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This has been the meal I have been obsessing over the last two weeks. I have been on a true fajita kick -- and I`ve been making fajita pizza, salad, etc. I had this for lunch one day and had this for lunch again today and it`ll be my lunch tomorrow at work. I took some peppers and sauteed them up with some onions in a pan (sprayed with cooking spray). After they started cooking I added in some sea salt, black pepper and red cayenne pepper. When they started to brown I added a little bit of water to keep it from burning. When my veggies were half cooked I added in some of those Perdue chicken cuts (pre-cooked cut chicken) and only cooked it enough so it was heated thru. SUPER simple and equally delicious! I served this over a bed of salad, with some medium salsa at the very middle to act as my dressing. For my lunch at work I eat this with some pita bread making little fajita pita pockets. Sooo delicious! Quick, easy, and delish.
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BIC Showcases Power Prospect is FULL!
See you ALL at the BB&T Ballpark on Saturday, October 29th!
Best in Class Showcases has joined forces with D1Draftable Showcases and Virginia Sports Complex to strategically form a 2016 Fall schedule to satisfy youth baseball teams of all ages.
For three select weekend showcases this fall (Sept 24-25; Oct 8-10; Oct 22-23), BIC, D1D and VSC will secure commitments to attend from multiple collegiate coaches and recruiters. The Columbus Day Weekend will feature the D1Draftable/BIC Mid-Atlantic Championship, a championship format collegiate showcase.
Championship format tournaments for 13u and 14u teams have been schedule for the weekends of September 17-18, October 1-2 and October 15-16.
The Fall schedule will conclude with D1Draftable Virginia State Fall Championships for 13u, 14u, 15/16u and 17/18u on October 29-30.
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|BIC/D1D September Collegiate Showcase
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|BIC/D1D October Collegiate Showcase
|September 24-25
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Very impressive. I love D. prolifera. I killed mine though.
Very impressive. I love D. prolifera. I killed mine though.
LOOKING FOR: N. (argentii x bicalcarata) x {[(lingulata x edwardsiana) x (naga x hamata)] x [(klossii x undulatifolia) x (aristolochioides x rajah)]} Growlist: http://www.terraforums.com/forums/sh...d.php?t=124586
do i leave the bloom stem attached till i see growth of the plantlett? and do i do this now or after the bloom wilts a little, want to try the propagation you all suggested or yall how ever you like it , I'm a little southern , gitit?
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You must do the thing you think you cannot do. --- Eleanor Roosevelt
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Super Sums Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division
Written by Rob Colson
Illustrated by
Part of the Maths is Everywhere Series
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Other Formats
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32 pages
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Met-Ed employees in Muhlenberg Twp. give back this holiday season
MUHLENBERG TWP., Pa. - The spirit of the season is flowing at Met-Ed in Muhlenberg Township.
Employees have collected tons of Christmas gifts for children and veterans.
Workers loaded gifts into a truck Tuesday morning.
The items will be given to people through the Salvation Army of Reading's Angel Tree Program.
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"Monkey Bay" Monkey Business Tip by Adeline_Foo
Monkey Business, Phuket: 10 reviews and 24 photos
On the one day where we finally had some sun, we booked a tour and went to some islands for some suntanning & snokerling. This is Monkey Bay, so called because monkeys are living here. We were not allowed to go down to the beach but we were given some rambutans to feed them where they can come close to the boat.
[Please go to my Phi Phi Don travel page for more pictures of Monkey Bay]
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Hi fashion luuuxers!
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If you log in, you can comment on buildings, submit new photos or update photos that you've already submitted.
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Description: Vittoria
Grade: II
Date Listed: 26 June 1981
English Heritage Building ID: 226194
OS Grid Reference: TM1910395810
OS Grid Coordinates: 619103, 295810
Latitude/Longitude: 52.5161, 1.2278
Location: Parkes Lane, Tharston, Norfolk NR15 2YJ
Locality: Tharston and Hapton
Local Authority: South Norfolk District Council
County: Norfolk
Country: England
Postcode: NR15 2YJ
Incorrect location/postcode? Submit a correction!
Explore more of the area around Tharston and Hapton, Norfolk at Explore Britain.
Low Tharston
Dated 1847. Roughcast brick house. Pantile roof with gabled ends. Two
storeys. Three bays. Lintels with keyblocks. Sashes with vertical glazing
bars. Central panelled door with moulded architrave with broken pediment,
above which is stone inscribed:- "This House with the Brick Kiln built by
Major General Sir Robert Harvey 1847 in which year 2 millions of Bricks were
burnt for the Railway".
Lean-to on south end.
