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Effect of barley pretreatment on feeding behavior, rate and efficiency of gains for swine
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Effect of barley pretreatment on feeding behavior, rate and efficiency of gains for swine
Gill, Donald Ralph
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A series of four animal experiments utilizing 129 pigs and associated laboratory studies was conducted to study the causes of the lowered performance on high barley rations fed to swine. Previous work at this Station has shown barley to have a value of 80-85 percent of corn for swine, and demonstrated that barley hull is responsible for the major part of the growth depression when it is present in swine rations. Numerous trials have been conducted at this Station to overcome the limitation imposed by hull material in high barley swine rations. Outside of pearling, which was completely successful in overcoming the depressive effect of barley; soaking, enzyme treatment, pelleting, and the addition of fat have been used with varying degrees of success. Pelleting has been the most successful of the latter four treatments, yet its beneficial effect is lost upon regrinding of the pellets. Recent work has indicated that soaking high barley swine feeds may be beneficial. The recent finding that antibiotics interfere with nutritional improvement of barley for poultry during water treatment suggested that a part of the benefit of soaking had been lost due to the presence of antibiotics in the swine rations. Addition of enzymes specific for cellulose, the major structural component of barley hull, has not been demonstrated to be of any advantage, yet conditions have not been optimum in terms of the enzyme's potential activity. These findings were considered in the objectives and design of the experiments described herein. Ground and whole barley were soaked for 24 hours at 30 C. before being mixed with the protein supplement just prior to feeding. Pigs receiving ground, soaked barley grew 4.2 percent faster on 3.2 percent less feed compared to the same ration fed dry but these differences were not significant. Pigs receiving soaked whole barley grew 12.2 percent slower and required 17.0 percent more feed than those which received the ground soaked barley ration. These differences were significant (P< .01). Pigs receiving whole barley soaked with constant aeration and with added cellulase 4000 enzyme did not differ significantly in growth rate nor feed efficiency from a lot which received whole, soaked barley. There was a six percent reduction in the cellulose content of barley treated with the enzyme preparation. The addition of five percent fat to a high barley ration improved feed efficiency but not rate of gain. The production of a pellet containing five percent added fat with the same density as the pelleted control ration, through use of a specially-constructed die, resulted in increases in both rate and efficiency of gain. Fatness as measured by back fat thickness was significantly increased by the fat-containing pellet. Feed waste and its causes were studied. Waste varied from 3 to 25 percent with group-fed pigs depending upon the form of the ration and the type of feeder used. Individually-fed pigs wasted from 7 to 36 percent of the feed when fed alike indicating that waste varies greatly from one pig to another. Pelleting of a meal ration reduced the amount of feed wasted from an average of 12.18 to 3.08 percent. Pigs consume more pellets than meal of similar composition even though the apparent disappearance from the feeder of the two forms is similar. Electronic measurement of feeding time showed that pigs spent 16.74 percent of the day consuming meal and only 7.34 percent of the day eating pellets of the same composition. A photographic study and close observation showed that pigs fed meal spend considerable time sorting out barley hull. Chemical analysis of the material wasted out of the feeders had a fiber content 2.5 times as high as the original ration. The studies reconfirm the conclusion that hull is primarily responsible for the lowered performance of barley rations. Barley hull splinters which result from grinding the grain apparently reduce the amount of feed the animal will consume while increasing feeding time and feed waste. Pelleting enables the animal to consume more of the ration in less time with less waste. The limitation imposed by barley hull upon swine performance appears to be associated with the prehension of feed rather than exclusively with mechanical interference in digestion and absorption of nutrients as previously believed.
Graduation date: 1965
Oldfield, James E.
Barley as feed
Swine -- Feeding and feeds
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Explore Favourite Wedding, Wedding Images and more!
Some of my favourite wedding images from 2012
Naked Cake Sponge Fruit Layers Log Pretty Natural Floral Barn Wedding http://www.johastingsphotography.co.uk/
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Priyanka working too hard for her next
We had already reported that the makers of highly anticipated periodic film 'Bajirao Mastani' have been planning a song on lead roles Priyanka Chopra and Deepika Padukone. The latest report is that Priyanka Chopra has been working hard for this film.
According to reports, Priyanka and Deepika's lavani dance off in the film, which is to be choreographed by Remo has been creating a lot of buzz. Despite her busy schedule, the 'Mary Kom' actress has taken time off to rehearse for the number. She is ensuring that she puts in her best despite the limited time she has.
Speaking at an event the 'Gunday' actress said that they have just two days to rehearse and there's a lot of drama in the song and they are supporting and encouraging each other. We rehearse together and it's fun. This film also features Ranveer Singh in lead role and is slated to release in December.


text: Hope, I am fairly sure I read Dragonsinger and Dragonsong. There was one book I dearly loved, about a young boy who was picked on by his peers and ended up on the southern continent, just exploring and roaming around and discovering fire lizards. Ah, I must read those books again. So, how do you fit in to that world? Are you a harper? Me too, and isn't it lovely! Mary


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New Delhi: Zaheer Khan, the India fast bowler, has been ruled out of the remainder of the series against England. He will return to India and will be replaced by left-arm seamer RP Singh. Zaheer picked up a hamstring injury during the first Test at Lord's, but the BCCI has now said he not only has a recurring hamstring problem but also a right ankle impingement that will require surgery, followed by a 14-16 week period of rehabilitation. (Also Read: Zaheer's exit big blow but India can draw series: Ganguly)
Zaheer's problems began on the very first day of the series, when he pulled up midway through his 14th over in the first innings at Lord's. The team management indicated Zaheer could be ready to bowl in the second innings, but he was unable to do so and was ruled out of the second Test at Trent Bridge. There were expectations he would return for the Edgbaston Test but he only got through three overs in the Indians' warm-up match in Northampton, and has now been pulled out of the squad.
Since the first Test, Zaheer had been through light training sessions, and there had been indications from the India camp that he would take part at some stage in the series, which only grew stronger when he was named in the side for the tour game against Northamptonshire. However, he left the field after bowling just three overs.


