text:
Danish Applecake
Christe Harwood
Kirsten & Lynn Rowell - it is a fun idea to cook together, so the Danish applecake is good food, easy to eat and pleasant to look at.
- 1 c
- rolled oats
- 1/4 c
- margarine (more or less)
- 1/4 c
- sugar (more or less)
Directions Step-By-Step
1This gets caramelized, sort of, in a hot skillet. You keep stirring and turning it all around and over, you know, I mean the oats. This is one layer of the applecake - do the same thing again for the second layer.
2Then in between layers are raw apples, shredded, something like 6 medium Delicious or Jonathan's are very good. Drip raw lemon on it to prevents darkening of apples and add a fresh taste
3Alternate layers of apple shreddings and oats crunchy.
4On top put whipped cream, 1 pint. 1 maraschino cherry in middle just for looks.
About this Recipe
Course/Dish: Cakes


text:
In this equivalent fractions worksheet, students shade the pie parts that the first fraction shows and shade the same amount of pie in the second picture. Students then write the second fraction. Students then write fractions that have thirds with sixths, fifths with tenths, and thirds with ninths.
5th - 6th Math 3 Views 10 Downloads
Resource Details
What Members Say
- Kelly W., Student teacher
- Independence, IA

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Capital Markets
Company Overview of Lone Star Funds
Company Overview
2711 North Haskell Avenue
Suite 1700 and Suite 2150
Dallas, TX 75204
United States
Founded in 1995
Key Executives for Lone Star Funds
Lone Star Funds Key Developments
GMR Infrastructure Limited (BSE:532754) (GMR Group) has initiated discussions with Sembcorp Industries Ltd (SGX:U96) and Lone Star Funds for selling a significant stake in GMR Chhattisgarh Energy Private Limited, a 100% subsidiary of GMR Energy Limited, three people familiar with the matter said. The move is part of the group's efforts to bring down its debt that stood at INR 434 billion at the end of September. "While SembCorp has been in talks with GMR for a while now, the discussion with Lone Star Funds is a new development and is exploratory in nature," said one of the three people a senior GMR Group executive who did not want to identified.
Lone Star Funds is seeking to divest assets from its $6.6 billion Lone Star Real Estate Fund III which achieved a final close in 2013.
Cinven Limited is said to have shortlisted few buyers for the sale of SLV GmbH, according to banking sources. The shortlisted buyers include Ardian, 3i Group plc (LSE:III), Lone Star Funds and Triton. The second round of bids is expected to value SLV between $750-$800 million.
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From Topman, a long sleeve button-down shirt with an allover blue dot pattern. Features a front button-down placket, button cuffs, shirttail hem and a regular fit through the torso.
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• Regular fit through the torso
• 72% cotton, 25% nylon, 3% elastane
• Machine wash
• Made in Morocco
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20.5" chest
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34" sleeve length
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$ 2.50Hide Description
Imported 1 week ago
Netherlands 25 Cent Coin Lot (2) Dated 1950 GC Wow!
Offered today from my personal collection of foreign coins is a lot of 2 Netherlands 25 Cent coins in good condition. Both coins are dated 1950 and appear to be nickel/silver. Weight is 2.98 grams per coin. Coins in good used condition for age,...


text:
Sul-tech.net was registered on Melbourne IT on 04 April 2016. The site is almost absent on social networks. It has 0 facebook likes.
The site is hosted in Australia by Early registration addresses while its owners are located in United States. The webmasters of the website can be contacted at . The domain for the website was purchased through Melbourne IT on 04 April 2016 (6 months ago) and will expire in 5 months 9 days.
Domain Name: SUL-TECH.NET Registrar: MELBOURNE IT, LTD. D/B/A INTERNET NAMES WORLDWIDE Sponsoring Registrar IANA ID: 13 Whois Server: whois.melbourneit.com Referral URL: Name Server: NS.INMOTIONHOSTING.COM Name Server: NS2.INMOTIONHOSTING.COM Status: ok Updated Date: 04-apr-2016 Creation Date: 04-apr-2016 Expiration Date: 04-apr-2017 Domain Name: sul-tech.net Registry Domain ID: 2019027681_DOMAIN_NET-VRSN Registrar WHOIS Server: whois.melbourneit.com Registrar URL: Updated Date: 2016-04-04T23:00:02Z Creation Date: 2016-04-04T23:00:10Z Registrar Registration Expiration Date: 2017-04-04T23:00:10Z Registrar: Melbourne IT Ltd Registrar IANA ID: 13 Registrar Abuse Contact Email: Registrar Abuse Contact Phone: +61.386242300 Domain Status: ok Registry Registrant ID: Registrant Name: Registrant Organization: sul-tech.net Registrant Street: 3212 magnolia dr. Registrant City: hendersonville Registrant State/Province: n.c. Registrant Postal Code: 28792 Registrant Country: US Registrant Phone: +1.8286975124 Registrant Phone Ext: Registrant Fax: Registrant Fax Ext: Registrant Email: Registry Admin ID: Admin Name: Admin Organization: sul-tech.net Admin Street: 3212 magnolia dr. Admin City: hendersonville Admin State/Province: n.c. Admin Postal Code: 28792 Admin Country: US Admin Phone: +1.8286975124 Admin Phone Ext: Admin Fax: Admin Fax Ext: Admin Email: Registry Tech ID: Tech Name: Tech Organization: sul-tech.net Tech Street: 3212 magnolia dr. Tech City: hendersonville Tech State/Province: n.c. Tech Postal Code: 28792 Tech Country: US Tech Phone: +1.8286975124 Tech Phone Ext: Tech Fax: Tech Fax Ext: Tech Email: Name Server: NS.INMOTIONHOSTING.COM Name Server: NS2.INMOTIONHOSTING.COM DNSSEC: unsigned URL of the ICANN WHOIS Data Problem Reporting System:
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|text/html; charset=UTF-8


text:
DIY Cheesecloth Ghosts
"Today we're giving you the quick and easy steps to make some spooky spirits that you can hang from the ceiling or rest on a bookshelf. Either way, these guys are sure to add to the Halloween spirit around your house."
Halloween is rapidly approaching and if you're still looking for ways to decorate your home, you should check out these cute DIY Cheesecloth Ghosts. They're pretty easy to put together and look just darling! So don't waste any more time, click on the link below and learn how to make these fun little cheesecake ghosts. Happy haunting!


text: Techie Valentine's Day giftsGina Trapani2/13/06 10:00amFiled to: HolidaysGadgetsGift IdeasValentine's DayEditPromoteDismissUndismissHideShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink This image was lost some time after publication. CNET has a few Valentine's Day gift ideas for the geek in your life, from a flashing LED heart to a self-warming coffee mug to an eye massager. Goofy, but fun. Better order with overnight delivery. Advertisement My techie Valentine [CNET]Gear from Kinja DealsBestsellers: Philips 60W Equivalent A19 LED Light BulbYour Pick For Best Desk Lamp: Anker LumosSaturday's Best Deals: Harmony Smart Control, DualShock 4, Cast Iron CookwareReplyLeave a reply