Listing NGR: TM1910395810
This text is a legacy record and has not been updated since the building was originally listed. Details of the building may have changed in the intervening time. You should not rely on this listing as an accurate description of the building.
Source: English Heritage
Listed building text is © Crown Copyright. Reproduced under licence.


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Halfbrick Studios QA
Jen Zee is currently the Art Director at Supergiant Games. She previously did concept art and flash programming for Gaia Interactive, and freelanced for Fantasy Flight Games.
Darren Korb is an audio and music designer for Supergiant Games, currently residing in Brooklyn, NY.
Former game designer and Artificial Mind & Movement, and currently an Assistant Professor at Carnegie Mellon.
Voice actress
She is the Associate Director, Center for Games and Playable Media at UC Santa Cruz, formerly the Business Development Analyst at Foundation 9 Entertainment. Also the Founder/Editor-in-Chief of GameGirlAdvance.
A designer.
Director and producer of numerous Sega games.
A writer.
A game designer and writer involved in designing many Sega classics, ranging from Alex Kidd and Shinobi to Sonic the Hedgehog. She is considered one of the most influential RPG designers in particular, for creating the Phantasy Star series as well as producing Skies of Arcadia.
A designer and scripter at Artoon.
A designer and producer at Sega.
An artist.
CEO, Klei Entertainment, creators of Eets and Shank
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When I rent or buy a movie from iTunes and try to watch it on my iPad, the sound is so low that I end up watching the film on my TV, which defeats the object. I don't have this sound issue when watching content on BBC iPlayer or videos on YouTube.
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The Most Powerful Person in the World
Posted on Wednesday, June 6 @ 20:40:24 PST by Duke_FerrisToday, it seems, is a day of rumors: Final Fantasy might skip the 360. Diablo 3 might be announced. A potential PS3 price drop. I wouldn't believe any of them just yet.
Is this really what gaming news has come to? The ticker has to keep moving so fast that people have to report on future news that may never exist? Well I call bullshit on all of it.
Instead, let's all take a deep breath, relax, slow down, watch the video on the right, and remember why we're gamers in the first place.
People who don't play games are often bewildered when talking to me. I'm an adult, the CEO of a company, I'm losing my hair, surely I don't actually play these "video games" anymore. It often takes me a while to explain to them that games are no longer what they are thinking of. They still assume I'm trying to get the high "score". How many games even have points anymore?
I explain to them that so-called "games" are more like virtual worlds now, at least the best ones are. For a while you can actually become a starship pilot, a ex-gangbanger with no way out, a little rolling singing water balloon sort of thingy, or a god. I explain the freedom that lets you create your own goals, choose your own morality, tell your own stories. I tell them about my friends online who I talk to far more than my own family.
GR member JCD pointed out this pretty cool video that explains it all pretty well. So in the absence of any real news today, I'm posting it here. Next time someone just doesn't "get it", maybe I'll send them this.
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Last edited by tosi; 02-27-2009 at 08:48 PM.
Indeed, what's between the ears is always the best countermeasure.
Similarly, even with the LI (or any other jammer), I would still say that your "Moral A" is the one to take home.
Truth of the matter is that even the best jammer can have an off day - be it a slight equipment malfunction (what if your wiring shorted? or you got a water/moisture-breach, overnight?), less-than-optimal maintenance (haven't cleaned the heads for a while? how about having forgotten to align them for a few days? or weeks, even?) or just outright user-error (having forgotten to turn it on), it's always good to be ever-alert.
Similarly, one can never tell when there might be a super-diligent or super-lucky enforcer out there, too. Enforcement scenarios, including hardware and engagement practices, can all be manipulated to the favor of the enforcer - combine that with the "possibles" above, and voila, it's a ticket-in-hand!
I see my jammers as both my first as well as my last line of defense.
What I subscribe to is my SiFu's favorite saying:
It's best to simply not be there for the punch.
Your eyes, brain, and instinct can and will effect saves - always be alert, always trust them. A good detector and a good jammer will help stack the odds in your favor, but it's best to not have to hear that alert, at all.
Last edited by tosi; 02-27-2009 at 08:49 PM.
That's me, too.I also just feel that the odds of one of these days just having bad luck and being caught out at the wrong time and wrong place by someone shooting laser these days is just to great, and I need a backup incase that happens.
It's all too possible, particularly where I am, for there to be true "point-blank" engagements, and also with unfavorable LIDAR equipment to battle against, too.
This is why I truly consider my jammers both my first-line as well as my last-line of defense.
