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I have a 6 year old female cat named Clubby for adoption. She is gray with orange patches. Clubby is a polydactyl cat which means she has "thumbs" which you can see in the photos. She would be great with kids and other pets. Looking for a good home for her
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I have 4 adorable polydactyl kittens that are 3/4 Persian. I have 3 males and 1 female. They mother is a 1/2 Persian tabby and the father is a flat faced grey Persian. They will need their first shots. I live in central PA, about 70 miles northwest of Harrisburg. If you are interested you can contact me by email or by calling or texting my cell phone at 717-348-4027.
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Steel is a solid blue minskin kitten with long legs and a furpointed coat. He is also polydactyl (extra toes) . steel is 8 weeks old now and will be ready to go home between 12-14 weeks old. He is home raised underfoot and used to children dogs people and other cats. Steel is TICA registered. He is very sweet and will be about 5-6 pounds full grown. Price includes neuter microchip all age ...
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Sri Lanka's navy saved 138 people from Burma and Bangladesh from a small boat that was sinking off the island's eastern coast, AFP reports. One of the passengers was found dead, while many of the other 138 in the vessel were dehydrated. "We sent three ships for the rescue at a location (80 kilometers) off the eastern coast," navy spokesman Kosala Warnakulasuriya told AFP. "Some have been admitted to a local hospital. Others are being taken to Colombo." Warnakulasuriya said the passengers rescued on Sunday identified themselves as Bangladeshi and Burmese nationals.
Re 138 bangladesh and myanmar rescue by sri lanka navy boat.
I am a sri lankan born canadian citizen. I can speak bangoli well and I was talking those banglades people thay said, they left fron decnam bangladesh on 11th january around 8pm. they want to go malasiya but on the way after 8 days no food and 9th day thailand navy beated lot. that night thailand navy pull oue boat by thailand navy navy boat to difrent direction and left in middle of the see. after 22nd days they seen sri lanka fisherman boat asked help, than fisherman told to sri lanka navy. finaly sri lanka navy rescue those people we all helped them as much posible.thanks for sri lankan navy. there are 82 bangladesh and 56 mayenmar.
if you need more information pls call me 0094-775298569.


text: What does is mean to be a people of wonder? This was the evening's invitational question for the small group ministry covenant group I have the honor of facilitating in New Orleans. And it has me thinking…and praying. Almost every black person who talked with me after the non-indictment of Darren Wilson in the death [Read More…]


text: Modern Five-Piece Queen and King Bedroom Sets Deal of the Day | Groupon Flag this deal What's the matter? Choose a reason Dead deal Duplicate Bad link Spam Inaccurate No value Alive again Edit deal ancagavs Jan 14, 2013 a lot of money for a bedroom set. it's nice, but we can't afford a set like this. Reply 1 like TexasTeacher Jan 14, 2013 Agreed, it is not cheap, but the value is excellent. Reply 1 like zoneric Jan 14, 2013 true. and it's half a price, so that's a very good price drop. Reply Load More Comments


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Waste & Recycling Companies in Montana
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Myron L Company
Distributor in MONTANA (USA)
Myron L Company manufactures cost-effective high performance tools for solution control and water quality analysis, as well as calibration solutions, accessories and kits that keep instrumentation operating at peak performance in diverse applications. Our current product line includes handheld instruments, inline monitor/controllers and field test kits that measure ...
Omnitec Design, Inc.
Distributor in St. Louis, MONTANA (USA)
Omnitec Design, Inc. specializes in manufacturing equipment for environmental cleanups, restoration, healthcare facilities, labs, emergency response and many other industries. Omnitec started in 1988 with an innovative, modular design of asbestos abatement equipment and expanded to other hazardous waste and bio-contamination specialty equipment. We introduced light ...


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Dr Dalen neatly and comprehensively summarizes changes in America's nonsystem of health care in the managed care era1; his observations should be required reading for all law makers and available as a handout in physicians' offices nationwide. He wisely points out that health care reform (providing health services as the greatest good for the greatest number) will not be easy. But why not make a start? Dr Dalen lists groups that currently are "guaranteed health care." And here, our federal and state entitlements head the list: federal employees, veterans, Native Americans, Medicaid and Medicare recipients, and military dependents and retirees. Forty percent of our nation's health care is government-financed and inherently wasteful because it is fragmented into bureaucracies with their multiple regulations, varying eligibility requirements, and duplication of services.
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Belleville Information and Schedule
Belleville tickets are available now for all Belleville events. Whether on vacation or a current resident, you'll never get tired of all the things that are available in Belleville, Ontario, and the surrounding areas! Get tickets to Belleville, ONT below.
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You have access to: FAQs, downloads of the latest firmware or software version, manuals, certificates, characteristics, application examples and tools, product notes (e.g. announcement of new products), successors in case of product discontinuation.
Get a quick overview of the latest entries on the start screen. The search function provides you with hits concerning the products and entries and supports you with a personal list of suggestions. Find your personal favorites in "mySupport", all the entries you need regularly. You also have the possibility to send an inquiry to the Technical Support (Support Request).
Moreover, the area Messages area provides you with selected messages about new functions, important entries or events.
The main functions at a glance:
• Scanning product codes/EAN codes with a direct display of all the technical information about this product, including graphic data (CAx data).
• Sending product information or entries per e-mail in order to process the information directly at the workstation.
• Sending inquiries to the technical Support (Support Requests). with a photo function for transmitting detailed information.
• The contents and surfaces are available in six languages (German, English, French, Italian, Spanish and Chinese) – including a temporary switching to English.
• Offline cache function of all the favorites in mySupport. These entries are also available without network reception.
• Transferring PDF documents into a library (e.g. iBooks etc.).
Replacing the "SIRIUS eAssistance" App
Of course, the Industry Online Support app also contains all the information about SIRIUS products and replaces the SIRIUS eAssistance app. The SIRIUS eAssistance app will soon be no longer offered in the Store.


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Fewer job losses in manufacturing
April 08, 2002
Manufacturing job losses continued last month, but the decline of 38,000 in March—and that of 54,000 in February—were much smaller than in previous months. From January 2001 to January 2002, job losses in the nation's factories averaged 111,000 a month.
Over the month, employment in electronic equipment and in industrial machinery decreased by 10,000 and 7,000, respectively, much smaller than their average losses over the past year. Several manufacturing industries had small employment gains in March after many months of losses—stone, clay, and glass (2,000), primary metals (2,000), and rubber and miscellaneous plastics (4,000).
Payroll employment data are products of the Current Employment Statistics program. Data for February and March 2002 are preliminary and subject to revision. For more information, see The Employment Situation: March 2002, news release USDL. 02-195.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, The Economics Daily, Fewer job losses in manufacturing on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2002/apr/wk2/art01.htm (visited September 26, 2016).
Recent editions of Spotlight on Statistics
A look at healthcare spending, employment, pay, benefits, and prices
As one of the largest U.S. industries, healthcare is steadily growing to meet the needs of an increasing population with an increasing life expectancy. This Spotlight looks at how much people spend on healthcare, current and projected employment in the industry, employer-provided healthcare benefits, healthcare prices, and pay for workers in healthcare occupations.
Employment and Wages in Healthcare Occupations
Healthcare occupations are a significant percentage of U.S. employment. Some of the largest and highest paying occupations are in healthcare. This Spotlight examines employment and wages for healthcare occupations.
Fifty years of looking at changes in peoples lives
Longitudinal surveys help us understand long-term changes, such as how events that happened when a person was in high school affect labor market success as an adult.


