text:
25 years of experience
2316 E Meyer Blvd
Kansas City, MO 64132 Phone number & directions
A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
Learn more about Dr. Farahnaz Kousha:
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Specialties & Research
Dr. Farahnaz Kousha, MD is board certified in Family Medicine.
Education & Awards
Dr. Kousha graduated from Isfahan University Of Medical Sciences.
Dr. Kousha has 8 hospital affiliations:
- Baptist Lutheran Medical Center
- Independence Regional Health Center
- English
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- Additional Information
- Dr. Farahnaz Kousha MD is a female Family Practitioner, has 25 years of experience and practices in Family Medicine.
- Where does Dr. Farahnaz Kousha practice?
- Dr. Farahnaz Kousha has 2 office locations.
Dr. Farahnaz Kousha practices Family Medicine near Kansas City, MO.
Additional practice locations include: Independence, MO.
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text:
New achievement test system will target individual students
Forget the old-fashioned achievement tests that required using a No. 2 pencil to darken rows of ovals on a page.
Brady students are moving into the 21st century this year taking national standardized tests online.
The district is changing from Terra Nova achievement tests to Northwest Evaluation Association Measures of Academic Progress (MAP)tests this fall.
Brady students in grades 1-11 will take the standardized tests by clicking online selections rather than with pencil and paper beginning in November, according to school principal Bruce Hird.
The MAP tests are adaptive assessments which test each students differently, allowing teachers to see individual results.
The tests are engaging, Hird said. As each student responds to questions, the test responds to the student by adjusting difficulty.
The result is a rewarding experience for the student, Hird said, and lots of detailed information for teachers, parents and administrators.
"The reports that are available almost instantly are a wealth of unbelievably valuable
Find the complete story in our print edition. Receive the entire issue of the Gothenburg Times on-line in PDF format each Wednesday for only $25 per year. Call 308-537-3636 to subscribe.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Seriously about to give up.. Need encouragement!
I know it's not much, but I'm a FTM and it's about all I can offer. I found that wearing a looser bra makes me produce more milk. I hope it gets better for you girl! Keep your head up!
I'm super bummed because it feels like I had an amazingly easy pregnancy, but from delivery on, nothing as gone the way I hoped. I am failing at breastfeeding, everyone hates cloth diapering but me, my little guy has colic, and right now thrush. :( I'm trying so hard to just get my supply up so I don't feel like a complete failure.
Hey Mamas! i just try to remember that any amount of breastmilk is beneficial! i am heartbroken that i cant ebf, but im trying to keep positive!
know that you are doing a wonderful thing just trying to breastfeed!
I'm 7 weeks out from an emergency c-section followed by a massive bleed and an emergency D&C.
I've done everything in my power to make milk and breastfeed and I am failing. It's so sad and frustrating. My bub is very small and wont suckle the breast even with a line attached to my nipple giving her formula from a bottle, so I have to pump.
I have been bumping EVERY 2 hours for the last 7 weeks, until just a couple of days ago. I am on my 3rd round of Domperidone and I go through bottles of Fenugreek so fast the 2 local chemists can not keep up with me, and still I only make about 5 ounces a day..and that's on a really really good day !
Last week I noticed that even with all of that, my supply was decreasing, almost daily.
It's really been taking a tole on me physically and emotionally. The domperidome gives me such a massive head ache each time I take a pill, I am sick all the time.
The LC, two doctors & the health nurse have told me it's time to give up and I have decreased my pumping by quite a bit in the last 3 days. I'm really sad to do this, but for my sanity I need to.
I found myself becoming obsessed with breast milk and ounces and realized that I was bonding more with the pump then with bub. I was just so desperate to give her breast milk because she is so small..but now am also thinking that maybe the milk I DO make doesn't hold enough calories either cause whenever I manage to give her a breast milk feed she is fussy and continues to give hunger cues like she's not eaten anything.
My poor under sized bub was underfed for almost 3 1/2 weeks before we learned that I was only making such small amounts. When I first started pumping, I was only making 3 ounces a day, it was really hard work getting it up to the 5 ounces.
Bub screams the whole time I pump and everyone around me wants me to stop. so this week I am making peace with going formula feeding full time.
SMH ?----Suck My Hamster !