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Sasha Answers: A Selfish Sister
Dear Sasha, My parents are not good role models for a happy marriage and should have been divorced a long time ago. I can safely say all my bad choices in the romance department stem from this and I have trust issues where I can shut down emotionally and block out everyone. I am the second of 4 kids. Full Article
Sasha's INTO IT: The Mia
WHAT: CLARISONIC MIAWHERE: CLICK HERE WHY: If you're a beauty lover then you'll have already heard the buzz over the Mia. Admittedly I hadn't until Katherine Flemming, the senior beauty editor at Canadian Living, basically shamed me (in the best possible way) for not having one. Full Article
Sasha Finds: Zooey's blue blazer
Hi Sasha, I'm looking for this blazer seen on Zooey Deschanel's show new girl. Could you help a sista out? Thanks, K The good news is that this blazer is totally affordable; the bad news is that it's last season Zara. Boo. I know, what a buzz kill, but a blue blazer can't be that hard to find, so let's go style sleuthing for a few. Full Article
Carpets & Candids: Katie Holmes potpourri
Wenn, Bauer
On its own, the dress Katie Holmes is wearing here is probably really, really cute. The problem is that it's Katie wearing it. Underneath, like... is that a denim button-down shirt? And leggings. And lezzie boots. Don't tell me she "just threw it on". This is Katie trying to layer. Disastrously. Explain to me HOW her sh-t sells at Maxfield again? I will keep repeating this until I get an answer that makes sense. Full Article
Carpets & Candids: Charlize in Stella McCartney
Wenn, Alberto E. Rodriguez/Jason Merritt/Getty
This dress comes from that Stella McCartney collection I'm obsessed with – click here for a refresher. The way Charlize is wearing it, there are parts of it I like, and other parts not at all. The mesh is works. Where it meets her breasts doesn't. And above all the ruching is weird. Full Article
Carpets & Candids: Sandy's shiny suit
I LOVE the cut of this suit. The shoulders, especially. And how the jacket sits on her chest. Sandra Bullock looks SO good. It's just... a shame... that once again we come back to the material. See how this material turns a McQueen fit into something from the holiday clothing section of Express? Not that I don't love Express. Full Article
Carpets & Candids: Sandra Bullock's grey coat
Doug Meszler/Splash
She's doing publicity for Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close in New York. Here she is this morning heading to an interview. You like her coat?I ...can't decide. Love the colour, the material looks warm and expensive, but there's something about it that reminds me of a monk sack, even down to the rope belt. Full Article
Sasha Finds: SJP's cords
Sasha, Lainey was right that I love these boots, but more importantly, I LOOOVE these cords!Do you have suggestions for where I can get some coloredstraight-leg cords for cheap? Thanks! –L I'm almost positive SJP is wearing a pair of 7 For Mankind in that picture, and if I'm right that means they are from a few seasons ago. Full Article
Sasha Finds: Clothes for Chemo
Hi Sasha, My friend was recently diagnosed with stage 4 cancer. She is already tired and worn out from recently becoming a new mum, and now she has chemo added to the mix. I'd like to buy her some really comfortable, but still stylish, clothing for Christmas. I saw your post about Princess Tam Tam pajamas... Full Article
Sateen is Sh-t: Katy Perry edition
How many times do I have to keep saying it? Why do people keep making it? What is motivating stylists to recommend it? Look at Katy Perry. Katy Perry has a sick little body. But Katy Perry in sateen? Check the seam down the side? You can iron that sh-t all day, it'll still show you the stitch grooves. Full Article
Carpets & Candids: Great dress, Wrong Boots
Wenn, Larry Busacca/Getty
Leelee Sobieski freaks me out. She doesn't age! And not in a "she's aging really well" way, but in a straight up NO AGING way. Also, how is she only 29 years old? I feel like Leelee Sobieski has been around forever. What was that movie she did with Josh Hartnett and Chris Klein? You don't have to look this up. Full Article


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Comedian Kyle Kinane joins Jordan and Jesse for a discussion of craft services at Jordan's work, airplane boarding order, everyone's childhood cool teachers, and costume options for Halloween this year. Show notes
Jordan, Jesse, Game!
Brent Weinbach sits down with Jordan and Jesse for a discussion of smells, funny names, Turkish Delights, and Jordan watches Brent's new internet video.


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Holidays & Occasions
Featured Content
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Prepare as directed, substituting Kraft Mozzarella Shredded Cheese for the shredded cheddar cheese and pepperoni for the ham.
* Nutrition information is estimated based on the ingredients and cooking instructions as described in each recipe and is intended to be used for informational purposes only. Please note that nutrition details may vary based on methods of preparation, origin and freshness of ingredients used.
We have been making Kraft Holiday Strata for over 20 years now.
I also make it weeks ahead, bake, freeze and defrost for Christmas morning breakfast.
What a wonderful Christmas tradition.
Family has been making this recipe since 1991 -- it's a holiday tradition NOT to be missed. We make them weeks ahead, bake, freeze and defrost for Christmas morning breakfast. They are in the oven while presents are being opened and ready when we are. Its such a tradition that all family members have 3-4 spring form pans just for this purpose.
I have made this delicious strata for the past 20 years. It would not be Christmas for my family if we did not have this festive pie for brunch.


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Other product innovations
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An in vitro absorption study* with different APIs shows that Pentravan® delivers more drug in a shorter amount of time than PLO.
Please select a country from the dropdown to visit the webshop.×


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Hugh Mix Agency
PO Box 10699, Pensacola, FL 32524
(850) 494-2878
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PO Box 10699
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Hugh C Mix
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According to our records, this business is located at PO Box 10699 in Pensacola (in Escambia County), Florida 32524, the location GPS coordinates are: 30.421309 (latitude), -87.2169149 (longitude). Hugh Mix Agency is categorized under Insurance Agents, Brokers, And Service (SIC code 6411). Known organization owner is Hugh C Mix. Current estimates show that the unit has a sales volume of $138,000 and staff of approximately 1 worker. You can contact the company by phone at (850) 494-2878; the following fax number is also provided: (850) 494-9546.
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Rio Olympics might be a mess, but Tokyo 2020 has some cool high-tech plans
Driverless taxis for athletes and holograms for info.
Thu, Jul 07 2016
Clinton takes big step toward easing tensions with Sanders
With new college affordability plan, the presumptive Democratic nominee won praise from rival.
Thu, Jul 07 2016
US urges aerial spraying amid jump in Puerto Rico Zika cases
The U.S. territory is debating whether to fumigate with the insecticide Naled.
Wed, Jul 06 2016


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Medvedev to hold session of Presidential Council on Strategic Development on TuesdayRussian Politics & Diplomacy October 25, 1:49
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YEKATERINBURG, December 1 (Itar-Tass) – Thursday's road accident involving Alexander Misharin, the governor of Russia's heavily industrialized Sverdlovsk region in the Urals has left one person dead, Alexander Shulga, a press officer at the regional Investigations Department told Itar-Tass.
"A road accident that occurred at around 21:00 hours local time on the Serov-Yekaterinburg automobile road near the town of Krasnouralsk involved three cars – a Volga, a Skoda, and a Mercedes, in which Governor Misharin was riding together with his driver," Shulga said.
The information available at the moment suggests that the driver of the Volga died on the spot and two more persons involved in the accident were injured.
"The driver of the Mercedes and Governor Misharin received injuries of various degrees of complexity," he said. Both men have taken to a nearby hospital where it turned out that the governor had a leg fracture.
Two persons who were riding inside the Skoda did not suffer. "Investigators are questioning them right on the spot now," Shulga said.
The Investigations Committee of the Russian Federation has ordered a pre-investigation check and experts continue examining the spot of the accident.
Specifically, they are examining the three damaged cars and questioning the eyewitnesses. A forensic examination of the dead man's body and of the survivors has been ordered, too.
Procedural decisions will be taken upon the results of the check.
In the meantime, medical sources described Governor Misharin's condition as medium-heavy.