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Ukranian PHP Coder Needed
This project received 15 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $1154 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
Skills Required
Project Budget$750 - $1500 USD
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Project Description
We have a real estate website designed and coded in Cake PHP and we have recently revamped the site and we have the PSD file and now we need to reskin the site and we need it coded.
We also need credit card merchant coded/
We can spend around $800 for this job and need a highly skilled Ukranian coder.
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Harshad Chopda shares about his first audition...
The show will bring you back the memories of your first love and the ...
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What if funeral urns helped plant trees?
September 16, 2016, 6:32 a.m. by Sami Grover
Life after death takes a botanical form.
The mysterious world of albino redwood trees
September 13, 2016, 11:21 a.m. by Catie Leary
You may already be familiar with albinism in humans and other animals, but did you know there are albino plants, too?
Scientists discover grove of 1,000-year-old trees in Greece
September 12, 2016, 9:01 a.m. by Michael d'Estries
Over a dozen 'millennium trees,' including one declared the oldest in Europe, have been found in the highlands of northern Greece.
Why cardinals can be good for your health
August 11, 2016, 2:20 p.m. by Russell McLendon
The birds help buffer humans from West Nile virus, a new study suggests, especially in patches of old-growth forest.
9 of the most unusual forests on Earth
August 2, 2016, 4:07 p.m. by Catie Leary
Whether they're thriving underwater or in a desert, these unusual forested ecosystems buck convention.
Battered mangroves find reprieve in Sri Lanka with new conservation plan
July 27, 2016, 1:40 p.m. by Jaymi Heimbuch
Vital to coastal ecosystems, 37,000 acres of mangrove forest will be protected.
Famed 'Shawshank Redemption' tree has fallen
July 26, 2016, 2:29 p.m. by Mary Jo DiLonardo
Movie's iconic white oak tumbled due to high winds.
Are wildfires getting worse?
July 25, 2016, 2:42 p.m. by Russell McLendon
The U.S. has had several wild years of wildfires, and scientists say climate change is likely fanning the flames.
Are African violets in trouble?
July 21, 2016, 12:30 p.m. by Tom Oder
The surprising story behind the cute little plant on your windowsill.
How trees combat the urban heat island effect
July 6, 2016, 12:09 p.m. by Cory Rosenberg
Trees are a natural way for cities to keep temperatures — and energy costs — low.
How light pollution is tricking the trees
June 30, 2016, 1:57 p.m. by Mary Jo DiLonardo
Bright skies at night make some trees bud early for spring.
Town works to save 600-year-old oak
June 28, 2016, 2:40 p.m. by Mary Jo DiLonardo
Concerned citizens wonder if it's time to let go of ailing tree.


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From Don Veres on 22-Jan-2007
I purchased an airplane from Western Cardinal and they made the transaction seemingly painless! We decided to stay an extra night and they did everything possible to accommodate our visit to Camarillo. I was very impressed with the cleanliness of the FBO, the fully stocked flight supplies, knowledgeable staff right down to the pleasantness of the fuel truck operator. Thanks for everything, it's definitely a team effort!


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Fixed PriceBudget: $75
Start DateJuly 8, 2014
I'm looking for a quality writer that can write e-books for me on a
variety of non-fiction niches and topics.
You must be able to effectively research the niche or topic that I give you
and write me with a unique, 100% original quality book (5500-6000 words)
that will help people. You must have good grammar and spelling as well.
I'm willing to pay up to $1.50 per 100 words and am looking to build a
long term relationship with someone that can provide quality books for me
Please apply here with your proposed rates in your application, your proposed deadline for completion, as well as a sample of your writing for me to review.
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Visitor Centre
The new Visitor Centre is open and promoting Wotton under Edge for its leisure activities and retail outlets.
Wotton on the Map
An exhibition showing the evolution of Wotton under Edge using Maps and Photographs
The Historical Society
If you are interested in local or family history and want to meet others with similar interests, The Historical Society and Heritage Centre is the organisation to join. By becoming a member you will also be able to attend our lectures as well as participate in the many social events, excursions and other activities we sponsor throughout the year. In addition you will receive our annual journal and newsletters.
Please visit the Society page to find out more.
Upcoming Lectures
Anglo-Saxon Gloucestershire
Dr Simon Draper worked until 2010 as Assistant Editor of the Victoria County History of Gloucestershire, researching and writing the histories of five rural parishes for publication. He continues to publish on archaeology in Anglo-Saxon England
Tudor Buldings
400 years of Stroudwater Textiles
We're on Facebook!
Wotton Heritage Centre has a facebook page so you can have rolling updates on the activities of the Historical Society, Museum and Heritage Centre.Read More...
So What's Special About Wortley?
Dr. David Wilson of Keele University, Director of Excavations at Wortley from 1983 to 1996, gives an overview of the finding at this Roman site.Read More...
Tyndale and Venn
Hugh Phillips takes a fairly light-hearted look at their place in History.Read More...


text:
Check out our guide on what to see, do and eat in Singapore!
The biggest I.T, digital, mobile and consumer technology exhibition is back. Details: Venus: Singapore Expo Halls 5 & 6 Time: 12noon - 9 pm Date: 5-8 Sep 2013
Save 15% when you book for 3 nights or more!
Save 20% when you book your rooms in advance!
Book your trip in advance and Save 20%!


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|Home | About | Journals | Submit | Contact Us | Français
While an increasing number of behavioral studies examining spatial cognition use experimental paradigms involving disorientation, the process by which one becomes disoriented is not well explored. The current study examined this process using a paradigm in which participants were blindfolded and underwent a succession of 70° or 200° passive, whole body rotations around a fixed vertical axis. After each rotation, participants used a pointer to indicate either their heading at the start of the most recent turn or their heading at the start of the current series of turns. Analyses showed that in both cases, mean pointing errors increased gradually over successive turns. In addition to the gradual loss of orientation indicated by this increase, analysis of the pointing errors also showed evidence of occasional, abrupt loss orientation. Results indicate multiple routes from an oriented to a disoriented state, and shed light on the process of becoming disoriented.
One is said to be oriented if one can determine one's location and heading relative to the surrounding environment (Gallistel, 1990). Otherwise, by inference, one may be said to be disoriented. Past work has demonstrated that oriented participants can point to specific objects and landmarks in the surrounding environment with striking accuracy and precision, even without vision, and over considerable self motion (e.g., Loomis, DaSilva, Fujita, & Fukusima, 1992). Disoriented participants, on the other hand, exhibit essentially random behavior in such tasks (e.g., Wang & Spelke, 2000). Little has been done, however, to assess the process by which a person passes from an oriented to a disoriented state. The present study examined this process.
Two ways of becoming disoriented may be distinguished conceptually. While looking at pictures in an art museum, one might lose the sense of where the main entrance is. In this example, one remains oriented to the immediate environment (the room in which one stands) but loses track of the relationship between that environment and another, larger scale environment (the museum building as a whole). Issues specifically relevant to this way of becoming disoriented have been addressed in previous studies that examine relationships between different environmental representations (e.g., McNamara, Hardy & Hirtle, 1989; Sholl, 2001; Wang & Brockmole, 2003). However, the current study focuses on the process of becoming disoriented with regard to one's immediate environment. For example, spinning in place while blindfolded, one completely loses track of one's surroundings relative to the body. While these two processes of becoming disoriented may share underlying mechanisms, they also differ in ways that are significant for the current study. Specifically, in the latter case, there is no ongoing visual input, and disorientation may occur more easily despite constant efforts to remain oriented.
