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*From Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
Correspondence to: Marin Kollef, MD, FCCP, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110; e-mail: email@example.com
Nosocomial infections are problematic in the ICU because of their frequency, morbidity, and mortality. The most common ICU infections are pneumonia, bloodstream infection, and urinary tract infection, most of which are device related. Surgical site infection is common in surgical ICUs, and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea is occurring with increasing frequency. Prospective observational studies confirm that use of evidence-based guidelines can reduce the rate of these ICU infections, especially when simple tactics are bundled. To increase the likelihood of success, follow the specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time bound (SMART) approach. Choose specific objectives that precisely define and quantify desired outcomes, such as reducing the nosocomial ICU infection rate of an institution by 25%. To measure the objective, monitor staff adherence to tactics and infection rates, and provide feedback to ICU staff. Make objectives achievable and relevant by engaging stakeholders in the selection of specific tactics and steps for implementation. Nurses and other stakeholders can best identify the tactics that are achievable within their busy ICUs. Unburden the bedside provider by taking advantage of new technologies that reduce nosocomial infection rates. Objectives should also be relevant to the institution so that administrators provide adequate staffing and other resources. Appoint a team to champion the intervention and collaborate with administrators and ICU staff. Provide ongoing communication to reinforce educational tactics and fine-tune practices over time. Make objectives time bound; set dates for collecting baseline and periodic data, and a completion date for evaluating the success of the intervention.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention1 estimates that 1.7 million nosocomial infections occurred in the United States in 2002. ICUs had the highest rates of infection, at 13 per 1,000 patient-days, and mortality, ranging from 11% for surgical site infection (SSI) to 25% for bloodstream infection (BSI).1The most common ICU infections are pneumonia, urinary tract infection (UTI), and BSI,2and are usually device related. The rate of device-related ICU infections has decreased during the last 25 years (Fig 1
The US government is providing new incentives for further improvement. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services will stop reimbursing hospitals for care made necessary by eight preventable complications as of October 1, 2008.7 Two of these are ICU complications: vascular catheter-related BSI and catheter-associated UTI. Other ICU infections are expected to follow, such as ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection.
The need for improvement has generated many articles on ICU infections,8–13 including the excellent review by Eggimann and Pittet,13and evidence-based guidelines.14–20 Many of these guidelines will be updated in 2008, so they are summarized only briefly in this review. Observational studies confirm that evidence-based approaches can reduce infection rates. For example, a single surveillance tactic involving German ICUs significantly reduced rates of catheter-related BSI rates (relative risk [RR], 0.80), VAP (RR, 0.71), and SSI (RR, 0.72).21Analyses of studies showed that bundled interventions were even more effective and reduced rates of catheter-related BSI by a range of 29 to 95%22and VAP by 31 to 57%.23
Management guru Peter Drucker conceptualized management by objectives > 50 years ago24 and advocated the use of specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) objectives. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent studies of preventive interventions in the ICU, with the aim of identifying SMART objectives to further reduce the infection rate. A PubMed search was conducted to identify observational studies of bundled interventions that aimed to prevent nosocomial infections; studies published since the year 2000 were selected whenever possible.
No decision has been made unless carrying it out in specific steps has become someone's work assignment and responsibility.
Peter F. Drucker, management guru
The Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) guidelines14 for preventing intravascular-catheter-related BSI include educating health-care workers, assessing their knowledge of and adherence to guidelines, and using designated, trained personnel to insert and maintain catheters (Table 1
). The guidelines also include routine monitoring to determine infection rates in patients with central venous catheters (CVCs), trends in those rates, and lapses in infection-control practices.,14 Surveillance should include a written plan, maintaining intensity and consistency over time, adequate personnel and other resources, and annual evaluation.25
Prospective observational studies26–32 confirm that bundled interventions can significantly reduce infection rates (Table 2
). Success rates, however, are highly variable depending on institution-specific factors, such as the baseline infection rate, preventive tactics chosen for bundles, and adherence to the tactics. Success rates also vary depending on study design, especially duration of observation, as well as many other variables.
My colleagues conducted a series of studies26–28 at our 1,200-bed facility beginning in 1998. Specific risk-reduction tactics focused on methods for the following: (1) hand hygiene and aseptic technique; (2) detecting signs and symptoms of infection; (3) sending catheter-tip culture; (4) catheter-site care; (5) replacing administration sets and fluids; (6) caring for injection ports and dead-end caps; (7) handling parenteral fluids and multidose vials; and (8) drawing blood cultures. This educational intervention was directed at surgical ICU nurses and decreased the rate of CVC-related infections by 66% (p < 0.0001).26The number of infections fell to none the second month after intervention, but this level of success was not sustainable over the 18-month postintervention period. Random bedside audits revealed multiple adherence deficiencies,27 the most common being failure to date the dressing (nonadherence rate, 89%) and improper hand hygiene (83%). Next, my colleagues27 designed behavioral interventions for nurses and physicians, which generally improved adherence and led to a nonsignificant trend toward a further decrease in infection rate.
In our third study,28 the educational intervention was expanded to include physicians and provide monthly feedback on infection rates to ICU staff. This bundled approach decreased the CVC-related infection rate by 42% (p = 0.019). As in the previous study,26 the early zero infection rate was not sustainable throughout the 24-month postintervention period,28 underscoring the need for achievable objectives. For example, Bhutta and colleagues30 aimed to reduce infection rates below the national rate by the year 2000. They formed a multidisciplinary team to implement evidence-based tactics in a stepwise manner. The overall relative RR of 75% (p < 0.001) met their predefined objective.30 Eggimann and colleagues29 reported a sustained reduction for 6 years after implementing a bundled approach. Adherence may have been improved by involving staff members in program design and requiring training for new nurses, residents, and fellows.29
Three studies confirmed success across multiple institutions. In Pennsylvania,31 an advisory committee of regional infection-control experts discussed strategies and collaborated with infection-control professionals and medical staff at participating hospitals. This bundle reduced the mean infection rate by 68% over 4 years.31In Michigan,32 each ICU designated physician and nurse team leaders who partnered with local infection-control practitioners to implement interventions and monitor infection rates. The evidence-based procedures were similar to those in the Pennsylvania study and also included hand hygiene. This bundled intervention significantly reduced the infection rate at 3 months and sustained it for 18 months.32In a multistate study,33 significant improvements occurred in the percentage of CVCs inserted into the femoral vein (relative ratio, 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61 to 0.88), proportion of properly dated dressings (relative ratio, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.17 to 1.42), and infection rate (relative ratio, 0.79, 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.93).
