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Citi Omni Channel Program Manger in Irving, Texas
Primary Location: United States,Texas,Irving
Other Location: United States,Delaware,Wilmington; United States,New York,Long Island City
Education: Bachelor's Degree
Job Function: Marketing
Schedule: Full-time
Shift: Day Job
Employee Status: Regular
Travel Time: Yes, 10 % of the Time
Job ID: 16065450
About Citi
Citi, the leading global bank, has approximately 200 million customer accounts and does business in more than 160 countries and jurisdictions. Citi provides consumers, corporations, governments and institutions with a broad range of financial products and services, including consumer banking and credit, corporate and investment banking, securities brokerage, transaction services, and wealth management. Our core activities are safeguarding assets, lending money, making payments and accessing the capital markets on behalf of our clients.
Citi's Mission and Value Proposition at http://www.citigroup.com/citi/about/mission-and-value-proposition.html explains what we do and Citi Leadership Standards at http://www.citigroup.com/citi/about/leadership-standards.html explain how we do it. Our mission is to serve as a trusted partner to our clients by responsibly providing financial services that enable growth and economic progress. We strive to earn and maintain our clients' and the public's trust by constantly adhering to the highest ethical standards and making a positive impact on the communities we serve. Our Leadership Standards is a common set of skills and expected behaviors that illustrate how our employees should work every day to be successful and strengthens our ability to execute against our strategic priorities.
Diversity is a key business imperative and a source of strength at Citi. We serve clients from every walk of life, every background and every origin. Our goal is to have our workforce reflect this same diversity at all levels. Citi has made it a priority to foster a culture where the best people want to work, where individuals are promoted based on merit, where we value and demand respect for others and where opportunities to develop are widely available to all.
Business Overview
For the past 200 years at Citi, we have a drive to help clients move from ambition to achievement. Our company has been one of the foundational components of today's modern financial infrastructure—this gives us a level of unmatched expertise in tackling the world's most complex challenges and connecting across capabilities to enable lasting progress for our clients.
We attract and nurture local talent from all over the world, ensuring our people are both deeply attuned to regional needs but also bring a global mindset to help clients, communities and nations move forward. Our culture is fueled by men and women with the passion to push beyond borders and boundaries, and the wisdom and courage to do what's right.
The Customer & Digital Experience (CDE) Team is the foremost customer advocate within the Global Consumer Bank at Citi. We harness the full power of our people, data, and resources to maximize prospect & customer engagement in support of our strategic priorities. Our global team is responsible for driving all aspects of customer experience, targeting and engagement across the franchise. We take a disciplined, data-driven approach to enhancing the customer experience across the full lifecycle, with digital and mobile as priority channels for acquisition, servicing and engagement. We are focused on delivering sustained, long-term business benefit to the Global Consumer Bank by accelerating our progress towards being an industry-leading digital bank.
Position Overview
The Omni-channel Program Manager will be a key point of contact within the CitiCards Customer and Digital Experience organization as Citi continues to transform into a customer-centered, multi-channel marketing organization. The Omni-channel Program Manager will focus on the successful implementation of Omni-Channel initiatives by defining, designing, executing and reporting on multi-channel marketing programs to support key business objectives and drive performance.
Key Responsibilities
·Partner with multiple project teams (Marketing, Customer Experience, etc.) to identify parameters for various initiatives
·Work with channel managers to plan/develop omni-channel programs and testing strategies that drive performance/business objectives
·Hone technical expertise to communicate complex ideas in easily understandable ways to a variety of levels (sponsors, stakeholders and business partners)
·Ensure sound execution of the omni-channel programs and any required supporting capabilities
·Report and quantify the business impact of the programs developed/tested and enhance measurement over time
·Own and coordinate assigned marketing projects/efforts
·Lead the development of the seasonal/annual planning process resulting in omni-channel plans that can be executed to drive performance
·Build long lasting relationships with internal customers and stakeholders
·Manage multiple complex projects and ensure key milestones, budgets, and deadlines are met
·Own and maintain implementation & communication plans related to omni-channel initiatives and ensure execution & coordination of key messages to deliver high-quality direction for end user marketing
·Bachelor's degree required
·Minimum 5-7 years CRM/database marketing experience
·Minimum 5-7 years relevant experience with digital/omni-channelmarketing programs, audience management, campaign development or related experience in ad tech
·Proficiency in identity management and cross device reach and/or addressable media
·Strong understanding of (and experience with) the digital marketing ecosystem, specifically expertise with DSP, DMP, display media, onsite campaign management and optimization and testing tools (i.e. Optimizely, X+1, Oracle Maxymizer)
·Knowledge and understanding of ad operations and tagging, including campaign tracking and reporting requirements test and learn strategies with analytical ability to evaluate and report on information.
·Experience managing and leveraging an ESP for email deployment
·Conversant with current marketing technology trends, tools, vendors, and solutions
·A high-energy disposition combined with the ability to successfully manage multiple initiatives simultaneously
·Ability to operate successfully in a remote office and effectively leverage team members in other global geographies
·Strong quantitative and analytical skills, with expertise in online targeting
·Ability to navigate ambiguous environments and rapidly changing business needs
·Ability to build partnerships across the organization to drive for results
·Vendor management and oversight experience
·Solid project management skills with ability manage multiple small to large projects in a cross-functional environment
·Excellent oral and written communication skills


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Wedding Cake Designs
This elegant and simple design was chosen by the bride...
5 Elegant Wedding Cake Designs to Inspire You - Elegant Wedding Ideas and Elegant Weddings Tips
Rustic Cake Topper Wire Cake Topper Arrow & by LeRusticChic
When lined up against the wedding ring or the wedding gown, the wedding cake usually takes a backseat. However, this does not mean that the wedding cake is unimportant. In fact, it is one of the focal points of the reception that can surely add dazzle to the event.
Simple But Elegant Wedding Cakes | Wedding Cake Makers | Three-dimensional sculpted cakes, wedding cakes ...
cariad1 by AmySwannCakes, via Flickr
Four-tier wedding cake with different frosting designs + gold cake topper {Meysenburg Photography}
25 Buttercream Wedding Cakes We'd (Almost) Kill For (with Tutorial) | http://www.deerpearlflowers.com/25-buttercream-wedding-cakes-wed-almost-kill-for-with-tutorial/
My Cakes | Amy Swann Cakes | Wedding Cakes and Celebration Cakes design North Wales

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yorck Lindner - Ontario
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J&K Violence : Another intercept sent to Home Ministry
New Delhi, July 9
The intelligence agencies have forwarded yet another telephonic intercept to the Home Ministry, which indicates of more clear signs of linkages from Pakistan-based handlers. Security agencies reveal how a Hizbul Mujahideen activist based in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir enquires from a local contact about the status of protests and government response.
The undated transcripts of the conversation describe a person in Shopian in South Kashmir informing Abu Inquilabi about protests, curfew and troop movement into Srinagar. Abu Inquilabi is the sector commander of the Hizbul Mujahideen. This is the intercept, a copy of which is with The Tribune.
"Kya baat hui hai yaar (what has happened, friend?)," asks Inquilabi. "Pata nahi, halat kharab huyi hai (I do not know, the situation has deteriorated)," responds the unidentified person from Shopian, according to the transcripts.
"Yeh Hindustani fauj panga le rahi hai Kashmiriyon ke saath. Yeh kahan chhodegi inko (The Indian Army is troubling Kashmiris. It will not spare them)," remarks Inquilabi. This is being seen a clear signal that the Army has had an impact.
"Chhodte nahi yeh (They don't spare)," is the response. Then Inquilabi asks whether stone pelting has begun and the answer is in affirmative.
The Shopian-based person says that an announcement had been made in the morning that all should participate in the protest. He then says that security forces have clamped curfew at night itself.
Inquilabi says that he has heard about more Army being requisitioned. The response is, "yes, some has reached."
Inquilabi then asks, "was Army not there earlier?" His contact replies that it is in some strength in Srinagar, but in Shopian and Pulwama it is the CRPF and the police.