We examined the situation in which a person seated in a swivel chair undergoes successive, passive rotations around a fixed point in the absence of visual and auditory input. Trials consisted of five clockwise turns, after each of which participants set a pointer to indicate a target and then indicated their confidence in this response. Our goals were 1) to document how performance in the pointing task (the behavioral indicator of orientation) decreased over successive rotations until accuracy reached objective criteria representing disorientation (no better than chance), 2) to examine the relationship between that performance and subjective perception of disorientation, and 3) to identify cases in which disorientation occurred abruptly, rather than gradually. Indices of constant and variable error were used as objective, behavioral measures of how well participants were oriented, while self reported confidence ratings provided a measure of the extent to which participants perceived themselves to be disoriented.
There were two different target conditions. In the Turn Beginning condition, participants set the pointer to indicate their heading at the beginning of the current turn. In the Home condition, participants set the pointer to indicate their heading at the beginning of the current series of turns, or trial. Performance in the Home condition reflects perception of all previous turns in a given trial. This allowed us to observe how well participants were oriented with regard to the remembered environment. Performance in the Turn Beginning condition reflects perception of the most recent (current) turn only. In this case, memory for the target direction need not be maintained over successive turns. Therefore, decreases in pointing performance consequent to successive rotations in this condition may reflect, specifically, decreases in the capacity for perceiving those rotations. In order to consider mechanisms by which this decrease in perceptual capacity might occur, the following discussion briefly details the processes by which blind rotations are perceived.
In the absence of visual and auditory input, perception of passive, whole body rotation occurs primarily through a process called path integration. Path integration is based, at least in part, on velocity and acceleration signals, arising from the vestibular apparatus and somatosensory systems, which may be integrated (doubly-integrated in the case of acceleration signals generated by the vestibular apparatus) over time to provide an estimate of change in position (Etienne et al., 1996; Loomis et al., 1999). The current study does not provide a rigorous assessment of these vestibular and somatosensory systems. However, factors that may contribute to the accuracy and precision of path integration processes, either directly, or through these "lower level" systems, will be considered in light of current results.
Confidence ratings were examined for trends across the different conditions in order look at the subjective aspect of the process of becoming disoriented. Confidence ratings were also important in achieving goals 2) and 3) above. Linear correlations between confidence ratings and performance allow us to consider how trustworthy subjective assessments of orientation may, or may not be. Is orientation with regard to the environment accessible to cognitive inspection? Finally, confidence ratings were used in the analysis to show that occasional abrupt loss of orientation occurred in conjunction with gradual loss of orientation. Toward this end, we sought to identify cases in which both pointing performance and confidence were particularly low and to then demonstrate that the deterioration in performance in those cases had no antecedents on prior turns. This analysis was included in the interest of conducting a comprehensive, if not exhaustive, examination of how we pass from an oriented to a disoriented state.
There were two different turn size conditions. In one, all of the turns on a given trial were 70° in size. In the other, all of the turns on a given trial were 200° in size. This manipulation was of secondary interest, undertaken in the service of generalizeability. We chose the 70 degree turn as representative of a modest-sized turn and the 200 degree turn as representative of a larger, potentially more challenging, turn.
Participants completed a single session lasting approximately one hour. The session consisted of a Pointer Training Phase, in which participants learned how to use the pointer, and a Test Phase, in which the experimental manipulations occurred.
Twenty-one George Washington University undergraduates participated in this study in exchange for course credit. Demographic information for one participant was lost (experimental data was retained). Of the remaining 20 participants, 16 were female, and 4 were male. The mean age was 20 years (range: 17 – 22). None of the participants reported being left-handed.
The experiment took place in a 5 × 7 m room. During the Pointer Training Phase, the room was lit by overhead fluorescent lights. During the Test Phase, the room was lit by string of dim Christmas lights mounted in a circle above the participant; this served to minimize directional illumination cues that might otherwise be visible underneath the blindfold. The swivel chair in which participants sat was situated in the center of a circular aperture in a square table (1.52 m square × 76 cm tall). The aperture was marked with a 360 degree scale, according to which the chair was oriented at 0° when it faced the north wall of the experimental chamber.
A pointing device was mounted horizontally on the chair in participants' median sagittal plane, at approximately the level of the abdomen (see Figure 1). The pointer's axis of rotation was offset 23 cm from that of the chair. The pointer itself was a thin rod extending 16 cm from its axis of rotation. A 360 degree scale, graduated to the nearest degree, lay underneath the rod. The pointer was oriented at 0° when it was perpendicular to the front of the chair.
Prior to testing, participants were alerted to the fact that the pointer's center of rotation was offset from that of the chair. Participants were instructed to use their preferred hand to set the pointer.
On each trial, participants sat in the chair, viewed a small (5cm tall) bottle of correction fluid, which was placed on the perimeter of the table at one of 15 positions (45°, 70°, 90°, 115°, 140°, 160°, 170°, 180°, 190°, 200°, 220°, 245°, 270°, 290°, and 315° measured in a clockwise direction from straight ahead), and aimed the pointer at the bottle. The chair was oriented at 0° ("home") throughout this phase, although participants were allowed to turn their head and torso to look at the bottle when it was located behind them. Participants were instructed to set the pointer so that an imaginary line passing through the pointer would also pass through the bottle. Participants had full visual and auditory access during pointer training. A response was scored as correct if the pointer was aimed within +/− 3° of the bottle. After each incorrect response, the correct pointer direction was demonstrated to the participant. Once a position had elicited three correct responses without an intervening incorrect response, it was considered "passed" and tested no more. Positions were tested in random order until all were passed. Participants were required to meet these criteria to establish a common baseline proficiency in using the pointer.
Each of the trials in this phase began with the chair oriented at 0° ("home"). At the start of each trial, participants oriented themselves with respect to the experimental chamber, put on a blindfold and hearing protectors and underwent 5 clockwise turns (70° or 200° in magnitude, depending on the condition). After each turn, participants set the pointer to indicate a previous heading and then indicated their confidence in this pointer response.1 Confidence was indicated on a 7 point scale, in which 1 indicated highest confidence and 7 indicated lowest confidence. Approximately 5 sec. passed between the end of the rotation and the pointing response. Overall, about 20 sec. passed between rotations within a trial.
The Test Phase included two different Target conditions. In the Turn Beginning condition, participants were instructed to set the pointer to indicate their heading at the beginning of the current turn. In the Home condition, participants were instructed to set the pointer to indicate their heading at the beginning of the current trial ("home"). However, after running 11 participants, it was observed that one participant had clearly misunderstood instructions regarding the difference between the Home and Turn Beginning conditions. Because of this, the procedure was changed slightly as follows. For all subsequent participants, the first two trials ("Filler" trials for which the data was not analyzed) were completed without the blindfold and hearing protectors. This change was made to clarify the instructions for the different Target conditions and reveal any participants that misunderstood, before any experimental data was collected. The order of the Target conditions was counterbalanced across participants.
Fifteen trials were administered in each Target condition block of the Test Phase. The trials were of four types. In the 70 Degree experimental trials all turns were 70° and in the 200 Degree experimental trials all turns were 200°. Filler trial type F1 consisted of consecutive turns of 70°, 200°, 70°, 110° and 40° and filler trial type F2 consisted of consecutive turns of 40°, 110°, 200°, 200° and 70°. Filler trials were included in order to control instruction compliance, and to expose participants to turns of different magnitudes. In order to maximize the degree to which each response reflected ongoing perception, we wanted to discourage participants from developing categorical responses for 70° and 200° turns. The Test Phase consisted of the following sequence of trial types: F1, F2, 70, F1, 200, 200, 70, 70, 200, F1, 200, 70, 200, F2, 70. This is one of many possible arrangements that result in neither experimental trial type having a disproportionately greater chance of occurring earlier or later in the testing sequence. For participants 12 through 21, who completed the first two filler trials with unrestricted vision and hearing, the Filler trials were moved up in the trial order as follows: F1, F1, F2, 70, 200, 200, F1, 70, 70, 200, F2, 200, 70, 200, 70. This change ensured that all participants would complete at least one (Filler) trial with blindfold and hearing protectors before the first experimental trial.
