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Kirmac Collision Services - Bellevue
Featured Business
Kelly's Auto Body Bellevue1500 130th N.E.
Bellevue, WA 98005
0.6 miles away
"Jorge said he likes the way they handled everything. He stated he does not feel he was being cheated..."
Review for Kirmac Collision Services - Bellevue
Victoria F. on 10/05/2013
Victoria said the representatives at this business have amazing customer service and it was the best experience she ever had. The staff really took care of her. Adam was her Geico connection and he and Shannon were very good at keeping her updated. She also mentioned how nice and clean her vehicle was when returned to her.
Category: Collision
Service Date: 09/26/2013
Review Created: 10/05/2013
This review was collected via phone interview by Customer Research Inc.


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6710 86th Avenue North
Pinellas Park, FL 33782-0346
Pinellas Park, FL 33782-0346
Tel: (727)541-5716
Grades: 5-12 | 96 students
The mission of Center Academy is to provide students with a learning environment that facilitates the development of self-confidence, motivation, and academic skills, and gives students the opportunity to achieve success in life.
It is often difficult for a child to maintain self-esteem when his/her learning requirements differ from other students in school.
Therefore, we offer a highly structured educational program in an atmosphere that is familiar, understanding, nurturing, and supportive.
Center Academy helps students with average to above average intelligence who "fall through the cracks" in school, or who need special help with organization, motivation, and/or social skills.
School Overview
|School Type
|Special Education School
|School Membership(s)School Assoc.
|National Independent Private Schools Association
Southern Association Of Colleges And Schools (SACS)
|Grades Offered
|Grades 5-12
|Learning Difference Programs
|Learning Programs Supported
|LD, ADHD, Dyslexia, Dysgraphia, Learning Differences, Motivation
|Year Founded
Student Body
|Total Students
|96 students
|Student Body Type
|% Students of Color
State avg.: 33%
|Students by Grade
Academics and Faculty
|Total Classroom Teachers
|9 teachers
|Student : Teacher Ratio
National avg.: 13:1
|Average Class Size
|16 students
|Number of AP Courses
|3 courses
|Advanced Courses
|Chemistry, Chemistry, Physics, Psychology,
|Classroom Dress Code
Finances and Admission
|Admission Deadline
|None / Rolling
|Tuition Notes
|Tuition varies, with need-based and McKay Scholarships available
|Admissions Director
|Stephen Kenney
|Total Sports Offered
|2 sports
|Basketball, Flag FootballBasketball, Flag Football,
Related Schools
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People that viewed Center Academy also viewed these schools: Clearwater Central Catholic High School, Grad Academy, Indian Rocks Christian Schools, Keswick Christian School and New Creation Academy.
Show me:
- School Location Miles Grades Students
ClearwaterGrades: 9-12 | 462 students
5.6 miles
2750 Haines Bayshore Rd
Clearwater, FL 33760
LargoGrades: 1-12 | 25 students
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Largo, FL 33774
LargoGrades: PK-12 | 806 students
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12685 Ulmerton Road
Largo, FL 33774
Saint PetersburgGrades: NS-12 | 687 students
3.6 miles
10101 54th Ave N
Saint Petersburg, FL 33708
St PetersburgGrades: 5-8 | 4 students
3.7 miles
4800 37th St N
St Petersburg, FL 33714
School Reviews
|5.0 Stars 05/17/16
"I have been so happy with my daughter's progress. I especially appreciate your well trained staff that knows her needs, capabilities, and when not to push her. She has come so far emotionally as well." Thank you!
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|5.0 Stars 05/21/12
My son has been at Center Academy since 8th grade. We moved him there because he was drowning in the public school system. He graduates this year thanks to Center Academy and the teachers. All his teachers have been available to speak with when there were concerns and they were quick to let us know if he was falling behind in his work. The principal always puts the students first and is there to help them out. The cookouts at the sporting events have really helped bring the students and parents together. My son has also enjoyed the prom and dances as well as playing flag football. Moving him to Center Academy was the best choice we could have made. And we are very happy we did!
- Posted by Parent - jtjj1
|5.0 Stars 05/21/12
Great school, great teachers and great staff. My son has attended for two years. I truly believe that without the encouragement and support of the school director, teachers and staff that he would not be graduating. My son has enjoyed the sports program and the family cookouts have been a great way to meet parents. The school director has been a positive role model and mentor for my son. Thanks to everyone at Center Academy!
- Posted by Parent - lisa4
|5.0 Stars 05/01/12
My child has had a wonderful education for the 6 years she has attended Center Academy and her favorite teacher is Mr. Hawe (always). He is a good teacher and cares about this students.
