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Russell Frank
Russell Frank worked as a reporter, editor and columnist at newspapers in California and Pennsylvania for 13 years before joining the journalism faculty at Penn State in 1998. He roots for the Yankees, plays blues guitar and harmonica (badly), bikes and hikes for physical exercise and does The New York Times crossword puzzle for mental exercise. He is, by academic training, a folklorist (Ph.D., UPenn), which means, when you strip away all the academic jargon, that he loves a good story. He is the author of "Newslore: Contemporary Folklore on the Internet." His views and opinions do not necessarily reflect those of Penn State University.
Articles by Russell Frank
|This Is Your Lucky Minute
|79 weeks ago - StateCollege.com - Russell Frank
|I am pleased to report that almost all the drivers on Atherton Street obeyed the section of the motor vehicle code of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania that requires them to halt the forward progress of their vehicles at red lights. The one that did not stop missed me by an eyelash. [Read More]
|What's a Matzo?
|80 weeks ago - StateCollege.com - Russell Frank
|"Uh, you know how I just asked you about Jewish crackers?" I muttered. "Jews don't celebrate Easter." I doubt the kid heard me. Just as well. I didn't want to give him a hard time. He probably was on customer-friendly autopilot when he wished me a happy Easter. [Read More]
|April (and May and June and...) Fools!
|81 weeks ago - StateCollege.com - Russell Frank
|"Stop breaking my heart! People are dying. Our hope is for war to end. This does nothing to hasten peace. You are wasting precious time and energy that could be devoted to worthy causes, not sophomoric pranks. Though laughter is good medicine, your brand of "humor" is a poisoned pill." [Read More]
|Apples vs. Icebergs: Who's Right?
|82 weeks ago - StateCollege.com - Russell Frank
|If 144 members and former members of a fraternity are entertained by a Facebook page that displays photos that never should have been taken, that too, suggests, if not a culture of rape, then certainly a culture that condones the mistreatment of women. [Read More]
|The KDR Scandal: Who's Naked Now?
|83 weeks ago - StateCollege.com - Russell Frank
|I know this sounds like victim blaming: It isn't the women who should have to alter their behavior; it's the men. But I'm thinking in practical terms: Women can change the social dynamic at Penn State starting this weekend ... [Read More]
|Do We Need a Weatherman?
|84 weeks ago - StateCollege.com - Russell Frank
|Bill Ayers is a retired professor of education at the University of Illinois and, by most accounts, a well-regarded scholar. But to State Senate President Pro Tempore Joe Scarnati, a wild-eyed radical Ayers was, and a wild-eyed radical he shall always be. [Read More]
|We Shall Have Spring
|85 weeks ago - StateCollege.com - Russell Frank
|Strangers would see me on the street and ask, "Is that The Big Coat?" I did not wear The Big Coat all that often. For one thing, I looked pretty dweeby in it, kind of a cross between Ralphie's snowsuited little brother in "A Christmas Story" and the Stay-Puft Marshmallow Man in "Ghostbusters. [Read More]
|Zap Me a Cookie, Would Ya?
|86 weeks ago - StateCollege.com - Russell Frank
|The beauty of my Coronamatic was that it had a correcting cartridge. When you mistyped, you popped in the correcting cartridge. At the critical moment I ejected the old cartridge, flung it across my bedroom, Frisbee-style, inserted the new one and resumed typing, all in one fluid motion. [Read More]
|Kiss, Kiss, Bang, Bang
|87 weeks ago - StateCollege.com - Russell Frank
|Fiore is fond of hot little things. It's how she described the pistol she had in a holster between her thighs during a telephone interview. The first thing a lot of people thought of when they heard of this push to arm students was the ocean of alcohol on which undergraduate culture floats. [Read More]
|Welcome to the Devil's Workshop
|88 weeks ago - StateCollege.com - Russell Frank
|Amazingly, the guy apologized. Why, he asked himself, was he tormenting a person he didn't know and who had never done him any harm? Great question, pal. When the two of them spoke on the air in a recorded phone conversation, they both cried. [Read More]
- Apartment Guide (246)
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- Bar Tour (24)
- Classifieds (129)
- Community Calendar (36)
- Delays & Cancellations
- Dining / Restaurant Guide
- Jobs / Employment (25)
- Movies (27)
- Online Reservations
- Open Houses (29)
- Real Estate Guide (632)


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A bloody view of Disney Economist Fantasy Exposition when it's not covered in consultation
This is the place to hang out if you have a tween in economist garb. Here you can try on economist garb, hear economist religious works, decorate an economist cookie, buy economist hats, and chase after a beautiful economist!
Run from Princess Mode
© copyright 2011–2016
A Pants Aflame production

subset: commoncrawl


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Medieval Romance. Lady Cristianaas plan to seek revenge against her motheras murderer is cut short when a world-weary knight arrives to escort her to her new guardian, a powerful bishop. Cristiana refuses to become a ward of the bishop whom she suspects was involved in her motheras death, but the knight leaves her no choice. Sir William de Bremont hopes to earn a second chance at the life he was given but believes he doesnat deserve. Serving the bishop seems the perfect solution, except Lady Cristiana thwarts him at every turn, captivating him body and soul. Cristiana has the unique ability to heal the sick through her touch. Accustomed to hiding her gift, the wall sheas built to protect herself crumbles under Williamas passionate regard. Honor-bound to deliver her despite her protests and his own doubts, William reluctantly fulfills his vow only to realize the depth of his mistake. As William and Cristianaas love grows, they realize the bishop plans to use her ability to fulfill his own destiny with little concern for the life of others, including Cristianaas. The bishopas treachery comes to light, forcing Cristiana to choose between revenge or the love of a lifetime.One of the menat-arms had sworn hea#39;d spotted a rabbit and left in search of it. The others sent him off with ... Sister Mawde found an apple tree near the edge of the meadow that still held a few pieces of fruit. ... The memory of their kiss sent butterflies dancing in her middle. ... Very much in fact. ... Soon a fire was built and the meat was roasting nicely, sending an appetizing aroma into the cool evening air.
|Believe In Me
|Lana Williams
|Lana Williams - 2013-08-13


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*From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL.
Correspondence to: Bruce P. Krieger, MD, FCCP, Mount Sinai Medical Center, 4300 Alton Rd, Miami Beach, FL 33140; e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
1. The ARDS Network. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the ARDS. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:1301–1308
Data from animal studies in the 1970s and 1980s showed that ventilation with high tidal volume (Vt) levels was injurious to the lung. Approximately a decade ago, the concept of pressure-targeted, low Vt ventilation for patients with ARDS was born. A consensus conference report1on mechanical ventilation published in 1994 recommended this approach even though "permissive" hypercapnia often resulted from it.2 However, it was not until the ARDS Network study was published that this recommendation was buttressed by evidence-based medicine. In this study, 361 patients were randomized to receive either a standard Vt (at 12 mL/kg predicted body weight) and a plateau pressure (measured after a 0.5-s pause at end inspiration) of ≤ 50 cm H2O or a low Vt (at 6 mL/kg predicted body weight) with a plateau pressure of ≤ 30 cm H2O. In the lower Vt group, the 28-day mortality rate was significantly lower than in the standard Vt group (31.0% vs 39.8%, respectively; p = 0.007), as was the number of days without the failure of nonpulmonary organs (p = 0.006) even though barotrauma was similar (10% vs 11%, respectively). This study therefore represents clinical confirmation that a lung protective ventilatory strategy for patients with ARDS is beneficial.
