text:
BLISTERING REPORT: Western governments KNEW where 80 Nigerian girls kidnapped by Boko Haram were – but no-one tried to rescue them
The US and British governments knew where at least 80 of the Nigerian girls kidnapped by Boko Haram were but failed to launch a rescue mission, it has been revealed.
Terrorists stormed a secondary boarding school in the remote town of Chibok in Borno state, northern Nigeria in April 2014, and seized 276 girls who were preparing for end-of-year exams.
Although 57 of the girls managed to escape the rest have remained missing and have not been heard from or seen since apart from in May that year, when 130 of them appeared in a Boko Haram video wearing hijabs and reciting the Koran.
Dr Andrew Pocock, the former British high commissioner to Nigeria, has now revealed that a large group of the missing girls were spotted by British and American surveillance officials shortly after their disappearance, but experts felt nothing could be done.
He told The Sunday Times that Western governments felt 'powerless' to help as any rescue attempt would have been too high risk – with Boko Haram terrorists using the girls as human shields.
FOR ENTIRE ARTICLE CLICK LINKClick here for the Top 12 Moments in Jewish History...LET THE ADVENTURE BEGIN! »


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Description: Prospect House
Grade: II
Date Listed: 25 August 1987
English Heritage Building ID: 236547
OS Grid Reference: NU0698214530
OS Grid Coordinates: 406982, 614530
Latitude/Longitude: 55.4246, -1.8912
Location: Front Street, Glanton, Northumberland NE66 4AJ
Locality: Glanton
County: Northumberland
Country: England
Postcode: NE66 4AJ
Incorrect location/postcode? Submit a correction!
(North side)
20/204 No. 34
(Prospect House)
House, probably mid-C18. Squared roughly-tooled stone. Scottish slate roof
with end stacks rebuilt in yellow brick; old brick lateral stack at rear.
2 storeys, 3 bays, irregular. Left-of-centre double panelled doors with
plain overlight; Royal Fire Company insurance plaque above. Boarded door
on far left and blocked door with C20 wrought-iron screen to far right, both
with keyed supra-lintels. Three 4-pane sashes to each floor, with slightly-
projecting sills. Coped gables, end stacks rebuilt on old bases.
Interior: Fielded-panel doors and some shutters. West bedroom has C18
fireplaces; reeded overmantel with lion masks, C19 ironwork.
Listing NGR: NU0698214530
This text is a legacy record and has not been updated since the building was originally listed. Details of the building may have changed in the intervening time. You should not rely on this listing as an accurate description of the building.
Source: English Heritage
Listed building text is © Crown Copyright. Reproduced under licence.


text:
Location: Sunrise
Do Not Show Listings
2721 N Pine Island Road Unit 211, Sunrise, FL 33322
$62,90055 Days on yellowkey MLS ID: H10138721
Bed: 2 Bath: 2.0 Liv Area Sq Ft: 850 Built: 1975Monthly Fee: $402 Tax: $200 (2015)Community: Sunrise Lakes 69 CondoCondo
Restrictions: No Trucks/Rv'S
Market Analysis:
For SaleFor RentSoldRented
Nearby Properties:
For SaleFor RentSoldRented
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Email |
Directions |
Virtual Tour
History |
Appraiser |
Crime Info
Elementary School: None
High School: None
Tax Year: 2015
Middle School: None
Listing is courtesy of: Re/Max Powerpro Realty
2641 N Flamingo Road UNIT 507N, Sunrise, FL 33323
$235,000152 Days on yellowkey MLS ID: F10013071
9 Days Off yellowkey (back on 8/26/2016)
REDUCED by $10,000 (4.1%) on 06/21/2016
Bed: 1 Bath: 2.0 Gar: 2 Liv Area Sq Ft: 1000 Built: 2009Monthly Fee: $480 Tax: $5,347 (2015)Community: Tao Sawgrass CondoCondo, Pets Allowed, Unfurnished
Restrictions: LSOK,No Trucks/Rv'S,Okay To Lease 1st YearPet Restrictions: Restrictions Or Possible Restrictions
Market Analysis:
For Sale, For RentSoldRented
Nearby Properties:
For Sale, For RentSoldRented
Remarks: SPECTACULAR 1 BED + DEN + 2 FULL BATH + 2COVER PARKING SPACES AT 'TAO CONDO' VIEWING POOL, LAKE AND EVERGLADES. THIS UNIT FEATURES AN EUROPEAN KITCHEN W/ ITALIAN CABINETS, SS APPLIANCES, GRANITE COUNTER TOP. TILE THROUGHT OUT, BEAUTIFUL STONE TILE IN MASTER BATH. WASHER-DRYER. TAO OFFERS A LOT OF AMENITIES AS: LAGOON STYLE POOL IN TROPICAL SETTING, SANDY BEACH BY LAKE, CABANAS, MEDITATION GARDEN, BBQ & PICNIC TABLES, CHILDREN PLAYGROUND, TENNIS COURTS, GYM, SAUNA, CONFERENCE & PARTY ROOMS AND MUCH MORE!!!
Listing is courtesy of: Florida Property Management
5962 NW 25th Court UNIT 219, Sunrise, FL 33313
$109,90055 Days on yellowkey MLS ID: A10135109
Bed: 3 Bath: 2.5 Liv Area Sq Ft: 1355 Built: 1973 Tax: $1,295 (2015)Community: Sunrise TowneTownhouse, Pets Allowed
Restrictions: LSOK,No RestrictionsPet Restrictions: Dog Ok
SaveRemove Favorite |
Email |
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Remarks: FULL RENOVATION ALMOST COMPLETE IN SURNISE CLOSE TO INVERRARY OVER $40,000 SPENT TO TURN THIS INTO A MODERN 3 BEDROOM 2.5 BATHROOM TOWNHOUSE WITH TONS OF SPACE AND LIGHT. RECESSED LIGHTING THROUGHOUT, NEW ELECTRIC AND PLUMBING, NEW 5 TON AC UNIT. ALL 3 BEDROOMS UPSTAIRS. HUGE MASTER SUITE AND MASTER BATH. PORCELAIN FLOORING IN BATHROOMS AND KITCHEN, ONLY UNIT FEATURING A SOUTH BEACH FEEL PAINTED ALL IN WHITE. BUY IT FOR YOURSELF OR RENT IT OUT FOR A GREAT ROI. LOW MAINTENANCE AND PROFESSIONALLY MANAGED.
Listing is courtesy of: Monte Cristo Holdings LLC
Sunrise, FL 33322
$249,00055 Days on yellowkey MLS ID: H10138560
Bed: 2 Bath: 2.0 Gar: 1 Liv Area Sq Ft: 1609 Built: 1972 Tax: $1,383 (2015)Community: Sunrise Golf Village SecPool: NoSingle Family
Restrictions: Ok To Lease,None
SaveRemove Favorite |
Listing is courtesy of: Coral Shores Realty
9750 Sunrise Lakes Boulevard UNIT 203, Sunrise, FL 33322
$68,50057 Days on yellowkey MLS ID: F10027694
INCREASED by $5,600 (8.9%) on 08/26/2016
Bed: 2 Bath: 2.0 Liv Area Sq Ft: 850 Built: 1979Monthly Fee: $381 Tax: $832 (2015)Community: Sunrise Lakes 3Condo, Furnished
Restrictions: Age Restricted, No Lease
Remarks: NICE 2/2 ALL FURNISHED READY TO MOVE IN WITH GREAT WATER VIEW. UNIT HAS NEWER AC AND IMPACT WINDOWS IN FLORIDA ROOM. COMMUNITY HAS A LOT OF AMENITIES INCLUDING FREE GOLF AND INDOOR POOL. CLOSE TO SHOPPING, BANKS AND TRANSPORTATION. PERFECT FOR SNOWBIRDS O R ALL YEAR AROUND.