- Posted by Parent - kenma
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MASTER'S THESIS. Adoption of Electronic Invoicing in SMEs
- Emery Charles
- 1 years ago
- Views:
1 MASTER'S THESIS 2006:082 CIV Adoption of Electronic Invoicing in SMEs Jessica Sundström Luleå University of Technology MSc Programmes in Engineering Computer Science and Engineering Department of Business Administration and Social Sciences Division of Industrial marketing and e-commerce 2006:082 CIV - ISSN: ISRN: LTU-EX--06/082--SE
2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Acknowledgements This Masters Thesis was written during the period September 2005 to January 2006 and concluded my Master of Science degree. Writing this thesis has been both interesting and challenging. There are several people who have provided help and support during this period. To these people I would like to extend my gratitude. First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor, Assistant Professor Åsa Wallström, for providing me with valuable help, guidance and comments throughout the writing process. I would also like to thank Mr. Tommy Nilsson at Exait AB for his support, as well as the rest of the staff at Exait for making me feel so welcome. I would also like to thank the respondents, for contributing to this thesis by showing their interest and taking time to answer my questions. Finally, my family and friends have been of great importance to me, not only while writing this thesis but also throughout my student days, therefore I would like to express my gratitude for your love and support during this time. Luleå, January 2006 Jessica Sundström
3 ABSTRACT Abstract There has been an increasing interest in the area of electronic invoicing and more and more organisations send their invoices electronically. Today it is mostly large organisations and the public sector that utilise e-invoicing. Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) have not adopted e-invoicing to the same extent, even though new, simpler and more affordable techniques for e-invoicing have been introduced. The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of the adoption of electronic invoicing in SMEs, by describing the factors that affect the adoption of electronic invoicing in SMEs and how adoption of electronic invoicing can be facilitated. In order to provide understanding of the subject, case studies of three SMEs were made. The SMEs studied were: NKV, J. Petterssons Chark and BD Fisk. The findings of this thesis indicate that there are several factors that affect adoption of e- invoicing in SMEs. Pressure from customers is considered to be an important factor for e- invoicing adoption in SMEs. Furthermore, the SMEs perceive that adoption of e-invoicing can be beneficial, and lead to increased internal efficiency as well as impact on business processes and relationships. The innovativeness of the owner/manager was also found to influence adoption of e-invoicing. The results from this study also indicate that technologically, the SMEs are ready for an adoption of e-invoicing and in general the SMEs in the study also have enough financial resources to adopt e-invoicing. However, technological and financial assistance and coercive methods are considered to facilitate adoption of e-invoicing in SMEs.
4 SAMMANFATTNING Sammanfattning Intresset för elektronisk fakturering har ökat den senaste tiden och fler och fler organisationer väljer att skicka sina fakturor elektroniskt. Än så länge är det mest stora företag och offentlig sektor som har introducerat elektronisk fakturering och det har visat sig att små och medelstora företag inte har börjat skicka elektroniska fakturor i samma utsträckning, trots att nya, enklare och billigare tekniker för detta har kommit ut på marknaden. Mot bakgrund av denna situation var syftet med denna studie att öka förståelsen för adoption av elektronisk fakturering i små och medelstora företag, genom att beskriva de faktorer som påverkar adoption av e-fakturering i små och medelstora företag samt genom att undersöka hur adoption av e-fakturering kan underlättas. För att uppnå detta genomfördes fallstudier av tre små och medelstora företag; NKV, J. Petterssons chark och BD Fisk. Resultatet från studien visar att det är flera faktorer som påverkar introduktion av elektronisk fakturering i små och medelstora företag. Påtryckningar från kunder har visat sig vara en betydelsefull faktor för introduktion av elektronisk fakturering. De små och medelstora företagen upplever också att elektronisk fakturering kan innebära flera fördelar, som kan leda till ökad effektivitet samt påverka affärsprocesser och affärsrelationer. Karakteristiska hos ägaren/vdn i små och medelstora företag, såsom hur innovativ ägaren/vdn är, tycks också påverka introduktion av elektronisk fakturering. Generellt sett har de små och medelstora företagen i denna studie tillräckliga finansiella resurser för att introducera elektronisk fakturering, och de är även redo tekniskt sett för att introducera och använda en e- faktureringslösning. Finansiellt stöd och teknisk hjälp, liksom påtryckningsmetoder tycks underlätta introduktion av elektronisk fakturering i små och medelstora företag.