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PWA09 - Floor Brush for PW3500, PW4000 & PW5000
Supplier: Jack Sealey Ltd | Brand: SEALEY | Product: PWA09
Share this product
Details of PWA09
o Manufactured from high quality, durable polypropylene.
o Three nozzles in base of broom give a larger cleaning area than a standard single nozzle.
o Flexible squeegee removes excess water and dirt away whilst still in use.
o Supplied with lance extension.
Barcode: 5051747779600
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1.842 Kg
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Get the Latics newsletter
Emmerson Boyce ecstatic after his last gasp winning goal!
10:00 17th January 2014
by Stewart Frodsham
Kick off time moved on the final day of the season
Team news from Latics v Brighton.
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Latics backing league-wide campaign.
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PM to chair meeting of Cauvery River Authority today
Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Jayalalithaa is expected to attend the meeting and put forth her case before the panel.
New Delhi: Tamil Nadu and Karnataka on Wednesday will be facing the Cauvery River Authority (CRA) for the first time in nine years headed by the Prime Minister in New Delhi. Chennai wants Bangalore to release 2 TMC of water from Cauvery river as crops have been destroyed due to a deficit monsoon.
Tamil Nadu Chief Minister J Jayalalithaa, who has been vociferously demanding such a meeting to discuss thread-bare water issues between the state and Karnataka, is expected to attend the meeting and put forth her case before the panel.
This would be the first meeting of the CRA, set up in 1997, after the UPA Government assumed power in 2004 and is likely to be a stormy affair with Tamil Nadu and Karnataka likely to stick to their known positions.
Besides Jayalalithaa, her counterparts from Karnataka, Kerala and Puducherry will also be present at the meeting of the CRA, which was last convened in 2003.
The meeting would discuss Tamil Nadu's demand for immediate release of water by Karnataka to save the state's standing rice crops as well as a long-lasting solution to the vexed issue.
It also takes place after the Supreme Court chided the PMO on September 3 for not convening such a meeting.
The bitterness of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka over sharing of Cauvery water dates back to 1990s from when they have been locked in a bitter battle for over two decades to share the water of Cauvery river.
Both states are now fighting their battle in the Supreme Court.
The Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal had in 2007 submitted its report, awarding water share to all the states concerned.
In its application in Supreme Court, Tamil Nadu had said during the current irrigation year 2012-2013, though the south west monsoon is not vigorous in the Cauvery catchment of Karnataka, the state of Karnataka has received 21.9 TMC ft of inflow in its four major reservoirs upto July 20.
It had complained that over the years, Karnataka did not agree to the distress sharing formula evolved by the Central Water Commission/Cauvery Monitoring Committee, with the result that it "resorts to impounding all the flows in its reservoirs depriving the state of Tamil Nadu from getting its legitimate flow, more so during the lean years, thus aggravating the distress situation".
With additional information from PTI
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If you log in, you can comment on buildings, submit new photos or update photos that you've already submitted.
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Description: Two Chest Tombs, 1-2 Metres East of the Porch, Church of St Mary
Grade: II
Date Listed: 4 May 1984
English Heritage Building ID: 270237
OS Grid Reference: ST1679729751
OS Grid Coordinates: 316797, 129751
Latitude/Longitude: 51.0611, -3.1886
Location: 4 Church Street, Bishops Lydeard, Somerset TA4 3AT
Locality: Bishop's Lydeard
Local Authority: Taunton Deane Borough Council
County: Somerset
Country: England
Postcode: TA4 3AT
Incorrect location/postcode? Submit a correction!
Explore more of the area around Bishop's Lydeard, Somerset at Explore Britain.
ST1629 BISHOP'S LYDEARD CP CHURCH STREET (West side)
10/25 Two Chest tombs, 1-2 metres East
of the porch, Church of St Mary
Two Chest tombs. Unidentified. C17. Nearest to porch: Dundry stone, flat topped with moulded plinth, otherwise plain
and very weatherworn. Second tomb; Red sandstone. Flat topped; wave moulded cornice, moulded plinth. Unusually narrow
and short, probably a child´s tomb.
Listing NGR: ST1679529751
This text is a legacy record and has not been updated since the building was originally listed. Details of the building may have changed in the intervening time. You should not rely on this listing as an accurate description of the building.
Source: English Heritage
Listed building text is © Crown Copyright. Reproduced under licence.


text: Coastal HomeCoastal Home Blog Coastal Home Blog Monday, July 22, 2013 Spotted from the crow's nest: Beach House Tour- Coastal cottage on the lake Interior designer Samantha Pynn, the host and principal designer of the show- Summer Home on HGTV Canada, designed this absolutely charming Muskoka cottage lake house . A laid back vibe with coastal slipcover furniture and "beachy" colors make this cottage on the lake inviting and friendly. Light blue coastal slipcover sofa sits across a wicker coffee table with two cream upholstered chairs creating a beach house design. A peek into the cottage style dining room with farmhouse table and light blue Windsor chairs. Coastal cottage with beach house style. Photo credits: Muskoka cottage on the lake Author: The CrewTags: TweetComments Please type in the word written on the picture. HomeAbout UsShopContact Categories Beach House DIY Designer Tips Coastal Contest New in the shop 10 Ways Coastal Living Slipcover Furniture Coral interiors Aqua Hues Coastal Gifts Coastal Outdoors Beach House Decor From the galley Blog Archive 2016October September August July June May April March February January 2015December November October September August July June May April March February January 2014December November October September August July June May April March February January 2013December November October September August July June May April March February January 2012December November October September August June May Popular Topics Coastal DIY Nautical decor Design Tips Coastal Outdoor Decor Coastal quotes New in the shop Beach House Decor Beach House Coastal Contest Quotes and Sunshine Coastal Lighting Aqua Hues Coastal living Coastal Design Tips Beach house tour Coastal Slipcover Furniture Coastal outdoor furniture Coastal gifts coastal dining 10 Ways DIY Coastal Shopping Coastal Decor Coastal inspiration coastal outdoors Coastal Outdoor Spaces Coastal rooms with a view Coastal pets Coastal holiday From the galley Recent Posts October 24by The Crew Beach House Tour: Florida Beach Condo October 23by The Crew Coastal Quotes: Memories in Flip Flops October 22by The Crew 10 Creative Halloween Pumpkin Designs Recent Comments Love everything about this house.- Tanya . 1 month ago - September 5, 2016 14:35Gorgeous! - Tanya . 1 month ago - September 1, 2016 15:10Lovely .... actually looking at properties in this area - Kat R. 2 months ago - August 24, 2016 12:59


text:
Castle and Beckett to Tie the Knot in Season 6 Finale Preview
It's the wedding that has been long awaited by fans in the last episode of "Castle" season 6. Castle and Beckett are set to tie the knot, but a shocking surprise threatens to ruin the big day.
A preview for the said outing reveals that Beckett is listed as having been married, making the couple puzzled. The snippet also offers a look at the detective in her wedding gown. Randy Oglesby reportedly will guest star as the minister at a small-town church in Upstate New York.
Meanwhile, the crime-solving team is sent on a wild mission filled with masked men, angry bikers and a charming ne'er-do-well from Beckett's past. Eddie McClintock ("Warehouse 13") guest stars in the episode.
Star Stana Katic hinted that the show would bid farewell to at least one character in the season 6 finale. "S6 finale had us saying goodbye to a number of colleagues today," she recently wrote on Twitter. "Lucky to work with these incredibly talented actors."
She added on April, "Last day of filming. Quite a gift working with this crew & cast. Thank you everyone for watching! All the best, Stana," fueling rumor that her character Beckett might get killed off in the season finale.
"For Better or Worse" will air Monday, May 12 at 10/9c on ABC.
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- Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie to Sell Their Chateau Miraval in France Amid Divorce
- Director Tim Miller Leaves 'Deadpool 2' Due to Creative Differences


text:
Humane Society has to put down facility's 200 felines after mass virus outbreak
Jul 01, 2007
Springfield, mo. — Almost 200 cats were euthanized at the Southwest Missouri Humane Society (SMHS) after a suspected outbreak of the fast-spreading killer strain of calicivirus.
Believed to have come from an infected feral or stray cat dropped off at the shelter, the outbreak was identified the week of June 11 when one shelter cat died, according to a report by Ozarks First.
Unable to determine how many other cats were infected, workers decided to euthanize the entire feline population and then shut down the facility for disinfection.Many cats are vaccinated against the household form of calicivirus, but not the deadly strain. VS-FCV causes mouth ulcers, swelling and high fever and often leads to a painful death.
Since reopening June 18, SMHS is vaccinating all the cats it receives against VS-FCV.
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Sep 19, 2016


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For rent by Property News MEMBER29 Aug 6:38 amBanani, Dhaka
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Service announcements Park Street car park closed due to loss of power Disruption to our commercial bin collection service Some bins not collected in Queen Edith'. ??I preferred to find a way to justify the greater value of my CrossFit membership, and to be able to share my results with other people. Off The Wall Publications Limited cannot therefore accept any liability directly or indirectly of the information contained on such other websites.