Listing is courtesy of: Century 21 Tenace Realty Inc
7751 NW 20 Court, Sunrise, FL 33322
$310,00056 Days on yellowkey MLS ID: A10137798
Bed: 3 Bath: 2.0 Gar: 2 Liv Area Sq Ft: 2087 Built: 1970 Tax: $5,729 (2015)Community: Sunrise Glof VillagePool: YesSingle Family, Pets Allowed, Unfurnished
Pet Restrictions: Restrictions Or Possible Restrictions
Remarks: Totally Upgraded, 3 bed, 2 bath, 2 cg, Den, Pool, Screened in Patio, Waterfront, No HOA, Property has a New sprinkler system with new pump, New pool pump, New HVAC system replaced in 2015, New roof replaced in 2015, New 2015 hot water heater, All new fixtures in kitchens and bathrooms, Garage impact door, Alarm System, Keypad locks for front door (essentially no keys needed), W/D, LG Refrigerator, GE Oven & Microwave, Miele Dishwasher, Granite Countertops, Sliding Kitchen window with breakfast bar
Listing is courtesy of: The Cardenas Group Realty
1103 NW 58 Terrace UNIT 117, Sunrise, FL 33313
$56,888196 Days on yellowkey MLS ID: A10063172
REDUCED by $6,000 (9.5%) on 08/25/2016
Bed: 1 Bath: 1.5 Liv Area Sq Ft: 870 Built: 1973 Tax: $169 (2014)Community: Water BridgeCondo
Tax Year: 2014
Remarks: Beautiful water view. Open spacious 1 bedroom, 1.5 bath, enclosed patio can be used as a den or 2nd bedroom. Well maintained quiet 55+ community, private secluded building with no outside traffic. Great location, major highways, transportation and shopping. New impact doors and windows. Low maintenance.
Listing is courtesy of: ISRAM Realty & Management
2941 N Nob Hill Road UNIT 204, Sunrise, FL 33322
$91,00056 Days on yellowkey MLS ID: F10027956
Bed: 2 Bath: 2.0 Liv Area Sq Ft: 863 Built: 1985Monthly Fee: $421 Tax: $912 (2015)Community: Sunrise Lakes Phase 4Condo, Furnished
Restrictions: Age Restricted, LSNO
Remarks: Truly Rare Move in ready home! Come see your newly remodeled gorgeous kitchen and baths! Super well decorated in great neutral tones to suit even the fussiest of buyers! Home has been only very lightly used by Snowbirds, has it's own washer, dryer and great view of golf and lake!Kitchen features new appliances with double oven, a/c has new humidistat. This one Wont last on market! Cost effective and Easy Living in Country Club Like Golf Community with all amenities and golf included! Hurry home!
Listing is courtesy of: Better Homes & Gdns RE Fla 1st
5963 NW 28th Street UNIT 136, Sunrise, FL 33313
$110,00056 Days on yellowkey MLS ID: A10137689
Bed: 3 Bath: 2.5 Liv Area Sq Ft: 1517 Built: 1972Monthly Fee: $224 Tax: $1,426 (2015)Community: Sunrise Towne Preferred 2Townhouse, Pets Allowed, Unfurnished
Pet Restrictions: Maximum 20 Lbs
Remarks: BEAUTIFUL SPACIOUS 3 Bedroom, 2.5 Bathroom Townhouse at Sunrise Towne Preferred. REAR-FENCED YARD, PATIO in Front and Back of Property. Community offers many amenities for your enjoyment. Close to Shopping, Dinning and Major Highways. PROPERTY IS TENANT OCCUPIED. PLEASE DO NOT DISTURB TENANT.
Listing is courtesy of: Sun Realty
8000 N Sunrise Lakes Drive Unit 205, Sunrise, FL 33322
$32,00057 Days on yellowkey MLS ID: H10137441
Bed: 1 Bath: 1.0 Liv Area Sq Ft: 640 Built: 1973Monthly Fee: $287 Tax: $200 (2015)Community: Sunrise Lakes Ph 1Condo, Unfurnished
Restrictions: LSNO
2551 Aragon Boulevard UNIT 402, Sunrise, FL 33322
$68,00057 Days on yellowkey MLS ID: A10137396
Bed: 2 Bath: 2.0 Liv Area Sq Ft: 1162 Built: 1975Monthly Fee: $303 Tax: $939 (2015)Community: AragonCondo, Pets Allowed
Restrictions: Age RestrictedPet Restrictions: Restrictions Or Possible Restrictions
Remarks: VERY NICE 2/2 IN SUNRISE. OVER 55+ COMMUNITY. EASY TO SHOW!!
Listing is courtesy of: GRG, REALTORS
Sunrise, FL 33323
$286,900235 Days on yellowkey MLS ID: A10041616
REDUCED by $13,000 (4.3%) on 08/24/2016
Bed: 4 Bath: 2.5 Gar: 1 Liv Area Sq Ft: 1831 Built: 1994 Tax: $2,099 (2015)Community: AllegroTownhouse, Pets Allowed
Remarks: BEAUTIFUL UPDATED TRI LEVEL TOWNHOUSE IN ALLEGRO. TOTALLY UPDATED KITCHEN WITH 48IN WOOD CABINETS AND STAINLESS STEEL APPLIANCES. BATHROOMS UPDATED WITH NEW TILE AND CABINETS. KNOCK DOWN ON WALLS. REDESIGNED STAIRCASE. NEW AC. WALK IN CLOSET IN MASTER BEDROOM. GARAGE IS TILED AND CAN BE USED AS A PLAYROOM OR GARAGE. FENCED AREA IN BACK WITH PAVERS. TILE AND WOOD FLOORS. OWNERS ARE TAKING CURTAINS IN LIVING ROOM AND LARGE WINDOW. MOVE IN READY!!
Listing is courtesy of: Florida Gold Realty Corp
3055 NW 126th Avenue UNIT 419, Sunrise, FL 33323
$239,00057 Days on yellowkey MLS ID: A10137325
Bed: 2 Bath: 2.0 Gar: 1 Liv Area Sq Ft: 1174 Built: 2008Monthly Fee: $716 Tax: $3,440 (2015)Community: ArtesiaCondo, Pets Allowed, Unfurnished
Restrictions: LSOKPet Restrictions: Maximum 20 Lbs
Remarks: ENJOY AMAZING SUNSETS FROM THIS IMMACULATE TWO BEDROOMS TWO FULL BATHS UNIT. HIGH CELINGS, STAINLESS STEEL APPLS, WOOD KITCHEN CABINET, GRANITE COUNTERTOPS. GATED COMMUNITY WITH EXCEPTIONAL AMENITIES: POOL, SPA, CLUB HOUSE, GYM, TENNIS COURT, BASKETBALL COURT, CHILD PLAY AREA, AND MORE. GREAT LOCATION, CLOSE TO SAWGRASS MALL, RESTAURANTS, SHOPS, AND HYWYS.... 24HRS SECURITY
Listing is courtesy of: Douglas Elliman
9366 NW 19th Place, Sunrise, FL 33322
$200,00058 Days on yellowkey MLS ID: A10137046
Bed: 3 Bath: 2.0 Gar: 1 Liv Area Sq Ft: 1706 Built: 1972 Tax: $1,617 (2015)Community: Sunrise Golf Village SecPool: YesSingle Family
Remarks: Short Sale Subject to lender approval.... priced to sell fast.... 3/2 1 car garage pool home with water front view. Property has a lot of potential, needs full remodel.
Listing is courtesy of: Berkshire Hathaway HomeServices Florida Realty
8500 Sunrise Lakes Boulevard UNIT 101, Sunrise, FL 33322
$72,50058 Days on yellowkey MLS ID: A10135301
Bed: 2 Bath: 2.0 Liv Area Sq Ft: 850 Built: 1974Monthly Fee: $351 Tax: $870 (2015)Community: Sunrise LakesCondo, Furnished
Restrictions: Age Restricted, NL1ST,No Trucks/Rv'S
Remarks: Spacious 2/2 corner unit in 55+. Furnished, This unit is located at the best place of the building, Beautiful lake view and a lot of amenities that will make this place a paradise.