5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND Information Technology E-Business and E-Commerce Electronic Invoicing SMEs Importance and Characteristics PROBLEM DISCUSSION Research Problem Demarcations THEORETICAL REVIEW DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES FOR ELECTRONIC INVOICING EDI Invoice Portals / Web-EDI Invoice Hubs Self-Invoicing Virtual Invoice Writer Summary of Different Techniques for E-Invoicing ADOPTION OF ELECTRONIC INVOICING Perceived Benefits of E-Invoicing External Pressure to Adopt E-Invoicing Organisational Readiness for Adoption of E-Invoicing Owner/Manager Characteristics STRATEGIES FOR FACILITATING ADOPTION OF E-INVOICING First Strategy: Financial and Technological Assistance Second Strategy: Incentives Third strategy: Coercive Methods RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND FRAME OF REFERENCE RESEARCH QUESTIONS Research Question One Research Question Two FRAME OF REFERENCE Factors Affecting Adoption of E-Invoicing How to Facilitate Adoption of E-Invoicing RESEARCH METHOD RESEARCH PURPOSE RESEARCH APPROACH Inductive versus Deductive Research Approach Qualitative versus Quantitative Research Approach RESEARCH STRATEGY Case Study Selection of Case Study Firms DATA COLLECTION ANALYSIS OF COLLECTED DATA VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY EMPIRICAL DATA CASE ONE: NKV KONTORSVAROR AB Company Background Factors Affecting Adoption of E-Invoicing How to Facilitate Adoption of E-Invoicing CASE TWO: J. PETTERSSONS CHARK AB Company Background... 34
6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Factors Affecting Adoption of E-Invoicing How to Facilitate Adoption of E-Invoicing CASE THREE: BD FISK AB Company Background Factors Affecting Adoption of E-Invoicing How to Facilitate Adoption of E-Invoicing ANALYSIS WITHIN-CASE ANALYSIS OF CASE ONE Factors Affecting Adoption of E-Invoicing How to Facilitate Adoption of E-Invoicing WITHIN-CASE ANALYSIS OF CASE TWO Factors Affecting Adoption of E-Invoicing How to Facilitate Adoption of E-Invoicing WITHIN-CASE ANALYSIS OF CASE THREE Factors Affecting Adoption of E-Invoicing How to Facilitate Adoption of E-Invoicing CROSS-CASE ANALYSIS Factors Affecting Adoption of E-Invoicing How to Facilitate Adoption of E-Invoicing DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS How can Factors Affecting Adoption of E-Invoicing in SMEs be Described? How can Adoption of E-Invoicing in SMEs be Facilitated? Final Conclusions IMPLICATIONS Implications for Management Implications for Theory Suggestions for Future Research REFERENCES APPENDICES Appendix I: Interview Guide English Version Appendix II: Intervjuguide Svensk version
7 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Buying Process... 1 Figure 1.2 Relation between Key Terms... 2 Figure 2.1 Bilateral and Intermediary E-Invoice Solution... 7 Figure 2.2 Perceived Benefits of E-Invoicing Figure 2.3 External Pressure to Adopt E-Invoicing Figure 2.4 Organisational Readiness for Adoption of E-Invoicing Figure 3.1 Factors Affecting Adoption of E-Invoicing Figure 3.2 Strategies for Facilitating Adoption of E-Invoicing in SMEs LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Conceptualisation and Measures to Describe the Factors that Affect Adoption of E-Invoicing in SMEs Table 3.2 Conceptualisation and Measures to Describe How to Facilitate Adoption of E-Invoicing in SMEs Table 4.1 Relevant Situations for Different Research Strategies Table 4.2 Overview of the Selected Cases and Their Generic Characteristics Table 4.3 Six Sources of Evidence: Strengths and Weaknesses Table 4.4 Case Study Tactics for Four Design Tests Table 6.1 Overview of Perceived Advantages Table 6.2 Overview of Perceived Risks Table 6.3 Overview of External Pressure Table 6.4 Overview of Organisational Readiness Table 6.5 Overview of Owner/Manager Characteristics Table 6.6 Overview of How to Facilitate Adoption of E-Invoicing... 51
8 INTRODUCTION 1. Introduction This chapter will introduce the subject of research, starting with a background that will help the reader to get a better understanding of the subject and how it fits into its broader context. The problem discussion will then be used for narrowing the subject and directing the focus towards the specific research problem. The globalisation of markets, technology and competition has increased business requirements for flexibility, quality, cost-effectiveness and timeliness. As a way of meeting these requirements, information technology (IT) has transformed the way business is done (Burgess, 2002). E-business is one area of IT that has progressed in the past decade, with the increased use of the Internet. Electronic commerce is said to be one of the most important forces shaping business today (Watson, Berthon, Pitt & Zinnkhan, 2000, p.43). Both businesses and consumers are buying and selling goods and services on the Internet or via other electronic networks. The largest part of e-commerce is the buying and selling between businesses (B2B) (Fredholm, 2002). Dykert and Fredholm (2004) describe common buying processes in a B2B context. A common buying process can be seen in Figure 1.1. Invite tenders Tender Order Confirmation of order Delivery notification Invoice Seller Buyer Figure 1.1 Buying Process. Source: Translated from (Dykert & Fredholm, 2004, p. 11) Businesses are trying to automate processes between buyers and sellers by introducing electronic orders, electronic order confirmation and electronic payment procedures, in order to increase their efficiency and effectiveness (Morrell & Ezingeard, 2002). Fredholm (2002) argues that even though it might be beneficial for companies to automate all their processes, it could be advisable to begin with one or a few. The invoice process has large savings potential (ibid). Some organisations, mainly large companies and municipalities have invested in e- invoicing, but many organisations are still sending their invoices the traditional way (Dykert & Fredholm, 2004). To clarify the relation between the key terms IT, e-business, e-commerce and e-invoicing, a schematic illustration is shown in Figure 1.2 on the next page. The illustration shows that e- invoicing is a part of e-commerce, because e-commerce can be explained as a business transaction carried out over an electronic network (Fredholm, 2002). E-business is often used 1