^ Man, now *THAT* is hard-core!The other important thing is that magical 6th sense, that warns you. Despite being into RD's, I made deliberate decision after I got my liscense not to buy a RD for at least a few years to help hone and develop that sense.
And I truly mean that - no sarcasm, nothing. That's hard core!!!!
in mass you rele need jammers...and very stealth behind the truck
Last edited by tosi; 02-27-2009 at 08:48 PM.
try to minimize the double posting please
Spoiler: show
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Last edited by tosi; 02-27-2009 at 08:48 PM.
It amazes me how many topics in the "General" forum here are actually specific for a particular brand, or some other forum. Really poor form.
It's like Mike Valentine says, there's no substitute for situational awareness.
I posted about an incident that proves exactly that, back in November. Driving from Homestead to Coral Gables, I get a great save on the V1 vs a LEO running constant on Ka...and no less than 15 minutes later I get ticketed because I allowed a LEO in a blacked-out cruiser to pace me, he never needed any radar at all.
A V1 is a great tool, but you rely on the Mk1 Eyeball first and foremost.


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Does Perception have a Nonconceptual Content? 1
- Conrad Howard
- 1 years ago
- Views:
1 Does Perception have a Nonconceptual Content? 1 1. The Claims of Nonconceptual Content The question posed in my title is one that has been vigorously debated in philosophy for almost twenty years now. In one form or another, the idea that perceptual experience has a content which is nonconceptual is found in the writings of, amongst others, José Bermúdez, Tim Crane, Fred Dretske, Gareth Evans, Susan Hurley, myself, and Michael Tye. 2 The idea has been strongly opposed by John McDowell, Sonia Sedivy and, most recently, by Bill Brewer. 3 The question has generated so much discussion because the 1 The present paper was delivered at the Certosa di Pontignano (Siena) in May 1999, under the auspices of the Universita degli Studi di Siena. I am grateful to participants at the meeting for discussion, and to later audiences at the Universities of Bonn and Essen. I have retained the largely informal style of a conference talk. Special thanks to Bill Brewer for many acute comments on an earlier draft, some of which I have been able to take into account, and others of which will have to wait for a later paper which addresses more of the issues left open in this outline of a position. Work on the present text was carried out whilst I held a Leverhulme Research Professorship; once again I thank the Leverhulme Trust for this invaluable support. 2 J. Bermúdez, The Paradox of Self-Consciousness (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1998), esp. chapter 3; T. Crane, The nonconceptual content of experience, in the collection The Contents of Experience: Essays on Perception ed. T. Crane (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); F. Dretske, Naturalizing the Mind (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1995), esp. Ch. 1, p.19ff; and earlier in Knowledge and the Flow of Information (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1981); G. Evans, The Varieties of Reference (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), see index entry for Conceptual and non-conceptual content ; S. Hurley, Consciousness in Action (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998), esp. chapter 4; C. Peacocke, Analogue Content, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume LX (1986) 1-17, and A Study of Concepts (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1992), Ch. 3; M. Tye, Ten Problems of Consciousness (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1995), esp. p.137ff. A rather different but related use of the notion of nonconceptual content is found in the work of Adrian Cussins: see his paper The Connectionist Construction of Concepts, in The Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence, ed. M. Boden (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990). 3 J. McDowell, Mind and World (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994), esp. Lecture III and Afterword, Part II; S. Sedivy, Must Conceptually Informed Perceptual Experience Involve Non-Conceptual Content?, Canadian Journal of Christopher Peacocke 2001
2 2 possibility - or otherwise - of nonconceptual content is inseparable from some fundamental issues. Issues about the individuation of conceptual content; about the nature of concept possession; about the nature of rationality; about the relation between animal and human perception; and even about our conception of objectivity all turn in part on the possibility of nonconceptual content in perception. That our question is inseparable from these wider issues I will try to make plausible as we proceed. My specific aim in this paper is to argue further for the thesis that perception does indeed have nonconceptual content. 4 The nonconceptual content of perception that is the topic of this paper is meant to be one species of representational content. It is content which is evaluable as correct or as incorrect. So we are not concerned here with whether there are nonrepresentational conscious properties of perceptions, what are sometimes called sensational properties. The question I am now addressing concerns solely the class of representational contents of perception. It is the issue of whether some of the representational content of perception is nonconceptual. The discussions of recent years have focussed on the fine-grained representational content of experience. When you look at the new Art Museum in Bilbao, or see a new abstract sculpture, or the face of a person, you see each of these objects as having a quite specific shape and size. Similarly, you see them as having quite specific shades of colours, surface textures and contours. Equally, when you hear a musical tone, there is a sense in which you perceive its pitch. You may not recognize the tone - you may not have absolute pitch - but you can discriminate that pitch from many, many others if you are asked to compare it with another. This discrimination is based on the way the tone sounds to you. All parties to these discussions have acknowledged the fine-grained character of this representational content. What has been at issue is not its existence, but its character. Philosophy 26 (1996) ; B. Brewer, Perception and Reason (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), esp.ch.5. 4 I will confine myself in this paper to the fundamental philosophical motivations for acknowledging nonconceptual content in perception, and the philosophical challenges such acknowledgement must address. There are many further important issues about the nature and role of nonconceptual content that arise in the light of psychological experiments on perception, and on action: discussion of them will have to be left to another occasion.