Shanda(34)DH(29)- est 10/17/09
I stopped pumping as much a few days ago because I got depressed but I'm working on starting up again because I felt like I was giving up too soon. We'll see how that goes.
Good luck to all you mommas! I really hope something starts working soon for y'all.
And remember that if it doesn't work out, at least you tried. That's really the only thing you can do. Don't feel guilty!!
I am on the exact same regiment as you. I only pump around 1-11/2 oz every three hours 6 weeks pp. This is my 3rd kid and had the exact same issues with my previous two as well. The good news is it gets better with each baby. I get significantly more than I did with my first two. I would probably have more this time around but went back to work at 2 1/2 weeks pp due to a unexpected financial issue. My job is really busy so I am exhausted, not eating and drinking as well as I should some days and sometimes push my pumping times back further. I know I would be producing more if I was still on leave. But, with the situation I have and my past history I feel like I have accomplished a lot. If I have another baby I am already looking forward to more success in the future (and hopefully plan the timing better). I try to stay really positive about it. I feel good my baby gets the bm he does and have satisfaction in the fact that he hasn't gotten the two colds that every single member of our family has had. Which I think is directly related to the antibodies in the bm. A little is better than nothing. Especially, when so much effort is put into getting the little bit.
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I'm joining this group because my EDD was Feb 2, 2013. I was so excited to have a little groundhog day baby, but am now fearing that month and the sadness that is sure to accompany.
I lost my son Leland Pierce on Oct 5, 2012 due to a possible placental abruption & incompetent cervix. I've been struggling with this lost because DH and I had been TTC for 6 years. This was my first pregnancy and up until 21 wks, I had experienced a perfect pregnancy. I was rushed to L&D on 21 wk, 3 d and placed on strict bed rest due to exposed membranes. After laying in the trundelemburg for 11 days, the delivery came as a surprise because I had been doing well leading up to the day and the bleeding I experienced was slowing down.
The morning before I delivered I had a scheduled sonogram to determine if my baby was large enough to allow us to transfer to another hospital with a higher level NICU. During the sonogram, the technician noted that there was no more fluid in the sac. I was shocked...how could that have happened? Because of the bleeding I experienced, I had no idea that I was also leaking amniotic fluid. I was then transferred to the other facility and it seemed that everything went from bad to worse.
I started to bleed more and gush fluids. I was given magnesium sulfate and also a steriod shot in hopes that it would help the baby and stave off labor. After being on the magnesium for 9 hours my body started to reject it and I began to have contractions that were just a few minutes apart. About an hour later, I was taken to a L&D room.
I was able to deliver my son naturally and hold him in my arms during the hour he lived. He was 15.6 oz and 10.5 inches. He was simply perfect. To our amazement despite him being only at 23 wks, he resembled me so much...from his nose, long toes, and he even turned in his feet the way I do when I sleep (I'm pigeon toed).
My heart breaks that he is not here with us... he was healthy the entire time I carried him. I'm just upset that there was no way to know before this loss that I have an IC...if we had this information, I would still have my son. Each day that passes, I'm slowly healing. We've wanted to start a family for so long and are sad that we could not raise Leland, but now have to wait to be reunited with him in heaven. DH and I plan to TTC when my cycle returns to normal. We are praying for our rainbow baby
Thank you for reading my story and I'm so sorry that we all have to meet in the group under these kind of circumstances.


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It started well and went downhill from there. Got into a crowded elevator, you know the type, so crowded you can see down blouses. Before it started to go up, someone's cell phone rang and at the top of her lungs she answers "HELLO". She was offended by my request to speak quietly. While my ears were still ringing, she left by saying "this is my third Triumph cruise and I already met someone rude" Its too bad there wasn't a mirror on the elevator because we all saw someone rude also. For those of you on this cruise she's the same one during the welcome back party that thought being on the Triumph three times was a big deal.
There were a lot of good things on this cruise. Those crew members that choose to work did a wonderful job and this was the norm. My cabin steward, waiter at dinner and bartender at the wine bar, were wonderful. But far too many crew felt it was their duty to hide and let someone else do their job, especially at the aft pool area.
The whirlpools throughout the ship did not work properly. Water was cool or warmed by the sun. The jets were not pushing the water as they do on other ships. When a maintenance crew member was asked about them, his response was "they are working". He turned and walked away.