9 INTRODUCTION as a broader term than e-commerce because it encompasses all business processes, not only transactions (ibid). E-business is one of the main areas of IT (Fredholm, 2004). IT E-business E-commerce E-invoicing Figure 1.2 Relation Between Key Terms It has been shown that it is mostly large organisations that have introduced e-invoicing and that small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are lagging behind in this process (Al-Qirim, 2004; MacGregor, 2004). SMEs are recognised as important by governments all over the world because in aggregate they are big buyers, big sellers and most important big employers (Taylor & Murphy, 2004, p. 280). SMEs have special characteristics that make it important to consider their special needs, knowledge and resources when introducing electronic invoicing (Fillis, Johannson & Wagner, 2004; ESV, 2005). 1.1 Background The following sections will provide a background to the area of information technology, electronic business and electronic invoicing, and describe how these areas are used by small and medium sized enterprises Information Technology Junghagen (1998) describes Information Technology (IT) as a wide term that is used to apply to everything concerning computers, networking, and information systems. The evolution of IT is usually described by innovative changes in hardware, where the last innovative change was the introduction of personal computers in the mid 1970s. However, the evolution of IT should not only consider hardware innovations but also the use of new technology. The fast evolution of new software since the 1970s has caused a gap between the technical evolution and the actual needs and utilisation of IT (ibid). The term IT can be divided into some main areas, namely infrastructure, hardware, communication, office systems, business systems, production systems, home environment and e-business (Fredholm, 2004). Junghagen (1998) describes that IT encompasses all forms of technology used to create, store, exchange and use information through telecommunication and computer technology. There is however other definitions of the term, some of them focus 2
10 INTRODUCTION more on the utilisation than the actual technology. The following definition implies that information technology is of strategic importance: Information technology is the application of technology to business processes, gathering data and creating information that is valuable to managers who make business decisions. (Daniels, 1993, p. 36) E-Business and E-Commerce Fredholm (2002) reports that electronic business, in its early forms, has existed since computers have been used for administrative applications. In the late 1960s, organisations started to exchange files electronically. The first standard, for this file transfer (EDI 1 ), was developed in the 1970s. The early EDI solutions were complex and expensive and therefore best suited for large companies. With the increased use of the Internet in the mid 1990s, and new standards such as HTML 2 and XML 3, new simpler and less expensive solutions were developed. It became possible to build applications for e-commerce that were more suitable for smaller organisations. This was also the start for selling goods and services via the Internet to both businesses and consumers (ibid). Fredholm (2002) describes that some authors are using the terms e-business and e-commerce interchangeably while others state that e-business is a broader term. Electronic commerce (ecommerce) focuses on business transactions carried out over an electronic network. The broader term electronic business encompasses all business processes not just transactions (ibid). E-business is defined as any business carried out over an electronic network (Fillis et al., 2004, p. 179). The largest application of e-commerce is within business to business (B2B) and this segment is projected to be the largest in the future as well (Fredholm, 2002) Electronic Invoicing One of the large areas of use for e-commerce is payments (Junghagen, 1998). Electronic invoices can be deduced from the late 1970s when organisations started to exchange invoice files (Dykert & Fredholm, 2003). There was no standard for the exchange and the business systems were not adjusted to the demands that were needed to pursue this work, therefore large volumes were needed for the investment to be profitable. New technological solutions and standards, such as XML have created new possibilities and made the process easier (ibid). The advantage of XML over EDI is that it is less rigid, less expensive and can be used over the Internet (Morrell & Ezingeard, 2002). Electronic invoicing/billing 4 refers to the sending and receiving of invoices by electronic means. There are different technical solutions for this, such as EDI-invoicing, self-invoicing, 1 EDI stands for Electronic Data Interchange and is a standard for information exchange between computers (Fredholm, 2004). 2 HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is a standard for website creation (Fredholm, 2004) 3 XML (extensible Markup Language) is a standard from W3C (World Wide Web Organization) for structuring data (Fredholm, 2004). 4 The terms e-invoicing and e-billing are used interchangeably in the literature. In order to keep consistency, the term e-invoicing or electronic invoicing will exclusively be used throughout this thesis 3
11 INTRODUCTION invoice portals and invoice hubs (Fredholm, 2002; Dykert & Fredholm, 2004). In Sweden there has been an increasing interest in the area of electronic invoicing, which can be seen in technology journals (Brundin, 2005; Cooke, 2005) and government reports (ESV, 2005). Robinson (2001) has identified some problems with adoption of e-invoicing that the B2B sector has experienced; both buyers and sellers are waiting until a critical mass is reached and buyers wait for sellers to take on e-invoicing at the same time as sellers wait for buyers to do the same. Fredholm (2002) and Dykert and Fredholm (2004) report that mostly large organisations have invested in electronic invoicing with the purpose of cutting costs for their administrative work, while the suppliers do not see the same benefits with introducing electronic invoices. Organisations which have invested in an e-business system may experience problems with smaller suppliers that do not use a compatible e-business solution (ibid). Within industry sectors with a large number of competing suppliers and high bargaining power of buyers, the buyers have a greater chance to persuade the suppliers to commence e-business services, such as electronic invoicing (Fredholm, 2000). This is a phenomenon that can be seen in the car manufacturing industry (Iacovou, Benbasat & Dexter, 1995; Al-Qirim, 2004) where large manufacturers have more or less forced their smaller suppliers to introduce e-commerce. ESV 5 (2005) reports