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#206 - drainbramage (02/01/2013) [-]
Has Marai Nikki got nudity like Elfen Lied? They seem similar and I want to know if they're similar on that front too...I mostly want to know if I can watch this with family behind me without them thinking I'm watching some ****** up hentai.
#227 to #206 - tocoolforyouinajar (02/01/2013) [-]You watched elfen lied for the nudity? it's plot was unbelievable
#287 to #286 - tocoolforyouinajar (07/18/2013) [-]
#230 to #227 - drainbramage (02/01/2013) [-]I didn't even know there was nudity in it when I originally saw it, I was very surprised when the opening seen had a naked woman with a helmet. I very much enjoyed Elfen Lied, on 4 levels.
#232 to #230 - tocoolforyouinajarI'm pretty sure it was the best anime i've ever watched i cried for like every episode after episode 5, god the feels
Reply -1(02/01/2013) [-]
#237 to #232 - drainbramage (02/01/2013) [-]The last episode, on the stairs, holy ****, the only time any Anime has made me shake with sadness, and I watched the first 8 episodes of Angel Beats, that **** doesn't even compare.
#250 to #237 - tocoolforyouinajarWhen that bitch takes Wanta from Mayu
Reply +1(02/01/2013) [-]
#249 to #237 - tocoolforyouinajar (02/01/2013) [-]When a certain something happened on that bridge (don't wanna spoil) i cried so hard i was shaking
#251 to #249 - drainbramage (02/01/2013) [-]The scene with the puppy really disturbed me, because my dog is about the same size and looks quite similar, it hit me really hard.
Are you referring to the scene with the father and daughter? That just added to my already flowing tears.
Are you referring to the scene with the father and daughter? That just added to my already flowing tears.
#212 to #209 - drainbramage (02/01/2013) [-]
Ah, Ok then, I still need an explanation on that, do you hear it or...
#215 to #214 - drainbramage (02/01/2013) [-]
So if I were to watch it dubbed (I'm a dubfag, fite me irl) and my family was around but I had headphones in, I'm good?
#217 to #216 - drainbramage (02/01/2013) [-]Well, either way, outstanding, I will be watching that in the not too distant future I hope.
Take this as a thank you.
Take this as a thank you.
#210 to #207 - drainbramage (02/01/2013) [-]
Heavy rape scenes, huh? Care to expand on that statement or is there literal, brutal, awkward ,rape.
#219 to #210 - apatheticdemon **User deleted account**
0has deleted their comment [-]
#220 to #219 - drainbramage (02/01/2013) [-]
What episode is the first rape scene in?
#222 to #220 - apatheticdemon **User deleted account**
0has deleted their comment [-]
#223 to #222 - drainbramage (02/01/2013) [-]Thanks!


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In a recent communication we1 reported the results of a study of a group of infants irradiated during the winter months by means of the mercury vapor lamp. The object of the investigation was to determine primarily whether ultraviolet radiations diminished the occurrence of respiratory infection. It was shown that in spite of systematic exposures to these rays the incidence of these diseases was not altered.
It is thought that the frequency of respiratory infections during the winter is due in part to a deficiency of sunlight. The mercury vapor lamp emits an exceptionally large intensity of invisible or ultraviolet rays as compared to the sun, which produces only 1 per cent of these radiations. It is evident, therefore, that the rays of the mercury vapor lamp are by no means the counterpart of those of the sun. It is quite possible, as Hess2 has suggested, that there
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text: Beverly Hilton Hotel (Hotel were Whitney Houston was found dead on February 11, 2012, the night before the 2012 Grammy Awards) The Beverly Hilton is a hotel located on an 8.9-acre (3.6 ha) property at the intersection of Wilshire and Santa Monica Boulevards in Beverly Hills, California, USA. The Beverly Hilton has housed many awards shows, charity benefits and entertainment and motion picture industry events, and is perhaps best known as the home of the annual Golden Globe Awards. http://virtualglobetrotting.com/map/beverly-hilton-hotel/ http://www.beverlyhilton.com/


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Join the Roanoke Kappas for our annual scholarship award fundraiser, the Krimson and Kream Spring Ball on Saturday, May 21, 2016 from 9 P.M. until 1 A.M.! Our requested donation amount is $30 per ticket. Our semi-formal event will feature: Live DJ Entertainment Heavy Hors D'oeuvres Silent Auction […]Read more →
The College Park-Sandy Spring Alumni Chapter of Kappa Alpha Psi invite everyone to attend our 10th Annual Kappa Foundation Scholarship Cruise on Saturday, June. 25, 2016. Early Bird tickets are available at $70 until May 14th (General Admission tickets are $85). Please visit www.cpsskapsi.org to purchase tickets. […]Read more →
The Annapolis (MD) Alumni Chapter invite you to our annual Krimson and Kream Ball, March 19, 2016, from 8:00PM – Midnight at the Double Tree Hotel located at 210 Holiday Court, Annapolis, MD. This year, guests can expect a few changes that will make this event more […]Read more →
The Eastern Province will conduct 2014-2015 chapter certifications electronically. Please click the button below to start the process. Contact Brother Kevin F. Clark if you have any questions about the chapter certification process. Begin Chapter CertificationRead more →
DATE: Saturday, Nov 15 – Sunday, Nov 16, 2014 HOTEL: DoubleTree by Hilton Baltimore – BWI Airport * 890 Elkridge Landing Rd, Linthicum Heights, MD 21090 * (410) 859-8400 HOST CHAPTER: The Towson University Chapter, the Lambda Zeta of Kappa Alpha Psi and Baltimore (MD) Alumni Chapter REQUIRED ATTENDEES: Polemarch, Vice Polemarch(s), […]Read more →
DATE: August 16, 2014 LOCATION: Prince Georges Community College (PGCC) HOTEL: Courtyard New Carrollton Landover 8330 Corporate Drive Landover, Maryland 20785 (301) 577-3373 or 1-800- Marriott Hotel Details HOST CHAPTER(s): The Upper Marlboro/Waldorf (MD) Alumni Chapter of Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, Inc. REQUIRED ATTENDEES: Polemarch, Vice Polemarch(s), […]Read more →
The 2015 Eastern Province Council (90th Anniversary) will be held in McLean, Virginia, on April 16- 19, 2015, hosted by the Dulles-Leesburg(VA) Alumni Chapter at the Hilton McLean Tyson Corner. If you do not want to miss out, be sure to take a moment and register for […]Read more →


text:
My Lord,
Please accept the bearers of this missive as your new guardsmen. Mistress Artoria, due to health compications, requires some months to recuperate from your last…adventure. Please try not to scare these two off, they seem to be competent.
Your Servant,
2nd Chance Miners
Thonolan—male human Founder and leader
Aga Fau—Deputy, female human
Morvass—female halfling, mated to Gigkubad
Brak Bodore—male dwarf
Elonal Philevin—"male elf Elly"
Zoblit—male kobold
Cragger Kench—male human Former bandit for Stag Lord, Stablehand
Olin Onghili—male half-elf Stablehand
Dubagra Gob—male human
Gigkubad—male halfling, mated to Morvass
Ayles Megeson—male human former Stag Lord Lieutenant, in isolation
Topper Red—male human former Stag Lord bandit, bard
Kirk Meshit—male human
Dreth—female half-orc
Thorgunder the False—male dwarf
Githelor—male elf
Blob—?? goblin
Derthug—male dwarf
Kit Nurdat—female half-elf
From Thonolan to Goody Niska
Seen on the public notice board in Haven—
Seen on public notice boards throughout Sylvangarde:
From Lord Miliken of Haven to Goody Niska
Perlivash, cat-sized faerie dragon:
And then, on the the next King's Men adventure:
Guard Duty: Its a big Duty!
As ever, I hope this missive finds you well. There seems never to be a dull moment around here. We continue to make progress little by little. Haven and Tatzlford are developing steadily, and we are expecting to formally incorporate Oleg's trading post within a few months. Normally, I do not approve of expanding our territory faster than our growing infrastructure can keep up, but I feel it is past time that I gave Oleg the official support that he deserves, as for all his gruff exterior, he and his wife have been good to me this past year.
Now that I think of it, sometimes it is amazing to realize that it has already been over a year since I first set out from Brevoy. So much has happened—most of it beyond my wildest imaginings. I could not have imagined, when I first left the north, that I would be charged with the ordering of an entire sovereign territory, particularly one as…diverse, as this one has proven to be. I certainly could not have imagined that I would now be happily wed to such a lovely, beautiful, and talented woman as Coriella. Over all, it has been strange, unlikely, yet wonderful—a phrase which could describe the current course of Sylvangarde as a whole, in addition to my marriage. The future is unknown, but for now I am pleased to see that my tiny little realm has drawn to it a number of people who are as diverse in their origins and makeup as they are united in purpose. They came here looking for better lives and better opportunities, and to that end have come together to overcome many unprecedented challenges. I like to imagine that the people here share my vision of a community built upon mutual trust and cooperation.
I will be forever grateful that everyone put their trust and faith in me as I made the unorthodox decisions that have shaped Sylvangarde since its founding. Giving full recognition to all non-hostile sentient beings within our bounds, such as fey and kobolds, has certainly caused much head-shaking and incredulity, but in recent months I have seen firsthand the wonderful fruit of those decisions, and a (pleasantly) surprising outpouring of support from the citizenry regarding them. I hope that I have not yet exhausted everyone's patience, however, as I fear I am not stopping there. As I write this, I have just concluded negotiations with a tribe of lizardfolk to the south. Their ways are still strange to me, but Coriella seems to know much about them, and their leader is surprisingly erudite, so I have little fear in dealing with them.