Listing is courtesy of: Realty World South Florida
2955 NW 126th Avenue UNIT 417, Sunrise, FL 33323
$319,00058 Days on yellowkey MLS ID: A10136491
Bed: 3 Bath: 2.5 Gar: 2 Liv Area Sq Ft: 1510 Built: 2007Monthly Fee: $821 Tax: $2,814 (2015)Community: ArtesiaCondo, Pets Allowed
Restrictions: LSOKPet Restrictions: More Than 20 Lbs
Elementary School: Nob Hill
High School: Piper
Middle School: Bair
Remarks: RARELY AVAILABLE, spacious 3/2.5 Paraiso model on the PENTHOUSE floor featuring split bedroom plan, ample storage, piano-finished floors, updated kitchen, covered balcony overlooking water and skyline, impact windows and doors, updated LED high hat and pendant lighting, 10ft ceilings (only on 4th floor), fixtures, new HE washer & dryer, stainless steel appliances, granite countertops, crown molding, wired entertainment system, alarm, Plantation Shutters. Plenty of natural light! Resort-style living!
Listing is courtesy of: Xcellence Realty Inc.
2998 E Sunrise Lakes Drive UNIT 114, Sunrise, FL 33322
$49,000177 Days on yellowkey MLS ID: F10008626
REDUCED by $3,900 (7.4%) on 08/22/2016
Bed: 2 Bath: 2.0 Liv Area Sq Ft: 868 Built: 1977Monthly Fee: $279 Tax: $976 (2015)Community: Quail RunCondo, Unfurnished
Restrictions: Age Restricted, AUTOP,LSOK,Other Restrictions
Remarks: Lovely,convenient upgraded home 55+ Newer Kitchen w many cabinets lots of counter top space. Newer appliances, mirrored wall in Dining Rm, low cost of living+very private+secure. Well lit w/loads of security lights and cameras plus owner owned alarm system. Laundry steps in front of unit. Newer 2nd bathw/ tiled shower. All great working order w/ appliance contract. Nice size rms, bright home convenient parking spot right behind back patio door. Very Private , extra storage. Bring Offer! MOTIVATED
Listing is courtesy of: Berkshire Hathaway FL Realty
10434 Sunrise Lakes Boulevard UNIT 102, Sunrise, FL 33322
$62,00059 Days on yellowkey MLS ID: F10027433
Bed: 2 Bath: 2.0 Liv Area Sq Ft: 810 Built: 1983Monthly Fee: $388 Tax: $200 (2015)Community: Sunrise Lakes Phase 4Condo, Furnished
Restrictions: Age Restricted, LSNO,No Lease,No Trucks/Rv'S
Remarks: THIS FIRST FLOOR 2 BEDROOM 2 BATH UNIT HAS ALL TILE FLOORS,A NEW HOT WATER HEATER AND THE A/C IS 5 YRS OLD WITH A BEAUTIFUL VIEW OF THE GOLF COURSE FROM YOUR SCREENED PATIO.SELLER REQUESTS CASH ONLY,PROOF OF FUNDS TO CLOSE,VERIFICATION OF INCOME,CREDIT REPORT WITH CREDIT SCORES AND SUMMARY PAGE AND 5 DAYS TO INSPECT.CONDO ASSOCIATION REQUIRES 20% MINIMUM DOWN GOOD CREDIT AND $2,400.00 A MONTH NET INCOME.THIS IS A 55+ COMMUNITY.
Listing is courtesy of: Balistreri Realty Inc 1
6661 NW 28th Street, Sunrise, FL 33313
$149,78896 Days on yellowkey MLS ID: F10021777
REDUCED by $9,000 (5.7%) on 08/22/2016
Bed: 2 Bath: 1.0 Liv Area Sq Ft: 1040 Built: 1968 Tax: $869 (2015)Community: Sunrise Golf Village SecoPool: NoSingle Family
Remarks: Great Single Family Home WITH NO HOA Located in Sunrise Golf. 2 Bedroom 1 Bath + Florida Room situated on a BIG yard. House can use some TLC. Great Opportunity.
Listing is courtesy of: Balistreri Realty Inc 3
9374 NW 49th Place UNIT 9374, Sunrise, FL 33351
$198,90060 Days on yellowkey MLS ID: F10027276
Bed: 2 Bath: 2.5 Liv Area Sq Ft: 1102 Built: 1986Monthly Fee: $123 Tax: $2,055 (2015)Community: Springtree LakesTownhouse, Pets Allowed
Pet Restrictions: More Than 20 Lbs
Remarks: Very nice and clean Townhouse with lake view. This Townhouse has been meticulously maintained. Two Bedrooms with wood floors, two and a half bathrooms completely updated. Stainless steel kitchen appliances. Step outside to the screened patio and have some fun.
Listing is courtesy of: United Realty Group Inc
© 2012 yellowkeyrealty.com, Inc. -
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Golf Fans Can Vote for Pin Position
For the first time in the 95-year history of the PGA Championship, fans will be given the opportunity to play a role in the course setup for the tournament, which begins on August 8 at Oak Hill Country Club in Rochester, New York.
The "Pick the Hole Challenge" means fans may vote on one of the four pin positions for the final round for the par-3, 181-yard 15th hole, the last par-3 on the 7,145-yard par-71 Donald Ross course.
Voting commenced on Tuesday at PGA.com, and the idea to involve fans in the pin-placement process has been conceived by Jack Nicklaus, who won the last five PGA Championships in 1980 at Oak Hill.


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Peele used his red-shirt year to be one of the stars of 2012 bowl practices. Now in 2013, the Linden (N.J.) High product continues to push for first-team action with sophomore Leonte Carroo battling injuries leading up to kickoff.
Peele spoke with ScarletReport.com this week about returning to wide receiver, and the impact of Brandon Coleman's decision to head to the NFL on the rest of the position group.


text:
UPDATED: Driver airlifted after crash on Weekapaug Bridge
UPDATED: Driver airlifted after crash on Weekapaug Bridge
WESTERLY — A Charlestown man was seriously injured when the truck he was driving overturned on the Weekapaug Bridge this morning. The man was unresponsive when he was placed in a waiting Westerly Ambulance to be transported to a Lifestar helicopter that landed nearby in the parking lot of the Seaside Beach Club. He was taken to Rhode Island Hospital.
Emergency personnel on the scene found evidence of the man's name, but declined to identify him because they had not yet notified his family of the crash.
Rescue units, police and fire department personnel were called to the scene at 7 a.m. and found a silver Toyota Tacoma overturned in the middle of the bridge pinning him in the crushed vehicle. Westerly and Misquamicut fire department personnel were on the scene with extrication equipment working to remove the man from the truck, which was lying on the passenger's side, personal belongings strewn in the road. The top portion of a light pole on the bridge appeared to have been struck by the vehicle during the crash.
The injured man was traveling toward Weekapaug from Misquamicut when the crash occurred.
Westerly police and fire personnel remained on the scene to investigate the cause of the crash.
— A.J. Algier
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Earth and sun
Apparent motion is the way something appears, or seems, to move. Example is that the sun appears to rise in the east and set in the west. Apparent motion is not real motion.
When one object travels around another. An example is the earth revolves around the sun.
A path a reviving object takes. Earths orbit is shaped like an ellipse which is a flattened circle. The Earth's orbit around the sun takes 365 1/4 days or one year.
Earth's axis is not straight up and down. Tilted at an angle of 23.5 degrees. The tilt causes the causes sunlight to hit Earth at different angles. Each hemisphere (half) of the Earth gets more or less sunlight. The season result from both the tilted axis and the Earths revolution around the Sun.
Gravitational force
The mutual attraction, or pull, between particles of matter. The size of the force depends on the mass and distance. When talking about the Sun moon or planets we call it gravity.
Explain how the pull of gravity and the force of inertia keep planets in there orbit.
It is partly gravitational force- the mutaual aatraction, or pull between the particles of matter.
Each orbit is a balance between gravity and inertia. The planets are really moving in straight line. Gravity causes those lines to curve in, toward the Sun.
What causes day and night?
The Earth moves around the Sun and is also spins. As the Earth orbits the Sun. The Earths spins on its axis. Every day the Earth completes one rotation. One rotation takes 24 hours.