2. Richard NC, Maggiore SM, Jonson B, et al. Influence of tidal volume on alveolar recruitment: respective role of PEEP and a recruitment maneuver. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163:1609–1613
Although the study by the ARDS Network showed a significant improvement in mortality when low Vt levels were used for ventilating patients with ARDS, smaller studies had previously failed to show statistical significance. Richard et al hypothesized that this inconsistency may have been due to alveolar derecruitment associated with reducing Vt from 10 to 6 mL/kg body weight. In their study of 15 patients with ARDS, volume differences between a pressure-volume curve that was recorded from 0 positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) vs a curve recorded from different PEEP levels were measured. The study demonstrated that the recruited volume and oxygenation were significantly lower when smaller Vt levels were used to ventilate these patients. However, the recruited volume was reestablished either after an increase in PEEP (by 4 cm H2O) above the lower inflection point of the pressure-volume curve or by two sustained inflations at 45 cm of H2O. Their study demonstrated a potential hazard of the lung-protective ventilatory strategy and corroborated previous observations that either periodic sighs (with the risk of alveolar overdistention) or high levels of PEEP may be necessary to optimize the benefits of the ARDS Network strategy. The ARDS Network is presently conducting a randomized study to clarify the optimal approach.
3. Crotti S, Mascheroni D, Caironi P, et al. Recruitment and derecruitment during acute respiratory failure: a clinical study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164:131–140
A basic assumption of lung-protective ventilation is the concept of open lung ventilation, wherein the pulmonary damage induced by recurrent alveolar collapse and reopening is minimized by adjusting PEEP, inspiratory time, and Vt. Proof of this tenet has required extrapolation from the physiologic data. Two pioneers in this field (Drs. Gattinoni and Marini) collaborated in this study, and in an accompanying study of oleic acid-induced lung injury in animals,3 to demonstrate recruitment utilizing quantitative analysis of CT images. Five patients with ARDS were studied at multiple combinations of inspiratory plateau pressures (10 to 45 cm H2O) and PEEP levels (5 to 20 cm H2O). Lung volume recruitment occurred over the entire spectrum of inspiration (independent of lower and upper inflection points), and progressively from nondependent to dependent lung regions. This study has provided direct evidence that end-expiratory collapse is dependent on the preceding inspiratory pressure and the superimposed pressure surrounding alveolar units during end-expiration. However, future studies with analyses of lung perfusion will be necessary to fully optimize lung-protective ventilatory techniques.
4. Gattinoni L, Tognoni G, Pesenti A, et al. Effect of prone positioning on the survival of patients with acute respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:568–573
Another lung-protective strategy that has been successfully utilized to improve oxygenation in mechanically ventilated patients with ARDS is accomplished by changing the patient from the supine position to the prone position. The mechanism for this improvement is hypothesized to be the result of improved and better distributed ventilation to the previously dependent areas of the lung. The Prone-Supine Study Group from Europe conducted a randomized, unblinded, controlled trial with a 6-month follow-up in 28 ICUs in Italy and 2 ICUs in Switzerland. One hundred fifty-two patients were allocated to prone positioning for ≥ 6 h per day for 10 days, while 152 patients were allocated to conventional (supine) positioning throughout their treatment. There was no difference in the 10-day mortality rate between the prone and the supine groups (21% vs 25%, respectively), at ICU discharge (51% vs 48%, respectively), or at the 6-month follow-up (63% vs 59%, respectively). This lack of significant improvement occurred despite significant (p = 0.02) increases in oxygenation in the prone group. This study has been criticized for using only 6 h of prone positioning. Therefore, two multi-institutional studies in Europe are presently underway to determine whether a more prolonged use of the prone position may improve mortality rates in ARDS patients, as has been suggested in smaller, uncontrolled series.
5. Vitacca M, Ambrosino N, Clini E, et al. Physiologic response to pressure support ventilation delivered before and after extubation in patients not capable of totally spontaneous autonomous breathing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164:638–641
Over the past 6 years, there has been a plethora of clinical articles showing the benefits of noninvasive ventilation (NIV). These results were extensively reviewed in a recent state-of-the-art article by Mehta and Hill.4NIV has been established as a preferred mode of ventilation during acute hypercapnic exacerbations of COPD.5 Vitacca et al performed a physiologic study in 12 patients who were intubated because of hypercapnic respiratory failure due to COPD. Measurements included diaphragm energy expenditure (using esophageal and gastric balloons to record the pressure time product of the diaphragm), lung resistance and elastance, breathing pattern, dyspnea (as measured by a visual analog scale), and arterial blood gas measurements. The study also compared invasive pressure support (PS) ventilation to noninvasive PS ventilation. None of the patients were ready to sustain total spontaneous breathing. Both invasive and noninvasive PS ventilation resulted in similar reductions in diaphragm energy expenditure and improvements in arterial blood gas levels. However, noninvasive PS ventilation was better tolerated by patients, as determined by their dyspnea analysis. This study showed subjective advantages of noninvasive PS ventilation in patients with COPD. In addition, the data documented improvement in the pressure time product of the diaphragm compared to ventilation through a T-piece when PS was delivered noninvasively or via an endotracheal tube. The physiologic data in this article support the clinical recommendation that NIV be used as a bridge between mechanical ventilatory support and total spontaneous breathing in patients with hypercapnic ventilatory failure.5
6. Tobin MJ. Advances in mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:1986–1996
This article is an update of Dr. Tobin's review of mechanical ventilation that was published in 1994 in the New England Journal of Medicine. It succinctly summarizes the significant changes that have occurred in the area of mechanical ventilation, including the interaction between the patient and the ventilator, lung-protective ventilation, and weaning. The review allows the clinician to appreciate the interplay among basic research, animal research, and the large, randomized, controlled clinical trials that have reshaped the intensivist's approach to diseases such as ARDS. This manuscript will remain the standard reference review article on mechanical ventilation for the next few years.
7. Kress JP, Pohlman AS, O'Connor MF, et al. Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:1471–1477
The transition from mechanical ventilator support to spontaneous breathing has traditionally been called weaning. Most efforts to expedite weaning have focused on manipulating and comparing different mechanical ventilatory modes. This sentinel article by Kress et al marks a conceptual change by linking a non-mechanical ventilation treatment that clinicians commonly use (sedation) to the weaning process. The authors conducted a randomized, controlled trial involving 128 adult patients who required infusions of sedative drugs (midazolam or propofol) because they were being mechanically ventilated. In 57 patients, the continuous infusion of sedative medication was interrupted on a daily basis to determine whether it was still required. If the researchers noted significant agitation after the withdrawal of sedation, the continuous IV infusions were restarted at half the previous dose. In a control group, the sedative infusions were interrupted at the discretion of the treating clinician. There was a significant decrease in the number of days of mechanical ventilation in the intervention group (4.9 vs 7.3 days, respectively; p = 0.004) as well as their length of stay in the ICUs (p = 0.02). There was no significant difference in complications, such as self-extubations. This article reminds clinicians that many "routine" aspects of critical care may affect the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation.
8. MacIntyre NR, Cook DJ, Ely EW, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for weaning and discontinuing ventilatory support: a collective task force facilitated by the American College of Chest Physicians; the American Association for Respiratory Care; and the American College of Critical Care Medicine. Chest 2001; 120(suppl):375S–395S
The "Top 10 List in Mechanical Ventilation" would be incomplete without inclusion of this article from a CHEST supplement (December 2001), which was devoted to evidence-based guidelines for weaning and discontinuation of ventilatory support. This consensus is an exhaustive review of hundreds of studies involving weaning and highlights the heterogeneity, and often incompleteness, of many of these studies. The reference quoted is from section 1 ("Guidelines" section) and summarizes the consensus opinions of the task force that was facilitated by the American College of Chest Physicians, the American College of Critial Care Medicine, and the American Association for Respiratory Care. The article includes 12 recommendations, all of which are accompanied by the rationale for the recommendation and the scientific evidence supporting the recommendation. A reference list of 224 articles accompanies the article so that the reader may refer to the primary literature. This section is part of an exhaustive review of the literature that includes 11 other articles.