Hand hygiene is a seemingly simple practice that merits consideration because of the impact on CVC-associated BSIs34and low staff adherence rate of only 40%.35 Coopersmith27 was shocked that none of five physicians washed their hands or used alcohol foam before inserting CVCs. Simply disseminating hand hygiene guidelines does not change practice; bundled approaches are more likely to be effective.34 Bhutta et al30 first attempted to improve adherence with annual campaigns that included posters, hospital television video, before and after intervention testing, and newsletters. To further facilitate hand washing, his institution quadrupled the number of hand-washing stations per bed and added two alcohol-gel stations per bed. Collectively, these tactics increased adherence to hand hygiene from 47 to 82%.30 These practices are generally consistent with HICPAC hand-washing guidelines, which address educational and motivational programs, administrative measures, selection of hand-washing agents, and other aspects of hand hygiene.35
Adequacy of staffing and other resources also merit consideration because of the impact on CVC-related BSI36–37 and other nosocomial ICU infections.38–40 For example, the patient-to-nurse ratio was an independent risk factor for CVC-related BSI in the surgical ICU, suggesting that staff reductions contributed to an outbreak of BSIs by impeding adequate catheter care during increased use of total parenteral nutrition.36
Novel tactics are being evaluated for added benefit to bundles.41 For example, antiseptic- or antibiotic-impregnated catheters and antiseptic-impregnated dressings may be useful because these tactics mitigate any adherence problems for busy ICU staff, especially when target infection rates cannot be achieved. Minocycline- and rifampin-impregnated catheters were the second step implemented by Bhutta and colleagues.30 Each step appeared to further reduce the infection rate; however, the incremental benefit of these catheters was not specified.30 Vancomycin lock solution was beneficial in high-risk patients (risk ratio, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.12 to 0.98; p = 0.04) in a metaanalysis of seven studies42–; however, studies are needed to assess the impact on resistance. Staphylococcus aureus conjugate vaccine conferred partial immunity against S aureus bacteremia in a double-blind study43 of patients undergoing hemodialysis (estimate of efficacy, 57%; 95% CI, 10 to 81%; p = 0.02), but the benefit waned after 40 weeks. A sutureless device for securing peripherally inserted CVCs reduced the infection rate in a randomized comparison with sutures (infection rate, 2% vs 12%; p = 0.032),44 but larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.
The things included in the measurement become relevant; the things omitted are out of sight and out of mind.
Peter F. Drucker
The American Thoracic Society,15Joint Planning Group16and HICPAC17 rate their recommendations on the strength of supporting evidence (Table 3
). These guidelines are based on VAP pathogenesis,8,45and aim to prevent bacterial colonization of the aerodigestive tract (eg, routine hand hygiene between patient contacts) and aspiration (eg, continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions and semirecumbent positioning of the patient). Nonadherence is common among physicians47 and nurses,48 and does not correlate with the level of evidence.47–49 Among physicians, the most common reasons for nonadherence are disagreement with interpretation of clinical studies (35%), lack of resources (31%), and costs (17%).47Among nurses, the most common reasons are lack of resources (37%), miscellaneous (overwork, lack of time for hand washing; 22%), patient discomfort (8%), disagreement with reported study results (8%), and fear of potential adverse events (6%).48 In another survey,50 nurses perceived that the main determinant of semirecumbency was physicians' orders, whereas intensivists perceived that the main determinant was nursing preference. These heterogeneous factors should be considered in designing educational approaches.
Prospective observational studies51–53 confirm that educational interventions can encourage bundled practices, which in turn can significantly reduce infection rates (Table 4
). For example, my colleagues,52 conducted a series of studies, first at our adult teaching hospital51 and subsequently at three additional local hospitals. Specific risk-reduction tactics included meticulous hand hygiene, semirecumbent positioning (≥ 30°), oral intubation, and regularly draining condensate from ventilator circuits. This intervention decreased VAP rates by 58% at the teaching hospital (p < 0.001)51and 46% at all four hospitals (p < 0.001).52 Decreases were significant at each hospital, except for one community hospital where respiratory therapists had the lowest educational module completion rate (p < 0.001), suggesting the importance of adherence to educational tactics.
Lai and colleagues53 assembled a team at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center to outline and implement tactics in a stepwise manner. Steps focused on respiratory therapists and ICU nurses who received quarterly feedback on VAP rates. Diagnosing physicians were not aware of the intervention, potentially limiting bias. Each step further reduced VAP rates, for overall reductions of 38% (surgical ICU) and 48% (medical ICU).53
Novel tactics are being evaluated for added benefit to bundles. For example, a silver-coated endotracheal tube (ETT) is promising because it is the first tactic to become user independent after intubation, circumventing the dual problems of adherence and workload. Clinical benefit was demonstrated in a multicenter, randomized, controlled study.54 In patients intubated ≥ 24 h, the silver-coated ETT was associated with reduced rates of microbiologically confirmed VAP at any time after intubation (rate for silver vs uncoated, 4.8% vs 7.5%; RR reduction, 35.9%; p = 0.03) and within 10 days of intubation (rate, 3.5% vs 6.7%; RR reduction, 47.6%; p = 0.005). The device appeared to confer additional benefit because participating institutions followed local preventive practices and avoided change during the study. There were no between-group differences in frequency and severity of adverse events.54Subglottic secretion drainage reduced the incidence of VAP by nearly half (relative ratio, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.37 to 0.71) in a metaanalysis.55The benefit occurred in patients expected to require > 72 h of mechanical ventilation and was primarily attributable to reduced incidence of early onset pneumonia. Subglottic secretion drainage is associated with few complications, except for case reports of tracheal mucosal injury,56 and anecdotal reports of plugging of the specialized lumen for aspiration of secretions.55
Can we achieve this idea? Or can we only talk about it?
HICPAC guidelines18 for preventing catheter- associated UTI were published in 1981 (Table 5
) and are currently under revision. Current category 1 recommendations include educating staff about correct aseptic catheter insertion and care techniques, hand washing before and after catheter manipulation, maintaining a closed system, properly securing catheters, and maintaining unobstructed urine flow. A practice to be avoided in ICUs is routine use of prophylactic antibiotics.,57
Prospective observational studies58–59 confirm that preventive interventions can significantly reduce catheter-associated UTI rates (Table 6
). For example, Goetz and colleagues,58reported that simply providing nurses with unit-specific quarterly feedback on infection rates reduced them by 46% (p = 0.002). Rosenthal and colleagues59 implemented a bundle that led to an RR reduction of 0.58 (95% CI, 0.39 to 0.86; p = 0.006).59
Novel tactics should be considered for added benefit to bundles. For example, silver alloy-coated urinary catheters have been studied extensively and shown to significantly reduce catheter-associated UTI rates in metaanalyses.60–61 Only two studies62–63 have focused specifically on the ICU, and trends favoring silver-coated catheters were not significant. Nonetheless, urinary catheters are used widely across the entire inpatient setting (ICU and non-ICU). Therefore, silver-coated urinary catheters with supporting clinical evidence should be considered as a complementary prevention strategy.
There is nothing so useless as doing efficiently that which is irrelevant.