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System Integration Channel
Get Modbus/TCP communications to mobile interface software
Product Exclusive: groov 2.3 from Opto 22 adds native Modbus/TCP communications to groov, the company's web-based mobile interface software, which allows thousands of industrial devices yo be monitored and managed using operator... » more
Wireless bridge series expanded, can replace cabling
HMS Industrial Networks' Anybus Wireless Bridge series has been expanded to include industrial Ethernet over WLAN, industrial Ethernet over Bluetooth, and serial over Bluetooth. » more
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Server platform upgrades improve connectivity
New enhancements to KEPServerEX improve connectivity for power distribution, extend OPC support, and simplify EFM configuration. » more
Top Control Engineering articles, February 2013
Most-visited articles at www.controleng.com during February 2013 included the following topics: Plant-floor virtualization, robots vs. jobs, PLC vs. PAC, servodrive control, dynamic process simulation, intelligent field device... » more
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GE IP's Equipment Insight is designed to help OEMs and their end users securely collect and analyze machine data by collecting and managing long-term performance data and alarms and user access. » more
Machine safety standards: ANSI Z10 versus new ISO 45001 in late 2016
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OSHA hikes scrutiny of chemical plants, refineries
The feds are intensifying their watch of refineries and chemical plants. OSHA's scrutiny of the refinery industry and of chemical facilities covered by the Process Safety Management standard will increase, said Jordan Barab,... » more


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This may be the most challenging time to raise girls in modern history, according to psychologist Dr. James Dobson, but parents can still raise confident girls with commendable character. It's been ten years since Dr. Dobson wrote his best-seller called Bringing Up Boys, so it's time for him to give good advice about girls, which he does in his new book, entitled Bringing Up Girls.
Always a fountain of common sense, Dr. Dobson uses the latest research to make the case that physiological hardwiring makes females wonderfully distinct from males beginning in the womb. His explanations of hormonal and neurological differences help us to understand why girls behave as they do, and he gives suggestions on how parents can better relate to daughters as they progress through developmental stages. The complicated relationship between a girl and her mother is examined from several angles, and Dobson makes a special effort to communicate just how desperately girls need the attention and affection of their fathers. Men usually understand that they have something unique to offer their sons, but often underestimate their contributions to their daughters.
Dr. Dobson explains research that shows that a fathers's interactions with his daughter (or lack thereof) impact everything from a girl's self-image to when her sexual activity begins. There is plenty of bad news about girls' early promiscuity and eating disorders, but the good news is that studies show that parents who cultivate strong relationships with their daughters and supervise them closely can help prevent them from engaging in destructive behavior. In his famous conversational tone, Dr. Dobson weaves empirical research with letters from little girls, his own experiences as a father, interviews, and question and answer segments. The name of this helpful book by Dr. James Dobson is Bringing Up Girls.
Listen to the radio commentary here:
Eagle Forum Legislative Alerts
Monday, August 30, 2010
Bringing Up Girls
Posted by Phyllis Schlafly at Monday, August 30, 2010
Labels: Book Club, Commentary
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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|Road Name:
|Berry Drive
|Road Type:
Berry Drive is a street in the settlement of Irvine which is within the electoral area of Irvine West Ward in the administration area of North Ayrshire Council located in the Scotland Euro Region of the UK.
Berry Drive is located 340.4 miles North West from the centre of London, 22.83 miles South West from the centre of Glasgow, 61.08 miles West from the centre of Edinburgh and 84.16 miles North West from the centre of Carlisle.
Berry Drive is approximately 1.30 miles from the coastal tidal high water mark) and is metres above sea level
Postcodes for Berry Drive
Hotel information updated 09/10/2016
|Hallmark Hotel Irvine - irvine
|Star Rating:
|4 Stars
|Located on the outskirts of Irvine, Ayrshire, Hallmark Hotel Irvine is only 7 miles from Prestwick Airport. Just 2 miles from the sandy beach, there is also a stylish restaurant.
|46 Annick Road, KA11 4LD, Irvine
|Number of Rooms:
|Lowest Price Room:
|Highest Price Room:
|Earlswood House - irvine
|Located in Irvine in the Strathclyde Region, this detached holiday home is 36 km from Glasgow. The property is 19 km from Ayr and boasts views of the garden. Free WiFi is provided . A dishwasher and an oven can be found in the kitchen.
|15 Earlswood View, KA11 2FG, Irvine
|Number of Rooms:
|No 10 Guesthouse - irvine
|Star Rating:
|3 Stars
|No 10 Guest House is a small, comfortable and freshly decorated guest house, close to Irvine town centre. It offers great value for money and is an ideal base for exploring the west coast of Scotland.
|Townhead, KA12 0BE, Irvine, Ayrshire
|Number of Rooms:
|Lowest Price Room:
|Highest Price Room:
|Fernbank - irvine
|Located in Irvine, this apartment features a sun terrace. The property boasts views of the garden is 38 km from Glasgow. Free private parking is available on site. The unit is equipped with a kitchen.
|69 Bank Street, KA12 0LL, Irvine
|Number of Rooms:
|Braidmead House - irvine
|Star Rating:
|4 Stars
|In the heart of Irvine, Braidmead House is just 2 miles from the sandy beaches of the Firth of Clyde. With free parking and free WiFi, the guest house also offers fine Scottish breakfasts.
|57 Bank Street, KA12 0LL, Irvine
|Number of Rooms:
|Lowest Price Room:
|Highest Price Room:
Local Council Details
|Within the area of North Ayrshire
|Visit the Council's Website
|Cunninghame House
|Send Mail
|Telephone Number: 0845 603 0590
|Within the electoral area of Irvine West Ward -
|Within the Westminster Parliamentary Constituency of Central Ayrshire
|The Member of Parliament is Donohoe, Brian H.
Water and Drainage Details
|Scottish Water
|Visit Scottish Water's Website
Random Street
New Bath Road
Location Details
Berry Drive
|OS Reference: 233362, 639336
OS Grid Reference: NS334393
|Latitude and Longitude: 55.619019752016, -4.6464864606479
|Approximate distance to the Coast: 1.30 miles
Ordnance Survey Landranger Map Series for Berry Drive
|Map Number: 70
|Map Name: Ayr & Kilmarnock
|North Ayrshire
Nearest Railway Stations
|Irvine Rail Station is 1.95 Kilometers away (1.21 miles)
|Kilwinning Rail Station is 5.69 Kilometers away (3.54 miles)
|Barassie Rail Station is 6.45 Kilometers away (4.01 miles)
|Stevenston Rail Station is 6.71 Kilometers away (4.17 miles)
Nearest Airports
|Glasgow Prestwick International Airport is 12.47 Kilometers away
|Glasgow International Airport is 30.37 Kilometers away
|Campbeltown Machrihanish Airport is 67.21 Kilometers away
|Edinburgh Airport is 88.48 Kilometers away
Nearest Ferries
|Troon Ferry Terminal is 8.09 Kilometers away
|Ardrossan Ferry Terminal is 11.36 Kilometers away
|Ardrossan Ferry Terminal is 11.37 Kilometers away
|Ayr Compass Pier is 16.79 Kilometers away
Nearest Motorway Junctions
|Junction: M77 J8/A77(T) - 12.84 Km Away
|Junction: M77 J7/B778 - 13.60 Km Away
|Junction: M77 J6/A77 - 17.57 Km Away
Nearest Libraries
Bourtreehill Library
|Cheviot Way, Irvine, KA111JU
|Distance: 0.51 Miles
|Visit Website
Irvine Library
|168 High Street, Irvine, KA128AN
|Distance: 0.81 Miles
|Visit Website
Dreghorn Library
|Main Street, Dreghorn, KA114AQ
|Distance: 1.37 Miles
|Visit Website
Nearest Tourist Attractions
Nature Reserve
|Attraction Name: Shewalton Sandpits Nature Reserve
|Distance: 2.27 (km)
|Attraction Name: Scottish Maritime Museum, Irvine Burns Club Museum
|Distance: 2.77 (km)
Tourist Attraction
|Attraction Name: Beach Park & Magnum Leisure Centre, Harbour Arts Centre, Irvine Sea Angling
|Distance: 2.93 (km)
Tourist Attraction
|Attraction Name: Eglinton Country Park Visitor Centre
|Distance: 3.12 (km)
Broadband Speed (megabits per second)
|Speed: Greater than 2 Mbps
|Average Speed: 7.5
|Median Speed: 7.7
|Maximum Speed: 15
|Next-generation access (NGA)?: N
|Number of Connections: 13


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Friday, May 1, 2009
States look for more ways to tax motorists
Bill Visnic MOTOR MATTERS
Every now and then, you'll see the state or some municipality promoting a campaign to rein in "aggressive driving." Maybe they ought to turn their enforcement efforts on themselves -- and on politicians -- because nothing's more aggressive than the mounting number of plots to break into the wallets of the motoring public.