9. Vitacca M, Vianello A, Colombo D, et al. Comparison of two methods for weaning patients with COPD requiring mechanical ventilation for more than 15 days. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164:225–230
Until approximately 8 years ago, weaning patients from mechanical ventilatory support was as much of an art as a science. Since then, large, randomized, multi-institutional studies have provided evidence that weaning time is prolonged when intermittent mandatory ventilation is used as the weaning mode6–7 and that a 30-min trial of spontaneous breathing is as effective as 2-h trial to determine whether weaning will be successful.8 However, these studies included patients with varying diagnoses. The article by Vitacca and coworkers focused on 52 patients who required mechanical ventilation because of an acute exacerbation of COPD. Half of these patients were weaned using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) from an initial PS setting of approximately 19 cm H2O in 2-cm increments twice daily until they tolerated CPAP with a PS of 8 cm for 8 h. The remaining 26 patients were weaned by spontaneous breathing trials via a T-piece performed twice daily. Both groups achieved equal rates of weaning success (73% vs 77%, respectively), duration of ventilatory support (181 vs 130 h, respectively), and ICU lengths of stay. Therefore, in this select group of COPD patients, neither method appeared to be superior or inferior. The authors also compared the study patients (combined data) to 55 patients who were being managed without a formal protocol. In this comparison, the study patients whose conditions had been managed via a protocol were successfully weaned more frequently (87% vs 70%, respectively), and experienced shorter durations of mechanical ventilation and shorter stays in the ICU (27 vs 38 days, respectively) than the group of patients whose conditions had been managed without a protocol. Therefore, although there was no difference in weaning patients with COPD using CPAP and PS vs T-piece trials, there were significant benefits when a set protocol was utilized.
10. Scheinhorn DJ, Chao DC, Stearn-Hassenpflug MS, et al. Outcomes in post-ICU mechanical ventilation: a therapist-implemented weaning protocol. Chest 2001; 119:236–242
Approximately 20% of patients fail to wean from mechanical ventilation in the ICU and are eventually transferred to alternative settings for continued care (ie, long-term acute care facilities). Strategies for weaning that are applicable to the acute care setting are not necessarily designed for long-term facilities. Therefore, the article by Scheinhorn and associates at the Barlow Respiratory Hospital is very pertinent to this group of patients. The investigators reported the results of treating 271 consecutive patients who had been admitted for weaning to their long-term facility during an 18-month period and compared them to a group of 238 patients who had been treated at the same facility by the same physicians for the previous 2 years. The patients were managed by a therapist-implemented, patient-specific weaning protocol that was detailed in the article. Compared to the control subjects, the protocol patients weaned significantly faster (17 vs 29 days, respectively; p < 0.001). There were no differences in other outcomes such as weaning success (55% vs 58%, respectively), mortality rate (27% vs 31%, respectively), or patients who remained ventilator-dependent (18% vs 11%, respectively). This article is important because it documented the outcomes of patients in long-term facilities and described a successful respiratory therapy-driven protocol that resulted in improved outcomes.
Abbreviations: CPAP = continuous positive airway pressure; NIV = noninvasive ventilation; PEEP = positive end-expiratory pressure; PS = pressure support; Vt = tidal volume
The author thanks Ms. Elizabeth Colón for her assistance in preparing this manuscript.
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Residents should work to change wealthy status
To the editor:
I'd like to thank former Coventry Treasurer Lee Ann Weisenmiller for clarifying why our school system is constantly short of adequate funding. Her explanation in the April 5, 2013, opinion section of the South Side News Leader ["Former Coventry treasurer explains open enrollment costs"] is that our district is classified as a "wealthy district" and thus we receive only 64 percent of the money per pupil we have coming to us.
Great! I'm glad to have the problem so easily identified.
Now I'd like to know why we aren't actively trying to solve this real problem, which is our incorrect categorization as a "wealthy district." We should be placing all our energies into getting our community united to fight this inaccurate classification as a wealthy district.
If we are successful in that endeavor, we will go from receiving 64 percent of our funding dollars, to receiving 100 percent.
And before you say it would be too difficult to get our rating changed by the state, remember this: It would be easier getting our "wealthy district" rating changed than getting the overtaxed homeowners of Coventry to pass another school levy.
Jim Wiczen, Coventry
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Nancy's reopening held up by city
By: Michael Tobin
Nancy's Home Cooking is reopening. Eventually. After seven months and more than $90,000 in fundraising, the community has saved the High Street diner. Exactly when Nancy's will open is still in question. Nancy's, an award-winning, hole-i…


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Cass Projects
Image credit: Channon King
Cass Projects (The Projects Office) provides a supportive, professional environment that allows students and staff to undertake consultancy commissions and research projects, as well as providing project management support to live projects carried out by students as part of their coursework.
Cass Projects
Cass Projects was founded in 2004 as ASD Projects and is now a Faculty-based unit directed by Anne Markey. Its success has evolved through the development of an approach, a methodology and range of outputs that together frame a research project in its own right.
Cass Projects has made a significant contribution to the live projects dimension of the Faculty's research profile. It has established a specific approach to the collaboration between pedagogy and research, and the professional aspect of practice. Its portfolio engages with complex issues relating to health, education, sustainability and culture.
Cass Projects is a RIBA-registered practice. Inspired by the Architecture Research Unit (ARU) led by Professors Florian Beigel and Philip Christou (the first such embedded architecture practice at the University) and some of the working methods of Architecture of Rapid Change and Scarce Resources (ARCSR) under Professor Maurice Mitchell, it has a particular remit. In order to foster collaborative and participatory projects, it is positioned between the European professor-led research studio and the American model of Design-Build.
Cass Projects does not run a single design studio or specialist MA programme, nor is it a conventional architecture office: it has developed a way of doing live projects, that is, in real time with actual players producing concrete results in a professional framework whilst fully engaging the creative potential of teaching and research. Cass Projects both initiates live projects and responds to demand, whether from individuals or groups within the Faculty or from external bodies, clients or user groups.
Anne Markey – director
Jen Ng
Danielle Hewitt
Vanja Bazdulj
Ottavia Alieri
Minna Virkki
Links & Contacts
Follow us on Twitter @CassProjects
For more information or to make an enquiry, contact Anne Markey.
Writing the brief
What brings the three parts of the Cass Projects research method together is the process of brief-writing. Anne Markey formulates collaborative briefs that rework the conventional boundaries between expert and non-expert, insider and outsider, thus encouraging a more inclusive playing field and more empowered players. This has a bearing on the way problems, opportunities and initiatives are identified as well as how they are approached and resolved. This approach has similarities to the interactive brief writing techniques developed by Mark Brearley and the student-involving techniques developed in Architecture of Rapid Change and Scarce Resources' (ARCSR) work by Maurice Mitchell. It might be described as a model of sustained and embedded impact rather than approaching impact as a resultant.
Markey's approach shares a design-as-research orientation with Architecture Research Unit (ARU) but uses the professional structure of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) practice more explicitly and as an integral part of the method. A direct equivalence can be drawn between the discipline of research and the discipline of being professional in the case of live projects. For example, the discipline of professional status can be used to institute a working environment subject to contracts, ethical practice, performance criteria, health and safety and so forth. It creates the potential to build a critical bridge between pedagogy and practice. The disciplinary apparatus can thus work as equivalent to a conventional research environment, but one geared to embedding research within practice. A professionally enacted research project produces a different outcome to an outcome derived from applied research.
With the National Schools Ideas Project, this approach facilitated a collaboration between a number of Schools of Architecture around a common theme in order to develop a diversity of outcomes. This model of a collaborative brief has also been used to deliver a number of other projects described here such as the International Architecture Student Festival where the "players" have been international Schools of Architecture and local authorities and communities the beneficiaries.