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Antimicrobial screening of Co(ii), Ni(ii) and Cu(ii) complexes with nitrogen and oxygen containing schiff base
Publication Type:Journal Article
Source:Oriental Journal of Chemistry, Volume 28, Number 2, p.943-948 (2012)

This study reports the preparation and spectroscopic evaluation of a series of transition metal complexes of Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) with schiff base ligand 1-ethyl, 1, 2, 3, 5, tetrahydroimidazo (2, 1-b) quinazolin 5-one semicarbazone (ETQS). The ligand and its Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes were formulated by elemental analysis, molar mass, infrared spectra, electronic spectra, molar conductivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements. In the light of above studies it is proposed that the compound ETQS behaves a bidentate ligand and coordination takes place through azomethine nitrogen and carbonyl oxygen of semicarbazone moiety. The remaining positions of metal Ions are satisfied by negative ions such as Cl- , Br, l- and NO3- . The complexes were proposed octahedral geometry. All the synthesized ligand and complexes have been screened for antimicrobial activity.

cited By (since 1996)4
Cite this Research Publication
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- Synthesis and elucidation of some mixed ligand complexes of Th(IV) with N-(1-morpholinobenzyl)semicarbazide
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Pacifica Hotels Announces Renovation for Marina Del Rey Hotel
Monday August 26th, 2013 - 2:38PM
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MARINA DEL REY, CA--Pacifica Hotels announced a $20-million renovation of the Marina del Rey Hotel, a waterfront property that will re-open with the same name in Spring 2014.
The new, 160-room Marina del Rey Hotel will have new amenities such as a full-service restaurant, 24-hour room service, concierge assistance, an outdoor, marina-facing pool and sundeck, an outdoor wedding venue, and a roster of additional offerings.
Originally opened in the 1964, the historic Marina del Rey Hotel will be celebrating its 50th anniversary next year. Over the past half-century, the hotel has served as the central meeting point for local yacht clubs, fashion shows and high-profile Los Angeles functions, according to Pacifica Hotels
"Our intention with this renovation is to revitalize the Marina del Rey Hotel, while maintaining its classic reputation," stated Matt Marquis, president of Pacifica Hotels. "We have put significant resources into the Marina del Rey community and want the Marina del Rey Hotel to be a shining example of Pacifica's investment in the area's hospitality landscape."
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text: Win at Carnival GamesKyle Pott8/31/07 4:00pmFiled to: How ToFriday FunFunLife HacksSuccess23EditPromoteDismissUndismissHideShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink Unlock the many secrets of carnival games with the guide from Blifaloo.com and stop emptying your wallet to win a $.30 stuffed animal for your girlfriend. Blifaloo.com covers all the carny games you know and love like the rope ladder, ring toss, balloon dart throw, basket toss, coin toss, milk bottle throw and more. Advertisement Rope Ladder The trick to climbing carnival rope ladders is to completely ignore the "rungs" and only use the outside ropes to climb on.While applying equal pressure with your right foot and left arm, move your left foot and right arm at the same time. Then do the same thing with the opposite limbs—shimmying yourself up the ladder.This guide would have been incredibly useful in my youth. Any carnival game hustlers out there? What's your game and what trick do you use to win every time? Share in the comments. Advertisement How To Beat Carnival Games [Blifaloo.com]Gear from Kinja DealsThese Are Your Favorite Wireless RoutersClean Your Tongue, Not Just Your TeethToday's Best Lifestyle Deals: Cashmere, Uniqlo, The Outnet, New Balance, and MoreReply23 repliesLeave a reply


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A Program Evaluation of In- Prison Components The Colorado Department of Corrections Sex Offender Treatment and Monitoring Program
- Shanon Lane
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1 A Program Evaluation of In- Prison Components The Colorado Department of Corrections Sex Offender Treatment and Monitoring Program Central Coast Clinical and Forensic Psychology Services, Inc. Deirdre D Orazio, PhD David Thornton, PhD Anthony Beech, DPhil 20 January 2013 Submitted to: The Division of Clinical Services Attention: Joanie Shoemaker
2 Executive Summary This evaluation reviews the operation of the Colorado Department of Corrections Sex Offender Treatment and Management Program (SOTMP) against best practice standards based on the empirically- derived Risk, Need, Responsivity model for correctional programming. The foci of this evaluation are the prison- based features of the treatment program. It does not strive to evaluate the program features that are implemented in the community, however various points of intersect between the prison and outpatient components are commented upon. Readers should understand there are several important limitations to the current program evaluation including: It does not include an evaluation of the program s effects on sexual recidivism. It does not include evaluation of all components of the SOTMP (e.g. CTCF, DWCF, YOS, SCCF, Support Education, Community Transition Services). The results of the program evaluation s research component are based upon a random sample of offenders currently participating in the in- prison treatment program (e.g. it does not include program graduates, program drop outs/removals or inmates on wait lists). The information about and from the program and the on- site data collection that provides the foundation for the evaluation results were derived during the period 20 August, 2012 to 3 January, A few subsequent matters of clarification, terminology and increased accuracy resulted in the current draft dated 20 January, While the study s objective is to assess the in- prison program features, it is acknowledged that the SOTMP is ensconced within a larger legislative framework including the mandates of the Sexual Offender Management Board. While not the focus of the study, certain areas of this framework greatly impact program efficacy and efficiency and therefore required comment. Importantly, the scope of the evaluation is to identify areas of improvement. It does not strive to identify areas of strength. It should be noted that throughout this project the evaluation team received exceptional cooperation from the Colorado Department of Corrections. We were encouraged to provide unbiased and pragmatic feedback to the Department that can be used to improve this area of the Department s operation. The department is commended for its earnest approach to improving the delivery and outcome of its SOTMP. It is also important to note that several family members of inmates and advocacy groups provided helpful information to the evaluation team at a Town hall meeting and through written communication. Finally, the inmate treatment participants provided an essential cornerstone of information with a spirit of helpfulness that was of great assistance to the evaluation. Simply, the Risk Needs Responsivity (RNR) model indicates that the comprehensiveness, intensity and duration of treatment provided to individual offenders should be proportionate to the degree of risk that they present (the Risk principle), that treatment should be appropriately targeted at participant characteristics which contribute to their 2
3 risk (the Need principle), and that treatment should delivered in a way that facilitates meaningful participation and learning (the Responsivity Principle). The results of this evaluation indicate the SOTMP does not adequately conform to the Risk principle of this model. To maximize resources and efficacy, the intensity of treatment should be made proportionate to the level of risk presented by offenders with lower risk offenders requiring significantly less treatment in prison than higher risk offenders. Colorado has a well- developed containment model program for the management of sexual offenders in the community under supervision. This should be sufficient to safely manage average and lower sexual risk offenders who are motivated and cooperative. Uncooperative offenders can be managed through revocation. Treatment in prison should be reserved for those who present above average risk and its purpose should be to moderate this risk to the level that can be managed in the community. Two specific models toward improving CO SOTMP s adherence to the Risk principle are articulated in the Conclusions and Recommendations section of the report. We suggest that either will contribute to a more efficient use of resources. One model will greatly reduce the number of sexual offenders requiring treatment in prison and so assist with the present miss- match of available resources and demand for treatment slots. Further, it is important that the program and parole board ally to expediently parole inmates whose level of risk can be sufficiently managed through community services. The SOTMP partially conforms to the Need principle. We suggest that in place of the present one size fits all model of treatment, the psychological factors underlying treatment participants offending should be assessed using a structured empirically- based instrument and the treatment provided should be individualized accordingly. Further, treatment providers need to possess a pragmatic working knowledge of individual s relevant treatment needs and through this lens provide treatment to those in their care. These primary modifications as well as the other suggestions detailed in the Need Principle sections of this report will allow treatment to be more efficient and effective. The SOTMP partially conforms to the Responsivity principle. Its use of cognitive- behavioral methods and a therapeutic community are consistent with the treatment efficacy research literature. However, there are presently significant problems with how these methods are being implemented. Therapist style was found to be less than optimal in many of the groups observed. Factors required for effective group psychotherapy such as group cohesion were markedly weak. This reflects, at least in part, that the program has difficulty recruiting staff who come with a high level of skill, retaining qualified staff, and providing timely and adequate training and supervision for new clinical staff. In addition, current management and monitoring procedures are insufficient to detect and correct problematic therapist skills. It is recommended an additional post be created within the central office team supporting the program that is filled by a skilled clinician with training skills. The position should be tasked entirely with observing, training and supervising treatment staff in the provision of sexual offense specific treatment. The primary duties are to train clinical staff, observe group treatment sessions and provide feedback to individual clinicians, clinical managers, and central office about the quality of therapist style. It is 3