With state and local budgets being bombed by the recession - and even well before the nation's economic meltdown - it seems there's always some creative new proposal to snatch more money from drivers. Some of these programs are so insidious that the public has no choice but to fight back. Like the anti-taxation "tea parties" that recently dominated the news, drivers are rebelling against the never-ending schemes to make them pay.
There are three favored methods for "taxing" motorists. First are direct taxes, like fuel taxes and personal property taxes and age-old fees for license plates and inspections. Second are fines and penalties for driving violations, and third are tolls.
There are sinister new variations on all three. Some might serve the greater good, but most, including some ongoing programs, are nothing more than money grabs disguised as initiatives to help make driving safer or easier.
Some motorists are expressing growing outrage at automated cameras set up to nab speeders and red-light runners. These sound like noble safety-enhancing causes, but it's patently obvious the systems are designed to be revenue streams for the municipalities using them and the companies that install them.
In several challenges to red-light cameras, it was demonstrated that the duration of yellow lights was shortened to artificially increase the number of violating drivers.
The safety-improving potential of red-light cameras is questionable, anyway: In many areas, the presence of the cameras increased rear-end accidents as drivers unexpectedly and irrationally slam on the brakes to avoid a ticket.
One Ohio mayor acknowledged that the systems are created to generate revenue and proposed them specifically to help balance his city's budget deficit. AAA recently took the unprecedented step of issuing an alert for the entire state of Arizona to warn motorists about the speed-enforcement "scameras" that already have issued hundreds of thousands of tickets.
Meanwhile, several states are looking to boost tolling in newly created ways that include "privatizing" existing roads, selling the right to enact tolls on certain stretches. The fact that allowing tolls to be collected on highways built with public funds may be unconstitutional hasn't stopped the National Governors Association from pressuring the federal government to drop restrictions that get in the way of these proposals.
There are scores of plans to build privatized toll roads in many places, including the congested Capital Beltway. The private consortium building the toll road will be permitted to charge vehicles with fewer than three occupants any price it likes and will have the right to do so for 75 years.
The Indiana East-West Toll Road was sold to private investors in 2006 for about $3.8 billion, yet a study by the Public Interest Research Group says the state shortchanged itself by nearly $7.5 billion when it sold the rights to toll the 157-mile span for 75 years. Perhaps most troubling, some new road privatization proposals contain language that calls for penalties to the state if it unduly maintains or promotes "competing" free roadways.
Amidst all this quasi-disguised taxation is one idea that isn't a scam: Massachusetts Gov. Deval Patrick, a Democrat, wants to markedly raise his state's gasoline tax. Although nobody wants to hear about more taxes at the moment, in this case, Mr. Deval's got it right.
As more fuel-efficient vehicles become the norm, the revenue from fuel taxes decreases, while the cost to properly maintain roads certainly isn't doing the same. If we're going to truly promote energy independence in this nation, gasoline and diesel fuel taxes have to get more in line with the rest of the industrialized world.
Copyright, Motor Matters, 2009


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There are millions of Internet-Servers daily hacked from the same hand full of Hackers.
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Bollywood actor Shah Rukh Khan has become the first Indian actor to be roped in as an Ambassador of Interpol's 'Turn Back Crime' campaign, aimed at promoting greater awareness on how to prevent crime.
"It's a very special honour to be a part of INTERPOL's 'Turn Back Crime' campaign as an Ambassador. As Mahatma Gandhi once said, 'I shall not fear anyone on Earth. I shall fear only God. I shall not bear ill will toward anyone. I shall not submit to injustice from anyone. I shall conquer untruth by truth. And in resisting untruth, I shall put up with all suffering, if I have to'.
"We all should believe in this maxim and in whatever way possible resolve not to let unjust people who might threaten us with criminal activity make us fear them. Because I believe we can, we should, and we must stand together against the few who commit crimes against any human being, in whatever form or guise these crimes might take," Khan was quoted in an official release from Interpol Headquarters in Lyon in France.
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The multi-award winning actor, the first Indian to be made an Ambassador for the global campaign, is lending his voice to help spread the message that all of society benefits when citizens respect the law and fight crime, it said.
Read: Shah Rukh Khan: I perform stunts for Suhana, Aryan; don't even listen to Gauri
Khan joins actor Jackie Chan as an Ambassador for the campaign, which has already garnered support from public figures including footballer Lionel Messi, Formula 1 racing drivers Fernando Alonso and Kimi Raikkonen in addition to law enforcement agencies around the world. The 'Turn Back Crime' campaign is aimed at raising public awareness that organised crime is often involved in seemingly unrelated crimes.
Drugs trafficking, people smuggling, counterfeiting, cybercrime, kidnapping, crimes against children and corruption in sport are in fact often interconnected, with profits from one crime area used to fund another.
Interpol Secretary General Ronald K Noble said "Shah Rukh Khan has dedicated his life to making films which reflect the highest level of professionalism and commitment to bringing joy into the lives of hundreds of millions of film goers in India and around the world". "We are honoured to have him as an Ambassador for Interpol's global Turn Back Crime campaign and we look forward to seeing how he puts his artistic talents behind this campaign," Noble said.
In Pics: Shah Rukh with son Aryan Khan, B-Town girls Sushmita, Alia step out
The campaign is aimed at helping the public better understand these issues and empowering them not to be duped by criminals when buying products or using the Internet besides reaching out to companies and policy-makers in a bid to form a united front against contemporary crime challenges, and to support the ongoing activities of the global law enforcement community.