that the public sector, including several municipalities in Sweden have invested in systems for sending and receiving electronic invoices and are experiencing that many of their smaller suppliers are still sending their invoices the traditional way. The potential of an e-invoicing system is not being fully exploited and manual routines for ordering and payment are still needed (ibid). Since the public sector handles large amounts of invoices, vast savings can be made if more suppliers begin sending their invoices electronically (ibid). ESV (2005) calculates that introducing electronic invoices in the public sector in Sweden has the potential of saving almost four billion SEK over a five-year period. Other Scandinavian countries such as Finland and Denmark recognized the potential in e- invoicing earlier than Sweden. These countries have used different approaches to get organisations to use e-invoicing. In Denmark a new law was introduced in February 2005, which requires the public sector to send and receive electronic invoices. Instead of using coercive measures, Finland has used another approach, based on recommendations and willingness (ESV, 2005) SMEs Importance and Characteristics It was in the 1970s that researchers began to take interest in SMEs (Small and Medium sized Enterprises) and their importance for economic development and industry dynamics (Al- Qirim, 2004). Thong and Yap (1995) highlight the importance of small businesses as significant creators of employment and contributors to national economies. Matlay (2000) states that SMEs conduct more than 99 percent of all business activities in the European Union, and account for 68 percent of total employment and 63 percent of business turnover. According to Iacovou et al. (1995), SMEs are also vital for introducing new inventions and innovations. 5 Ekonomistyrningsverket, a Swedish central administrative agency under the ministry of finance 4
12 INTRODUCTION There is no standard definition of SMEs. They are usually defined by the number of employees, however this number varies from study to study (Fink, 1998). This thesis will follow the 2005 European Commission s definition of SMEs which states that SMEs are autonomous, partner or linked enterprises with 10 to 250 employees and a total turnover of less than 50 Million EUR or a Balance Sheet total less than 43 Million EUR (European Commision, 2005). Smaller firms share some common attributes with their larger counterparts, such as the need for long-term profitability, but in many respects they are run in a distinctly different manner (Hansemark, 1998). Ballantine, Levy and Powel (1998) and Hansemark (1998) highlight some characteristics of SMEs: Lack of business and IT strategy Limited access to capital resources Influence of major customers Limited information skills The owner/manager exerts a high degree of locus of control in decision making It has been stated that small businesses are not using information technology to the same extent as larger firms (Junghagen, 1998). IT adoption in SMEs became an issue in the 1980s when the emergence of personal computers provided smaller firms with the opportunity to introduce computer hardware and packaged systems to lower costs (Fink, 1998). Al-Qirim (2004) reports that despite the relatively high adoption rates of and websites, SMEs are lagging behind large businesses in terms of e-commerce adoption and its use in business. Even among the SMEs themselves, larger SMEs are more likely to implement e-commerce than smaller SMEs. According to ESV (2005), Swedish municipalities have found that SMEs do not have the knowledge and the incentives for adopting e-commerce. This is consistent with Stefansson (2002), who states that small companies often lack the basic IT platform that is required to implement e-commerce, and hence expose themselves to the risk of permanent exclusion from the supply chain. Fredholm (2003) on the other hand claims that SMEs might even have better conditions for successful e-commerce implementation, than larger organisations, because SMEs can quickly develop and follow a new strategy. It appears as if the characteristics of SMEs are influencing their IT adoption decisions in several different ways (Chen & Williams, 1998; Stefansson, 2002; ESV, 2005; Fredholm, 2003). SMEs lack of business and IT strategy leads to a short-term view of IT adoption and implementation. Influence of major customers/suppliers usually makes SMEs approach toward e-commerce adoption more reactive than proactive, generally doing just enough to meet their customers/suppliers needs (Chen & Williams, 1998). It has been shown that IT adoption decisions in small businesses are typically made by a single owner/manager 6 (Riemenschneider, Harrison & Mykytyn, 2003). This makes it important to study owner/manager related factors such as attitudes, behaviour, competence, culture and values (Fillis et al., 2003, 2004). Furthermore, Fillis et al. (2004) argue that in order to provide appropriate assistance for SMEs, when introducing e-business systems (such as e-invoicing), that understanding of the characteristics of SMEs which affect e-invoicing adoption must be achieved. 6 In the literature several different terms are used interchangeably for describing the main decision maker in a small firm (e.g. owner/manager, CEO). In order to keep consistency, the term owner/manager will be used exclusively throughout this thesis. 5
13 INTRODUCTION 1.2 Problem Discussion The interest in the area of electronic invoicing has increased because of the potential for resource savings (Dykert & Fredholm, 2004; ESV, 2005). However it is not an area that has been well researched since no study has been found about SMEs adoption of e-invoicing specifically. Studies of the factors influencing SMEs IT adoption in general or other areas of e-commerce such as EDI are more common, e.g. (Iacovou et al., 1995; Thong & Yap, 1995; Premkumar & Roberts, 1999). Profits that can be made in the B2B sector are much larger than those that can be made in the business to consumer (B2C) sector because of sheer volume in the B2B sector (Amor, 2000). The public sector, i.e. municipalities handles large amounts of invoices, and could save a lot of money on invoice handling if their suppliers would send their invoices electronically. E- invoicing does not seem to have taken off in the B2B sector even though new, simpler and more affordable techniques for e-invoicing have been introduced (Dykert & Fredholm, 2004). Some of the reasons for this might be that a critical mass of e-invoicing users has not yet been reached and smaller