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|17 Avaliações
|Tipo de imóvel
|Estadia Mínima
Villa em uma posição montanhosa com vista panorâmica sobre o mar e montanhas. Ar condicionado. Jardim com oliveiras, flor. Os cães são permitidos. 3 quartos com 4 casas de banho. 11 pessoas podem dormir. Decorados com bom gosto e um estilo toscano delicioso, além disso, uma casa de banho central com banheira. Ótimo para a família ou grupo de amigos. 2 cozinhas. Um deles é fora da casa, sob um gazebo. Bem decorados, (fogão com 4 anéis, forno elétrico, geladeira, máquina de lavar louça e máquina de lavar) ideal para organizar jantares e passar tempo ao ar livre sob um gazebo com pérgula e equipado com poltronas, um balanço, mesas e cadeiras. Forno (aquecida por madeira) ou churrasco rural. Tudo isso está imerso na área verde maravilhosas. Terraço com um panorama estupendo vista para as colinas e mar. Piscina, 9m de diâmetro, grande solário e um chuveiro de água quente. É equipado com lounges, guarda-sóis. campo de ténis privado. portão eléctrico privado. VISITE-NOS: www. lulivetadelluschi. com
First time, we spent our holidays in this villa, we were well surprised. The location is better than pictures can tell.
You'll find several possibilities to relax in the detached villa. Even if you stay there with several friends or family you'll find a place to retreat from everybody. Several lounges in the huge lovely garden and at the well-maintained pool invite to linger. But also a lot of activities are offered: a tennis court and table tennis outside, tabletop football and piano inside the villa. The whole location offers a family atmosphere and rooms are lovely arranged.
For meals we usually used the outside kitchen or the barbeque nearby. It is well furnished and the nice pergola offers the possibility to sit all together surrounded by wine and olive trees. But you will also find enough room inside in bad weather.
The owner was always very friendly and helpful.
We already stayed there for three times and we are looking forward to come again.
We were 3 families totalling 10 people and Nora's villa had more than enough room for us all. Our main concern, with so many of us, was that there would be enough space to have some time out if required. This beautiful, quirky, spacious villa more than provided that. The pool area is lovely and there is plenty to do both inside and out. To be honest, I was happy sitting in the outside veranda reading my book! All the rooms are very well equipped and nice and clean. We loved the outside kitchen and table and chairs. The local village is walkable and takes about 15-20 minutes where you can find fine pizza, pasta, gelato, vino and much more. There are also supermarkets within 10 mins driving distance. This is a fantastic place to kick off your shoes and relax...it was so lovely and so much to keep our boys happy that we didn't really venture too far! My main piece of advice is a) make sure you bring mosquito repellent/after bite stuff and if you want an evening with a pizza chef to use the outside oven you should book this in advance with Nora. Nora is brilliant and was always at the end of a text with any queries we had and not intrusive at all. Book it! You won't regret it and the pictures really don't do it enough justice!
Thanks Nora for a fabulous holiday!
Als wir ankamen waren wir schlicht überwältigt ! Die Bilder haben untertrieben, in Wirklichkeit ist es noch viel schöner. Wir haben es genossen! Tennis, Pool, wundervolle Familienabende mit Spielen, einfach herrlich und alles, aber auch wirklich alles, was man dazu braucht ist vorhanden. Die Vermieterin ist sehr nett und zuvorkommend sowie zuverlässig. Wir überlegen ernsthaft nach vielen verschiedenen Domizilen in Italien DIESE Villa erneut für 2017 zu buchen. *****
The description of the house it's perfect. The villa is beautiful, big, very clean and there are all comforts you need.
The owner provided a good service and she is very kind and available for every thing. The villa has many attractions, such as swimming-pool, tennis court..and it's perfect for all ages!! Is also close to the center of Rosignano, to supermarket, sea and restaurants.
I and my friend went for two consecutive years and we wishes to return!
I recommend everyone to try a holiday in this wonderful villa! You can't forget!
We spent a wonderful week at the villa Nora and really appreciated the experience as well as your kind help and recommendations as to where we should spend our time. All four couples felt that the home was more that we could have hoped for. We used the outdoor kitchen often, enjoyed swimming in the pool and cooked pizza and roasted meat in the pizza oven. As we Americans like to say "The whole experience was a home run."
What a superb villa for a carefree holiday. Whilst located in a very secluded setting it is close to the village and easy to find with the detailed instructions provided. The house is full of fascinating features and is well equipped ; the beautiful gardens and the sports facilities available are outstanding. The owner is so very helpful in all respects with excellent advice on local restaurants. Thank you Nora for a wonderful holiday, it was a privilege to have use of your home.
CASTIGLIONCELLO; QUADRA DE TÊNIS; PISCINA; PISCINA PRIVADA; SPA; CASA DE CAMPO; VILLA; Vila na Toscana; VILLA NO Coutry; VISTA PARA O MAR; ELBA; Córsega; Sardigna; Costa etrusca; Praias; COMIDA ITALIANA; TOSCANA; TUSCAN; Meuseum; FLORENÇA; Uffizi; TOSCANA; MAR DE ALIMENTOS; ESTILO; VOLTERRA; SAN GIMIGNANO; PISA; DUOMO; PIZZA; PIENZA; VINHO; VINO; OLIVE OIL DO; Di Oliva do Olio; MEL: SHOPPING; ROMA; AREZZO; Cortona.
Outras atividades: descansar e relaxar
|Sem taxas adicionais obrigatórias
500,00 security deposit
Extra charge : Tourist Tax 1 euro/person per night - Elettricity charge from 25 Euros per day
Pool season (from 15th May till October 12th).
40% to book the villa. The balance 21 days before arrival or at check in time


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Parathyroid hormone (PTH) inhibits proximal tubular reabsorption of Pi by retrieval of type IIa Na-Pi cotransporters (NaPi-IIa) from the brush-border membrane (BBM). We analyzed by immunohistochemistry whether PTH analogs, signaling through either protein kinase A (PKA) and C (PKC; 1–34 PTH) or only PKC (3–34 PTH), elicit in rat kidney in vivo or in the perfused murine proximal tubule in vitro a retrieval of NaPi-IIa and whether pharmacological agonists or inhibitors of these kinases are able to either mimic or interfere with these PTH effects. Treatment with either 1–34 or 3–34 PTH downregulated NaPi-IIa in rat kidney. In isolated murine proximal tubules 1–34 PTH was effective when added to either the apical or basolateral perfusate, whereas 3–34 PTH acted only via the luminal perfusate. These effects were mimicked by an activation of PKA with 8-bromoadenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate or PKC with 1,2-dioctanoylglycerol. The luminal action of both PTH peptides was blocked by inhibition of the PKC pathway (calphostin C), whereas the basolateral effect of 1–34 PTH was completely abolished by inhibiting both pathways (H-89 and calphostin C). These results suggest that 1) NaPi-IIa can be internalized by cAMP-dependent and -independent signaling mechanisms; 2) functional PTH receptors are located in both membrane domains; and 3) apical PTH receptors may preferentially initiate the effect through a PKC-dependent mechanism.
- isolated proximal tubule
- immunohistochemistry
- parathyroid hormone receptor
- type IIa sodium-phosphate transporter
- protein kinase A
- protein kinase C
renal phosphate reabsorption occurs mostly in the renal proximal tubule and involves a brush-border membrane (BBM) type IIa sodium-phosphate cotransporter (NaPi-IIa) (31). Gene-disruption experiments documented that NaPi-IIa accounts for ∼70% of BBM Na-Pi cotransport activity. Thus the type IIa Na-Pi cotransporter determines to a major extent renal Pi reabsorption (3) and its regulation. As an example, the phosphaturic effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) can be explained by the inhibition of BBM Na-Pi cotransport (30, 31), caused by a reduction in the amount of NaPi-IIa protein in the BBM and its subsequent lysosomal degradation (18, 19).
Studies in intact tubules in vivo or in vitro indicated that stimulation of adenylate cyclase and protein kinase A is involved in the PTH-dependent inhibition of BBM Na-Pi cotransport (1,2, 6, 7, 9). Experiments in purified cortical membranes demonstrated the presence of a PTH-sensitive adenylate cyclase at the basolateral cell surface (for review, see Ref. 28). Although specific PTH-binding sites were found in studies in isolated BBM, no evidence for a coupling to adenylate cyclase of apical PTH receptors has been reported (17). Furthermore, no functional role of apically located PTH receptors is known.
