text:
|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Número de solicitud
|Fecha de publicación
|1 Jul 2003
|Fecha de presentación
|29 Jun 2000
|Fecha de prioridad
|29 Jun 2000
|También publicado como
|Número de publicación
|Roger Hoeck, Charles L. Bush, Jr.
|Cesionario original
|Becton Dickinson And Company
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (71), Citada por (45), Clasificaciones (9), Eventos legales (4)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet
The present invention is generally related to hypodermic syringes and more particularly to syringes that include a needle that is retractable after the intended use to substantially prevent inadvertent exposure to the needle and reuse of the syringe.
Hypodermic syringes are widely used in the medical arts for administering medicaments and for drawing body fluid samples. Generally, hypodermic syringes have a metal needle attached either fixedly or removably that has a sharpened distal point for penetrating vial stoppers or patient's skin. The hypodermic syringes and needles have been used for many years with few problems reported when the vast numbers and needles being used are considered. More recently, with the recognition of viral diseases that are transmitted by body fluids and greater sensitivity of the need to protect health care workers from inadvertent contact with previously used needles (commonly referred to as "sharps") as well as the need to reduce criminal misuse of improperly disposed of needles and syringes, syringes and needles that include provisions to prevent reuse have been developed.
Provisions intended to prevent reuse of needles and syringes include a variety of sharps collector systems that are widely used in health care facilities. Other developments include needle attachments that may be readily broken off by practitioners once the syringe has completed its intended use. A variety of shielding mechanisms has been developed; some of which are currently commercially available. While many of these developments have reduced the incidence of inadvertent exposure of healthcare workers to sharps, most of these devices can readily be overcome by an individual determined to obtain and misuse a hypodermic syringe and needle. As a result of this problem, further developments in the art of hypodermic syringes have resulted in syringes with needles that withdraw into the body of the syringe once their intended use is completed.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,838,869 discloses a retractable hypodermic needle configured for one time use wherein the needle is spring loaded and automatically irretrievably retracted into the hypodermic syringe when the syringe plunger is fully depressed, whereby protrusions on the end of the plunger engage tabs holding the spring loaded needle to release the needle for retraction. A potential problem with the design disclosed in this patent is that many times a practitioner may draw and expel a fluid several times during preparation for administration of a medicament, with this design, the practitioner could inadvertently discharge the retraction mechanism. Further, the design would be very difficult to manufacture in large volumes.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,900,307 discloses a hypodermic needle with an enlarged hub that provides provisions for selectively withdrawing the needle into the hub once the syringe and needle have completed their intended usage. While this disclosed design does substantially eliminate the problem of premature discharge of the retraction mechanism, the enlarged hub has a considerable "dead volume" that would result in a significant undeliverable retention of the medicament. Additionally, although the needle is secured in the hub after discharge, the syringe itself is still fully functional after the hub with the needle inside is removed.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,994,034 discloses a hypodermic injection system with a retractable needle wherein the needle retracts within the interior cavity of a syringe plunger. The disclosed invention includes a cylindrical spring housing with resilient fingers which capture a coiled spring that biasly holds a needle holder against the retaining force of the resilient fingers. The plunger in this disclosure has a frangible end, which when engaging the resilient fingers under a pre-determined amount of force, dissociate which remaining inwardly-tapered shoulders spread the resilient fingers, allowing the coiled spring to eject the needle and its holder into the interior cavity of the syringe plunger. A syringe manufactured using this disclosure would be complex and difficult to assemble. It is believed that no successful commercial product has been produced using this disclosure.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,019,044 discloses a safety hypodermic syringe with a hypodermic needle fixed connected to a holder plate and constantly supported by a spring for making axial movement. The holder plate is normally retained by a clamp at a ready position for injection. When the plunger of the syringe is pushed to the bottom of the barrel, the needle is released from the clamp and is pushed by the spring to drop and further follow a rubber plug to be squeezed into a chamber in the plunger. Again, no successful commercial product has resulted from this disclosure, which would be complex to manufacture and appears to have a considerable undeliverable dead volume.
Another example of a syringe with a retractable needle is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,053,010. The disclosed syringe retracts the needle into a hollow plunger additional pressure on the plunger after the contents of the syringe are expelled. The disclosed design incorporates a sliding elastomeric seal which displaces from its forward position to a retracted position, thereby allowing additional forward travel of the plunger to actuate the retraction mechanism. A problem reported with this design is that, because of the soft nature of the seal, the seal may be prematurely displaced during its use in an injection. Attempts to overcome this difficulty by increasing the stiffness of the sealing member could impair the seal integrity.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,180,369 discloses a self destructive syringe assembly having a needle cannula fixed to a slidable piston. The slidable piston and slidable piston flange are held within the barrel of the syringe assembly by a compressed spring, a guide tube and a shatter ring. The plunger of the syringe assembly is a hollow elongated tube with a thumb flat at one end, a sliding gasket, a plunger shatter plate and a hook rim at the other end. The patent reports that when medicament is injected, the elongated hollow plunger is further thrust into the shatter ring, the shatter ring shatters, further allowing the slidable piston and slidable piston flange to thrust into the plunger shatter plate to shatter. The shattering of the plunger shatter plate causes the slidable piston and needle cannula to be thrust into the hollow plunger by the spring and is thus prevented from re-entering the guide tube. Again, no successful commercial product has resulted from this disclosure.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,180,370 discloses a syringe which has an internal mechanism for retracting the needle into the syringe after the injection has been given. In one disclosed embodiment, the needle is manually retracted by pulling back on the plunger, and in another, the needle is propelled by a compressed spring into a hollow chamber within the plunger. A syringe produced with this disclosure would be complex to manufacture, and no successful commercial product has resulted from this disclosure.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,188,599 discloses a hypodermic injection system with a needle that retracts within an interior cavity of the syringe plunger. The needle when retracted is held within the plunger. The disclosed device includes a cylindrical spring housing that has resilient fingers which capture a spring under bias holding a needle holder against the retaining force of resilient fingers. The plunger has a frangible end which dissociates when the outwardly tapered shoulders spread the resilient fingers, allowing the coiled spring to eject the needle and its holder into the interior cavity of the syringe plunger. The patent also discloses a body fluid sampling device that includes a double-ended needle for communication with an evacuated blood collection tube. This patent also includes a review of several earlier disclosures related to retractable needles. Attempts have been made to produce commercial products based on the disclosures of this patent, but as yet there is no successful commercial product.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,201,710 discloses a syringe fitted with a clamping device for the needle and with a mechanism to enable the needle to be automatically retractable into the syringe body at the end of an injection. The disclosed device includes inner and outer cylinders, openings at the ends of the outer cylinder, a third opening at an end of the inner cylinder and a closure for the third opening. The disclosed device further includes a needle with a head, a seal, a first spring to push the needle against the closure and a clamping device loaded by a second spring to maintain outward to the syringe and to release the needle. There is a diaphragm in the closure that bends before breaking and a sharp element to break the diaphragm. There also is a closure to prevent the needle from being accessible and a stop to prevent the second cylinder from being moved outwardly after the syringe is used. As is apparent from the description, the device disclosed by this patent is complex and would be difficult to assemble. No successful commercial product has resulted from the disclosure in this patent.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,385,551 discloses a non-reusable medical device that has a needle which is retractable by depression a plunger slidably mounted in the device. The disclosed device includes a front-mounted retraction mechanism that has a needle holder connected to the needle. The needle holder is supported along the axis of the device by a frictionally engaged retainer ring member coupled to the needle holder along an axially aligned sliding interface. The needle holder and retainer are positioned in the front portion of a hollow body. The front of a movable member or plunger presses against the retainer member passing around the needle holder which cannot move forward, thereby separating the retainer from the needle holder. The separation occurs by gradually reducing the extent of the sliding interface area until the retainer member pops loose from the needle holder whereupon the needle holder and needle are retracted into a cavity in the plunger in response to a retraction force applied to the needle holder by a previously compressed spring. Again, the device disclosed in this patent is complex, difficult to manufacture and appears to have significant undeliverable dead volume. Attempts have been made to commercialize products from this disclosure with only limited success.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,407,436 discloses a hypodermic syringe that has a hollow needle that is automatically retractable after use. The disclosed syringe includes a one-piece body molding has a main chamber for a plunger, sample container or drug cartridge, a forward chamber to house a spring to bias a needle holder, and internal latching formations to retain the needle holder with the spring compressed in the forward chamber until automatic retraction when the latching formations are released by end of plunger movement. The patent discloses that the sealing between the plunger and the body is accomplished by an over-sized plunger head that forces head and wall deformation. The disclosed spring has seals at both ends for the forward chamber. The patent teaches that the needle, its holder, spring and seals can be installed using a sliding guide. In using a syringe produced using this disclosure, the practitioner would need to exercise care when drawing and expelling a fluid during filling, because the retraction of the needle is activated by depressing the plunger sufficiently to engage cooperating latches. The engagement occurs at the bottom of the stroke to expel fluid from the syringe.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,769,822 discloses a non-reusable syringe with a hollow plunger that has a seal member thereon. The position of the plunger and the seal relative to the barrel permits the plunger, with sufficient strength, to carry applied pressure through the device during injection of a fluid and yet permit the seal disposed at one end of the plunger to have maximum sealing integrity between the plunger and a cylindrical barrel disposed around the exterior of the plunger to abate leakage of the liquid in a chamber within the barrel, as the plunger is manipulated from an expanded position to and expended position and thereafter to a third or collapsed position.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,010,486 discloses a retracting needle syringe that substantially prevents reuse of the syringe by destroying the plunger rod and the needle hub and additionally, retracts the needle into the plunger rod. The disclosed syringe includes provisions that upon fully depressing the plunger rod and applying distally directed axial force, a frangible portion of the inner hub is broken and the plunger tip dislodges to allow a spring to urge a cutter to open the chamber inside the plunger.