text:
Property Name: Kempinski Mall Of The Emirates
Property Address: Sheikh Zayed Road Dubai City, ,
Property Description: Attached to world's biggest covered snow park and the regions biggest shopping centre, The Mall of Emirates, the Kempinski is located on Sheikh Zayed Road, close to Dubai Media City and around 5 minutes from the beach and the Burj Al Arab. Deluxe Room. Furnished in warm and soothing tones, the modern and spacious Deluxe Rooms offer guests great views of the city. The luxurious marble bathroom, with its full-sized bathtub and exquisite finishing is the perfect place to unwind after a busy day shopping at the next-door Mall of the Emirates. Or relax on the comfortable king or twin beds, as you watch one of the 87 channels on the large TV. The hotel has a wide selection of restaurants, from casual to fine dining, with a selection of bars to enjoy. This modern hotel has a slight Alpine look to it, although this may go unnoticed because it is attached to the enormous Mall of the Emirates. The large lobby has an Alpine feel, with large white tiles mixed together with a slight Arabic influence; it all combines to make a most attractive combination. There is a large seating area and restaurant at the back and an entrance that leads directly into the shopping mall. This unique hotel combines the luxury of 5-star hotel with novelty of having rooms either overlooking the Burj Al Arab or Ski Dubai. With over 450 shops in the same building, the Kempinski Mall of the Emirates could nearly be described as a self-contained ski resort in the middle of the Arabian desert. In time this hotel will become an attraction in its own right due to the unique experience it offers its guests. With effect from January 2016, hotel now offers offer complimentary soft drinks in the minibar. Dubai Tourism Dirham Fee of AED20 per bedroom per night applies from 31. 03. 14 and to be paid by the guest directly at the Hotel/Hotel apartment. Couples celebrating their anniversary or honeymoon will benefit of the following: Upgrade to the next higher category room (subject to availability), flowers, card and a honeymoon cake, Rose petals in bed & bath room (Proof of authenticity is required upon booking).
Property Facts: Year of Last Renovation: N/A


text: Home Gallery Video If Insurance Car If Insurance: Car Published on Nov 17, 2006 Editor's Pick Rate this Ad You must be registered to rate the ad. Please Login or Register Now About CreditsDateNov 17, 2006Copywriter:Kristoffer CarlinCopywriter:Ola GatbyArt Director:Martin ThorsenArt Director:Anna RomsonAnimator:Jens GulliksenModel Maker:Andrew SpradberyPost Production:Chimney PotProduction Company:PravdaClient:If InsuranceAgency:Leo Burnett Oslo Tagsinsurance GenreComedy/Dialog Latest Creativity News on Ad Age Teen Makeup Star James Charles Is the First Male CoverGirl Spy Magazine Temporarily Returns, Just in Time for the Election's Increasingly Tabloidy Turn CHI, CP&B Add CD's; It's Nice That Founders Relaunch Creative Agency Advertisement Ad Age Reports Partner White Paper Programmatic: The Future of Television Related work If Insurance: Slow Down GPS Forsman & Bodenfors If Insurance: Magic Claims Handling 3 Forsman & Bodenfors If Insurance: Magic Claims Handling 2 Forsman & Bodenfors Want to see your work in our gallery? Submit now


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If you log in, you can comment on buildings, submit new photos or update photos that you've already submitted.
We need to upgrade the server that this website runs on. Can you spare a quid to help?.
Description: Cleatham Hall Tack Room and Dog Kennel Approximately 40 Metres North of Cleatham Hall
Grade: II
Date Listed: 7 March 1985
English Heritage Building ID: 165741
OS Grid Reference: SE9332701697
OS Grid Coordinates: 493327, 401697
Latitude/Longitude: 53.5037, -0.5944
Location: Manton, North Lincolnshire DN21 4JS
Locality: Manton
County: North Lincolnshire
Country: England
Postcode: DN21 4JS
Incorrect location/postcode? Submit a correction!
Cleatham Hall
5/41 Tack room and dog kennel
approximately 40 metres
- north of Cleatham Hall
Tack room and adjacent dog kennel. Probably mid C19. Tack room of squared
limestone with yellow brick dressings, slate roof. Square on plan.
6-fielded panel door under segmental brick arch. Hipped roof with ashlar
ball finial. Kennel of yellow brick with ashlar coping, cast-iron railings
and slate roof. Square on plan, with open yard in front of kennel. Stone-
coped dwarf wall with railings adjoining tack room; corner pier to left.
Round-arched kennel entrance to rear of yard. Stone-coped left return wall
with plank door. Included for group value.
Listing NGR: SE9332701697
This text is a legacy record and has not been updated since the building was originally listed. Details of the building may have changed in the intervening time. You should not rely on this listing as an accurate description of the building.
Source: English Heritage
Listed building text is © Crown Copyright. Reproduced under licence.


text:
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Amazon sold fewer Fire phones than Jack White sold records – So while Market Watch and others have tracked the poor sales for Amazon Fire phones, including the complaints about price and the limitations of the Amazon system, Gigaom argues that the problem at Amazon isn't just the Fire, but ... more >
Why it makes sense for Amazon to buy Twitch – Twitch, the company that live streams video games, has been acquired by Amazon for a whopping $970 million. The sale will give Amazon new opportunities to capture the gaming customer, to sell more gaming-related products, and, according to this Verge ... more >
Making Sense of Amazon-Hachette – Of everything written and posted about the Amazon — Hachette battle, this made the most sense to me. Kerr talks about how Amazon's persistent discounting has made ebooks the kind of product that no other company wants to build a business on, especially since Amazon ... more >
Google and Barnes & Noble Unite to Take On Amazon – New York, Los Angeles, and San Francisco are now test markets for the new partnership between Barnes & Noble and Google that promises same-day delivery to customers. The approach is more personalized, with couriers who actually go to the ... more >
Daily Update: Influence of Kindle Unlimited on Amazon "Bestsellers" Grows – Since Kindle Unlimited began, everyone is watching the lists to see if they can discern the impact of the program on Big 5 and self-published books. Digital book World has an article based on this data from Publishers Lunch, ... more >
French blogger fined over review's Google search placing – This is super-crazy and super-scary. A French blogger who wrote a negative restaurant review was ruled against because she had a significant blog following and because the review placed too high in the Google rankings. The French judge who made this ... more >
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Red Madrell - Premiere of 'Its a Lot' held at the Vue West End - Outside Arrivals - London, United Kingdom - Monday 21st October 2013
Red Madrell - Tuesday 17th June 2008 at Empire Leicester Square London, England
'House' star Laurie received star number 2,593 on the Hollywood Walk of Fame this week.
Warning: Spoilers ahead!
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Go Back in Time using our Photos archive to see what happened on a particular day in the past.
Go Back in Time using our News archive to see what happened on a particular day in the past.


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- $30.00
FREE Shipping for Club Members
- Publisher: Interlink Books
- Publish Date: May 2011
- Page Count: 208
Related Categories
Books > Cooking > Courses & Dishes - Soups & Stews
Books > Cooking > Regional & Ethnic - International
Publishers Weekly® Reviews
- Reviewed in: Publishers Weekly, page .
- Review Date: 2016-02-01
- Reviewer: Staff
Food writer and photographer Massaad has compiled more than 30 soup recipes in an effort to help Syrian refugees. All profits from the sale of this book will be donated to nonprofits for food relief through the United Nation's UNHCR. Beginning with basic stocks—beef, chicken, vegetable and corn—the collection moves on to noteworthy U.S. contributors' selections, such as Anthony Bourdain's soupe au pistou, Alice Water's carrot soup, Paula Wolfert's lentil and Swiss chard soup, and Mark Bittman's Korean-style beef or pork soup with rice. Recipes hail from around the globe, showcasing international flavors including the meal-worthy Turkish black-eyed pea soup with lamb and noodles, South American pumpkin soup, Indian lentil soup, and Greek chickpea soup with lemon and rosemary. Photography—particularly portraits, including many of children—plays a central role in the book, showcasing refugees in Lebanon, and quotes give statistics, sentiments, and important information about this exemplary project and the refugees' dire need for food relief. (Dec.)