4 necessary that the program administration carefully consider the feedback from treatment participants and clinical staff and work to amend treatment interfering factors. Problems complying with the Responsivity principle present a serious barrier to effective treatment. Urgent attention is required here. As at present these problems are significantly impairing the effectiveness of the program, leading to poor use of available resources and potentially endangering the public. The main body of the report that follows provides the description, method and analysis of the program evaluation. Its last section provides more detailed conclusions and recommendations on how the CO SOTMP can achieve greater efficacy and efficiency with available resources. More technical information including statistical findings are contained in the subsequent appendices which are followed by the list of references. 4
5 Introduction The Colorado Department of Corrections Sex Offender Treatment and Management Program (SOTMP) has been in existence in generally its current form for over a decade (Lowden & English, 2005). It is a Relapse Prevention oriented cognitive- behavioral treatment program that draws heavily on the literature on criminal thinking (e.g., Samenow, 1984) that is integrated with an adaption of the structured hierarchical therapeutic community model that is commonly used in correctional settings with substance abusers (see Lipton et al., 2002). Since 1996 a central feature of the program has been the use of polygraph examinations to encourage the disclosure of a more complete picture of offenders functioning. A more detailed description of the SOTMP is provided in Appendix A. The prison treatment program is designed to fit within the wider context of the containment model for managing sexual offenders in the community. In its current form the SOTMP seeks to comport to the requirements of the Colorado Sexual Offender Management Board (SOMB) that were initially established in These currently include parole eligibility criteria for inmates serving Lifetime Supervision sentences (Appendix B). In 1998 Colorado legislation introduced Lifetime Supervision sentencing for sexual offenders. To provide context, this was during a period when civil commitment programs for severe sexual offenders were proliferating across the country. We assume that the Lifetime Supervision sentencing policy was initiated at least in part to avoid the implementation of a costly civil commitment program. Nonetheless, Lifetime Supervision has significantly impacted on the SOTMP. In essence it has made participation in the SOTMP the primary route to parole for imprisoned sexual offenders so sentenced. Indeed Lifetime Supervision drastically increased the demand for treatment slots in the SOTMP. According to a DOC Funding Request for the Budget Cycle, at that time the SOTMP had the capacity to provide treatment to 675 sexual offenders per year. The optimum duration of treatment in the SOTMP is asserted to be three to four years. There were at that time 3,959 incarcerated sexual offenders within four years of Parole Eligibility Date (PED), leaving the great majority (3,284) unable to participate in treatment. Further, the same Funding Request indicated that the Colorado DOC responds to about 1,300 new court commitments for sexual offenders each year. Of course not all incarcerated sexual offenders are ready and willing to participate in treatment. Nevertheless as of a 6/30/12 (as cited by Peggy Heil in personal correspondence) 666 Lifetime Supervision offenders were ready for treatment who were either already past their Parole Eligibility Date (PED) (221 inmates) or within four years of their PED (141 inmates). Additionally, a further 1,372 traditionally sentenced offenders ready for treatment were also past their PED (875 inmates) or within four years of it (497 inmates). Clearly, the majority of sexual offender inmates in CO DOC do not have the opportunity to complete the required treatment program by their PED, inevitably detaining them well past their minimum sentence. In short, the demand for treatment slots in the SOTMP now greatly exceeds the supply. This leads to inevitable consequences, as follows: 5
6 1. Many sexual offenders who could successfully be managed in the community, had they effectively participated in treatment, may instead spend additional years in prison. This will represent a great cost to the Colorado taxpayer; divert funds from other important programs; and negatively impact upon offenders and their families. 2. Insufficient treatment resources compel the managers of the SOTMP to make treatment prioritization decisions that severely disadvantage some of the inmates. This drives increasing, and costly grievances, regardless of how reasonable the managers strive to make their decisions. 3. There are lengthy waiting lists for, and between the phases of, treatment. This prolongation and stalling of the treatment process is liable to negatively impact the effectiveness of treatment and increase cost. 4. Lifetime Supervision Sentence inmates acquire a claim to treatment over their traditionally sentenced peers since CO statute permits only the traditionally sentenced to be released from prison without treatment. This bifurcated sentencing scheme necessitates prioritization of treatment slots based on type of sentence, regardless of sexual offenders the level of risk. Traditionally sentenced sexual offenders may well not be able to get a treatment slot even if they present an exceptionally high risk. 5. Due to the scarcity of treatment slots and expectation of treatment for release, lifetime supervision sentence inmates in particular may feel strongly coerced to take part in treatment, and once in it may feel coerced to appear compliant regardless of their true feelings. This is liable to diminish the effectiveness of treatment. These difficulties form the background of the present evaluation. It was thereby designed to achieve two related purposes: 1. To provide a review of the prison based Colorado DOC Sexual Offender Treatment and Management Program (SOTMP) against evidence- based best practice standards. 2. To provide recommendations as to how this program may be made more effective and cost- efficient. Carrying out such an evaluation requires developing a model of evidence- based best practice standards. Meta- analyses in the correctional treatment outcome literature constitute the best source for evidence- based best practice standards. Trends identified in meta- analyses are more reliable and more generalizable than the results of individual studies. The general, correctional outcome literature is large and contains many studies of good methodological quality. The sexual offender correctional outcome literature is much smaller and plagued by many studies having weak methodologies (see Collaborative Outcome Data Committee, 2007a & b reports, available at: eng.aspx). Accordingly, this program evaluation bases its standards for best practice on trends found in both general correctional outcome meta- analyses and in the body of better quality research and literature on sexual offender treatment. 6
7 The best- established ways of distinguishing more effective forms of correctional treatment are undoubtedly the Risk, Need and Responsivity (RNR) principles first articulated by Andrews et al. (1990). Subsequent meta- analytic results support that program efficacy is indeed related to the degree of adherence to these three principles (Andrews & Bonta, 2006). More recently, Hanson et al. (2009), in a meta- analysis of the better quality studies of sexual offender treatment, notes that the same trend was apparent in the sexual offender treatment arena, that is, the more sexual offender programs conformed to the Risk, Need and Responsivity principles the more effective they were in reducing sexual recidivism. Andrews and Bonta also found that when the three RNR principles are held constant, demonstration projects had substantially better results than routine treatment practice. This reflects that in demonstration projects greater care is taken to implement treatment the way it was as intended to be run while in routine practice there tends to be corner cutting and drift away from therapeutic models. Similarly Lösel and Schmucker (2005) s meta- analysis of sexual offender programs found that well- specified programs that were run by researchers, and operated on a small scale (all factors expected to lead to more careful implementation) had greater efficacy. As such, in addition to developing programming consistent with RNR principles, maintaining a high level of program integrity is essential. In the subsequent sections of this report we consider each of these principles in turn and seek to: 1. Articulate the meaning and application of the principle to the treatment of sexual offenders 2. Explain the methods used to assess the degree to which the SOTMP conforms to the principle 3. Describe the results of this assessment of the CO SOTMP In the final section we summarize our findings and make recommendations as to how the program can be made more cost- efficient and effective. 7