3 3 We will not do justice to the fine-grained phenomenology of experience if we restrict ourselves to those contents which can be built up by referring to the properties and relations which the perceived objects are represented by the experience as possessing. We must, in describing the fine-grained phenomenology, make use of the notion of the way in which some property or relation is given in the experience. The same shape can be perceived in two different ways, and the same holds for the shape-properties, if we regard them as within the representational content of experience. Mach s example of one and the same shape that can be perceived either as a square or as a regular diamond is a familiar example. These are not different shapes. The shape of an object need not alter when it moves; and an object can be perceived either as a square, or as a diamond, in either of the standard orientations relative to the perceiver. The need to use the notion of the way in which something is perceived is by no means special to the perception of spatial properties and relations. Suppose middle C and the F-sharp just above it are played simultaneously on a piano. The interval thus sounded may be heard either as an augmented fourth, or as a diminished fifth. In the former case, the higher tone of the interval is heard as the seventh of the presumed tonic scale. 5 In the latter case, it is heard as the fourth of that scale. In neither case need these music-theoretic descriptions be ones known to the perceiver, as part of his personal-level conceptual repertoire. We use them in plausible theory about the nature of the two ways in which the interval can be perceived. It is the way itself, and not the materials of music theory, which enter the description of the subject s experience. Even one and the same time-interval may be perceived in two different ways. It is perceived in one way, when it is perceived as the familiar time interval between your switching on your computer and its emitting the startup sound. It may be perceived in another way when the same interval is exactly that of the silence in a complete, but empty bar (measure) of a Haydn string quartet, in which case it may be heard as composed of two beats. So, in characterizing the fine-grained content of experience, we need the notion of the experience representing things or events or places or times, given in a certain way, as 5 On the musical case, see the fine contribution of M. DeBellis, Music and Conceptualization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), esp. Ch.2.
4 4 having certain properties or as standing in certain relations, also as given in a certain way. Henceforth I use the phrase the content of experience to cover not only which objects, properties and relations are perceived, but also the ways in which they are perceived. The ways I have mentioned all contribute to the representational content of the experience. That is, when something is perceived in one of these ways, the claim that the object really is the way it is experienced as being is one which has a correctness condition. Indeed, the way contributes to the determination of which shape, or shade, or interval, is perceived as present or occurring. An entirely generic notion of a way does not necessarily contribute to the determination of which objects or properties or relations a mental state represents as being thus-and-so. For example, an acceptable answer to the question How are you thinking of next Thursday? might be With trepidation, or With eager anticipation. In some intuitive sense, these are ways of thinking of next Thursday: but they do not contribute to the determination of which day it is you are thinking about. The ways in which the properties of things are perceived, which I am talking about, are very different. They contribute to the determination of which interval, which shape, which relation is perceived as instantiated. Thereby, they contribute to the correctness condition for the perceptual experience. This will be important later, because it has the consequence that when, for instance, an object s shape is perceived in way W, the proposition that the object is that way W itself has a correctness condition. Here now are five at least moderately intuitive claims about nonconceptual content that one might expect a believer in nonconceptual content to defend. Some of these claims are, prima facie, incompatible with the position that the representational content of experience is exclusively conceptual. Before we start discussing them, here is a brief, wholly dogmatic, statement of each of the claims. (1) The nonconceptual content of perceptual experience contributes to making available to a thinker various perceptually-based concepts. Only a thinker who has a perceptual experience with a certain kind of nonconceptual representational content can employ such perceptual-demonstrative concepts as that shape, that texture, that interval of time. The nonconceptual content of experience also helps to make available such general, non-demonstrative recognitional concepts as the concept regular-diamond
5 5 shaped and the concept red. It also makes available more specific, but still general, recognitional concepts such as the concept Cambridge blue and the concept yellow ochre. Perceptual states with nonconceptual content make these general concepts available to a thinker by providing the canonical, non-inferential basis for the application of these concepts to things given in experience. The nonconceptual contents that make available these various perceptually-based conceptual contents cannot, however, be identified with any of the conceptual contents which they make available. These claims are all to be construed as constitutive. What it is to have the perceptually-based concepts is to be elucidated, philosophically, in terms of the relations of those concepts to the nonconceptual content of experience. (2) Experiences with finer-grained nonconceptual contents can also provide an empirical basis for the acquisition, and so enter the causal explanation of the learning, of such general concepts as regular-diamond shaped. (3) An experience with a certain nonconceptual content can make rational a judgement of a conceptual content suitably related to the nonconceptual content that the experience represents as correct. (4) Some