Participants removed the blindfold and hearing protectors between trials (on which they wore them) and rested briefly, but were not allowed to view their last pointer response. Three experimenters administered the Test Phase. Two experimenters executed the rotations, attempting to impose a bell-shaped velocity profile, with rapid, monotonic accelerating and decelerating phases and a minimum of jerky starts and stops. Typical velocity profiles produced by experimenters instructed in this way were recorded with an infrared video tracking system (Optotrak, Waterloo) by Philbeck, Behrmann, and Loomis (2001). The peak angular velocity varied from about 40° to 90° per second, depending on the rotation magnitude. Experimenters in the current experiment were trained by the third author (who worked on both studies) to produce velocity profiles similar to those used in the previous work. A third experimenter recorded the pointer responses and the magnitude of accidental over- and under-rotations. The latter information was used to adjust the pointer data to reflect the rotation that was actually administered on each turn. This experimenter also returned the pointer to 0° after each response so that responses were always made from 0°.
Because participants were trained with full vision, and subsequently blindfolded during experimental trials, an ancillary experiment was conducted in order to examine how depriving participants of vision might affect the accuracy and precision of pointing responses, even without rotation. Six (5 female and 1 male), right handed George Washington University undergraduates participated in exchange for course credit. The mean age was 21 years (range: 20 – 22). Each participant was trained as described above and then underwent two experimental trials, one with full vision, and one with blindfold and hearing protectors, the order of which was counterbalanced across participants. In each trial participants were instructed to point to four targets (0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°), five times each, in random order. These targets were chosen because, as part of the body scheme, they have 'sharp' internal representations (Haun, Allen, & Wedell, 2005), and therefore the effects of factors such as memory decay or perceptual demands should be minimal. Mean constant (signed) error was .3° in the full vision condition, and −1.5° in the blindfolded condition. Mean variable error, calculated as within subject standard deviation across repeated responses to the same target, was 1.9° in the full vision condition, and 4.8° in the blindfolded condition. These results suggest that at best, only a small percentage of the error that was observed in the current data set may be explained by the fact that the subject-pointer operating function appears to deteriorate somewhat in the absence of vision and with reduced hearing.
First, analyses of variance (ANOVA) included the two experimental factors of interest: 1) Target, (Home and Turn Beginning), and 2) Turn Number (1–5). ANOVAs were run for each of the three dependent variables (constant error, variable error, and confidence rating) separately for data from the two Turn Size conditions (70° and 200°). Second, analyses were conducted in order to show objective evidence that participants reached the state of complete disorientation. Third, correlations were calculated between accuracy (or precision) and confidence rating. Finally, an analysis was conducted in order to identify cases in which orientation may have been lost abruptly, rather than gradually. For the sake of continuity, a description and the results of these last two analyses are presented together at the end of the results section. Unless specified, all measures described below were calculated separately for each subject, for each level of Turn Size and Turn Number.
The object of the analysis was to examine constant error and variable error as a function of Turn Number and Target condition. The raw data were the pointer readings that participants produced, which ranged from 0° to 359°. For each response, raw error was calculated by subtracting the correct response (calculated differently in different cases, as below) from the observed pointer reading.
In order to establish a measure of constant error that may be analyzed using linear statistics, circular data must be mapped onto a linear scale. This was done by adjusting (up or down in increments of 360) the raw error for a given response so that it was within +/−180 of zero. Calculating error in this way results in positive clockwise errors and negative counter-clockwise errors. So, for example, if the correct response for a given condition was 10° and the observed pointer reading was 350°, the constant error would be −20°.
For the Turn Beginning condition, the correct response after each 70° and 200° clockwise turn was 290° (360 − 70 = 290), and 160° (360 − 200 = 160), respectively. In the Home condition, correct response, and thus constant error, was calculated two different ways. Cumulative error was calculated relative to the actual target heading (Home) in order to determine how well a participant was oriented with regard to the environment. Incremental error was calculated relative to the pointer reading observed on the previous turn (or zero on the first turn of a trial). For example, for a given participant and trial, if the observed pointer reading on turn n in the 70 Degree condition was 155°, the correct pointer reading for turn n+1 would be 85° (155 − 70 = 85). Thus incremental error measures the error accumulating over each isolated turn in the Home condition, allowing reasonable comparison to performance in the Turn Beginning condition. For both Turn Beginning and Home conditions, mean error for a given participant was the average of the constant errors across trials, for a given combination of the different levels of Turn Number and Turn Size.
The circular statistic angular deviation was used to index the variable error in the pointer readings (Batschelet, 1981). Variable error was the within participant variability of responses across trials for a given combination of the different levels of Turn Number, Turn Size, and Target.
The raw data were the confidence ratings that participants produced. Analyses were conducted on the mean confidence ratings across trials for a given combination of the different levels of Turn Number, Turn Size, and Target.
The data for the aforementioned participant who did not follow instructions were removed prior to analysis, as was the data for one additional participant, who despite changes made to clarify the instructions, still expressed confusion about them. Both excluded participants received full credit for their participation.
For the Home condition incremental error is analyzed here; cumulative error will be examined subsequently. Figures 2a and 2b present the mean error in the pointer data for the 70 Degree and 200 Degree conditions as a function of Turn Number and Target. The grand mean for signed error across all conditions and participants was −9.8°. Statistical analyses are summarized in Table 1. Mean error varied as a function of Turn Number in the 70 Degree condition, with the most interesting component of the effect being an increasingly negative mean error as a function of Turn Number. Mean error also varied as a function of Turn Number in the 200 Degree condition, with the most interesting component of the effect being an increasingly positive mean error as a function of Turn Number. In the 200 Degree condition, mean error was more negative in the Home condition than the Turn Beginning condition. In the 70 Degree condition, mean error did not vary as a function of Target. In the 70 Degree condition, the effects of Turn Number and Target interacted in the mean-error data. However, the linear component of this effect was not significant. In the 200 Degree condition, the effects of Turn Number and Target did not interact in the mean-error data.
Figures 3a and 3b present the mean (across participants) angular deviation (variable error) in the pointer data for the 70 Degree and 200 Degree conditions as a function of Turn Number and Target. The grand mean for variable error across all conditions and participants was 34°. Statistical analyses are summarized in Table 2. Angular deviation varied as a function of Turn Number in both Turn Size conditions. Specifically, angular deviation increased with increases in Turn Number in both conditions. Angular deviation was greater in the Home than in the Turn Beginning condition for both Turn Size conditions, but the difference was significant only in the 200 Degree Condition. The interaction of Turn Number and Target in the angular deviation data was significant for both Turn Size conditions. Also, the linear component of this interaction effect was significant in both Turn Size conditions. That is, the linear trend in the effect of Turn Number was greater in the Home than in the Turn Beginning condition.
Figures 4a and 4b present the mean confidence ratings for the 70 Degree and 200 Degree conditions as a function of Turn Number and Target. Statistical analyses are summarized in Table 3. Confidence rating varied as a function of Turn Number in both Turn Size conditions. Specifically, confidence decreased with increases in Turn Number in both conditions. Confidence rating did not significantly vary as a function of Target in either Turn Size condition. The effects of Turn Number and Target interacted in the confidence data for both Turn Size conditions. Of greatest interest here, the linear trend in the effect of Turn Number was greater in the Home than in the Turn Beginning condition, marginally so in the 70 Degree condition, and significantly so in the 200 Degree condition.
