text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Apr 12, 2005
|Filing date
|Aug 2, 1999
|Priority date
|Aug 6, 1998
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Thami Chihani, Panayotis Cocolios, François Coeuret, Anna Nihlstrand, Alain Villermet
|Original Assignee
|Sca Hygiene Products Ab
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (14), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (13), Classifications (36), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a fibrous structure (either of the woven or non-woven type, natural or synthetic etc.). As it is well known, such fibrous structures are used in many industrial applications, such as those given hereafter by way of illustration without any limitation:
2. Description of Related Art
Depending on the kind of fibrous structures and applications considered, properties of hydrophilicity and/or adhesion will be particularly looked for.
Taking the example of non-woven materials, they are produced from comparatively hydrophobic synthetic fibres such as, for example, fibres of polypropylene or polyethylene which are treated and/or apertured in order to make the materials liquid permeable.
In order to obtain fluid absorbent articles which exhibit good wicking ability, a high total and local fluid uptake capacity, good fluid retaining capacity and a high degree of surface dryness, such articles are usually built up of a plurality of different non-woven fibrous structures having different functions. One major problem when constructing fluid absorbent articles of this kind is, however, that it is difficult to obtain optimal wettability i.e. an optimal degree of hydrophilicity which remains unchanged after the article has been exposed to wetting. Furthermore, it is difficult to obtain stable wetting characteristics in absorbent articles which are stored for an extended period of time.
In WO 91/05108, it has been experimentally shown that there is a connection between increased surface area and increased rate of absorption. The patent application relates to fibres which have been provided with a porous layer attached to the surface of the fibres. The porous layer increases the specific surface of the fibres which implies that absorbent material containing such fibres obtains an improved rate of absorption and wicking ability.
The porous layer is created by impregnating fibrous material with hydrophilic chemicals while the fibres are kept in a dry or in a wet state in the form of dewatered fibre pulp or in the form of an aqueous suspension of fibres, respectively. The treatment may be performed by bringing the fibres into contact with the hydrophilic chemicals for instance by spraying fibres in a formed absorbent layer with a chemical solution or by mixing the chemicals with a fibre suspension wherein the chemicals are added as solids, in a solution, or in any commercially available form.
Regarding fluid permeable cover sheets for use in absorbent articles such as diapers, incontinence guards and sanitary napkins, wherein the cover sheet is intended to be in contact with the body of a user during use, it is important that the cover sheet could stand repeated wettings.
In other words, the cover sheet should remain fluid permeable even after the absorbent article has been exposed to fluid impact several times. Furthermore, it is important that the cover sheet can accept a large amount of fluid during a short interval of time. Another important property of the fluid permeable cover sheet is the ability to exhibit high surface dryness even after having been exposed to several wettings. In order to obtain a cover sheet having the desired properties, it is important that the cover sheet exhibits an optimal, i.e. a desired, degree of hydrophilicity and that the degree of hydrophilicity varies only within a very limited range when the fibrous structure is wetted or when it is subjected to ageing.
As well known to the man skilled in the art, the literature of these fields talk about the properties of "hydrophilicity" or "wettability" of a substrate, or else of "adhesion" of a third body on a substrate and often report measurements of "surface tension", "contact angle" and "peeling test" to evaluate such properties.
A commonly used method for increasing the wettability of fluid permeable cover sheets for use as cover sheets in absorbent articles, is to treat the material with surfactants. Non-woven materials used as cover sheets for absorbent articles are usually made of synthetic materials which are inherently hydrophobic and which have been treated with surfactants in order to become wettable and readily permeable to fluids. The treatment is usually carried out by coating the hydrophobic material with a surfactant. In order for a material to be fluid wettable, the contact angle between the surface of the material and the fluid must be less than 90°. However, a problem in connection with using cover sheets which have been coated with a surfactant is that such cover sheets exhibit decreasing fluid permeability with repeated wetting. The reason for this is that the applied surfactants are not firmly attached to the surface of the cover material and will be detached from the cover material and solved in body fluid during the first wetting. At subsequent wettings the amount of surfactant which remains on the surface of the cover sheet is therefore considerably reduced, resulting in impaired fluid permeability.
Another problem in relation to the use of articles having surfactant-coated cover sheets is that the surfactant compounds may migrate from the cover sheet to the skin of the user, thereby causing skin irritation.
An additional problem with absorbent articles having cover sheets of this kind is that during storage of the article the surfactants may migrate from the cover sheet into the absorbent structure, resulting in the fluid permeability of the cover sheet being insufficient even at the first fluid impact.
Still another problem with surfactant-coated cover sheets is that the method of applying the surfactant is less attractive from an environmental point of view since the surfactant agent is usually applied to the surface of the material in the form of a solution which, for instance, is sprayed over the surface and causes the surfactant to be emitted into the ambient air.
The present invention provides a fibrous structure of the kind mentioned in the introduction. The fibrous structure exhibits when desired a well defined rate of wetting, i.e. a predetermined degree of hydrophilicity which is substantially unaffected by wetting of the fibrous structure, and/or good properties of adhesion which are substantially unaffected by wetting of the fibrous structure.
Furthermore, with the present invention a fibrous structure is provided, wherein the desired, predetermined degree of hydrophilicity and adhesion properties are maintained even after the structure has been stored for a period of time. Accordingly, the present invention offers a hygienic product having a well defined and controlled course of wetting.
A fibrous structure in accordance with the invention is primarily distinguished by one or several types of polar silicon-containing compounds, being bound to at least one portion of the surface of the fibrous structure by interaction between the surface and the silicon-containing compounds.
As previously mentioned, the fibrous structure according to the invention exhibits a predetermined degree of hydrophilicity and adhesion properties which are substantially unaffected by wetting of the fibrous structure.
In accordance with one embodiment, the silicon-containing compound consists of a compound of the type SiOxHy wherein x preferably is in the range of 1 to 4, and y preferably in the range of 0 to 4.
An advantage with a fibrous structure of this type is that the wetting characteristics of the structure has proved to be substantially constant during wetting and that the fibrous structure is comparatively resistant to ageing.
Without being in anyway limited by the following theoretical explanation of why a hydrophilic surface having polar silicon-containing compounds exhibits a stable hydrophilicity and adhesion properties both after repeated wetting and after ageing of the material structure, one could think that the polar silicon-containing compounds form a kind of clusters which are sufficiently large to inhibit reorientation of polymer chains and, accordingly, the ageing phenomenon. However, the theory is not fully developed and should accordingly not be regarded as being binding to the invention.
As already mentioned, the fibrous structures in accordance with the invention exhibit at least one polar silicon-containing material surface, or portion of a surface. However, it is possible according to the invention to apply silicon-containing compounds to both surfaces of a sheet of material. Further, one or both surfaces of the material may exhibit one or more delimited areas having polar silicon-containing compounds.
According to one aspect of the invention, the fibrous structure comprises one or more non-woven materials.
According to one further aspect of the invention, the fibrous structure of the invention may, for instance, be used as fluid permeable cover sheet for absorbent articles or as a fluid transfer layer between the fluid permeable cover sheet and the absorbent structure in an absorbent article, or for the absorbent structure itself.
According to another aspect of the invention, the fibrous structure of the invention may be used as a liquid absorbing wipe, or as a component in a wipe or the like.
In still another aspect of the invention, the fibrous structure may comprise one or more tissue layers.