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Today, everything from cell phones to microwaves to CD players all contain microcontrollers, or miniature computers, which need to be programmed to perform specific tasks. Designing such systems requires an understanding of both microprocessor electronics and programming languages. This book is written for the industrial electronics engineer who needs to use or switch to the Intel 8051 family of microcontrollers and implement it using a C programming language.The table here shows all the SFRs for the standard 8051. Appendix A5 shows additional SFRs that exist in other family members. They all figure prominently in the instructions.a Special function registers for 8051 Symbol Description Directanbsp;...
|C and the 8051: Hardware, modular programming, and multitasking
|Thomas W. Schultz
|Prentice Hall - 1998


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I saw this fun kids cake on Pinterest this morning and just had to share it with you all!
This would be a great thing to do with your kids or kids your babysit for..heck, I would have fun doing this at 18! ha
So it is really simple to do!
Just cover a cake in white fondant and buy some food decorating pens, usually found in the baking aisle. And have the kids (or yourself:)) go at it! Just like paper! Make sure the kids know that it is not paper and it actually a cake so they don`t press down too hard and pierce the cake.
Let the drawings all dry, and done! Dig it!
I can guarantee kids will love the idea of being able to eat their own drawings:)
my instagram: hannahevelyn714
*picture belongs to link below
Source link: http://blogs.babble.com/family-kitchen/2011/04/28/rainbow-doodle-birthday-cake/


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1909 1C PR66 Red PCGS....Click the image to load the highest resolution version.
Make Offer to Owner
$3,900 on February 21, 2015
Smooth 1909 Matte Lincoln, PR66 Red1909 1C PR66 Red PCGS. This 1909 "plain" matte proof shows the same die diagnostics as the 1909 VDB obverse die most commonly known. As Kevin Flynn points out in his reference, the same obverse die was used for both mintages. There is a straight die line that extends from the rear of Lincoln's coat to beneath RT of LIBERTY, and some parallel die lines appear in the right obverse field by the nose.
This piece displays otherwise orange-red luster that assumes a lilac cast in the peripheral areas at the lower obverse and reverse borders. The smooth, sharp surfaces are virtually pristine, and the only mentionable blemish is a tiny, undistracting carbon fleck on the reverse at the N in CENT. Population: 39 in 66 Red, 6 finer (4/10).
From The Brenda John Collection.(Registry values: N1793) (NGC ID# 22KS, PCGS# 3305)
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Google revenue up, but profits down
Google has announced its Q4 results on Thursday adding to results already announced by Microsoft, Nokia, eBay, Sony and Apple this week.
The results show that the advertising search giant is still mainly unaffected by the credit crunch with revenues up by 18% over the same quarter in 2007 and up 3% up on third quarter revenues in 2008.
However net income was down 68% to $382 million compared to $1.2 billion a year ago after the company had to write down a $1 billion impairment charge related Google's ownership stakes in AOL and Clearwire.
Revenues from outside of the United States totalled $2.86 billion, representing 50% of total revenues in the fourth quarter of 2008 with revenues from the United Kingdom totalling $685 million.
With $15.85 billion in the bank and 20,222 full-time employees the company has however performed to the market's expectations if you take out the one time write down.
Commentators believe the figures that will tell a more precise picture will be the Q1 figures due out in April. They will likely show how the company faired out of the Christmas shopping period.
Google also announced that it will be offering its employees a stock options rescue package in an attempt to entice them to stay with the company. According to some reports, almost 85% of employees are thought to have stock "under water", a term used when the options value of the share is higher than the actual value of the share. The employee rescue package will, Google say, cost the company a further $460 million.
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Transport Planning Technician (Development Management)Vacancy posted: Tuesday, 4 October 2016
Salary: £22,295 - £25,116
Location: Inverness
Closing date: 04 November 2016
Job ref. no.: HGH03413
Post Title: Transport Planning Technician (Development Management)
Location: Inverness
Hours: 35 per week
Duration: Permanent
Salary: HC06 £22,295 - £25,116
Salary placing will normally be at the first point of the scale.
Contact Person: Jane Bridge, Tel: 01463 252965
Job Purpose: Providing technical advice on the transportation aspects of new development.
To assist in the preparation of responses to the Planning Service on behalf of the Roads Authority as a statutory consultee on planning applications.
To consider and approve applications for Road Construction Consent.
Please find the Job Description below.
About Highland Council
The Highlands of Scotland is the most sought after place to live and work in the United Kingdom, due to the quality of life enjoyed in this area of outstanding beauty.
Working for The Highland Council - the largest employer in the Highlands - quality of life is matched by quality of opportunity. Our committed workforce delivers the services that impact on the spectacular natural environment, good schools and safe communities enjoyed here.
Through the use of new technology, we are at the forefront of modernising the way that we operate and deliver services. We are a forward looking organisation serving a go ahead and thriving community.
As you would expect from the largest employer in Highland, we have an unrivalled range of excellent opportunities. Whatever your educational background, whatever your age, whether you have little work experience or a lot, there are jobs at Highland Council for everyone. And remember, if you cannot work full time, most of our jobs are open to job sharing and there is also a range of part time, standby, casual and seasonal jobs.
Our aim is to improve the quality of life in Highland. Make it yours too.
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The Microsoft® Web Platform offers the right tools for the right task. Design, build, debug, and deploy websites withfitflop walkstar iii leather black nappa kappa . And then test your sites in Windows® Internet Explorer® 10 using the built-in developer tools.
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5 products found
5 products found
We have the suitable solution for your business. From small compact prefab cells to large cold storage halls – we are able to offer economic, energy efficient and goods orientated solution. Apples, pears, strawberries, asparagus, carrots, salads, herbs, plants. Dairy products/cheese, meat, fish.
Quick cooling of fresh products to storage temperature improves the keeping quality and stability substantially. This is the step for better quality in production which is getting more and more important and necessary in transport and trade.
Humidification of air to reduce loss due to drying, weight loss and wilting where fresh products are needed. High-pressure pumps (120 bar) atomize water through laser-drilled nozzles. The water mist is absorbed by the room air. The water particles are so small, they do not settle as moisture on the products and water consumption is effectively reduced.
We have the suitable solution for your business. Alone in the period from 2006 to the spring of 2007 we have supplied, installed and commissioned 112 ripening chambers for bananas. We are producing different chamber types and sizes depending on the local conditions and customer's requirements.
Together with our subsidiary EHW-Elektronik, we develop and manufacture most advanced control systems. In addition to conventional cabinet-mounted equipment, we have specialized in the development and programming of PLC-assisted control systems. We use only PLCs from Siemens and Mitsubishi.