Extensive guidelines are available from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for preventing SSI, from before to after operative care (Table 7
).19 For example, antimicrobial prophylaxis should be used only when indicated and based on the most common pathogens for the specific operation and published guidelines. The drug should be administered IV to yield bactericidal concentrations during the surgical procedure.19 Specifically, dosing should begin 60 min before incision,64and end ≤ 48 h after cardiac surgery65 and ≤ 24 h after other surgeries.64 One of the most ICU-relevant guidelines involves postoperative incision care, specifying sterile dressing for 24 to 48 h after primary closure, and hand washing before and after any surgical-site contact.19
Prospective observational studies66–68 confirm that preventive interventions can significantly reduce SSI rates (Table 8
). For example, Geubbels and colleagues,67 reported success with a national surveillance network in the Netherlands that enabled hospitals to compare rates and optimize infection- control practices. The adjusted risk of infection was reduced by 31% during the fourth year (95% CI, 11 to 46%) and 57% during the fifth year (95% CI, 24 to 76%).67Dellinger and colleagues68 reported success with a 1-year collaborative project in which teams of clinical champions (eg, surgeon and infection-control professional) attended sessions on implementing and measuring change. Multiple types of communication facilitated exchange of innovations, barriers, lessons learned, and results. The infection rate was reduced by 27% from the first to the last quarter (p = 0.0005).,68
Time is the scarcest resource and unless it is managed, nothing else can be managed.
C difficile is the most common cause of nosocomial diarrhea,20 an increasingly common ICU problem. When the Society of Healthcare Epidemiology of America published its 1995 position paper,20 the only guidelines supported by good evidence were using gloves to handle body substances, using disposable thermometers during outbreaks, and antimicrobial stewardship. Studies conducted since 1995 support additional practices aiming at the following: (1) to prevent ingestion of C difficile through environmental control, staff hygiene, and barrier precautions; and (2) to reduce the risk of infection after ingestion, primarily through antimicrobial stewardship.,69 Tactics to be avoided include antimicrobial prophylaxis and treating asymptomatic carriers.69
Popular hospital cleaning agents and alcohol-based hand sanitizers are ineffective against C difficile. The preferred alternatives are hypochlorite solution (1:10 mixture of household bleach to water) for environmental disinfection and either soap or chlorhexidine for hand hygiene.69When the rate of C difficile-associated diarrhea increased from 5.3 to 16.6 cases per 1,000 patient-days in a medical ICU at my institution,70 we implemented intensive entire-unit environmental cleaning; daily cleaning of the nursing station, staff restroom, staff conference room, and waiting room; twice-daily cleaning of patient-care equipment; and monthly infection-rate reports. This bundle reduced the rate to 3.7 cases per 1,000 patient-days (RR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.09 to 0.56). Next, we simplified the intervention and cleaned infected patient rooms daily, sustaining the reduction for 2 years (RR, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.9 to 0.32). This simpler approach successfully controlled a surgical-ICU outbreak and sustained it for 2 years (RR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.09 to 0.52).70
Muto and colleagues71 recently reported success with a series of practices that were fine tuned following surveillance. The first three had little impact. The next practice was more successful and focused on cleaning patient rooms. Subsequent practices included the following: (1) hand washing with soap and water, (2) infection-control audits, and (3) restricting use of clindamycin, ceftriaxone, and levofloxacin. Collectively, these practices reduced the annual infection rate per 1,000 patient-days from 10.4 in 2000 to 3.0 in 2006 (odds ratio, 3.5; 95% CI, 2.3 to 5.4; p < 0.001).71
Probiotics are viable microorganisms that colonize the GI tract and are an attractive option because of ease of administration, low cost, and safety profile.72In a metaanalysis,73 probiotics reduced the RR of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (RR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.58; p < 0.001), but only 13 of 25 randomized, blinded studies had significant between-group differences favoring probiotics. These conflicting results may be attributable to study population differences; concomitant antibiotic use; and probiotic type, dose, and duration. Well-designed multicenter studies are needed to determine the role of probiotics in preventing C difficile-associated diarrhea in the ICU.,72
Evidence-based guidelines are available to reduce nosocomial ICU infection rates, especially when simple tactics are bundled. To increase the likelihood of success, follow the SMART approach. Choose specific objectives that precisely define and quantify desired outcomes, such as reducing the nosocomial ICU infection rate of an institution by 25%. Avoid unrealistic objectives, such as attempting to completely eliminate nosocomial infections. To measure the objective, monitor both staff adherence to tactics and the infection rate using predefined criteria, and provide feedback to ICU staff. Make objectives achievable and relevant by engaging stakeholders and empowering them to select specific tactics and steps for implementation. Nurses and other stakeholders are in the best position to identify the preventive tactics that are achievable within their busy ICUs. Begin with simple, cost-effective tactics. Anticipate the need to add more tactics to achieve the desired target infection rate; specify which tactics will be added to the bundle, and when and how they will be added. Unburden the bedside provider by taking advantage of new technologies shown to reduce nosocomial infection rates. Objectives should also be relevant to the institution so that administrators provide adequate staffing and other resources. Appoint a team to champion the intervention and collaborate with administrators and ICU staff. Provide ongoing communication to reinforce educational tactics and fine-tune practices over time. Make objectives time bound; set dates for collecting baseline and periodic data, and a completion date for evaluating the success of the intervention.
Abbreviations: BSI = bloodstream infection; CI = confidence interval; CVC = central venous catheter; ETT = endotracheal tube; HICPAC = Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee; RR = relative risk; SMART = specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time bound; SSI = surgical site infection; UTI = urinary tract infection; VAP = ventilator-associated pneumonia
The author has received grant support to conduct animal and feasibility studies with the silver-coated endotracheal tube from Bard, and lecture fees from the following commercial entities: Bard, Merck, Pfizer, and Ortho-McNeil.
From O'Grady et al.14 Category IA = strongly recommended for implementation and strongly supported by well-designed studies.
CCCTG = Joint Planning Group of the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group and Canadian Critical Care Society; ATS = American Thoracic Society; MDR = multidrug resistant; SDD = selective digestive decontamination.
Recommendations rated by level of evidence, with I and IA representing stronger evidence than II (see text for details).
From Wong et al.18 Category I = strongly recommended for adoption.
From Leone et al.57
From Mangram et al.19 Category I = strongly recommended for implementation.
For this study, data are from the control ward that did not receive intervention.
I thank Cindy W. Hamilton for helping to prepare the first draft and to revise it. Ms. Hamilton is a freelance medical writer and consultant for CardinalHealth, C. R. Bard, Inc., OrthoMcNeil, Pfizer, and sanofi-aventis.
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Question about Multimedia Projectors
I just purchased this unit and cannot get it to recognize my computer. If I attach the 15 pin connector / DVI-I, it makes my compuer screen go black, and navigating into the menu on the projector shows no signal. When I attach a s-video cable or the USB 2 cable there is no change at all, and the signal is still not acknowledged.
Posted by nychirocop on
I have a Dell Inspiron laptop, very new. I plugged in the Eiki LC XNB3 and the computer screen was projected for a few seconds then stopped and now I can't get it to project my computer at all.
I actually fixed it myself--I found another site that said for Dell systems, you need to hold down the Fn button (bottom left) and push F8 and then it recognizes the projector. Solved the problem immediately!
Posted on Sep 24, 2008
Sometimes you have to change resolutions on the computer display to a lower resolution for the projector to recognize it. try 800x600 first and then make sure your inputs are activated in the menu. sometimes this can be a problem. but most projectors auto recognize when something is plugged in. Let me know if this helps you. Thanks Jay
Posted on Jan 31, 2008
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James Craner, MD, MPH, FACOEM, FACP practices Occupational and Environmental Medicine based in Reno and Las Vegas, Nevada USA.