Opossum kidney (OK) cells have been widely used to study cellular mechanisms involved in the control of "proximal tubular" Na-Pi cotransport (29). In these cells, PTH also provokes inhibition of Na-Pi cotransport activity and internalization of NaPi-IIa cotransporters (26, 27, 33-36). In agreement with data obtained in studies with the cloned PTH receptor (16), PTH was found to activate in OK cells both the protein kinase A and protein kinase C regulatory pathway (10, 14, 26, 27, 33, 36). Consequently, the PTH effect on Na-Pi cotransport in this cell line could be mimicked by pharmacological activation of either protein kinases A and/or C (10, 27, 33, 36). We also provided evidence that activation of both pathways by 1–34 and/or 3–34 PTH leads to an inhibition of Na-Pi cotransport, which is caused by an internalization of type IIa cotransporters; also, these effects were mimicked by pharmacological activators of protein kinases A and/or C (20, 33, 36). Furthermore, studies in OK cells grown on permeant filter supports demonstrated that PTH receptors are expressed in the basolateral and in the apical membrane; evidences for different PTH-signaling mechanisms of the differentially located PTH receptors were obtained (37, 38).
So far, it is not established whether the above tissue culture (OK cells) observations of cAMP-dependent vs. -independent and of apical vs. basolateral actions of PTH are also valid for the intact proximal tubule. This prompted us to investigate the effect of the 1–34 and 3–34 PTH peptides on the distribution of NaPi-IIa in rat kidneys. In addition, we studied in isolated perfused proximal tubules the sidedness (apical vs. basolateral) of the action of the two PTH peptides. Furthermore, in studies in isolated perfused proximal tubules the effects of pharmacological activators and inhibitors of the protein kinase A and C pathways on apical expression of NaPi-IIa were examined.
Experimental animals.
In vivo studies were performed by using nine male (3 rats/group) Wistar rats (BRL, Basel, Switzerland) weighing 180–200 g. They were kept on a standard laboratory diet and had free access to food and water.Group 1 remained untreated and served as control animals,group 2 was treated with 1–34 PTH, and group 3 was treated with 3–34 PTH (see Application of PTH and fixation).
The perfusion experiments were performed in proximal straight tubules isolated from a total of 40 Swiss mice (BRL) weighing 25–30 g. Mice were kept on a low-phosphate diet (0.1% Pi content) for 1 wk to upregulate NaPi-IIa in the BBM of all proximal tubular segments. All perfusions and subsequent immunohistochemical analysis were repeated at least four times by using proximal tubules isolated from different animals.
Solution and chemicals.
All standard chemicals and reagents were obtained from Sigma Chemical (St. Louis, MO) or Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland). PTH (1–34 and 3–34) were obtained from Bachem (Bubendorf, Switzerland). 3′,5′-Cyclic monophosphate (8-BrcAMP) and 1,2-dioctanoylglycerol (DOG) were purchased from Sigma Chemical.N-(2{[-3-(4-bromophenyl)-2-propenyl]-amino}-ethyl-5-isoquinosulfonamide and calphostin C were obtained from Calbiochem (Lucerne, Switzerland). Protein kinase A and C activators and inhibitors were diluted in DMSO, except for 8-BrcAMP (H2O), stored at −20°C, and were added to the bath solution immediately before use. At all dilutions the final concentration of DMSO to which the isolated tubules were exposed did not exceed 0.05%.
Application of PTH and fixation.
Rats were anesthetized with thiopental (Pentothal, 100 mg/kg body wt) injected intraperitoneally, their abdominal cavity was opened, and the aorta and vena cava were exposed. Animals in group 2 received 100 μg 1–34 PTH, and animals in group 3, 100 μg of 3–34 PTH (Bachem). PTH peptides were injected into the vena cava as a single bolus (250 μl; 0.9% saline). Animals from the control group were injected with 250 μl of 0.9% saline alone. Twenty minutes after injection, all animals were fixed by vascular perfusion via the abdominal aorta at a pressure of 1.38 hp, as described previously (12). The fixative consisted of 3% paraformaldehyde and 0.05% picric acid in 0.06 M cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4; containing 3 mM MgCl2and adjusted to 300 mosmol with sucrose) and 4% hydroxyethyl starch (HAES, Fresenius, Switzerland). After 5 min the fixative was washed out by perfusion for 5 min with 0.1 M cacodylate buffer.
Perfusion of isolated proximal tubules.
Proximal tubule segments of 1–2 mm in length were dissected and perfused according to Burg et al. (5). Modifications of the technique concerning track system and pipette arrangement have been described in previous publications (15, 41). Tubules were perfused at a rate of >10 nl/min with (in mmol/l) 120 NaCl, 5 KCl, 20 NaHCO3, 1.3 CaCl2, 1 MgCl2, 0.1 Na2HPO4, and 5 mannitol. The bath was perfused continuously at a rate of 20 ml/min with the same solution containing no mannitol but (in mmol/l) 1 glucose, 2 l-glutamine, and 1 Na-lactate. Both solutions were kept at 38°C and constantly gassed with a mixture of 95% O2-5% CO.
The PTH peptides 1–34 and 3–34 were applied by perfusion with the luminal solution at a concentration of 10− 6 M or added to the bath solution, resulting in a concentration of 10− 6 M. The pharmacological inhibitors were added to the bath solution at least 5 min before the PTH peptides, 8-BrcAMP, or DOG. Tubules of the control group were perfused or incubated with the respective luminal or bath solution without PTH for the same time period. After 20 min of perfusion of the tubules, they were transferred for 5 min into the same fixative as described above. Afterward, the tubules were transferred into droplets of 10% gelatin (Fluka) in PBS and stored in the fixative overnight.
Slices of fixed rat kidneys were frozen in liquid propane and mounted onto thin cork slices. The gelatin droplets containing the tubules were washed for 2 h in PBS and cut into cubes before freezing. Cryosections of 3-μm thickness were mounted on chromalum/gelatine-coated glass slides, thawed, and stored in PBS until use. For immunofluorescence, sections were pretreated with 3% milk powder in PBS for 10 min and incubated overnight at 4°C with a rabbit anti-rat polyclonal antiserum against the NaPi-IIa protein (11) diluted 1:500 in 3% milk powder in PBS containing 0.3% Triton X-100 or with a rabbit anti-rat polyclonal antiserum against Na-sulfate cotransporter (NaSi-1) protein (23) diluted 1:500 in the same solution. Sections were then rinsed three times with PBS and covered for 45 min at 4°C with the secondary antibody (swine anti-rabbit IgG conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate; Dakopatts, Glostrup, Denmark) diluted 1:50 in PBS/milk powder. Double staining of β-actin filaments and NaPi-IIa was achieved by adding rhodamine-phalloidin (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) at a dilution of 1:50. Nuclei were stained with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI; Sigma Chemical) diluted 1:500 in the solution containing the secondary antibodies. Finally, the sections were rinsed three times with distilled water, plated on coverslips by using DAKO-Glycergel (Dakopatts) containing 2.5% 1,4-diazabicyclo (2.2.2.) octane (DABCO; Sigma Chemical) as a fading retardant and studied by an epifluorescense microscope (Polyvar, Reichert-Jung). For control of the specificity of the NaPi-IIa antiserum, sections of isolated murine proximal tubules were incubated with preimmune serum. Unspecific binding to the tissue of the secondary antibodies was tested by omitting the primary antibody (not shown). All control incubations were clearly negative.
Effect of 1–34 PTH and 3–34 PTH on the distribution of the NaPi-IIa cotransporter in rat kidneys.
Overviews of sections through the kidney cortex of control animals showed that the NaPi-IIa protein was expressed in the BBM of proximal tubules throughout the cortex (Fig.1 A). As reported earlier, the intensity of the NaPi-IIa immunostaining was strongest in proximal convoluted tubules of juxtamedullary nephrons (11, 18, 39). A more detailed view of proximal tubules of the midcortical region (Fig.1 D) revealed that the strongest immunostaining for NaPi-IIa is visible in the BBM and weaker at some intracellular sites.
After injection of 1–34 PTH, the NaPi-IIa protein-specific immunofluorescence was scarcely detectable in midcortical and superficial region, whereas in proximal tubules of juxtamedullary nephrons some apical expression of NaPi-IIa was still observed (Fig.1 B). Cross sections of midcortical proximal tubules (Fig.1 E) illustrate that NaPi-IIa staining in the proximal tubular BBM was drastically downregulated and that a fluorescent rim below the BBM became apparent. In parallel, the intensity of the intracellular staining below this subapical region was increased. These data are in agreement with those previously published (18, 25).
After treatment with 3–34 PTH the distribution pattern of NaPi-IIa protein was similar to that observed after treatment with 1–34 PTH (Fig. 1 C). NaPi-IIa was clearly downregulated in superficial proximal tubules, whereas downregulation of NaPi-IIa in proximal tubules of the midcortical region seemed to be less pronounced compared with the NaPi-IIa immunofluorescence after treatment with 1–34 PTH. Comparable to the effect of 1–34 PTH, NaPi-IIa staining was increased in the subapical region (Fig. 1 F). However, this effect appeared less pronounced compared with the extent of internalization of NaPi-IIa by 1–34 PTH.