8 1. How well does the SOTMP adhere to the Risk Principle? The Meaning of the Risk Principle in the Context of Sexual Offender Treatment The Risk principle is succinctly stated as follows: Match the level of service to the offender s risk to re- offend (Bonta & Andrews, 2007). This means that the level of treatment services should be proportionate to the offender s recidivism risk. Explicit implementation of the Risk principle requires systematically applying an empirically validated risk assessment tool to grade offenders into different risk levels and then systematically assigning different levels of treatment on the basis of the risk assessments. Implicit implementation of the Risk principle occurs when processes that are not deliberately intended to follow the Risk principle nevertheless result in more intense treatment being concentrated on higher risk offenders. In the context of sexual offender treatment, applying the Risk principle depends on the availability of empirically supported instruments capable of identifying offenders according to the relative degree of risk for sexual recidivism that they present. The presently available risk assessment instruments fall into two categories: static actuarial and psychological. Static actuarial instruments use simple [fixed/historical] facts from offenders histories to estimate relative risk of future charges or convictions for sexual offenses. The items used in static instruments are selected based on statistical grounds, and the statistical properties of scale scores are determined using large samples of sexual offenders followed up over many years. Instruments of this kind have been shown to robustly identify the risk of offenders with moderate predictive accuracy (Hanson & Morton- Bourgon, 2009). Psychological risk assessment instruments seek to classify offenders on the basis of the psychological factors that are thought to predispose offenders towards further offending. Empirically- based psychological risk assessment instruments use psychological factors that have been shown to predict future sexual charges or convictions and their total scores have also been shown to be similarly predictive. Psychological risk factors are also referred to as Criminogenic Needs. This is based on the notion that treatment needs to target these factors to reduce recidivism rates. These factors are also sometimes thought of as dynamic in the sense of that they are changeable, although the extent to which different aspects of psychological risk factors are truly changed, as opposed to the offender learning to manage them, is at present uncertain. Recent meta- analytic research has identified a number of psychological factors that are related to relative risk for future sexual charges or convictions (see Mann, Hanson & Thornton, 2010 for review). However, psychological risk assessment instruments for sexual offending have only recently been developed, and are not as well established as static actuarial instruments. The three with the most empirical support are STABLE
9 (Hanson et al., 2007), the Violence Risk Scale- Sexual Offender Version (VRS- SO: Olver & Wong, 2007) and the Structure Risk Assessment Forensic Version (SRA- FV: Knight & Thornton, 2007; Thornton & Knight, 2009). A difficulty shared by all current instruments for assessing sexual recidivism risk is that they have been validated using indicators of official recidivism. The detection rate for sexual offenses is hard to determine precisely and likely varies significantly between types of offenders and types of sexual offense. Hanson, Thornton and Price (2003) reviewed data from multiple different sources and methodologies examining detection rates for sexual offending. They found that for contact sexual offenses against adults, or children, the detection rate per victim was on average between 5% and 20% (see their Table 1). This means that for only 5 to 20 of every 100 victims is the offender officially detected. Hanson et al. (2003) used multiple sources of data to estimate the frequency of new victims among those who go on to re- offend. They found a wide range of rates at which recidivists re- offend. Grouping all recidivists together, the average yearly rate of new victims was about one in every 18 months. When combined with the detection rate per victim this means that the true recidivism rate over 15 years is about 150% of the officially detected rate. The impact of detection versus the true rate of recidivism for individual offenders depends on the number of new victims that sexual recidivists offend against. Logically, the sexual recidivists who re- offend against no more than one victim over the rest of their lives will be much less likely to be caught than those sexual recidivists who re- offend against multiple victims. Considering this empirical information on detection versus actual re- offense rates, a reasonable conclusion is to conceptualize risk assessment instruments as a gauge of density of sexual offending. They distinguish those who are more likely to go on to have many future victims from those who will go on to have few future victims. This type of limitation on the assessment of sexual recidivism risk applies to all tools for the assessment of any kind of recidivism. Thieves get away with most thefts, street robbers get away with most street robberies, drug dealers are seldom caught dealing drugs etc. In summary, all kinds of offender risk assessment instruments are really grading offenders in terms of their relative likelihood of repeated recidivism. And the Risk principle which states to match intensity of treatment services to level of risk relates to this kind of grading of offenders. The other salient aspect of the risk principle is being able to deliver different levels of treatment services in response to different levels of risk. Levels of services can usefully be distinguished in terms of number of treatment hours, how comprehensively treatment needs are addressed, and or what proportion of the offender s day involves treatment. 9
10 Methods used to assess SOTMP s compliance with the Risk Principle To examine the SOTMP s degree of adherence to the risk principle we assessed level of risk in its participants through scores on two risk assessment instruments, a static actuarial instrument (Static- 99R: Helmus et al., 2011), and an instrument that assesses psychological risk factors (SRA- FV: Knight & Thornton, 2007). Results from these assessments were analyzed in two ways: 1. The levels of risk of sexual offenders participating in Phase II of the SOTMP are compared to that of various sets of research on sexual offenders; 2. The levels of risk of sexual offenders participating in the Therapeutic Community version of Phase II of the SOTMP are compared to the levels found in the Non- Therapeutic Community version of Phase II program. Findings regarding SOTMP s compliance with the Risk Principle Examination of Policy Examination of SOTMP policy documents and conversations with the program s senior managers revealed no explicit intentional adherence to the Risk principle. Indeed the official intention seems to be to provide treatment to all clearly identified imprisoned sexual offenders without regard to variations in risk. Despite the lack of adherence to the Risk principle in the program design, there appear to be subtle ways in which the program may be implicitly following the Risk principle to some degree. Current SOTMP policy prioritizes treatment slots for offenders whose current sentence is for a sexual offense and those who are serving a Lifetime Supervision Sentence. These ways of prioritizing are potentially incidentally risk- related. The longer a known sexual offender spends in the community free of known sexual or violent offending the lower their subsequent chances of being arrested for a new sexual crime (Harris et al., 2003). Eligibility for a Lifetime Supervision Sentence penalty is determined based upon the type of sexual offense charge for which the person is convicted. However, plea- bargaining may be used to evade the requirement for lifetime supervision. It would seem likely that it will be more difficult to obtain such a plea bargain if the offender appears to present an obvious and egregious level of risk. Within the treatment program itself, the policy is to prioritize Lifetime Supervision Sentence sexual offenders with longer minimums for participation in the Standard Therapeutic Community version of Phase II rather than the Modified version. Additionally, prisoners with shorter minimums may nevertheless be assigned to the Therapeutic Community if they are thought to be particularly concerning. It is reasonable to regard the Standard TC Phase II as being intended to provide a higher intensity of treatment services. Treatment in the TC is generally designed to encompass the offender s whole day and provide a wider range of treatment inputs than the non- TC programs. Additionally, the Modified version of the program is intentionally narrower in scope so that it can be 10
11 completed more quickly. The situation is slightly complex in that offenders can do the Modified version of the program while in the Therapeutic Community (though they still participate in the full regime). In contrast, non- Therapeutic Community facilities only run the Modified or outpatient versions of the program. In taking all these considerations together, it is concluded that offenders participating in the Therapeutic Community will receive more intensive treatment than offenders participating in Phase II programming at other sites. Further, there are two kinds of selection processes operating that seem liable to disproportionately place higher risk offenders in the Therapeutic Community. In short, one would expect that the CO DOC s highest risk sexual offenders would be placed in the TC program. Empirical Findings 1. Treatment Participants level of static actuarial risk: Static- 99R assessment results indicate that treatment participants as a whole do not show elevated levels of risk. In fact 85% of Phase II treatment participants in the study fell into the lower risk categories on this instrument. Virtually 40% fell into the lowest risk category. These findings are particularly notable since the scorers specifically questioned treatment participants about different kinds of undetected offending. Many participants had completed polygraph assisted disclosure work prior to being interviewed by the research team and so one might reasonably expect an enhanced level of disclosure of undetected offenses. This would only fail to occur where offenders made omissions in order to get through the polygraph process and then recanted these admissions during research interviews. 2. Treatment Participants overall level of psychological [dynamic] risk (SRA- FV assessment results) indicate that these individuals had a higher level of psychological risk factors than is typical among sexual offenders selected for treatment services and that about half of those identified as lower risk on the static actuarial instrument showed elevated levels of psychological risk factors. 3. Therapeutic Community Participants level of static actuarial risk: About 25% of the Therapeutic Community participants fell in one of the two higher actuarial risk categories. Only 4% of those participating in the Modified program scored in one of the two higher risk categories. 4. Therapeutic Community Participants level of psychological risk: Results with the SRA- FV indicated a notably higher level of psychological risk factors among Therapeutic Community participants compared to non- TC Phase II participants. Participants in the non- TC Phase II program showed SRA- FV scores that were indistinguishable from typical treatment participants, while participants in the TC showed much higher levels of psychological risk factors. These results are described in more detail in Appendix D. 11