Most of the devices discussed in the above referenced disclosures are somewhat complex, and many require manufacture and assembly of parts with potentially difficult assembly or tight tolerance requirements. Many of the designs depend upon a careful application of forces by the practitioner to draw and expel fluids from the syringe. Also, if the tolerances between the multiple components of the device are not carefully adhered to during manufacture and assembly, normal usage may result in premature activation of the retraction function of the syringe. Current conventional syringes are considered by users to be virtually fault-free and reliable. They are used for a variety of different procedures involving both "one-shot" fill and inject procedures, as well as more complex mixing measuring and delivery functions. In order for a retractable syringe to displace these functional, utilitarian and reliable conventional syringes, the retractable syringe should not significantly interfere with the users current practices, it needs to be substantially reliable and their cost should not be prohibitive. Current conventional syringes are often manufactured at rates of several hundred per minute and their cost is generally not a significant factor in their usage. Additionally every year, hundreds of millions of small capacity (one milliliter) syringes are used outside of the normal controlled health care environment by diabetics and other self-injectors who must daily accurately inject small amounts, often only a few tenths of a milliliter. These small capacity syringes are physically quite small, with an overall length of less than five inches and an inside bore diameter of less than one-quarter inch. Reviewing the disclosures above, one skilled in the art of high volume manufacturing recognizes that assembling hundreds of millions of most of these relatively complex devices with their retraction elements contained in such a small space as a one-quarter inch diameter bore is a daunting task. Additionally, many of the disclosed devices have substantial undeliverable "dead volumes" that substantially confound many diabetics' need for accurate measuring, mixing of more than one type of insulin in the syringe and delivering small doses of insulin. The need thus exists for a selectively retractable syringe that is compatible with a small capacity syringe, that is capable of being manufactured at high volumes and is sufficiently non-complex to be reliable in use when produced at volumes of hundreds of millions per year. Such a device is disclosed herein below.
A hypodermic syringe with a selectively retractable needle of the present invention includes an elongate barrel with an open proximal end, an open distal end defining a receiver and a hollow bore therethrough extending from the proximal end to the distal end. The syringe of the invention has an elongate plunger with a distal end that has an elongate first portion extending proximally therefrom and a proximal end with a second portion extending distally therefrom. The second portion has an elongate cavity therewithin with an inside diameter open to the proximal end. The plunger is disposed and sized to fit within the bore of the barrel for a slidable movement to define a chamber for receiving and expelling fluids. The inside diameter of the elongate cavity in the plunger is sufficient to accept telescopically at least a part of the first portion of the plunger. The second portion and the first portion are joined at an attachment to form a shoulder extending outwardly from the first portion, with the plunger being telescopically collapsible by movement of the second portion into the elongate cavity by an application of sufficient distal force, greater than a force required to expelled fluid from the chamber, to frangibly disrupt the attachment. The syringe of the invention further includes an elongate sleeve that is sized to fit over the first portion of the plunger and extend from the shoulder to a distance from the distal end of the plunger. The distal end of the plunger includes a stopper sized to form a slidably substantially fluid tight seal with the bore of the barrel to form the chamber. The sleeve has a cutting surface at a distal end that is disposed inside of the resilient stopper to the distance from the proximal end of the plunger. The syringe of the invention further includes an elongate hub with a proximal flange disposed within and sized for slidable movement within the receiver at the distal end of the barrel. The proximal flange defines a distal end of the chamber in the barrel. There is a passageway through the hub. The syringe has an elongate needle with a fluid path therethrough. The needle has a pointed distal end and a proximal end that is mounted in the passageway of the hub so that when the hub is disposed within the receiver at the distal end of the barrel, the pointed end of the needle extends distally outwardly and the fluid path of the needle is in fluid communication with the chamber of the barrel. There is an elongate spring disposed about the hub compressed between the receiver and the flange to provide a bias. Thus, when sufficient distal force is applied to the second portion to thereby telescopically collapse the plunger at least the distance from the cutting surface to the proximal end of the plunger, the cutting surface of the sleeve cuts through the stopper and through the flange of the hub. When the flange is cut, the hub is released from the receiver and the bias of the spring urges a sufficient movement of the hub into the chamber of the barrel to retract the needle to a position within the syringe where inadvertent contact with the pointed distal end is substantially prevented.
The syringe of the invention has an undeliverable "dead-space" volume substantially similar to conventional syringes, i.e., substantially no undeliverable volume. The syringe of the invention is as suitable for use in drawing, measuring, mixing and delivering small volumes of medicaments as conventional syringes. Unlike many of the devices disclosed above, the syringe of the invention is substantially unlikely to be inadvertently retracted by a user following currently used practices and procedures. The syringe of the invention does not depend on a user having to exercise substantially more care than with a conventional syringe when drawing and mixing fluids in the syringe to avoid inadvertent activation, and importantly, the syringe of the invention is compatible with the efficiency of high volume automated manufacture that utilizes much existing manufacturing equipment. Once needle is retracted in the syringe of the invention, the syringe cannot be restored to functionality, as the hub flange is cut through and the stopper is cut through rendering the syringe substantially unusable and protecting the needle point from inadvertent contact by anyone.
FIG. 1 is a partially exploded perspective view of the syringe of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the syringe of FIG. 1 sealed in a package;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the syringe of FIG. 2 taken along the line 3—3;
FIG. 3a is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a portion of the syringe of FIG. 3, with the plunger at the distal position in the chamber;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view, analogous to FIG. 3a, with the plunger withdrawn a distance proximally;
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view, analogous to FIG. 3a, with the plunger depressed sufficiently distally to initiate a retraction process;
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view, analogous to FIG. 3a, with the plunger depressed sufficiently to continue the retraction process illustrated in FIG. 6;
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view, analogous to FIG. 3a, with the retraction process partially completed;
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view, analogous to FIG. 3a, with the retraction process substantially complete;
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view, analogous to FIG. 3, with the retraction process substantially complete;
FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of the spring and hub during assembly into the barrel of the syringe; and
FIG. 11 is an exploded perspective view of the plunger of the syringe of FIG. 1.
While this invention is satisfied by embodiments in many different forms, there are shown in the drawings and herein described in detail, embodiments of the invention with the understanding that the present disclosure to be considered as exemplary of the principles of the present invention and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention to the embodiments illustrated. The scope of the invention is measured by the appended claims and the equivalents. In this disclosure, a convention is followed wherein the distal end of the device is the end closest to a patient and the proximal end of the device is the end away from the patient and closest to a practitioner.