I must say, every such diplomatic victory bolsters my hope. Our fey allies have proven invaluable to the overall defense of the realm, and the kobolds have proven to be an unexpected economic boon. As our mining operations develop, that should prove all the more true. Now, with the peaceful contact with the lizardfolk, we have simultaneously removed a potential threat and gained yet another unlikely ally. Though they are not yet encompassed within our claimed territories, and would likely retain their sovereignty in any case, and I could not command them, they will likely prove a deterrent to any hostile forces or creatures from that direction, or would at the very least give us warning.
All in all, I am heartened by my experiences of the past weeks. The grand experiment proceeds apace, and though we yet have much work to do, I am confident that we will meet the coming challenges with all the tenacity and vigor of those who know they work toward something greater than themselves. Thus, my Lord, I wish to leave you with hope. Until next time, be well, my Lord.
PS: The young swordswoman who recently came from Medvyed, Arturia, has proven herself to be a loyal and scarily competent companion. Between her and Coriella, I feel remarkably secure. I do hope that you are not depleting Medvyed of all such exceptional young men and women!


text:
Northwestern Mutual to pay dividends of $4.9 billion
Boosted by record insurance sales in 2010, Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Co. said Thursday it will pay dividends of almost $4.9 billion this year.
The Milwaukee-based insurer said revenue grew 8% to $23.1 billion last year, which reflected a 9% increase in premium revenue and a 7% rise in net investment income.
Leading the way was a 20% jump in sales of permanent life insurance, which is the company's flagship product. The company launched a campaign last year that focused on permanent life insurance as part of customers' financial security planning, said John Schlifske, chairman and chief executive of Northwestern Mutual.
"We talk about being a company for all economic seasons," Schlifske said. "I think the fact that we weathered the '08-'09 storm so well and then came out in 2010 as strong as ever, I think people believe that's not just a motto, but it's real. So there's been sort of a wind at our back as consumers come back to companies like Northwestern Mutual that can really persevere regardless of what the economic situation is."
The dividend payout is the second-highest in the company's 154-year history, and Northwestern Mutual said it is the best in the ordinary life insurance industry.
Northwestern Mutual's total surplus, which is a measure of an insurer's financial strength, increased $3.4 billion to $17.6 billion last year. The firm said the increase was the result of the issuance of $1.75 billion in surplus notes early in 2010, capital gains on investments and the year's operating results.
Chris Kelly, vice president and controller, said that as a mutual company that is run for the benefit of policy owners rather than stockholders, Northwestern Mutual's main goals are to pay as high a dividend as possible while maintaining a surplus that ensures strength and enables growth.
"To be able to hit both of those targets while maintaining that balancing act, we're pretty proud of that," Kelly said.
The dividend interest rate is 6%, down slightly from last year's 6.15%.
Overall investment income was $8.3 billion. Net income was $756 million, up from $321 million in 2009.
"It's another solid year for Northwestern Mutual," said Clark Troy, research director for Aite Group, a research and advisory firm focused on the financial services industry.
Troy said although final 2010 sales numbers aren't in yet, the life insurance industry in general was on track for a good year. He said the economic situation "played to Northwestern Mutual's strengths," which is selling permanent life insurance to individuals. Other companies that market group life insurance coverage have felt the effect of high unemployment, which results in fewer employees to cover, he said.
Troy, who is based in Chapel Hill, N.C., said Northwestern Mutual is known for conservative underwriting and investments and top-notch credit ratings.
"It's well-regarded, but there is a perception that you might pay a premium for the extra peace of mind that comes with having a gold-plated credit rating," Troy said.
Insurance benefits paid to policy owners and their beneficiaries increased 1% in 2010, for a total of $6.9 billion.
Life insurance policies were renewed at a 96% clip last year.
Northwestern Mutual, which has its headquarters in downtown Milwaukee, has $1.2 trillion of life insurance protection in force.
Business Wire
Recent national business updates from the Associated Press


text:
Super Lemon & Rosemary Chicken
Total Time
Prep 5 mins
Cook 30 mins
don't try this recipe if you don't like lemon flavor. this is a a super lemon-y dish but its SO good. the honey gives it a bit of sweetness & helps thicken the sauce. i created this dish looking for a low fat dish that had loads of flavor & i found it!!!
Ingredients Nutrition
- 2 chicken breast halves
- 1 cup lemon juice
- 2 tablespoons dried rosemary
- 2 tablespoons garlic, minced
- 2 tablespoons honey
- 1 teaspoon salt
- 1 teaspoon pepper
- preheat oven to 400 degrees.
- season each breast with salt & pepper.
- coat a 7x7 casserole dish with cooking spray.
- combine lemon juice, butter & garlic in casserole dish.
- place chicken breasts in casserole dish & crumble 1 tsp of dried rosemary over each breast.
- drizzle with honey.
- cook for 15 minutes then flip chicken & cook til done (approximately 15 minutes more).
- plate chicken & pour juices over the top.
Most Helpful
We loved this so much! What a great tasting chicken. Don't omit the honey, it's what makes the chicken so delicious! Thank you!
Tangy and savory. I omited the honey . DH LOVED it.


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Oncological outcomes in patients with stage I testicular seminoma and nonseminoma: pathological risk factors for relapse and feasibility of surveillance after orchiectomy
Kobayashi, Kazuhiro
Saito, Toshihiro
Kitamura, Yasuo
Nobushita, Tomohiro
Kawasaki, Takashi
Hara, Noboru
Takahashi, Kota
Diagnostic Pathology
Surveillance after orchiectomy has recently been a management option in patients with stage I seminoma, while it remains controversial in those with stage I nonseminoma, and the risk factor associated with relapse is still a matter of concern in both entities. This study was performed to explore pathological risk factors for post-orchiectomy relapse in patients with stage I seminoma and nonseminoma, and to assess oncological outcomes in those managed with surveillance.
In this single institution study, 118 and 40 consecutive patients with stage I seminoma and nonseminoma were reviewed, respectively. Of the 118 patients with stage I seminoma, 56 and one received adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy, respectively, and 61 were managed with surveillance. Of the 40 men with stage I nonseminoma, 4 underwent adjuvant chemotherapy and 36 were managed with surveillance.
No patient had cause-specific death during the mean observation period of 104 and 99 months in men with seminoma and nonseminoma, respectively. In men with stage I seminoma, 1 (1.7%) receiving radiotherapy and 4 (6.6%) men managed with surveillance had disease relapse; the 10-year relapse-free survival (RFS) rate was 93.4% in men managed with surveillance, and their RFS was not different from that in patients receiving adjuvant radiotherapy (logrank P=0.15). Patients with tunica albuginea involvement showed a poorer RFS than those without (10-year RFS rate 80.0% vs. 94.1%), although the difference was of borderline significance (P=0.09). In men with stage I nonseminoma, 9 (22.5%) patients experienced relapse. Patients with lymphovascular invasion seemingly had a poorer RFS than those without; 40.0% and 18.7% of the patients with and without lymphovascular invasion had disease relapse, respectively, although the difference was not significant (logrank P=0.17).
In both men with stage I seminoma and nonseminoma, surveillance after orchiectomy is a feasible option. However, disease extension through tunica albuginea might be a factor associated with disease relapse in patients with organ-confined seminoma, and those with stage I nonseminoma showing lymphovascular invasion may possibly be at high risk for disease relapse.
Stage I seminoma; Stage I nonseminoma; Surveillance; Outcome
Related Articles
Spermatocytic Variant of Classic Seminoma: A Report of Five Cases and a Brief Review of the Literature
Stein, Moshe E.
Charas, Tomer
Drumea, Karen
Sabo, Edmund
Ben-Yosef, Rahamim
Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal
Spermatocytic seminoma is a rare testicular malignancy, appearing in the adult population. It has a good prognosis and a low rate of metastatic potential.
We present five cases diagnosed and treated with radiotherapy at Rambam Health Care Campus in Haifa, Israel.
Between 1974 and 1996, five patients with stage I spermatocytic seminoma were referred post-orchiectomy to the Northern Israel Oncology Center. All five patients presented with the typical pathological features of the spermatocytic variant of classic seminoma, and all were staged clinically and radiologically.
Mean age at diagnosis was 44 years (range 30–58 years). Main symptoms included a palpable testicular mass and/or testicular enlargement. Mean duration of symptoms was 9 months (range 0.5–24 months). Three patients were irradiated to the para-aortic/ipsilateral iliacal lymph nodes (mean total dose 2,500 cGy), one patient with 4,000 cGy. One patient was irradiated to the bilateral iliacal lymph nodes (2,600 cGy). With a median follow-up of 15 years, four patients are alive with no evidence of disease or severe late side effects. One patient developed severe lymphedema and symptomatic peripheral vascular disease, stage IIA prostate carcinoma (hormonal and brachytherapy treatment) and a non-secretory hypophyseal adenoma (surgically removed); he died at the age of 75 due to severe peripheral vascular and coronary heart disease with no evidence of his first or second primaries.
Prognosis is excellent and does not differ from classic seminoma. As in the accumulated experience in early-stage, low-risk classic seminoma, we suggest surveillance as the preferred policy.
Excellent prognosis; radiation therapy; spermatocytic seminoma
Related Articles
Anaplastic Variant of Classical Seminoma of the Testis: Northern Israel Oncology Center Experience and Brief Review of Literature
Stein, Moshe E.
Zidan, Jamal
Charas, Tomer
Drumea, Karen
Ben-Yosef, Rahamim
Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal
There are only sporadic reports on the clinical behavior and appropriate treatment of anaplastic seminoma. This retrospective study summarizes our experience with the anaplastic variant of classical (typical) seminoma.
Between 1986 and 2006, seven anaplastic seminoma patients were staged and treated at the Northern Israel Oncology Center. Staging procedures included meticulous physical and neurological examinations, complete blood count, full biochemistry profile, specific tumor markers, testicular ultrasound, and other radiological measures. All patients underwent inguinal orchiectomy and were staged properly. Six patients had stage I disease, and one patient had stage IIA disease. Patients were irradiated with doses ranging from 2,500 to 3,000 cGy, and the stage IIA patient received an additional 1,000 cGy boost to radiographically involved lymph nodes.