12 Risk Principle: Achievements and Concerns The SOTMP has two notable achievements in relation to the Risk principle. Considering all Phase II participants together, the average level of psychological risk factors is higher than would be expected for unselected sexual offenders. For those in the non- Therapeutic Community version of Phase II this elevation of psychological risk was comparable to that seen in treatment samples in other jurisdictions. The program achieves a meaningful concentration of those offenders showing higher levels of psychological risk in the more intensive Therapeutic Community. Additionally, all those falling into the High Risk category on Static- 99R had been assigned to the Therapeutic Community. There are two notable concerns in relation to the SOTMP s compliance with the Risk principle. Forty percent of those assigned to the non- Therapeutic Community version of Phase II present neither a high level of static actuarial risk, nor a high level of psychological risk factors. This markedly low level of risk also applies to some 14% of those receiving treatment in the Therapeutic Community. These offenders are clearly being over- treated. In addition, a significant portion of treatment slots are assigned to offenders who appear to have received extensive treatment. These inmates are in the Maintenance program. The number in this program will continue to grow significantly. The program will benefit from striving affirmatively to facilitate the expedited parole of those in this group whose risk can be sufficiently managed in the community. Good coordination between the achievements offenders are expected to make in treatment and the factors used by the parole board to make decisions is essential both for the credibility of the program and for the efficient use of resources. Further, a transitional program in a less restrictive setting should be considered. Of equal concern as the issue of over- treatment is that those who do have high levels of static and psychological risk factors are not receiving more intensive treatment than other offenders assigned to the Therapeutic Community. These individuals do truly present an exceptional level of risk and constitute about 25% of Therapeutic Community participants. Taken together, these concerns indicate a significant departure from the Risk principle and offer scope for more cost- efficient and effective use of resources. The program is providing moderately intensive treatment services to offenders who could be appropriately managed with much less treatment; especially considering that in the community after release they will be subject to extended supervision and treatment. Additionally, the program offers no structural differentiation between moderate risk offenders and those who truly present an exceptional risk. The latter group is highly likely to be under- treated under present arrangements. 12
13 2. How well does the SOTMP adhere to the Need Principle? The Meaning of the Need Principle in the Context of Sexual Offender Treatment The Need principle is briefly summarized as follows: Assess criminogenic needs and target them in treatment (Bonta & Andrews, 2007). The Need principle involves individualizing treatment so that it is focused differentially depending on the specific criminogenic needs identified for individual offenders. This can be achieved in a more formal and explicit way through the use of an empirically- based structured assessment of criminogenic needs combined with a program with structured modules corresponding to each of the major criminogenic needs. Each treatment participant can then be assigned to just those modules that are relevant to their criminogenic needs. An alternative method in order to adhere to the Need principle is to individualize treatment within a shared treatment group, so that the group becomes a forum within which different offenders work on different criminogenic needs. This method depends on the availability and implementation of individually focused activities for each participant within an overall structure that includes participants heterogeneous in needs (for example, individualized assignments or individually focused time within the group). Underlying all Need focused treatment methods is the foremost necessity that treatment providers can accurately identify and understand each treatment participant s criminogenic needs. Applying the Need principle with sexual offenders depends on being aware of the factors that have been empirically identified as criminogenic for sexual offenders, being able to determine when each Need is markedly present in a given individual, and tailoring treatment accordingly. Mann et al. s (2010) meta- analytic review is currently the best source of empirical information regarding the criminogenic needs that are relevant to sexual offending. There are three empirically supported assessment tools available to assess these needs (STABLE- 2007; VRS- SO; SRA- FV). Methods used to assess SOTMP s compliance with the Need Principle The program evaluation team interviewed SOTMP s senior managers, local clinical leaders, and treatment providers and examined available program documents. Additionally, the criminogenic needs of a sample of current treatment participants were assessed using SRA- FV. The needs that contributed to treatment participants past sexual offending were identified by treatment providers and compared to the needs identified by the SRA- FV assessment. This comparison yielded treatment provider need- identification accuracy rates. 13
14 This information from the above- described analysis was used to answer four questions regarding adherence to the Need principle: 1. Do the basic treatment components of the program credibly appear to target the criminogenic needs most relevant to sexual recidivism? 2. Is there evidence that the SOTMP systematically uses any of the available empirically supported measures of criminogenic needs to individually focus treatment for its participants? 3. Is there evidence of assignment to differential treatment based on formal, or informal, identification of criminogenic needs? 4. Are treatment providers reliably able to identify the criminogenic needs of those they treat?* *It is noted that an affirmative answer to the fourth question would not necessarily mean that treatment providers awareness of participants needs was used to appropriately individualize treatment. However, clearly they will be unable to individualize treatment if they are not able to identify individual treatment needs. Findings regarding SOTMP s compliance with the Need Principle 1. Do the basic treatment components target the criminogenic needs relevant to sexual offending? Examination of program documentation (Appendix A) suggests that the program has been designed with four problem areas in mind, specifically: (i) moving from antisocial to prosocial friends; (ii) moving from antisocial thoughts and behavior to healthy thoughts, problem- solving and behavior; (iii) moving from poor educational and vocational achievement to attitudes and skills that will increase employment options; (iv) moving from substance abuse to substance abuse resistance skills. This seems to be based on the literature on general criminogenic needs and does not reflect the literature that is more specific to the psychological factors relevant to sexual recidivism. For example, there is no mention of the paraphilic sexual interests that strongly contribute to some kinds of persistent sexual offending. On the other hand, the Phase I curriculum does include material drawing heavily on ideas from theories of sexual addiction and offenders are initially taught to think of their offending as stemming from problems with relationships, problematic sex views, and willingness to break laws. Closer examination of Phase I and II design suggests that intense work on treatment participants problem areas is intended to occur in Phase II and more specifically in the Therapeutic Community. Phase I is intended to be more psycho- educational and preparatory in its objectives. Accordingly the treatment components from Phase II Standard Therapeutic Community (described in detail in Appendix A) were examined thoroughly and treatment sessions were directly observed. 14
15 Table 1on the following page lists the primary empirically supported criminogenic needs for sexual offenders along with the program evaluation team s observations on how relevant the Therapeutic Community program material seems to address each need. To summarize, the program appears to have credible material to address: Grievance Thinking (being suspicious, ruminating angrily over past wrongs, vengeful); Social Deviance (a sensation- seeking reckless irresponsible lifestyle, oppositional reactions to rules and supervision, pro- criminal attitudes); Dysfunctional Coping (reckless reactions to stress/problems). On the other hand the program would benefit from developing richer material to address: Offense- related sexual interests (i.e., helping treatment participants to develop a healthy adult- oriented sexuality rather than simply trying to suppress sexual deviance); Sexual Pre- occupation / Hypersexuality (where a wider range of interventions would be ideal); Pro- offending attitudes and beliefs (existing work seems primarily focused on criminal thinking without sufficient attention to more recent work on the implicit theories held by sexual offenders e.g., Ward, 2000); Difficulty forming and sustaining emotionally intimate relationships with adults (where the current program materials seem superficial and should be supplemented by materials to more fully assist them in developing healthy emotional intimacy skills); Emotional Congruence (over identification) with Children (which seems barely addressed at all though it is a less common problem); Callousness (which is at most addressed indirectly through some work on criminal thinking). 2. Is there evidence that the SOTMP systematically uses any of the available empirically supported measures of criminogenic needs to individually focus treatment for its participants? We found no evidence of the use of any of the empirically supported instruments to assess criminogenic needs in Phase II. However, SOTIPS (McGrath et al., 2012) is now prescribed in the Phase I manual. This appears to be a new innovation as it was introduced around the time the program evaluation commenced. It may have been applied to at most a few of the Phase II treatment participants who participated in the current study. The use of SOTIPS does not seem to be to identify individual treatment needs. In addition, after the study was completed we were informed that the program uses empirically supported instruments to inform the individual treatment plan. Any use of such instruments did not appear to result in actual individualized treatment or treatment providers understanding of the individual needs of offenders. Additionally, while some parts of the battery of empirically supported instruments that the program reports using are current and supported by 15