Referring to FIGS. 1-11, a hypodermic syringe 10 of the invention includes an elongate barrel 12 with an open proximal end 14 and an open distal end 16 defining a receiver 18. Syringe 10 has a hollow bore 20 therethrough extending from proximal end 14 to distal end 16. Syringe 10 has an elongate plunger 22 with a distal end 24 that has an elongate first portion 26 extending proximally therefrom and a proximal end 30 with a second portion 32 extending distally therefrom. Second portion 32 has an elongate cavity 34 therewithin with an inside diameter "d" open to proximal end 30. Plunger 22 is sized to fit within bore 20 of the barrel for a slidable movement to define a chamber 36 for receiving and expelling fluids when disposed in bore 20. Inside diameter "d", best seen in FIG. 3, of elongate cavity 34 in second portion 32 of plunger 22 is sufficient to accept telescopically at least a part of first portion 26 of the plunger. Second portion 32 and first portion 26 are joined at an attachment 38 to form a shoulder 40 extending outwardly from first portion 26, with plunger 22 being telescopically collapsible by movement of first portion 26 into the elongate cavity by an application of sufficient distal force, greater than a force required to expel fluid from chamber 36, to frangibly disrupt attachment 38. Syringe 10 of the invention further includes an elongate sleeve 42 that is sized to fit over first portion 26 of the plunger and extend from shoulder 40 to a distance from distal end 24 of plunger 22. Distal end 24 of the plunger includes a stopper 44 sized to form a slidable substantially fluid tight seal with bore 20 of the barrel to form chamber 36. Sleeve 42 has a cutting surface 46 at a distal end 48 that is disposed inside of stopper 44 to the distance from the distal end of the plunger. Syringe 10 of the invention further includes an elongate hub 50 with a proximal flange 52 disposed within and sized for slidable movement within receiver 18 at distal end 16 of the barrel. Proximal flange 52 defines a distal end of chamber 36 in barrel 12. There is a passageway 54 through hub 50. Syringe 10 has an elongate needle 56 with a fluid path 58 therethrough. Needle 56 has a pointed distal end 60 and a proximal end 62 that is mounted in passageway 54 of hub 50 so that when hub 50 is disposed within receiver 18 at the distal end of barrel 12, pointed end 60 of the needle extends distally outwardly and fluid path 58 of needle 56 is in fluid communication with chamber 36 of barrel 12. There is an elongate spring 64 disposed about hub 50, compressed between a inward step 19 on receiver 18 and flange 52 to provide a bias. Thus, when sufficient distal force is applied to plunger 22 to frangibly disrupt attachment 38 between first portion 26 and second portion to thereby telescopically collapse first portion into cavity 34 of second portion thereby telescopically collapse the plunger at least the distance from cutting surface 46 to the proximal end of the plunger. The applied force causes cutting surface 46 of the sleeve 42 to cut through plunger 44 and through flange 52 of the hub. When flange 52 is cut, hub 50 is released from receiver 18 and the bias of spring 64 urges a sufficient movement of hub 50 to retract needle 56 to a position within syringe 10 where inadvertent contact with pointed distal end 60 is substantially prevented. Additionally, by cutting through plunger 44, flange 52 and withdrawal of needle 56, syringe 10 is rendered substantially permanently non-functional.
Referring to FIGS. 3-9, the sequence of the use and retraction of the needle is illustrated. FIG. 3, a cross-sectional view of the syringe of the invention is shown. In a preferred embodiment, this syringe is similar in appearance, physical size, capacity and function to a conventional one-milliliter syringe. In one embodiment, this preferred one-milliliter syringe is calibrated in units of insulin, 100 units being one milliliter. These one-milliliter syringes are physically quite small, with an overall length of less than five inches and an inside bore diameter of less than one-quarter inch. Millions of these syringes are used daily, mostly in non-clinical settings by individual users. Syringe 10 of the invention may be used by these individual users in similar fashion to the widely used current conventional syringes to draw, mix and inject insulin. For other applications, the syringe of the invention may be produced in many other sizes, calibrations and capacities that are considered as within the scope of the present invention.
FIGS. 3a and 4 are enlargements of the distal end of the barrel showing the details of the needle retraction mechanism with plunger stopper 44 being at and withdrawn from the distal end of chamber 36 to draw and to expel fluid from the chamber. FIG. 5 shows the effect of application of a distal force to plunger 22 beyond that force necessary to expel fluid from chamber 36. When attachment 38 is disrupted, best seen in FIGS. 3 and 9, first portion 26 telescopically collapses into cavity 34 of second portion 32. When this collapse occurs, cutting surface 46 at distal end 48 of sleeve 48 cuts through stopper 44. Flange 52 preferably includes a recess 66 to allow stopper 44 to be stretched by cutting surface 46 as the stopper is cut. Additionally, as seen in FIG. 7, recess 66 provides an area of reduced thickness in flange 50 so that as the distal force is continued, flange 50 is cut through, cutting surface 46 enters a depression 68 in receiver 18 and flange 50 is released so that spring 64 can urge movement of the hub proximally to withdraw needle 56 to the position, best seen in FIGS. 8 and 9 where pointed distal end 60 is substantially protected from inadvertent exposure. Referring to FIG. 9, one can see that when plunger 22 is fully depressed, distal end 48 of sleeve 42 is distal in barrel 12 and first portion 26 is contained substantially within cavity 34 of second portion 26.
Preferably, sleeve 42 is formed from a metallic material such as stainless steel or the like, and formed into the desired shape by a deep drawing process. Following the forming, the sleeve is subjected to an electrochemical finishing process that sharpens cutting surface 46 as well as cleaning and polishing the inside and the outside of the sleeve. Other methods of forming including, but not limited to, stamping, machining, powdered metal sintering and the like, are used for forming parts similar to sleeve 42 and operations such as grinding, thermally treating, honing and stropping are also useful for forming cutting surface 46 and are considered within the scope of the invention. Referring to FIG. 11, preferably, a diameter "x" of distal end 48 of sleeve 42 is smaller than a diameter "y" at a proximal end 70 where sleeve 42 is mounted on shoulder 40 of plunger 22. Plunger 22 preferably includes a plug 74 at proximal end 30 to close cavity 34 at the proximal end of the plunger. Attachment 38 of first portion 26 to second portion 32 is preferably formed as a section with a reduced thickness as compared to a wall thickness of cavity 34 of second portion 32. Preferably, plunger 22 is formed by an injection molding process, a process that allows control of the wall thickness. Plunger 22 preferably is formed from a thermoplastic material such as polypropylene, filled polypropylene, polystyrene, filled polystyrene polyethylene and the like.
As seen in FIGS. 1 and 2, syringe 10 of the invention preferably has a finger press 72 at proximal end 16 of barrel 12 that includes a collar 76 to receive a removable cap 78 to enclose the proximal end of the plunger. Preferably, receiver 18 is shaped to receive a removable shield 80 to protect needle 56 from damage prior to use. Preferably, cap 78 and shield 80 are designed so that when the cap and shield are positioned on syringe 10, passage of microorganisms is substantially prevented. Preferably, once the cap and shield are in place, syringe 10 is exposed to conditions that render any microorganisms in the fluid path of the syringe substantially non-viable. The placement of the cap and shield provide a closed package for the fluid path of syringe 10 and provide a "self-contained" sterile package. Preferably, cap 78 and shield 80 are frangibly attached to syringe 10, so that once the cap and shield are position, they cannot be removed without disruption of the frangible attachment thus providing the user with an indication of tamper-evidence that the syringe has not previously been used. Alternatively, syringe 10 may be placed in a package 82, best seen in FIG. 2, that is formed from materials substantially resistant to the passage of microorganisms. In either case, suitable conditions for rendering microorganisms substantially non-viable include, but are not limited to, exposure to ionizing radiation, chemical sterilants and the like. Suitable ionizing radiation is provided by electron beam, gamma radiation and ultra-violet sources. Suitable chemical sterilants include ethylene oxide, vapor phase hydrogen peroxide and the like. When selecting materials for forming syringe 10, consideration must be given to the method of sterilization to ensure that the materials are compatible with the method selected. Once exposed to the conditions that render microorganisms non-viable, syringe 10 is considered to be "sterile" until cap 78 and shield 80 are removed or package 82 is opened.