Cass Projects portfolio
This booklet documents the work that Architecture Studio 3 has done to explore the use of a shipping container to provide a shelter for canoeing club 'The Sharks' in Hayes.
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Cass Projects
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Cass Projects
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ASD Projects
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ASD Projects
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Ottavia Alieri
Project Assistant, Cass Projects
At the Projects Office Ottavia is a graduate intern assisting with projects and events, carrying out graphic design, event management and project management.
Vanja Bazdulj
Projects Coordinator, Cass Projects
Teaching in 3D studio Harvest (Furniture and Product Design) with Peter Marigold and Christopher Emmett.
Danielle Hewitt
Cass Culture Research Coordinator
Cass Culture Research Coordinator
Anne Markey
Director of Cass Projects
Anne Markey has over twenty years experience of working as an architect at senior level.
Jen Ng
Projects Co-ordinator, Cass Projects
At the Projects Office Jen is working with Architecture, Design and Fine Art studios to curate, instigate and develop community art and architecture projects for the office.
Dr. Bo Tang
Research Coordinator & Studio 7 Tutor
Bo Tang was awarded her PhD in January 2014, and is the first PhD Architecture student to complete her PhD at The Cass.
Minna Virkki
Project Assistant, Cass Projects
At Cass Projects office she is assisting with student experience, event and exhibition organising, producing communications and marketing material, development and maintenance of faculty website content, as as well as assisting with live projects and consultancy commission support.
Recent news from The Cass
On the water in Hayes
Studio 3 go kayaking.
Architecture students from Studio 03 continue working in Hayes.
Recent Film Successes
News from London, Italy and LA
Current students visit London Film Festival and Cass Alumni find success abroad.
Open Field: Louise Sayarer
31 October – 3 December 2016
Second residency announced in new fine art residency programme at The Cass.
Unseen Radiohead portraits
Exhibition by photographer and The Cass technician Sebastian Edge includes unseen portraits of Radiohead.
Tak Tak Tak – Built
Fundraising campaign success
Calais Kids Space for unaccompanied children completed by Tak Tak Tak team.
Fuzz photography exhibition
4 - 6 November 2016
A photographic show by Cass alumni that presents work somewhere between completely true and completely false.
Cavespace in Pimlico
Crowdfunding for new project and gallery space
Fine Art BA alumna Karen Turner is crowdfunding for Cavespace.
Discovering Collections, Discovering Communities
10 to 12 October 2016
Senior Lecturer, Gina Pierce, will be presenting a paper at the Discovering Collections, Discovering Communities Conference at the Lowry Centre in Salford this month.
Young talent recognised
Winner to be announced 28 October
Cass student Shenpei Ha is shortlisted in the international Young Talent Architecture Award (YTAA).
Festival success for The Cass
17-24 September 2016
Hundreds attend exhibition of work by Cass design graduates and alumni for London Design Festival 2016.
Film production collective head to Poland
Find out how to support the project
Final year Cass Film students are crowdfunding their graduation film set in Poland.
Stirling Prize 2016
Sucess for Cass Tutor's Practice
The gallery designed for Damien Hirst by The Cass tutor Peter St John's practice Caruso St John has won the prestigious Stirling Prize 2016.
Cass tutor's practice is shortlisted for the Stirling Prize
The gallery designed for Damien Hirst by The Cass tutor Peter St John's practice Caruso St John is shortlisted for the prestigious Stirling Prize 2016.
The Cass at Photomonth
October and November
Cass staff, students and alumni participate in east London's international festival of photography.
Hayes Canal Festival 2016
25 September 2016
Cass Projects and Architecture Studio 3 present Cass work at the Hayes Canal Festival


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ACI Worldwide a provider of enterprise payment solutions, and FINEAC have announced the signing of a shareholder agreement to form a joint venture under the name ACI Monétique. The new company will provide technical services and project management support to ACI customers in France including BNP Paribas, Europay France, ING Direct and Société Générale. ACI Monétique names Erroll Williamson as president. Williamson is currently vice president of software and services at ACI Worldwide EMEA. "France is a key strategic market and represents one of the largest business growth opportunities," said Williamson.
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Amazon has already announced their Kindle application for the BlackBerry PlayBook. This means that their App is available for iOS, PC, Mac, Android, BlackBerry smartphones and now the BlackBerry tablet computer. They aren't wasting time with supporting products, and are taking a smart, "even if we don't sell them a Kindle, we will sell them our books," approach showing that it's more about the software than it is the hardware for them (of course the hardware helps, too).
We are standing by for Barnes & Noble's announcement, as we are sure there are some PO'd higher-ups who are saying, "Amazon beat us again!"
Amazon to Launch Kindle App for New BlackBerry PlayBook Tablet Computer
Amazon adds to its growing list of Buy Once, Read Everywhere Kindle apps that let readers choose from over 700,000 Kindle books and read them across a wide range of devices
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Measures of well-being
- Winfred Mason
- 1 years ago
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1 Global growth centres Current Issues September 8, 2006 Measures of well-being There is more to it than GDP Happiness is what people cherish most. In order to influence happiness, policymakers need measures for it. So far, there is no consensus on the best measure. GDP only measures the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period. It is the most widely followed metric for assessing an economy s performance. However, GDP includes many items that do not help well-being: depreciation, income going to foreigners, and regrettables like security expenditure. Economic well-being is a broader concept, but still restricted to material aspects. It is influenced by parts of GDP, by non-market activity, leisure and wealth. Unemployment and income inequality tend to reduce economic well-being. The Centre for the Study of Living Standards sees the highest economic well-being in Norway, and Belgium. Individual living conditions also include non-material aspects such as health, life expectancy, education and the state of the environment. The Weighted Index of Social Progress sees Sweden, Denmark and Norway on top, while the Happy Planet Index sees Colombia and Costa Rica among the leaders. Happiness, as the ultimate goal, requires the most encompassing measure. This happiness depends primarily on family, friends, work satisfaction and activities. Income does not play a major role. Unfortunately, society-wide happiness as assessed via surveys does not change much over time. More and more countries are publishing or developing national well-being accounts. This trend may soon also reach continental Europe. Understanding the different layers of well-being is crucial for understanding choices made by individuals and policymakers. Author Stefan Bergheim Editor Stefan Schneider Technical Assistant Bettina Giesel Deutsche Bank Research Frankfurt am Main Internet: Fax: Managing Director Norbert Walter How the and do... Index, 1980 = 100 GDP per capita Economic w ell-being Happiness * here: 1980=100 depends on the measure Index, 1980 = 100 Economic w ell-being GDP per capita Life satisfaction* Sources: GGDC, CSLS, GSS, Eurobaromet er
2 2 September 8, 2006
3 Measures of well-being GDP is not an ideal yardstick for wellbeing The non-economic dimensions of well-being Many different attempts to measure well-being Deutsche Bank Research s megatopic Global growth centres mainly focuses on the evolution of gross domestic product (GDP) as the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. However, we made clear from the start that this is not an ideal yardstick for the well-being of citizens in the various countries. 1 Well-being and happiness depend on many other aspects. The chart at the bottom of this page illustrates the structure of the literature on well-being and of this note. The starting point is the well-known concept of GDP. Capital consumption, income going to foreigners and production of items that cause damage (e.g. pollution) are subtracted. What is then left of GDP (or even a subset of it) is the starting point for measures of economic well-being. These add non-market activity, the value of leisure and wealth, and subtract the cost of unemployment and income insecurity. But well-being also has non-economic dimensions: good health and education, a clean environment and safe streets all contribute to individuals overall well-being. These elements are difficult to quantify and to aggregate, but their importance indicates that it might be worthwhile for those who determine the priorities of economic policy to evaluate and track them. Finally, the ultimate goal of humans appears to be happiness (or life satisfaction). For good reasons, the US constitution lists as unalienable rights: life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Although happiness is inherently difficult to measure, surveys provide valuable insights on the levels and determinants of individuals overall satisfaction with life. 2 This note will present some of the measures calculated by international and private institutions. Like GDP, these measures are partly arbitrary, limited in scope, and reflect the normative priorities of those constructing them. They cannot and will not replace GDP. But they are important complements that provide a broader picture of how a society is doing. The many elements of happiness and well-being Happiness genetics family environment activities friends health Work satisfaction (inequality) community ties Living conditions Economic well-being GDP education leisure wealth consumption net investment non-market activity (unemployment) (insecurity) depreciation net income going to foreigners regrettables Brackets indicate negative impact. Source: Deutsche Bank Research Page 8 in Global growth centres 2020 published in March Since there is no agreement on terminology or measurement some of the terms used here may differ from those in other sources. September 8,