After a mean follow-up of 11 years, six patients are alive with no evidence of disease. One patient died due to an unknown, non-oncological, cause, unrelated to his previous testicular tumor, while in complete remission.
Despite the low patient numbers and the retrospective nature of our study, it can be concluded that radiotherapy treatment for early-stage anaplastic seminoma patients might achieve the same excellent survival as for classical seminoma. However, the general consensus achieved through large-scale studies suggests that active surveillance should be offered to all stage I seminoma patients, regardless of the pathologic variant.
Anaplastic seminoma; early stage; good prognosis; radiotherapy
Related Articles
Outcome of different post-orchiectomy management for stage I seminoma: Japanese multi-institutional study including 425 patients
Kamba, Tomomi
Kamoto, Toshiyuki
Okubo, Kazutoshi
Teramukai, Satoshi
Kakehi, Yoshiyuki
Matsuda, Tadashi
Ogawa, Osamu
International Journal of Urology
To clarify the contemporary clinical outcome of stage I seminoma and to provide information on treatment options to patients.
A retrospective analysis of 425 patients who underwent orchiectomy for stage I seminoma between 1985 and 2006 at 25 hospitals in Japan. Relapse-free survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method and clinicopathological factors associated with relapse were examined by univariate and multivariate analyses using the Cox proportional hazards model.
A total of 30 out of 425 patients had relapsed. Relapse-free survival rates at 10 years were 79, 94 and 94% in the surveillance, chemotherapy and radiotherapy groups, respectively. Post-orchiectomy management and rete testis invasion were identified as independent predictive factors associated with relapse. Rete testis invasion remained to be an independent predictive factor, even if the cases with relapses in the contralateral testis were censored. Only one patient, who relapsed after adjuvant radiotherapy, died of the disease. Overall survival at 10 years was 100, 100 and 99% in the surveillance, chemotherapy and radiotherapy groups, respectively. More than half of the patients were lost to follow up within 5 years.
The outcome of Japanese patients with stage I seminoma is similar to previously published Western reports. Surveillance policy is becoming a popular option in Japan, although the relapse rate in patients opting for surveillance policy is higher than those opting for adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Rete testis invasion is an independent predictive factor associated with relapse regardless of the post-orchiectomy management. Long-term follow up is mandatory for detection of late relapse.
chemotherapy; outcome; radiotherapy; stage I seminoma; surveillance
Related Articles
Sequential bilateral testicular tumours presenting with intervals of 20 years and more
Dieckmann, Klaus-Peter
Anheuser, Petra
Sattler, Florentine
Von Kügelgen, Tobias
Matthies, Cord
Ruf, Christian
BMC Urology
About 3 – 5% of all patients with testicular germ cell tumour (GCT) develop a contralateral cancer, the majority of which arise within 10–15 years. Little is known about the risk of second GCTs after more than two decades. Here we present 3 cases with very late presenting contralateral GCT and provide a summary of similar cases reported previously.
Case presentations
(1) This white Caucasian man underwent right-sided orchiectomy for a nonseminomatous GCT at the age of 22 years. Additional treatment consisted of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) and chemotherapy with 4 cycles of vinblastin / bleomycin. 36 years later, contralateral seminoma clinical stage 1 developed. Cure was achieved by orchiectomy. Histologically, testicular intraepithelial neoplasia (TIN; intratubular germ cell neoplasia) was detected in the tumour-surrounding tissue.
(2) This white Caucasian male had right-sided orchiectomy for nonseminomatous GCT at the age of 29 years. Pathological stage 1 was confirmed by RPLND. 25 years later, he received left sided orchiectomy for seminoma stage 1. Histologically, TIN was found in the tissue adjacent to seminoma. Two brothers had testicular GCT, too, one with bilateral GCT. (3) This 21 year old white Caucasian man underwent left-sided orchiectomy for nonseminomatous GCT. Pathological stage 1 was confirmed by RPLND. 21 years later, he received organ-preserving excision of a right-sided seminoma, followed by BEP chemotherapy for stage 3 disease. Histologically, TIN was found in the surrounding testicular tissue.
22 cases of bilateral GCT with intervals of 20 or more years have previously been reported, thereof three with intervals of more than 30 years, the longest interval being 40 years.
Apart from increased risks of cardiovascular diseases and non-testicular malignancies, patients with GCT face the specific probability of a second GCT in the long run. This risk persists life-long and is not eliminated by chemotherapy. Contralateral testicular biopsy can identify patients at risk by revealing precursor cells of GCT though false-negative biopsies may occur sporadically. However, in view of the multi-facetted late hazards of GCT patients, this minor surgical procedure might somewhat simplify the long-time care of these patients.
Testicular germ cell neoplasms; Bilateral tumours; Testicular biopsy; Seminoma; Familial germ cell tumours
Related Articles
Spermatocytic seminoma at the National Institute of Oncology in Morocco
Raiss, Ghizlane G
Andaloussi, Marwane M Benatiya
Raissouni , Soundouss S
Mrabti, Hind H
Errihani, Hassan H
BMC Research Notes
Spermatocytic seminoma (SS) is a distinct testicular germ cell tumor, representing less than 1% of testicular cancers. The clinical features that distinguish ss from classical seminoma are an older age at presentation and a reduced propensity to metastasize. The aim of our work is to underline the epidemiological, clinical, histological, therapeutical and prognostic features of this tumor.
A retrospective analysis of patients referred to the national institute of oncology with seminoma, identified from the institutional tumor registry, between January 1996 and February 2009, was performed. Information reviewed included demographics, clinical, pathological staging, surgical management, adjuvant treatment and last follow-up. We studied four cases of spermatocytic seminoma, which represented 1% of testicular tumor and 6,4% of all seminoma treated at our institution during the study period. Median age at diagnosis was 45 years (range: 42-48). Mean delay before consulting was 9 months and the mean tumor size was 13,75 cm (10-18 cm). No patient had a history of maldescended testis. The main clinical complaint was unilateral testis mass with low progression. Pathology showed that tumors had a polymorphic appearance with small, intermediate and large cells. In all cases, the tumor was limited to the testis. immunohistochemical studies showed that tumors were negative for all the classical antibodies tested (LCA, cytokeratins, PLAP, lymphoid markers, CD117). Thoraco-abdomino-pelvic CT scan and tumor markers (AFP and hCG) were normal. All patients were Stage I. Treatment consisted on an orchidectomy associated with adjuvant radiotherapy in one patient. After a median follow-up of 6 years ranging from 2 to 15 years, we did not note any relapse or metastasis.
The diagnosis of spermatocytic seminoma must be considered in all patients aged of more than 50 with testicular tumor. With only three cases of metastatic disease confirmed in the literature, this is a subgroup of patients in whom radiotherapy can safely be omitted.
Related Articles
Adjuvant Radiotherapy for Synchronous Bilateral Testicular Seminoma: A Case Report and a Review of the Pertinent Literature
Jones, Daniel A.
Ester, Elizabeth C.
Leavitt, David
Sweet, Robert
Konety, Badrinath
Jha, Gautam
Cho, L. Chinsoo
Case Reports in Urology
Few cases of synchronous bilateral stage I seminomas have been reported in the world literature. We present a case of bilateral synchronous testicular seminoma, the current literature on the management of stage I seminoma, and the implications for radiotherapy. A forty-year-old man presented with synchronous bilateral classical seminomas, both stage IA. After undergoing bilateral inguinal orchiectomy, he received adjuvant external beam radiotherapy, with a standard paraaortic field. After 18 months of followup, he remains well, without evidence of recurrence. Bilateral germ cell tumors (BGCTs) are reported consistently at a low rate. Bilateral radical inguinal orchiectomy is standard of care, yet some groups have proposed an organ preservation approach. Of the reported cases of bilateral stage I synchronous GCT, with concordant seminoma histology, most of them were treated with bilateral orchiectomy and adjuvant radiotherapy. Although morbidity associated with radiotherapy directed at the abdomen is not negligible, adjuvant paraaortic radiotherapy remains safe and well-tolerated treatment regime. Bilateral synchronous stage I seminoma of the testes is rare. Organ preservation remains investigational. Chemotherapy is probably a reasonable option. We propose that patients with bilateral stage I synchronous GCT, with concordant seminoma histology, should be managed with bilateral orchiectomy, followed by paraaortic radiotherapy.
Related Articles
Acute cord compression secondary to spinal relapse of testicular seminomas
Ng, Yau Hong
Ho, Henry Sun Sien
Kumar, Naresh Satyanarayan
BMJ Case Reports
This is the first-reported case of an isolated thoracic spine relapse of a stage 1 testicular seminoma more than 1 year after surgery and radiotherapy. We report a 38-year-old gentleman, who underwent radical orchidectomy and adjuvant retroperitoneal irradiation for a pure testicular seminoma, presenting with acute cord compression from an isolated T8 relapse 14 months after the index surgery. Decompressive laminectomy with instrumentation was performed with adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. The patient gained full neurological recovery and has remained disease-free for 4 years. Testicular seminomas rarely relapse in the spine after treatment with surgery and radiotherapy, and it is usually the lumbar spine that is involved. Spinal relapse also commonly presents with pain rather than acute cord compression. This case report discusses the unique behaviour of testicular seminomas and their presentation in vertebral relapse. We also present a summary of the available literature on isolated thoracic spine relapse of testicular seminomas.
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Testicular cancer: seminoma
Chung, Peter
Warde, Padraig
BMJ Clinical Evidence
More than half of painless solid swellings of the body of the testis are malignant, with a peak incidence in men aged 25 to 35 years. Most testicular cancers are germ cell tumours and half of these are seminomas, which tend to affect older men and have a good prognosis.