of the nonconceptual content of our experience can be identical with the representational content of the experience of creatures that either possess no concepts, or possess only a set of concepts far more rudimentary than our own. (5) The nonconceptual content of experience can enter the explanation of features of intentional action. There is an important discussion in psychology of whether this content, or its precursors, enter the explanation of action only via memory, rather than controlling concurrent action on-line. 6 But all agree that it has an explanatory role in some cases. The formulation of these five claims should make clear some of the wider ramifications of the otherwise apparently rather local issue of whether perception has a nonconceptual representational content. We need to be very clear what we mean by conceptual. I will be taking it that conceptual content is content of a kind that can be the content of judgement and belief. 6 For an illuminating overview, see A.D. Milner and M.Goodale, The Visual Brain in Action (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
6 6 Concepts are constituents of those intentional contents that can be the complete, truthevaluable, contents of judgement and belief. Conceptual content and concepts I take to have identities conforming to, indeed answerable to, Frege s criterion of identity for senses. Complete contents p and q are distinct iff it is possible for someone for whom the question arises rationally to judge that p without judging that q. So the content This country is Italy is distinct from the content This country is this country ; the content The floor-plan is square is distinct from The floor-plan is a regular diamond ; the content Your lost pen is there (pointing under a pile of papers) is distinct from Your lost pen is where you last used it. Concepts C and D are distinct iff there is some completing content Σ such that the complete content Σ(C) is distinct from the complete content Σ(D); or, in other words, iff there is some content Σ(C) such that someone for whom the question arises can rationally judge Σ(C) without judging Σ(D). So the pairs this country Italy square regular diamond there (pointing appropriately) where you last used the pen are all pairs of distinct concepts by this criterion. As these examples show, concepts as intended here may be demonstrative or indexical. On this approach, any further connections between concepts and, for instance, language have to be earned by further argument. If someone holds that a concept-user must have a language in which he can express at least some of his concepts, that is a substantive, non-definitional thesis that needs to be established. The same applies to the thesis that concepts, so characterized, conform to Evans s Generality Constraint. 7 It should, however, be uncontroversial that any content that can be expressed in language by the use of an indicative sentence, including sentences containing indexicals and demonstratives, will be a conceptual content. That follows in the presence of the less controversial premise that any utterance of an indicative sentence, in a given context, 7 The Varieties of Reference.
7 7 expresses a content that is of a kind that could also be the content of a belief or judgement. So much for minimal stage-setting. I turn now to argue in support of at least the claims (1) (4), and, if it is agreed that they are true, to consider why they are true Distinct from Conceptual Content, but Making it Available We can label as conceptualists those who claim that the representational content of experience is always conceptual. Conceptualists are committed to the falsity of the first claim (1), with its consequence that there is a level of representational content that cannot be elucidated in terms of conceptual content. Conceptualists have been tempted to say that the phenomena for whose description nonconceptual content has been invoked are better described by invoking conceptual contents containing perceptual-demonstrative concepts, or certain recognitional concepts. I take these two kinds of concepts in turn, and ask whether they can really meet the conceptualist s needs. (a) Perceptual demonstratives. A perceptual-demonstrative concept that shape is a concept made available by an experience as of a particular shape. This perceptualdemonstrative concept will, in the context of its use in thought, refer to a shape, and the shape may be finely individuated. Similarly for the perceptual-demonstrative concepts that shade, that sound, that taste. Can the conceptualist say that it is these concepts that enter the representational content of experience, and thereby fully capture the content that I have been claiming is nonconceptual? An initial problem with this version of the perceptual-demonstrative route is the presence of the general concept in the perceptual demonstrative, as the concept shape features in that shape. No one can enjoy perceptual states, or indeed any other conscious mental states, with the conceptual content that shape in their representational content unless he possesses the general concept shape. It is, though, quite implausible that one must have that general concept in order to perceive objects as having various specific
8 8 shapes. Nor is it at all clear that two perceivers must have some more less general predicative concept in order for them both to see some object as having the same specific shape. One perceiver may think of a presented shape as that rectangle, the other perceiver may think of it as that straight-sided figure. This difference in their thoughts need not prevent them seeing it in exactly the same way. It is in any case not always required that a good, successfully referring perceptualdemonstrative contain some general concept. For those who think it must, a useful intermediate case which forces the softening of such a hard position is provided by the demonstrative there. One difference between there and that is that the former must refer to a location, rather than anything present at that location. But the demonstrative there does not do this by having the general concept of place as one of its constituents. In fact, it is not at all obvious that a thinker, in order to have the rather unsophisticated capacity to think of a perceived location as there, must also have the