As well known to the man skilled in the art, the term "tissue" commonly covers fibrous material based on cellulose or cellulose in combination with synthetic fibres and typically used in the manufacture of household items such as kitchen towels, toilet paper, or napkins, in the manufacture of industrial wipes for absorption of different liquids, or else for the manufacture of layers entering the structure of absorbent articles such as diapers, incontinence guards, sanitary napkins or the like.
The invention additionally concerns an absorbent article such as a diaper, an incontinence guard, a sanitary napkin or the like comprising an absorption body being enclosed between a fluid impermeable cover layer and a fluid permeable cover layer, said article comprising at least one portion comprising a fibrous structure in accordance with the invention.
The fibrous structure may constitute a part or all of the fluid pervious cover layer and/or of a fluid transfer layer positioned between the fluid pervious cover layer and the absorption body.
In a hygienic product for fluid absorption purposes and being made of a plurality of individual layers, fluid transfer between the different layers is of great importance both for the rate of wicking within each individual layer and for the total fluid uptake capacity of the hygienic product. From the above discussion it appears that in fluid absorbent articles of this kind it is very important that all layers of material exhibit a well-defined and stable degree of hydrophilicity which only varies to a very limited extent with wetting and ageing.
According to one of the aspects of the invention, the liquid permeable cover sheet, the fluid transfer layer, and the absorption body have different degrees of hydrophilicity.
According to one of the preferred embodiments of the invention, the fluid transfer layer of the hygiene article comprises a set of several fibrous structures according to the invention, the set of fibrous structures presenting a gradient of degrees of hydrophilicity.
The invention further concerns a hygienic product such as a wipe, a wound dressing or the like, comprising a fibrous structure in accordance with the invention.
The invention further concerns a method for producing a fibrous structure having one or more types of polar silicon-containing compounds bound to at least a portion of a surface of the fibrous structure. The method is primarily distinguished by the fact that the fibrous structure is submitted to an atmosphere comprising excited and unstable species, as-obtained through the application of an electrical discharge to an initial mixture comprising a carrier gas, an oxidant, and at least one type of silicon-containing gaseous compound.
An advantage with a method of this kind, is that it is carried out under dry conditions which implies that the silicon-containing compound does not have to be solved in a solvent before application which means that the method is advantageous from an environmental point of view.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the treatment is based on an electrical discharge led in a gaseous mixture, leading to the formation of a plasma.
As well known, a plasma is a gaseous medium containing ions, radicals, electrons, excited and unstable species. It can be obtained through supplying to a gaseous mixture a sufficient amount of energy, at a defined pressure, for example very low pressure or atmospheric pressure.
All the species of the plasma can react between them and/or with the components of the gaseous mixture to create new ions, radicals, and excited species.
When it is carried out at atmospheric pressure with a high voltage electrical signal as energy supply, the plasma is commonly called "corona".
According to this preferred embodiment, the fibrous structure is therefore submitted to an electrical discharge, in presence of a gaseous mixture comprising at least one type of silicon-containing gaseous compound, oxygen or other oxygen-containing gas, and a carrier gas.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the fibrous structure is submitted to a treatment atmosphere as-obtained in post-discharge of an electrical discharge applied to a gaseous mixture comprising at least one type of silicon-containing gaseous compound, oxygen or other oxygen-containing gas, and a carrier gas (the fibrous structure is here submitted to the treatment atmosphere outside the discharge).
In any case, the unstable and excited species of the atmosphere react with the polymer chains of the surface of the fibrous structure, leading to the formation of radicals of said polymer chains. These radicals can then react with the species present in their vicinity forming this way new bondings and new functional groups on the surface. Functional groups which are relevant to the present invention are polar silicon-containing groups. The functional groups this way introduced on the surface of the material are much more strongly bound to the surface than an active substance which has been applied as a conventional coating.
A method for corona treatment is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,576,076, U.S. Pat. No. 5,527,629 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,523,124. The gas mixture is based on a carrier gas which usually is nitrogen, a silicon-containing compound and an oxidant. The treatment creates a layer of material having a glassy, hydrophilic surface.
The disclosed method is suitable for use in connection with the invention. However, the invention is not limited to the method described in the above entioned applications, but comprises all types of gas phase treatments in which polar silicon-containing groups are introduced to a surface of a fibrous structure.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment the silicon-containing compound in the gas mixture is a silane compound. Some examples of such compounds are SinHn+2 where n preferably is from 1 to 4, silicon hydroxide, halogenated silanes, alkoxysilane or organosilane. The oxidant is preferably oxygen or other oxygen-containing gases such as, for instance, CO, CO, NO, N2O or NO2. The carrier gas may consist of nitrogen, argon, helium, or a mixture thereof.
According to one of the embodiments of the invention, prior to being treated with the medium comprising unstable and excited species, resulting from the application of an electrical discharge to the gaseous mixture comprising the silicon-containing gaseous compound, an oxidant and a carrier gas, the fibrous structure has been in a first step submitted to a corona discharge under air (surface preparation).
Other characteristics and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments thereof in connection with the appended drawings in which:
The diaper 100 which is shown in
The covering sheets 101,103 have a planar extension which is somewhat greater than the planar extension of the absorption body 105 and comprise edge portions 107 which protrude beyond the peripheral edge of the absorption body 105. The cover sheets 101,103 are joined within the protruding edge portions 107 by means of, for instance, adhesive or welding with heat or ultrasonically.
Further, the diaper 100 has two longitudinally extending side edges 123,125, a front end edge 109 and a rear end edge 111, and exhibits a front portion 113, a rear portion 115, and an intermediate crotch portion 117 which is narrower than the end portions 113,115.
In addition, elements 119,121 are arranged along the side edges 123,125 at the crotch portion 117 of the diaper. The purpose of the elastic elements 119,121 is to provide a means for keeping the diaper in sealing contact around the legs of a user when the diaper is being worn. An additional elastic element 127 is arranged along the rear end edge 111 and is provided in order to give the diaper 100 a certain degree of extensibility and conformability and to act as a sealing means against waist leakage.
A tape tab 129,131 is arranged at each side edge 123,125 close to the rear end edge 111. The tape tabs 129,131 constitute fastening means for the diaper 100 and permit the diaper 100 to be formed into a garment enclosing the lower part of the wearer's body in a manner similar to that of a pair of underpants. The tape tabs 129,131 cooperate with a receiving area 133 arranged on the fluid impermeable cover sheet 103 at the front portion 113 of the diaper. The receiving area 133 may be constituted by a reinforcing material which has been laminated to the fluid impermeable cover sheet 103. By reinforcing the cover sheet the diaper 100 may be closed and reopened without affecting the adhesive properties of tape tabs 129,131 or causing the fluid impermeable cover sheet 103 to rupture.
It is, of course, possible to use any of a number of different alternative types of fastening elements. Some examples of such alternative fastening elements are hook and-loop surfaces, press studs, tying ribbons, or similar.
The absorption body 105 usually comprises one or more layers of cellulose fibres, such as fluffed cellulose pulp.
In addition to cellulosic fibres the absorption body 105 may comprise superabsorbent material which is a material in the form of fibres, particles, granules, film or the like and which has the ability to absorb fluid in an amount corresponding to several times the weight of the superabsorbent material itself. Superabsorbent materials bind the absorbed liquid and form a liquid-containing gel.