The reason I am writing this review is to bring attention of what happened to my wife and me for the entire five day trip.
We were in room 1007 but this would apply to every forward room past 1025, port or starboard. The noise level in this room was horrendous coming from above; it took us several days to figure out the source. Even though the gym closes at 10PM, crew used it until 12:30AM when a cleaning crew came to do their job. I found this out by going into the gym and watching them, especially those that were in the weight lifting area by dropping them on the deck with no regard to the paying guest that are sleeping below. For this we paid?
We visited guest services several times, each time they told me the gym closes at 10PM and the noise can't be coming from the gym, the doors are locked. A lie, I walked in and saw everyone.
Called security, waited, they never arrived. Walked outside and ask another to accompany me. All the while he kept telling me he will take care of this. There's no one inside, I kept walking and when we came upon the crew, the security guard changed his story saying they were the cleaning crew. Another lie or is it a cover up?
I could go on and on about this incident, phone calls, so called inspections by guest relations with every comment made to prove me incorrect. In fact at one time I was inside the gym when a guest relations rep walked by and saw the doors closed and assumed no one was inside.
I can't believe this matter had not been identified in the past. One of the crew led me in the correct direction to determine the source.
Another source of noise in this section of rooms was the teen disco on deck 12 forward. Screaming, yelling till 1AM. While waiting for security to address the previous problem, I walked over and looked in. Whoa, what a surprise. Two teenage boys came over and asked if I wanted to dance. What is Carnival promoting here? They were acting like they were either drunk or stoned; but for sure they were loud.
VIP passengers we were told to wait in one of the dining rooms and we would be allowed to disembark first, which is one of our perks. No coffee or danish were available, which is the norm on other lines. But worse, everyone who was trying to hang around the lobby was lead to this dining room, even first time cruisers. Where was the perk? Mass disorganization and confusion.
NOLA has one thing to be thankful for, Triumph will be moving to Galveston.
Out of my 57 cruises, this cruise ranks among the worst, right next to Mercury.
Since I have a future cruise cert, I intend to use it on the Magic out of Galveston, then that's it for Carnival stopping at 15.
I read Carnival business reports which show a ridership reduction. Most sail and sign cards were blue, no wonder. They must keep attracting newbie's to continue to grow. This company and ship needs a complete overhaul.
Mr. Cahill, please save this wonderful ship.


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Kyle Korver finally finds someone he can defend.
Sixers snapshot archive [Sixers.com]
Kyle Korver finally finds someone he can defend.
Sixers snapshot archive [Sixers.com]
VOORHEES, N.J. – Five games.
That's what the Flyers are facing this coming week, which is why coach Dave Hakstol had his players involved in a full scrimmage Sunday morning at Skate Zone.
"I like it better than practicing," offered Michael Raffl. "A little more action. A little physical and it gets you in game shape. I enjoyed it."
The Flyers have two split-squad games on Monday – one in New Jersey against the Devils and other in Brookyln against the Islanders.
The scrimmage was up-tempo. So much so, Raffl and defenseman Will O'Neill were involved in a dangerous collision in the left corner that could have been disastrous with both players getting up slowly, but uninjured, on a puck chase.
"I don't know, I was coming in hard," Raffl said. "At first, I thought about playing the body and then I didn't want to. So I was mixed in-between trying to slow down and there was a lot of contact as I fell into the boards. I felt fine afterwards."
Raffl hit his neck awkwardly and was lucky to be uninjured. O'Neill took the hit.
"I went into the wall and knew he was coming and tried to be strong on my feet," said O'Neill, a free agent signed over the summer. "Contact play in a bad area. Tough part of the ice."
Hakstol held his breath there.
"It could have turned out differently," he said. "It was kinda awkward play. You're always happy to see him pop up and come out for another shift right after that."
Raffl's gray team won the scrimmage, 2-1, with rookie defenseman Ivan Provorov setting up a play that resulted in Brayden Schenn's game-winning goal from Wayne Simmonds.
"Good tempo, competitiveness … kind like the first few days where tempo and work levels were good," Hakstol said of the scrimmage. "It tends to be a little scrambly in those first scrimmages."