A method for assembling retractable needle syringe 10 is illustrated in FIG. 10, an assembly including hub 50 and spring 64 is put together by placing spring 64 over hub 50 to engage flange 52. This assembly is then introduced, see FIG. 10, into open proximal end 14 of barrel 12 and moved distally through bore 20 to a position where a void 84 on flange 52 engages an at least one inward projection 86 on the inside surface of bore 20. When flange 52 is positioned so that void 84 engages inward projection 86, hub 50 is retained in barrel 12, spring 64 is in a compressed state between flange 52 and inward step 19. A distal end 51 of hub 50 is then available to receive needle 56 using conventional cannulation apparatus. Preferably, as shown in the Figs., distal end 51 of the hub projects beyond step 19 of the receiver. Alternatively, for particular applications, it may be preferred that distal end 51 be substantially flush with step 19 of receiver 18 and as such is considered within the scope of the present invention. The needle cannulation process preferably includes application of a preselected amount of an adhesive adjacent to proximal end 62 of the needle and positioning the needle in passageway 54 of hub 50 so that sharpened end 60 projects distally outwardly and fluid path 58 of the needle is in fluid communication with chamber 36 of the barrel. The adhesive serves to bond needle 56 into hub 50. Once needle 56 is positioned and bonded into hub 50, a lubricant may be applied to the needle using the same equipment used for conventional non-retractable fixed needle syringes.
The retractable needle syringe of the invention is simple to manufacture and assemble, is compatible with much current manufacturing equipment and is usable in substantially the same ways as conventional syringes. The syringe of the invention, unlike previously disclosed retractable needle syringes, is compatible with high speed maufacturing requirements of small size syringes and is unlikely to be inadvertently activated by normal usage.
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text:
- {{matchup.date.fullday}}{{matchup.date.month + ' ' + matchup.date.day}}
Harvard Downs Holy Cross 82-72 - Match Report
Jonah Travis scored 20 points and added 10 rebounds for a double-double, leading Harvard over Holy Cross, 82-72, on Sunday at TD Garden.
Harvard got 18 points from Wesley Saunders and another 14 points from Brandyn Curry. Siyani Chambers contributed 6 assists, while Jonah Travis cleaned the glass with 10 rebounds.
Holy Cross got 25 points from Dave Dudzinski in a losing cause and another 9 points from Cullen Hamilton. Justin Burrell contributed 4 assists for them, while Malcolm Miller had 7 rebounds.
Harvard led at halftime, 45-39.
Harvard won the battle of the boards, outrebounding their counterparts 44-27.

subset: commoncrawl


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As the year comes to a close, Burma's Tatamadaw, or armed forces, is moving in for the kill. Its Christmas offensive in Kachin State is reaching a fever pitch, as jet fighters and helicopter gunships blast away at Lajayang, a strategically important outpost just 11 km from the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) stronghold of Laiza.
A year and a half into the conflict in Burma's northernmost state, the country's military shows no signs of relenting in its efforts to crush the KIA, the last major ethnic armed group to engage in combat with government forces. Rather than letting peace negotiators bring the fighting to an end as they have elsewhere, the Tatmadaw appears determined to settle matters its own way, through brute force.
So far, no casualties have been reported in Friday's blitzkrieg, although the numbers of dead and wounded will surely be high when they come in. No doubt this will satisfy some in the Tatmadaw, who will see it as fit retaliation for the heavy casualties reportedly suffered by Burmese soldiers in ground clashes. But no amount of killing will ever even the score in this senseless war, which has left around 100,000 civilians homeless and forced countless others to live in fear for their lives or those of their loved ones.
No one who really knows Burma is under any illusion that the recent detente between the military-dominated government and the democratic opposition has ushered in a new era of lasting peace. Despite the progress the country has made over the past year, many potential flashpoints remain, as the tragic events in Arakan State since this June have demonstrated. The Burmese military is wrong to believe that the tenuous peace in other parts of Burma has given it a free hand to handle the Kachin conflict as it pleases. All it is doing is fanning the flames of ethnic resentment, and making real peace harder to achieve in the long run.
On Wednesday, President Thein Sein chastised Burma's government for its continuing corruption. It's all well and good to tell civilian administrators that they shouldn't take bribes or pilfer public funds, but until the president can bring the Tatmadaw to heel, his words will ring hollow.
Burma faces many challenges in the years ahead, but it must not forget that the root of all its problems has been its failure to address the needs and aspirations of its ethnic peoples. Burma has had more than half a century of forced "unity," and will remain at war with itself for decades to come unless the Tatmadaw is called back to the barracks and the government begins taking its own job much more seriously.
To cure a sickness, we have to know what cause the sickness first. Kachin war is very complicated issue and it is a very dark and evil in nature. For the fueling of that war 2 foreign countries and Burmese military is benifitted for it and innocent Kachin civillians are paying the price with their life and lifelyhood that they know. I am not bluntly accusing of 2 foreign countries and Burmese Military. First, let me name 2 countries which are benifitted from this war and want to see the will of Kachin people to be equal with other people around the world to wipe clean off from the surface of this earth is (1) India and (2) China. Every one with little knowledge in Burma politic knows that if Kachin people have to kneel for Burmese Military, Chinese southern province will be hughly benifit from it and some of Burmese military cronies will become wealthy people from Chinese bribe by selling their own country and people for their wealth. However, interesting enough, why is India in the same rotten, smelly. disgusting fish?
India is a democratic country and should be sided with Burmese Democratic opposition group. However, in political sciences, nations are bow to do their nation interests before idealogy similarity. So, what are India interests in Kachin state? (1) India believe that some of the separatist groups of India are based in Burma soil, which include Kachin state. (2) India want to expand it's influence to southern neighbour which include economy and geo politic. (3) India want to recontrol India ocen and Bay of Bangol without any other nation challenges, (Now China has agreement with Burma for it's Ship to dock and stay in southern tip of Burma. Global players are not only USA, China, Russia and European countries. Sometime your closest neighbour also is the majour player to shape your country.
It did not surprise me that swiss made rockets were capture by KIA which was supply by Indian government to Burmese Military. India is in Burmese dirty little civil war. Now that world start to know which countries are full support of of Kachin war behind Burmese Military, Burmese Military will try to finish and kill of KIA as soon as possible. Is Obama hands clean from innocent Kachin people blood? I believe Irrawaddy readers are smart enough to answer that question. Be strong Kachin people. It may be darkest hour for your people, it also is the best time for yourself to stand up for tyranny and opression from within the country and from outside. Don't give up. Death is a better choice than being slaves.
I agree that Burma needs to address the needs and aspirations of its ethnic peoples through peaceful win-win negotiation approach. We need to remember that there are two parties in this conflict and KIA also has to take its own responsibility for not being able to stop this renewed armed conflict. It is the KIA who refuses to discuss ceasefire first. In any conflict situation, cessation of hostilities is the very first step. It is worth taking note that 10 out of 11 armed groups have already achieved this first step (ceasefire). In my view, KIA wants to earn political capital through refusal of ceasefire first approach and this (wrong) approach is backfiring them. To be fair, no army will sit and watch when KIA attacks police outposts, blew up railways, bridges etc. At the end of the day, it is the country and its people who will lose.
Oh come on, bring me better arguments than silly KIA is blowing up bridges, railways, attacking police posts ones! You must ask yourself first why these things are happening in the first place. KIA refuses to sign the ceasefire agreement because they've learned the true nature of evil Burma army in very hard ways. They've sacrificed too much for toeing the generals' lines.
What is the Burma army doing while talking about these fake ceasefire agreements? Why are they sending all of their troops to the Kachin State to wipe out the KIA if they genuinely want peace there? Why are they using all these war planes and fighter jets to exterminate the KIA? Are all these atrocious acts to bring peace in Kachin State? I think that you will not do anything different from what KIA is doing if you were in their position.
Preaching peace while brainwashed, inhuman, reckless soldiers are raping every single one of your family is definitely not the best possible way to achieve that peace.