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We're Just Sayin…Look Back On Mitt Romney's 10 Biggest Eff Ups
Mitt Romney's Biggest Fails
Hey. You. Yeah, you. Did you know that today is Election day? Well, guess what, it is! That means you have a clear choice between Barack Obama and Mitt Romney (or third party choices we guess). But before you cast your ballot, let's take a moment to reminisce on Mitt Romney's worst gaffes since he's run for president.
Trust us, it was tough to limit it to 10.
Binders Full Of Women – He said that he went out and found women to be in his government when he was governor and he came back with "binders full of women." Not only was that dumb to say but it was a big old lie.
Tax Returns – He's refused to release his tax returns…while allowing people in his party to demand Obama's birth certificate. SMH.
Corporations Are People – "Corporations are people, my friend … of course they are. Everything corporations earn ultimately goes to the people. Where do you think it goes? Whose pockets? Whose pockets? People's pockets. Human beings, my friend." Yes, he said corporations were people.
Bain Capital – So basically Mitt goes to companies, gets them in debt, leaves and rakes in millions. His biggest failure was Bain. Just wait and see what he does to the country if he wins.
That Old Thang Back: A Gallery Of Reasons Lil Wayne Wants...
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#FutureHive Fury: Here's What Happened When Ciara...
Continue Slideshow
The Debates – Obama stunk it up in the first debate but Mitt got crushed from then on. He looked like he was outclassed. Oh, wait, he was.
Wife Slander – During his 47% speech, he said he'd keep his wife quiet so she wouldn't annoy people. Bet that didn't go over well.
The Mexican Thing – So he once said he'd prefer being Mexican because getting votes would be easier. Er…
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Bye Crusty!!! The Meanest (And Pettiest) Trick Daddy Slander...
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text:
How to Improve Your Internet Browser with the Help of Actual Window Manager
- Introduction
- Additional Features to Improve Windows Management
- How to Add Additional Title Buttons, Menu Items, and Hotkeys
- Conclusion
Modern browsers such as Chrome, Opera, and Firefox have had many additional features and improvements over recent years. However, the browsers' management has changed little. Let us see how Actual Window Manager can help you troubleshoot the disadvantages of browsers.
2. Additional Features to Improve Windows Management
Fast browser management is necessary for convenient work in many cases, for example, in the site development or Internet surfing.
An important improvement to the windows' management is additional title buttons. They are always visible and available to click. However, if both your hands are busy working with the keyboard, using a mouse is inconvenient. That is why most developers use hotkeys or context menu items.
Actual Window Manager allows you to add following useful features to your browser as additional title buttons, context menu items, and hotkeys: minimize to the system tray, always stay on top, resize, mirror, set priority, and many other useful features.
3. How to Add Additional Title Buttons, Menu Items, and Hotkeys
To add additional title buttons, open the configuration window of Actual Window Manager and follow to the "Window Settings ->Default Settings -> Title Buttons" tab and check the desired boxes.
Note: there are items with extra settings. Do not forget to set these and save settings.
To add additional Menu Items, open the configuration window of Actual Window Manager and follow to the "Window Settings ->Default Settings -> Window Menu" tab and check the desired boxes.
Note: there are items with extra settings. Do not forget to set these and save settings.
To add additional hotkeys, open the configuration window of Actual Window Manager and follow to the "Hotkeys -> Actions" tab, check the desired boxes and set the desired key combinations.
3. Conclusion
Actual Window Manager has many different features, which help you to improve the Windows 8 environment, for example, Virtual Desktop, Desktop Divider, Multiple Monitor, etc. You can read about multiple monitor tools in the "Windows 8: Better Alternative to a Native Multi-Monitor Taskbar" article.
Discover new commands in standard Windows menu
Standard Windows system menu is rather convenient and easy to get to (right mouse button click on window title bar), but sometimes it is not enough.
Optimize Adobe Acrobat Reader by means of new functional buttons
Such innovative functions as Make Transparent, Stay Always-on-Top, Minimize to Tray, Roll Up etc. will make your work with Adobe Acrobat Reader much easier and more productive.
Run Multiple Monitor ScreenSaver on Desired Displays Only Automatically or by Pressing the Hotkey
Do you still turn off unused monitors manually? Use the new feature of Actual Multiple Monitors to run screensavers on unused displays automatically or by the hotkey combination.
Improve MSN/Windows Messenger with Actual Title Buttons
New title buttons can help you vastly improve your work with MSN/Windows Messenger! Using Actual Title Buttons you will be able to add new Minimize Alternatively, Stay Always-on-Top, Make Transparent, Roll Up and other title buttons to MSN/Windows Messenger windows .
How to Adjust Each Display of Dual Monitor for Specific Tasks
In this article you'll learn one of the most popular configuration for dual monitors.
Dual Monitor Set Up
How to Setup Dual Monitor.
How to Play Diablo 3 on Multiple Monitors: Tips and Tricks
How to prevent the unwanted minimization of the full-screen game? How to lock mouse in the game window? If you want to play Diablo 3 on multiple monitors, read this little article.
How to Play StarCraft 2 on Dual Monitors: Tips and Tricks
Get a better control on StarCraft 2 in a multiple displays environment with Actual Multiple Monitors.
Advanced Display Management of Windows 7 in Actual Multiple Monitors
Now users can use advanced display management (display orientation, clone this monitor, etc.)in Actual Multiple Monitors.
Essential improvement of Microsoft Outlook!
Microsoft Outlook is the most famous e-mail client all over the world and millions of people use it every day at home and in their offices. But despite of these facts we can improve our Microsoft Outlook!


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Off Page SEO This is all about links and contrary to many comments is still a VITAL part of any Search Engine Optimisation programme. Contact Us Contact UsView our phone, email and postal contact informationHave your sayRaise your small business issue with the Commissioner. There are a total of five meeting rooms as well as a ballroom, the smallest being able to cater for up to 14 u style and the largest up to 90 for a reception.
(See the Elearning Network's Campaign for Effective Elearning) Anyhow, on reflection, I've come up with three characteristics that might help us to identify effective elearning. Instead of throwing food away make a bit less than usual, start a compost heap for your leftovers or see our leftover recipes for ideas. This is covered by Aidan in the official 100k factory training site feedback from a buddy who has actually not seen your website previously.
Crucially, TCM is the only large scale test centre providing gas fired carbon emissions for testing and the possibility to test on two different flue gases, and as a result has played a major role in progressing the CCS market over the past year. Martin Miles Technical SorceLike many modern businesses we have offices and homeworkers across the country. ??Confirm this language Choose another language: Bulgarian Chinese Czech Dutch English Estonian French German Greek Hungarian Italian Latvian Lithuanian Polish Romanian Russian Slovakian Slovenian Spanish Turkish Ukrainian Login «.