general concept place or location in his conceptual repertoire. Perhaps he must have the resources for introducing it, on the basis of concepts he already has: but that is different from already deploying it. If this intermediate case is granted, it could hardly be denied that we could conceive of a family of demonstratives, modelled on there: maybe that-c for the colour apparently at a location; that-t for the surface texture there; and so forth. But I do not think this would be a stable stopping point as a limit on the possibility of perceptual-demonstratives unsupplemented with general concepts, nor as a suitable limit for the conceptualist position. This is so, first, because we do not actually have such devices in our conceptual repertoire. Our experience nevertheless still has the determinate, fine-grained character concerning textures, shades and the rest all the same. The fact that we could introduce such conceptual devices just serves to emphasize that what makes such devices available, viz. the rich representational content of experience, exists in advance of the conceptual apparatus it makes possible. That makes it implausible that it can be identified with anything in that conceptual apparatus. 8 The discussion of (5) would involve more delving into the psychological literature than is feasible here. It is also significant that the case for the existence of nonconceptual content in perception can be made without reliance on any particular thesis relating it to action.
9 9 Second, there seem to be cases in which a wholly unsupplemented perceptualdemonstrative that still secures reference in a suitable perceptual context. You may think, when viewing a vase in a museum, That is beautiful, and be referring in thought to the colour, not to the shape or the surface texture. You may think, watching a Balinese dancer, That s beautiful, and be referring to the movement or the gesture rather than anything else. Perhaps sophisticated thinkers can serve up general concepts if asked What kind of thing or event are you thinking of?. But it would be a stretch to insist that some general concept must have been entering the singular demonstrative component of their perception or their thought all along. It seems, for instance, that someone could be introduced to the general concept timbre, applicable to sounds, by his first having an experience leading him to judge That s beautiful, referring specifically to the timbre of (say) a clarinet. It may be that our listener only later applies the concept timbre to the instance he had already perceived and thought about. ( That sound could be too unspecific to capture what he experienced as beautiful.) The natural treatment of such cases is that the type of the perceptual demonstrative involved is individuated by a demonstrative element (which would expressed in an utterance by that ) - an element to which we I will return - together with some particular way which enters the representational content of the perceptual experience which makes the whole perceptual demonstrative available. The way in question is the way in which the shade, or movement, or shape, or whatever is referred to by the demonstrative, is perceived. For any given way in which a particular quality may be perceived, there is a specific kind such that that way is intrinsically a way for something of that kind to be perceived. The way in which a shape is presented, e.g. as a regular-diamond, is intrinsically a way for a shape to be perceived, and not anything else. The same applies to the way in which a texture, or a musical interval, is perceived. It does not make any sense to suggest that a shape might be perceived in the way a musical interval is perceived. In synaesthesia, the subject does not literally perceive a vowel-sound in the way in which a colour can be perceived.
10 10 This point is important because it helps to contribute to an explanation of why a general concept is not always needed to supplement the that in a perceptual demonstrative to secure manifest reference to one kind of quality of the perceived object or event, rather than another. The kind of property referred to - a shape property rather than a sound property, say - is fixed by the perceptual way which contributes to the individuation of the perceptual-demonstrative in question. Provided that the demonstrative that is linked to a given way, there will be a general kind such that the reference of the demonstrative must be of that general kind. Ways of being perceived are inherently general. For instance, the shapes of two different objects may be perceived in exactly the same way, either on one occasion or on different occasions. By contrast, perceptual-demonstrative reference to shapes (to continue with that example) proceeds fundamentally via the shape of particular presented individuals. When a thinker thinks That would make a good logo, referring to a shape, he is characteristically thinking of the shape as given in the perception of some particular object in his experience; and the truth conditions of his thought concern the perceived shape of that particular object. Maybe one can refer perceptually-demonstratively to the shape common to several objects, each of whose shape one perceives, and perceives to be the same for all of them - thus That shape, instantiated equally in all of those objects, would make a good logo. But this still involves a tie to particulars, several rather than just one. This particularity, which seems distinctive of, and essential to, perceptual demonstratives, is one reason that one cannot simply identify the perceptual-demonstrative sense with the relevant way of being perceived. The way, which is general, lacks the tie to particulars that is characteristic of the perceptual-demonstrative. The link to a particular perceived individual that has the property demonstratively thought about is a characteristic of the demonstrative element in the perceptualdemonstrative concept. It would not be right to regard a perceptual-demonstrative concept that shape as thought on a particular occasion as built up from a way in which a shape may be perceived plus some entirely generic constituent. The link to a particular, given in perception or experience, must be captured if we are to characterize fully the perceptual-demonstrative concept used on this occasion.
