Tables 5 through 8. Three models ( , business homepage and e-sales) were significant at the critical level of 0.05 and the e-procurement model was significant at 0.1 level.
10 Table 7. Discriminant Analysis Electronic Sales Variable Wilk s Discrim Discrim Non adopters Adopters Lambda Coef Loading Means SD Means SD Sig. Relative Advantage Compatibility Ease of Use Self Efficacy Financial slack Innovativeness Image Competitive Pressure Classification Accuracy Prediction Count Total Non adopters Adopters Original Count Non adopters Adopters % Non adopters Model Statistics Adopters Wilk s Lambda Overall Accuracy 72.7% χ Chance Accuracy 50.2% d.f. 8 Sig Press s Q Sig Validation Accuracy 66.7% Table 8. Discriminant analysis Electronic Procurement Variable Wilk s Discrim Discrim Non adopters Adopters Lambda Coef Loading Means SD Means SD Sig. Relative Advantage Compatibility Ease of Use Self Efficacy Financial slack Innovativeness Image Competitive Pressure Classification Accuracy Prediction Count Total Non adopters Adopters Original Count Non adopters Adopters % Non adopters Model Statistics Adopters Wilk s Lambda Overall Accuracy 77.3% χ Chance Accuracy 55.6% d.f. 8 Sig Press s Q Sig Validation Accuracy 66.7% The standardized discriminant coefficients and discriminant loadings for the variables are given in the tables. Univariate statistics in terms of group wise means and F-value significance on equality of means are also provided for comparative analysis. Discriminant loadings measure the simple linear correlation between each predictor and the derived discriminant function. While discriminant loading evaluates the significance of the variables, classification test determines the ability of the model to classify accurately. The classification test compares the classificatory accuracy of the discriminant model to the chance model. Change accuracy is determined by the formula p 2 - (1-p) 2 where p is the
11 proportion of the sample in the first group. The chance accuracy was calculated and compared with the value for the discriminant model. A chi-squre test was conducted using Press s Q calculated by [N-(n*K)] 2 /N(K-1) in order to determine if the discriminant model was statistically better than the chance model. The first discriminant model for was significant at p= The significant variables are: relative advantage, compatibility, computer self-efficacy, financial slack, innovativeness and image. Interestingly, ease of use and competitive pressure didn t come up as significantly related to adoption. The classificatory accuracy of the model was 86.4% and the t-test indicates that it is significantly better than the change model. The second for business homepage was significant at p= The significant independents are relative advantage, compatibility, computer self-efficacy, image and competitive pressure. The classificatory ability of the discriminant model was 84.8% and the t-test indicates that it is better than the chance model. The third for e-sales was significant at p= Significant independent variables are relative advantage, compatibility, computer self-efficacy, financial slack, and image. The classificatory ability of the discriminant model was 72.7% and the t-test indicates that it is better than the chance model. The fourth model for e-procurement was presented in Table 7. The discriminant model for this technology was not significant at p<0.05, but significant at p<0.1 (p=0.063). Significant independent variables are compatibility, ease of use, computer self-efficacy, financial slack, and image. The classificatory ability of the discriminant model was 77.3% and the t-test indicates that it is better than the chance model. Table 8 summarizes the results of all four tests along with the hypothesis numbers. It helps to identify patterns and variations among the four Internet technologies. Table 9. Summary table of significant variables Electronic Mail Business Homepage Electronic Sales Electronic Procurement Support for Hypotheses Relative Advantage O O O Partial for H1 Compatibility O O O O Full for H2 Ease of Use O Weak for H3 Self Efficacy O O O O Full for H4 Financial slack O O O Partial for H5 Innovativeness O Weak for H6 Image O O O O Full for H7 Competitive Pressure O Weak for H8 Prediction Accuracy 86.4% 84.8% 72.7% 77.3% 5 Discussion of Results The summary (Table 9) indicates that compatibility, self-efficacy, and image are the only significant variables to discriminate adopters from non-adopters in all the four Internet technologies, thereby providing strong support for hypotheses 2, 4 and 7. Firms adopt new technologies such as Internet only if the owner/manager perceive the technology is compatible with their current business, when the owner/manager have confidence in using new technology itself, and when they respect information technology as a novel technology. Relative advantage and financial slack were found to be important determinants for thee of the four Internet technologies, partially supporting hypotheses 1 and 6. Financial slack