Effect of 1–34 PTH and 3–34 PTH on the expression of NaPi-IIa cotransporter in isolated perfused proximal tubules of mice.
Proximal tubules were isolated from mice kept for 1 wk on a low-phosphate diet. Previous studies have shown that this condition leads to a marked upregulation of the type IIa Na-Picotransporter in the BBM (4, 21). Thus the abundance of NaPi-IIa in BBM is similar in all nephron generations and along all proximal tubular segments. We chose this condition to obtain a better starting point for studying downregulatory events induced by PTH. All perfusion experiments were performed with proximal tubules from the midcortical region. The results for the different treatments were homogenous in each experimental group.
As illustrated in Fig. 2, after 20 min of perfusion of the isolated proximal tubules with a control solution, the Na-Pi cotransporter was expressed almost exclusively in the brush borders. Intracellular staining was hardly detectable. By using a preimmune serum, no immunoreaction was observed, indicating that our antiserum specifically detected the NaPi-IIa protein. The same tubules were also stained for β-actin to check for the maintenance of structural organization and of the integrity of the brush-border region. The results shown in Fig. 2 indicate that after 20 min of perfusion cell polarity of the proximal tubule cells was well preserved.
The basolateral vs. luminal effects of 1–34 PTH on NaPi-IIa were tested (Fig. 3, rows 1 and2). Luminal perfusion with 10− 6 M 1–34 PTH for 20 min provoked a complete disappearance of NaPi-IIa staining in the BBM. Similarly, basolateral incubation of the proximal tubules with 10− 6 M 1–34 PTH for 20 min led to a comparable disappearance of the NaPi-IIa staining. The same experimental design was repeated with 3–34 PTH (Fig. 3,rows 3 and 4). Luminal perfusion with 3–34 PTH (10− 6 M) for 20 min resulted in a downregulation of NaPi-IIa. However, basolateral incubation with 3–34 PTH for the same time period did not affect the expression of NaPi-IIa.
Under all conditions described above, the brush border was well preserved, as indicated by the β-actin staining. Preservation of the brush borders was further documented by an analysis of the location of NaSi-1. This cotransporter has been shown to be localized exclusively in proximal tubular brush borders, and evidence was obtained that PTH did not affect its distribution (18, 23). The apical abundance of the NaSi-1 protein was not altered by the treatments of the isolated proximal tubules with either 1–34 PTH or 3–34 PTH (Fig.4).
Pharmacological activation and inhibition of the protein kinase A and C pathway in isolated proximal tubules.
First, we tested whether activation of the protein kinase A pathway by 8-BrcAMP or the protein kinase C pathway by DOG alters the expression of NaPi-IIa in the BBM (Fig. 5). After 20 min of incubating the proximal tubules in bath solution containing 10− 4 M 8-BrcAMP, the NaPi-IIa immunofluorescence is drastically downregulated in the BBM compared with the untreated tubulus. The same effect on NaPi-IIa expression is visible after treatment of the proximal tubules for 20 min with 10− 5 M DOG. The structural integrity of the BBM under these conditions (8-BrcAMP, DOG) is well preserved, as assessed by β-actin staining (Fig. 5, top row). Exposure of the tubules to the protein kinase inhibitors H-89 and calphostin C had no apparent effect on the expression of the type IIa Na-Picotransporter. However, the protein kinase A inhibitor H-89 (10− 6 M) prevented the 8-BrcAMP-induced downregulation of NaPi-IIa. Similarly, the DOG-induced downregulation of NaPi-IIa was prevented by the protein kinase C inhibitor calphostin C (10− 8 M).
To characterize the involvement of protein kinases A and/or C within the basolateral and/or luminal effects of the PTH fragments, we performed perfusion experiments with the respective PTH peptides in the absence or presence of the protein kinase inhibitors (Fig.6). Luminal perfusion with 3–34 PTH for 20 min (Fig. 6, left column) in the presence of the protein kinase A inhibitor H-89 (10− 6 M) did not abolish the downregulation of NaPi-IIa. In contrast, in the presence of the protein kinase C inhibitor calphostin C (10− 8 M), or in the presence of H-89 and calphostin C, the NaPi-IIa immunostaining was strongly detectable after luminal perfusion with 3–34 PTH. In the presence of calphostin C (10− 8 M) or of calphostin C and H-89, the immunofluorescence of NaPi-IIa in the BBM was also not affected by an application of 1–34 PTH to the luminal side (Fig. 6,middle column). Addition of 1–34 PTH to the basolateral side (Fig. 6, right column) in the presence of H-89 (10− 6 M) led only to a weak downregulation of NaPi-IIa. In contrast to the experiments with luminal 3–34 and 1–34 PTH, NaPi-IIa was downregulated by basolateral incubation with 1–34 PTH in the presence of calphostin C (10− 8 M). Only the incubation with H-89 and calphostin C could completely prevent the downregulatory effect of basolateral incubation with 1–34 PTH on NaPi-IIa expression in the BBM.
PTH leads to an inhibition of phosphate transport across the proximal tubular BBM by reducing the maximal velocity of Na-Picotransport activity (30, 31, 32). This effect of PTH is explained by a retrieval from the BBM and lysosomal degradation of Na-Pi -IIa cotransporters. (18, 19, 35). Studies on intact kidneys and isolated tubules suggested a preferential role of the adenylate cyclase-kinase A regulatory pathway in PTH action on proximal tubular Pi reabsorption (1, 2, 6, 9).
The intracellular signaling mechanisms in PTH action on Na-Pi cotransport have been widely studied by using OK cells (10, 26, 27, 33, 36). In agreement with studies in cloned PTH receptors (16), these studies provided evidence for a stimulation of adenylate cyclase-protein kinase A and phospholipase C-protein kinase C pathways by the 1–34 PTH analog, whereas the 3–34 PTH analog activates a cAMP-independent, mainly a phospholipase C-protein kinase C, pathway (8, 10). Both 1–34 and 3–34 PTH have been shown to inhibit Na-Pi cotransport in OK cells (10, 20, 33), and, importantly, both PTH peptides also led to an internalization of NaPi-IIa cotransporters (33; see also Ref. 20). However, before the present study it had not been established whether the data obtained in OK cells are also relevant for intact tubules, i.e., whether the signaling pathway via protein kinase C is also important for the in vivo regulation of Na-Pi cotransport by PTH.
With respect to the distribution of PTH receptors in renal proximal tubules, hormone binding was seen in basolateral as well as in apical membrane preparations. However, stimulation of adenylate cyclase by PTH could be observed only in basolateral membranes (17), and no functional role has yet been ascribed to apically localized PTH receptors. Studies performed with OK cells grown on permeant filter supports provided evidence for a bipolar expression of PTH receptors because addition of PTH to either side resulted in an inhibition of Na-Picotransport (37, 38). Furthermore, the studies in OK cells provided some evidence for functional differences in control of Na-Pi cotransport between apically and basolaterally located PTH receptors (38).
The results obtained by the presently described in vivo and in vitro studies in intact tubules indicate that both 1–34 and 3–34 PTH induce a downregulation of NaPi-IIa cotransporter protein in proximal tubules. As described earlier for 1–34 PTH (18, 25, 40), downregulation induced by 3–34 PTH was also found to be associated with an accumulation of NaPi cotransporters in the subapical compartment. Activation of protein kinase A by 8-BrcAMP or an activation of the protein kinase C pathway by DOG is able to mimic the action of the PTH fragments. Both effects could be blocked by the use of H-89 or calphostin C. These results indicate that a separate activation of either the protein kinase A or the protein kinase C pathway by PTH is sufficient for an internalization of the NaPi-IIa cotransporter. Compared with 1–34 PTH, the degree of downregulation of the NaP-IIa cotransporter induced by 3–34 PTH was somewhat less. This is in agreement with results from OK cells demonstrating that at a maximal concentration of 3–34 PTH Na-Pi cotransport inhibition and NaPi-IIa cotransporter downregulation was ∼50% of the effect induced by 1–34 PTH (10,33).