The absorption body 105 may further comprise a binding agent, shape stabilizing means, or the like. It is also possible to use additional absorbent layers in order to improve the absorption properties, such as different types of liquid dispersing inserts or material layers.
The absorption body 105 may be chemically or mechanically treated in order to change the absorption characteristics.
A commonly employed way of improving the wicking ability of an absorbent structure is to provide the absorption body with a pattern of compressed areas. Furthermore, it is possible to use absorbent materials such as absorbent non-woven materials, absorbent foams, or the like. Likewise, all conceivable combinations of suitable absorbent materials may be used.
The fluid permeable cover layer 101 comprises one or more layers of material wherein at least one layer of material consists of a fibrous structure in accordance with the invention.
A fibrous structure in accordance with the invention can enter the structure of an upper layer 106 which during use of the diaper 100 will be in contact with the body of the user and/or of a lower fluid transfer layer 108 which is situated between the upper, skin-contacting layer 106 and the absorption body 105 which is arranged beneath the fluid permeable cover layer 101 and/or of the absorption body 105. In case of both the upper, skin-contacting layer 106, the absorption body, and the fluid transfer layer 108 being fibrous structures in accordance with the invention it is advantageous if those layers exhibit mutually different degrees of hydrophilicity. This may, for instance, be achieved by using gas mixtures of different composition when treating the different fibrous structures.
The invention is not restricted to any particular type of material. Accordingly, the choice of polymer, fibre thickness or density of fibres is dependent on the type of article (for example absorbent article) for which the fibrous structure is intended as well as the function and location of the fibrous structure in the article (searching for hydrophilicity properties or else for example for adhesion properties).
By way of illustration, fibrous structures are commonly made of polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, and their co-polymers. However, the invention should not be restricted to these polymers.
One example of another type of useful polymers are biodegradable polymers. In order for biodegradable materials to perform well as a fluid pervious cover sheet it is usually necessary to treat the material with a hydrophilic agent or to perforate the material. As has been previously mentioned, the usual way of accomplishing wettability in a fibrous sheet material is by coating the material with surfactants which are less environmentally friendly than desired. Accordingly, the present invention provides a means for creating a fluid permeable cover sheet having environmentally beneficial properties both with respect to biodegradability and because the use of surfactants can be avoided.
Examples of fibrous structures according to the invention are hereafter described.
In order to examine the chemical composition of the surface of a material the chemical analysis was performed by electron spectroscopy, ESCA. In ESCA the material surface is irradiated with X-rays. The high energy X-rays result in electrons being emitted from the surface of the material.
The binding energy of an emitted electron is obtained from:
E b =hν−E k
The energy of the X-rays is known and the kinetic energy is obtained by measuring the velocity of the electron.
Accordingly a value for the binding energy of the emitted electron may be obtained which implies that the chemical composition of the surface can be identified.
Samples of Example 1
1a. Untreated polypropylene non-woven material.
2a. Polypropylene non-woven material which has been corona treated according to the invention to introduce polar silicon-containing groups on the surface of the material.
2b. Polypropylene non-woven material which has been washed after having been corona treated.
The operating conditions under which the samples 2a and 2b were treated according to the invention are as follows:
The web was here treated in two steps: in a first step, corona treated under air, and in a second step, corona treated with injection of the here above described gaseous mixture.
When the material is washed, this is done by being submerged in a container with distilled water. The temperature of the distilled water is 37° C. The material is left in the water for 15 seconds and is hereafter removed from the water and laid out flat to dry.
Results of example 1—Concentration of oxygen and silicon (%) on the surface of the material
The results show that the corona-treated non-woven material according to the invention exhibits an oxygen concentration which is 31.9% and a silicon concentration which is 9.2% on the surface of the material. The oxygen and silicon concentrations are maintained even after washing of the material as is evident from sample 2b.
Wilhelmy's method was used to determine the fibre wetting angle. The measurement was performed using a set of Cahn scales 200, which is shown in FIG. 2. During the measuring interval a fibre 201 is vertically suspended in an extremely sensitive set of beam scales 202. A liquid container 205 is placed on a movable table 206 directly beneath the fibre 201. When the fibre 201 is immersed in the liquid 203 a liquid meniscus is formed around the fibre, affecting the fibre 201 with a vertical force.
The force which arises between the liquid 203 and the fibre 201 can be either positive or negative, depending on the surface characteristics of the fibre and the liquid. An attraction force which is a positive force will arise when the contact angle between the fibre and the liquid is less than 90°. When the system has a contact angle which is greater than 90° the liquid and the fibre will repel each other which implies force. The attraction or repelling force is determined by means of the set of beam scales. The force is related to the contact angle in accordance with:
F=γ L p cos θ+mg−ρ L lgA
The second term in the equation represents the weight of the mounted fibre. The third term is what is known as the buoyancy-force, which is the weight loss which arises as a result of the volume of liquid which is pushed aside. In a computer (not shown) and equipped with a calculation program for determination of contact angles these two parameters are usually being compensated for which simplifies the equation into:
F=γ L p cos θ
The advancing contact angle and the receding contact angle specify if the dynamic contact angle is measured when a liquid is advancing over a dry surface or when a liquid is receding from a wet surface. Accordingly, the value for the advancing contact angle is obtained when the fibre is lowered into the liquid and the value for the receding contact angle is obtained when the fibre is withdrawn from the liquid.
The set of beam scales 202 has three pans (see FIG. 2). A first pan A has an accuracy of 10−6, which makes it suitable for measuring contact angles for fibres. However, the set of scales may also be used to determine surface energy for liquids wherein a less sensitive, second pan B is used. The set of scales is tared by placing balancing weights in a third pan C.
In order to avoid that air draught, dust or the like will interfere with the measurement the pans and the moveable table 206 are protected by slidable glass screens 207. In addition, the screens make it possible to control air humidity and temperature. In order to avoid disturbing vibrations during the course of the measurement the set of scales is placed on a foundation (not shown).
The table on which the liquid container 205 is placed can be raised and lowered by means of an engine. The speed of the table 206 is controlled by the computer and is specified before the start of a measurement. Other parameters which are fed into the computer before starting the measurement is the surface energy of the liquid and the circumference of the fibre 210.
Before starting the measurement, a fibre 201 is mounted on a piece of tape 208 with a part of the fibre being free from the tape. The mounted fibre 201 is gripped by a metal clip 209 and is suspended from the first pan A. The set of scales 202 has before then been tared with only the metal clip 209 being suspended from the first pan A. A test liquid 203 having known surface energy is placed in the liquid container 205 on the table 206 below the fibre 201.
The fibre 201 should hang perpendicularly to the surface of the liquid 210 and must be absolutely still, the set of scales showing a stable value, before the measurement is started.
When a measurement is started the computer registers a base line whereafter the table 206 is raised. When one or a few millimeters of the fibre 201 has been dipped into the liquid 203 the computer is ordered to stop the table.
Subsequently, the table 206 is lowered. During the course of the test the variation of the force along the fibre is shown on the screen of the computer. When the measurement is completed representative portions is selected from the advancing and the receding curves, respectively. Next, the computer calculates the contact angles employing Wilhelmy's equation.
Contact angle measurements were performed on single fibres taken from a 18 g/m2 nonwoven material consisting of polypropylene. The fibres were dipped into a liquid container with distilled water.