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|Thread Tools
Join Date: Aug 2009
Location: GREECE
Posts: 3
For sale Nokia N97 Multimedia Smartphone Black & White Unlocked, this phone is unlocked to any network provider,brand new,factory sealed,comes with complete accessories and also comes with 1 Year international warranty from the manufacture.
Product: Nokia N97 Multimedia Smartphone Black & White Unlocked
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Weight: 150 g
Talk Time: Up to 6 hours 40 mins
Stand By Time: Up to 430 hrs
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Nokia N97 Multimedia Smartphone Black & White Unlocked
Extended Li-Ion Battery (BP-4L)
Compact Travel Charger (AC-10)
Stereo Headset (HS-45)
Data Connectivity Cable (CA-101)
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External Stylus
3 Months Maps
Cleaning Cloth
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The relations between intelligence (IQ) and neural responses to monetary gains and losses were investigated in a simple decision task. In 94 healthy adults, typical responses of striatal blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal after monetary reward and punishment were weaker for subjects with higher IQ. IQ-moderated differential responses to gains and losses were also found for regions in the medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and left inferior frontal cortex. These regions have previously been identified with the subjective utility of monetary outcomes. Analysis of subjects' behavior revealed a correlation between IQ and the extent to which choices were related to experienced decision outcomes in preceding trials. Specifically, higher IQ predicted behavior to be more strongly correlated with an extended period of previously experienced decision outcomes, whereas lower IQ predicted behavior to be correlated exclusively to the most recent decision outcomes. We link these behavioral and imaging findings to a theoretical model capable of describing a role for intelligence during the evaluation of rewards generated by unknown probabilistic processes. Our results demonstrate neural differences in how people of different intelligence respond to experienced monetary rewards and punishments. Our theoretical discussion offers a functional description for how these individual differences may be linked to choice behavior. Together, our results and model support the hypothesis that observed correlations between intelligence and preferences may be rooted in the way decision outcomes are experienced ex post, rather than deriving exclusively from how choices are evaluated ex ante.
- intelligence
- reinforcement learning
- risk
- decision making
- reward
- punishment
individual differences in intelligence are linked to systematic differences in preferences and choice behavior during laboratory experiments (Benjamin et al. 2005; Burks et al. 2009; Rustichini 2009; Shamosh et al. 2008; Shamosh and Gray 2008). Furthermore, measures of intelligence (IQ) correlate with important life outcomes pertaining to educational achievement, job performance, wealth, and health status (Deary et al. 2007; Gottfredson 1997; Gottfredson and Deary 2004; Lawlor et al. 2006). Importantly for modern theories of decision making, differences in IQ consistently predict parameters describing individuals' preferences with respect to risk and temporally delayed rewards (Burks et al. 2009; Rustichini et al. 2009; Shamosh et al. 2008; Shamosh and Gray 2008), suggesting that these fundamental decision parameters may be critically influenced by common neurobiological mechanisms related to intelligence. An important step toward understanding the functional role of intelligence in decision making is to investigate the existence of a link between IQ and the basic experience of rewarding and punishing outcomes of decisions. Finding such a link would open the possibility that the relation of IQ to preferences may be at least partly rooted in how decision outcomes are experienced ex post, rather than being limited to how options are evaluated ex ante.
The striatum and medial prefrontal cortex are essential structures for human reward processing, and figure centrally in the brain systems that mediate goal directed behavior and experience-based learning (Balleine et al. 2007; Daw et al. 2011; Delgado 2007; Hawes et al. 2012; Schönberg et al. 2007), making these structures natural regions of interest for investigating the influence of intelligence on decision making and preferences. The present study focused on brain responses in the striatum and medial prefrontal cortex during reward processing to establish neural feasibility of a functional link between intelligence and gain and loss processing. To do so, we evaluated 94 subjects' behavior and neural responses within a paradigm very similar to a task developed by Delgado et al. (2000). In our version of this well-known task, participants guessed whether a computer-generated number would be high or low and received monetary gains and punishments depending on whether their guesses were correct or incorrect. To minimize differences in reward responses due to randomization or systematic differences in guessing success, we experimentally manipulated the task so as to present each subject with the same pseudorandom sequence of gains and losses. That is, the computer-generated number was produced after the subject's guess and was chosen such that each subject would experience the same sequence of gains and losses. Hence, our design eliminated the opportunity for subjects to experience different performance histories and thus minimized any potential concern that between-subject variance in choice behavior and outcome evaluation could be caused by differences in the history of obtained rewards. Instead, remaining individual differences in responses to gains and losses during our task were restricted to differences in preferences for reward/punishment or to individual differences in how the outcome of reward/punishment is experienced.
Our analysis was primarily designed to assess whether an association of IQ with neural responses to rewards and punishments exists. Toward this aim we focused attention on the influence of intelligence on feedback processing in the rostral part of the caudate. This region was chosen a priori because of its joint implication for reward/punishment processing, reinforcement learning, and decision making in previous studies with similar task design (Delgado et al. 2000; Li et al. 2011; van den Bos et al. 2012a). Additionally, the caudate is identified as the only subcortical structure for which anatomic volume is correlated with IQ (Grazioplene RG, Ryman S, Grey Jeremy R, Rustichini A, Jung RE, and DeYoung CG, unpublished observations). Our main investigation entailed extracting the strength of neural responses to gains and losses in the caudate and demonstrating their statistical association with IQ.
Following our finding of these associations, we utilized more exploratory analysis of the behavioral data to investigate a potential theoretical model that might explain our findings and that might be tested more extensively in future research. In particular we considered the relation of our results to known reinforcement learning functions of the regions of interest and considered the relation of IQ to how subjects may learn reward associations in a task like ours. Because the number of trials in our task was insufficient for fitting a reinforcement learning model for each subject individually, the suggested model is ultimately not critically tested by our data and should therefore be understood as an additional interpretational aid, complementing the central correlational analysis of this research.
The research was approved and conducted in accordance with the stipulations of the Yale University Institutional Review Board.
We collected data from 114 male, right-handed subjects. Subjects were recruited from Yale University (n = 25) and the surrounding community by distribution of fliers and Internet advertisements. We performed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) preprocessing on 104 subjects, leaving out 10 subjects who exhibited highly irregular responses in parts of the experimental battery (e.g., reporting having fallen asleep during the scan). Of the 104 subjects, data were discarded for 6 subjects because of excessive head motion in the scanner and for 4 subjects because of poor quality of obtained structural images. These exclusions left 94 participants in our analysis. Subjects' average IQ was 122.9 (minimum: 95.5, maximum 148.0, SD: 11.6). Median age of our subjects was 22 yr (minimum: 18 yr, maximum: 38 yr). The sample was selected to be all male for the purposes of genetic research unrelated to the present study (Shehzad et al. 2012).
Subjects were administered the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI; Wechsler 1999), which provides an estimate of full-scale IQ using four subtests (vocabulary, similarities, block design, and matrix reasoning). Subjects further completed a battery of questionnaires and cognitive tasks that included an n-back working memory task. In the working memory task, subjects viewed a series of words and judged whether each word matched the one appearing three previously. Performance on this task (d-prime) was used as an indicator of working memory.
fMRI Procedures
Subjects performed the task described below and three additional unrelated tasks for a scanning time of 1.25 h. Imaging data were collected using a 3-Tesla Siemens Trio scanner at the Yale Magnetic Resonance Research Center. For each participant, a high-resolution T1-weighted anatomic image [MPRAGE; time repetition (TR) = 2,500 ms; time echo (TE) = 3.34 ms; inversion time = 1,100 ms; flip angle = 7°; slices = 256, voxel size = 1 × 1 × 1 mm] and 180 contiguous functional volumes [gradient-echo EPI sequence; TR = 2,000 ms; TE = 25 ms; field of view (FOV) = 240 cm; flip angle = 80°; voxel size = 3.75 × 3.75 × 4 mm] were acquired. Participants viewed stimuli projected onto a screen through a mirror mounted on the head coil. Responses were made via fiber-optic response buttons using the fingers of the right hand. Stimuli were presented in PsyScope (Cohen et al. 1993). Caudate volume was calculated in Freesurfer using the "asegstats2table" command in its default settings (Fischl and Dale 2000).
Stimuli and Design
Subjects were instructed to guess whether an upcoming computer generated number would be either Low (in the set 1, 2, 3) or High (4, 5, 6). Subjects received a reward of $2 for each correct guess and a punishment of −$1 for each incorrect guess. Forty of these reward-relevant trials were interspersed with 20 reward-neutral control trials, during which subjects were also instructed to press a button but for which they received neither feedback nor monetary rewards/punishments.
As depicted in Fig. 1, during reward-relevant trials subjects first saw a one-dollar bill displayed on the screen for 3 s. During this time subjects indicated their guess regarding the upcoming number. After 3 s, subjects first saw a computer-generated number for 1 s and then, depending on trial type, a green upward or a red downward arrow containing the words "you win" or "you lose" for another 1 s. All trials were separated by fixation periods of 3, 5, or 7 s in duration (jittered). Reward-neutral trials started with a 3-s display of a gray rectangle of the same size as the dollar bill, followed by an asterisk for 1 s and a blue rectangle containing the word "same" for another 1 s.