12 turned out to be critical in adopting , e-sales and e-procurement but not in adopting business homepages. Relative advantages are significant in adopting , business homepage and e-sales, but not in adopting e-procurement system. Remaining antecedents ease of use, innovativeness and competitive pressure are found to be significantly associated with only a case of Internet technology, respectively. Ease of use is significant in e-procurement, innovativeness in and competitive pressure in business homepages. It provides an interesting contrast in the sense that behind the scene of adopting different technologies, different factors play significant roles: e-procurement systems is employed only when it is easy to use, system is employed by firms with original innovativeness, and business homepages are uploaded because everybody else is doing it. This tells us that though these are all Internet technologies, they seems to be perceived as in different stages of development in terms of these owner/manager s perception. 6 Summary Information technologies related to the Internet have provided many new opportunities to small business owners as well as additional risks and confusions. This study, based on innovation adoption literature, identified eight (8) seemingly critical determinants of technology adoption behavior and evaluated their influence on Internet technology adoption in small business environment: relative advantage, compatibility, ease of use, computer selfefficacy, financial slack, innovativeness, image and competitive pressure. A survey instrument was developed to measure these variables and data were collected from seventyone (71) small business owner/managers in a seminar setting. The results of discriminant analysis between adopters and non-adopters indicated that all of these variables were critically associated with the adoption behavior. The study has limitations that can only be remedied by subsequent and larger scale studies. The sample was collected in a seminar setting where attendance were voluntary and financially demanding to some small business owners who may not be able to attend. This self-selection stratification may have tainted the data collected. The small sample size was another problem reducing the power of our statistical analysis. Only a larger scale field survey with random sampling could validate the initial findings of this study and provide greater generalizability across different firms and industries in small business. Furthermore, the sample was collected only in US and the study needs to be replicated in other cultural settings. In terms of instrument design, five of our variables used fewer than three items for measurement, weakening the reliability of the instrument. Future studies should expand these constructs with more items increasing the validity and reliability of the instrument. 7 Implications and Conclusion The findings from this study have significant implication for the researchers and practitioners. For researchers, while most prior studies in innovation adoption literature focused on traditional IT, this study provided insights on adoption of Internet technologies. Also, this study extended the knowledge of adoption behavior from corporate setting to small businesses. For practice, the results of this study provide guidelines for small business IT adoption behavior. From the policy making perspective, the outcome of this study back up a policy to develop and implement on-going technology training seminars to help small businesses to adopt Internet technologies and participate in the development of the infrastructure of Internet. Several avenues for future research remain unexplored at this point. The recent research activity, including this study, in the area of adoption and acceptance of information
13 technology only underscores the importance of the area. Especially in the area of small business, further research could build upon this study through replication across different samples and across a range of different technologies. Such studies would yield insights into whether beliefs that emerge as significant are in any way contingent on other variables, such as self-efficacy and organizational culture or other types of innovation. We have raised questions with regard to the set of beliefs used to explain attitudes toward an innovation. Additional studies that test an expanded belief set could be used to verify that the set of beliefs used in this study is in fact a parsimonious and relevant set. Reference Ang, S. and Straub, D. "Production and transaction economies and IS outsourcing: A study of the U.S. banking industry," MIS Quarterly (22:4), 1998, pp Baldridge, J.V. and Burnham, R.A. "Organizational innovation: Individual, organizational and environment impacts," Administrative Science Quarterly (20), 1975, pp Bandura, A. "Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency," American Psychologist (37:2), 1982, pp Bigoness, W.J. and Perreault, W.D. "A conceptual paradigm and approach for the study of innovations," Academy of Management Journal (24), 1981, pp Bourgeois, L.J. "On the measurement of organizational slack," Academy of Management Review (6), 1981, pp Bridge, J. and Peel, M.J. "Research note: A study of computer usage and strategic planning in the SME sector," International Small Business Journal (17:4), 1999, pp Compeau, D.R. and Higgins, C.A. "Computer self-efficacy: Development of a measure and initial test," MIS Quarterly (9:2), 1995, pp Cooper, A.C. and Schendel, D. "Strategic responses to technological threats," Business Horizons (19:1), 1976, pp Cragg, P.B. and King, M. "Small firm computing: motivators and inhibitors," MIS Quarterly (17:1), 1993, pp Damanpour, F. "Innovation type, radicalness, and the adoption process," Communication Research (15), 1988, pp Davis, F.D. "Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology," MIS Quarterly (13), 1989, pp Fennell, M.L. "Synergy, influence, and information in the adoption of administrative innovations," Academy of Management Journal (27:1), 1984, pp Foong, S.-Y. "Effect of end-user personal and systems attributes on computer-based information system success in Malaysian SMEs," Journal of Small Business Management (37:3), 1999, pp Hage, J. and Dewar, R. "Elite values versus organizational structure in predicting innovation," Administrative Science Quarterly (18), 1973, pp Harrison, D., Mykytyn, P.P. and Riemenschneider, C.K. "Executive decisions about adoption of information technology in small businesses: theory and empirical tests," Information Systems Research (8:2), 1997, pp
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