To assess, objectively, whether the current study captured the state of full disorientation we examined cumulative error scores (calculated relative to the actual target direction) in the Home condition. For a given condition in which participants are disoriented, these error scores, across participants, should be randomly distributed around the circle. Following Wang and Spelke (2000), the X2 test described by Batschelet (1981) was used to test for random distribution of error scores. The circle was divided into six, 60° regions and individual cumulative error scores were categorized according to the region into which they fell. Disorientation would be indicated by a condition in which each of the six regions contained an equal number of individual error scores. Thus, rejecting the null (each region contains an equal number of individual error scores) would suggest that participants were not disoriented. Because we were concerned with the ability of our manipulation to produce full disorientation at some point during the five rotations, we examined the data from the final turns (5) of each trial, where disorientation was most likely. Running the X2 test on Turn 5 of each trial separately failed to show that the distributions of errors differed from uniform. However, this was uninformative because the number of participants included in the analysis (19) was too small to conduct a valid X2. Therefore, the test was run on the categorized cumulative error scores for Turns 5 of all trials at once, resulting in 95 cases.2 Results for the 70 Degree condition showed that the distribution of error scores differed from uniform (X2 (5) = 36.31, p <.0001). However, for the 200 Degree condition, results failed to show that the distribution of error scores differed from uniform (X2 (5) = 4.22, p =.52) providing evidence that disorientation occurred.
We next examined correlations between accuracy (and precision) and confidence rating. Because, on our scale, high confidence was rated as 1 and low confidence as 7, positive correlation actually indicates a negative relationship between confidence rating and absolute error. For constant error (cumulative error was used in the Home condition), linear correlations were calculated across turns and trials for each subject, separately for the different levels of Target, and Turn Size. The grand mean across all correlations was.02. None of the mean correlations (across participants) for the different levels of Target, and Turn Size approached the critical strength (.37) at which a one tailed t-test with 23 degrees of freedom, alpha =.05, would suggest a correlation differing significantly from zero. Visual inspection of the data revealed no clear trends across the different levels of Target, and Turn Size. For variable error, the calculation of which collapses across trials, correlations were not done separately for the different levels of Target, and Turn Size because of the low n (5) that would have been available for each correlation. The grand mean across correlations for all participants was.39. A one tailed t-test with 18 degrees of freedom, alpha =.05, shows that this correlation is significantly greater than zero.
Finally, we conducted an analysis on data from the Home condition seeking to identify cases in which disorientation occurred abruptly, and to examine the occurrence of such cases across conditions. Each individual pointer response made in the Home condition represented one case in this analysis. Obviously, the criterion for disorientation used in the analysis above (randomly distributed errors across participants) cannot be used to identify individual responses that might reflect disorientation. Instead, responses were said to meet criteria for disorientation if the associated error was larger than the mean error associated with random responding. Recall that each raw cumulative error score was adjusted so that it was bounded by +/−180, and so absolute cumulative error scores would be distributed between 0 and 180. Therefore, the case of disorientation would be characterized by a mean absolute cumulative error of 90°. Therefore, responses over +/−90° from the target (as measured by cumulative error) were considered to have met the criterion indicating disorientation. Because we conceived of instances of abrupt disorientation as including objective and subjective elements, we also identified cases in which confidence was below average (calculated across trials for the corresponding Participant, Turn Number, and Turn Size). From amongst cases meeting both criteria above, we identified as 'breakdown' cases, those on which incremental error also was over +/−90°. This eliminated cases in which the large cumulative error had accumulated gradually, over several turns. So in these 'breakdown' cases, error relative to the actual target was larger than the mean error associated with random responding, confidence was relatively low, and error relative to the target direction indicated on the previous turn was also larger than the mean error associated with random responding.
Forty-one of the 950 cases that occurred on Home trials met the 'breakdown' criteria. Across trials, for 70° level of Turn Size, there were 0, 2, 2, 4, and 0 'breakdown' cases occurring on turns 1 through 5, respectively. For the 200° level of Turn Size, there were 10, 5, 5, 6, and 7 such cases occurring on turns 1 through 5, respectively. An ANOVA showed that the number of 'breakdown' cases occurring across participants varied as a function of Turn Size, F(1,49) = 14.92, MSe =.838, p <.001. Specifically, more 'breakdown' cases occurred during the 200° turns than during the 70° turns. There was no significant effect of Turn Number, or Trial.
In this study we sought initial insight into the process by which a person passes from an oriented to a disoriented state, with respect to the immediate environment. We sought to challenge participants' capacity to remain oriented with a task in which they experienced sequences of rotations without visual and auditory input. This study was effective in demonstrating a gradual decrease in the ability to point to specific target headings across successive turns in this task. Both variable error and absolute constant error in the pointer responses increased with successive turns. The Turn Number manipulation was evidently effective in challenging participants' ability to remain oriented, and by the final turns performance across participants in the 200 Degree, Home condition met established criteria indicating that full disorientation had occurred. Although participants became increasingly less confident of their pointer responses over successive turns, error and confidence were not highly correlated on a trial by trial basis. Finally, in addition to the gradual loss of orientation described above, cases in which disorientation seems to have occurred abruptly were identified as well.
The analysis showing that criteria for disorientation were met by the final turns of the 200 Degree, Home condition is noteworthy for several reasons. First, it provides evidence that the current study included the state of full disorientation. Second, it suggests that in the current paradigm, a considerable amount of passive, blind rotation (5, 200° turns) is necessary to induce such a state. Of course, the rotation acceleration rates are important factors in the accuracy of the signals generated by the vestibular system, which is insensitive to very low rates. Considerably slower rates than those used here would likely result in full disorientation occurring sooner. Finally, it is worth noting that when incremental error (accruing only over the most recent turn) was analyzed, performance did not reach criteria for disorientation by the final turns of the 200 Degree, Home condition. This indicates that even in a state of full disorientation, participants were able to perceive ongoing rotations with some degree of accuracy.
The process of becoming disoriented with respect to the immediate environment may be examined further in light of current results. Consider the results for trials on which participants were required to indicate what their heading had been at the beginning of the current turn (Turn Beginning condition). Variable error on these trials increased with successive turns regardless of whether the turns were 70° or 200° in magnitude. Participants were required on these trials to report their perception of the current turn. So, while we have shown that the capacity for perceiving turns never totally broke down, this result implies that it did decrease with successive turns.
Previous research indicates possible mechanisms by which this decrease in perceptual capacity might occur. For example, Barr (1976) showed that visual preview boosted the gain of the vestibular ocular reflex (VOR) occurring in subsequent blind rotation. Using a paradigm similar to that used in the current study, Arthur, Philbeck and Chichka (in press) showed that visual preview resulted in more precise pointing responses after blind rotations. Thus, in the current study, processes involved in the perception of blind rotation may benefit more from signals (e.g., eye movements) related to the VOR on initial turns than on later turns due to the relative recency of visual preview. Rieser (1999) has suggested that stored environmental representations might support imagined visual flow, which could contribute to path integration processes and thus to the maintenance of orientation over blind motion. Current results may reflect the deterioration of the stored visual and spatial information that supports imagined visual flow, or more generally, environmental flow. (See Arthur, et al. for a more comprehensive discussion of the role of stored environmental representations in the deterioration of perceptual abilities over blind rotation.)
Alternatively, current results may reflect deteriorating contributions from vestibular and somatosensory systems that are independent of stored environmental information. Future research involving more rigorous controls would be informative in this regard. For example, eye movement, and head on neck movement might be controlled in order to better isolate the contribution of vestibular signals to perception of blind rotation. The importance of stored visual information in explaining the observed decrease in perceptual capacity might be bolstered if that decrease could be specifically tied to eye movement.