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- Kristian Harper
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1 DEBT HAS A CHILD S FACE COMMENTARY: DEBT RELIEF ESSENTIAL UNICEF/ /Balaguer 26
2 THE PROGRESS OF NATIONS 1999 Debt has a child s face By Shridath Ramphal For nearly two decades, the debt crisis has had a crippling impact on some of the world s poorest countries, hobbling economic growth and draining scarce resources from health, education and other vital services. Can the campaign for debt relief be translated into effective action, ensuring that children of the new millennium are freed from the chains of debt and poverty? Inscribed on the pinnacle of the Sun Yat-sen Memorial, in the Purple-Gold Mountains overlooking Nanjing in eastern China, are the words: Tien xia wei gong (What is under heaven is for all). Sun Yat-sen took these words from an ancient Chinese text as the guiding principle for the movement that liberated his country from feudalism. Feudalism part of the history of most nations, East and West, North and South held people in permanent dependence, dividing them into powerful and powerless, haves and have-nots, those who made rules and those who had to obey them. To human society s great credit, we have moved to systems less unequal and unjust, in which the earth s bounty and the fruits of human toil are shared somewhat more fairly. But if the concepts of sharing and of fairness have evolved, they have done so only within States, and hardly among them. The words on the memorial still have meaning for the world, especially for our modern global society: What is under heaven has not been, and still is not, for all on earth. The debt bondage that ensnares hundreds of millions of the world s poorest people, particularly in Africa, provides clear evidence. As though bound to feudal lords, their lives and labour have been mortgaged to rich country banks and governments, often by leaders they did not choose, to finance projects that did not benefit them. Debt, like an oppressive political system, strips them of their rights. And its tyranny is particularly painful now, with sub-saharan Africa in the grip of an unprecedented calamity as AIDS spreads remorselessly. In the cool corridors of financial power, the plight of the debt-ridden may be spoken of in termsof capital flows, debt-service ratios and credit ratings. In the Sir Shridath Ramphal, Co-Chairman of the Commission on Global Governance, is Chief Negotiator for the Caribbean on International Economic Issues. He is a former Secretary-General of the Commonwealth Secretariat and Foreign Minister of Guyana. heat and dust of real life, however, debt is about lives, people s lives and above all children s lives. Children pay the price Debt has a child s face. Debt s burden falls most heavily on the minds and bodies of children, killing some, and stunting others so that they will never fully develop. It leaves children without immunization against fatal, but easily preventable, diseases. It condemns them to a life without education or if they go to school to classrooms without roofs, desks, chairs, blackboards, books, even pencils. And it orphans them, as hundreds of thousands of mothers die in childbirth each year, die as a result of inadequacies in health care and other services that poverty perpetuates. Certainly, developing country governments that favour their own elites over their poor also bear much responsibility. But debt s demands make it hard for many governments to restructure their budgets towards more childcentred priorities even when they want to, and make it well-nigh impossible to succeed even if they do. Sub-Saharan Africa, for example, spends more on servicing its $200 billion debt than on the health and education of its 306 million children. The pattern is economically senseless and morally indefensible. Each baby in Mauritania begins life encumbered with a debt of $997, in Nicaragua with $1,213, in the Congo with $1,872. The average for developing countries as a whole is $417. Yet in 1990 nearly a decade ago 71 Heads of State and Government, meeting at the World Summit for Children, committed themselves to measures for debt relief as part of a global attack on poverty. They said that it is essential to continue to give urgent attention to an early, broad and durable solution to the external debt problems facing developing debtor countries. These world leaders endorsed the Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly the previous year, and now ratified by all but two nations, and they committed themselves to a series of goals by the end of the year These included halving malnutrition among under-fives and cutting their death rates by a third, halving maternal mortality rates, enabling every child to attend primary school and immunizing 90 per cent of the world s infants. Debt gravely imperils these goals. Solving the debt crisis will not, of itself, mean that these targets are met: National policies are absolutely vital. But without a solution of the debt problem, there is no chance that the right national policies can be implemented or that goals can be reached by the year 2000, or any time in the predictable future. Debt is not intrinsically bad: Indeed, money lent, borrowed 27
3 DEBT HAS A CHILD S FACE COMMENTARY: DEBT RELIEF ESSENTIAL and spent wisely spurs growth and improves people s lives. Nor is there anything new about debt crises: Ancient Greek city states defaulted after borrowing from the temple of Delos. The current crisis, however, because it affects many of the world s poorest countries, makes their debt levels especially crippling. The seeds of crisis were sown in the early 1970s, when OPEC countries dramatically raised oil prices and deposited their increased earnings in Western banks. With interest to pay on these deposits, banks quickly embarked on a search for borrowers in developing countries. They found that the developing world wanted cash to invest in infrastructure and industry, and to pay for oil at its higher price. So in a world seemingly awash with money, private loans often unwise were touted around developing countries; rich countries and international financial institutions, like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), also extended loans to less credit-worthy low-income countries. Developing countries were tempted, also unwisely, by low interest rates, often below the rate of inflation. Confident that their commodities would continue to fetch high prices and that interest rates would remain low, they gambled that repayment would be easy. Much of the borrowed money went to inappropriate projects, to buy arms, or even into private overseas bank accounts. The poor, women and children, saw little of it. Commodity prices instead fell sharply, interest rates increased and, in 1979, oil prices rose again. As the cost of servicing their debts escalated and their revenue plummeted, developing countries frantically borrowed more to try to meet their obligations and stave off ruin. But every percentage point increase in interest rates in the 1980s added more than $5 billion to what debtor countries had to pay each year. Killing arrears accumulated. In a mathematical construct that only lenders could embrace and find just, between 1983 and 1990, indebted developing countries repaid the staggering amount of $1,000 billion. Astoundingly, despite this enormous transfer of wealth, their debt burden, which was some $800 billion in 1983, reached $1,500 billion by 1990 and nearly $2,000 billion by 1997 because of debt service arrears and new borrowing. The crisis has been global, but it is gravest in sub-saharan Africa, which owed $84 billion in 1980 and now owes $200 billion, an impossible drain on its fragile economies. More than a third of children in the heavily indebted poor countries have not been immunized, and about half the people in those countries are illiterate. Africa overwhelmed Africa has repaid its initial debt many times over in cash terms, losing precious social gains in the process and strapping its economies to the breaking point. Between a quarter and a third of national budgets in sub-saharan countries (and 40 per cent in the most heavily indebted poor countries) go to service debt. For the countries enduring the calamitous impact of AIDS, such senseless misdirection of scarce resources is especially cruel. This massive resource shift costs children dearly. In the United Republic of Tanzania, four times more goes to repay UNICEF/ /Chalasani debt than to primary education and nine times more than to basic health. Mozambique pays wealthy creditors more than it spends on basic education and health combined. So, too, does Zambia, which currently owes $7.2 billion in debt, five to six times its export earnings. To further deepen the crisis, official development assistance (ODA) is plumbing record lows. The proportion of gross national product (GNP) that industrialized nations devote to assistance now stands at 0.22 per cent, less than a third of the UN target of 0.7 per cent. If it had remained at just 0.33 per cent, its level as recently as 1992, developing countries would be receiving $24 billion more each year. And of the bilateral aid reaching poor countries, about one quarter boomerangs back to donors as debt repayments. In Tanzania, one in every three aid dollars, and in Nicaragua and Zambia, as much as one in every two, is spent in this pointless way, instead of relieving poverty or laying the foundations for future growth. Debt increases dependence on aid, slows growth, inhibits foreign investment, creates instability and soaks up money that could be spent on health, education and other vital services. The debt crisis also cost creditor nations an estimated 6 million jobs in the 1980s, because money that debtor countries could have spent buying products went instead to service debt. A mélange of capitals and countries have given their names to initiatives intended to relieve this debt slavery: London, Lyons, Mauritius, Naples, Toronto, Trinidad. But as far as the poor are concerned, they might all have been launched in never-never land, so meagre have been their results. The approach now being followed is the Heavily Indebted 28