Each subject saw the same sequence of gain and loss trials (20 gains and 20 losses in total) in the same order: the computer responded to the subject's guess in each trial by presenting a high or low number to match the predetermined outcome of the fixed trial sequence. Subjects were unaware that the computer's number-generating process was fixed in this way and received instructions only about the mechanics and incentives of the task. Subjects were not instructed about the underlying reward-generating process. Therefore, reward-motivated subjects had a monetary incentive to try to discover possible patterns or regularities in the computer's number-generating behavior.
fMRI Data Analysis
All data were preprocessed and analyzed using FSL version 4.1.9 (Jenkinson et al. 2012). Motion correction was performed using MCFLIRT. T1-weighted anatomic images were registered to MNI space using 12 degrees of transformational freedom as the FSL registration defaults. Functional data were preprocessed by applying slice time correction, spatial smoothing (using a 7-mm Gaussian kernel), linear trend removal, and temporal high-pass filtering (using FSL default settings). Subjects were eliminated if motion correction indicated deviations in the estimated center of mass >3 mm, leading to the elimination of 6 subjects.
For statistical analysis, we computed a general linear model (GLM) on the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal time course of 94 subjects. Our model contained four predictors, specified as a zero-one box car-shaped variable, 2 s in duration. One of these predictors matched the onset of relevant trials (Rel); another predictor matched the onset of control trials (Ctrl). The remaining two predictors indicated the valence of feedback as positive (FB+) or negative (FB−) and coincided with the onset of each type of feedback stimulus, respectively. Predictors were convolved with a double gamma function estimate of the hemodynamic response. The model also contained the motion correction parameters (MCP) obtained during preprocessing.
The final GLM was given by Significant differences in gain vs. loss responses were identified according to t-tests performed on the whole brain contrast FB+–FB−. Using FSL defaults for computing significance of contingent clusters, based on the number of voxels and the smoothness of the data, we set a cluster-forming threshold at z > 7.5. Voxels within these clusters were significant at P < 0.01.
Regression weights for the GLM were extracted separately for each subject and then correlated with IQ scores. Subject-specific regression weights were obtained by performing the above GLM on voxels falling into an anatomic template of the caudate head according to the Talairach atlas (Talairach and Tournoux 1988). Importantly, we performed individual differences analysis on this a priori anatomically defined region of interest (ROI), rather than the functionally identified region that showed the strongest contrast between gain and loss feedback. Use of a priori ROI for the investigation of individual differences is preferable to investigation of ROIs showing the strongest contrast because important influences of individual differences may often imply small main (i.e., group average) effects. Alternatively, identifying ROIs based on the presence of individual-difference effects renders any subsequent test of individual differences based on that ROI nonindependent (Vul et al. 2009).
We performed additional exploratory analysis on three functionally identified ROIs that showed significant activation for gains compared with losses in our task. These regions comprised ROIs in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex [vmPFC; 575 contiguous voxels, maximum z-stat at 4, 50, −2 (MNI)], the posterior cingulate cortex [pCC; 257 contiguous voxels, maximum z-stat at 0, −32, 32 (MNI)], and also an ROI in the left inferior frontal lobe [liPFC; 23 contiguous voxels, maximum z-stat at −34, 54, −8 (MNI)]. The vmPFC and pCC both have been linked to the subjective utility of monetary outcomes of risky choices (Wu et al. 2011), and the liPFC has been associated with neural representations of loss aversion (Tom et al. 2007).
Additional event-related averaging of BOLD signal was performed for the depiction of BOLD time courses in results. Event-related averages were computed relative to average BOLD at trial onset.
Regression Analysis
Regressions in Tables 2–5 were performed using the statistical programming software R. Regressions of behavioral data were computed using mixed-effects linear logistic regression with coefficients conditioned at the subject level, where appropriate (Tables 3–5), using the general linear modeling packages lme4 (Bates et al. 2012). The regressions reported in Table 2 were performed using robust regression to control for potential influence of outliers using the modeling package robust (Wang et al. 2008).
Brain Imaging Results
Averaged across all subjects, and ignoring for the moment the effects of IQ, neuroimaging results for our large sample replicate and extend findings reported by Delgado et al. (2000) on a sample of 9 subjects. We found increased BOLD response in the caudate at the onset of reward relevant trials, and this BOLD response remained elevated after revelation of gains but decreased steeply below baseline after revelation of losses. Figure 2 shows this pattern of BOLD response for the anatomically identified caudate head. Brain regions showing significantly more activation after gains than after losses are shown in Fig. 3 and listed in Table 1. No brain areas showed significantly larger activation after losses compared with gains.
We compared subject-specific responses to gains and losses by obtaining each subjects' predictor of percentage BOLD change following rewarding (FB+) and punishing (FB−) feedback using the regression model described in methods. For the anatomically defined caudate, the difference relation between gain and loss responses and subject IQ is illustrated in Fig. 2, D and E, as well as in the regressions of Table 2.
For the caudate [468 contiguous voxels, barycenter: 10, 4, −4 (MNI)], percentage BOLD change after losses is positively predicted by larger IQ (i.e., the effect is less negative with higher IQ) (β = 0.87, P = 0.03). Controlling for caudate volume, age, and performance in the working memory task does not significantly alter the coefficient obtained for IQ. The equivalent regressions for the BOLD predictor of gains (FB+) showed no significant correlation between IQ and gain responses (P = 0.26). The simple correlation between IQ and the neural loss response is significant at r = 0.21 (P = 0.047). The effect of IQ on gain and loss responses is further illustrated in Fig. 2, A and B, which shows average BOLD time course for the 47 highest and 47 lowest IQ subjects of our sample. The results indicate reduced differential responses to monetary outcomes for higher IQ, driven in particular by the subdued response after losses.
vmPFC and liPFC.
We performed the same analysis on BOLD responses after gains and losses for the vmPFC, pCC, and left inferior/middle frontal gyrus (liPFC). For the vmPFC, we found a significant relation between intelligence and the BOLD responses to gains as well as losses: r = 0.36 (P < 0.01) for losses, and r = 0.30 (P < 0.01) for gains. For the liPFC, the correlation with the loss predictor is r = 0.29 (P < 0.01), and that for gains is r = 0.31 (P < 0.01). A marginally significant correlation was found for loss responses in the pCC with r = 0.20 (P = 0.051), but not for gain responses: r = 0.11 (P = 0.27). These results are further illustrated in Figs. 4, 5, and 6.
Our findings provide the first neurobiological evidence for a link between intelligence and ex post processing, or experience, of monetary rewards and punishments. The additional results for vmPFC, because of its role in coding expected utility, suggest a potential link to differences in experienced utility for the outcomes in our task.
Given the prominent roles of the caudate and the medial prefrontal cortex during reinforcement learning, and the conceptual link between our task and standard reinforcement learning tasks, our results suggest the hypothesis that outcomes of probabilistic events have differential impact on negative and positive reinforcement signals for subjects who differ in IQ. Support for this hypothesis would be an important next step toward explaining how individual differences in intelligence relate to long-term differences in attitudes to risk, and to economic preferences generally. Within the limitations of the experimental design, we therefore considered further evidence for this conceptual link between the reinforcement learning value of gain/loss responses and IQ in the behavioral data. In particular, we considered a link motivated by the following theoretical view of how prediction errors relate to cognitive ability in tasks like ours.
Our task is analog to a repeated, simultaneous choice, matching pennies game between a participant and a computer opponent. The participant chooses between two options (l and r), while the opponent chooses between L and R.
Suppose the opponent (the environment, or any reward-generating process) is choosing L with a fixed probability p independently in every period, and the participant believes that the choice of L is fixed in every period and independent, but occurs with probability q, possibly different from p.
Prediction error is, as usual, the difference between the realized reward (according to p) and the participant's subjective expectation (according to q, when the action is the optimal one with respect to q) of the reward. For example, if q > ½, the individual thinks that L is more likely, so he will then choose l all the time and have a q-expected payoff 2q − 1. The prediction error is 1 − (2q − 1) with probability p and −1 − (2q − 1) with probability 1 − p.
In this simple case, it is easy to see that the expected (with respect to the true probability p) prediction error of a participant with belief q has some basic properties, which hold more generally: If the belief is correct, that is, q = p, then the expected prediction error is zero. If individuals learn about the true distribution by Bayesian updating and those with higher IQ are willing to consider a larger set of initial values, then they are more likely to hold a correct belief and thus are more likely to have a zero prediction error.
When the behavior of the opponent is partially predictable (that is, p is not ½), then the expected prediction error can be positive or negative. For example, if p > ½ and q > ½ (so the action chosen by the individual is the correct one), the p-expected prediction error is 2(p − q). This is positive when p is larger than q because the individual chooses the right action all the times (he is on the right side of ½), but he is guessing right more times than he thinks.
The case closest to the environment in our experiment is that where the behavior of the opponent is unpredictable, that is, p = ½. In this case the p-expected prediction error is negative no matter what q is. This is because the p-expected payoff is zero no matter what the policy of the individual is, and the q-expected payoff is positive or zero. So in the completely unpredictable case, any deviation of q from ½ makes the individual overconfident in his ability to predict, that is, he overestimates the expected payoff, which is bound to be zero, thus the expected disappointment. In our experimental environment, the computer's behavior has no exploitable pattern. Thus, if participants differ in IQ, and if those with high IQ have beliefs closer to the truth, then the prediction error of those with lower IQ will be lower (more negative) than the prediction error of participants with higher IQ. One way in which subjects can search for patterns in the computer's behavior in our task and obtain predictions that are closer to the truth is to consider longer histories of observed computer choices during the pattern search. We thus consider the relation between subject behavior and observed computer choices in the behavioral data.