Methods and outcomes
We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of treatments in men with stage 1 seminoma (confined to testis) who have undergone orchidectomy? What are the effects of treatments in men with good-prognosis non-stage 1 seminoma who have undergone orchidectomy? What are the effects of maintenance chemotherapy in men who are in remission after orchidectomy and chemotherapy for good-prognosis non-stage 1 seminoma? What are the effects of treatments in men with intermediate-prognosis seminoma who have undergone orchidectomy? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to June 2010 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
We found 29 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
In this systematic review, we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: chemotherapy (maintenance, adjuvant, single-agent carboplatin, 3 or 4 cycles, different number of cycles of adjuvant, using bleomycin added to vinblastine plus cisplatin, using etoposide plus cisplatin with or without bleomycin, adding higher doses to a 2-drug chemotherapy regimen using cisplatin or vinblastine); radiotherapy (different adjuvant regimens [20 Gy in 10 fractions to para-aortic area, 30 Gy in 15 fractions to para-aortic area and iliac nodes], different drug combinations, 30–36 Gy in 15–18 fractions); and surveillance.
Key Points
More than half of painless solid swellings of the body of the testis are malignant, with a peak incidence in men aged 25 to 35 years. Most testicular cancers are germ cell tumours and about half of these are seminomas, which tend to affect older men and have a good prognosis.
In men with seminoma confined to the testis (stage 1), standard treatment is orchidectomy followed by radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or surveillance. All 3 management options are associated with cure rates approaching 100% because of successful salvage therapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy reduces the risk of relapse after orchidectomy compared with surveillance, but is associated with short-term adverse effects (nausea, diarrhoea, and indigestion) and possible long-term risks of reduced fertility and development of second malignancies.We don't know which is the most effective chemotherapy regimen, or the optimum number of cycles to use. The high cure rate with standard therapy makes it difficult to show which alternative therapy is superior.Toxicity is lower, but efficacy the same, with adjuvant irradiation of 20 Gy in 10 fractions compared with 30 Gy in 15 fractions, or with irradiation to para-aortic nodes compared with ipsilateral iliac nodes.
In men with good-prognosis non-stage 1 seminoma who have had orchidectomy, radiotherapy may improve survival and be less toxic than chemotherapy, except in men with large-volume disease, in whom chemotherapy may be more effective. Combined chemotherapy may be more effective than single agents, but 3 cycles seem to be as effective as 4 and with less toxicity.A standard radiotherapy treatment comprises 30 to 36 Gy in 15 to 18 fractions (2 Gy per fraction), although we don't know whether this is more effective than other regimens.
In men who are in remission after orchidectomy plus chemotherapy for good-prognosis, non-stage 1 seminoma, further chemotherapy is unlikely to reduce relapse rates or increase survival. Chemotherapy increases survival in men with intermediate-prognosis seminomas who have had orchidectomy; although evidence for this is derived mostly from treatment of intermediate-prognosis non-seminoma, it is likely to be generalisable to intermediate-prognosis seminoma.
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Cisplatin, vincristine and ifosphamide combination chemotherapy of metastatic seminoma: results of EORTC trial 30874. EORTC GU Group.
Fosså, S. D.
Droz, J. P.
Stoter, G.
Kaye, S. B.
Vermeylen, K.
Sylvester, R.
British Journal of Cancer
The aims of the trial were to establish the response rate and determine the toxicity of combination chemotherapy with ifosphamide, vincristine and cisplatin (HOP regimen) in advanced metastatic seminoma and to study the role of post-chemotherapy consolidation treatment. Patients with bulky metastatic non-alpha-fetoprotein-producing seminomas were eligible for this phase II study [serum human chorionic gonadotropin < 200 U l-1 (< 40 ng l-1)] if they presented with abdominal masses > or = 10 cm or had extra-gonadal seminoma or had relapsed after previous radiotherapy. The HOP regimen consisted of four 3-weekly cycles of the following drug combination: ifosphamide (days 1-5, 1.2 mg m-2 day-1), vincristine (day 1, 2 mg) and cisplatin (days 1-5, 20 mg m-2 day-1). Residual masses persisting 6 months after chemotherapy could be considered for consolidation surgery or radiotherapy. Maximal response to the HOP chemotherapy (evaluated at any time) was based on the WHO criteria. The median observation time was 2.5 years (range 1.8-5.5 years). Thirteen institutions treated 42 eligible patients within the study (testicular cancer stage > or = IID, 25; extragonadal, 5; relapse after previous radiotherapy, 12). Two patients were not evaluable for response owing to premature treatment discontinuation. Maximal response was as follows: complete remission (CR), 26 (65%); partial remission (PR) 11 (28%); no change (NC), 2 (5%); progressive disease (PD), 1 (3%). Four patients have died, three from their malignancy (two without previous irradiation and one with prior radiotherapy). The fourth patient died of treatment-related toxicity. The 3 year survival for all 42 eligible patients was 90%. Dose reduction and treatment postponement were necessary in 25 and 14 patients respectively. Ten patients experienced granulocytic fever. Previously irradiated patients tolerated chemotherapy as well as non-irradiated patients. Immediately after HOP chemotherapy a mass persisted in 16 of 17 patients with retroperitoneal masses of > or = 100 mm at presentation. Three of these residual lesions were resected within the following 6 months showing complete necrosis. Four lesions dissolved spontaneously during the first year of follow-up. Nine lesions persisted for > or = 1 year (one after consolidation radiotherapy) without leading to relapse. Four of seven patients with mediastinal lesions achieved CR and three a PR after HOP chemotherapy. The HOP chemotherapy regimen is highly effective in patients with advanced metastatic seminoma or those relapsing after previous radiotherapy, but is associated with a high risk of toxicity, in particular myelotoxicity.
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Treatment of stage I seminoma: 25 years of experience
Pilichowska, Małgorzata
Pęczkowski, Piotr
Rosińska-Okrasa, Dorota
Trzaska, Barbara
Skowrońska-Gardas, Anna
Demkow, Tomasz
Contemporary Oncology
Aim of the study
To review management and outcomes in patients with stage I seminoma after orchidectomy.
Material and methods
Between 1979 and 2004 a total 292 patients with stage I seminoma were treated with adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy or were placed on surveillance. Median age at diagnosis was 36 years (range 20-69), with median follow-up 76.5 months (range 11-294). Of the patients, 200 (68.5%) were treated with adjuvant chemotherapy, 72 (24.6%) were irradiated and 20 (6.8%) were placed on surveillance.
The probability of 5-year overall survival and relapse-free survival for the entire group was 100% and 95.1% respectively. The 5-year relapse-free survival for adjuvant chemotherapy was 97.2%, for radiotherapy 94.6%, and 31.4% for the surveillance group. Of 24 (8.4%) patients who had relapse in lymph nodes and/or internal organs, 14/20 patients were in the surveillance group. All patients who had a relapse were salvaged successfully with chemotherapy. The toxicity of chemotherapy and radiotherapy was acceptable. No severe reactions were observed.
Our results confirm the excellent prognosis for patients with stage I seminoma after orchidectomy treated with adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The high rate of relapse in our surveillance group suggests the necessity of adjuvant treatment.
seminoma stage I; radiotherapy; chemotherapy; surveillance
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Adjuvant Radiotherapy Outcome of Stage I Testicular Seminoma: A Single Institution Study
Lee, Hayoon
Kim, Jun Won
Hong, Sung Joon
Yang, Seung Choul
Choi, Young Deuk
Rha, Koon Ho
Cho, Jaeho
Yonsei Medical Journal
To analyze treatment outcome and side effects of adjuvant radiotherapy using radiotherapy fields and doses which have evolved over the last two decades in a single institution.
Materials and Methods
Forty-one patients received radiotherapy after orchiectomy from 1996 to 2007. At our institution, the treatment field for stage I seminoma has changed from dog-leg (DL) field prior to 2003 to paraaortic (PA) field after 2003. Fifteen patients were treated with the classic fractionation scheme of 25.5 Gy at 1.5 Gy per fraction. Other patients had been treated with modified schedules of 25.05 Gy at 1.67 Gy per fraction (n=15) and 25.2 Gy at 1.8 Gy per fraction (n=11).
With a median follow-up of 112 months, the 5-year and 10-year survival rates were 100% and 96%, respectively, and 5-year and 10-year relapse-free survival rates were both 97.1%. No in-field recurrence occurred. Contralateral seminoma occurred in one patient 5 years after treatment. No grade III-IV acute toxicity occurred. An increased rate of grade 1-2 acute hematologic toxicity was found in patients with longer overall treatment times due to 1.5 Gy per fraction. The rate of grade 2 acute gastrointestinal toxicity was significantly higher with DL field than with PA field and also higher in the 1.8-Gy group than in the 1.5-Gy and 1.67-Gy groups.
Patients with stage I seminoma were safely treated with PA-only radiotherapy with no pelvic failure. Optimal fractionation schedule needs to be explored further in order to minimize treatment-related toxicity.
Testicular seminoma; para-aortic radiotherapy; late complication; secondary malignancy
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Bladder preservation by concurrent chemoradiation for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: Applicability in low-income countries
Khader, Jamal
Farah, Naim
Salem, Ahmed
Reports of Practical Oncology and Radiotherapy
Radical cystectomy is the standard treatment for patients with muscle-invasive urinary bladder cancer; however, is associated with major treatment – related morbidity. Furthermore, a significant proportion of patients are deemed unsuitable for surgery due to inoperability, advanced age, and/or comorbid conditions. As such, several groups have explored effectiveness of less radical therapeutic strategies that aim at bladder preservation. Nonetheless, there is scarcity of reports assessing the applicability of urinary bladder-sparing outside developed countries.