Dear Active Myanmar
Please, do not use the name of Myanmar. Myanmar means bama only from my feeling because its name is came from bama military thugs. You must be aware that Burma is not only belonged to bama (myanmar) only as it is union of Burma after independence in Law. Burma means all ethnics apart from bama. You must also keep in mind that 40% of total population of Burma is ethnics. Because of bamanization by all bama governments, ethnic populations, cultures, languages, educations, wealth and lands are significantly affected. It needs compensation forever for bama government's wrong doing in term of without honoring Panglong agreement. You must also know that Kachin is the first ethnics in Burma to rebel and conquer the Japanese invasion in Burma before General Aung San betrayed his Japanese (friends) occupation. General Aung San, in his speech promised that "if bama has one kyat, each ethnic has one kyat equally for Burma independence from his request to all ethnics unity to help him, not under him". It means ethnic has equal right with bama. All ethnics are not under General Aung San as well as not under bama , particularly not under bama military thugs. From my understanding , in law, the president of Burma must be all ethnics in rotation , not bama president forever. After DASSK, it should be ethnic president in Burma. It is rule of law. One said that DASSK has Karen blood from her mother side but Bama army killed famous Karen chief as well as Karen ethnic cleansing during Japanese invasion with the help of General Aung San ( see UK news blamed on General Aung San). You must also know that 20% of famous Rangoon university are Karen when General Aung San was studying in this university. It means Karen are highly educated in term of their low population, compared to bama. The reason of Karen separation was due to the unreasonable dismiss of the the highest Burmese military chief, Karen general by U Nu with the aim of raising of notorious Ne win.The start of Karen eruption was due to the assassination of Karen famous politician, UK law graduate by U Nu and Ne win. You must know that ethnic is not first to start to kill bama in the roots or reasons of all civil wars in Burma.
Do not look down Kachin as well as all ethnics (brave personality, intelligent, lovely culture and education). If you still do not understand the Burma history, you should be sent to India for study now. During British occupation, Burma was under India rule so India has a lot of documents regarding to Burma. Than shwe destroyed General Aung San photo and Burmese history because than shwe thinks General Aung San is too naive to initiate and sign the Panglong agreement. Than shwe also thinks woman is no value in Burma so he orders raping is reward for poor bama soldier so he do look down DASSK as a Non-capable Lady Dynasty (NLD). Than shwe is now creating second Panglong agreement with the help of NLD for replacing bama national hero, General Aung San with his name, Bama national hero and king than shwe in future. Now, India is fully aware that raping is the worst inhuman behavior in Indian culture. You are not good in Bama culture because your teacher is than shwe and thein sein. I feels nauseated when you use your name as Myanmar which means rapist as well as casual killer. Please, do not appear as Myanmar in the news column of "democratic voice of Burma" as well.
Active Myanmar,
I don't think I can agree with your statement. It is as easy as it can be to get cease fire. KIA already had cease fire agreement even earlier than any other arm ethnic groups. However you fail to mention that point. Why is that Burmese military government fail to bridge lasting peace with KIA when they had cease fire agreement? Where is political dialogue with any of the ethnic groups? Does military government or Thein Sein government promote equality and Federalism of Ethnic people or do they even treat the ethnic people with dignity and respect in ethnic people own homeland? All Burmese military ever do is force all ethnic groups to obey their demands and rule with cruelity. Country property can be built only after just law exist in our society, otherwise those country properties will be tools to torture and wipe out the ambition and free will to survive as ethnic people. Ethnic people always want to be free as much as Burman want to be free from British colony. However, it doesn't mean that ethnic people are promoting separatism. Non of the ethnic people in Burma which include Burman will survive if we break up. However, it doesn't mean that ethnic people should not decide how they want to live in their land.
On the other hand, it sounds like you want to talk about "Rule of Law". Any action which erode the rule of law is not moral!!!!! Is it really immoral which erode rule of law, whether it is civil disobedience or arm struggle? Is it moral when Burmese soldiers shelling innocent civillians homes? It is moral killing because Burmese Military is legal government and it's action is perfectly allow???? If the government actions are not met with resonable logic questions, we are heading back to another dictatorship age. Waging war has to be the very last choice. War destroy lives and wealth. War has to stop. Burmese military is much stronger than KIA does, so Burmese military must stop attacking first and withdraw it's soldiers and create political climate to negotiate a contract for all the people inside Burma to live peacefully. Peace should be ahead of war.
Dear Tom Tun
I agree with your opinion dated on 29-12-2012. The first one you wrote is not as important as i think because there is no free lunch in the world. China, Russia, India, US, UK and EU are in the same boat for the sake of their own country respectively. The root or reason of killing Kachin is as follows.
Than shwe and thein sein are planing to bamanization. DASSK will help them to get forgiveness from some naive bama and monks. After raping, killing or making weakness of all Burmese ethnics, the bama military thugs will introduce the second Panglong agreement and force all ethnics to sign this unfair agreement. In the new second Panglong agreement, there is no autonomy and no federalism. The payment responsibility and duty to Chinese or Indian investment loan for Burma are from our children, particularly all ethnics, not from corrupted bama military thugs and their crony. Therefore, than shwe finds the good reason ( demanding border guard force under his total control ) to break the 17 year ceasefire agreement. Then, kill all ethnics , particularly brave Kachin as possible as they can before forcing second Panglong agreement. After second Panglong agreement, the role of General Aung San (GAS) will be gradually disappeared and than shwe will be bama national hero in future. Thein sein and than shwe might get green light from Obama (USA) as well with the reason of introducing second Panglong agreement. Let see time is the matter to prove DASSK wants to be bamanization or not very soon. Now, DASSK has no reason to keep silent in all ethnic issue. DASSK could not or should not say the ethnic issues is complicated one , like Rohingya issue so it need to apply rule of law on which DASSK stresses repeatedly. DASSK must give her opinion , based on the rule of Law . If so, DASSK has to press than shwe , thein sein to honor Panglong agreement by abiding the law in order to fulfill late General Aung San' Kyat slogan speech. In this speech, GAS said "if bama has one kyat (dollar), each ethnic has one kyat equally."
It might be possible that Kachin will destroy the Shwe gas pipe line to affect the China if there is no place to go for them from the result of full scale invasion and assault of bama army with air and tank power. By doing so earlier , China will be involved in the fact finding mission ( reason for broken ceasefire agreement and reaching concrete solution), initiated by USA.
Or negotiate with China to sell their Kachin land for self-defense. Offering the better term to China might be the best feasible option for Kachin to solve out this problem in order to avoid ethnic cleansing from than shwe and thein sein. Do not wait for the arrival of fact finding mission from USA because than shwe can delay the grant of visa to Obama with the reason of heavy fighting in Kachin area (Obama's men are not brave enough to go to the fighting area). Syria is using air power and tanks to suppress his own people with the backing of China and Russia veto in UN. Than shwe and thein sein is copying from Syria. Ms. Clinton will resign from her post so there is no lip service from USA anymore for the use of massive (air and tanks) military power on own people. China is busy with Dai yu island dispute with Japan, USA with gun law, India with rape victim, UK and French with poor EU economy and Russia with Putin's power stability. The news of Syria and Egypt are more important than Kachin's dying, death and raping Kachin. Indian lady is more valuable and precious than Kachin ( see no TV news for raping Kachin ladies).
DASSK is busy with copper mining issue and injured Buddhist monks affair. Thein sein is busy with drafting new immigration law for Rohingya and oversea Burmese returnee how to control them. Also busy with building bama economy to diffuse anti-Chinese atmosphere with the hope of more Chinese investment for their crony. Rohingya are already confined in the poor camps for control and execution on them for the sake of naive Rakhine nationalist, particularly idiot Dr—-. Some Buddhist monks are happy with the suppression of Muslim religion. Military chief , Min aung laing is incapable (crying face) so as to be a royal dog of than shwe. Rival , Min ko naing is neglected by DASSK who is surrounded by former bama military men. Khin Nyunt wants to help DASSK. There is no unity in Burma except USDP (Unethical Sitha Disorder Party), than shwe and thein sein political party. The future coalition is NLD (Non-capable Lady Dynasty) and USDP which will rule Burma with the way of bamanization. In future , there is the Lady Dynasty in Asia due to the current Australia ,Thailand , Korean Lady prime ministers . Lady Dynasty is potential in Taiwan, HK , Japan and finally China. DASSK herself has strong confident to be next prime minister without military power due to reason of unrest Burmese ethnics. Former Muslim lady prime minister (Benazia Bhutto) was assassinated so it seems to me that female leader is not long survival in Muslim countries. Sonia Gandi is seemed to be ill ( new of surgical operation in Cancer hospital) however she still has a chance to be Indian prime minister in future. Do not look down lady whether good or bad or ugly.