We provide evidence that the NaPi-IIa cotransporter can be regulated via PTH receptors located in both the basolateral and apical membrane. Application of 1–34 PTH to either site resulted in a strong downregulation of the NaPi-IIa protein. However, although 1–34 PTH was active from both sites, 3–34 PTH was only effective when applied from the luminal side. Additionally, the luminal actions of both PTH peptides were abolished by the inhibition of the protein kinase C pathway with calphostin C, but not by inhibition of the protein kinase A pathway with H-89. Thus luminal effects by the PTH-fragments might be preferentially mediated by protein kinase C. The basolateral action of 1–34 PTH could only be completely prevented by inhibiting the protein kinase A and C pathway, suggesting that both signaling pathways might be active under these conditions. Our results could be explained by the presence of different PTH-receptor subtypes and/or coupling of the same PTH-receptor to different signaling cascades, depending on its cellular location. It is of note that a bipolar location in proximal tubules has also been described for other receptors, e.g., for angiotensin II receptors within regulation of bicarbonate reabsorption (13, 22).
Because PTH is in part cleared from the circulation by glomerular filtration, the functional importance of apical PTH receptors may be dependent on the capacity of PTH- degradative mechanisms at the luminal surface. Clearly, at early tubular sites PTH fragments capable of activating PTH receptors may be present in the tubular fluid and therefore may contribute to transport regulation such as Na-Pi cotransport or Na/H exchange.
In summary, this study shows that in intact proximal tubules the BBM type IIa Na-Pi cotransporter can be regulated via internalization by cAMP-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Furthermore we provide evidence that functional PTH receptors are located in the basolateral as well as in the luminal membrane of proximal tubules and that apical PTH receptors may preferentially be coupled to a cAMP-independent signaling pathway.
The study was supported by Swiss National Science Foundation Grants 31–47742–96 (B. Kaissling) and 31–46523–95 (H. Murer).
Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: B. Kaissling, Institute of Anatomy, Univ. Zuerich-Irchel, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland (E-mail:bkaissl{at}anatom.unizh.ch).
↵* M. Traebert and H. Völkl contributed equally to this study.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.
- Copyright © 2000 the American Physiological Society


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Study guide for the final
Study guide for the final MNGT 3810
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Peyton Oglesby
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Peyton Oglesby
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This 7 page Study Guide was uploaded by Kayla Notetaker on Monday April 25, 2016. The Study Guide belongs to MNGT 3810 at Auburn University taught by Christine Newman in Spring 2016. Since its upload, it has received 25 views. For similar materials see Management Foundations in Business, management at Auburn University.
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Date Created: 04/25/16
MNGT 3810 Mid-Term Spring 2016 This is meant to be a study guide. We will go over the study guide in class. The questions on the exam may not be in this order. Chapters 8 – 13 will be on the exam The final will be April 27th, 2016 from 3:00-4:15pm Chapter 8: 1 Managers and change: managers need to learn to manage change in organization - Change makes a managers job more challenging - Without change it would make managers jobs relatively easy - It would also simplify the managers job if competitors never introduced new products or services, if customers didn't make new demands, if government regulations were never modified, the technology never advanced, or if employees needs always remained the same but that's not the way it is. - Change is an organizational reality. Most managers at one point or another will have to change some things in the workplace 2 Organizational change – people: attitudes, expectations, perceptions, behavior 3 Organizational change – structure: Authority relationships, coordinating mechanisms, job redesign, spans of control. 4 Organizational change – external forces: Market place, gov laws, technology, labor markets, economic changes 5 Catalysts of change: what does it do and why is it important, organizational changes need a catalyst, change agents - People who act as catalysts and assume the responsibility for managing the change process are called change agents - Any manager can. We assume organizational change is initiated and carried out by a manager within the organization. - Or any nonmanager or who's expertise is in change implementation can. 6 "Calm waters": there is not much change within organization, in an industry where there is not much change, better for organization to have the ability to change. - realizing that how that how you have done things in the past that will not work in the future. - Atable environment with infrequent changes. 7 Lewin's three-step change process: Unfreezingà changingà refreezing - According to lewin, successful change requires unfreezing the status quo, changing to a new state, and freezingthe new change to make it perment. The status quo can be considered an equilibrium state. Unfreezing is necessary to move from this equilibrium. It can be achieved in one of three ways: o Increase driving forces, which direct behavior from the status quo o Decrease the restraining forces, which hinder movement from the existing equilibrium. o Do both - Once the situation has been Unfrozen, the change itself can be implemented, new situation needs to be frozen so it can be sustained over time. Unless this last step is done, the change is likely to be shortlived with employees going back to the previous equilibrium state 8-10 Why do people resist change? 1. uncertainty: change replaces the known with uncertainty and w 2. Habit: we do things out of habit 3. Concern over personal loss: We fear loosing something already possessed 4. Change is not in organizations best interest: we believe that the change is incompatible with the goals and interests of the organization. How do managers resist to change? MNGT 3810 Mid-Term Spring 2016 - Mangers should be motivated to initiate change because they are concerned with improvising their organizations effectiveness. - people are afraid of the unknown - if you can give them as much change as possible - participation, educating and communicating with employees Employees reaction to change: Change often creates stress for employees : offer counseling, psychologist, or offer to pay for counseling for employees. Chapter 9 11- Measure of employee efficiency and effectiveness: - employee productivity: is a performance measure of both work efficiency and effectiveness - absenteeism: failure to show up for work - Turnover: The voluntary or involuntary permanent withdrawal from an organization - Organizational citizenship behavior: that is not part of an employees formal job requirements but which promotes the effective functioning of the organization. - Job Satisfaction: refers to an employees general attitude towards his or her job - Workplace Misbehavior: is any intentional employee behavior that is potentially harmful to the organization or individuals within the organization. 12 Employee attitudes managers are interested in - job satisfaction: is an employees general attitude between his or her job. - Job involvement: the degree to which tan employee identifies with his or her job, actively participates, and considers his or her job performance important for self worth. - Organizational commitment: represents an employees orientation toward the organization in terms of his or her loyalty to, id with, and involvement in the org - Employee engagement: which happens when employees are connected to, satisfied with, and enthusiastic with job. 13 Job involvement: degree to which an employee feels engaged in job or how they identify with their job, how much feelings are tied to self worth : organizational commitment 14 Organizational commitment(what the terms are, understand the differences) - represents an employees orientation toward the organization in terms of his or her loyalty, identification with, and involvement in the organization. 15 Employee engagements - widespread interest with their jobs, how involved are you with your job, connected to, satisfied with and enthusiastic with their job. 16 Work should be challenging and interesting to motivate employees 17 Extroversion and introversion - Extroversion: how outgoing are you and willingness to talk to other people. - Intro: might be good at a job at desk and not dealing with direct customer 18 Emotional intelligence - Self Awareness: being aware of what you are feeling - Self management: managing your own emotions - Self motivation: persisting in the face of setbacks and failures - Empathy: sensing how others were feeling - Social skills: adapting to and handling the emotions of others. 19 Locus of control - internal: I determine my destiny MNGT 3810 Mid-Term Spring 2016 - external: not in my control 20 People and perceptions - Perception: we give meaning to our environment by organizing and interpreting sensory impressions. 1. employees react to perception not reality 2. the potential for perceptual distortion exists a. Fundamental attribution error b. Self-serving bias: suggests feedback provided to employees in performance reviews will be predictably distorted by them 3. Perceptual shortcuts a. Selectivity: assimilate certain things of what that observe depending on their interests, background, experience, and attributes b. Assumed similarity: people assume that others like them c. Stereotyping: people judge others on the basis of their perception of a group to which the others belong d. Halo effect: people form an impression of others based on a single trait. Chapter 10 21 Formal groups - are work groups that are defined by the organizations structure and have designated work assignments and specific tasks directed to accomplishing organizational goals. 22 Task groups - Groups composed of individuals brought together to complete a specific job task; their existence is often temporary because when the task is completed, the group disbands. 