Dr. Craner specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases and injuries caused by exposure to hazardous chemical, biological, and physical agents in the workplace, residential, and other environments.
Dr. Craner is also the founder and principal developer of webOSCAR™, a software-as-a-service (SaaS) platform designed specifically for employers to manage health and safety as an essential business process.
October 2016. Dr. Craner will present "Audiometric Data Analytic Methods and Tools" as one of the 10 finalists in the US Department of Labor's "Hear and Now" Noise Safety Challenge event in Washington, DC on October 27, 2016. Read about the webOSCAR Noise Safety Challenge submission.
Textbook chapters:
- Current Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 5th Edition (LaDou & Harrison, Editors; McGraw Hill Education, 2014)
Medical Surveillance chapter Workers' Compensation chapter


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Property DetailsFormer model, this condo is beautiful! Not only the views of the New Bo District, but the glass backsplash, granite counters & stainless appliances in the kitchen! There is new carpeting in the master bedroom and the high end stackable washer/dryer stay! There is one main floor indoor parking space and one rsvd exterior parking space that come with this unit. The air handler is 5 years old. The HOA covers heat/AC, water, garbage, bldg. maintenance, snow removal/lawn care, basic cable & internet thru Imon. Owner pays own electric, air handler is electric. Rolling wall art is rsvd but rail will stay
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The immortal life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot
Her name was Henrietta Lacks, but scientists know her as HeLa. HeLa cells were vital for developing the polio vaccine; uncovered secrets of cancer, viruses, and the atom bomb's effects; helped lead to important advances like in vitro fertilization, cloning, and gene mapping; and have been bought and sold by the billions.
Now Rebecca Skloot takes us on an extraordinary journey, from the "colored" ward of Johns Hopkins Hospital in the 1950s to stark white laboratories with freezers full of HeLa cells; from Henrietta's small, dying hometown of Clover, Virginia—a land of wooden slave quarters, faith healings, and voodoo—to East Baltimore today, where her children and grandchildren live and struggle with the legacy of her cells.
Thanks to everybody for a lively discussion - a fascinating topic, of shall I say topics. There were so many aspects of life, family, ethics, science and history. Thanks David for your comment about the women in the Lacks family… we didn't touch on that, but I agree with your observation. Henrietta (and Rebecca who brought her back to "life") will definitely go into our top ten!
0 · January 12, 2014
Unfortunately, I'm not going to be able to make it out today. I really enjoyed the book, definitely a subject I didn't know about that was fascinating. A total side note to the overall story and social commentary, it's amazing how, almost without exception (besides the abusive aunt who raised Henrietta's kids for a while), the women in the family have tried to create positive lives for themselves and their children while the men were abusive, philandering, drug/alcohol addicts, etc. Even later on in life, the women were concerned with honoring Henrietta and finding out the truth, while the men would talk about how they should get money since the HELA cells came from their mother/grandmother. Hope you liked it too, please post the next book after the meetup today, I have some long plane rides coming up and will need entertainment! :)
0 · January 12, 2014
The above link gives the background. The ten minute link below also features Deborah, Henrietta's daughter.
0 · January 12, 2014
There is a ten minute Radiolab program on HeLa cells at the following link:
0 · January 12, 2014
Thanks Rita. Happy New Year to all and I look forward to seeing everyone on Sunday at the new Park & Sixth on Washington.
0 · January 8, 2014
Just finished "Zealot", onto this book!
0 · December 22, 2013
Hi all - I am so sorry I missed our last club. Seems you guys had fun!! I was struck by a cold and really not presentable. I am really looking forward to our next book - I worked myself with HeLa cells in the lab…
Have a wonderful wonderful holiday break - see you all next year!!!
0 · December 15, 2013
Looking forward to both the book and the brunch. Enjoy the holidays.
0 · December 14, 2013
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Video: Wisconsin Dem intervenes to protect GOP senator threatened by mob
posted at 10:12 pm on March 1, 2011 by Allahpundit
You have to see it to believe it. The clip is long and the key moment doesn't come until 2:50 in, but you won't be able to look away. The savior here, in the orange union t-shirt and sportsjacket, is Democratic Rep. Brett Hulsey; behind him, with white hair and glasses, is Republican Sen. Glenn Grothman. Watch and try to imagine what might have happened had Hulsey not been there. Even some of the protesters are sufficiently alarmed to start a chant of "peace-ful" to calm the more unruly ones down.
Ann Althouse, who lives in Wisconsin and has been covering the protests since they began, reports tonight that her husband just got back from the statehouse with video of at least one person who seems to have lost his mind — either from sleep deprivation or who knows what else. Quote: "Someone needs to go around to everyone who is still there and check them for mental stability." If you want to know why Michelle Litjens and other Republicans need a police escort around the Capitol, now you know. Click the image to watch.
Related Posts:
Breaking on Hot Air
Now we're suing veterans for improperly paid reenlistment bonuses?
Report: Justice Department told feds to "stand down" on Dakota Access Pipeline protests


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Shocked and surprised to find 4 eggs in the nesting box today! 1 of the Marans is laying again,(hip hip hooray) and Freida's molt is over and she is laying again. Thank goodness. Working on a small run on the front side of the coop today, just to give them some added covered space when the snow hits. And Mick just hasn't learned a lesson, picking fights with a rooster 3 times your size, never turns out well. Had to put him in the enclose run by himself, so he could calm down. Snapped a couple of pics today since the girls were all watching me work.
Coco cleaning herself after the boys were fighting over her.
Francesca watching me work
Minnie grateful Mick isn't around!
One of the baby mottled cochin bantams
My poor broody Clara, her molting is almost over and finally filling in but she looks so thin. She has turned out to be such a good Mom. I noticed today that she is giving the babies a longer leash and letting them venture further away from her. She is still in the small coop with the babies, I am kind of scared to move them into the big coop. Those boys are so big they might step on the babies. Thinking of making them their own little apartment next to the splash n partridge orps that just went out.


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Here is my problem.
Form is broken up into 4 pages. On first page one would enter info for a spcific product, on second page they would select categories applied which is being displayes off the databse. on third page based on these categories, they would be entering descrption for each category. Now i'm able to show the name of category & textarea next to it. But how can i "name" these fields so that i can retrive it on the next page. Remeber its being displayed in the loop. As its dynamic we are not sure how many fields would be there.