suppliers do not see the same benefits with electronic invoicing as larger organisations (Fredholm, 2002). SMEs are not using e-business systems like e-invoicing to the same extent as larger organisations (Al-Qirim, 2004; Fillis et al., 2004; Grandon & Pearson, 2004). When studying SMEs it is important to consider that they are not just scaled down versions of larger companies, they have different characteristics that affect adoption of information systems e.g. e-invoicing (Kuan & Chau, 2001) Research Problem The increasing interest in the area of electronic invoicing, experienced problems with adoption of e-invoicing and the special characteristics of SMEs, have been discussed in the background and problem discussion above. These facts, together with the limited amount of research about adoption of electronic invoicing, have given rise to the research problem of this thesis: To gain a better understanding of the adoption of electronic invoicing in SMEs Demarcations Adoption of electronic invoicing in SMEs is an extensive area. Due to limited time and resources this study will focus on the adoption of electronic invoicing from the perspective of the invoicer, which is the company that sends the invoice. The handling of received invoices will not be considered in this study. 6
14 THEORETICAL REVIEW 2. Theoretical Review In this chapter, an overview of theories judged to be relevant for the research problem is presented. First different techniques for e-invoicing are briefly described. Then different IT adoption theories are explained. 2.1 Different Techniques for Electronic Invoicing There are a few standardized solutions for electronic invoicing (Fredholm, 2002; Dykert & Fredholm, 2004). Some of the solutions involve sending the invoice directly between the invoicer and the invoice receiver (bilateral solutions), while others are using an external service for exchanging the invoices (solutions using an intermediary). The difference between these two types is described in Figure 2.1. Bilateral Solution Solution with Intermediary Seller Buyer Seller Buyer A D A D B E B Invoice exchange service E C F C F Figure 2.1 Bilateral and Intermediary E-Invoice Solution. Source: Adapted from (ESV, 2005, p. 52) EDI Fredholm (2004) describes EDI as an electronic exchange of B2B information sent between computers in standardised formats. A prerequisite is that the business partners use an agreed standard for the exchange, typically Edifact 7 or XML. The essence of EDI is that two business systems communicate directly with each other, which reduces the need for manual routines. To fully exploit the potential of EDI, most businesses use the concept to exchange several business transactions, where the invoice is one of them. Dykert and Fredholm (2004) highlight some advantages and disadvantages with EDI. The advantages of EDI are that it offers a high level of automation, reduces errors, offers several industry specific options, is a standardized solution for the whole business process, and is beneficial for both buyer and seller. The disadvantages include lack of a unified standard and difficulties for small 7 Edifact (Electronic Data Interchange For Administration, Commerce and Transport is a document standard for EDI-messages. 7
15 THEORETICAL REVIEW businesses, because EDI requires certain volumes and entails high investment and integration costs Invoice Portals / Web-EDI According to Dykert and Fredholm (2004), an invoice portal is a service where the supplier fills in a web form, which is then sent electronically to the customer in a specified format. Web-EDI is a good complement for organisations that have invested in an EDI-system, because it is a solution that can be used by their smaller suppliers as well. The solution is most beneficial for the buyer whose manual work is reduced. For the supplier, on the other hand, some manual routines are still needed (ibid) Invoice Hubs An invoice hub, also called invoice transaction hub, is a service offered by an intermediary which directs electronic invoices and converts them into different formats (ESV, 2005). Dykert and Fredholm (2004) give a description of this process: an invoice is sent electronically from the business system of the invoicer, via the invoice exchange service directly to the business system of the invoice receiver or is printed by the intermediary and sent to the invoice receiver by mail. This solution is easy to implement with low investment costs (ibid) Self-Invoicing Dykert and Fredholm (2004) describe the process of self-invoicing where the customer creates the invoice instead of the traditional way where the supplier is the invoicer. Selfinvoicing is most suitable for purchases where prices are agreed and updated in the buyer s system, which makes self-invoicing difficult to use for all invoices. When using selfinvoicing, the seller is the one verifying the invoice, in contrast to other modes of invoicing where the buyer is the verifier (ibid) Virtual Invoice Writer ESV (2005) describes a virtual invoice writer as an application that makes it possible to create electronic invoices, and instead of printing the invoice, it is sent to the invoice receiver by . Dykert and Fredholm (2004) argue that the potential for this solution is not as good as the potential for the other solutions because the buyer often prints the invoice and handles it manually. The potential savings include postage, paper and envelope costs for the seller. There are some risks with this solution; it is not appropriate to send document types which can be altered or use document templates where previous versions can be traced. What also needs to be considered is that invoices need to be saved in the original version (the received invoice file) for at least three years (ibid). 8
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June 11, 2016
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June 8, 2016
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Pin Up Trailer (2012)
01 August 2012 147 mins
Check out the latest from ATV Entertainment, Pin Up, featuring the hottest women in action from Italy!
Watch the official Pin Up 2012 trailer in HD below or find more Pin Up videos on Vidimovie.com.
01 August 2012 147 mins
Check out the latest from ATV Entertainment, Pin Up, featuring the hottest women in action from Italy!
Watch the official Pin Up 2012 trailer in HD below or find more Pin Up videos on Vidimovie.com.
Sorry, we can't find the movie trailer you're looking for.
Either a trailer for this movie has not been released yet, or it was removed following a request from the copyright holder.