4 THE PROGRESS OF NATIONS 1999 Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative, designed to help 41 poor countries, 33 of them in Africa. Their child mortality rates are one-third higher and their maternal mortality rates nearly three times greater than the average for developing countries. More than a third of their children have not been immunized, and about a half of their people are illiterate. The HIPC Initiative is the best hope yet to reduce all debt to what are supposed to be sustainable levels. But how slowly and grudgingly does it confer its benefits! Only two countries have received relief at the time of writing, despite the extreme urgency of their plight. Countries must pass tough, often inappropriate, criteria to be eligible for the HIPC Initiative, undergoing, for instance, three to six years of harsh structural adjustment programmes that often deepen poverty or widen inequality while failing to promote growth. The Initiative set the debt service to export earnings ratio at per cent, although the countries could ill afford the 16 per cent they were paying in They will thus be no more and probably less able to meet the goals set for children than they were before. Little money has actually been provided for this Initiative, which is expected to cost about $12.5 billion, placing the appearance of financial rectitude above any real relief to the poor. How unlikely it is that the funding will materialize might be gauged from the experience of Honduras. Although Honduras was devastated at the end of 1998 by Hurricane Mitch, it has received only a fraction of the help promised by donors to meet $200 million in debt service due this year. In contrast, of course, was the speed with which donors mobilized $100 billion in just a few months to bail out East Asia, where insolvency threatened Western economies! There has been a strong campaign to persuade rich country governments to make the HIPC scheme less rigid and to offer relief more quickly. This year, Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States called for reforms to speed the pace, calling also for debt cancellation for some severely stressed countries. OXFAM similarly has proposed reforms, most notably to give earlier and much deeper relief to debtor countries that wish to devote per cent of the savings to programmes to reduce poverty. These would, of course, have to be worked out through collaboration between lenders and borrowers. And a commitment on the part of both borrowers and lenders to protect an indebted country s capacity to deliver basic social services to its people before any debt repayments are made is another reform being proposed. Uganda, the first country to get relief, is already educating another 2 million children; Bolivia, the second, is to help fund a national programme to reduce rural poverty. OXFAM calculates that such relief would enable Tanzania to enrol almost all of its children in primary school, Mozambique to double health expenditure and rehabilitate schools and health centres, and Nicaragua to achieve a wide range of objectives, including universal free primary education, improved primary health care for 1.2 million people, and safe water for 600,000 more of its citizens. Push to cancel debt Immensely valuable as such reforms could be, however, they are not enough. Unpayable debt exacerbates poverty, so some or all of the debt must be cancelled for the poorest countries at least. The Jubilee 2000 campaign, which calls for a one-off cancellation of unpayable debt at the millennium, has won both wide popular support and been endorsed by many political and religious leaders. The precise date may be a matter for debate, but the need for significant cancellation is now unquestionable. It is said that cancellation would set a precedent and make it less likely that debtor countries would be lent money in the future. But, as we have seen, there have been defaults in the past, and the poorest debtors attract little investment anyway. Cancellation, it is also claimed, would create a moral hazard by rewarding irresponsibility. But reckless lending helped cause the crisis, so the responsibility is a joint one. Besides, the debtors have already repaid what they owe in actual cash terms; clearly, a greater moral hazard is created by continuing to insist on extreme financial stringency at the expense of children s lives. Cancellation is an opportunity for both creditors and debtors to launch a war on poverty and direct resources to the most needy, especially children, by concentrating on human development. It would be consistent with the 20/20 Initiative a plan for financing basic social services from national resources and donor funds agreed upon by all governments at the World Summit for Social Development in 1995 and it is long overdue. The time for a joint assault on debt and destitution is not now it was yesterday. For millions of children, tomorrow will be too late. Debt s burden falls most heavily on the minds and bodies of children. UNICEF/ /Balaguer 29
5 DEBT HAS A CHILD S FACE LEAGUE TABLE: EXTERNAL DEBT AS PERCENTAGE OF GNP How to measure the levels of debt that can be sustained is intensely debated. Some argue that many definitions of what constitutes sustainable debt put the thresholds so high that unacceptable sacrifices of basic social services, with great human costs, have to be made so that debt service can be paid. This league table of external debt-to-gnp ratios does not include such economic or social sustainability factors, but it does provide a useful perspective for examining and comparing countries debt levels. Gauging debt s burden Borrowing is essential for financing development and is a fundamental aspect of the global economic system. Ideally, a country borrows to boost long-term productivity and economic output and to advance in human development, with gains from economic growth and exports going to further stimulate the economy and repay lenders the principal and interest owed. However, when a country s debt becomes disproportionately large compared to its gross national product (GNP) and export earnings, then instead of stimulating growth and helping to advance human development, debt begins to sap economic vitality and drain resources from social sectors. To repay such high levels of debt (so as not to default or add arrears to the total debt), a country must divert already scarce resources. Too often the poor, especially children, pay the highest price, deprived of basic health care, nutrition and education because a significant proportion of government resources goes to servicing debt. The table lists countries by region in order of the magnitude of their debt burden calculated as the ratio of total external or foreign debt to GNP. The most debt-distressed countries top the regional lists. But their debt burdens are not equal. Guinea- Bissau, where debt is 366% of its GNP, has a far greater burden than Turkmenistan, where debt is 63% of GNP. Averages often mask serious disparities. In sub-saharan Africa, the most seriously affected region, the average is 69%. But this average includes South Africa, where the GNP is more than 40% of the combined GNP of the entire region and where the external debt-to-gnp ratio is low. As the chart on the facing page shows, when South African data is excluded, the region s ratio jumps to 108%. The external debt-to-gnp ratio is only one measure used to gauge debt. The ratio of debt service to exports also determines whether poor countries debts are sustainable, as do the terms on which debt is incurred. Guinea-Bissau, for example, borrowed nearly three quarters of its debt on concessional terms (at low interest rates for long terms, with repayment deferred), while Turkmenistan borrowed less than 5% on such terms. But Guinea-Bissau s very high debt-to-gnp ratio nonetheless indicates severe economic and social stress. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Guinea-Bissau 366 Somalia 307 Congo 278 Mozambique 249 Mauritania 235 Angola 232 Congo, Dem. Rep. 232 Liberia 189 Zambia 185 Côte d Ivoire 165 Ethiopia 159 Sierra Leone 141 Madagascar 119 Mali 119 Burundi 113 Cameroon 109 Gambia 108 Tanzania 97 Gabon 96 Guinea 95 Togo 93 Ghana 89 Malawi 89 Central African Rep. 88 Niger 86 Nigeria 85 Senegal 83 Benin 77 t Regional average 69 Chad 65 Kenya 65 Rwanda 60 Zimbabwe 58 Mauritius 57 Uganda 56 Burkina Faso 54 Lesotho 52 South Africa 20 Botswana 11 Eritrea 9 Namibia 2 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA Sudan 182 Syria 126 Jordan 117 Yemen 77 Algeria 69 Tunisia 63 Morocco 59 Turkey 47 Egypt 39 t Regional average 37 Oman 34 Lebanon 33 Kuwait 28 U. Arab Emirates 28 Israel 25 Saudi Arabia 15 Iran 10 Iraq Libya DEVELOPING WORLD AVERAGE 35 % 30