So far i'm not lucky enought to get answer to my question. Maybe I need friends like AK, Vivaldi, Jamie ...one of the genious ASP guru's

Hope to get answer this time
thanks in advance


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Copolymer Composition Determined by LC- MALDI-TOF MS Coupling and MassChrom2D Data Analysis
- Cordelia Bernice Smith
- 1 years ago
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1 Macromolecular Full Paper Copolymer Composition Determined by LC- MALDI-TOF MS Coupling and MassChrom2D Data Analysis Steffen M. Weidner, * Jana Falkenhagen, Ingo Bressler The MALDI-TOF MS analysis of copolymers very often results in complex spectra. A chromatographic separation/fractionation prior to the MALDI investigation can be advantageous since the MALDI mass spectra of fractions very often reveal well-resolved peaks of distinguishable copolymer series. For this purpose, different modes of chromatography have been applied. Chromatographic runs were transferred to MALDI targets utilizing a combined air/electrospray deposition device. Using the new MassChrom2D software, fraction-dependent 2D copolymer compositions plots were obtained providing additional information on the chromatographic mode, and enabling fast modification of conditions to increase separation. 1. Introduction Polymers are typically heterogeneous with regard to molecular mass and mass distribution. Various chromatographic separation modes are known and have been increasingly applied. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) can be used for separation and, after calibration with suitable standards of identical structure, for mass determination. Apart from SEC, two other modes could contribute to copolymer separation as well. These are the liquid adsorption chromatography (LAC, also known as interaction chromatography IC) and the liquid chromatography at the so-called critical point of adsorption (LCCC). The principle of LCCC separation was introduced first by Entelis and co-workers. [ 1 3 ] As Dr. S. M. Weidner, Dr. J. Falkenhagen, I. Bressler BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, 1.3 Structure Analysis, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, Berlin, Germany expressed in the entited methods, these two chromatographic modes utilize (to a greater or lesser extent) adsorption effects for polymer separation. In contrast to SEC, where any adsorption interaction is ideally excluded and macromolecules are separated according to their hydrodynamic radii, interaction chromatography utilizes the interaction ability of either end groups and/or chain structure with a stationary phase. According to the chosen separation principle, this could be done in normal or reverse phase mode (NP/RP). Thus, a separation according to end groups or other chemical heterogeneities (e.g., copolymer composition, [ 4 ] tacticity, [ 5 ] etc.) can be achieved. A comprehensive overview about these particular techniques providing a number of examples can be obtained from Pasch and Thrathnigg. [ 6 ] However, the situation is even more complex for copolymers. Copolymers consist of least two different structural units, each with its own mass distribution. Since copolymer standards are not available, a reliable calibration of the SEC cannot be achieved. Therefore, the coupling of SEC with other chromatographic methods 2404 wileyonlinelibrary.com DOI: /macp
2 Copolymer Composition Determined by LC-MALDI-TOF MS... Macromolecular Figure 1. (A) Overlapping isotope pattern (two calculated patterns for three different copolymer compositions compared to experimental data, (B) Calculated isotope pattern for two different copolymer compositions. and/or detectors, which are able to specifically determine the mass distribution of one copolymer component, is indispensable for a comprehensive analysis. Various examples have been reported, describing the coupling of SEC with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. [ 7 15 ] Other authors utilized the coupling of two chromatographic modes in a so-called two-dimensional approach. [ 4, ] This involves the separation according to end groups in a first dimension, followed by the determination of molecular masses by SEC in the second dimension. Since its introduction matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS) have been increasingly used for polymer and copolymer analysis. However, the MALDI-TOF MS analysis of a copolymer without its previous chromatographic separation results in complex MS spectra characterized by many copolymer series overlaying each other. Even worse, in some cases, the isotope patterns of different copolymer series overlap, making a clear attribution of peaks to a distinct composition impossible. A typical example for this is represented by the class of widely used polyethylene oxide (PEO) polypropylene oxide (PPO) copolymers. The repetition of masses of its structural units (PEO = Da and PPO = Da) results in isotope patterns that are composed of several overlapping series. As exemplarily shown in Figure 1 a, the replacement of three PPO units (174 Da) by four PEO units (172 Da) leads to a pattern that consist of least three different series. Moreover, since the mass resolution of MALDI-TOF instruments is generally lower than those of, for example, ESI-QTOF spectrometers, even a well-resolved peak in the higher mass region of the MALDI spectrum could not easily be attributed to a certain PEO/PPO composition. As shown in Figure 1 b, a rounded mass m / z can represent two different copolymers having completely different compositions. Van Rooij et al. [ 24 ] demonstrated the suitability of a MALDI-FTICR mass spectrometer for resolving overlaid isotope patterns in combination with software that was able to calculate PEO PPO copolymer compositions from these data. However, these instruments are routinely not available and expensive. Homemade software was also used by Tortajada and co-workers. [ 25 ] However, these authors used dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) and trihydroxyanthracene (dithranole) as matrix and found spectra especially differing in the low-mass region, depending on the matrix, the chosen salt, and the number of laser shots. Moreover, a second series representing a by-product was found, which was obviously formed by a laser-induced reaction. That is clearly understandable since dithranole, and even more DHB, require much higher laser energies than DCTB. Yet another difficulty in determining a copolymer composition could arise from their topology. As shown in a recent paper, the individual structural units of an [A-B] x -[A-C]y copolyester could be arranged in a different way. [ 26 ] As a result, three different polymer chains having absolutely identical masses, but different end groups, are formed. These structures are not distinguishable by mass spectrometry. Previous chromatographic separation in those cases is therefore highly desirable. Since MALDI-TOF MS requires the embedding of samples in a suitable matrix necessary for the ionization/desorption process, its coupling with chromatographic systems still represents a challenge. The use of off-line coupling devices has been reported by several groups. These devices utilize the nebulization of the solvent by applying sheath gases at elevated temperatures [ 16, 27, 28 ] and sample spotting. [ 29, 30 ] Another principle that has been applied is electro-spray deposition (ESD). [ ] Although the volume of sample solution that can be vaporized by ESD is limited to ca. 50 μ L, the obtained sample spots are extremely homogeneous, and the deposited amount of sample is still sufficient for MALDI. Thus, any effects resulting from an insufficient mixing of matrix, salt, and analyte were avoided. Using these off-line spray techniques, complete chromatographic runs could be transferred simply be moving the MALDI target underneath the spray device. MALDI spectra can be recorded from those target positions, which can be attributed to retention times. The calculation of copolymer compositions was done using a new version of MassChrom2D program. In contrast to its first application for copolymers reported in 2007, a complete revision of the software was done. [ 38 ] A new peak detection algorithm combined with new 2405