16 available research, one of the key rating instruments (SONAR) has never been empirically- validated and is over a decade out of date. 3. Is there evidence of assignment to differential treatment based on formal or informal identification of criminogenic needs? We did find a few examples of individualized assignment to treatment presumably emerging out of informal assessments of relevant needs. The most notable was assignment to Covert Sensitization group in response to evidence of offense- related arousal patterns. However for the most part, SOTMP appears to be largely a one- size fits all program in which all treatment participants are generally expected to complete the same treatment exercises. 4. Are treatment providers reliably able to identify the criminogenic needs of those they treat? The ability of treatment providers to identify criminogenic needs was examined by comparing the factors they identified as preceding past sexual offenses to the criminogenic needs identified as markedly present by SRA- FV (see Appendix E). Treatment providers showed limited ability to identify criminogenic needs. Treatment providers showed no evidence of being able to identify the marked presence of problems with emotionally intimacy, callousness, or grievance thinking. They did show some evidence of being able to identify sexual interest in children, sexual preoccupation, lifestyle impulsiveness and dysfunctional coping in about half the cases where the factor was a marked problem. 16
17 Table 1 Mapping of Program Materials By Primary Empirically Supported Criminogenic Needs Need Area Offense- related sexual interests Hypersexuality/Sexual Preoccupation Pro- offending attitudes and beliefs Difficulty making and sustaining emotionally intimate marital type relationships Emotional Congruence with Children Callousness Grievance Thinking Social Deviance / Impulsive / Criminal Lifestyle / Generalized rule- breaking Dysfunctional Coping Relevance of Program Material This seemed to be addressed in a limited way through a covert sensitization program and encouragement to avoid masturbating to offense- related themes. No substantial material designed to develop healthy adult oriented sexuality was apparent. This was addressed in a limited way through discouragement of sexual acting out and masturbating to offense- related themes. This seems to be the primary focus of the program and was addressed throughout. However, the organizing conceptualization of pro- offending attitudes and beliefs was based exclusively on Samenow s (now dated) model and showed no awareness of more recent work that is more specific to sexual offenders such as Ward s (2000) work on implicit theories This seemed to be addressed only indirectly via work on criminal thinking errors. There were modules labeled as being to do with relationship skills but they were quite superficial. This are was not effectively addressed This area was not effectively addressed This seemed to be addressed only indirectly via work on criminal thinking errors. This area was addressed both via work on criminal thinking, by the community living group and via rational behavior training This area was addressed both via work on criminal thinking and by the community living group This area was addressed both via work on criminal thinking, by the community living group and via rational behavior training 17
18 Need Principle: Achievements and Concerns The SOTMP has two notable achievements in relation to the Need principle: 1. The program design seems to incorporate credible material relevant to some of the main known criminogenic needs of sexual offenders; 2. Treatment providers show some awareness of the marked presence of many of these criminogenic needs. There are several significant concerns regarding how well the SOTMP follows the Need principle: 1. The program design does not provide sufficient material to credibly address many of the major criminogenic needs relevant to sexual re- offense; 2. The program does not incorporate an empirically- supported structured assessment of criminogenic needs to individualize and guide the focus of treatment; 3. Treatment providers often fail to identify criminogenic needs even when they are markedly present; 4. The program is not effectively individualized to address the criminogenic needs of individual treatment participants. These concerns mean that there is significant scope for improving the efficacy and cost- efficiency of the SOTMP in relation to adherence to the Need Principle. A particularly striking aspect of these findings is the failure to effectively individualize the program despite large parts of the program (i.e., Narratives in Phase 1; the Sexual History Exercise; the Polygraph program; Cycles; the Personal Change Contract) being devoted to exercises that ought to have provided treatment providers with an individualized knowledge of their patients criminogenic needs. There are a number of possible reasons for treatment providers limited understanding of the offenders they endeavor to treat: group sizes are very large (often with 14 per group), the program structure does not require explicit identification of criminogenic needs so treatment providers may not feel motivated to assess for treatment needs especially if they have not received training to do such, or if they feel overloaded. However, there may also be a more fundamental underlying problem. The program requires offenders to make sense of their past offending in terms of (1) a model of core beliefs and cognitive distortions that is based on the kinds of thinking errors that are part of a general criminal personality (largely based on the work of Samenow), but which ignores other relevant pathways to sexual offense specific problems. For example, research indicates other kinds sexual offender specific distorted thinking such as that identified in Ward s (2000) analysis of sexual offenders implicit theories. The program also requires offenders to make sense of their sexual offending in terms of (2) a model of the precursors of sexual offending that is based on a relapse prevention concept of offense cycles. Since this theory became popularized, the field has matured in its research and understanding of sexual offense pathways. The idea of a standard offense cycle is misleading since it fails to represent the 18
19 multiple diverse paths through which sexual offenders come to offend (Ward & Hudson, 1998). Further, programs that are predominantly relapse focused tend to over- focus on internal resistance and under emphasize proactive striving as a route to amend sexual offending problems. These outdated program features limit the efficacy of CO SOTMP and may be combining in an unhelpful way, with the intense pressure treatment participants feel to appease their treatment providers. Thus much of what is disclosed in various clinical exercises is quite likely offenders giving treatment providers what they think they want treatment providers want to hear rather than valid information regarding their real treatment needs that would be garnered from treatment that feels like a good fit to participants. 19
20 3. How well does the SOTMP adhere to the Responsivity Principle? The Meaning of the Responsivity Principle in the Context of Sexual Offender Treatment The Responsivity Principle is succinctly summarized, by Andrews and Bonta (2006) as follows: Treatment should use methods and be delivered in such a way as to maximize participants ability to learn. To achieve this, treatment programs should selectively employ methods that have generally been shown to work. Further, participants response to treatment will be enhanced by effortful attendance to their individual learning style, abilities, and culture The idea of effective methods and delivery is multi- faceted. Research has identified two kinds of methods that are generally effective: cognitive- behavioral methods such as cognitive restructuring, prosocial modeling, and structured skill development (McGuire, 2002; Lipton et al, 2002) coupled with hierarchical therapeutic communities (Lipton et al., 2002). Regardless of the general therapeutic method, therapist micro- behaviors, sometimes called therapist style significantly affect how well treatment participants are able to learn from any method. These include nurturing behaviors like therapists communicating warmth and accurate empathy, stimulating behaviors such as using reflections and Socratic questions to encourage cognitive and emotional processing of material, and shaping behaviors such as systematic use of praise to encourage small changes towards healthier functioning. These general factors are known to be influential in general psychotherapy and have been demonstrated to be equally important in sexual offender treatment (Marshall, 2005; Serran & Marshall, 2010). Where group psychotherapy is the predominant modality, in addition to therapist style, the overall quality of the group environment becomes profoundly important. The effectiveness of group therapy and the degree to which it inculcates change depends on groups being run in a way that produces cohesiveness, appropriate group norms and the instillation of hope for the future (Belfer & Levendusky, 1985; Yalom, 1975). Development of a cohesive group leads to higher engagement (Yalom, 1975). A program of research by Beech and colleagues (e.g., Beech & Fordham, 1997; Beech & Hamilton- Giachritsis (2005) has demonstrated that the speed of change in individual treatment participants was greater when they experienced their treatment group as cohesive, well- organized and well- led; the open expression of feelings was encouraged, and a sense of group responsibility and hope was instilled in members. In contrast, over- controlling group leaders had a detrimental effect upon group climate. A thread running through many of these research findings is that effective programs need to be respectful of treatment participants sense of autonomy. While staff working with offenders have to exercise authority to interrupt antisocial behavior and create a safe 20
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