Joe Serrano Director
United States 01 August 2012
If you liked the Pin Up trailer, you may like these ones:
21 February 1992
Diana is a Roman wife happily married to sympathetic Paolo but she is keen on playing benign games of seduction with other men while resisting the advances of chic lingerie shop owner Silvio and she narrates her adventures to Paolo in order to stimulate their otherwise monotonous sexual life.
18 January 2010
Laura is a 19-year-old university freshman who desperately wants to do well in school. She works a part-time job but cannot make ends meet.
27 January 1994
At a college in Rome, a professor, nicknamed "Dodo" is in a deep depression. His stunningly beautiful wife has just left him for another man.
22 February 1992
A poor French teenage girl engages in an illicit affair with a wealthy Chinese heir in 1920s Saigon. For the first time in her young life she has control, and she wields it deftly over her besotted lover throughout a series of clandestine meetings and torrid encounters.
15 May 1985
A woman and three men. Nina, who's come to Paris to act and sleeps with any man at hand, meets Paulot, a young estate agent; he's smitten.
21 January 1998
The story takes place in northern Italy in the 1950's. Lola and Masetto are about to get married. Masetto wants to keep Lola as a virgin until they are married.
21 August 1981
Phillip Filmore is a naive, 15-year-old, preoccupied with sex, who develops a crush on Nicole Mallow, the new 30-something, French housekeeper and sitter to look after him when Phillip's father is out of town for the summer on a "business" trip.
19 October 1983
After twenty years of marriage, art professor Nino Rolfe attempts to break down his wife Teresa's conventional modesty.
11 May 1979
Believe it or not even in Smalltown USA there are still people who are unfulfilled and unrelieved in the midst of plenty.
21 May 1993
A women moves into an apartment in Manhattan and learns that the previous tenants life ended mysteriously after falling from the balcony.
17 June 2010
A remake of the 1979 controversial cult classic, I Spit on Your Grave retells the horrific tale of writer Jennifer Hills who takes a retreat from the city to a charming cabin in the woods to start on her next book.
30 August 1995
This film is a series of letters, photos and video cassettes which women often send in to certain newspapers.
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Peter Parker is an outcast high schooler was abandoned by his parents as a boy, leaving him to be raised by his Uncle Ben and Aunt May.
01 February 2012
Three high school students make an incredible discovery, leading to their developing uncanny powers beyond their understanding.
04 October 2012
Young Victor conducts a science experiment to bring his beloved dog Sparky back to life, only to face unintended, sometimes monstrous, consequences.
25 December 2012
With the help of a German bounty hunter, a freed slave sets out to rescue his wife from a brutal Mississippi plantation owner.
01 July 2012
Georges and Anne are in their eighties. They are cultivated, retired music teachers. Their daughter, who is also a musician, lives abroad with her family.
12 March 2012
Every year in the ruins of what was once North America, the nation of Panem forces each of its twelve districts to send a teenage boy and girl to compete in the Hunger Games.
30 May 2012
A team of explorers discover a clue to the origins of mankind on Earth, leading them on a journey to the darkest corners of the universe.
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An urban office worker finds that paper airplanes are instrumental in meeting a girl in ways he never expected.
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Dracula, who operates a high-end resort away from the human world, goes into overprotective mode when a boy discovers the resort and falls for the count's teen-aged daughter.
26 January 2012
Stephanie Plum (Katherine Heigl), an unemployed lingerie buyer, convinces her bail bondsman cousin, Vinnie (Patrick Fischler), to give her a shot as a bounty hunter.
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A distant Federation outpost Fort Casey comes under attack by bugs. The team on the fast attack ship Alesia is assigned to help the Starship John A.
30 May 2012
After the Evil Queen marries the King, she performs a violent coup in which the King is murdered and his daughter, Snow White, is taken captive.
Have you watched Pin Up yet? What did you think about it?
Artwork, screen shots, trailers and other imagery is © 2012 ATV Entertainment.