Consider next the results for trials on which participants were required to indicate what their heading had been at the beginning of the current trial (Home condition). Why might variable error in this condition have been higher over all, and increased more dramatically across turns than in the Turn Beginning condition? One possible factor is that the egocentrically defined direction of the target was constant within trials of the Turn Beginning condition, but varied in the Home condition. It is quite possible that this egocentric consistency results in lower variable error. This possibility could be explored by including experimental trials that comprise series of turns of different sizes, and thus varying egocentric target directions. Another possible factor arises if we consider that the target direction in the Home condition was constant with regard to an allocentric, or environmentally defined frame of reference. Because the target remains fixed relative to the environment in the Home condition, it seems reasonable that the task would be performed by the common process of attempting to maintain orientation relative to salient environmental cues, such as a representation of the surrounding room (e.g., Hermer & Spelke, 1994; Shelton & McNamara, 2001). The Turn Beginning condition however, may favor processes that rely relatively less on intact environmental representations, and more directly on vestibular and somatosensory signals. For example, participants might use the pointer to simply "undo" the most recent turn based on immediate sensory signals. Thus, greater error in the Home than the Turn Beginning condition might reflect a greater dependence on eroding environmental representations in the Home condition.
Other possible explanations of why error was greater in the Home than the Turn Beginning condition arise depending on how the difference between the two conditions is conceptualized. We may reasonably equate the processes contributing to angular self motion updating over each individual turn in the Home and Turn Beginning conditions if we assume that participants are continuously updating and maintaining the single target heading only (Fujita, Loomis, Klatzky, & Gollege, 1990; Muller & Wehner, 1988). In this conception, the representation of the target heading would have no associated trace of the history of rotation, or at least none extending further back than the most recent turn. However, Loomis, et al. (1993) have shown evidence that over blind navigation, humans do not simply update a single homing vector (the distance and relative direction from themselves to their starting positions) but that they also construct a record of the path traveled. If a similar "rotation history" is encoded in the current study, it seems reasonable that such encoding would be more difficult in the Home condition, as the relevant history involves the entire series of turns rather than just the most recent. To the degree that this history is relied upon in providing pointing responses then, the greater degree of complexity involved in updating, maintaining and retrieving this history in the Home condition might result in a greater degree of pointing error. This explanation suggests that the complexity of integrating an increasing amount of self motion history may also play a role in the process of becoming disoriented.
Results showing a decrease in confidence over successive rotations, as more time passes and more motion occurs without intervening perceptual support, are not surprising. Results showing greater decreases in confidence over turns in the Home than in the Turn Beginning condition also make sense. In the Home condition, over the course of any given turn (other than the very first), the uncertainty that would accrue to the target heading would be added to that already associated with the target heading previously indicated. Alternatively, in the Turn Beginning condition, the target heading may be established with greater certainty prior to each turn (as "forward"), and whatever uncertainty accrues over the turn would thus be added to a lower "baseline uncertainty".
In the current study, the correlation between confidence and accuracy, examined across participants on a trial by trial basis was not strong. The correlation between confidence and constant error was very close to zero (.02). This result appears to provide experimental evidence that there is little relationship between phenomenological and de facto disorientation. However, a significant, if not overwhelming correlation was observed between confidence and variable error (−.39). It is impossible to determine, based on the current study, whether lower confidence may have caused greater variable error, been caused by other factors that also caused greater error, or both. Further research is needed to clarify the complex relationship between confidence and pointing performance.
Regarding constant error (incremental error in the Home condition), there was a significant effect of Turn Number for both Home and Turn Beginning conditions. Notably, constant error was increasingly negative with successive turns for 70° trials, and increasingly positive with successive turns for 200° trials. In other words, over successive rotations, 70° turns were increasingly overestimated, while 200° turns were increasingly underestimated. This pattern makes sense when we remember that the average turn size across the entire study was 135°. Thus, participants responded as if both turn sizes were closer than they actually were to the mean turn size for the study as a whole. This apparent regression to the mean phenomenon, or range effect, which has been observed in previous work (e.g., Klatzky et al., 1990; Poulton, 1977), may have become increasingly apparent over successive turns because of the simultaneously decreasing influence of other factors which might have contributed to more veridical estimations of turn size (e.g., environmental flow). The relationship between sensory uncertainty and magnitude of the range effect is considered in some depth by Jurgens and Becker (2006). It is unclear, in the present case, whether this phenomenon reflects a cognitive level response bias formed as a result of experience with the range of turn sizes used in the current study, or a tendency occurring in lower level perceptual processing whereby small turns are actually perceived as larger than they are, and large turns as smaller, regardless of the actual mean of the turns (Klatzky, et al., 1999). In any case, to guard against the former possibility, turn size might be included as a between subjects factor in future efforts.
Beyond revealing this apparent range effect, the constant error data from this study are somewhat less informative regarding tendencies humans may have to over- or underestimate blind rotation as they become increasingly disoriented.3 Prior research has provided some evidence that blindfolded participants tend to underestimate whole body rotations (Blouin, et al., 1995a,b, 1997a). However, subsequent work by Mergner, Nasios, Maurer and Becker (2001) has shown that such apparent rotation misperceptions can vary depending on a number of variables such as a) how perception of the rotation is assessed (e.g., pointing, eye movement, target adjustment), b) target eccentricity, c) the relative involvement of retinal, orbital and neck afferent signals, and critically, and d) the rate of acceleration (the vestibular apparatus has high-pass frequency characteristics and is insensitive to very low accelerations).
Another goal of the study was to show that occasional abrupt failures in pointing performance occurred in conjunction with the gradual decrease in performance. The study was also effective in this respect. We identified a small number of instances in the Home condition in which performance was very poor and showed that the large error observed in these instances did not accumulate gradually over previous turns. Thus, our results suggest two routes from the oriented to the disoriented state. On one hand, one may gradually lose the capacity to localize objects in the surrounding environment. The analysis showing that performance across participants did not reach criteria for disorientation until the final 200° turns of the Home condition suggests that this gradual route to disorientation was most common, at least in the particular circumstances of this paradigm. On the other hand, one may abruptly lose that capacity. As expected, results showed that this occurred far more frequently in the 200° than in the 70° Turn Size condition. However, unexpectedly, the incidence of such abrupt losses of orientation did not increase with successive turns, wherein perceptual demands had accumulated and visual support was more remote. This raises the possibility that increasing perceptual demands and decaying visual memory are not always the primary causes of abrupt disorientation. Non-spatial cognitive processes may also be a factor. For example, all or some of the abrupt losses of orientation observed here may have resulted from lapses in attention. It is also possible that confidence in the coupling between heading direction and a deteriorating environmental representation reaches a critical minimum at which point the old coupling is abandoned and a new one is adopted arbitrarily, or on the basis of real or imagined perceptual cues. Finally, abrupt losses of orientation were not concentrated in the condition in which disorientation appears to have occurred across participants (the final 200° turns of the Home condition). This supports the conclusion that the two routes to disorientation, gradual and abrupt, are distinct.
To sum up what we have learned about the process of becoming disoriented, first, over whole body rotation, in the absence of visual and auditory input, the ability to perceive that rotation gradually decreases. However, the ability to perceive that movement relative to egocentrically consistent targets decreases less dramatically than the ability to perceive that movement relative to allocentrically consistent targets. Possible mechanisms in the loss of orientation were discussed in light of these results. Second, while correlations between confidence and degree of objective orientation are very weak in this paradigm, there is a significant correlation between confidence and precision of responses. Finally, we have shown evidence for occasional abrupt losses of orientation, suggesting an alternative route to disorientation that may involve different mechanisms. Future studies involving disorientation may benefit from the preliminary steps, taken here, towards unpacking this complex topic.