11 11 It is important to distinguish between ways of being perceived and ways of having a certain generic quality. A way in which a shape property may be perceived is to be sharply distinguished from a way of being shaped. A way of being shaped has to do with shapes themselves it is a way of occupying space - and does not have to do with the way in which shapes are perceived. On the natural, unforced way of understanding the notion of a way of being shaped, the property of being a square and the property of being a regulardiamond are actually the same way of being shaped. This means that one could not individuate perceptual concepts, whether fine-grained or rough-grained, in terms of which way of being shaped they are concepts of. If one uses way in this territory for way of being shaped, or way of being coloured, or more generally way of having some generic kind of perceptible property or relation, one will need additionally something else to capture the different ways in which these ways of being shaped may be perceived. A philosophical theory in this area also has to address the question of how the demonstrative links up with one way rather than another. This is not, or not merely, a matter of attention. You can be attending to one light in a display, if you are a nuclear safety engineer, in case it comes on, whilst also thinking, of the colour displayed on the small adjacent VDU, That colour indicates the reactor is beginning to get hot. What makes the thought contain a perceptual-demonstrative which is linked to something given in one particular way must rather involve such facts as that the truth conditions for the thought fundamentally involve the colour which is presented in one particular item in the thinker s experience, rather than another. It is, constitutively, the colour presented there on the adjacent VDU that must have a certain property for the thinker s thought to be true. This will correspondingly be reflected in what is required for verifying or refuting the content. It will also be reflected in the content s normative properties - what are reasons for or against accepting it. These remarks against treating fine-grained perceptual content as explicable in terms of perceptual-demonstrative concepts should not be taken to disparage the very idea of a fine-grained perceptual demonstrative. It seems to me there are perceptual-demonstrative ways of thinking of presented shapes, colours, sounds and the rest. It can well be that in some cases the way of thinking is available to the thinker only as long as the experience
12 12 continues. John McDowell suggests that such a dependence on the occurrence of the experience would cast doubt on its being recognizable as a conceptual capacity at all. 9 This may be one of the reasons he moves to endorse recognitional concepts as the correct treatment of perceptual content. Of experience-dependent demonstratives, he says that they look like Wittgenstein s case of the person who says I know how tall I am, putting his hand on top of his head to prove it. 10 But the person in Wittgenstein s example does not, by saying or thinking this tall come to know of a height in metres or any other unit, which is what knowing how tall one is requires on the usual understanding. It is not even clear that such a person thereby (I emphasize thereby) comes to know how tall he is, in the sense that he could indicate which of the markings on a wall on the opposite side of the room is roughly his height. By contrast, a perceptual-demonstrative thought latches on to a magnitude, or shade, or colour, only if that magnitude, or shade, or colour, is itself given in the experience which makes the perceptual-demonstrative concept available. There is no possibility of making perceptual-demonstrative reference to a magnitude, or shade, or colour, and not knowing what magnitude, or shade, or colour it is one is thinking about. Such perceptual-demonstrative reference is the most fundamental way of knowing what magnitude, or shade, or colour is in question. We should also distinguish here the conditions for making demonstrative reference in language from the conditions for employing a perceptual-demonstrative concept. The person who utters that table, pointing behind himself to a table he is not seeing certainly refers to a table; but he has no perceptual-demonstrative concept of it. A similar point could be made for an utterance of that shade, pointing to the wall behind oneself, without looking at it. There are also important background conditions which must be met for perceptual-demonstrative reference in thought to succeed. Stroboscopic lighting, undetected movement, and much else, can undermine the holding of these background conditions. Perceptual-demonstrative reference can fail even when it seems to the thinker to succeed. (These background conditions will be all the more important to one, like myself, who thinks that perceptual-demonstratives and observational concepts can be 9 Mind and World, p. 57.