Samples of Example 2
1a. polypropylene fibres from an untreated nonwoven material;
1c. after storage of the untreated non-woven material of 1a. for three months;
2a. polypropylene fibres from a non-woven material which has been corona treated according to the invention in order to introduce polar, silicon-containing groups to the surface of the material;
2b. after washing of the corona treated non-woven material in 2a;
2c. after storage of the corona treated non-woven material in 2a for five weeks (no washing);
2d. after washing and subsequent storage of the corona treated non-woven material in 2a for five weeks.
The operating conditions under which the samples 2a, 2b, 2c and 2d were treated according to the invention are as follows:
The web was, in a first step, corona treated under air and in a second step, corona treated with injection of the here above described gaseous mixture.
When the material is washed, this is done by being placed in a container with distilled water. The temperature of the distilled water is 37° C. The material is left in the water for 15 seconds and is thereafter removed from the water and laid out flat to dry. The contact angle is measured for individual fibres from the washed nonwoven material.
results of example 2
Contact angle (Advancing/Receding)
The results show that untreated polypropylene fibres have a contact angle which is over 90′, implying that such fibres are hydrophobic. Polypropylene fibres from a non-woven material which has been corona treated according to the invention to introduce polar silicon-containing groups to the surface of the material do on the other hand, exhibit a considerably lower contact angle as is shown by the results for samples 2a-d. After washing of the corona treated nonwoven material the contact angle has been changed from 50° to 58° for the advancing angle and from 25° to 31° for the receding angle which implies that the degree of hydrophilicity is maintained at a relatively constant level after washing of the material.
Sample 2c concerns fibres from the corona treated non-woven material which has been stored for five weeks after the first measurement and the second measurement as performed in order to determine the effect of ageing on the material.
The advancing angle was found to be 50° both for the fibres of the stored nonwoven material and for the fibres from the non-woven material which had not been stored. The receding angle was found to be 25° for the unstored material and 19° for the material which had been stored which implies that the degree of hydrophilicity was substantially unaffected after a five weeks storage.
Finally, sample 2d concerns polypropylene fibres from a corona treated nonwoven material which was washed and then stored for five weeks. The degree of hydrophilicity of sample 2d is almost constant as compared to the unstored and unwashed sample 2a which indicates that the introduced polar silicon-containing groups are stably bound to the fibrous surface.
In order to determine the liquid penetration time for the fibrous structure, the EDANA test method no. 14-20-06 W25 used. The method measures the time which is required for a predetermined amount of liquid to pass through a topsheet of nonwoven material wherein the nonwoven material is in contact with a standard absorbent material arranged beneath the nonwoven material.
The standard absorbent material consists of 5 layers of filter paper, ERT FF3 100×100 mm. When performing the measurement the filter papers are placed on a base plate of plexiglass. A non woven sample is placed on top of the filter papers with the side which is intended to be facing the skin of a user facing upwards. A strike-through plate of the brand LISTER from Lenzing AG is placed on top of the sample, taking care that the strike-through plate is well centred. An instrument for measuring penetration time is placed above the strike-through plate with the distance between the liquid exit pipe on the instrument for measuring penetration time and the strike-through plate being 30 mm.
5.0 ml test liquid is measured and poured into the liquid container on the instrument, thereafter the measurement is started. The instrument for measuring penetration time is of the same brand as the strike-through plate.
The measurement was performed on a nonwoven material consisting of polypropylene and having a basis weight of 18 g/m2. The test liquid was a 0.9% NaCl-solution.
Samples of Example 3
1a. untreated polypropylene non-woven material;
2a. polypropylene nonwoven material which has been corona treated according to the invention in order to introduce polar silicon containing groups to the surface of the material;
2b. after washing of the corona treated nonwoven material of 2a.
The operating conditions under which the samples 2a and 2b were treated are as follows
The web was, in a first step, corona treated under air and in a second step, corona treated with injection of the here above described gaseous mixture.
The material is washed by being placed in a container with distilled water. The distilled water has a temperature of 37° C. The material is left in the water for 15 seconds and is subsequently removed from the water and laid out flat to dry.
Results of example 3
Time (seconds)
The results show that the untreated nonwoven material 1a exhibits a penetration time which is over 300 seconds which implies that the liquid does not penetrate through the nonwoven material during the period of measuring which is 300 seconds (5 minutes). The nonwoven material of sample 2b which has been corona treated according to the invention to introduced polar silicon containing groups to the surface of the material exhibits a penetration time which is 2.9 seconds which is almost equal to the penetration time for the unwashed corona treated nonwoven material.
The invention shall not be regarded as being restricted to the embodiments which have been described herein. Accordingly, a plurality of further variants and modifications are conceivable within the scope of the appended claims.
Therefore, if the invention and all its advantages have been particularly described and illustrated in the case of non-woven fibrous structures used in the baby diaper field, as will be clearly apparent to the man skilled in the art, the invention finds a much larger field of application, including for example woven fibrous structures, of either the natural or synthetic type.
Besides the hygienic field, many other fields of application can be envisaged within the scope of the present invention, with in each case different kinds of properties that can be looked for and reached according to the invention (hydrophilicity, adhesion, anti-stain treatment . . . ).
Some of those hundreds of uses have been illustrated at the beginning of the present description.
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|Absorbent articles and wipes
|Jun 11, 2004
|Feb 7, 2008
|Robert Albino
|Absorbent Article Containing Fragrance
|Nov 25, 2008
|May 28, 2009
|North Carolina State University
|Methods for modification of polymers, fibers and textile media
|Mar 7, 2008
|Sep 10, 2009
|Tyco Healthcare Group Lp
|Wound dressing port and associated wound dressing
|Apr 18, 2008
|Jan 6, 2011
|Sca Hygiene Products Ab
|Method and arrangement for manufacturing a laminated structure
|Nov 25, 2008
|Jun 4, 2009
|North Carolina State University
|Methods for modification of polymers, fibers and textile media
|U.S. Classification
|604/365, 604/375, 604/367
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 6, 2001
Owner name: L AIR LIQUIDE, SOCIETE ANONYME POUR L ETUDE ET L E
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|Apr 12, 2005
Owner name: SCA HYGIENE PRODUCTS AB, SWEDEN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:L AIR LIQUIDE, SOCIETE ANONYME POUR L ETUDE ET L EXPLOITATION DES PROCEDES GEORGES CLAUDE SCA RESEARCH AND SOFTAL ELECTRONICS ERIK BLUMENFELD GMBH;REEL/FRAME:016050/0793
Effective date: 20050330
|Sep 26, 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Nov 26, 2012
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|Apr 12, 2013
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|Jun 4, 2013
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Effective date: 20130412


text:
Video stream through PIX
Unanswered Question
I wanted to know if I can take an video source from a public IP address through my PIX, using the static command, to a multi-cast address like 184.108.40.206. Is this possible or not? If not what would be another way to do it?
I have this problem too.
0 votes

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Trend Topics 2016
Searching for medical clues
Knowledge helps to help
Snapshots from medical technology
Data for health care - perfectly safe!
Health care in movement
Everywhere - medical technology for the world
Industry News
Topic of the Month
Topics of the Month 2016
October 2016: Networked healthcare
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August 2016: Medical Industry Worldwide
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T5 Career Forum – Dem Fachkräftemangel entgegenwirken
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10/26/2016: Preoperative Rehabilitation: Fit for Surgery
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MEDICA Magazine
Measles Viral Protein Movement
Measles Viral Protein Movement
A team led by Doctor Roberto Cattaneo, a Mayo molecular biologist, describes the crucial initial steps taken by attachment proteins of the measles virus and related respiratory viruses with their cellular partners, the receptors. To get there, the research team built "handles" at different locations on a viral attachment protein, allowing them to be grabbed by an artificial receptor to start the dance.