23 -25 Stages of group development - Forming: has two phases. The first occurs as people join the group. Once they have joined the second phase begins: defining the groups purpose, structure or leadership. Involves "testing the waters" when complete they start to think of themselves as part of a group. - Storming: theres conflict over who will control the group and what the group needs to be doing. Whrn this is complete, there is a complete hierarchy of leadership - Norming: is one which close relationships develop and the group becomes cohesive. The group now demonstrates a sense of group identity. This stage is complete when the group structure solidifies and the group has assimilated a common set of expectations - Performing: the group structure is in place and accepted by group members. Their energies have moved to getting to know eachother and working on the groups tasks. Last stage for permanent work groups. - Adjourning: the group prepares to disband. The attention is focused on wrapping up activities instead of task performance 26 Permanent work groups doesn't disband, 27 Group norms - Effort and performance o Most widespread norm o Can be extremely powerful in affecting an individual employees performance - Dress Codes: What is acceptable to wear at work dress codes, role leader decides what is acceptable 28 People want to be part of the group and will give the wrong answer group think MNGT 3810 Mid-Term Spring 2016 - we all want to be accepted to groups in which we belong, which makes us suceptable to conformity pressures\ 29 Social loafing one individual does not pull weight and survive on success of others - Individual productivity of each group member declines as the group expands. "free riders"= costing on the groups efforts because they think their contributions cant be measured 30 Group cohesiveness - The degree to which members are attracted to one another and share group goals Chapter 11 31 A measure of intensity or drive what is motivation - refers to the process by which a persons efforts are energized, directed, and sustained toward attaining a goal. o Energy: measure intensity or drive o Direction: benefits the organization o Persistence: we want employees to persist in putting forth effort to achieve these goals 32 - 34 Maslow's hierarchy understand the differences: think of examples (this is top of pyramid down) 1. Self actualization: growth achieving potential, self fulfillment "be all that you can be" 2. Esteem: internal (self respect, autonomy, achievement) external (status, recognition, attention) 3. Social: affection, belongingness, acceptance, and friendship 4. Safety: security and protection from harm; assurance that physical needs will continue to be met 5. Psysiological: food, drink, shelter, sex, sleep, or physical requirements 35-38 Theory X and theory Y - Theory X: the negative view of people that assumes workers have little ambition, dislike work, want to avoid responsibility, must be closely controlled to work effectively - Theory Y: a positive view on that assumes employees enjoy work, seek out and accept responsibility, and exercise self-direction. 39 - 41 Herzberg model - intrinsic factors are related to job satisfaction, while extrinsic factors are associated with job dissatisfaction - When people felt good about their work, they tended to cite intrinsic factors arising from the job content such as achievement, recognition and responsibility. - When they were dissatisfied, they tended to cite extrinsic factors arising from job content such as company policy and administration, supervision, interpersonal relationships, and working conditions if present they motivate people if not present don't motivate people 42 Goal setting theory - Specific goals increase performance and that difficult goals, when accepted, result in higher performance than do easy goals. o Working towards a goal is major source of job motivation o In some cases some individuals perform best when manager assigns goals o Feedback helps identify descrepancies between what they have done and what they want to do. § Goal setting theory assumes individual is committed to a goal. MNGT 3810 Mid-Term Spring 2016 § Self efficacy refers to an individuals belif that he or she is capable of performing a task. § Value of goal setting depends on national culture about goal setting theory: what area does goal setting work and where does it work well ? 43 - 45) Equity theory overall understanding, individuals compare themselves to other people deals with fairness - proposes that employees compare what they get form a job (outcome) in relation to what they put into it (inputs) and then compare inputs- outputs ratio with the input-output ratios of relevant others - If an employee perceives her ratio to be equitable in comparison to those of relevant others, there is no problem. - However, if the ratio is inequitable, she views herself as under rewarded or over rewarded. When this occurs, they tend to want to do something about it. - The result may lower or higher productivity, reduce or improve quality of output, increase absenteeism, or voluntary resignation. Chapter 12 44 Leaders - Leadership: what leaders do. It's a process of leading a group and influencing that group to achieve its goals. 45 - 47 Trait leadership theory - the search for traits or characteristics that differentiate leaders from nonleaders o Drive: leaders exibit a high effort level o Desire to lead: have desire to influence and lead people. Willingness to take responsibility o Honesty and integrity: build trusting relationships with followers by being truthful o Self confidence: leaders who don't self-doubt o Intelligence: need to be able to gather, synthesize, and interpret large amounts of data o Job relevant knowledge: high degree of knowledge about company o Extraversion: energetic lively people help explain why are some leaders good are not. If they are caring to your employees etc. 48 Behavioral theories of leadership - Theories that isolate behaviors that differentiate effective leaders from ineffective leaders. 49 - 52 University of Iowa studies leadership styles - Democratic style: involving subordinates, delegating authority, and encouraging participation - Autocratic Style: dictating work methods, centralizing decision making, and limiting participation - Laissez Faire Style: Giving group freedom to make decisions and complete work Conclusion: the democratic style of leadership was most effective, although later studies showed mixed results. what are the 3 behavior leaderships& example. Know the differences 53 University of Michigan studies - Employee orientation: emphasized interpersonal relationships and taking care of employees needs - Production oriented: emphasized technical or task aspects of job. - Conclusion: employee oriented leaders were associated with high group productivity and higher job satisfaction MNGT 3810 Mid-Term Spring 2016 54 Transformational leaders leaders who stimulate and inspire the employees, giving them drive, they have employee focus - stimulates and inspires followers to achieve extraordinary outcomes. 55 - 56 Leader roles in teams - Coaches - Liaisons with external constituents - Conflict managers - Troubleshooters Main way to describe the team leaders job is to focus on: manage the teams external boundarys and facilitating the team process.. these entail 4 leadership roles. 57 Leaders in different cultures - Korean leaders are expected to be paternalistic towards employees - Arab leaders who show kindness or generosity without being asked to do so are seen by other Arabs as weak - Japanese leaders are expected to be humble and speak frequently - Scandinavian and Dutch leaders who single out individuals with public praise are likely to embarrass not energize those individuals. Chapter 13 58 Importance of communication for managers its part of every element a manager does 59 - 64 The communication process 1. Communication source or sender 2. Encoding: converting a message into symbolic form 3. The message: A purpose for communicating that is to be conveyed 4. The channel: the medium by which a message travels 5. Decoding: translating a received message 6. The receiver: 7. Feedback: is the check on how successful we have been in transferring our messages as originally intended across every culture we see differences in gender 65 Importance of body language in communication - best known areas of nonverbal communication are body language - Body language: refers to gestures, facial configurations, and other movements of the body. - Some of the most meaningful communications are neither spoken nor written. They are nonverbal communications nonverbal cues, feedback 66 Filtering - the deliberate manipulation of information to make it appear more favorable to the receiver 67 Barriers to communication - Filtering: the deliberate manipulation of information to make it appear more favorable to the receiver - Selective perception: receiving the communications on the basis of what one selectively sees and hears depending on his or her needs, motivation, experience, background, and other personal characteristics - Information overload: when the amount of information one has to work with exceeds ones processing capacity MNGT 3810 Mid-Term Spring 2016 - Emotions: how the receiver feels when a message is received - Language: words have different meanings to different people - Gender: how males and females react to communication may be different - National culture: communication differences arising from different languages that individuals use to communicate 2 questions , what are they and what can you do to reduce ?, memorizing what they are 68 Differences in communication by gender - they must strive for acceptance, understanding, and commitment to communicate adaptively with eachother - both men and women need to acknowledge differences are present in communication styles, and that one isn't better than the other, and that it takes real effort to talk successfully with eachother. across every culture 69 Importance of Feedback why is it important? The purpose of the message you are trying to send and did they get it? - Misunderstandings and inaccuracies are less likely to occur when a manager gets feedback. - A manager can ask questions about a message to determine whether it was received or not. Feedback can also can be more subtle as general comments can give the manager a sense of the recievers reaction to the message. - Feedback does not have to be verbal 70 Why people get bored during communication the rate of speech is much slower than the individuals are able to process it. Gives mind time to wonder We can process a lot faster Idle brain time and opportunities for the brain to wonder Most people would rather do the talking Listening is more tiring than talking
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text:
|Road Name:
|Beech Avenue
|Road Type:
Beech Avenue is a street in the settlement of Willington (South Derbyshire) governed by Willington Civil Parish council which is within the electoral area of Willington and Findern Ward in the administration area of South Derbyshire District Council within Derbyshire County Council located in the East Midlands Euro Region of the UK.
Beech Avenue is located 111.97 miles North West from the centre of London, 6.09 miles South West from the centre of Derby, 18.6 miles South West from the centre of Nottingham and 23.37 miles North West from the centre of Leicester.