Jordan Weal centered the top line with Schenn on the left. Hakstol has Schenn on the left right now to get him used to playing there again. Once Claude Giroux returns from the World Cup of Hockey, the top line of Schenn-Giroux-Simmonds will be reunited.
"I made the play up there to Simmer and a nice pass by Provy to me and then Simmer back door to Schenn," Weal said of the game-winning goal. "It felt good ... I've played just one game in nine months.
"I'm just trying to get a feel for being on the right side of pucks. It's not going to come in the first game."
Weal was impressed with Provorov.
"He's a really good player," he said. "You can see it in his skating, his passing. He's got a lot of confidence. He tore up the WHL and that's a great league. It's going to be exciting to see him moving forward."
Hakstol rated Provorov as "solid and efficient" in the scrimmage.
Loose pucks
Steve Mason worked with Carter Hart in goal … Alex Lyon and Anthony Stolarz worked for the black team. Mason didn't give up a goal. "We have eight exhibitions on the schedule and I will get into three or four of those," he said. "By the time those wrap up, I'll be where I want to be. Right now, I am feeling great which is a good start." … Hakstol said Mason won't play on Monday … Rookie forward Travis Konecny sat the scrimmage out (maintenance day). He said he was given a day off, but Konecny was receiving treatment by the medical staff on Saturday. "I see the trainer every day, I'm fine," he said. Konecny should play in one of the split-squad games on Monday … Greg Carey had the other goal for the gray squad; Nicolas Aube-Kubel had the lone goal for the black squad … The defense rotated for both teams. Provorov was with Philippe Myers much of the game … Jakub Voracek practiced on his own. He won't see action in the first three games and neither will Shayne Gostisbehere because of the World Cup, Hakstol said ... The scrimmage consisted of two, 25-minute periods with a running clock. Sounds like the Public League, no?
NEW YORK — Alec Asher's two-seamer was nearly perfect against the Mets on Saturday night — even if the pitching line was attached to his name was decidedly less so.
The rookie exited after five innings with four unearned runs attached to his name — two Phillies' throwing errors on playable ground balls will do that — but lowered his ERA to 1.66 in a 10-8 victory that was far, far closer than it needed to be.
Lost in the shuffle of the Phillies bullpen's attempt at self-immolation was just how effective Asher's newly-developed two-seam fastball was in the early innings against the Mets' full lineup. The relatively slow pitch — it was sitting around 90 MPH Saturday — generated six popouts during his perfect first trip through the batting order.
"Being able to throw a pitch that's not straight works wonders," Asher said. "Last year, I didn't really have success throwing the four-seam, so just adding that little bit of movement misses barrels, [generates] mishits and gave me a lot of ground balls and weak contact, which is all I can ask for."
Opponents are batting just .182 off Asher's two-seamer in his four starts this year, according to data from Fangraphs.com, a complete 180 from his disastrous September call-up in 2015.
In his first major league starts, Asher struggled to establish a mound presence with a four-seamer that nearly touched 95 mph. Opponents batted .250 and got seven extra-base hits off the four seamer as Asher finished 2015 with an ugly 9.31 ERA.
The Phillies challenged Asher to generative more movement on the pitch and he returned in Spring Training with an entirely new repertoire.
So far, the effort has paid off.
"It's outstanding. It's been a real good pitch for him and his changeup," manager Pete Mackanin said of Asher's two-seamer. "He didn't have either pitch last year, and for him to come up with it over the course of the winter and throw those pitches so effectively is huge."
Asher relied on the changeup to escape the fifth inning — the only high-stress situation he faced all evening.
With four runs already in, a fifth runner poised on third base and a Citi Field crowd beside itself in hopes of a miracle comeback, Asher got pinch-hitter James Loney to top a low changeup out of the zone down the first base line that Tommy Joseph stopped with a dive.
"[I wanted] just to slow the game down and take it pitch by pitch," Asher said.
Even if Saturday wound up being perhaps a bit more frantic than he would have liked to be, Asher has developed a formula for future success as he prepares for his final start of the season next Friday — also against the Mets — and 2017.
"Just establishing the fastball, commanding both sides of the plate and changing speeds," he said.
His two-run single in the first inning on Saturday night — his first two career RBIs and, ultimately, the winning margin — was a bonus.