Visualize the measles virus. It is small and has an outer "envelope" with two proteins, one that interacts with a cellular receptor, its dance partner, and another that fuses the viral envelope with the cell membrane, starting infection.
Measles virus, while long targeted for eradication through vaccination, still affects 10 million people and kills some 197,000 each year around the world. A long-running question is how the cell entry process begins.
"It was known that the viral attachment proteins always come in pairs, and recently it became clear that two pairs form a quartet," Cattaneo says. "Pairs initially face each other, and we show here that the upper bodies separate when the dance begins. We suggest that they then engage a partner from the other pair of the quartet, while the legs are still dancing with those of the original partner."
As this dance continues, the cellular receptors weaken the layer of attachment proteins that protects a lower layer of fusion proteins. When enough quartets become twisted and unstable, the top layer fails abruptly. This failure causes unfolding of the proteins in the lower layer, and, in turn, fusion with the cellular membrane. The viral genome, now inside the cell, tells it to stop dividing and mandates the building of new viruses.
Cattaneo has studied viruses for three decades, primarily as tools for new medical discoveries. Viruses, he says, can be transformed into vectors to treat disease.
MEDICA.de; Source:
Mayo Clinic


text:
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In St. Matthew's Gospel, we read of St. Simon or Simeon who is described as one of our Lord's brethren or kinsmen. His father was Cleophas, St. Joseph's brother, and his mother, according to some ... continue reading
Alvarez was born in either Lisbon, Portugal, or Cordova, Spain. He entered the Dominican convent at Cordova in 1368. He became known for his preaching prowess in Spain and Italy, was confessor and ... continue reading
Generations of Catholics have admired this young saint, called her the "Little Flower", and found in her short life more inspiration for their own lives than in volumes by theologians. ... continue reading | shop
In the fourth century a Greek religious romance on the Loves of Cecilia and Valerian was written in glorification of virginal life with the purpose of taking the place of then-popular ... continue reading | shop
Born on October 16 1890 in Corinaldo, in the Ancona Province in Italy, her farmworker father moved his family to Ferrier di Conca, near Anzio. When he died of malaria, Maria's mother had to ... continue reading | shop
Called "Abuna" or "the father' of Ethiopia, sent to that land by St. Athanasius. Frumentius was born in Tyre, Lebanon. While on a voyage in the Red Sea with St. Aedesius, possibly his brother, only ... continue readingMore Saint of the Day
Saint Emma, also known as Emma of Lesum, or Emma of Stiepel, lived in the city that is Bremen today. She is the first female inhabitant of the city to be known by name. Emma lived in the early 11th century, and was born into the Immedinger family. The Immedingers were ... continue readingMore Female Saints
Saint Michael the Archangel isn't a saint, but rather he is an angel, and the leader of all angels and of the army of God. This is what the title "Archangel" means, that he is above all the others in rank. St. Michael has four main responsibilities or offices, as we ... continue reading
St. Pachomius was born about 292 in the Upeer Thebaid in Egypt and was inducted into the Emperor's army as a twenty-year-old. The great kindness of Christians at Thebes toward the soldiers became embedded in his mind and led to his conversion after his discharge. After ... continue reading
St. James the Less, the author of the first Catholic Epistle, was the son of Alphaeus of Cleophas. His mother Mary was either a sister or a close relative of the Blessed Virgin, and for that reason, according to Jewish custom, he was sometimes called the brother of the ... continue reading
By Billy Atwell
In the face of the current "witch-hunts" endured by some of our Bishops, let us remember a hero on October 17, the feast of St. Ignatius of Antioch. St. Ignatius of Antioch is a bishop and martyr of the Church who died in the year 107. He was torn ... continue readingMore Christian Saints & Heroes


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For the reaction of sodium bromide with chlorine gas to form sodium chloride and bromine, the appropriation half-reactions are (ox = oxidation and re = reduction) Select one: True or false?
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ox , Br =Br +2e
re, 2cl=cl 2+ 2e
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Hotfrog INDIA provides information regarding Wood Work in Bangalore Karnataka. Wood Work is located at 36 6th Block, 80 Feet Road, Koramangala, Bangalore Karnataka 560095 and provides RETAIL services. Contact them on 080 4150 1863.
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Jax is forced to face the truth.
Sam's violent past comes back to haunt her.
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BPS and Houzz data reveals "what today's new kitchens look like." Read more
New Home's farm-to-table community earned 14 MAME awards on Friday. Read more
Alejandro Aravena, winner of the 2016 Pritzker Prize, just made four housing... Read more
A new NAHB survey details which home features are most desired by home shoppers of... Read more
Farinelli Construction's 2014 Street of Dreams house is a family home that... Read more
Merit Award, 2014 Builder's Choice and Custom Home Design Awards Read more
Award of Merit, 2014 Builder's Choice and Custom Home Design Awards Read more
This 2- to 3-bedroom house targets a growing segment of new-home buyers whose sensibilities are more urban than those of their parents. Read more
While housing is fixated on all things market-related, design belongs in our peripheral vision. Read more
New-home design's most notable trends of 2014 are aimed at what buyers want. Read more


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Crocs Duet Busy Day Black & Electric Blue Loafers
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- This versatile pair of Crocs duet busy day black & electric blue loafers is worth investing in as it is the perfect combination of comfort and style. Lightweight, it comes with a padded collar and tongue. Its outsole is made of Croslite material that makes it long-lasting. It also features a soft-shell, breathable, 4-way stretch upper.
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A saga of ambition, wealth, family loyalty and personal tragedy. From Joseph Kennedy's rise on Wall Street, through John, Robert and Edward's successes and scandals, the family has left a storied political legacy.
Edward Kennedy, known as Ted, was the youngest of nine children, 17 years younger than his brother John F. Kennedy. As a United States senator, he served the people of Massachusetts for 47 years.
School Years
Like his brothers, Ted attended Harvard College. While there, he arranged for a friend to take a Spanish exam for him, an incident he later had to own up to before taking public office. After college he earned his law degree from the University of Virginia and got a job at the Suffolk County, Massachusetts district attorney's office in Boston.
In the Senate
After John F. Kennedy was inaugurated as president in 1961, he arranged for a family friend to hold his seat in the U.S. Senate until Ted became old enough to serve there. The people of Massachusetts elected Ted as their senator in 1962 — a position he held until his death in 2009.
Head of the Family
The Kennedy brothers were taught by their father to strive for the highest office in the land. As each died, the next was expected to take up the cause. Joe Jr., the oldest brother, died when Ted was twelve, John and Robert were murdered two decades later. His father, cut down by a stroke in 1961, died in 1969, leaving Ted, the baby of the family, as the patriarch. "I can't let go," he told an aide. "If I let go, Ethel will let go, and my mother will let go, and all my sisters."
Kennedy's family legacy seemed to assure him a competitive candidacy for the presidency — but for a fatal mistake on July 18, 1969. Following a dutiful appreciation party for the "boiler room girls" who had worked on his brother Robert's campaign, Kennedy drove his car off a bridge in Chappaquiddick, Massachusetts. Although Kennedy managed to escape, his passenger, Mary Jo Kopechne, drowned. Furthermore, Kennedy did not report the incident immediately. Later, he pleaded guilty to leaving the scene of an accident. Chappaquiddick seemed to quash Kennedy's presidential prospects.