4 Improve understanding of individual choices and policy measures Japan consumes more and more capital Capital consumption as % of GDP Japan Source: AMECO database 2 15% of Irish GDP go abroad Net primary income from abroad as % of GDP 5 Japan Ireland Source: AMECO database Irish national accounts EUR bn % yoy Gross domestic product plus: Net income from abroad = Gross national product /. Consumption of capital = Net national product Source: Central Statistics Office Ireland 4 3 Also, this note will show that the paths of well-being indicators and especially of measures of happiness differ significantly from the paths of GDP in most countries. And it will show that some of the assumptions in standard economic models are violated: people s happiness is negatively affected by income of others; people adapt quickly to higher income; and tastes are not constant but depend on circumstances. Looking at the items that really matter to humans is important in several ways: this may help to understand the choices that individuals make which might not increase GDP. In addition, broader measures can help analyse policy priorities both in a positive and in a normative way. 1. The purpose and limitations of GDP All too often, GDP is interpreted as a measure of welfare or wellbeing which it is not and was never designed to be. GDP only measures the market value of final goods and services produced in a country. The development of the national income and product accounts was spurred by the Great Depression and the lack of information that could be used for stabilising the economy through fiscal or monetary policy. The first official release of GDP data in the US came in 1942, accelerated by the need to assess the production possibilities in a war-time economy. GDP has four major limitations which restrict its use as a measure of well-being. First, it includes the replacement of depreciated capital: it is a gross concept. However, depreciation does not boost welfare and the replacement of old capital just takes the economy back to square one. This capital consumption amounts to between 10% ( and Ireland) and more than 20% (Japan) of GDP. As chart 2 shows, the share has risen significantly in Japan over the past 15 years: part of the rise in GDP did not benefit consumers but only went to replacing physical capital. Subtracting capital consumption from GDP leads to net domestic product. The second difficulty with GDP is that it measures income produced in a country but not how much income people in that country receive. Some income may go to foreigners. This is particularly the case in Ireland, which transfers 15% of primary income to the rest of the world, up from 8% in the early 1990s. In other words, a significant portion of the rise in Irish GDP in the 1990s benefited foreigners. By contrast, Japan and are net recipients of income from abroad with a rising trajectory as chart 3 shows. Here, the rise in income of residents is outpacing the rise in GDP. Subtracting net income receipts from abroad from net domestic product leads to net national product. Table 4 shows that net national product still rose by 9.5% per annum in Ireland over the past 15 years in nominal terms but the level of net national product is 24% below GDP. Third, since GDP only counts monetary transactions (including estimates for those in the shadow economy), it misses many other activities that people value like caring for children or elderly at home. GDP also ignores the value of leisure time spent relaxing or with family and friends. It does not include the value of clean air and water. Therefore, any useful measure of well-being would try to capture these items, as illustrated in chart 1. The next section will present some of the attempts to do so. 4 September 8, 2006
5 Measures of well-being High economic well-being in Europe Overall Economic Well-being Index (Original subcomponents weighting) Norway Belgium Denmark Netherlands Sweden Finland Italy Canada Australia Source: Centre for the Study of Living Standards Components of economic well-being =100 Weight FR DK DE US Consumption 40% Wealth 10% Inequality 25% Security 25% Overall 100% Source: Centre for the Study of Living Standards 6 Human development index is rising globally Norway Australia Canada Sweden Switzerl. Ireland Japan Denmark Italy Korea Mexico Russia Brazil China Turkey 2003 S. Africa India Finally, GDP includes many items that do not boost human wellbeing. If a hurricane or an earthquake destroys an entire region, the reconstruction effort is counted as a boost to GDP even if it only replaces something that was there not long before. Likewise, expenditure on crime prevention and security adds significantly to GDP in many countries but only restores a safe environment. Medical expenditure as a result of air and noise pollution also adds to GDP as do diet classes, antidepressants and a sizeable list of other items. However, taken to the extreme this line of reasoning would imply that basic food and clothing also should not be included. This again highlights some of the arbitrariness of the different measures. 2. From GDP to economic well-being Nobel laureate James Tobin and William Nordhaus highlighted in the early 1970s that GDP is not a measure of welfare and proposed a Measure of Economic Welfare (MEW) that adds to GNP the value of household services and leisure, subtracts the cost of capital consumption and of bads such as pollution, and excludes for example police services to combat crime. Many later studies followed their lead. Components and weights of the different measures usually depend on the researchers subjective assessment. A very comprehensive and thorough Index of Economic Well-Being comes from the Canadian Centre for the Study of Living Standards (CSLS, Chart 5). As table 6 shows, it starts from the flow of private and government consumption (but not household work). The stock of physical and human capital owned by residents is the second pillar and tries to measure the stock of productive resources that can be passed on to the next generation. The third pillar captures inequality through the Gini coefficient and the poverty intensity. Finally, the security component aggregates diverse items such as divorce rates and employment rates (with a negative sign). The overall Index of Economic Well-Being is a weighted average of the four pillars. The weights were originally set at 0.4, 0.1, 0.25 and Indices based on alternative weights are also published. The preliminary 2004 results show Norway with the highest economic well-being among the 14 countries covered. and Belgium are not far behind while the and are the laggards (see chart 5). This ranking differs significantly from the ranking for GDP per capita and clearly favours countries with high income equality and low insecurity. The largest improvements in this index over the last 20 years came in the, and. The OECD has recognised the importance of measuring well-being 3 and several countries publish or are developing national economic well-being measures. So far, there is no international standard for calculating them. The measures differ significantly across countries and may reflect the values and priorities of the researchers who construct them. Over the coming decades we are likely to see more standardisation in this area Source: UN 7 3 See Boarini et al. (2006). September 8,