3 Macromolecular S. M. Weidner et al. Figure 2. Scheme of measurement procedure using MassChrom2D to combine chromatography and MALDI data for determining the copolymer composition. features to disentangle isotope patterns was implemented. Moreover, data handling and export have been completely reworked. MALDI mass spectra recorded at different positions could be easily attributed to their positions in the chromatograms. Combined with ESD of samples on the MALDI targets, a new dimension in copolymer spectra resolution can be obtained. For this work, a PEO- b-ppo-b -PEO copolymer has been exemplary chosen. These materials serve as low foaming emulsifiers in the polymerization of acrylic, styrene acrylic, and vinyl acetate latexes, and have been widely used as low foaming nonionic surfactants, revealing excellent surface activity. Many of them are biodegradable and, therefore, environmentally friendly. 2. Experimental Section 2.1. Materials The PEO-b-PPO-b -PEO block copolymer samples were obtained from Clariant (Sulzbach, Germany) Liquid Adsorption Chromatography Chromatographic experiments were carried out using a HP 1090 series HPLC system (Hewlett Packard, CA, USA) coupled to an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD, Sedex 45, Sedere, France). A YMC RP18 column with 120 Å pore size (5 μ m, mm i.d.) was used. The system temperature was 45 C. The eluent flow was 0.5 ml min 1, and the injection volume was 20 μ L. For coupling experiments, the sample concentration was 9 10 mg ml 1, dissolved in a mixture of 75/25 (v/v) tetrahydrofuran (THF)/water (Roth, Germany). The critical conditions of adsorption for polypropylene oxide using a solvent system of THF/water were found at a ratio of 85/15 (v/v). [ 38 ] 2.3. MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry An Autoflex III (Bruker Daltonik, Bremen, Germany) mass spectrometer was used for the investigation. The instrument is equipped with a Smartbeam laser operating at 356 nm. Typically, 2000 laser shots were accumulated from each position. The instrument was calibrated with a series of PEG standards (Polymer Standards Service, Mainz, Germany). Spectra were recorded in positive Reflector mode to achieve a high spectral resolution. Trans-2-[3-(4-tert-Butylphenyl)-2-methyl-2-propenylidene] malononitrile (DCTB, 10 mg ml 1 in THF) was used as a matrix. Additionally, sodium trifluoroacetate (NaTFA, 2 mg ml 1 in THF) was added for a selective ionization (matrix/salt, 10/1, v/v) Electrospray Transfer Device A homebuilt interface, consisting of a Teflon x-y table, which was adapted to the size of conventional 384 MALDI target plates, was used. A small contact enabled a contacting of the target plate to ground potential. The spray capillary (stainless steel, 0.1 mm inner diameter) was fixed in a Teflon block. The distance between target plate and capillary could be varied from 0.5 to 3 cm. High voltage (3 5 kv) was generated by a DC power supplier (FuG Elektronik GmbH, Rosenheim, Germany) and applied to the capillary. Additionally, heated gas could be applied through a series of concentric holes around the capillary to enable a better evaporation of solvents. The original solvent flow rate of 0.5 ml min 1 was split to approximately 20 μl min 1 by an adjustable flow splitter ASI-QuickSplit (Analytic Scientific Instruments, Richmond, CA). The matrix/salt solution (10 μl min 1 ) was added via a t-piece to the eluent line using a micro syringe pump (Harvard Apparatus, Holliston, MA) Software A newly developed MassChrom2D software was used to combine chromatographic and mass spectrometric data and for calculating fraction-dependent copolymer compositions. The principal workflow is shown in Figure Results and Discussion In Figure 3, the original MALDI spectra of copolymers I to IV are presented prior to fractionation. These samples reveal average molar masses between m /z Sample I additionally shows a second peak distribution with distances of m /z 58 that corresponds to a PPG homopolymer possibly formed as a side product in the polymerization process. The insets of Figure 3 show the copolymer isotope patterns at masses around m /z They obviously consist of several individual isotope distributions overlaying each other. An attribution of such mass peaks to distinct copolymer compositions cannot be done. 2406
4 Copolymer Composition Determined by LC-MALDI-TOF MS... Macromolecular Figure 3. Original MALDI spectra of copolymers (I to IV) prior fractionation, insets show the copolymer isotope peak pattern in the region m /z In Figure 4 A, the LCCC of the investigated block copolymers (I-IV) at the critical point of adsorption of PPO (dashed line at 5.2 min retention time) is shown. At these conditions, PEO units elute according to its length in SEC mode. The peak maxima can be used for a rough estimation of the size of the PEO blocks. Moreover, peaks of samples II IV exhibit a small shoulder at retention times close to the critical point. In contrast to that, sample I elutes near the critical point and reveals, close to the peak maximum, a shoulder at lower retention times. This is in accordance with the MALDI data that indicate a considerable amount of PPO side products in sample I. In order to increase the number of fractions that could be transferred onto the MALDI target using the transfer device, the chromatographic separation para meters were shifted away from pure critical separation towards increasing PPO adsorption. As shown in Figure 4 B, the Figure 4. LAC of PEO- b-ppo-b -PEO block copolymers (I-IV) using a THF/water system (A) 85/15 (v/v) and (B) 70/30 (v/v), dashed line in (A) indicates the retention time where all PPO homopolymers with identical end groups elute at critical conditions of adsorption for PPO. change of the THF/water ratio from 85/15 to 70/30 (v/v) resulted in much broader chromatograms. The resolution of the corresponding MALDI mass spectra of fractions was thereby expected to be much higher. These curves also confirm our assumption about the PEO/PPO ratio, since the observed stronger adsorption of sample I (broader peak) is caused by its higher PPO amount in the copolymer. For the off-line fractionation experiments, two samples have been exemplarily chosen: sample I because of its amount of PPO homopolymer, and sample IV because this copolymer obviously contains a comparatively larger number of PEO units. Since the number of recorded MALDI spectra (34) after fractionation of sample I was too large to be shown completely, only a representative number of spectra are presented in Figure 5. As revealed by these figures, two different chromatographic modes are observed. In the first region of the chromatogram, the copolymers eluted. MALDI mass spectra having comparatively low peak resolution were obtained from fraction 2 to 8. The average molar mass maximum of these distributions slightly decreased from m/z 2300 to This indicates a predominantly SEC-like behavior caused by the PEO units. Starting from fraction 8, in addition to copolymer distributions, well-resolved signals with peak to peak differences of 58 Da appeared. However, their molar mass maximum increased from m/z 1500 (fraction 17) to m /z 2400 (fraction 33). These peaks series also represent copolymers having comparatively low PEO amounts. Finally, in fractions 31 and 33, pure PPO homopolymer was found. The small number of peaks in these fractions indicates the presence of only a few homologous species, and, therefore, demonstrates the power of the chosen separation mode. In contrast to this behavior, MALDI spectra of fractions of copolymer IV, depicted in Figure 6, do not clearly show the presence of PPO homopolymers. The decrease of the average molar mass maxima of these signals from m / z 3500 (fraction 2) to m/z 2000 (fraction 24) clearly indicates a SEC-like elution behavior. As seen from Figure 7 A, the spectrum of one of the last fractions (no. 26 of 27) is characterized by well-resolved peak series that could be 2407