6 THE PROGRESS OF NATIONS 1999 CENTRAL ASIA Turkmenistan 63 Tajikistan 45 Kyrgyzstan 43 Armenia 38 Georgia 28 t Regional average 20 Kazakhstan 19 Azerbaijan 12 Uzbekistan 11 Afghanistan WHAT THE TABLE RANKS Total external debt as a percentage of gross national product (GNP) EAST/SOUTH ASIA AND PACIFIC Lao PDR 132 Viet Nam 89 Mongolia 73 Cambodia 70 Indonesia 65 Thailand 63 Papua New Guinea 56 Philippines 53 Malaysia 51 Sri Lanka 51 Nepal 49 Pakistan 47 Bangladesh 35 New Zealand 34* Korea, Rep. 33 Bhutan 27 India 27 China 17 t Regional average 11 Australia 9* Japan 0* Singapore 0* Korea, Dem. Myanmar Change over time: External debt as a percentage of GNP, developing countries External debt as a percentage of GNP Sub-Saharan Africa* *Excluding South Africa Middle East and North Africa East/South Asia and Pacific AMERICAS Nicaragua 306 Honduras 103 Jamaica 98 Ecuador 87 Panama 75 Bolivia 68 Peru 50 Chile 42 Venezuela 42 Argentina 39 Trinidad/Tobago 39 Costa Rica 38 Haiti 38 Mexico 38 Colombia 35 Uruguay 33 Dominican Rep. 29 El Salvador 29 Brazil 24 Guatemala 23 Paraguay 21 t Regional average 19 United States 16* Canada 10* Cuba Americas EUROPE Bulgaria 101 TFYR Macedonia 71 Hungary 55 Moldova, Rep. 52 Slovakia 52 Czech Rep. 42 Bosnia/Herzegovina 41 Sweden 37* Finland 36* Croatia 35 Romania 33 Poland 29 Albania 28 Denmark 26 Russian Fed. 26 Greece 25* Germany 19* Ukraine 18 Lithuania 16 t Regional average 15 Estonia 14 Netherlands 13* Austria 12* Slovenia 12 Spain 12* Latvia 9 Norway 6* United Kingdom 6* Belarus 5 Italy 5* Belgium 0* Switzerland 0* France Ireland Portugal Yugoslavia *Central government external debt only. Sources for league table and accompanying graph: World Bank, Global Development Finance 1999 and World Bank Atlas 1999; and IMF, Government Finance Statistics Yearbook,
7 DEBT HAS A CHILD S FACE DATA BRIEFS: PROGRESS AND DISPARITY Debt takes heavy toll on children s rights Out of 27 developing countries surveyed, only 9 manage to spend more on basic social services than on debt servicing, according to a recent study by UNICEF and UNDP. Six of the 12 African countries in the survey spend more than twice as much on debt as on basic social services. Such social services including primary and reproductive health care, nutrition, safe water, adequate sanitation and basic education are essential in safeguarding children s right to survival and development and in overcoming entrenched poverty. In nine of the countries, debt payments absorb more than 30% of the national budget, and in Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania (excluding Zanzibar) and Zambia, debt drains 40% or more of budgets. In comparison, basic social services receive, on average, only 13% of national budgets, and less than 10% in seven of the countries Brazil, Cameroon, Dominican Republic, Malawi, Nicaragua, Philippines and Zambia. These findings indicate that world leaders need to renew the commitments made at the 1990 World Summit for Children to work for debt relief. The findings also demonstrate why debt reduction is vital for the 20/20 Initiative, supported by UNICEF and other international agencies, which urges that developing countries allocate 20% of their budgets for the basics and that donor countries also earmark 20% of their official development assistance for the basics. How little has changed It is necessary to give some voice, however inadequate, to the children of the developing world who have no other say in international economic dealings but who are so profoundly and permanently affected by them. The fact that so much of today s staggering debt was irresponsibly lent and irresponsibly borrowed would matter less if the consequences of such folly were falling on its perpetrators. Yet now, when the party is over and the bills are coming in, it is the poor who are being asked to pay. And when the impact becomes visible in rising death rates among children, rising percentages of lowbirthweight babies, falling figures for the average weight-for-height of the under-fives, and lower school enrolment ratios among 6- to 11-yearolds, then it is essential to strip away the niceties of economic parlance and say that what has happened is simply an outrage against a large section of humanity. Allowing world economic problems to be taken out on the growing minds and bodies of young children is the antithesis of all civilized behaviour. Nothing can justify it. And it shames and diminishes us all. These words are taken from UNICEF s The State of the World s HIPC countries* Angola Bolivia Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Central African Rep. Chad Congo Congo, Dem. Rep. Côte d Ivoire Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Honduras Kenya Lao PDR Liberia Where the money goes Children 1989 report, but they could have been written yesterday. For years now, the consequences of the global debt crisis have fallen most heavily on the young, particularly on children in the 38 countries listed, which are poor, highly indebted and have been in desperate need of relief since the crisis began in % of central government expenditure on: Basic social Debt Year(s) services service Africa Tanzania* Kenya Malawi Zambia Cameroon Côte d Ivoire Niger Benin Burkina Faso Uganda South Africa Namibia Asia Philippines ** Sri Lanka Nepal Thailand ** Latin America and Caribbean Jamaica El Salvador Honduras Brazil Nicaragua ** Costa Rica Bolivia ** Dominican Rep Colombia ** Belize ** Chile *Excluding Zanzibar. **International Monetary Fund, Government Finance Statistics Yearbook, 1996, data for the same or latest available year. Sources: UNICEF and UNDP, Country Experiences in Assessing the Adequacy, Equity and Efficiency of Public Spending on Basic Social Services, October 1998, and unpublished documents. Madagascar Mali Mauritania Mozambique Myanmar Nicaragua Niger Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Tanzania Togo Uganda Viet Nam Yemen Zambia *The list of HIPC countries is evolving as countries debt burdens are evaluated against three criteria. To qualify for assistance under the HIPC Initiative, a country must be poor, have an unsustainable debt (defined as more than % of the value of their annual exports with debt service greater than 20 25% of their annual income from exports) and have implemented reforms. Note: Initially, the HIPC list contained 41 countries that appeared to fit the criteria. Since the programme began in 1996, Benin, Nigeria and Senegal have been found not to meet the criteria. Other countries are expected to be dropped and more to be added during the review process. Source: World Bank. The Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative, or HIPC, was launched under the leadership of the World Bank and IMF at the end of 1996, with the goal of returning to solvency such severely impoverished countries with unsustainable debt burdens. Progress, however, has been slow and painful: So far, only two countries Uganda and Bolivia have received relief, and commitments for HIPC support have been made to only five additional countries. As this publication goes to press, leaders of some of the wealthiest creditor countries are preparing to meet to discuss, among other issues, reforming and speeding the HIPC process. This is a hopeful sign. But proposals have been made before, and optimism is difficult to muster given the experience of the last 10 years, with outcomes so dwarfed by the overwhelming needs. And the costs to children, meanwhile, continue to mount. 32