Some mislead the world that thein sein will honor Panglong agreement to all ethnics once ethnics agree ceasefire in the first stage. In fact, bama negotiator says political dialogue with all ethnics is for second stage discussion. It does not mention to honor Panglong agreement at once. What is the second stage of political dialogue in which there is any establishment of border guard, totally controlled by bama military thugs? DASSK mentions second Panglong agreement. I would like to know what is the content of second Panglong agreement instead of first Panglong agreement. It might be possible that the initiator , General Aung San is dead and first Panglong agreement is out of date and overdue in rule of Law. It is not valid now. Please, note that important of rule of Law is stressed by DASSK repeatedly, not me in this regards. All the ethnics have already disbelieved the bama military thugs anymore for the promise of second stage of political dialogue. Long live all Burmese ethnics , particularly brave Kachin. Down fall "bamanization" with tricky second Panglong agreement.
@ Ative Myanmar don't you forget you yourself was raped by this military government. Put yourself in Kachin's shoes that you were raped, this people have bad memory caused by military. If you are bumese, you need ensure other ethnic groups are secured, if not you yourself can never be secured!
The reason KIA attack outpost is, there were so much rape and killing crimes committed by BURMESE ARMY onto KACHIN civilians. Look at Rakhine, they killed 10 muslims becuase of 1 BUREMSE GIRL was raped. In KACHIN, there were more than 100 cases of rape commited by BURMESE ARMY.
So why doesn't the UNFC and NDF members show solidarity with the KIO/KIA by giving the government two weeks to stop fighting or all ceasefire agreements are null and void with fighting to resume to support the KIA? Why does not ASSK state she will resign from parliament if the government does stopping fighting in two weeks? Why..because they all have their own selfish interests, but blame the British and the government for separating them. How sad, as the government will come after them next. Apparently, there is not enough suffering yet!!
Correction: Should read- Why does not ASSK state she will resign from parliament if the government doesn't stopping fighting in two weeks? .
Dear Bo Phyu
I guess that both China and India must influence in UNFC as well as NDF. respectively. I am sure Wa army is under the influence of China. Communist China is idiot and unwise in foreign policy , particularly for Burma, in term of chance of huge investment but fortunately Ms Clinton, i admire is ill for China benefit. I am very sorry for her illness and suffering. Ms Clinton is the greatest woman in the world because she helps Burma to keep on democracy with her advice of Obama visit to Rangoon. Beautiful Ms Clinton should be noble price winner as well as the next president of USA she is value. If Ms Clinton is not ill, she will say something on Kachin issue and she will fly to Burma definitely for Kachin. At least, US initiates the fact finding of Kachin's issue as it might be advised from Ms. Clinton.
Therefore , Kachin issue is very important. If Kachin win the war or receiving international pressure significantly or lower ranks of bama army realizing their sympathy or ethical feeling on Kachin , others will unite with Kachin for conquer. Kachin conquer is real than shwe's failure. Rapist is now in the position of international condemnation but DASSK, the lady, former Indian student is busy with other affairs and forgets about the rule of law.
Dear readers!
Yes Killing in the Kachin must stop. These KIA thugs are digging in their defacto state and killing innocent people across the kachin state. Their shameless gurellia ware fare like using civalians as shield, bombing railway track, raping Shans and other ethnic,assination, killing others and killing among themselves. What good thing they are doing for Kachin people. Nothing. When their propagand machine say equality among the union, but look at their organisation. Only the Jingphaw ethnic can be the leader even among Kachins, and worse for other ethnic like shans. They will carried out extra juridisial killing especially on Shans ethnic if shans are not co operative. In reality the KIA and KIO just want to continue the so called arm struggle to maintain their own profits. For the last 17 years they have been benefiting from the trade, mining and logging. Who get most benefits. The elite leader of KIA and KIO. While the normal kachin are fighting in front line the children of their KIO elite are enjoying life in overseas like Singapore, USA, China and Hong Kong. What a shameless KIA. These KIA and KIO just using Kachins cause to benefits for their own. The peace negotiating team of the goverrnment has already tried so hard to bring peace upon Kachin land. But these elusive thugs keep demanding out of their capacity. The buffalo will not understand even if you keeping playing harp near it. These thugs don't understand what is the diplomacy or civalised human meeting. Now they are getting their ass kick and asking for international sympathy. But who will give the sympathy for those victims of KIA brutality. So many countless barbaric act of KIA will not go notice. No KIA must be punished for what they did to the Kachin people. The fact is forget about the diplomacy with them. For the KIA, they don't understand what the diplomacy is. They only know looting, raping and killing. For the sake of the peace in Kachin land, KIA must be wiped out once and for all. The educated kachin and Shans are already coming forward for post KIA and KIO period. Remember terrorist don't belong to the civalised world.Kachin and Shan brother ans sister, its time to dismantle this evil KIA&KIO outfit. But remember , no pain no gain. Hope KIA&KIO will soon be over and peace will come along after that. May peace come along to the Kachinland in 2013 and good bless you.
haha.. it's you that's the regime thug. Shan Lay.. nice nickname bro. Keep faking your name like you're Shan. Nobody knows that. Welcome to the internet!
I am so used to calling my country "Burma" that I feel upset when the name of my beloved country was changed to "Myanmar". On the contrary to your belief, however, I was explained that "Myanmar" is inclusive of all ethnic groups where as "Bama" stands for typical Burmese only. In any case, it's trivial matter because names are like labels and we know Burma or Myanmar points to the same geographic location on a map. I am Shan and proud to be one and if you are a Kachin, you should be proud of your roots too. At the same time, we should feel united because we were born and raised in the same country.
The British Empire in the late 1800s has given the name "Burma" to our country and I believe that's one of the reasons the Burmese military regime wanted to change the name to Myanmar. I am sure you know that India had also changed the names of their many cities and towns. Bombay is now called Mumbai and Calcutta is now called Kolkata. The names of many former British colonies have also been changed. For instance, Rhodesia is now Zimbabwe and Ceylon is now called Sri Lanka. So, I think you should not sweat small stuff. Also, Myanmar does not mean killer or rapist as you stated. Some Myanmar soldiers probably killed and raped innocent civilians but to include all Myanmar into the same lot is simply wrong.
On another note, my father who worked as a civilian in the British Army during WWII, retreated to the north with Brigadier John F. Bowerman of the Chinese 6th Army, then he lived with the Kachins in the jungle for a year, while recruiting the Kachins to fight against the Japanese. So, yes, we owe the Kachins as well as the Shans and others who fought for Burma's independence. Sadly, the Ne Win government detained my father who was Secretary of Shan State in 1962 and sent him to Insein prison for 5 years. I lived long enough to see that Karma caught up with the Ne Win family; his grandsons were sent to Insein prison for more than 5 years and I believe one of the grandsons is still there.
Dear Ordnry1
I sympathy on you and your family suffering in the hand of notorious Ne win. I also take this opportunity to thank Chinese 6th Army for fighting Japanese occupation in Burma. The Myitkyina battle between Japanese army and Chinese army is the crucial one for Burma as well as all Asia ( India) for freedom. Now, China is claiming the crucial and main roles of Chinese army in that battle although Chinese army was under Allied force commander at that battle. China is now accusing of the Allied force commander for his wrong doing of military strategy with evidence ( delayed his order of successive attack on Japanese army ) in the unnecessary heavy loss of Chinese soldier in face to face street fight in Myitkyina. In fact, it is not the Allied force and Allied soldiers to initial fight with brave Japanese army in this Myitkyina battle. Those histories are not well known by some bama who try to blame ethnic Chinese when there was and is always bad and poor economy in Burma, manipulated by bama military thugs. Some bama should know Chinese, not like British to rule Burma but Chinese helps Burma independence as well as Asia freedom with the most crucial role in world war 2 battles.