5 Macromolecular S. M. Weidner et al. Figure 5. MALDI-TOF mass spectra of selected fractions of PEO- b-ppo-b-peo block copolymer (I), recorded after electrospray deposition of a chromatographic run (with co-deposition of DCTB matrix). attributed to copolymers consisting of very high numbers of PPO units, but very low numbers of PEO units, and a very short series of PPO homopolymer. In Figure 7 B, a small region of the mass spectrum taken from fraction 17 (see Figure 6 ) is shown. Again several PEO PPO series were found. These series consist of copolymers with a higher PEO amount. These results confirmed our initial assumption of the elution behavior deduced from chromatographic data (see Figure 4 ). Figure 6. MALDI TOF mass spectra of selected fractions of PEO- b-ppo-b-peo block copolymer (IV), recorded after electrospray deposition of a chromatographic run (with co-deposition of DCTB matrix). However, these figures also demonstrate how time consuming and complex the determination of a copolymer composition could be. Especially in the first fractions, where the peak resolution is comparatively low, a manual evaluation with regard to copolymer composition is quite impossible. For this particular reason, software has been developed that is able to handle the large amount of data obtained by an excellent chromatographic separation. Figure 8 shows the surface of the new MassChrom2D software. It basically consists of three main parts. In the upper left part, the input mask is seen. Here, molar masses of copolymer units, salt, and end groups are inserted, filter options can be determined, and ASCII data files of mass spectra series and the corresponding chromatogram can be imported. In the upper right part is a plot showing the 2D copolymer composition. Below is the mass spectrum window. Red circles indicate those peaks that were taken for the calculation of the copolymer composition. Using filters (e.g., local maximum, local SNR) peak picking parameters can be adjusted. Baseline subtraction will be performed automatically or, if a flat baseline was not obtained, manually by defining control points. If more than one mass spectrum has been imported, this window offers the opportunity to switch between mass spectrum and chromatogram. After importing the chromatogram data file, fraction regions are automatically added, with numbers corresponding to the number of the imported mass spectra. By means of the cursor, start and end of fractionation could be determined within the chromatogram. Since MALDI intensities are not quantitative, their original intensity is normalized and combined with the intensity taken from chromatographic fractions. This approach enables a semi-quantification of MALDI data. In the 2D composition window, the composition of the copolymer of the corresponding fraction (highlighted in the chromatogram window) is shown. These data could be easily exported (e.g., csv file format) and could be postprocessed in any suitable data calculation program (Excel, Origin, etc.). 2408
6 Copolymer Composition Determined by LC-MALDI-TOF MS... Macromolecular Figure 7. Detailed view of MALDI TOF mass spectra of fraction 26 (A) and 17 (B) of PEOb-PPO-b -PEO block copolymer (IV), recorded after electrospray deposition of a chromatographic run (with co-deposition of DCTB matrix). The investigation started with the original copolymer I (without fractionation). Its 2D composition plot is shown Figure 9 A. A large spot between 24 to 37 PPO units and 4 to15 PEO units is seen. In addition, a small line at zero PEO was found indicating the PPO homopolymer having PPO numbers between 24 and 36. For a fast determination, these results might be sufficient, and could be therefore used as a fingerprint method giving a rough impression of the copolymer composition. However, this fingerprint of course is not suited to give any information on the chromatographic separation behavior. Therefore, next the individual composition of those fractions, whose mass spectra were shown in Figure 5, was determined. As shown in Figure 10, the separation started with PEO- b-ppo-b -PEO copolymer with an average composition of 15 PEO and 25 PPO units. From fraction 2 to fraction 17, the amount of PEO constantly decreases, whereas the number of PPO units remains constant. Finally, in fraction 20 only small amounts of copolymers consisting of less than 2 PEO units were monitored. From fractions 23 to 33, PPO homopolymers with an increasing number of PPO units were found. These findings easily enable a quick overview on the chromatographic separation behavior. The separation is characterized by two different mechanisms. As long as the macromolecules consist of PEO PPO copolymers, a typical SEC-like elution (decreasing molar masses with increasing retention time) is found. This SEC effect is caused by a fast drop of the PEO number whereas the number of PPO units remains nearly constant. However, when the number of PEO units falls below five, this SEC effect is overlaid by additional adsorption effects caused by the PPO units. Finally, a typical separation based on an absorption mechanism (increasing retention with increasing molar masses) was observed for PPO homopolymers. The 2D composition plot, which was constructed by adding the 2D plots of all 34 fractions, is shown in Figure 9 B. In contrast to the normalized plots shown in Figure 10, this plot utilized the intensity values delivered by the concentration detector in chromatography for every single fraction (an example for only nine fractions is shown in Figure 8 right). This information is much more reliable than any intensity value obtained by MALDI. A comparison of the both plots in Figure 9 clearly reveals some similarities, for example, the position of the copolymer spot and the existence of PPO homopolymers. However, the composed plot (Figure 9 B) reveals a much higher resolution and more uniform spots showing only one maximum. A similar comparison of both the original and combined 2D plot for another copolymer (sample IV) having higher molar masses and different composition is presented in Figure 11. From these two plots, it becomes obvious that copolymer IV has a much higher amount of PEO units than were found for copolymer I. Again, the composite plot constructed using 27 single fractions, whose MALDI spectra were attributed to the chromatographic signal intensity (after normalization), Figure 8. Appearance of MassChrom2D software for one fraction (spectrum view left) and for fraction 6 (highlighted by a dark-blue rectangle in the bottom window) of a series of 34 fractions taken from a chromatographic run (chromatogram view right). 2409
7 Macromolecular S. M. Weidner et al. Figure 9. 2D composition plots of (A) nonfractionated PEO- b-ppob -PEO copolymer (I), and (B), after reconstruction using intensity values from chromatography for each single fraction, obtained by MassChrom2D software. Figure 11. 2D composition plots of (A) nonfractionated PEO- b-ppob -PEO copolymer (IV), and (B), after reconstruction using intensity values from chromatography for each single fraction, obtained by MassChrom2D software. shows much higher resolution and less artifacts than that of the original (nonfractionated) sample (Figure 11 A). 4. Conclusion In this work, new MassChrom2D software for the determination of copolymer composition was presented. Our examples demonstrated that this particular software can be used for fast estimation of sample composition of nonfractionated copolymer samples. However, it reveals its full potential only after fractionation, taking advantage of the power of an additional chromatographic separation. Moreover, different chromatographic separation modes for each copolymer unit were monitored. For the chosen chromatographic conditions, a typical SEC-like elution of PEO PPO copolymers was found. However, this effect is nearly exclusively based on a fast drop of the PEO number, whereas the number of PPO units remains nearly constant. At a certain (low) number of PEO units, the SEC principle is overlaid by additional adsorption effects caused by the PPO units. Finally, a typical separation based on an absorption mechanism was observed for PPO homopolymer side product. These results enable a quick adjustment of chromatographic parameters (e.g., solvent composition and/or columns) to achieve a better separation, and/or could be used for the faster determination of critical adsorption conditions of one copolymer unit. Acknowledgements : The authors would like to thank the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) for technical and financial support. Received: April 2, 2012 ; Revised: May 29, 2012 ; Published online: July 12, 2012; DOI: /macp Keywords: copolymer composition; chromatography; coupling; MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry Figure 10. 2D composition plots of fractionated PEO- b-ppo-b-peo copolymer (I) obtained by MassChrom2D software (normalized intensity plots). [1 ] V. V. Evreinov, A. V. Gorshkov, T. N. Prudskova, V. V. Guryanova, A. V. Pavlov, A. Y. Malkin, S. G. Entelis, Polym.Bull. 1985, 14, 131. [2 ] A. V. Gorshkov, V. V. Evreinov, S. G. Entelis, Doklady Akademii Nauk Sssr 1983, 272,
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text:
Parkview Jr./Sr. High School
- 408 West Beloit Street
- Orfordville, WI 53576
- Phone: (608) 879-2994
- Fax: (608) 879-9375
- Principal
William Trow
Upcoming Events
Trunk or Treat @ PES on Friday, Oct 28th
Trunk or Treat will be held on Friday, October 28, from 4:00 – 9:00 p.m. at PES. This event will include trick or treating in the parking lot with decorated trunks of vehicles, chili dinner, raffle, games, caramel apple bar and a dance. This event is sponsored annually by the PES PTO.