8 THE PROGRESS OF NATIONS 1999 Poor hit hardest as aid plummets Debt drains resources from vital services. Many countries allocate less than 10% of their national budgets to basic social services. A poor neighbourhood in Peru. Focusing aid on the basics During the 1990s, a broad understanding has developed that access for all to basic social services is vital for reducing poverty. These essentials comprise basic health care, including reproductive health, basic education, nutrition programmes and safe water supply and sanitation. Yet millions of children are deprived of their right to these building blocks for a brighter future, destined instead to live and die in poverty. Development assistance is one key element in improving access to basic social services in poor countries and forms a linchpin of the 20/20 Initiative, which urges governments of both donor and developing countries UNICEF/ /Horner The gulf between rich and poor has widened dramatically during the 1990s while aid to developing countries has plummeted. In the world s poorest countries, the average GNP slipped from $240 per person in 1990 to $232 in This contrasts with an average GNP surge from $20,900 to $27,000 per person in donor countries during the same period. Despite this growth in donor wealth, official development assistance (ODA) dropped to $48.3 billion in In real terms, this was 21% lower than in For the Group of 7 the leading industrial countries the decline was almost 30%. Cuts in ODA have hit hardest in poor countries where child mortality is high and access to primary education and safe drinking water is low, and which are also bypassed by private capital flows. Aid as a proportion of donor countries GNPs a measure of their ability to provide aid fell to an average of 0.22% in 1997, the lowest point since 1970, when the world agreed on the aid target of 0.7% of donors GNP. Only four countries Denmark, Netherlands, Norway and Sweden consistently reach or exceed the target. Denmark earmarked 0.97% of its GNP for aid in 1997, the highest proportion among donor countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The United States gave the lowest proportion, 0.09%. Denmark also led donors on the basis of aid per person, giving $311 per capita; Italy was the lowest per capita donor, giving $22. Japan was the highest aid donor in dollar terms, allocating $9.4 billion, followed by Aid to basic social services Year % of total aid spent on basic social services Sub-Saharan Africa Namibia Mali Kenya Benin Burkina Faso Niger Uganda Zambia Tanzania Côte d Ivoire Cameroon the United States with $6.9 billion, and France with $6.3 billion. If all donor countries had met the aid target of 0.7% of GNP, total aid would have been more than $100 billion above the 1997 total. Maintained Aid on the decline Amounts* ODA as % of Total aid Aid per Change per donor nations GNP ($ billions) person ($) person ($) % 1997 % since 1990 Denmark Norway Netherlands Sweden Luxembourg France Canada Switzerland Finland Belgium Ireland Australia Germany Austria New Zealand United Kingdom Portugal Spain Japan Italy United States Average/total *In 1997 dollars. As of 1997, aid to Israel is no longer counted as ODA. Sources: OECD, Development Co-operation (1996 and 1998 reports); UN Population Division, World Population Prospects, 1998 revision. to allocate 20% of their official development assistance and national budgets, respectively, to basic social services. However, it has been difficult to pinpoint what proportion of aid goes to the basics. Now studies of 16 countries, conducted by UNICEF and UNDP, Year % of total aid spent on basic social services Latin America Nicaragua Bolivia Peru Asia Sri Lanka Viet Nam Sources: UNICEF and UNDP, Country Experiences in Assessing the Adequacy, Equity and Efficiency of Public Spending on Basic Social Services, October 1998, and unpublished documents. for 10 years, this amount would be more than enough to ensure access to basic social services basic education and primary health care, adequate nutrition and safe water and sanitation for all communities. throw new light on this question. They found, for example, that in 7 of the 16 countries reviewed, 10% or less of aid goes to fund basic social services. In Kenya, Mali and Namibia, on the other hand, the levels are 20% or more. Another finding is that levels of aid to the basics can vary widely over time (shifts that are not indicated in the table). In Niger, for example, the share rose from 6% in 1992 to 18% in 1995, while in Peru it dropped from 22% in 1994 to 5% in These studies are helping reveal areas where greater resources should be focused, and further research will broaden this knowledge base. 33
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Full Time
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- Accountancy
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He had offers entering the week from Tulsa, UNLV, Missouri, North Texas, and Missouri State, but based on who has offered since, we'd call it a home run.
"Yes sir, OU offered after I was at their camp and then OSU offered on Monday after I had been there on Sunday," said an excited Colvin. "I'm trying to stay humble, but that is a big thing to have that big two (offering). I've got to stay hungry."
As far as the Oklahoma State camp, Colvin admitted that he has a fondness for Oklahoma State.
"You know I moved over here from Tennessee before high school," said Colvin. "I really didn't have a favorite school, even Tennessee. I just loved football, so I liked a lot of schools.
"You know Brandon Webb (OSU incoming freshman offensive lineman from Owasso), we've always been friends and I've been with him over at OSU to see games and stuff. I've always loved it at OSU. The facilities are great, and at the camp I felt I could have done better. You know I was at the OU and the Tulsa camps. I wish I'd had my legs under me. I did pretty good, but I could have done better."
He did good enough to get offered, so that is pretty good. Colvin also told Scout's Greg Powers that he liked the OU camp.
"It was everything I expected," Colvin began. "I thought the camp was run great. They definitely know what they are doing. I met Coach (Bobby Jack) Wright (for the first time) at junior day last year. I like him a lot, but I did not really know what his coaching style was and I got a good feel for him and I like how he coaches.
"I always knew that I could play with the best and I just wanted to show it today. I wanted to go against Demarco (Cobbs) and I wanted to go against #2 (Brandon Graves) because he did real good today. I wanted to go against those guys so I could show what I could do."
Colvin would like to major in sports therapy, some medical field, or pyschology. He said he has not set a deadline on when he wants to commit but if he sees certain things from the schools he is strongly considering, and right now it would appear Oklahoma State and Oklahoma are at the top, he said he would commit before his senior season.
Speaking of his senior season, he feels pretty good about the Owasso Rams.
"We're kind of under the radar right now, but I see what we have coming back and I think we are going to be pretty good."
Recruiting: Owasso's Colvin Hits HR At Camps
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InMotion 2014: Millville, NJ
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Property Name: Era de Aracena
Property Address: CARRETERA SEVILLA-PORTUGAL KM 85,4, ARACENA, , 21200
Property Description: This hotel is set at the heart of the Sierra de Aracena and Picos de Aroche. It is located close to Aracena, the caves and the Museo del Jamon Iberico. The picturesque, culturally-rich villages of the area can be found nearby. The hotel is just a 1 hour's driving distance away from San Pablo Airport. This wonderful hotel is set amidst 12 acres of natural landscape. The guest rooms respect the serenity of the surroundings, featuring soothing tones and a relaxed ambiance. The hotel offers a meeting room, for the convenience of those travelling for work purposes. The restaurant serves delectable dishes, complemented by a serene, relaxed ambiance.
Property Facts: Year of Last Renovation: N/A


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comScore has released their search engine share report for September 2009 and we're seeing yet another twist in the "Can Bing catch up with Google?" saga. You may remember that Bing has been on quite a roll since launch gaining over 1 percentage point, with Google and Yahoo! trading off the losses.
Well, the tides began to turn last month, with Google regaining 0.3% of its loss and Bing gaining another 0.1% in share, which is not the rate of growth they have been experiencing. This time, Yahoo! suffered the losses with a 0.5% decline. Ask.com and AOL held steady.
Another interesting tidbit is YouTube's continued growth and how it compares to search. Greg Jarboe already provided you with the scoop on how more YouTube videos were watched in August than searches conducted in September. Be sure to read his post because this is a phenomenon to watch for sure.
Also, read up on Promoted Videos, which is essentially paid search for YouTube. You can now purchase Promoted Videos in AdWords, which will appear in the search results over at YouTube.
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