Beech Avenue is approximately 49.65 miles from the coastal tidal high water mark) and is 46 metres above sea level
Postcodes for Beech Avenue
|The Central point of Beech Avenue is approximately 46 Metres above sea level
Hotel information updated 09/10/2016
|The Cottage Bed & Breakfast - willington
|Featuring free WiFi and a restaurant, The Cottage Bed & Breakfast offers accommodation in Willington, 47 km from Birmingham. Guests can enjoy the on-site restaurant. Free private parking is available on site.
|12 Canal Bridge, DE65 6BQ, Willington
|Number of Rooms:
|Lowest Price Room:
|ibis budget Derby - willington
|Star Rating:
|2 Stars
|Situated a 15-minute drive from Derby city centre, ibis Budget Derby offers modern rooms, free WiFi, free parking, and easy access to the A50 and the M1 motorway.
|B5008 Etwall Road, DE65 6DX, Willington
|Number of Rooms:
|Lowest Price Room:
|The Boot Inn - burton-upon-trent
|This former coaching inn dates back to 1649, and offers free Wi-Fi and � la carte dining. It is situated in the historic village of Repton, an area that was once the capital of the Saxon kingdom of Mercia.
|12 Boot Hill, Repton, DE65 6FT, Derby
|Number of Rooms:
|Lowest Price Room:
|Highest Price Room:
|Newton House B&B - burton-upon-trent
|A barn conversion set in 5 acres of landscaped gardens a 30-minute drive from Derby, Newton House B&B offers a freshly prepared continental breakfast, free parking and free WiFi in the public areas.
|Newton Lane, DE15 0RY, Newton Solney
|Number of Rooms:
|Lowest Price Room:
|Mercure Burton Upon Trent, Newton Park - burton-upon-trent
|Star Rating:
|4 Stars
|Set in 8 acres of beautiful gardens, yet only 2 miles from the A50 link road between the M1 and M6, this traditional country house Mercure hotel boasts superb views over the Peak District. Free high-speed WiFi is available throughout.
|Newton Solney, DE15 0SS, Burton On Trent
|Number of Rooms:
|Lowest Price Room:
|Highest Price Room:
Local Council Details
|Within the area of South Derbyshire District
|Visit the Council's Website
|Civic Offices
Civic Way
|Send Mail
|Telephone Number: 01283 595 795
|County Council: Derbyshire County
|Within the electoral area of Willington and Findern Ward -
|Within the Westminster Parliamentary Constituency of South Derbyshire
|The Member of Parliament is Wheeler, Heather
|Within the area of Willington Civil Parish Council
Water and Drainage Details
|Severn Trent Water
|Visit Severn Trent Water's Website
Recent House Sales in Beech Avenue
|24 Beech Avenue
|Sale Price: £153,000
|Sale Date: 15/06/2016
|34 Beech Avenue
|Sale Price: £165,000
|Sale Date: 15/10/2015
|Source: Land Registry Price Paid Data accessed via API
Population Statistics
|ONS Area Code: E01019880
|Ons Area Name:South Derbyshire 005D
|Average Age : 41.69
|Population: 1607.00
|Male Population: 827.00 (51.46%)
|Female Population: 780.00 (48.54%)
|Number Claiming Benefits: 8 (0.5%)
|Source: Office of National Statistics 2011 Census Data
Neighbourhood Policing
|Police Force:
|Find a Local Neighbourhood Watch Scheme
|Policing Links:
Recent Crime in the Area
|Source: data.police.uk accessed via API
Map of Crimes Committed Near Beech Avenue
Random Street
Walsall Wood Road
Location Details
Beech Avenue
|OS Reference: 429570, 328352
OS Grid Reference: SK296284
|Latitude and Longitude: 52.851527689709, -1.5608439842852
|Approximate distance to the Coast: 49.65 miles
Ordnance Survey Landranger Map Series for Beech Avenue
|Map Number: 128
|Map Name: Derby & Burton upon Trent
|South Derbyshire
|East Midlands
Nearest Railway Stations
|Willington Rail Station is 0.21 Kilometers away (0.13 miles)
|Burton-on-Trent Rail Station is 7.44 Kilometers away (4.62 miles)
|Peartree Rail Station is 7.82 Kilometers away (4.86 miles)
|Tutbury & Hatton Rail Station is 8.19 Kilometers away (5.09 miles)
Nearest Airports
|East Midlands Airport is 15.91 Kilometers away
|Birmingham International Airport is 45.81 Kilometers away
|Coventry Airport is 54.17 Kilometers away
|Manchester Airport is 73.97 Kilometers away
Nearest Ferries
Nearest Motorway or Major Trunk Road
|Beech Avenue is approximately 0.91 miles from the A38
Nearest Motorway Junctions
|Junction: M1 J24A/A50(T) - 17.67 Km Away
|Junction: M1 J23A/A42(T)/A453 - 17.70 Km Away
|Junction: M1 J24/A6(T)/A50(T)/A453(T) - 17.98 Km Away
Health Clinics
|Willington Surgery
|Kingfisher Lane, Willington, Derbyshire, DE656QT
|Distance: 0.29 Kilometers
|Telephone: 01283 703318
|Hollybrook Medical Centre
|Hollybrook Medical Centre, Hollybrook Way, Heatherton Village, Littleover,derby, DE233TX
|Distance: 4.90 Kilometers
|Telephone: 01332 523300
|Wellbrook Medical Centre
|Wellbrook Medical Centre, Welland Road, Hilton, Derby, Derbyshire, DE655GZ
|Distance: 4.97 Kilometers
|Telephone: 01283 732406
|Winshill Health Centre, Melbourne Avenue, Winshill, Burton On Trent, DE15 0EP
|Distance: 5.57 Kilometers
|Telephone: 01283 741920
Nearest Libraries
Etwall Library
|Egginton Road, Etwall, DE656NB
|Distance: 2.64 Miles
|Visit Website
Sinfin Library
|District Centre, Derby, DE243DS
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|Blagreaves Lane, Derby, DE231PT
|Distance: 3.63 Miles
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Nearest Tourist Attractions
|Attraction Name: Claymills Victorian Pumping Station
|Distance: 3.67 (km)
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|Attraction Name: Highfields Happy Hens
|Distance: 5.70 (km)
Tourist Attraction
|Attraction Name: Brewhouse Arts Centre
|Distance: 7.25 (km)
Tourist Attraction
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Willington Primary School
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Repton School
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|Address: Repton, Derby, Derbyshire, DE65 6FH
|Telephone: (01283) 559200
St Wystan's School
|Distance: 1.66 Kilometers
|Type: Not applicable
|Address: High Street, Repton, Derby, Derbyshire, DE65 6GE
|Telephone: (01283) 703258
Findern Primary School
|Distance: 2.00 Kilometers
|Type: Primary
|Address: Buckford Lane, Findern, Derby, Derbyshire, DE65 6AR
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Broadband Speed (megabits per second)
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Survey of United States History I
Survey of United States History I HIST 2010
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This 3 page Class Notes was uploaded by Roxanne Reinger on Wednesday September 23, 2015. The Class Notes belongs to HIST 2010 at Middle Tennessee State University taught by Craig Kaplowitz in Fall. Since its upload, it has received 16 views. For similar materials see /class/213088/hist-2010-middle-tennessee-state-university in History at Middle Tennessee State University.