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French cinema worldwide
A Short film by Jérôme Brière
Produced by Films Depuis 2001
Production year : 2004
Films Depuis 2001
Jérôme Brière
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Home > News > Nanotechnology: Encouragement for small companies
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Recently, on-line adaptation of binary classifiers for tracking have been investigated. On-line learning allows for simple classifiers since only the current view of the object from its surrounding background needs to be discriminiated. However, on-line adaption faces one key problem: Each update of the tracker may introduce an error which, finally, can… (More)
Tracking-by-detection is increasingly popular in order to tackle the visual tracking problem. Existing adaptive methods suffer from the drifting problem, since they rely on self-updates of an on-line learning method. In contrast to previous work that tackled this problem by employing semi-supervised or multiple-instance learning, we show that augmenting an… (More)
Random Forests (RFs) are frequently used in many computer vision and machine learning applications. Their popularity is mainly driven by their high computational efficiency during both training and evaluation while still achieving state-of-the-art results. However, in most applications RFs are used off-line. This limits their usability for many practical… (More)
Object detectors are typically trained on a large set of still images annotated by bounding-boxes. This paper introduces an approach for learning object detectors from real-world web videos known only to contain objects of a target class. We propose a fully automatic pipeline that localizes objects in a set of videos of the class and learns a detector for… (More)
Online boosting is one of the most successful on-line learning algorithms in computer vision. While many challenging online learning problems are inherently multi-class, online boosting and its variants are only able to solve binary tasks. In this paper, we present Online Multi-Class LPBoost (OMCLP) which is directly applicable to multi-class problems. From… (More)
In this work, we address the problem of estimating 2d human pose from still images. Recent methods that rely on dis-criminatively trained deformable parts organized in a tree model have shown to be very successful in solving this task. Within such a pictorial structure framework, we address the problem of obtaining good part templates by proposing novel,… (More)
A recent dominating trend in tracking called tracking-by-detection uses on-line classifiers in order to redetect objects over succeeding frames. Although these methods usually deliver excellent results and run in real-time they also tend to drift in case of wrong updates during the self-learning process. Recent approaches tackled this problem by formulating… (More)
On-line boosting is one of the most successful on-line algorithms and thus applied in many computer vision applications. However, even though boosting, in general, is well known to be susceptible to class-label noise, on-line boosting is mostly applied to self-learning applications such as visual object tracking, where label-noise is an inherent problem.… (More)
We introduce a complete pipeline for recognizing and classifying people's clothing in natural scenes. This has several interesting applications, including e-commerce, event and activity recognition, on-line advertising, etc. The stages of the pipeline combine a number of state-of-the-art building blocks such as upper body detectors, various feature channels… (More)
Common methods for interactive texture segmentation rely on probability maps based on low dimensional features such as e.g. intensity or color, that are usually modeled using basic learning algorithms such as histograms or Gaussian Mixture Models. The use of low level features allows for fast generation of these hypotheses but limits applicability to a… (More)


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I Can Never Eat Just One
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I Love To Eatmy wife doesn't seem to mind though ; )
First ....there is diggies with tea then theirs.... Mint imperials and..... Slice of apple pie with custard not for getting,,,, Black sports mixtures... also... Wee Willies sandwich's including After eights . Oh and Penguins to ... :o)
salar1 51-55, M 11 Responses 1 Mar 29, 2011
Never Just OneChips Dried cranberries Almost any nut (shut up iRant) Chocolate- I used to have a roommate that could eat a bite or two of a candy bar and save the rest for later? WTH? She would put it back in the desk drawer and I would be thinking, oh hell no! Cookies The list could...
soulrunher 46-50, F 6 Responses 7 Jun 18, 2013
CherriesI end up eating the whole freaking bag of cherries in a day. This is not a good thing afterward believe me.
fungirlmmm 46-50, F 14 Responses 3 Jul 27, 2009
Ode To The Potato ChipThe potato chip.Sitting in a bag on the table.No problem.Most of the time that group of chips is safe,but,middle of the night.5 or 6 hours after Ive eaten.That bag of tasty chips has suddenly become a target of opportunity!Now I know that those chips are the perfect killing...
Have you ever read the back of a classic Layspotato chip bag? "Betcha can't eat just one!" Very true. If I actually made that bet with someone, I would probably lose every time.
MyUnspokenWord 22-25, F 2 Jan 5, 2014
What, Where Did They Go?when ever i buy a bag of chips or cookies there are never any left overs. i go into a sort of auto pilit and just keep chomping away mindlesssly eating untill i realize that they are all gone. these arn't small bags but the largest ones i can find. after they...
flabman 56-60, M 1 Response 0 Sep 30, 2010


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Found 8 Aspergers tutors in Greensboro, NC 27401.
Greensboro 27409 · 10 miles from downtown · $60/hour · teaches ADD/ADHD - Aspergers -
My areas of specialty are with children with Asperger's or high functioning autism, ADHD, and dyslexia. I have taught elementary, middle, and high school.certified
Greensboro 27409 · 10 miles from downtown · $60/hour · teaches ADD/ADHD - Aspergers -
A Chicago native with a Master's Degree in Learning Disabilities, I taught grades 1 through 12 ADD/ADHD, Dyslexia, LD, BD, and Aspergers for 5 years in both public...certified
Greensboro 27401 · 0 miles from downtown · $36/hour · teaches American history -
I am currently tutoring part-time after teaching for four years. Too much 'red tape' in public schools led me to a career change, but I still yearn to instill passion for...certified
Greensboro 27408 · 4 miles from downtown · $30/hour · teaches American history -
Hello! I am a teacher, currently taking time off to care for my 2 year old son. I have taught at the middle and high school level for 10 years.certified
Greensboro 27407 · 7 miles from downtown · $25/hour · teaches archaeology - Aspergers -
This past year of 2014-2015, I have been working with adults with essay writing and reading comprehension at the graduate level. Customers have been very satisfied with the results.certified
High Point 27262 · 17 miles from 27401 · $26/hour · teaches ADD/ADHD - Aspergers -
Hello! I am here for you and your child. It is my goal as a tutor to ensure that your child is successful on any assignment or state test that deals with reading and/or writing.certified
Kernersville 27284 · 18 miles from 27401 · $45/hour · teaches algebra 1 - Aspergers -
My name is Aaron S. I am married and have two little boys, ages 7 and 3. I am currently a Special Education teacher in the 7th grade. I teach mostly math, but also...certified
Winston Salem 27107 · 24 miles from 27401 · $50/hour · teaches ADD/ADHD - Aspergers -
I have four years of in classroom teaching experience and many more years before that spent tutoring. I earned a Masters In Elementary Education with a concentration in Literacy.certified