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Best route map between Wadley, AL and Tuscaloosa, AL. This route take about 154 Miles.
The distance and estimated time is placed on the right depending on the status of the road.
, 06:49
* You can see Wadley, AL and Tuscaloosa, AL photos above. We provide this photos from Google Panoramio service.
* Wadley, AL weather as celsius: °C
* Tuscaloosa, AL weather as celsius: °C
* Weather information on route, provide by Open Weather Map.
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As Immunotherapy Revolutionizes the Cancer Treatment...
Developers of DTC Genetic Testing Are...
Expanding Use of NGS Has Largely...
NSCLC is "Major Battlefield" as Merck,...
The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) awarded over $6 million in grants to two cardiology researchers from UCLA's Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research. The investigators, Reza Ardehali, M.D., Ph.D, and Ali Nsair, M.D., will conduct research on the developmental and molecular biology of stem cells to advance regenerative medicine for heart disease.
Dr. Ardehali is assistant professor of cardiology and a member of the stem cell research center. He was awarded over $2.9 million for research to isolate heart stem cells derived from human embryonic stem cells, and determine whether the new heart cells are capable of integrating into the heart environment or whether they will function in isolation at their own pace.
"The performance of a symphony can go into chaos if one member plays in isolation from all surrounding cues," says Dr. Ardehali. "Therefore, it is important to determine if the transplanted cells can beat in harmony with the rest of the heart and if these cells will provide functional benefit to the injured heart."
To find out, he will transplant the heart stem cells into an animal model's injured heart to determine if the cells improve heart function. Dr. Ardehali also will perform detailed analysis of the electrical activities of the heart to determine how well the stem cells grow and integrate into new heart tissue. If the project is successful, he hopes it may ultimately lead to future clinical trials of stem cell therapy for heart disease.
Dr. Nsair is assistant professor of medicine, cardiology, and a member of the stem cell research center. He received over $3 million for research using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs). Once the CPCs are grown in the laboratory, they will be used to regenerate heart muscle damaged by myocardial infarction.
CIRM has awarded more than $1.5 billion to date. Just last week a report from the Institute of Medicine urged the agency to develop a plan for sustaining itself when its $3 billion in state bond funding from Proposition 71 runs out in 2017. Suggestions included increasing the role of industry executives in the governing board and key aspects of the agency, tightening conflict-of-interest rules, and shifting decisions on grant approvals and other operations from the governing board to day-to-day execs using advice from a working group. For more on the IOM report, click here.
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Misty Memories Part 500: The Time I Met Christine Jorgensen
"A lot of people who sing can't sing," Christine Jorgensen told me in 1981, "but at least I admit it!"
The groundbreaking transsexual had come in from her home in Laguna Beach, California to make her New York cabaret debut.
Her act consisted of saucy impersonations of Marlene Dietrich and Tallulah Bankhead in between sincere renderings of "Welcome To My World," "You'll Never Walk Alone,' and naturally, "I Enjoy Being A Girl."
And even if she couldn't sing for shit and her act was a bit of a mess, she was pretty delightful.
Upcoming Events
In person too.
"I was the first big 'Gee whiz' story," Christine reminded me about her 1952 transitioning in Copenhagen, which sent shock waves throughout the world.
"I got more print written about me than any other single human being in the history of newspapers.
"That's pretty wild when you compare it to Roosevelt and Churchill and WWII.
"It's pretty nerve-wracking.
"At the beginning, one newspaperman said, 'If you don't like the publicity, why don't you go away and change your name?'
"I said, 'My dear, I just did'."
By any name, I loved her--especially when she told me she still was getting treated with curiosity "in the Bible Belt, where they get very religious about all kinds of things.
"They get morality issues into almost everything, from orange juice down!"
Nope, they'll never transition.