13 13 individuated in terms of the conditions under which contents containing them can be not merely rationally judged, but known. 11 ) But there are plenty of cases in which the required background conditions are fulfilled, and there can be perceptual-demonstrative reference to finely-individuated properties and relations. My point has not at all been that such perceptual-demonstratives are nonexistent. My point is rather that they are themselves individuated in part in terms of ways in which properties, magnitudes and relations are given in experience; and so cannot be used to elucidate the nature of such ways of being experienced. (b) Recognitional Concepts. The other position tempting to some Conceptualists is that the fine-grained representational content of experience is to be captured not by perceptual-demonstrative concepts, but by fine-grained recognitional concepts. This is McDowell s view in Mind and World, and it squares with his most explicit recent discussion of the issues. 12 McDowell writes in Mind and World: Why not say that one is equipped to embrace shades of colour within one s conceptual thinking with the very same determinateness with which they are presented in one s visual experience, so that one s concepts can capture colours no less sharply than one s experience presents them? (p.56). Soon after in the same book he makes clear: What is in play here is a recognitional capacity (p.57). The recognitional capacity associated with the recognitional concept persists, if only briefly, after an experience which is of the kind recognized (p.57). McDowell seeks to capture part of the fine-grained spatial content of experience with a conceptual content of the following sort, which he would say is represented as correct by the experience: 10 Mind and World, p.57; his reference is to Wittgenstein s Philosophical Investigations, section See Being Known ch Replies to Commentators in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 58 (1998) In the part of these Replies which deals with me, McDowell writes always of demonstratives, rather than recognitional concepts. But it is important that for McDowell in his Reply, that way in It looks that way is predicative, not substantival.expressions at this place in this construction express, rather than refer to, ways things can look (418). On McDowell s theory, expressions in that place express recognitional concepts. This is fully in accord with his position in Mind and World: see p.57.
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flight speculations
Where next Rwandair?
(eTN) - As Rwandair's (WB) second B737-800 is due to go on the production line very soon and will come to Rwanda during the second half of October, speculation is growing over the next routes RwandAir will introduce, now that their fleet is growing. While destination Kinshasa is dogged by a number of issues leaving it off the map for now, WB is already flying to Brazzaville and Libreville. It is thought that a further expansion into West Africa is a logical progression and Lagos in particular is seen as an obvious choice for RwandAir, considering the close political ties and the sheer size of the Nigerian travel market, leave alone the business links both countries are eyeing. A chance meeting in Kigali some weeks ago with a "long lost" Skal friend from Lagos also added to this speculation, as he is already busy in the GSA market, representing other quality airlines in Nigeria, and why else would he have otherwise come all this way to witness the arrival of the first B737-800 Boeing Sky Interior in Kigali if not to combine fact finding with business.
In the East African region there are not many gaps in RwandAir's network, as the airline is already covering Bujumbura, Nairobi, Mombasa, Kilimanjaro, Dar es Salaam, and Entebbe. The border region with the Congo DR is now connected with daily domestic flights although a growing number of passengers is reportedly crossing the border from Congo DR to fly with RwandAir, and not just to Kigali but beyond into the network, clearly being fearful of the appalling reputation of some of Congo's own airlines. On these routes there is still a lot of potential to increase traffic and it is understood that the Eastern Congolese market is being worked very intensely to exploit RwandAir's good name and easy connections.
Juba is still not spoken for and while Addis Ababa is connected to Kigali by Ethiopian, the seat of the African Union is not yet an own destination for RwandAir. Down south talk has been about linking up with Lusaka, maybe in connection with the Johannesburg flights, and here, traffic rights between LUS and JNB would certainly be helpful to increase loadfactors and make the route even more profitable.
Added frequencies are being talked about, too, and already the B737-500 has been deployed on the high demand flights to Tanzania and Nairobi, upping capacity considerably from the previously used CRJ200. Subject to the progression of load factors for the Dubai flights, presently three times a week with full traffic rights via Mombasa, this route could see a fourth flight come online before too long, but it is beyond Dubai that speculation persists about a service to Mumbai.
Meanwhile though, RwandAir has put a smart set of codeshare agreements in place, with Brussels Airlines, with KLM, and when Turkish commences operations, with THY, too, opening up a range of new destinations for travel by business and holiday traffic to Rwanda, as well as from Rwanda.
While the airline is still committed to exploring partnerships, the focus for now seems on the implementation of the new vision for the airline and to grow, turn profitable and only then will the search for a strategic investor most likely resume, by this correspondent's assessment not before 2015. Of course, at that time RwandAir could be a shining gem many would want to put into their crown, with much higher value and a much greater ability to put Rwandan interests first and foremost, when mapping out the future.
RwandAir, a rising star in the skies above Eastern Africa and well worth watching.
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