Determine the achievable outcomes for patients with muscle-invasive urinary bladder cancer treated via bladder-sparing techniques in a low income country.
Materials and methods
Fourteen consecutive patients with a diagnosis of muscle-invasive urinary bladder cancer (clinical stage; T2-3N0M0) were treated via a bladder-sparing approach at King Hussein Cancer Center (Amman, Jordan) between 2005 and 2009. Records were electronically retrieved and retrospectively analyzed and included 11 males and 3 females from 41 to 74 years of age (median age, 61). Initial therapy consisted of trans-urethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) followed by induction chemotherapy then irradiation (4500cGy) with concurrent platinum-based chemotherapy. Urological evaluation directed additional therapy in a proportion of patients with irradiation (up to 6400 cGy) in patients who achieved CR.
Eleven patients were evaluable for pathological response at time of re-staging; of whom 8 (73%) achieved CR and 3 (27%) achieved partial response (PR). In all but one patient; combined-modality treatment was well tolerated. After a median follow-up of 18.5 months (range, 3–48 months); 5 of 8 (62.5%) patients with CR were alive.
Bladder-sparing strategies via concurrent chemoradiation for muscle-invasive bladder cancer results in an acceptable rate of complete pathological response with adequate short-term outcomes. This approach appears applicable in low-income countries.
Urinary bladder; Cancer; TURBT; Low-income; Bladder-preservation; CR, complete response; PR, partial response; TURBT, transurethral resection of bladder tumor; TCCB, transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder; cCRT, concurrent chemoradiation
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Giant testicular tumor- a case presentation
Grigore, C
Poteca, T
Forminte, M
Ionescu, SO
Nedelea, S
Journal of Medicine and Life
Background. Testicular cancer is the most common cancer in men 15 to 35 years old. Histological subtypes are seminoma, non-seminoma and mixed tumours (partly seminoma and partly non-seminoma). Seminomas are more sensitive to radiation therapy and are easier to cure than non-seminomas. The surgical treatment is either orchiectomy, either orchiectomy plus lymph node dissection of the involved ganglia.
Case presentation. We present the case of a 42-year-old man with scrotal pain, important swelling and erythema admitted into our surgical unit. Clinical exam and ultrasound revealed a testicular augmentation of 6/15 cm. Radical orchiectomy was performed and the patient was further referred to the oncology department.
Conclusions. Even though the common causes of scrotal erythema with local swelling and pain are orchiepididimitis and testicular torsion, a careful examination followed by a precise ultrasound can reveal a developing testicular tumor, which was complicated by inflammation. Moreover, a careful anamnesis hints to the development of a tumor as the patient was operated on for cryptorchidism in childhood. Orchiectomy followed by radiotherapy in seminomas, has a cure rate of 70 to 100%.
seminoma; orchiectomy; acute scrotum
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Case report: HIV negative isolated scrotal Kaposi's sarcoma
Ozmen, Hamid
Baba, Dursun
Kacagan, Coskun
Kayikci, Ali
Cam, Kamil
International Journal of Surgery Case Reports
•We present a case of Kaposi's sarcoma that primarily involved the scrotal region.•We present a case of Kaposi's sarcoma that involved in HIV negative patient.•Classical KS is generally observed in the lower extremities, it can rarely affect scrotal skin as isolated lesions. Therefore, a careful physical examination should also include scrotum for these patients.
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a rare angioproliferative disorder of the vascular endothelium. The development of KS requires Human Herpes Virus 8 (HHV-8) infection. An associated HIV infection is usually seen. Isolated scrotal KS has rarely been reported. In this article, we present a case of KS that primarily involved the scrotum in a HIV negative patient.
A 71-year old male patient admitted to the outpatient department due to nodular lesions on the scrotum. The patient declared that these lesions were present for nearly 5 years. Past medical history revealed that he underwent left thoracotomy and upper lobectomy in 2006 for adenosquamous lung carcinoma. Then, he received a single cycle of adjuvant chemotherapy consisted of docetaxel and cisplatin. Physical examination revealed 3 black small nodules on the scrotum. The anti-HIV test was negative. All scrotal lesions were surgically excised. The pathological investigation revealed KS of the lymphangioma-like type.
The pathogenesis of KS has still not been clearly elucidated. However, it is known that all forms of KS are associated with HHV-8 infections. A defect in immune system was almost always necessary. Therefore, KS is usually associated with HIV infection. KS of the penis has been reported in HIV negative patients. Very few cases of scrotal KS have been presented. In a recent review, only 1 patient had scrotal KS out of 32 cases with HIV negative KS. In our case, the patient received a cycle of chemotherapy that might affect his immune system. The lymphangioma-like type is a common morphological sub-type. While lymph edemas are commonly observed in this sub-type, no edema in the lymphs was present in our case.
Classical KS is generally observed in the lower extremities, it can rarely affect scrotal skin as isolated lesions. Therefore, a careful physical examination should also include scrotum for these patients.
Case report; Kaposi's sarcoma; Scrotum
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Mixed germ cell tumor of the testicle with ravdomuosarcomatous component: a case report
Stamatiou, Konstantinos
Papadopoulos, Panagiotis
Perlepes, Georgios
Galariotis, Nikolaos
Olympitis, Michalis
Moschouris, Hippocrates
Vasilakaki, Theodora
Cases Journal
Testicular tumors can be classified as seminomatous and non-seminomatous germ-cell tumor (NSGCT) types. Mixed germ cell tumors contain more than one germ cell component and are much more common than any of the pure histologic forms representing 32%-60% of all germ cell tumors. The composition of these tumors varies. Here we present a rare case of a mixed germ cell tumor composed of seminoma, Yolk sack tumor and teratoma containing a sarcoma component of somatic type malignancy.
Case presentation
A 32-year-old Caucasian male presented with history of right-sided scrotal swelling since 6 months. Backache was present since 2 months and a history of right epididimitis was also present since 8 months. Alpha-Fetoprotein, beta-HCG and LDH values were found abmormal. USG of the scrotum revealed a large right testis swelling characterized by scarce cystic elements and calcifications. CT scan of the abdomen showed nodular metastasis involving the interaortocaval, precaval, and right para-aortic lymph nodes. The block of enlarged lymph nodes infiltrated the psoas muscle. The patient underwent right-sided high orchidectomy and was given chemotherapy of the BEP regimen. After the 2nd cycle the patient discontinued the chemotherapy and when he came for follow-up after a gap of 3 months, despite the normalisation in tumor markers values, the retroperitoneal mass was relapsed. CT scan of the chest showed multiple lung metastases.
More than 50% of germ-cell tumors include more than 2 basic germ-cell tumor types, with the exception of spermatocytic seminoma. About 90% of the patients with nonseminomatous tumors can achieve complete cure with aggressive chemotherapy and most of them can be cured. Although prognosis of testicular tumors depends largely on clinical stage, histological type and adhesion to the treatment influence the prognosis as well.
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Testicular cancer: seminoma
Neal, Richard David
Stuart, Nicholas
Wilkinson, Clare
BMJ Clinical Evidence
More than half of painless solid swellings of the body of the testis are malignant, with a peak incidence in men aged 25-35 years. About half of testicular cancers are seminomas, which tend to affect older men and have a good prognosis.
Methods and outcomes
We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of treatments in men with stage 1 seminoma (confined to testis) who have undergone orchidectomy? What are the effects of treatments in men with good-prognosis non-stage 1 seminoma who have undergone orchidectomy? What are the effects of maintenance chemotherapy in men in remission after orchidectomy and chemotherapy for good-prognosis non-stage 1 seminoma? What are the effects of treatments in men with intermediate-prognosis seminoma who have undergone orchidectomy? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library and other important databases up to April 2006 (BMJ Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically, please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
We found 27 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: adjuvant irradiation (20 Gy in 10 fractions to paraaortic area, 30 Gy in 15 fractions to paraaortic area and iliac nodes), chemotherapy (maintenance, adjuvant, single-agent carboplatin, three or four cycles, different number of cycles of adjuvant, using bleomycin added to vinblastine plus cisplatin, using etoposide plus cisplatin with or without bleomycin, adding higher doses to a two-drug chemotherapy regimen using cisplatin or vinblastine), radiotherapy (adjuvant, different drug combinations, 30-36 Gy in 15-18 fractions), surveillance.
Key Points
More than half of painless solid swellings of the body of the testis are malignant, with a peak incidence in men aged 25-35 years. About half of testicular cancers are seminomas, which tend to affect older men and have a good prognosis.
In men with seminoma confined to the testis (stage 1), standard treatment is orchidectomy followed by radiotherapy to infradiaphragmatic lymph nodes, which is associated with cure rates approaching 100%. Adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy reduce the risk of relapse after orchidectomy compared with surveillance, but both reduce fertility and may increase the risk of secondary malignancy in the long term.We do not know which is the most effective chemotherapy regimen, or the optimum number of cycles to use. The high cure rate with standard therapy makes it difficult to show that any alternative therapy is superior.Toxicity is lower, but efficacy the same, with adjuvant irradiation of 20 Gy in 10 fractions compared with 30 Gy in 15 fractions, or with irradiation to para-aortic nodes compared with ipsilateral iliac nodes.
In men with good prognosis non-stage 1 seminoma who have had orchidectomy, radiotherapy may improve survival and be less toxic than chemotherapy, except in men with large volume disease, in whom chemotherapy may be more effective. Combined chemotherapy may be more effective than single agents, but three cycles seem to be as effective as four and with less toxicity.Standard radiotherapy treatment comprises 30-36 Gy in 15-18 fractions, although we do not know whether this is more effective than other regimens.
In men who are in remission after orchidectomy plus chemotherapy for good prognosis non-stage 1 seminoma, further chemotherapy is unlikely to reduce relapse rates or increase survival. We do not know whether chemotherapy increases survival in men with intermediate prognosis seminomas who have had orchidectomy.