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3rd Midterm 1 Slavery Cotton from Carolinas into TexasSugar Cotton Exports rose to 57 of all US exports in 1860 Upper South relies less on cash crops Low industrial output onetenth ofthe North Little incentive to invest into industry when cash crops promised good returns Lagging in education Reluctance to tax to support schools High illiteracy in the South 60 of North Carolinians enlisting in the US Army versus 30 of northern enlistees Predominantly private universities A crime to educate slaves Largely rural versus the northern urbanization 1860 One fourth of whites owned slaves Ofthese only 12 owned more than 20 slaves Moving into the Old Southwest Alabama Mississippi and East Texas disrupted social bonds People lived in isolation Fluctuating cotton prices often forced planters to live humble lives or sell slaves their sign of social status Yeomen Nonslave holders In East Tennessee much hog raising Pine Barren people Squatted on land Planting corn among the stumps grazing hogs and cattle During the Civil War many thought they would be slave holders Others accepted the racial assumption of slavery Rejected claim to social equality even the possibility of intermarriage Many Southern pastors defended slavery drawing on St Paul claiming it helped Blacks to develop traits such as humility and selfcontrol Christian responsibility to slaves 1845 The Baptists split into the Southern Convention The Methodists break apart too Slaves worked typically longer hours under supervision than any other worker in the US Malnutrition in the early stages Only 55 of all slaves from Africa taken to the US whereas 33 to Brazil By 1823 however 36 of all slaves lived in the US to 31 in Brazil Food worse for slaves than for whites but better than eastern European peasants High mortality in the lowlands Violence embedded in society Murder rate as much as 10 times higher than in the North Dueling on the rise in the South Seen as refined in comparison with wanton violence Eyegouging and extremity biting Southern Code of Honor High sensitivity about reputation while the north emphasized character unfazed by others thoughts Armed Resistance Nat Turner s 1831 insurrection in Virginia only significant slave rebellion Denmark Vesey bought his freedom after winning in lottery In 1822 worked to seize city s arms but was executed Compared to the West Indies Haiti 1804 with many absentee landlords fewer uprisings in the South Nowhere to go after Florida became US territory Significant presence of whites able to quickly muster a militia and patrols Indians routinely returned fugitives to owners for a reward Escape Many forged passes or papers declaring themselves as free Henry Box Brown escaped in a box from Richmond to Philadelphia Frederick Douglas borrowed a sailor s papers to escape from Baltimore to NYC in 1838 Underground Railroad largely legendary Several gave safe haven but these houses were known to patrols Slaves would feign sickness or refuse to work Tools had to be kept under lock Worries that they commit arson or poison whites Make slavery bearable as possible Language Pidgin simplified English spoken by people who used African language Often no to be form in them and confusion of gender Therefore Mary he no in Cabin Banjo Goober from Kimbundu N guba Religion Most slaves brought as young men with superficial knowledge of African faiths Similar significance of water Inseparability of sacred and secular of direct divine intervention emphasized by US revivalists Whites especially endorsed conversion after Churches split Gospels Spirituals Slaves sing most when they are unhappy 2 The West 1 Texas AdamsOnis Treaty of 1819 Russia cedes claims south of Alaska Britain and USAjoint administration of Oregon American merchants in California traded hides sea otter fur tallow Conflict between Californios and Mexico Santa Fe trail Silver and mules Beaver fur hunting in western Colorado and eastern Utah Originally the Spanish missions and presidios Some success but revolts as well Secularization of missions Steven Austin obtained land grants Slaves although abolished in Mexico 1836 30000 white Texans 4000 black Texans versus 4000 Tejanos Anonio LOpez de Santa Anna restricted autonomy of CoahuilaTexas Americans rebel Santa Anna crushes revolt In February 1836 Alamo in San AntonioBejar defended by 200 Texans Executions among them Davy Crockett Goliad Sam Houston San Jacinto Texan Independence US debate over annexation Slavery James K Polk from Columbia TN first dark horse Manifest Destiny Both Jefferson and John Quincy Adams Americans displace both uncivilized people and Europeans 2 MexicanAmerican War 18461848 1845 Annexation of Texas Rio Grande or Rio Bravo del Norte Nueces River Zachary Taylor moves to Brownsville Blockade John Slidell offered 25 Millions for California and New Mexico Polk American blood has been shed on American soil Taylor s success Winfield Scott to Veracruz Battles at Chapultepec Mexico City surrenders The Ninos Heroes West Point Artillery and Organization Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848 Mexico cedes California New Mexico and Texas but retains Baja California American law introduced and many Mexicans lost their land 3 Oregon Increasing American settlements 54 40 or Fight British Columbia River Agreement 49 Parallel but Vancouver Island remains British Wilmot Proviso Zach Taylor presidency 3 From Compromise to Secession Compromise of 1850 Free Soil doctrine Missouri Compromise Line Henry Clay presents omnibus bill that 1 California admitted as free state 2 Remainder of Mexican Cession divided into Utah and New Mexico territories without federal stipulation on slavery 3 Texas gives up claims on Santa Fe 4 US government assumes Texan debt 5 DC ends slave trade but continues slavery 6 a more effective slave fugitive law In 1850 Congress passes these as single bills Fugitive Law Denied fugitives trial byjury Cannot testify on their own behalf Mere testimony of claimant suffices Court appointed commissioners get 10 ifthey ruled for slaveholder but 5 ifthey ruled for slave The return of Anthony Burns Personalliberty laws in the North forbade the use of state jails for fugitives Uncle Tom s Cabin Filibusters Cuba attempt to seize it scuttled Slave Power conspiracy Ostend Manifesto Seize Cuba by any means possible William Walker Shot in Honduras in 1860 Nativism KnowNothing Party Rid the US of Catholic and immigrant influence Broke apart the Whig party Birth of the Republican Party in mid 1850s KansasNebraska Act In March 1855 election in Kansas thousands of border ruffians from Missouri went to Kansas to vote Rival government in Topeka Charles Sumner Preston Brooks Dred Scott vs Sandford Lecompton Constitution Popular sovereignty Freestaters boycotted election Lecompton Constitution Less than 10 voted Two referenda Lecompton approved The other rejected New referendum Lecompton Constitution voted Debate between Abraham Lincoln Republican and Stephen Douglas Northern Democrat Douglas defended popular sovereignty while Lincoln called for free soil slavery a moral evil yet rejected abolition No right to intervene in the South over slavery John Brown s raid on Harper s Ferry in Virginia on October 16 1859 Emerson Brown s execution would make the gallows as glorious as the cross Lincoln William H Seward irrepressible conflict Northern Democrats Douglas while the proslavery John C Breckinridge Lincoln wins election 20 December 1860 South Carolina convention voted for secession Then Alabama Mississippi Florida Georgia Louisiana and Texas On 4 February they establish the Confederate States of America The upper South however incl Virginia Arkansas Tennessee and North Carolina Fort Sumter12 April 1861 South Carolina bombarded the fort Lincoln calls for 75000 volunteersThe Upper South seceded 4 The Civil War unprepared 16000 men The Confederacy no tax structure no navy two small gunpowder factories rickety railroad By war s end 2 million fought on the Union side and 800000 for the Confederacy Troops elected officers up to colonel 2 April 1861 the South enacted Conscription 1835 to serve in the military for three years Subsequently raised to 1750 State sovereignty Exemptions 1864 All men in the Confederate army stay until war s end North Conscription in March 1863 2045 Confederate stopgap measures of supply Josiah Gorgas head of ordnance lmpressment Act of 1863 allowed to seize food and slaves at set prices Southern War bonds of 1861 15 million Tax raised only 5 of war expenses inflation of 9000 North Legal Tender Act of 1862 issuing 150 million of greenbacks Accepted for public and private debt Lincoln coopted critics into cabinet Seward and Treasury Secretary Salmon Chase Jefferson Davis A jaw sawed in steel had a knack for making enemies Sought to secure independence from North His vice president Alexander Stephens and followers insisted on slavery and states sovereignty No tariffs or internal improvements by central government Lincoln suspended habeas corpus show cause for detention in court in Maryland to cow secessionists Kentucky Unionist legislature but secessionist governor Lincoln stationed troops across the Ohio in Illinois Missouri stayed with Union despite heavy bushwhacker activity West Virginia joined Union in 1863 railroads telegraph massproduced weapons ironplated warships trench warfare rifled guns Since 1863 Enfield rifles Cavalry North had 22 million but needed to subdue South South merely 9 million people Va ofthe them slaves Anaconda Plan Blockade East First Battle of Bull Run or Manassas in May 1861 Beauregard repelled Union troops en route to Richmond George McClellan shipped army south to attack Richmond Thomas Stonewall Jackson held off reinforcements in the Shenandoah Valley Robert E Lee attacked McClellan who withdrew Then Lee wins 2nd Bull Run In September 1862 he invades Maryland September 17 Antietam Draw between Lee and McClellan but Lee has to withdraw Emancipation Proclamation Southern commerce raiders lronclad Merrimac fought Monitor in March 1862 Ulysses S Grant moved down Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers capturing Fort Henry and Confederate surrender at Fort Donelson Nashville falls Shiloh early April 1862 Confederates under Beauregard and Albert Johnston surprised Grant before breakfast New Orleans in late April Baton Rouge and Natchez Memphis taken in June In 1863 July 13 Lee encountered Union cavalry at Gettysburg George Meade held off Lee Pickett s charge Grant captures Vicksburg Mississippi in July as well Chattanooga blockade is brokenn September 1864 William Sherman took Atlanta South Carolina Grant is in Richmond on April 3 1865 In Appomattox Court House Lee surrendered on April 9 Davis caught on May 10 14 April John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln Sic semper tyrannis 620000 fallen soldiers The south lost 60 of its wealth Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln the war is about secession After Antietam he declared all slaves under rebel control free of January 1 1863 But expanded by end of war over 180000 blacks had served in the Union army Equal pay in 1864 Freedmen s Bureau set up in March 1865 The Law gave every freedman 40 acres of land Nathan Bedford Forrest executed many at Fort Pillow TN 1865 Thirteenth Amendment abolish slavery 5 Reconstruction Radical Republicans for black enfranchisement December 1863 Lincoln issued
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