1Approximately 20 sec. passed between successive turns. It was assumed that 20 sec. is ample time for the semicircular canal fluids to settle and for the vestibular system to recover normal function. Thus, no effects of dizziness were considered.
2Error scores for a given subject on separate trials were considered independent cases for this analysis. Given that we set out to show that disorientation occurred, this assumption was conservative. Any tendency for a given participant to produce consistent errors across trials would increase the probability of a significant X2, and thus decrease our chances of showing disorientation.
3Analyses of constant error also produced a result for which we have no ready explanation. In the 70 Degree condition, the effects of Turn Number and Target interacted in the mean error data. Because the linear component of the interaction was not significant, it is difficult to know what to make of this result.
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Evangelist and pastor Greg Laurie, who lost his son in a car accident less than a month ago, received a standing ovation from nearly 30,000 people who attended the first night of his annual Harvest Crusades, Friday.
While still mourning the loss of his son, Laurie decided early on to continue with the scheduled three-day evangelistic event in Southern California, held this weekend. His son Chris, who died July 24, had helped with the event as a graphic designer.
"I've talked about Heaven my whole life. And I've given many messages on life after death," Laurie said Friday. "And I've counseled many people who have lost a loved one. And I thought I knew a little bit about it."
"But I have to say that when it happens to you it's a whole new world," he said.
More than 109,000 people attended the annual crusade, held August 15-17, up from last year. And more than 11,000 people worked their way down to the stadium field to answer Laurie's invitation for salvation - also an increase from last year's "harvest."
Laurie admitted that he missed his son terribly, but assured the audience that he still has had no doubt that his son entered into heaven the moment he died.
"I've been studying Heaven. And my desire to go there has even increased," Laurie said. "And Heaven is more real to me now than it's ever before because I have an investment there, you see. And some of you do as well."
Laurie's personal tragedy emphasized his message on the uncertainty of life, and resonated with the crowd.
"Death - it comes unexpectedly," he said. "Now when you're old like me, you know it's coming. But when you're young, you think you're invincible. When you're young you think 'Oh, not now. Maybe in 50 years. Maybe in 60 years.' And that may be true, but death knocks at every door."
Chris Laurie, 33, was killed July 24 in a freeway accident involving a state-operated truck. He is survived by his wife, two-year-old daughter, and unborn child.
He is also survived by his brother, Jonathan, who opened up the crusades in prayer Friday night.
Laurie, who pastors the 15,000-member Harvest Christian Church in Riverside, Calif. began holding his popular Harvest Crusades in the 1990s. The annual event has drawn more than 3.6 million people.
The three-night crusade ended Sunday with a first-time Harvest appearance by award-winning Christian music star Michael W. Smith among other musical guests.
*Original posting August 18, 2008.
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Skip to comments.Veterans face off with Obama Storm Troopers At White House!
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The old master spent his winter months at the Chateau Marmont, sitting beneath the palms, the white canopies and its distinctively European tower on the Sunset Strip. Photographer Helmut Newton was as recognizable there as his famous subjects, dining on the patio between sessions for Vanity Fair or Vogue, as he shattered taboos through his pictures of startling sexuality.
He shot "domestic nudes" in the laundry room, in the bungalows, and overlooking the huge Marlboro Man billboard (now long gone). Newton also died here in 2004, from a heart attack either right before or right after crashing a Cadillac into a wall across the street. So it's a fitting place for George Holz to reminisce about Newton and the role he played in the lives of three young photography students from Pasadena's Art Center College of Design he met in late 1979.
"It was his point of view and how he carried himself," says Holz, now a well-established magazine photographer, sitting at a wicker table at the Marmont. "You learned by osmosis. There is a little of that Helmut DNA ingrained in all of us. For him, there was no difference between his commercial work and his fine art work. He approached every photograph the same."
Newton's influence on Holz, Mark Arbeit and Just Loomis was profound, and can still be felt in the work collected in "The Three Boys from Pasadena: A Tribute to Helmut Newton," a traveling exhibition curated by the photographer's widow, June Newton.
Each of his protégés developed in disparate ways over the decades, and none could be easily described as a Newton clone. The show, opening Thursday evening at Art Center's spacious Williamson Gallery, is focused on their own work, with about 150 prints representing their photos in fashion, portraiture, nudes and various personal projects.
Newton's presence is also felt in artifacts and pictures documenting their time together, in personal messages scrawled into books and prints, in countless Polaroids and proof sheets showing Newton and his "boys" at work. One picture shows Holz chaining Van Halen singer David Lee Roth to a fence in Pasadena for what would become one of Newton's most striking celebrity images.
Their connection with Newton lasted 25 years, beginning as students and assistants, but grew into a lasting mentorship long after each had found their own successes in photography. "He was shooting [pictures] up till the very end," says Holz. "He was excited like a little kid."
While still an Art Center student, Arbeit was already shooting fashion pictures for the Rodeo Drive boutique Lina Lee when he heard that Newton was going to stop by the Beverly Hills store. Arbeit and Holz waited for him all day, hoping to meet the accomplished photographer. When the connection was made, Newton was intrigued enough by the students to invite them (and Loomis) to his hotel to show him their pictures.
When they arrived, Newton was friendly but blunt about their work. "It taught me it takes time," Arbeit remembers of that moment. "You have to work and work at a style before it comes out.
"He taught me, don't lock yourself into something," Arbeit adds. "He saw something pure and innocent in young photographers, but he also saw a dedication and seriousness about us, and he let us into his world."
Newton was then a highly regarded and inventive editorial photographer, but was only beginning to reach beyond the fashion world with a personal vision revealed in his first books, 1976's "White Women" and 1978's "Sleepless Nights." "It was prime-time Helmut," says Holz.
Newton's new pictures revealed a world rooted in memories of growing up in Weimar, Germany, with big, powerful women in stiletto heals and little else, or dressed in elegant European suits and vivid colors, boots, furs and generally revealing couture. "They were so completely different," says Loomis of the pictures. "People call it decadence, but there is such a sense of style about that period, a definite energy in women and in culture. He was able to translate that to the page in a very striking way.
"Helmut loved women. You can see it in his pictures. And the girls loved him. He could get anyone to do anything, no matter how famous they were. They wanted to be shot by Helmut."
It was Newton who urged the trio to move to Milan, where a young photographer might find a magazine art director more willing to give him a chance. All three did end up there, and struggled as "we lived out of each other's pockets," recalls Loomis.
"It was great advice," says Holz, who might have remained in Los Angeles as a successful music photographer and never fully explored fashion and other editorial work. Another bit of advice: "Money is easy, time is short."
After Newton's death, June (aka photographer Alice Springs) kept in touch with his three Art Center protégés , with frequent reunions during her winter stays at the Marmont. In recent years, Holz has been based in upstate New York, Arbeit in Hawaii and Loomis in Malibu.
During one lunch at Mel's' Diner on Sunset — another favorite Newton spot — she revealed plans to curate a show of their work, which she would call "The Three Boys from Pasadena." It opened June 3, 2009, at the Helmut Newton Foundation Museum in Berlin, followed by Paris and New York in 2010, a month ago in Cologne, Germany, before landing this week at Art Center.
During that first show in Berlin, the three photographers gathered at the Hotel Bogota. The German fashion photographer Yva once had her studio there, and was a crucial mentor to Newton in his youth. Newton eventually fled the Nazi regime, but Yva (nee Else Simon) was killed at Auschwitz in 1942. Arbeit, Holz and Loomis paid tribute to both photographers by conducting a 12-hour photo shoot at the hotel, each taking turns with the same model.