Presidential Run
In 1980, however, Kennedy challenged incumbent President Jimmy Carter in the Democratic primaries. Initially popular in opinion polls, he quickly lost ground in the actual primaries, finally conceding.
Effective Legislator
Although never president, Kennedy became an effective senator, exceeding both of his brothers in his legislative accomplishments. An advocate of liberal ideals — and a lightning rod for conservative criticism — he focused much of his energy on health care and education bills. Though a standard bearer for the left, Kennedy was able to forge bipartisan alliances to get his legislation passed. According to journalist and biographer Adam Clymer, Kennedy deserves "recognition not just as the leading senator of his time, but as one of the greats in [Senate] history."
Family Life
Since Chappaquiddick, Kennedy's personal life has been scrutinized intensely. He married Virginia Joan Bennett in 1958; they divorced in 1982. In 1992 he married Victoria Reggie. Kennedy had three children from his first marriage and two stepchildren from his second. He was a particularly strong presence in the lives of his nieces and nephews and he had a self-deprecating sense of humor. He told a story about his nephew John F. Kennedy Jr.: "Once, when they asked John what he would do if he went into politics and was elected president, he said: 'I guess the first thing is call up Uncle Teddy and gloat.' I loved that."
On August 25, 2009, Ted Kennedy died at the family compound in Hyannis Port after being diagnosed with a brain tumor in May 2008.
Eleanor Roosevelt supported the President's New Deal and advocated for civil rights, becoming one of the 20th century's most influential women.
A look at the poor Scottish emigrant boy who built a fortune in telegraphy, railroads and steel, and then began systematically to give it all away.
Richard Nixon faced impeachment but also ended the Vietnam War. Part of the award-winning Presidents Collection.
A man who symbolized African American equality fought a proponent of Hitler's Aryan racial theories on the eve of World War II.
Forever enshrined in myth by an assassin's bullet, Kennedy's presidency long defied objective appraisal. Part of the award-winning Presidents collection.
Head of the most powerful family in America, billionaire John D. Rockefeller's vast philanthropy changed his family's reputation.
At the height of segregation, an unlikely alliance between a black medical genius and a white surgeon led to a pioneering medical breakthrough.
The Alabama governor and presidential candidate promised segregation forever.


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Give us a call to get our secret deals 800-468-3578
Property Location
When you stay at Leonardo Hotel Heidelberg-Walldorf in Walldorf, you'll be convenient to Corporate SAP Headquarters. This 4-star hotel is within the region of Hockenheim Racing Track and Schwetzingen Castle.
Make yourself at home in one of the 161 air-conditioned rooms featuring refrigerators and flat-screen televisions. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and satellite programming is available for your entertainment. Bathrooms have shower/tub combinations and hair dryers. Conveniences include desks and coffee/tea makers, and housekeeping is provided daily.
Rec, Spa, Premium Amenities
Take advantage of recreational opportunities offered, including an outdoor pool, an indoor pool, and a sauna.
Enjoy a meal at a restaurant, or stay in and take advantage of the hotel's room service (during limited hours). Relax with your favorite drink at a bar/lounge or a poolside bar.
Business, Other Amenities
Featured amenities include a business center, complimentary newspapers in the lobby, and multilingual staff. Event facilities at this hotel consist of conference space and meeting rooms. Limited parking is available onsite.
You must present a photo ID when checking in. Your credit card is charged at the time you book. Bed type and smoking preferences are not guaranteed.Your reservation is prepaid and is guaranteed for late arrival. The total charge includes all room charges and taxes, as well as fees for access and booking. Any incidental charges such as parking, phone calls, and room service will be handled directly between you and the property.


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The Aggies felt they stepped up their defense and intensity to come from behind to beat the Nittany Lions, 62-60, and in doing so improve to 11-0 on the season.
I think we wanted it more in the second half, said forward Antoine Wright, who matched teammate Acie Law for game-high scoring honors with 19 points. Law did him one better, though, tallying the game-winners on a pair of free throws with 11.4 seconds remaining.
The Nittany Lions, on the other hand, believed their own inept play particularly in the final 10 minutes caused them to come from ahead to lose, dipping to 6-7 heading into Wednesdays Big Ten opener against Michigan State at the BJC.
Its plain and simple, said junior forward Aaron Johnson, whose seventh double-double (16 points, 12 rebounds) led Penn State in both departments. With 10 minutes left, we just collapsed.
The more accurate account of the game, of course, can be found somewhere in the middle.
The crushing part from the Lions perspective is they played so well in the first half. A&M came in with a 10-0 record bolstered by mostly low Division I and even NAIA fodder. Further, this was the Aggies first game away from home, and it showed as State bashed it with a heaping helping of road rage early.
Johnson and fellow post player Travis Parker threw their weight around, scoring seemingly at will as the team went 14 of 22 from the floor in the first 20 minutes. The Lions also made all seven of their first-half free throws and when A&M dug down to stop the inside game knocked home 4 of 9 triples.
Offensively, the Aggies were off balance, managing a season-low 28 points (vs. Penn States 39) before the break. Foul trouble limited star freshman forward Joseph Jones to eight minutes and no points.
They basically exposed us and whipped us, said first-year A&M coach Billy Gillispie. This is our first road game, and [the players] werent thinking as well as they needed to be.
We just were way more intense, Johnson said of the first half. It wasnt a matter of strategy. It was a matter of intensity.
State ripped off the first six points of the second half, too, before the intensity began to fade. Up 45-28, the Lions became lax in the token 1-2-2, three-quarter-court pressure which was meant to slow the Aggies run-and-gun style.
A&M pounced, finding gaps for a trio of wide-open three-pointers. PSUs only bucket in the span was a Johnson layup, so the lead was down to 47-37 quickly. The run stretched to 15-2 in favor of the visitors, with Jones cutting the margin to 47-43 at the 13:39 mark.
Theyre a good basketball team, PSU coach DeChellis said. I told the guys, theyre gonna make a run.
Penn State regrouped for a moment before everything fell apart. Its 10 second-half turnovers led to 13 A&M points. Johnson scored with 10:44 left to boost the lead to 53-46, but the Lions got two more field goals the rest of the way, part of a 7-for-27 showing in the half.
You cant turn it over 10 times in a half and shoot 26 percent and expect to win, DeChellis said. ... It was a combination of turnovers and poor defense, and we didnt make any baskets.
Even the free-throw shooting suffered. After the Aggies finally tied it 58-58 on Laws falling 10-footer in the lane, Johnson missed two foul shots, part of a 7-of-15 team showing in the half.
Wright, a preseason All-Big 12 pick, took PSU freshman Geary Claxton one on one, scoring in the lane at 1:08 for A&Ms first lead (60-58) since midway through the opening half. Penn State countered, as Parkers miss was tipped out to Luber, who spotted backcourt mate Marlon Smith for a 15-footer to tie it (60-60) at 40.6.
Law came down, killed clock, and signaled his teammates to clear out so he could take Luber in isolation. He cut hard to the hole, and barreled into Johnson. But not before Luber hacked his arm. The official caught the early contact, and Law received a pair of free throws. Both were good at 11.4.