Behavioral Results
Response times in our task did not substantially differ with respect to subject IQ (r = −0.14, P = 0.16). A mixed-effects logistic panel regression (Table 3) grouped by subject showed that subjects' guesses in any given trial were influenced primarily by the computer choices in the most recent two trials, with subjects more likely to choose the option not recently selected by the computer. The payoff outcome (gain or loss) of the previous trials did not exhibit a significant effect on subjects' choices; thus we did not find evidence of a pervasive use of a win-stay/lose-shift heuristic. Additionally, the observed overall frequency of High choices by the computer did not influence subjects' behavior after controlling for the computer's choice one and two trials back (Table 3, model 3), indicating that subjects modified their choices with respect to past observations of computer behavior in a manner that extends beyond responding to current total frequency. Subjects appeared engaged, consciously or unconsciously, in an attempt to learn and exploit perceived patterns in the reward-generating process by responding to recently observed computer choices. We found that this behavior was systematically moderated by intelligence.
For this moderation analysis, we first considered the observed trial-by-trial frequencies of observed computer choices for each subject. In particular we considered three frequencies: Ft0, the unconditional frequency of observed computer choices at trial t; Ft1, the frequency of observed computer choices up to trial t conditional on the computer's choice in the previous trial; and Ft2, the computer choices conditional on the computer's choices two trials back.1 Hence, a given value F0 describes the overall frequency of High/Low responses of the computer. F1 indicates the frequency of pairs of High-High, High-Low, Low-High, and Low-Low choices, which is to say the expected probability of a High/Low number given the identity of the previous number. Likewise, F2 considers the expected probability of a High/Low number given the identity of the number two periods back.
On the basis of each of these frequencies, we calculated the trial-by-trial expected value of guessing High for each subject and entered these values into a mixed-effects logistic panel regression, grouped by subject, to assess the impact of these conditional frequencies on subject choice (Table 4). As already demonstrated by the results in Table 3, expected values based on the unconditional frequency of computer choices, EV0, were unrelated to subject choices. However, expected values based on conditional frequencies relating to one and two trials back, denoted EV1 and EV2, respectively, significantly predicted subjects' guessing behavior. For subjects at the lower range of intelligence for our sample, conditional frequencies one trial back positively predicted guessing behavior, whereas subjects at the higher range of intelligence displayed a larger effect of the events two trials back. Note that individuals with lower IQ within our sample have an average IQ with respect to the overall population.
Because our experiment was not designed to differentiate between competing possible models as to how subjects use past information to determine future choices, our analysis remains restricted to showing that intelligence predicts the extent to which information farther back in time predicts subjects' behavior. To illustrate this conclusion more clearly without assuming any specific functional form for information integration, Table 5 combines information from one period and two periods back into a single regressor, EV1+2, consisting of the unweighted average of Ft1 and Ft2. In this analysis, controlling for Ft1 does not eliminate the hypothesized effect that the influence of the composite information on subjects' guesses significantly increases with IQ. Hence, we conclude that subjects with higher IQ were influenced by events one and two periods back, whereas subjects with lower IQ were chiefly responding to events only one period back.
This conclusion is further illustrated in Table 6, which reports predicted probabilities of guessing High based on the true observed expected value of this guess. Table 6 shows that the influence of the expected value computed by considering only one period back is more influential for subjects when IQ is low, whereas the influence of the expected value considering events two periods back moderates subject choices when IQ is high. An informative result is obtained by further comparing the average expected value of a reward-maximizing subject using the model based on one period back, mean(EV1), to that for a subject using the model based on one and two periods back, mean(EV1+2). For this comparison, using the actual observed histories of subjects in our task, we find that the model which considers the longer history produces a significantly smaller average expected value across all trials [mean(EV1) = 0.269, mean(EV1+2) = 0.253, P = 0.006]. This result should not be surprising, and it is implicit in the model we consider, since by considering a more complex relationship among observed data, the mean(EV1+2) essentially produces a less noisy estimate of the true expected value, which is zero in our task.
In evaluating these findings it is important to remember that, in our task, considering more information and a larger class of models is useful only to learn that there is nothing meaningful for the subject to learn, given the pseudorandom nature of the outcomes. However, reaching this conclusion should produce reduced prediction error signals for punishing outcomes, and this is consistent with the caudate responses we report.
The results reported in this article provide an important first step in understanding the functional role of intelligence during decision making, by establishing the existence of a link between intelligence and neural reward processing. Our main result demonstrates that IQ moderates BOLD responses to monetary outcomes of decisions. In the caudate this moderating effect is in large part due to a relation between IQ and responses to monetary losses. Our simple modeling account extends a possible explanation for how these neural findings may link to behavior in the context of prediction error-based reward learning. The model conceptually describes higher IQ subjects as considering richer sets of possibilities (or mental models) during reward learning, and it predicts that for random reward processes such as the one considered in our task, subjects with higher IQ should experience, on average, reduced negative prediction errors. Assuming disutility from negative prediction errors, this account could be extended to an explanation of how cognitive ability affects willingness to take risks. Specifically, our results provide first support for the hypothesis that observed correlations between IQ and economic preferences could be based on systematic differences in the way rewards and punishments are experienced ex post. This effect of intelligence would be in addition to, but distinct from, its role during the ex ante evaluation of decision options. We find support for this hypothesis in the observed correlations between IQ and neural activity in the caudate following punishment, as well as increased activity in utility tracking regions (vmPFC).
Our findings and the discussed model are consistent and compatible with current research considering contributions of cognitive ability to reinforcement learning and the influence of experimentally induced increases in cognitive load on decision makers' reliance on mental models during reinforcement learning tasks (Collins et al. 2012; Otto et al. 2013; van den Bos et al. 2012b). However, the proposed model is not critically tested on our data and should therefore be viewed as an exploratory account and interpretative aid for a possible mechanism underlying the neural results that constitute the main result of this study.
Our results add to an emerging literature suggesting the potential of investigating neural correlates of stable individual differences in cognitive ability as a means of better understanding neural computations underlying feedback-based learning (Collins et al. 2012; Otto et al. 2013; van den Bos et al. 2012b). Our results for medial prefrontal cortex, left inferior frontal gyrus, and posterior cingulate cortex further suggest that investigation into the relation between intelligence and experienced utility may benefit particularly from analyzing the functional integration of utility-coding prefrontal areas with subcortical regions during reinforcement learning.2
In addition to the link to theories of behavior discussed in this article, our results mark a neurophysiological path toward a potential bridge between theoretical neuroscience and psychological research on intelligence: Although it has been shown that general intelligence is predicted by subjects' efficiency during associative learning (Kaufman et al. 2009), the mechanism via which associative learning contributes to general intelligence has remained essentially unexplored in psychology. Further investigation of the computational role of IQ during associative learning may therefore benefit from a targeted investigation of how IQ relates to the complexity of mental models held by decision makers.
This work was supported by National Institute of Mental Health Grant F32 MH077382 (to C. G. DeYoung) and National Science Foundation Grants DRL 0644131 (to J. R. Gray) and SES-1061817 (to A. Rustichini).
Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
No conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the authors.
D.R.H. analyzed data; D.R.H. and A.R. interpreted results of experiments; D.R.H. prepared figures; D.R.H. and A.R. drafted manuscript; D.R.H., C.G.D., J.R.G., and A.R. edited and revised manuscript; D.R.H. and A.R. approved final version of manuscript; C.G.D. and J.R.G. conception and design of research; C.G.D. and J.R.G. performed experiments.
We thank technical support staff and seminar participants at the University of Minnesota, as well as conference participants at the Annual Meeting for Cognitive Neuroscience 2012, for valuable feedback. In particular, we thank Edward Patzelt, Philip Burton, Piotr Evdokimov, Rachael Grazioplene, Kim-Sau Chung, Claudia Civai, and Mauricio Delgado.
↵1 Considering no more than two previous trials is justified in light of our analysis, described above.
↵2 Notably, a link between developmental changes in reinforcement learning and striatal-medial prefrontal cortex connectivity has been identified in a recent study (van den Bos et al. 2012a). Additionally, neural responses in medial orbitofrontal cortex and dorsomedial striatum have been shown to co-vary as a function of causal contingency (Tanaka et al. 2008).
- Copyright © 2014 the American Physiological Society


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