"I did my last shot at 3 in the morning at a phone booth downstairs, and it was magical," Holz recalled of the final moments of their project. "She had never modeled before, but she was very German-looking. Helmut would have loved her. We were very inspired that this was where he had learned his craft of photography."
In his home office in Malibu, Loomis unwraps a framed photograph. It's a signed Newton print from 1976 inscribed in a sweeping scrawl by the photographer, calling Loomis a "friend and the sorcerer's apprentice."
Loomis had his own career, but continued to assist Newton during his trips to Los Angeles up until the very end, accepting payment only in Newton prints. They had just spoken days earlier of an upcoming shoot when Newton died.
"I was with him for years and years and years, off and on, always contacting him, always reaching out to him," Loomis recalls. "Even if I wasn't working I would go spend a day with him, show him my work, and we would talk and spend the afternoon together."
"Right up there is where I nearly knocked over Ansel Adams," Holz says, recalling an encounter with another photography icon, looking up at a walkway at Art Center. "He was here to give a commencement speech and I came barreling through the door...."
A week ahead of the opening, Holz has come to the campus with Arbeit and Loomis to hang the show, and he laughs at the memory, imagining the resulting headline: "Ansel Adams paralyzed by Art Center student."
In the same building where they remember as students seeing exhibitions by the iconic photographers Richard Avedon and Irving Penn, the trio was devoting the final week before the opening to hanging pictures and finalizing a new 30-minute documentary about their time with Newton.
"We continue to be friends, although we definitely have our creative differences. Especially in the last two weeks," says Holz with a laugh, noting that the photographers typically communicate across three time zones. "It's a democracy."
"Three Boys from Pasadena: A Tribute to Helmut Newton," curated by June Newton. Work by Mark Arbeit, George Holz and Just Loomis
Where: Williamson Gallery, Art Center, 1700 Lida St., Pasadena.
When: Thursday through Aug. 26. Opening reception and panel discussion Thursday at 7 p.m.
More info: (626) 396-2446; www.artcenter.edu/williamson


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Top Definition
An annoying, obnoxious, dumb person. Someone you do not like. Fake, shit-starter. Basically, everything bad about a person, rolled up in one.
Did you see that numphy? Who does she think she is?
by Bridgette&Heidi February 10, 2011
Trending Now
Can you define these popular missing words?
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by 6daboss9 January 04, 2012
A person you do not like, someone resembling a knome or leprachaun. Or with a weird look about them in general. A bitch, dumbass, shit-starter, asshole. Can be male/female. Normally short, and fat and extremely annoying.
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I had to get to work but I was too numphy to get out of bed, so I called in sick.
by LDBT July 23, 2015


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It has been brought to our attention the County Assessor's Office will be undergoing a software change involving their map recording process. Unfortunately, this change will delay their ability to process and record maps in a timely manner. In prior years the deadline for processing land division activities in time for the new parcels to be included in the July 1st annual property tax roll was May 30th. This year the deadline is April 30th, 2016. Land division activities recorded/received after April 30th will be processed beginning July 1, 2016.
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Deeplinks Blog posts about International
Facebook has been a popular place for Syrian Internet activists to share their opposition to the Assad regime ever since the site was unblocked by the Syrian government in early 2011. While some interpreted the Assad regime's decision to allow access to Facebook as a positive sign, others feared that the government had made Facebook available for the purpose of entrapping Syrian activists.
In the wake of a horrific rampage, in which Mohamed Merah (now dead after a 32-hour standoff with police) reportedly murdered three French soldiers, three young Jewish schoolchildren, and a rabbi, President Nicolas Sarkozy of France has begun calling for criminal penalties for citizens who visit web sites that advocate for terror or hate. "From now on, any person who habitually consults Web sites that advocate terrorism or that call for hatred and violence will be criminally punished," Sarkozy was reported as saying.
This Week in Censorship: New Guidelines on Iran Exports, Salvadoran Journalists Under Threat, and More
Salvadoran site threatened for reporting on organized crime
According to a report from the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), Salvadoran site El Faro is under threat for investigative reporting conducted in February 2011 on an organized crime network in Northeast El Salvador. The crime ring, said CPJ, involved gang leaders, prominent businessmen, and local politicians, and resulted in journalists from the news site being followed and photographed. CPJ notes that Salvadoran journalists who report on organized crime in the country often report feeling threatened.
On March 20, to coincide with the Iranian holiday of Nowruz, President Obama recorded a video message in which he offered assistance to the Iranian people in communicating beyond Iran's borders. Consistent with the Department of State's "Net Freedom" initiative, Obama issued new guidelines to make it easier for American businesses to provide software and services to Iranians in order to facilitate communications using free technologies (as opposed to paid ones). The new guidelines also include a "favorable licensing policy" through which U.S.
Last week, EFF joined eight international press and digital freedom organizations in sending a letter to the Vietnamese government to call on them to release five youth activists currently held in detention in Hanoi without access to legal counsel. The activists are all active bloggers and contribute to prominent citizen journalist sites.
Concerned individuals and organizations should send their own letters to Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung to support our opposition to the Vietnamese government's continuing crackdown on free expression. Addresses are provided below.
Letter text:
12 March 2012
Nguyen Tan Dung
Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Office of the State
1 Bach Thao
Hanoi, Vietnam
Re: Request for the immediate release of Dang Xuan Dieu, Ho Duc Hoa, Nguyen Van Duyet, Nong Hung Anh and Paulus Le Van Son, and the dismissal of all charges
Dear Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung,
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Description: Close-up of a small swarm of bees on a man's back. He is wearing a white sweater, and a bee hat with veil. He is among a group of people, facing away from...
Date: 1970 ca.
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Date: 1938-06-21
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Standard Article
O-glycan processing
Part 3. Proteomics
3.5. Proteome Diversity
Short Specialist Review
Published Online: 15 APR 2005
DOI: 10.1002/047001153X.g305303
Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Book Title
Encyclopedia of Genetics, Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics
Additional Information
How to Cite
Corfield, A. P. 2005. O-glycan processing. Encyclopedia of Genetics, Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics. 3:3.5:70.
Publication History
- Published Online: 15 APR 2005
- Abstract
- Article
- References
The Ser (Thr)-GalNAc class of O-glycan chains found in glycoproteins are formed through a series of sequential transfer reactions without participation of lipid intermediates. The products of these pathways generate predictable structures found on a wide variety of proteins. The formation of truncated, incomplete glycans arises through regulation of the expression of the transferases on these pathways or through the action of glycosidases and other catabolic enzymes. Examples of O-glycan involvement with the processing of glycoproteins is described for protein synthesis and expression, proteolytic processing, subcellular localization of proteins, developmental expression of proteins, and immune cell expression and response.
- O-glycan;
- O-glycan biosynthesis;
- O-glycan processing;
- protein processing;
- oligosaccharide;
- mucin type;
- glycosyltransferase


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PLEASE JOIN US THURSDAY, JANUARY 21, 2016 at 4:30 p.m.**
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Thursday, January 21, 2016
4:30–6 p.m.
Ken Olsen Science Center Room 124
Gordon College
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Dan J. and Oma Dee Heard of Graham celebrated their 50th wedding anniversary with a reception Saturday at First Baptist Church in Dimmitt.
Hosts for the event were the couple's children and grandchildren.
Heard married the former Oma Dee McCormick on April 17, 1949, at Littlefield. The couple previously resided in Spade and Dimmitt. They have lived in Graham for more than a year.
Heard is a farmer and rancher. Mrs. Heard is a homemaker. The couple belong to First Baptist Church.
Children of the couple are Pamela Jean White of Rusk, Leslie Edward Heard of Phoenix and Danny Heard of Port Lavaca.
The couple have seven grandchildren.
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