After an A&M timeout, Claxton inbounded to Luber, who motored up the floor. Smith popped free off a double screen just beyond the foul line. Luber hit him, and Smith fired.
The shot was long.
The game was over.
I think we played better defense in the second half, Gillispie said. We were able to pressure their guards a little bit, and I think they got tired at the end.
Not surprisingly, the Penn State camp had a different view.
I dont know about tired, DeChellis said. I think we made some questionable decisions.
PERSONNEL: Luber started his second straight game in place of Walker, who missed the previous outing with a case of the flu. DeChellis said Walker was healthy Sunday. The coach was not comfortable with the way Walker dealt with A&Ms pressure and gave him only 14 minutes.
Luber had his troubles. He was 2 of 7 from the floor and forced shots at a couple of key moments in the second half. But he had only three turnovers, decent numbers against a team that presses throughout.
KEY STAT: Penn State shot 63.6 percent from the floor in the first half and 25.9 percent in the second half.
EYE-OPENER: Claxton had a good game, with nine points and seven rebounds. More impressive were a pair of spectacular blocks and an jaw-dropping offensive rebound where he soared high about everyone else on the floor. One negative Sunday: four turnovers.
ED SAID: We have to go back to work and figure out how to win at the end of a game.
QUOTABLE: Im not impressed with who weve beaten. We havent beaten anybody. Im looking for that big win. Johnson, on PSUs six wins.
AND ANOTHER THING: Word out of States camp is that massive center John Kelly, who left the program at the end of the fall semester, is transferring to Iona. The Gaels are coached by Jeff Ruland, who was known for his bruising style in the NBA.


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Format: Paperback
Format: PDF / Kindle / ePub
Size: 10.77 MB
Downloadable formats: PDF
Pages: 125
Publisher: Urch Publishing Ltd (January 1, 1997)
Food Quality and Consumer Value: Delivering Food that Satisfies
New Products Management (The Irwin Series in Marketing)
The Black Angel
WOMMA events combine high-level content with fantastic networking opportunities. Join us at a Wine Wednesday or for a Webinar. Stay informed on the latest word of mouth and social media marketing events, educational opportunities, best practices, research and more. Founded in 2004, the Word of Mouth Marketing Association (WOMMA) is the official non-profit trade association dedicated to word of mouth marketing Commercialization of read pdf projectsforpreschoolers.com. The hallmark of several great companies is their USP. For example, FedEx's USP of "When it absolutely, positively has to be there overnight" is well-known and resonates strongly with customers who desire reliability and quick delivery Worth.com Wealth Pulse : read online http://projectsforpreschoolers.com/books/worth-com-wealth-pulse-wealth-and-values. Get life science industry news & tips, report promotions and key findings every month. The Science Advisory Board is a panel made up of over 70,000 qualified life scientists and medical professionals. Our members are available to participate in periodic studies about your products and services. Anne Rascle is a Principal Investigator at the University Of Regensburg, whose research focuses on the molecular mechanisms of transcriptional regulation by STAT5 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) in normal and cancer cells Dr Cases in Consumer Behavior, Volume I http://projectsforpreschoolers.com/books/cases-in-consumer-behavior-volume-i. We can help you bring together all of your data and content into a single place, so you can deliver the ideal experience to every customer, every time Consumer Behavior: An Applied download for free http://projectsforpreschoolers.com/books/consumer-behavior-an-applied-approach. After […] Listen to the Episode Below Download iTunes Stitcher SoundCloud Tom Menditto went from broke, living in his car with only $300 in his bank account to earning 6-figures in 2-years blogging and coaching people with ADHD…without a single, fancy, shiny, advanced marketing tactic taught by marketing "gurus." What strategy did he use to grow his […] Listen to the Episode Below Download iTunes Stitcher SoundCloud Jason Hartman went from poor to multi-millionaire after watching a TV infomercial Ethics in the Alcohol Industry read online read online. For example, if your average customer transaction is $100 but your competitor's average customer transaction is $150, they will generate more revenues, and probably profits, per customer. As a result, they will be able to outspend you on advertising, and continue to gain market share at your expense How Americans Can Buy read online segurocamion.cl.
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Women's tasc® Core Racer Printed :: An essential lightweight racer back. Binding at the neck and armholes for a chafe-free fit. Fitted with extra wide armholes and neck to show off your cutest bra.
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text: Middle School Mathematics 5 points Previous question Next question What is the value of n? 40=5n ____ 8 n=? 2 Ask for details Follow Report by PrincessTheModel 02/27/2015 yes all right, what else are you supposed to do? -12.8=4 -12.8=4t what is the value of t ? Log in to add a comment


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December 8, 2014
Next year's mechanics hinge on plentiful new car supply and a softening used car market.
Tags: Vans, Rental Rates, Used Car Market, Vehicle Recalls
Author: Chris Brown | Posted @ Monday, December 8, 2014 2:09 PM | » Comments(1)
December 8, 2011
The workhorse van is being phased out in the coming years in favor of the Transit. The move speaks to the "Europeanization" of the North American van market. Start "right spec'ing" now.
Tags: Vans, Cargo Vans, Ford Transit Connect, Ford, Ford E-Series
Author: Chris Brown | Posted @ Thursday, December 8, 2011 12:00 AM | » Comments(2)
July 23, 2009
The 2010 Ford Transit Connect light-duty utility van is ready to deliver the goods. (Photos and videos included.)
Tags: Ford Transit Connect, Vans
Author: Chris Brown | Posted @ Thursday, July 23, 2009 4:53 PM | » Comments(2)
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Thinking of giving a pet as a gift? Here are three reasons why you might want to think again.
(Note: the dog Stacy's holding in this story is Lola, a lab mix he and his girlfriend recently rescued from people who were breeding her as bait for pit bull-fighting. She's adorable, tons of fun…and has thus far chewed up pretty much everything in their house!)
Cute, cuddly, fluffy, friendly… there are lots of reasons why people think of pets when they're thinking of gift ideas. But pets don't really make the best gifts, especially surprise gifts. Why?
1. Problems with returns
Say you give someone a new hat. You like it. And you're sure they'll like it too. And when they open it, they smile, say thank you, and seem really happy about receiving it. But in reality, that hat better include a gift receipt 'cause it's going back to the store first thing in the morning. Or perhaps in the back of a closet, never to be seen again (except perhaps when you come over to visit.) Now imagine that hat is a puppy…
When you give someone a pet, you're giving them something that's going to be alive (hopefully) for a long, long time. An animal needs food, love and attention. And if that's too much to ask of the recipient? That pet gets returned to a place like an animal shelter, where the clock that could end its life starts ticking. You don't want that on your conscience and neither does the person who recieved that animal. A pet is a gift that requires a lot commitment, so it's one that requires a lot of thought before you agree to take (or give) that kind of responsibility.
2. The gift that keeps on eating
As great as it sounds to get a puppy for the holidays, finding out that puppy comes with a $40,000 bill might dampen the experience. According to PetEducation.com, the typical 50 pound dog can cost anywhere between $4,000 and $40,000 for food and medical care over its life.
If you told me you were giving me a several-thousand-dollar bill for the holidays, you wouldn't be invited to my party.
3. There's a much better way
Like most things in life, there's always a better way. Check with your local shelter to see if they have adoption certificates. Think of it is a gift card for the pet you wanted to give. The person you're giving it to can go down the shelter and find the pet that's perfect for them… one they'll love, but can also afford. And they can take their time both picking out their pet and arranging how it will be cared for.