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Treatment of advanced seminoma with cyclophosphamide, vincristine and carboplatin on an outpatient basis.
Sleijfer, S.
Willemse, P. H.
de Vries, E. G.
van der Graaf, W. T.
Schraffordt Koops, H.
Mulder, N. H.
British Journal of Cancer
This study describes the efficacy and toxicity of a combination regimen consisting of cyclophosphamide, vincristine (oncovin) and carboplatin (COC) for advanced seminoma on an outpatient basis. Twenty-seven patients (mean age 43 years, range 28-63 years) were classified as stage IIC (n = 5), stage IID (n = 12), stage III (n = 9) or stage IV (n = 1). Six had been treated with prior radiotherapy; elevated beta-HCG and elevated LDH serum levels were observed in 15 and 25 patients respectively. Patients were treated with four cycles of 750 mg m-2 cyclophosphamide intravenously (i.v.), 1.4 mg m-2 vincristine i.v. (maximum 2 mg) and carboplatin adjusted to creatinine clearance. Cycles were given at 3 week intervals. The median dose of carboplatin administered was 400 mg m-2 (range 300-450 mg m-2). Six patients [22%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 6-38%] achieved a complete response (CR), 19 (70%; 95% CI, 51-88%) a partial response and two (8%; 95% CI, 0 18%) showed only a response in tumour markers but not a reduction of retroperitoneal mass (NR). Post-chemotherapeutic masses were not removed surgically or irradiated. After a median follow-up of 26 months (range 5-69 months), two patients have died, one from cardiac arrest 2 years after achieving CR, the other with relapsed seminoma 5 months after therapy. None of the other patients relapsed. Main toxicity was haematological, with 22 patients (81%) experiencing thrombocytopenia WHO grade III/IV and 27 (100%) leucocytopenia WHO grade III/IV, requiring dose reduction in five patients. Seven patients experienced granulocytopenic fever. Non-haematological toxicity was rare. Peripheral neuropathy grade I was observed in four patients and grade III in one. Haemorrhagic cystitis occurred once. In conclusion, despite considerable haematological toxicity, COC is feasible on an outpatient basis, even after prior radiotherapy, and is an effective regimen for advanced seminoma with only 1/27 treatment failures after a median follow-up of 26 months.
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Platinum-based Chemotherapy in Primary Advanced Seminoma—a Retrospective Analysis: Treatment Results at the Northern Israel Oncology Center (1989–2010)
Stein, Moshe E.
Drumea, Karen
Charas, Tomer
Gershuny, Anthony
Ben-Yosef, Rahamim
Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal
Over the past 30 years, great strides have been made in the treatment of disseminated testicular tumors. Despite the low number of patients and the rarity of studies concerning primary advanced seminoma, the efficacy of chemotherapy is clear, mainly 3–4-cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Aiming to contribute to the understanding and implementation of proper chemotherapeutic management in advanced seminoma patients, we retrospectively summarized our experience with 26 patients who were referred for platinum-based chemotherapy, post-orchiectomy to the Northern Israel Oncology Center between 1989 and 2010. Response rate, side effects, and long-term outcome were investigated.
Before chemotherapy, meticulous staging was done, including tumor markers (B-human chorionic gonadotropin (B-HCG), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)), and abdominal and pelvic computerized tomography (CT) scans were carried out.
All 26 treated patients achieved complete remission, clinically and symptomatically, with normalization of their CT scans. At a median follow-up of 120 months (range, 24–268 months) all patients are alive, without evidence of recurrent disease. One patient whose disease recurred twice achieved a third complete remission following salvage treatment with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous peripheral stem cell transplantation. Another patient, who preferred surveillance, relapsed abdominally after 9 months but achieved long-standing complete remission with cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Both these patients are alive with no evidence of disease. Three patients recovered uneventfully from bleomycin-induced pneumonitis.
Advanced seminoma is a highly curable disease using platinum-based chemotherapy. Our study confirms the efficacy and safety of cisplatin-based chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced seminoma.
Cisplatin-based chemotherapy; primary advanced seminoma
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Testicular yolk sac tumors in children: a review of 61 patients over 19 years
Wei, Yi
Wu, Shengde
Lin, Tao
He, Dawei
Li, Xuliang
Liu, Junhong
Liu, Xing
Hua, Yi
Lu, Peng
Wei, Guanghui
World Journal of Surgical Oncology
To describe 19 years of clinical experience managing pediatric patients with testicular yolk sac tumors at the Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital.
This study involved a retrospective review of the records of 61 pediatric patients who presented with testicular yolk sac tumor at our institution between 1995 and 2014.
All patients presented with a painless scrotal mass. Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were elevated (n = 15). Ultrasonography identified the yolk sac tumors as solid masses. Color Doppler flow imaging showed rich blood flow inside and around the masses in 84.8% cases. X-ray of the scrotum showed no intrascrotal calcification (n = 38). Inguinal orchiectomy was performed in 60 patients, one case was treated with testis-sparing surgery. In 11 cases, radical dissection of the inguinal lymph nodes was performed. Histological analysis showed pathologies typical of yolk sac tumor including microcapsule and reticular structures, gland tube-gland bubble structures, an embryo sinus structure, and papillary structures. All patients received postoperative chemotherapy. Serum AFP levels returned to normal 1 to 2 months after surgery. No patients treated with surgery in our hospital relapsed.
Testicular yolk sac tumor presents as a painless scrotal mass, increased serum AFP levels, and a solid mass on ultrasound. Chest radiography and abdominal ultrasound should be used to accurately stage the tumor. We advocate for inguinal orchiectomy for Stage I disease and postoperative chemotherapy to prevent recurrence in the ipsilateral or contralateral testis.
Pediatric; Testicular yolk sac tumor; Diagnosis; Resection; Chemotherapy
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Chemotherapy of metastatic seminoma.
Schuette, J.
Niederle, N.
Scheulen, M. E.
Seeber, S.
Schmidt, C. G.
British Journal of Cancer
Response to chemotherapy and survival was retrospectively analyzed in 28 patients with bulky retroperitoneal and disseminated seminoma treated between 1977 and 1983. The median age was 41 years (range: 23-52). All patients had histological evidence of pure testicular seminoma, however, 14 patients revealed moderate increases of human beta-chorionic gonadotropin levels. Prior radiotherapy had been given to 9/28 (32%) patients. Treatment consisted of at least four courses of simultaneous or sequentially alternating therapy with cisplatin, vinblastine, bleomycin plus/minus adriamycin (PVB +/- A), administration of ifosfamide or combination therapy with ifosfamide/cisplatin (IFS/DDP) or ifosfamide/etoposide (IFS/ETP). Twenty-five of 28 patients (89%) achieved a complete (CR), and 3/28 patients a partial remission. Relapse occurred in 1/8 CR patients after adjuvant postchemotherapeutic irradiation, and in 1/11 patients without any further radiotherapy. So far, 23/28 patients (82%) are free of disease after a median follow-up of 28+ (14+----82+) months. Marked myelosuppression was observed in previously irradiated patients, mainly after PVB +/- A therapy. In two patients, transient nephrotoxicity developed after PVB and IFS/DDP, respectively. After PVB +/- A chemotherapy, three patients revealed polyneuropathy, paralytic subileus and bleomycin-induced pneumonitis, respectively. In conclusion, the present series suggests a high probability of continuous CR in even bulky retroperitoneal and widespread metastatic seminoma. So far, no definite conclusions can be made on the therapeutic superiority of one of the different chemotherapeutic regimens used. However, this preliminary experience suggests that the combination of ifosfamide and etoposide or cisplatin may prove less toxic than sequentially alternating or simultaneous PVB +/- A chemotherapy.
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Evaluation of a prognostic model for risk of relapse in stage I seminoma surveillance
Chung, Peter
Daugaard, Gedske
Tyldesley, Scott
Atenafu, Eshetu G
Panzarella, Tony
Kollmannsberger, Christian
Warde, Padraig
Cancer Medicine
A prognostic model for relapse risk in stage I seminoma managed by surveillance after orchiectomy has been developed but has not been independently validated. Individual data on 685 stage I seminoma surveillance patients managed between 1998 and 2005 at three cancer centers were retrospectively analyzed. Variables including age and pathology of the primary tumor: small vessel invasion, tumor size, and invasion of rete testis were analyzed. Specifically median tumor size and rete testis invasion was tested to evaluate the performance of the published model. Median follow-up was 3.85 years (0.1–10.29), 88 patients relapsed and 5-year relapse-free rate was 85%. In univariate analysis, median tumor size (<3 cm vs. ≥3 cm) was associated with increased risk of relapse but rete testis invasion was not, nor was age and small vessel invasion. In multivariable analysis, tumor size above median (cutpoint of 3 cm) was a predictor for relapse, HR 1.87 (95% CI 1.15, 3.06), whereas rete testis invasion HR 1.36, (95% CI 0.81, 2.28) was not statistically significant. The 3-year relapse risk based on the primary tumor size alone increased from 9% for 1 cm primary tumor to 26% for 8 cm tumor. A clinically useful, highly discriminating prognostic model remains elusive in stage I seminoma surveillance as we were unable to validate the previously developed model. However, primary tumor size retained prognostic importance and a scale of relapse risk based on the unit increment of tumor size was developed to help guide patients and clinicians in decision making.
Prognostic model; stage I seminoma; surveillance
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Prospective Randomised Controlled Trial Comparing Sub-Epididymal Orchiectomy Versus Conventional Orchiectomy in Metastatic Carcinoma of Prostate
Bapat, Shivadeo
Mahajan, Pratikshit M.
Bhave, Ashish A.
Kshirsagar, Yogesh B.
Sovani, Yogesh B.