In the aspect of name of Burma and Myanmar country, it is my individual feeling as i prefer Burma than Myanmar. During British rule , there is no discrimination on ethnics by British in history. Nobody dare to look down or bully all ethnics in Burma. 20% of Rangoon University population was Karen although Karen's total population in Burma was far less than that of bama. All old bama told me that British ruling in Burma is Khit-Kaung which means in Burmese the best century, compared to idiot U Nu's rule ( made use of Buddhism to get vote, to suppress Christian Kachin and Karen) and all bama military thugs' rule. Becoming Mumbai city from Bombay is decision of democratically elected India government for their own reason with possible different story from our Burma. India country is still India, named by English language accordingly. Old Indian might hate British rule when they compare British rule with their democratically elected government. In short, when British named Burma, Burma has no discrimination in each others, particularly from bama on all ethnics. When bama military thugs named Myanmar, they are killing and raping all ethnics with the intention of bamanization. By calling Myanmar county (named by bama military thugs), i feel nauseated with the association of right to killing and raping all ethnics casually by bama soldiers, reinforced by Nargic-than shwe 2008 constitution. I do not mean all bama soldiers rape ethnics.
I do not know how to call Bama in Shan language. China country is named by English and is used happily until now as it only means correct English language. However, Communist Chinese change their names of cities ( from Peking to Bejing due to the correct pronunciation in Bejing language ). I have no objection or support in name change of Rangoon to Yangon as most of the population in Rangoon are richer bama than ethnics. Shan,Kachin, Chin, Karen, Kaya and other ethnics must have their capital cities respectively with their language names accordingly in Englsih. English is first common world language in the world. Change of China, country to Chung Kok (Mandarin pronunciation ) will adversely affect the post office or airport staffs around the world for efficient functioning at least. All post office staffs initially will argue with or ask you what is the country of Chung Kok or Myanmar. You need time for clarification and confirmation in both parties. Those staffs need additional training or new English dictionary book or unnecessary updating information in the aspect of English language corrected by Bama language expert. Idiot bama military thugs with outdated psychological expert opinion from than shwe does not count on the difficulty in people around the world. Because arrogant than shew thinks he is king and wants to be well-known internationally as a bama nationalist hero, over General Aung San. Low educated, non-English speaking Than shwe does not consider risk and benefit for all his own people except his bamanization. However, , it is up to you to prefer Myanmar than Burma country. For the world most poorest country, although ruled by English man for 100 years in the past, i hope people in the world will understand why our English language standard is very poor from the English teaching of arrogant than shwe.
Ordnry 1 wrote: "On the contrary to your belief, however, I was explained that "Myanmar" is inclusive of all ethnic groups where as "Bama" stands for typical Burmese only."
I agree with you that the pronunciation of Burma is very close to Bama. I am not the Burmese and English language expert for the naming of our country. It should be discussed in the real democratically elected parliament that which is the most appropriate English name and symbol of Burmese flag in term of inclusive of all ethnics equally. If Myanmar is inclusive of all ethnics , it is happy to be accepted. It is also called Karma caught up with Than shwe as well because of his intention of bamanization with his arrogant king manner. However, i hope it turns out to be good for all ethnics who will conquer than shwe very soon with the name of Myanmar ( unity of all ethnics and bama).
A letter from somebody in the Burmese military would be useful here, with something a bit more detailed than 'self defence' in it. What pipelines and other infrastructure is being built in the region? What is Burma's policy as far as trade and movement of people over the next decade in the region. Without information, it smells like ethnic cleansing, which as we know is the polite way to say genocide.
Where is the news about KIA beheaded the POW of Burmese Soldiers?


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Luckily, they have robots on their side.
Today, 20 technologically savvy students in the Pico Canyon Elementary School's robotics program will head to the Los Angeles Region FIRST LEGO League Championship.
"It's all about teamwork," Allison said. "It doesn't matter if you win or lose; it's just fun to compete."
During their last practice Wednesday, the group of elementary students huddled around its LEGO mission field and robot, named "Max." The students anxiously watched it complete turns and hurdles in a matter of seconds.
Sixth-grader Joel sat at a computer several feet away programming the robot's sensors, sounds and motion.
"We put a plan out," he said. "It usually doesn't work the first or second or third time but we keep on modifying it until we get it right."
The robotics competition is the culmination of a semester filled with research, computer programming, robot building and collaboration for the two Rancho Pico teams, Cyber Huskies and Robo Huskies.
In addition to the robot mission, competing students had to discover ways to improve their community's transportation means.
The teams will present their robot and transportation solutions at the competition, as well as be tested for their teamwork and designs by a panel of engineers.
At the Glendale qualifier, the teams collectively took home five trophies and one team placed second overall, said Bryan Eifert, who leads the students with assistant Martha Stafford.
Because students as old as 14 can compete, the Pico Canyon teams are usually competing against junior high students, said Eifert, who has coached the program since he created it six years ago.
Pico Canyon hosts the only robotics program in the Newhall School District, Eifert said. The program is completely funded through parents and donations, like one from Advanced Solar Electric, which gave $500 to the students this year.
But for now Eifert and his students are focusing on Saturday's competition and what they call, "gracious professionalism."
"We treat everyone with respect," Eifert said. "We're more concerned with what we can learn and how we can grow as people more than what we win."


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Primary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease The High Public Burden of Low Individual Risk
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Create your own original holiday yard sign!
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Pumpkins and Ponies!
October 4, 2015 HUMBOLDT — Families will be able to continue a fall tradition when the 10th anniversary of Pumpkins and Ponies is celebrated Saturday at Spring Vale Farm, 2603 Lone Tree Road. more »»
'A Very 1950s Murder Mystery' hits stage Oct. 16
October 4, 2015 A mysterious stranger, a couple hussies, a trio of actors and an unknown murderer will bring a bit of comical mayhem to the annual Friends of the Vincent House Murder Mystery Dinner Theate. more »»
The music and passions of Simon Estes
September 27, 2015 Internationally renowned opera singer Simon Estes gets as much as he gives when he performs with the student choirs involved in his Roots & Wings tour. more »»
Cruise is family affair
September 27, 2015 For Cory Beck, of Eagle Grove, his two restored Chevrolets are worth much more than their sticker value. more »»
Laura Ingalls Wilder events planned in Webster City
September 27, 2015 WEBSTER CITY — Programs featuring the stories and experiences of novelist Laura Ingalls Wilder will be presented Saturday by researcher and re-enactor Sarah Uthof. more »»
Unmasking a community asset
September 27, 2015 Masks may be used to conceal and disguise, but when it comes to the inaugural Masquerade for Your Health Ball, the Community Health Clinic aims to use them to draw attention to the services and care... more »»
Watching apples grow
September 20, 2015 LEHIGH — A fella's gotta be doing something. That's all there is to i. more »»
Oktoberfest offers more beer and music
September 20, 2015 Oktoberfest is just around the corner and promises more beer and good music. more »»
Performing arts are alive in Fort Dodge
September 20, 2015 The performing arts are alive in the Fort Dodge area. Whether it's playing instruments, singing or acting, there's a spot for everybody. more »»
Fighting back against Alzheimer's
September 20, 2015 With each footfall participants in the 2015 Walk to End Alzheimer's take Saturday at the Fort Dodge Middle School, 800 N. 32nd S. more »»
Grandparents Day
September 13, 2015 ROCKWELL CITY — If kids love cotton candy, and Jodi Frank loves kids, it only makes sense that a cotton candy machine sits in her kitchen. And gets used a lot. more »»
What a way to go
September 13, 2015 An evening of decadence and indulgence will benefit a historical home when the Friends of the Vincent House present "Death by Chocolate" Friday at the Vincent House, 824 Third Ave. S. more »»
Calling all crime writers
September 13, 2015 Practice makes perfect when it comes to amateur sleuths writing tales of intrigue and mystery, said nationally known Iowa-based mystery writer Donald Harstad. more »»
Celebrating recovery
September 13, 2015 Community and Family Resources will hold its third annual Family Fun Festival on Sept. more »»
Back to the '50s
September 6, 2015 EAGLE GROVE — Just south of Broadway on Cedar, a garage door opens a crack in time. more »»
Words, images come together
September 6, 2015 A turn of a phrase can be a work of art and a work of art can inspire volumes of written words. more »»
Brown Bag Briefings begin in October
September 6, 2015 These weekly sessions are held from noon to 1 p.m. each Thursday in October in the meeting room of the Fort Dodge Public Library, 424 Central Ave. Attendees may bring a sack lunch. Coffee is provided. more »»
Family fun at the Fort
September 6, 2015 The Fort Museum will be full of puppets, magic and baskets next weekend during Fort Family Fun Days. more »»
Shall we dance?