6 Weighted Index of Social Progress (WISP) Score Sweden Denmark Norway Finland Austria Italy Belgium Netherlands Ireland New Zeal. Switzerland Hungary Japan Portugal Greece Australia Canada Poland Taiwan Chile Israel Korea Argentina Russia Mexico China Thailand Brazil S. Africa Philippines Malaysia 2000 Turkey Indonesia 1980 India Source: University of Pennsylvania No rise in the US Genuine Progress Indicator USD '000 GDP per capita GPI per capita Source: Redefining Progress 9 3. Broader measures of living conditions Still, consumption, wealth, equality and security only capture part of a human s well-being. Many other elements are relevant as well. As Tony Blair put it: We have failed to see how our economy, our environment and our society are all one. And that delivering the best possible quality of life for us all means more than concentrating solely on economic growth. 4 The best-known, but rather narrow measure of human living conditions is the United Nations annual Human Development Index (HDI). It is available for a large number of countries and has a long history, but probably is not a true measure of well-being. The index combines the levels of life expectancy, education and GDP to measure human development. In 2003, Norway, Canada, Australia and Sweden achieved the top scores largely on account of their high education levels (chart 7 on page 5). Since 1990, some of the largest improvements in the HDI have been reported in China, India, Korea and Ireland partly because of the strong gains in GDP there. The HDI is a valued contribution, but still narrow in scope and highly correlated with GDP. A more comprehensive measure of human living conditions is the Weighted Index of Social Progress (WISP) calculated by Richard Estes at the University of Pennsylvania for 163 countries and going back to This index tries to capture many dimensions of wellbeing, covering a range including income, education, health, role of women, environment, social peace, diversity and welfare although data limitations admittedly lead to the inclusion of some peculiar measures. In the year 2000, Sweden, Denmark and Norway led the ranking (see chart 8). Between 1980 and 2000, Chile, Finland, Portugal and China recorded the largest improvements. The s new economics foundation publishes a Happy Planet Index (HPI) which looks for countries where people live long and happy lives without damaging the planet. The HPI combines data on life expectancy, surveys on life satisfaction and the consumption of natural resources (energy, land etc.). The chart on the next page shows that Vanuatu, Colombia and Costa Rica top the HPI, while comes in 81st and the 150th. With its strong focus on the environment, this index favours countries near the equator. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the HPI may be a good guide for holiday destinations. The new economics foundation also publishes time series for a Measure of Domestic Progress (MDP) for the. From their economic indicators (mainly consumer expenditure) they subtract social costs (inequality, accidents, crime, family breakdown etc.), environmental costs and the loss of natural resources. The overall result is an indicator that peaked in the mid-1970s, declined until the mid- 1980s and has not yet regained that peak. Rising social and environmental costs are the main reasons for the long-run stagnation of the overall MDP. Given the Labour government s focus on improving the overall quality of life in the, this measure probably has some influence on policy priorities and policy is likely to influence measured well-being. 4 Foreword to the s first report on A better quality of life of September 8, 2006
7 Measures of well-being Happy Planet Index ca (selected countries only) Vanuatu Colombia Costa Rica Vietnam Philippines Indonesia China Thailand Malaysia Mexico Argentina Chile Austria India Brazil Switzerl. Italy Belgium Taiwan New Zeal. Japan Turkey Denmark Korea Canada Ireland Norway Sweden Finland Greece Portugal Australia S. Africa Russia Source: new economics foundation 10 For the US, Redefining Progress, a private research institute, publishes a very broad Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI), which is similar to the MDP for the. It starts with personal consumption, adds the value of household work, net fixed investment and the value of services of consumer durables. Then the costs of commuting, loss of wetlands, the depletion of non-renewable resources and several other costs are subtracted. Chart 9 shows the GPI per capita compared to GDP per capita. The long-run stagnation of the GPI is in sharp contrast to the 55% rise in per capita GDP since Since 2002, the government of New Zealand has published an Economic Living Standard Index (ELSI) based on a survey of 7,000 people. It covers consumption, ownership of durable goods, social participation (e.g. night out once a fortnight), and a self-assessment of the living standard. In 2004, 8% of New Zealanders lived in severe hardship (level 1), 27% had good living standards (level 6) and 8% had very good living standards (level 7). The overall ELSI has risen slightly since The Australian Centre on Quality of Life has published a National Wellbeing Index since 2001 which is based on a sample of 2,000 individuals who assess the economic situation in Australia, the state of the environment and of social conditions, the satisfaction with government and business, and national security. In the, the Department of Health and Human Services announced in late 2004 that it plans to construct a National Well-Being Account with the help of Nobel Prize winner Daniel Kahneman to provide a broad measure of the well-being of people of all ages. It will be based on the Day Reconstruction Method (DRM) which assesses how people spend their time and how they feel about, or experience, activities throughout a given day. In, no comparable index exists so far and the Federal Statistical Office is not aware of any attempts to change this situation. 4. Happiness and satisfaction with life Very satisfied Danes % of respondents who are "very satisfied with the life they lead" Denmark Sweden Netherlands Ireland Finland Belgium Austria Turkey Italy Poland Greece Hungary Portugal Source: Eurobarometer The well-being indicators give a much broader picture of the state of a society than GDP but they still cannot tell us how happy or satisfied individuals are (or describe their subjective well-being). 5 Measuring happiness requires a different approach than is used for the indicators presented above: surveys. Since the mid-1970s, the European Commission s Eurobarometer has included a question on life satisfaction. According to the survey of spring 2006, 66% of Danes said they were very satisfied with the life they lead the highest share in the sample. Only 17% of Germans and just 4% of the Portuguese felt the same way, as chart 11 shows. Over the past 15 years, the average level of life satisfaction has not changed much in spite of the large increase in per capita income (as also illustrated by the chart on page 1). Satisfaction improved in, Italy, and, while it fell in and Portugal (see chart 12 on page 8). In, the start of the upward move coincided with their hosting and winning the football World Cup in The only hump in Portuguese satisfaction occurred after they reached the semi-finals in the European championships in In, the reunification euphoria of the early 1990s was followed by an erosion of satisfaction until 1997 the year before the change 5 Usually, happiness and satisfaction are used interchangeably. There is no uniform terminology yet. September 8,
8 Satisfaction improved in and Weighted average of responses: very satisfied = 4; not at all satisfied = 0 Portugal Source: Eurobarometer Trust and satisfaction with life correlate 80 % trusting other people 70 SE DK DE TR 10 PT % very satisfied Sources: Eurobarometer, World Values Survey 13 Happiness-boosting activities Start a new exercise program Be kind to others Foster intimate relationships Count your blessings See things in a positive light Set yourself meaningful goals Work in a challenging job Add variety to your life Develop your personality Source: Lyubomirsky et al. (2005) 14 to an SPD-Green government. Following this summer s football World Cup, the next Eurobarometer is likely to show an increase in life satisfaction in (and possibly in Italy).This brief history of happiness in Europe illustrates that satisfaction of life may be influenced by factors other than income, that it is very difficult to boost satisfaction on a sustainable basis, and that changes in satisfaction may contribute to political changes. The causality goes both ways. Across the EU, there is a very high correlation between satisfaction with life and the level of trust in compatriots, as chart 13 below shows. Three main reasons explain the long-run stagnation of happiness and life satisfaction. First, people simply get used to the higher income, consumption or circumstances: driving that new car for the first time may make you really happy but this effect evaporates over time (hedonic treadmill). Likewise, people who moved to California are not happier than people in Wisconsin in the long run. Once basic needs are met, more income does not tend to boost happiness. Second, humans tend to aim ever higher: once the new house is completed, one may feel that it would be even better to have a house in a better or safer neighbourhood (the satisfaction treadmill). Third, an individual s satisfaction tends to be influenced by how well others are doing. Driving a big car may make you happy if you are the only person with such a car but satisfaction with that same car quickly diminishes if friends and neighbours drive similar cars. Even worse, if you buy a big car, this may depress the happiness of your neighbours, so aggregate happiness may not rise. Boosting happiness or life satisfaction is not easy. Psychologists, philosophers, economists and many others have explored this question intensively over recent years. According to Lyubomirsky et al. (2005) a part of happiness appears to be genetically determined (around 50%), another part determined by happiness-relevant activities (40%) and the remainder by circumstances (income, climate, environment, stable democracy etc.). Table 14 shows a list of activities that tend to have a positive impact on happiness. Table 15 shows how much individuals value certain activities and how much time they spend on them: socialising after work, for example, has a net average value of 4.12 (on a scale of 0 to 6) and people spend more than one hour daily on it. Commuting to work and working itself rank at the bottom of this list. 8 September 8, 2006