Mulay, Abhirudra
The Indian Journal of Surgery
Androgen blockade (surgical or medical castration) is a standard procedure for patients with metastatic carcinoma prostate. Sub-epididymal orchiectomy involves removal of testis leaving behind epididymis. This epididymal stump over a period gives a pseudo testicular feel within the scrotum. We present a prospective randomized study to assess the functional utility of this procedure and compare it with total orchiectomy in terms of achieving castrate levels. From July 2005–Jan 2008, 60 patients with metastatic carcinoma prostate were alternately randomised and allotted to two groups, 30 underwent sub-epididymal orchiectomy (group A) and remaining 30 (group B) underwent total orchiectomy. Age: 56–80 years. Serum PSA: 55–268 ng/ml. Preoperative serum testosterone: Group A—300–650 ng/ml and group B—320–640 ng/ml. Postoperative serum testosterone: group A—2–18 ng\ml and group B—7–15 ng\ml on day 7 after surgery. Operating time—26–40 mins for group A and 20–34 mins for group B. Follow up—6 weeks and 3 months. At 3 months patients were asked to grade appearance of scrotum for asthetic value on a scale of 1–100 using visual analogue score. Postoperative serum testosterone reached castrate levels in seven days (both groups). Duration of surgery in both groups was comparable. Complications—wound infection in 1 patient (group A) & 1 scrotal hematoma (group B). Satisfaction score for group A (83.5 ± 9.7) was significantly (p < 0.05) better (95%CI—18.58–28.42), compared to that of group B (60 ± 9.4) by using't' test. Sub epididymal orchiectomy is comparable to total orchiectomy in terms of achieving castrate levels with similar operating time. It has significant advantage in terms of mental satisfaction to patients. It is a simple and safe procedure that can be conveniently performed in an outpatient clinic setting using pure local anaesthesia.
Epididymoplasty; Epididymis sparing orchiectomy
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Retroperitoneal Histology of Patients with Elevated Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein and Pure Seminoma at Orchiectomy
Kundu, Shilajit D.
Carver, Brett S.
Sheinfeld, Joel
A histologic diagnosis of seminoma at orchiectomy with an elevation in serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) indicates the likelihood of unrecognized NSGCT elements. We report the retroperitoneal histology of a contemporary series of patients with pure seminoma at orchiectomy with an elevation in serum AFP that were managed as NSGCT.
We identified 22 patients between 1989 and 2009 with pure seminoma diagnosed at orchiectomy with an elevated serum AFP (> 15 ng/ml) either pre- or post-orchiectomy. Retroperitoneal histology and relapse data are reported.
Median pre-orchiectomy and pre-chemotherapy serum AFP levels were 248 ng/ml (IQR 48, 4693) and 279 ng/ml (IQR 66, 5311), respectively. Percentage of patients with clinical stage I, II, and III was 5%, 50%, and 45%, respectively. Percentage of patients with IGCCCG good, intermediate, and poor risk status was 32%, 32%, and 36%, respectively. Twenty-one patients had induction chemotherapy followed by PC-RPLND. Overall, 67% of patients had NSGCT elements in the retroperitoneum. Histologic findings were pure teratoma in 38%, malignant transformation in 14%, and viable NSGCT in 14%. Fifty-nine percent had some component of teratoma in the RP. One patient (5%) had any seminoma in the RP, but this patient also had RP teratoma. Seven patients relapsed and received salvage chemotherapy. Actuarial relapse free survival at 5 and 10 years was 76% and 61% reflecting a high percentage of patients with stage II/III disease.
Pure seminoma at orchiectomy with an elevated serum AFP portends a high likelihood of harboring NSGCT elements in the RP.
testicular cancer; seminoma; AFP; RPLND
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The application of clinical variables and models to predict pulmonary embolism in cancer patients: a comprehensive single cancer center experience
Mansour, Asem
Ismael, Yousef
Abunasser, Mahmoud
Hammode, Emad
Turfa, Rim
Abdel-Razeq, Hikmat
Patient preference and adherence
Prompt diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary embolism (PE) can help reduce its associated morbidity and mortality. Computed tomography chest angiography (CTA) scanning is the most widely used diagnostic modality. In noncancer patients, only 10% of such studies are positive for PE. Clinical variables, individual or in combination, that can predict test positivity are highly needed.
Materials and methods
All CTAs requested to confirm or exclude a diagnosis of PE in a single comprehensive cancer center were reviewed. In addition to the Wells score, other clinical variables known to increase the risk of PE were analyzed.
A total of 778 adult cancer patients were treated at King Hussein Cancer Center (Amman, Jordan) and were included in this study; the majority of patients (64.2%) had stage 4 disease. Overall, 129 (16.6%) patients had positive scans for PE, while alternative diagnoses were made in 308 (39.6%) patients. Cancer stage and anticancer treatment had no impact on positive PE rates. However, Wells criteria classified patients into three risk groups with PE rates of 10.2%, 16.1%, and 62.5% among the patients with low, moderate, and high risk, respectively (P < 0.0001). Duration of cancer diagnosis (<12 months versus >12 months) had a significant impact on positive PE studies (22.0% versus 12.4%, respectively, P = 0.007).
The rate of positive PE studies in cancer patients is higher than previously reported in noncancer patients. Positivity for PE was higher during the first 12 months of cancer diagnosis and in those with high probability score according to the Wells criteria. Factors like primary tumor stage and anticancer therapy had no significant impact on PE-positive studies.
pulmonary embolism; thromboembolism; cancer; CT angiography
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Friday the 13th Part 2
|It has been requested that the title of this article be changed to Friday the 13th Part II. Please see the relevant discussion on the discussion page. Do not move the page until the discussion has reached consensus for the change and is closed.
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
|Friday the 13th Part 2
|Directed by
|Produced by
|Steve Miner
|Written by
|Based on
by Victor Miller
|Music by
|Harry Manfredini
|Peter Stein
|Edited by
|Susan E. Cunningham
|Distributed by
|Paramount Pictures
Release dates
Running time
|87 minutes
|United States
|$1.25 million[1]
|Box office
|$21.7 million[1]
Friday the 13th Part 2 is an American slasher film released to cinemas in the USA on 30 April 1981,[2] directed by Steve Miner and the second installment in the Friday the 13th film series. It is a direct sequel to Friday the 13th, picking up five years after that film's conclusion, where a new murderer stalks and begins murdering the camp counselors at a nearby training camp in Crystal Lake. The film marks the first time Jason Voorhees is the killer; his mother was the killer in the previous film.
Originally, Friday the 13th Part 2 was not intended to be a direct sequel to the 1980 original but rather part of an anthology series of films based on the Friday the 13th superstition, but after the popularity of the original film's surprise ending where Jason Voorhees attacks the heroine, the filmmakers brought back Jason and the mythology surrounding Camp Crystal Lake, a trend which would be repeated for the rest of the series.
Stylistically, Friday the 13th Part 2 reproduces certain key elements that made the original Friday the 13th a sleeper hit in 1980, such as first-person camera perspectives, gory stalk-and-slash scenes, and campground settings. Although it did not gross as much as the original, the sequel grossed over $21.7 million in the United States on a budget of $1.25 million.
Two months after the Camp Crystal Lake massacre, sole survivor Alice Hardy is recovering from her traumatic experience. In her apartment, she suddenly began having nightmares, but wakes up safe in her bed. Soon after she is startled by a cat, then finds the head of Pamela Voorhees in her refrigerator. She then is murdered by an unseen Jason Voorhees with an ice pick.
Five years later, Paul Holt hosts a camp-counselor training camp at a building near Crystal Lake. Included among the counselor hopefuls are lovers Jeff and Sandra, troublemaker Scott, his girlfriend Terry, wheelchair-bound Mark, sweet-natured Vickie, jokester Ted, and Paul's assistant and girlfriend, Ginny. At the campfire that night, Paul tells them the legend of Jason Voorhees to scare the other counselors from entering Camp Crystal Lake. That night, Crazy Ralph wanders onto the property to warn the kids, but is garroted from behind by Jason. The next day, Jeff and Sandra attempt to go off to Camp Crystal Lake, but find a recently killed animal that looks like Terry's dog, Muffin. They are then discovered trespassing by the sheriff and return to the camp. On the way, the sheriff spots a figure with a sack hood running across the street (who's revealed as Jason), and chases him into the woods, where he comes across a rundown shack. As he investigates, he discovers a sight that horrifies him, moments before he's suddenly killed with a claw hammer to the back of his head.
Back at camp, Paul offers the others one last night on the town, but makes Jeff and Sandra remain behind as punishment for their earlier excursion. Terry stays behind to look for Muffin and Scott stays behind to flirt with Terry. Mark doesn't want to go and Vickie decides to stay with him. Terry goes swimming and Scott plays a prank on her by stealing her clothes. He then gets caught in a rope trap and hangs upside down from a tree. While Terry goes to get a knife to cut him down, Scott's throat is then slashed with a machete and Terry is killed (offscreen) when she returns. At a noisy bar in the nearby town, Ginny muses that if Jason were still alive and witnessed his mother's death, it may have left him with no distinction between life and death, right or wrong. Paul scoffs at the idea, proclaiming that Jason is nothing but an urban legend.
Back at the camp, while Mark is waiting for Vickie, he's killed by Jason with a machete to the head and his wheelchair is pushed down a flight of outdoor stairs. Jason then goes upstairs and kills Jeff and Sandra with a spear as they are having sex. Vickie returns and comes across her friends's bodies, before she is stabbed by Jason. Ginny suspects something is wrong when she and Paul return to find the lights out and the place in disarray. Jason creeps through the dark and attacks Paul before turning on Ginny who screams and runs in terror.