The PTO is in need of community sponsors, volunteers the night of the event, donated items for the raffle, gift baskets, decorated car trunks and anyone that wants to dress up and hand out candy the night of the event. Specific items needed include donated bags of apples (250 needed). The PTO is encouraging the entire community to help and get involved. Contact Teri Moriva at email@example.com or Amanda Ferraro at 563-340-9937 / email@example.com
# # #
Parkview Busing Information Now On Skyward
In order to improve communication with our District's parents, the Parkview School District has worked with Kobussen Buses Ltd. to move our K-12 student's busing information online. You can now view your child's scheduled pickup and drop off locations and times using your Skyward Family Access account. A four-step guide to accessing this information has been included below for your reference.
Although the 2016-2017 school year has already begun, we encourage all parents to review this information using their Skyward Family Access accounts. Communicating any errors in the current information provided on your child's Skyward Profile to the Parkview Business Office will allow us ensure that you receive accurate information for the 2017-2018 school year. Please note that the busing information for our 4K students does not currently reflect their afternoon pickup and drop off times. It is also important to remember that no matter what times or locations your Skyward Family Access Account provides, we have successfully transported the vast majority of our students up to this point. With this in mind, we ask that all parents continue to follow their established busing schedules while reporting any discrepancies in the information included on Skyward to the business office.
Please feel free to contact me with any questions or concerns,
Tony Klein
Business Manager
608-879-2717 ext. 6114
# # #
Parkview Jr./Sr. High School "Lip Dub" Video
On November 4, 2015 the Parkview High School Student Council organized and filmed a "lip dub" to represent the school. The lip dub is a great way to show off our beautiful new building, and highlight all of the sports, clubs, and organizations that students are a part of throughout the junior high and high school. It also unified the whole school and showed off how much great spirit Parkview Vikings have!
Below is a link to the video:


text:
1-br Apartment Next To Hilton Hotel!!!
Apartment with 1 bedroom and 1 bathroom in Athens City, Greece
Booking cost: £0.00
From £391 per week
Apartment to rent in Athens City, Greece
Apartment overview - owner's description
Great location, next to Hilton Hotel, 3 minutes from the Metro station!!!
Lovable Experience 8 is a fully furnished and well equipped 1-bedroom apartment (60m2 / 645ft2) which can accommodate easy up to 4 people. The apartment has 1 double size bed in the bedroom, fully equipped kitchen, living room with queen size bed, bathroom and a balcony. The apartment has 24hours fast internet connection, Telephone line and is fully air-conditioned.The apartment is ideally located next to Hilton hotel and Divani Caravel Hotel. The apartment is 3 minutes' walk from Evangelismos metro station and 1 minute walk from the Bus stop.
Museums next to the apartment:
1) National art gallery
2) War Museum
3) Christian & Byzantine museum
4) Benaki Museum
5) Museum of Cycladic art
Only 1 metro station away from the apartment is Syntagma square, Plaka area,The Greek parliament, Tomb of the unkown soldier, Megaron Mousikis (Athens Music Hall),
And only 2 metro stations away from the apartment is Acropolis, New Acropolis Museum, Parthenon, Monastiraki, Agora, Panepistimio.
The apartment has 1 bedroom with quality double mattress, fully equipped kitchen, bathroom, living room with queen size sofa/bed, fast internet connection, wi-fi, 2 air-conditions, washing machine, Tv & DVD, and balcony, Central heating, 24 hours hot water.
Walking distance from the apartment you will find many shops, coffee shops, restaurants, supermarkets, kiosks, florist, pharmacies, hair salon and many more.
This apartment does not have any reviews.
This apartment is:
Outside this apartment in Athens City, GreeceThis apartment is in the city and near a lively area. It has a balcony. Car hire is not necessary as the apartment is less than a 15 minute walk to a large selection of shops, bars, restaurants; however parking is not available.
Prices and availability
Updated 21 October 2016
Select your travel dates on the calendar
Changeover days and minimum stays
- 2 September - 20 December 2016: the minimum stay is 2 nights.
- 21 December - 31 December 2016: the minimum stay is 4 nights.
Compulsory extras
Cleaning fee
£26.71 per booking, paid with booking
8 euros per night per person for more than 2 people
£7.12 per night for each additional person if there are more than 2 people, paid with booking
1 bedroom, Sleeps 4:
- 1 double bed
There is also 1 double sofa bed in living room
1 bathroom
DVD/Blu-ray player, Internet / WI-FI, Telephone, TV Languages in English, Local
Living area seats 4, Dining area seats 4, Air conditioning throughout property, Central heating, Hair dryer, Iron / board, Towels / linen, Car hire optional
Cooker, Crockery, Cutlery, Fridge, Freezer, Glassware, Kettle, Microwave, Oven, Pots / pans, Toaster
Balcony or terrace
Suitable for
Infants, Single gender groups
Property Manager From Athens, Greece Member since Feb 2008
Dear Customer, You can call me Manos and i am here to help you have a lovely stay in our Lovable Apartments in Athens. The apartments are excellent, in safe area and excellent transportation system. With almost 10 apartments i am sure that you will find the perfect apartment for you to enjoy Athens!!!
Past bookings: 22 bookings
Last logged in: 5 months ago
Number of properties: 8
Dear Customer, You can call me Manos and i am here to help you have a lovely stay in our Lovable Apartments in Athens. The apartments are excellent, in safe area and excellent transportation system. With almost 10 apartments i am sure that you will find the perfect apartment for you to enjoy Athens!!!


text:
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Description: Church of Holy Trinity
Grade: II
Date Listed: 23 August 1985
English Heritage Building ID: 216384
OS Grid Reference: SJ5222095412
OS Grid Coordinates: 352220, 395412
Latitude/Longitude: 53.4533, -2.7210
Location: Traverse Street, St Helens WA9 1AD
Locality: Saint Helens
County: St Helens
Country: England
Postcode: WA9 1AD
Incorrect location/postcode? Submit a correction!
(north side)
4/93 Church of
- Holy Trinity
Church. 1857. W. and J. Hay; apse of 1883-4 by J. Gandy.
Rubble walling of industrial waste with sandstone dressings,
slate roof. Nave with south porch, transepts and apse. Nave
of 3 bays has windows of 2 lights between weathered
buttresses. West end has angle buttresses, 3-light window
with simple, intersecting tracery, probably altered and bell
cote. Gabled south porch has arch with no capitals. North
transept has 4-light segmental pointed window, that to south
has 3-light window as west end. Canted apse has 3 windows of
2 lights and north organ loft. Interior has deep west
gallery; roofs with arch-braced collar trusses with flying
arches at crossing. The church is one of 2 buildings in
St. Helens to be built entirely of industrial waste, probably
from local chemical works (q.v. Welsh Chapel, Sutton Road).
Listing NGR: SJ5222095412
This text is a legacy record and has not been updated since the building was originally listed. Details of the building may have changed in the intervening time. You should not rely on this listing as an accurate description of the building.
Source: English Heritage
Listed building text is © Crown Copyright. Reproduced under licence.