Do you have a pet gift horror story? Let me know about it in the comment box below.


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If you log in, you can comment on buildings, submit new photos or update photos that you've already submitted.
We need to upgrade the server that this website runs on. Can you spare a quid to help?.
Description: 57 59, Abbey Street
Grade: II
Date Listed: 29 December 1972
English Heritage Building ID: 290781
OS Grid Reference: SU8415446534
OS Grid Coordinates: 484154, 146534
Latitude/Longitude: 51.2118, -0.7966
Locality: Farnham
Local Authority: Waverley Borough Council
County: Surrey
Country: England
Postcode: GU9 7RJ
Incorrect location/postcode? Submit a correction!
Explore more of the area around Farnham, Surrey at Explore Britain.
1099 (South East Side)
Nos 57 & 59
(formerly listed as
Nos 1 and 2)
A pair of C19 2 storey cottages of brick on projecting plinth with hipped old
tile roof. Central chimney. Each has one window, 4 panes wide, with painted
stucco arch, and 4 panel door, flush type, in outer corner with projecting
brick surround and flat hood.
Nos 57 and 59 Abbey Street, the listed buildings in Bridge Square, Firgrove
Hill (West Side) and Red Lion Lane (North West Side) form a group.
Listing NGR: SU8415446532
This text is a legacy record and has not been updated since the building was originally listed. Details of the building may have changed in the intervening time. You should not rely on this listing as an accurate description of the building.
Source: English Heritage
Listed building text is © Crown Copyright. Reproduced under licence.


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Wyndham KIngsgate Resort (3 bedroom 3 bath condo)
From $145 / night
Description from the manager
Description from the manager
Bedrooms: 3/
Bathrooms: 3/
Sleeps: 10/
Type: Apt. / Condo
Book this 3 bedroom, 3 bathroom apt. / condo in Williamsburg today! A total of 10 people can sleep here comfortably.
Guests can enjoy a pool, , and hot tub among other amenities offered by this rental.
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The owner last updated the property's calendar 3 weeks ago.
About the manager
About the manager
WOW Vacation Rentals 702-326-0641
Tourist license: 120012748
WOW Vacation Rentals 702-326-0641
Tourist license: 120012748
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- Calendar updated: 3 weeks ago
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4.7 / 5.0
Proximity to TripAdvisor's Top Williamsburg Attractions
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Bright start for Starlets at CECAFA tourney
The Kenya women national team Harambee Starlets opened their CECAFA Women Championships on a winning note, thumping hosts Uganda 4 – 0 in the two nations' Group A clash on Sunday 11 September.
The win for Kenya was somewhat a replication of the win in Kisumu in a friendly match in July.
Starlets took the lead in the 22nd minute through the prolific Thika Queens winger Mary Kinuthia for a 1-0 lead at half time.
Upon resumption, Esse Akida, who has been in fine form for the team, doubled the lead just four minutes in before substitute Corazone Aquino, who had come on for veteran Doreen Nabwire scored a third with a long range effort on the 75th minute.
Akida then rounded up the business with her second and Starlets' fourth with two minutes remaining.
Earlier in the day, Burundi thumped Zanzibar 10-1 as Zanzibar goal keeper saw red in the dying minutes of the first half.
Starlets will take on Burundi in their next group tie on Tuesday 13 September, the same day hosts Uganda will be looking to redeem themselves as they lock horns with Zanzibar.


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FREE UK delivery on all orders
Flexible & ReliableThe VonHaus 1.5m 5 Tier Racking Shelf offers a flexible and reliable storage solution. Perfect for storing a wide range of items including tools, books, paperwork, folders and files and clothing.
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If you want to return an item or if your product is faulty, you just need to contact us via email (firstname.lastname@example.com) or call us on 0161 833 5443.
From here we'll be able to advise you on the best return options.


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Teen - Skinny teen beauty is touching her hard sweet nipples dirty
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Last edited by teamosil; 01-23-12 at 01:28 PM.
Entirely different situation, so can't compare apples and oranges. Kelo was so a developer could tear down houses to build a shopping center, hardly in the interest of the people. An oil pipeline benefits everyone.So do you support Kelo or oppose it? It seems like you oppose that, but support this... What gives?
Dictionary.com | Find the Meanings and Definitions of Words at Dictionary.com
Just being sarcastic.
But its not ONLY taxes that explain the difference in prices.
Obama in 2009: If I cant fix the economy in three years, you can call me former President Obama
UPDATE 2-Alberta oil pipeline seen down until end of June | Reuters
Canadian Natural provides update on Alberta forest fires (Scandinavian Oil-Gas Magazine)
Regardless, I oppose using eminent domain in both cases.
Try again.The southern part of the pipeline was also shut for about 10 days in May as forest fires that swept across northern Alberta cut power to pump stations.


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Stonefruit TLC tips & recipe
Relevant offers
Finding perfectly ripe stonefruit in a store is a rare event, but as a kind of fruity compensation, late-summer sees box after box of peaches, nectarines, apricots, plums and even late cherries coming out of cool store, et voila, stonefruit is affordable.
|Main ingredient
|Type of dish
|Cooking time
|<30 min
|Special options
Its condition varies from rock-hard to limp, there will be bruises, there might not be any immediate juiciness, but for the next few weeks, stonefruit is but a knife cut away from a stunning dessert (or coulis, jam, relish . . .). Here's a peach option that suits even those with gluten-free requirements.
Now that growers have extended the cherry season into the peach season, another two-fruit dessert is possible.
|4 large white peaches, sliced
|1 cup white wine
|2 Tbsp sugar
|Water, as needed
|Vanilla pod, split
|2 Tbsp redcurrant jelly
|6 tsp ground hazelnuts
|2 Tbsp pitted and sliced black cherries (optional)
1 Tbsp chopped mint leaves
|1. Cut the "cheeks" off each peach, or cut the peaches into halves.
2. Put the fruit pieces in a saucepan big enough to take all the fruit in a single layer.
3. Dissolve the sugar in the wine and pour over the fruit. Add water if necessary to barely cover the fruit with liquid.
4. Add the split vanilla bean and gently cook at a simmer for 2-3 minutes (don't overcook).
5. Remove fruit, drain and cool.
6. Add the redcurrant jelly to the syrup and simmer until reduced by about a third and put aside to cool.
7. Preheat oven to 180C.
8. Arrange fruit pieces in an oven dish, mix the ground hazelnuts with the cherries if using and spoon a little stuffing in or on to each.
9. Pour the reduced syrup over all and bake uncovered - less than 10 minutes - until the syrup bubbles and the fruit is cooked through.
10. To serve scatter with finely chopped mint leaves.
Raw stonefruits respond to TLC: apricots, if placed stem-end down in a warm spot that gets some sun, will soften and improve in taste in 2-3 days. After that time they will wrinkle and lose both fragrance and taste.
Peaches and nectarines will ripen at room temperature if left uncovered for two or three days, but will never have the juiciness or fragrance of tree-ripened fruit. Refrigerating less than ripe stonefruit will do nothing other than keep them cool. Ripe yellow-fleshed peaches (golden queen is the best-known variety) are good keepers, but not in a refrigerator; after a week they begin to rot from the inside out. Cherries and most plums will store well when refrigerated.
- Canterbury
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