9 Measures of well-being 5. Outlook and policy implications The affect of activities Time spent Affect Intimate relations Socializing after work Dinner Relaxing Lunch Exercising Praying Socializing at work Watching TV Phone at home Napping Cooking Shopping Housework Childcare Evening commute Working Morning commute Sample: 909 women in Texas Source: Kahneman et al. (2004) 15 Economic indicators are important for steering economic policy and individual decisions. GDP is a crucial input for monetary policy that tries to keep inflation low by keeping output close to its long-run trend. It also is a good proxy for a government s tax base. But for many other aspects of policy GDP is not sufficient. Many additional indicators are required to provide adequate feedback for policymakers. As things stand today, there is no consensus on how to best measure well-being and happiness. The different indicators presented in this note come to vastly differing conclusions. Over the coming years there is a good chance that measuring and improving life satisfaction will become a more important focus of policymakers. Measuring standards are also likely to become more harmonised. Some of the policy conclusions drawn by researchers in the happiness field differ significantly from those in standard economics. 1. Measure well-being. To know what is important and to be able to influence it, societies have to measure well-being, happiness and their components. 2. Reduce unemployment. Unemployment has a major negative effect on well-being both for those directly affected and for all other citizens. 3. Foster happiness-boosting use of time. People tend to work too much because they overestimate the impact of income on happiness. Taxing income improves work-life balances, although it is unlikely that the optimal tax rate lies above those in continental Europe. 4. Strengthen civil society and active citizenship, participation and engagement. Foster interaction among friends and family; contain geographic relocation, which hurts social interaction with friends and neighbours. 5. Limit materialistic advertisement. Research shows that people who watch a lot of TV feel poorer. Comparison with the pretty, successful and happy but artificial individuals in commercials makes one s own weaknesses visible especially for children and teenagers. Sweden has banned advertisements targeted at children below 12 years of age. 6. Focus the health sector on complete health. The WHO defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. This includes a stronger focus on mental illness and on longevity. Stefan Bergheim ( , September 8,
10 References Boarini, Romina, Asa Johansson and Marco Mira d Ercole (2006). Alternative measures of well-being. OECD Social, employment and migration working papers No. 33. Frey, Bruno and Alois Stutzer (2002). What can economists learn from happiness research? Journal of Economic Literature 40(2), pp Kahneman, Daniel, Alan B. Krueger, David Schkade, Norbert Schwarz and Arthur Stone (2004). Toward national well-being accounts. American Economic Review 94(2) Papers and Proceedings, pp Layard, Richard (2006). Happiness and public policy: A challenge to the profession. Economic Journal 116, pp. C24-C33. Lyubomirsky, Sonja, Kennon M. Sheldon and David Schkade (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology 9(2), pp September 8, 2006
11 Global growth centres Substantiated, long-run growth forecasts are back in the limelight following the New Economy euphoria and the emerging market crises over the past 10 years. Deutsche Bank Research uses an innovative combination of modern growth theory, state-of-the-art quantitative techniques and systematic trend analysis to analyse the long-run growth perspectives of 34 economies. We identify growth stars, explain the reasons for their success and derive conclusions for companies, investors and policy-makers. Measures of well-being There is more to it than GDP... September 8, 2006 Live long and prosper! Health and longevity as growth drivers... March 20, 2006 Opening economies succeed More trade boosts growth... November 11, 2005 Dynamic sectors give global growth centres the edge... October 31, 2005 Human capital is key to growth Success stories and policies for August 1, 2005 Global growth centres 2020 Formel-G for 34 economies... March 23, 2005 All our publications can be accessed, free of charge, on our website You can also register there to receive our publications regularly by . Ordering address for the print version: Deutsche Bank Research Marketing Frankfurt am Main Fax: Copyright Deutsche Bank AG, DB Research, D Frankfurt am Main,. All rights reserved. When quoting please cite Deutsche Bank Research. The above information does not constitute the provision of investment advice. Any views expressed reflect the current views of the author, which do not necessarily correspond to the opinions of Deutsche Bank AG or its affiliates. Opinions expressed may change without notice. Opinions expressed may differ from views set out in other documents, including research, published by Deutsche Bank. The above information is provided for informational purposes only and without any obligation, whether contractual or otherwise. No warranty or representation is made as to the correctness, completeness and accuracy of the information given or the assessments made. In the United States this information is approved and/or distributed by Deutsche Bank Securities Inc., a member of the NYSE, the NASD, NFA and SIPC. In this information is approved and/or communicated by Deutsche Bank AG Frankfurt, authorised by Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht. In the United Kingdom this information is approved and/or communicated by Deutsche Bank AG London, a member of the London Stock Exchange regulated by the Financial Services Authority for the conduct of investment business in the. This information is distributed in Hong Kong by Deutsche Bank AG, Hong Kong Branch, in Korea by Deutsche Securities Korea Co. and in Singapore by Deutsche Bank AG, Singapore Branch. In Japan this information is approved and/or distributed by Deutsche Securities Limited, Tokyo Branch. In Australia, retail clients should obtain a copy of a Product Disclosure Statement (PDS) relating to any financial product referred to in this report and consider the PDS before making any decision about whether to acquire the product. Printed by: HST Offsetdruck Schadt & Tetzlaff GbR, Dieburg ISSN Print: X / ISSN Internet and
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Product TypePendant
CategoriesGIFT IDEAS, GIFTS UNDER $50, JEWELLERY, NECKLACES, PENDANTS, SALE, TODAY ONLY DEALS
MATERIALS9ct Yellow Gold, Black Enamel, Blue Enamel
Overall DimensionsWIDTH: 6mm, HEIGHT: 9mm, DEPTH/THICKNESS: 3.2mm
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In stock. Usually ships out from Adelaide SA warehouse within the same or the next business day. Estimated delivery dates in accordance with the shipping method selected during checkout.
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Property Name: Motel 6 Topeka Northwest
Property Address: 709 Fairlawn Road Topeka, KS, 66606
Property Description: Property Location
Located in Topeka, Motel 6 Topeka Northwest is convenient to Gage Park and Topeka Zoological Park. This motel is within close proximity of Kansas Museum of History and Washburn University.
Make yourself at home in one of the 102 air-conditioned guestrooms. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and cable programming is available for your entertainment. Conveniences include phones with free local calls, and housekeeping is provided daily.
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Business, Other Amenities
Featured amenities include a 24-hour front desk, laundry facilities, and coffee/tea in a common area. Free self parking is available onsite.
Location Description: Near Gage Park
Property Facts: Total Number of Rooms: 102Total Number of Floors: 1Year Built: 1979Year of Last Renovation: N/A


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Hotfrog INDIA provides information regarding Fita in Chennai Tamil Nadu. Fita is located at T Nagar, Chennai Tamil Nadu 600042 and provides Java Developer services. Contact them on 98417 46595 or by visiting them on their website http://www.fita.in.
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Benefits & Rewards Bromsgrove District Council and Redditch Borough Council offer various benefits and rewards that are designed to be attractive to all our job applicants. This means that the first aspirations are for the ordinary – the aspects of life others take for granted. You agree to check the goods on receipt and inform us of any obvious external cosmetic damage following inspection of the goods packaging.
Papers are of an analytical nature and attempt to address research questions relevant to the department's portfolio responsibilities. 13, 2011 Hey guys I am a always writing sttuff down and putting my thoughts on paper, i really like to explore my ideas and thoughts. ) However, Croatia is not yet part of the Schengen Zone, so your husband would not be able for this type of visa from a Croatian embassy.
and the Book Banning Party lowkell March 4, 2016 Thursday News: Willard to Weigh In as GOP Desperate to Stop Monster It Created. Each person in the industry will have their own take on what's right and wrong you need to just find what works for you. It may be that I seek your permission to include it on the IWVPA website, but I shall contact you at the appropriate time about that.


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L.T.D. Togetherness
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- Released: December 9, 1997
- Originally Released: 1997
- Label: A&M
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L.T.D. includes: Jeffrey Osborne (vocals).