She's then chased through some of the cabins before fleeing into the woods and eventually comes across the old shack. After barricading herself inside, she finds a rough altar with Pamela Voorhees's severed head on it surrounded by a pile of Jason's victims, including the corpse of Alice Hardy. Ginny quickly puts on Pamela's sweater and tries to psychologically convince Jason that she's his mother. The ruse fails when he spots his mother's head on the altar and he attacks Ginny. Paul suddenly intervenes and attacks Jason but is quickly overwhelmed. Just as Jason is about to kill Paul, Ginny picks up a machete and slams it down into his shoulder, seemingly killed him.
Paul and Ginny returns to the cabin and are greeted at the door by Muffin the dog, alive and well. Just as they feel at ease, an unmasked Jason suddenly bursts through the window behind Ginny who grabs to drag her out while she screams, as the screen fades to bright white. She then awakens being loaded into an ambulance and calls out for Paul, who is nowhere to be seen. Meanwhile, back at the shack in the woods, Pamela's head remains on its altar.
- Amy Steel as Ginny Field
- John Furey as Paul Holt
- Adrienne King as Alice Hardy
- Warrington Gillette as Jason Voorhees
- Walt Gorney as Crazy Ralph
- Stu Charno as Ted
- Bill Randolph as Jeff
- Marta Kober as Sandra Dier
- Tom McBride as Mark
- Lauren-Marie Taylor as Vickie
- Kirsten Baker as Terry
- Russell Todd as Scott
- Betsy Palmer as Pamela Voorhees
- Jack Marks as Deputy Winslow
- Cliff Cudney as Max
- Steve Daskawisz as Jason Voorhees stunt double
Following the success of Friday the 13th in 1980, Paramount Pictures began plans to make a sequel. First acquiring the worldwide distribution rights, Frank Mancuso, Sr. stated, "We wanted it to be an event, where teenagers would flock to the theaters on that Friday night to see the latest episode." The initial ideas for a sequel involved the "Friday the 13th" title being used for a series of films, released once a year, that would not have direct continuity with one another but be a separate "scary movie" of their own right. Phil Scuderi—one of three owners of Esquire Theaters, along with Steve Minasian and Bob Barsamian, who produced the original film—insisted that the sequel have Jason Voorhees, Pamela's son, even though his appearance in the original film was only meant to be a joke. Steve Miner, associate producer on the first film, believed in the idea and would go on to direct the first two sequels, after Cunningham opted not to return to the director's chair. Miner would use many of the same crew members from the first film while working on the sequels.[3] Cunningham had mixed feelings about the entire "Friday the 13th" enterprise that he outlined for film critic and author Stephen Hunter in an interview for a book Hunter wrote on violent films. Hunter stated that Cunningham "wasn't particularly proud" of his work on these films, and Cunningham bluntly said that the only thing that seemed to reach a teenaged audience at that time period involved high levels of gore and graphic violence.
|This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2015)
Tom Savini was asked to work on the film but declined because he was already working on another project (Midnight).[4]
Adrienne King was pursued by an obsessed fan after the success of the original Friday the 13th and wished her role to be small as possible.[5] Actor Warrington Gillette played Jason unmasked at the end of the film. Stuntman Steve Daskawisz (also known as Steve Dash) was credited as Jason Stunt Double but played Jason throughout the rest of the film.[6]
Principal photography took place from October 3 and finished in November 1980.[citation needed]
Daskawisz was rushed to the emergency room when Amy Steel hit his middle finger with a machete during filming. Steel explained, "The timing was wrong, and he didn't turn his pickaxe properly, and the machete hit his finger." Daskawisz received 13 stitches on his middle finger. It was covered with a piece of rubber, and Daskawisz and Steel insisted on doing the scene all over again.[7]
Originally the film's ending was after Ginny was loaded into the ambulance, it would switch to Mrs. Voorhees's head, which then opens its eyes and smiles, indicating that Jason had killed Paul; however, the ending was scrapped at the last minute for being too fake and cheapened the movie's impact.[citation needed]
In one scene where Daskawisz was wearing the burlap flour sack, part of the flour sack was flapping at his eye, so the crew used tape inside the eye area to prevent it from flapping. Daskawisz received rug burns around his eye from the tape from wearing the rough flour sack material for hours.[8]
The film's ending has been a source of confusion for fans. Writer Ron Kurz has stated that Jason's window jump was intended to be set in reality and that Paul was killed offscreen.[3] However, the beginning of Part III, in replaying the end of Part 2, instead showed Jason pulling the machete out of his shoulder and crawling away as Ginny and Paul leave him for dead in the shack. This arguably retcons the scene of Jason's window jump into a dream. In addition, near the beginning of Part III, a news broadcast reports the body count at eight, thus excluding Paul from this count.
Rumors sparked that John Furey left before the film wrapped, as his character does not appear in the end. In truth, his character was not intended to have appeared.[9]
In 1982, Gramavision Records released an LP album of selected pieces of Harry Manfredini's scores from the first three Friday the 13th films.[10] On January 13, 2012, La-La Land Records released a limited edition 6-CD boxset containing Manfredini's scores from the first six films. It sold out in less than 24 hours.[11] Waxworks Records will release the Harry Manfredini-composed score in summer 2015 on Vinyl.[12]
The film was released theatrically on April 30, 1981, to immediate box office success, bringing in $6,429,784 its opening weekend. It played on 1,350 screens and would ultimately gross $21,722,776. It was the 35th highest-grossing film of 1981, facing strong competition early in the year from such high-profile horror releases as Omen III: The Final Conflict, The Howling, Scanners, Wolfen, Deadly Blessing, The Funhouse, My Bloody Valentine, The Fan and The Hand.[3]
Much like its predecessor, critical reception to the film was initially negative. It has a 32% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes among 31 reviews.[13] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times wrote that Friday the 13th Part 2 was "a cross between the Mad Slasher and Dead teenager genres; about two dozen movies a year feature a mad killer going berserk, and they're all about as bad as this one. Some have a little more plot, some have a little less. It doesn't matter."[14]
When reviewing the film's Blu-ray release, David Harley of Bloody Disgusting said, "It doesn't exactly stray far from the formula of the original film — neither do most of the other sequels — but Friday The 13th Part II still stands as an iconic and important entry in the series due to the introduction of Jason as the antagonist of the series and the usage of Italian horror films as an inspiration for its death scenes — most notably, the spear copulation death from Mario Bava's A Bay of Blood."[15] Scott Meslow of The Week described it as a transitional film that blended elements of the original film and those to come later in the series.[16] The final scene where Jason crashes through the window and the scene where Jason raises his knife before killing Vicki were featured in the tribute to horror films montage during the 82nd Academy Awards.
In 2014, the film ranked at number one on a list of the 100 Greatest Slasher Movies on the genre website Vegan Voorhees.[17]
A novelization based on the screenplay of Ron Kurz was published in 1988: Hawke, Simon, Friday the 13th Part II: A Novel, New American Library, New York, 1988, ISBN 0-451-15337-5
- ^ a b "Friday the 13th Part 2 (1981)". The Numbers. Retrieved 2015-07-10.
- ^ "Friday the 13th Part 2". Box Office Mojo. 30 April 1981. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
- ^ a b c Peter Brack (2006-10-11). Crystal Lake Memories. United Kingdom: Titan Books. pp. 50–52. ISBN 1-84576-343-2.
- ^ "Tom Savinin interview".
- ^ "Friday The 13th' Star Adrienne King Uses Her Terrifying Stalker Tale To Help Her Fans". UPROXX. Retrieved 2015-01-06.
- ^ "Dash, Stev (Friday the 13th Part2)". Dread Central. Retrieved 2006-07-01.
- ^ "Behind the Scenes:Part 2 accident and the Hospital". Friday the 13th The Franchise. Retrieved March 2016. Check date values in:
- ^ "Friday the 13:The Ultimate Fan blog".
- ^ "Friday The 13th Part 2:Did you Know". Lair of horror.
- ^ Bracke, Peter, pg. 94
- ^ "La-La Land Records: Friday the 13th". La-La Land Records. Retrieved 2012-01-15.
- ^ "'Friday The 13th Part 2′ OST Coming To Vinyl". Waxworks Records. Retrieved 2012-01-15.
- ^ "Friday the 13th Part 2 (1981)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
- ^ Ebert, Roger (January 1, 1981). "Friday the 13th, Part 2". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2015-02-11.
- ^ "Blu-ray Review: 'Friday the 13th Part 2' -". Bloody Disgusting!.
- ^ Meslow, Scott (2015-02-13). "Friday the 13th Part 2: How a young franchise took its first steps toward creating a horror icon". The Week. Retrieved 2016-06-05.
- ^ Lee, Hudson (23 April 2014). "The 100 Greatest Slasher Movies Part X". Vegan Voorhees. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
External links[edit]
|Wikiquote has quotations related to: Friday the 13th Part 2
- 1981 films
- English-language films
- 1981 horror films
- American films
- American sequel films
- American horror films
- American teen horror films
- Slasher films
- Directorial debut films
- Films set in 1979
- Films set in 1984
- Friday the 13th (franchise) films
- Paramount Pictures films
- Film scores by Harry Manfredini
- Films directed by Steve Miner
- Films directed by Sean S. Cunningham


text: Piano Lessons Orange County, Irvine, CA | Dr. Doris Chiang What's New? Pasadena Presbyterian Church (December 2nd 12pm-1pm) Practice Marathon Challenge (Oct1, 2014-June 2015) Skype Lessons Now Available! Newsletter Article: 2014-15 Festival Winners Contact Doris Directly (562) 537-7548 Start Today! Call Us (562) 537-7548 If you are a human and are seeing this field, please leave it blank. Fields marked with an * are required Student Level Beginner Intermediate Advanced Student Age: Own a Piano? YesNo (For Transfer Students Only) List the pieces/books the student studied for the past 6 years: List any evaluation/competition experience:


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Rio Deal B&B
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