August 30, 2015 HUMBOLDT — It's called the fest with the personal touch, this Labor Day weekend Polka Fest in Humboldt. more »»
Father, son run the rodeo
August 30, 2015 A father and son work together each year to make sure the Dayton Rodeo goes off perfectl. more »»


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"Pew reports that among adult Facebook users, the average number of friends is 338. I'm sure they're all tight."
--Arthur Schlesinger
"At Olive Garden, for example, we had 11% more visits last year, fiscal 2013, from guests with household income over $100,000 than we did 5 years earlier in fiscal 2008."
Yet the lion's share of compensation for Olive Garden servers is from tips, which is expected to put them over the $7.25 minimum-wage threshold. On average — some nights are slower. No Olive Garden servers in the $100K Club.
Thanks, Marissa.
—Will Rogers
- University of UtahHealthcare, BusinessBA (Accounting), MBA, MHSA
Cole Swindell: Cole Swindell - Music on Google Play
Cole Swindell is the debut studio album by American bro-country artist Cole Swindell. It was released on February 18, 2014 via Warner Bros.
Ocean's Eleven (2001)
Danny Ocean likes his chances. All he asks is that his handpicked squad of 10 grifters and cons play the game like they have nothing to lose
About to take the stage in Chicago with the Next Gen Cast & Tne Shat...
About to take the stage in Chicago with the Next Gen Cast & Tne Shat!!! #bydhttmwfi. by levarburton on 25-08-2014 00:02 - 37058 views. Tweet
Flipboard ist dein persönliches Magazin. Es eignet sich hervorragend um die wichtigsten Nachrichten zu lesen, Geschichten aus aller Welt zu
Find more than 1,500 Live Stations or create Custom Stations featuring songs from the artist you select and similar music.
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THE OFFICIAL WILLIAM SHATNER APP"This app is ingenious" – Cult of Mac"Way too fun" – Geekazine"Can't stop laughing" – bOing bOing"Simple to
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A Conversation With David Muench; The National Parks | Pro Nature Photog...
Last week, David Muench released his newly updated book on Our National Parks and it is a refreshing look at David's 50 years of photographi
NYTimes for Android
Download the application and get our Top News section for free, or subscribe to unlock all the sections in the app of The Times, plus blogs,
Google Pinyin IME
Google Pinyin IME - input Chinese using Pinyin, strokes, voice and handwriting.谷歌拼音输入法 下载后请到 "设置"→"语言和键盘"中开启。 The Google Pinyin IME is an in
30th Anniversary of PAC-MAN
When I was growing up, my dad had the best job I could possibly imagine: he was an arcade game and pinball technician. For me, that meant su
Clinton Remains Coy About Political Future
WASHINGTON -- President Barack Obama lauded Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton as one of his closest advisers and said their shared v
Bagley cartoon: Romney Road TripBagley cartoon: Romney Road Trip
This Pat Bagley editorial cartoon appears in The Salt Lake Tribune on Thursday, Jan.
150 Abington physicians decry plan to stop abortions
About 150 physicians affiliated with Abington Memorial Hospital met there Wednesday and decried its plan to stop performing abortions as par
NHS "reform" in England: where is the public interest? | BMJ
NotesCite this as: BMJ 2012;344:e2014
Health Matters on the Hill... Week 3
Senate Bill 111, Health Care Amendments for Legal Immigrant Children (Sen. Robles). The Immigrant Children's Health Improvement Act (ICH


text: I am about to start lessons for my instrument rating, and was wondering about which aircraft should I use. I did my private in a C-172, so I was considering whether to continue with it, or to go for Piper warrior ? I know that the Cessna has gravity fed pumps, so 1 less thing to go wrong and all.... but just neede an opinion.


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- Leixlip Attractions
- Kildare Attractions
- Dublin Attractions
- Theatres/Concerts
- Shopping Centres
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Guest Reviews
- Liked the ability to have an early check in & late check out. we really enjoyed our stay.
- just perfect for business needs and handy to get to.
- Excellent stay this time.I had to complain about a stay in November which was disturbed by a fight outside the hotel and disturbed sleep in the middle of the new night.The complaint was dealt with professionally I received a voucher for the hotel.After my recent stay I will recommend the hotel and will return
Golfing in Kildare
Looking for Kildare Golf Clubs or going Golfing in Kildare then we have the perfect accommodation in Kildare at the Springfiled Hotel for Kildare Golfing.
More information :- Members are entitled to 10% off all food purchased at the Springfield Hotel on production of their membership card.
Druid's Glen
Portmarnock Golf Club
Red Lane Golf and Football Centre


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February's PS Plus games are Helldivers & Nom Nom Galaxy on PS4
UPDATE: Full line-up confirmed; includes GRID Autosport and Persona 4 Arena Ultimax on PS3.
Helldivers Video Review
Is Sony's latest digital experience worth your time, money and life? Only one way to find out...
Top down shooter Helldivers launches for PS4, PS3 and Vita on March 4
Cross-Buy means you get the game on all formats for the price of one.


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9 colors
The North Face 'Venture' Packable Waterproof Jacket
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A soft, midweight sweater-knit fleece jacket with a cozy brushed interior perfectly balances casual style with adventure-seeking comfort. Equipped with a trio of zip pockets, it's an essential layering companion that holds up on its own in mild conditions. Color(s): asphalt grey, brick house red heather, conquer blue heather, cosmic blue heather, dune beige heather, high rise ... Learn More
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text: Health care executive Larry House had his unfinished $26 million mansion sold at auction in 2003 for $3.95 million. The 34,000 sq. ft. mansion has 21 bedrooms, 22 bathrooms, a 13 car garage, a 25 seat home theater, and a wine cellar. The 27 acre property is designed to look like a guitar.


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Whittonstall First School, Main Road, Whittonstall, Northumberland DH8 9JN
01207 560325
Broomley First School, Main Road, Stocksfield, Northumberland NE43 7NN
01661 842271
Welcome to Whittonstall and Broomley First Schools Federation . Our schools have a strong family ethos, work hard to making learning challenging yet fun, and seek to develop strong links between staff, parents, governors and the wider community.
Within both schools, you will find a happy, welcoming, stimulating environment providing high standards of education, valuing the efforts of the individual, fulfillling the learning potential of all pupils and promoting equal opportunities. We promote learning for life and encourage children to learn no matter where they are, inside or out! We believe in developing the "whole" child and work hard to nurture, encourage, support and extend all of our children to achieve their full, individual potential.
We encourage a respect for spiritual, moral, social and cultural values and an understanding of what is right and wrong. We help children to develop co-operation, tolerance and consideration for others alongside a wide range of necessary skills for the future. We have five core values which we hope you will feel from the moment you arrive: Respect, Honesty, Friendship, Teamwork and Perseverance.
Our approach encourages children to develop positive attitudes and an enthusiasm for learning. We are delighted that our children leave equipped with super initiative, self-discipline, high self-esteem and independence!
We are committed to equal opportunities for all and pride ourselves in our inclusive approach to learning.
We appreciate how fortunate we are to have a hard-working, dedicated board of governors who strive to challenge and support our Federation's high expectations for all children to fulfill their full potential and move confidently to their next steps in education.
If you are interested in joining either of our friendly school communities, please get in touch and let us welcome you in person.
Latest news
12th July, 2016
Cricket Tournament
10th June, 2016
Recent events at Whittonstall First
4th May, 2016
3rd March, 2016
World Book Day March 3rd 2016
9th February, 2016