Now two steps away from the soulful funk of 1976's Love to the World LP, L.T.D. were nevertheless still cast firmly in their mold, a foothold that would last until vocalist (and drummer) Jeffrey Osborne's departure in 1980 for his own lengthy, and successful, solo career. In the meantime, though, the group would take four albums into the charts, including 1978's Togetherness. While still a delicious blend of the fiery beats and earnest soul the band was expected to deliver, Togetherness showcased a sound that was beginning to favor the more commercially viable strains of R&B. Heard forcefully across the energetic "Holding On (When Love Is Gone)," with its understated horns and fat bassline, and the beautiful ballad "We Both Deserve Each Other's Love," this transition was still a treat in any form. Both tracks were textured vehicles for Osborne's to-die-for vocals -- and both peeled off the LP to give L.T.D. respective number one and number 19 hits. The rest of Togetherness wraps songs in the same vein around several snappy funk tracks, most notably "Jam," which is a classic old-school groove, and "Together Forever," which brings both horns and bass to the fore, while Osborne steps back and gruffs up his vocals. Such a blend would have seemed disparate in the hands of a lesser band, but L.T.D. were always able to create a marriage between sound and style with a sureness and warmth that never failed to please. And even though the funk was fading from this set, Togetherness still emerged a near-perfect album. ~ Amy Hanson
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Saif Ali Khan-Kareena Kapoor wedding: Look who turned up at the royal reception held in Delhi!
4 years ago
The high-profile post-wedding party that was hosted in Delhi by Begum Pataudi Sharmila Tagore saw the who's who of politics walking in, from Rahul Gandhi and Mrs Manmohan Singh to Shashi Tharoor and Arun Jaitley… Kareena Kapoor has always maintained that when she got married to her beau Saif Ali Khan, the whole world would […]
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Osian's-Cinefan Film Fest: Shilpa Shukla's 'BA Pass' wins Best Film
4 years ago
Shadab Kamal won Best Actor for the film. Read on for the complete winners' list The Ajay Behl-directed BA Pass was named best film in the Indian competition category of the 12th Osian's-Cinefan Film Festival, while actor Shadab Kamal, who played a gigolo in the film, won the best actor award as the 10-day event […]
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Osian's-Cinefan Film Festival opens tonight with 'Asura'
4 years ago
The festival this year is dedicated to Japanese pink films The 12th Osian's-Cinefan Film Festival opens on the night of July 27 in New Delhi with Japanese anime film Asura. The film is directed by Keiichi Sato and is out of competition.
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Prabhas to make his Bollywood debut with Dhoom 4? Here's your answer...
Bigg Boss 10 latest news
Bigg Boss 10 20th October 2016 Episode 5 preview: After Rohan Mehra, Om Swami spends some time in jail
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हिन्दी खबरें
करन जौहर की लक्कीचार्म काजोल इस बार अजय देवगन के साथ है ! जाने क्या होगा रामा रे
हॉरर फिल्म से टीवी की पार्वती 'सोनारिका भदौरिया' बॉलीवुड में करेंगी डेब्यू
'बहू हमारी रजनीकांत' टीम ने 'क्योंकि सास भी कभी बहू थी' को खास अंदाज में ट्रिब्यूट दिया!
'डियर ज़िंदगी' का दूसरा टीज़र हुआ रिलीज, आलिया की बेज्जती करते दिखे शाहरुख खान !!
अजय देवगन किया एलान "यह दिवाली होगी 'शिवाय' की दिवाली "


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There's no whining in golf. Unless, of course, you're a PGA Tour pro at this week's Memorial Tournament. This week, some (most?) pros are busy whining about the furrowed bunkers. They're "unfair." Players "weren't warned." They introduce "luck" to the game. And on and on…
Hot Topics
Memorial Journal, Day Two – Seeing and Being Seen
Tuesday at The Memorial is mainly about two things: the induction ceremony for the year's honorees and the clinic Jack Nicklaus and selected PGA Tour golfers put on for the benefit of a small crowd. This year, Bubba Watson pounded drives out of (Jack's) sight and José Maria Olazabal demonstrated his tremendous wedge game.
Of course, neither of those events are particularly newsworth, so I ventured onto the course to take a slew of pictures. A few gigabytes heavier, I returned with a helpful dose. I've hand selected a few for you here. Yes, this version will be light on the commentary and heavy on the imagery, so click through and wait just a bit for the images to load. I hope you find the wait worthwhile…
PGA Tour, Nicklaus Experiment with Furrowed Bunkers at Memorial
I've long argued for making bunkers on the PGA Tour penal. Too many good golfers, particularly on par fives, aim for bunkers and prefer a lie on the beach than any in greenside rough.
That may all change soon if the PGA Tour's experiment this week at Muirfield Village during The Memorial Tournament proves successful. The Tour is trying out a new rake that gently furrows bunkers this year, and the early feedback is that it's working.
The PGA Tour has, to this point, only talked about acting on their threat to do something about the bunkers, but in place of fine-toothed rakes, contestants (and their caddies) will find widely spaced and long-toothed rakes made of wood. The result: less consistent lies and tougher shots.
TPC of Sawgrass Renovation Pictures
Not long after Stephen Ames putted out on the 72nd hole to win the 2006 Players Championship, bulldozers rumbled onto the famed course and tore down fairways, greens, and even the clubhouse. It's all part of a massive renovation to bring the facility up to world-renowned status.
The fairways renovation includes removing the topsoil, adding extensive irrigation and fresh sand. Five fairways (1, 2, 4, 5, and 9) have already been completed. Every green on the course is having a subsurface mechanical drainage system instealled which will serve two purposes: to hydrate the greens during dry weather and to quite literally suck the water out in wet conditions. These changes should make the course more playable in worse conditions and put a halt to the extensive rain delays the Players Championship - which moves to May in 2007 - regularly sees in its current March calendar slot.
Weekend Struggles
This past weekend at the Byron Nelson Championship, Adam Scott had a share of the lead going into the final round. Needless to say, the young Aussie didn't hang on to that lead, enabling Brett Wetterich the opportunity to pick up his first career PGA Tour victory. Wetterich took advantage of the situation en route to victory, but I saw it as more "Adam Scott letdown" than "Wetterich surge."
The Byron Nelson Championship was just another situation where a top-tier golfer had a weekend letdown. It has happened all too often over the past couple months. The top golfers in the world are supposed to dominate on Saturday and Sunday. That's more often than not the way they earned that top ranking. That hasn't been the case this year.
Etonic: Regaining a Foothold In Golf
For decades, beginning in the 1950s, Etonic was the Avis of golf shoes to FootJoy's Hertz. Both were based in Massachusetts, both sprung from that area's strong heritage in shoe making, and both transitioned from street shoes to become golf shoe specialists. Together they dominated the market.
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Now, back to the golf…
The Mythical 'Ball Boost'
Fred Funk, one of the shorter hitters on the PGA Tour (which, at 49 years of age and 5'8", is not altogether shocking), is feeling left out these days. He believes that the modern golf ball gives players who swing 115 or 120 MPH a "boost." More specifically, as he said in a recent interview, "You just get this huge gain hitting the ball a certain speed."
Unfortunately, despite what Fred and others believe, the facts on this issue have recently been made quite clear. The USGA, on April 11, dispelled some commonly held beliefs in an article called "Myths About Golf Equipment and Performance." The first myth was "Golfers with faster swing speeds get disproportionately greater distance benefits from new golf balls that have been introduced after 2000."
Two Drivers for Everyone! Uhhh, No.
Phil Mickelson won a few events with two drivers in his bag. Since winning the Masters on Sunday, I've received no less than four or five emails from Edwin Watts, TGW, and other online golf retail stores urging me to buy a second driver.
Do these retail outlets think golfers are that stupid? Are golfers really that stupid?