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Mauviel® M'150b Mini Skillet
- Manufacturer: Mauviel
- Material: Copper; stainless steel; bronze
- Care: Hand wash only (see special-care instructions below)
- Dimensions: 4.8" x 0.9"
- Warranty: Lifetime
- Made in France
- Combines two powerful cooking materials: 1.5mm copper and 18/10 stainless steel
- Copper exterior provides exceptional heat conductivity and control; stainless-steel interior is non-reactive
- Ergonomic bronze handle is securely riveted for a lifetime of use
- Suitable for use with most stovetop heat sources; not suitable for use with induction cooktops; oven and broiler safe to 500°F
- Always cook on low to medium heat; do not overheat empty pan; when cooking on a gas stovetop, ensure that the flame never extends beyond the base of the pan
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- Inaccurate
- Bernandene W on Sep 28, 2016
- Purchased on Oct 9, 2015


text:
CBSE Class 12th
CBSE Class XII Admission Qualification
Students cannot be admitted to Class XII directly provided that admission to class XII in a school is open to those students only who have completed a regular course of study for class XI and has passed class XI exam from a school affiliated to CBSE board.
No admission shall be taken in Class XII directly. Provided further that admission to Class XII in a school shall be open only to such a student who:
A student who has completed a regular course of study for Class XI and has passed Class XI examination from this Board or an institution recognized by/affiliated to any recognized Board in India can be admitted in class XII to a school only on transfer of the parent (s) or shifting of their families from one place to another, after procuring from the student the mark sheet and the Transfer Certificate duly countersigned by the Educational Authorities of the Board concerned.
Academic Qualification for Undertaking Examinations:
A candidate for All India/Delhi Senior School Certificate Examination should have obtained/ passed the following at least two years earlier than the year in which he/she would take Senior School Certificate Examination (Class XII) of the Board:
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Hotels in Fischamend, Austria
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- Most bookedEurohotel Vienna Airport
45 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"Read many previous reviews and thought it might be a dump, but the rooms were clean, neat, and a great value for the cost, being so close to Vienna. More like a Motel 6 - all you need, nothing more than that. And w/ a 17 hr. layover, fine for the purpose. Staff very nice. Definitely stay the..."
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"I stayed at the NH Wien Airport for a single night before an early morning flight. The hotel is within a few meters of the train station, bus station, and entrance to the airport terminals, and so is very convenient. I did not use any of the services of the hotel and so cannot comment on them. ..."
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"Great for overnight stay. Window opened and gave a lovely breeze so no need for air conditioning. Quality sheets. Pleasant stay!"
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"you dropped your shuttle service - used to be included in your price as per last fall; not anymore"
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"We needed a hotel close the airport for an early morning flight the next day. The hotel was great.....clean, modern, many amenities, extremely helpful staff, great restaurant! The only thing missing was air conditioning in the rooms although there is a very large tower fan in the room. The lobby ..."
K, Sep 2016, US
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"Ibis has a good cost/benefit, you get a comfortable bed with a good price. Vienna Airport has a plus from other Ibis because it's with a road stop, so you have downstairs a cool restaurant, a Burger King and a gas station including a convenience store, I had a rental car and was good to be able ..."
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"The hotel seemed understaffed because as I arrived to check in, a phone was ringing continuously, the front desk clerk was assisting other guests who were checking in. There were 2 staff members standing around, but none answered the phone. The morning I checked out, I called the front desk for ..."
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"Very convenient for Vienna airport if you are driving. The hotel is nice and breakfast good. We had half a day to spend in Vienna before driving west and on thethe advice of thethe helpful receptionist we drove to the and ride and took public transport from there to the centre which was very con..."
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No Advancement - Efforts Made But Complicit
In 2014, Uzbekistan made efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labor, but was also complicit in the use of forced child labor in the cotton sector. While the central Government made concerted efforts to prevent and to remediate forced child labor in cotton production, Uzbekistan is receiving an assessment of no advancement because of government complicity in forced child labor, particularly at the local level. Although there was no evidence of a large-scale, centrally-coordinated, forced mobilization of children, some local officials, in more than an isolated incident, continued to mobilize children during the cotton harvest.
In committing to end this practice, the Cabinet of Ministers declared its intent to ensure that no one under the age of 18 would participate in the cotton harvest; broadly communicated its new commitment through awareness-raising campaigns to prevent children from being forcibly mobilized to pick cotton; and sponsored after-school programs as an alternative to child labor. The Government also led a monitoring effort utilizing ILO methodology to observe the fall 2014 harvest in all cotton-growing regions of the country, finding 41 child laborers, assessing penalties to 19 school officials and farm managers for the use of child labor, and removing children from the fields.
Despite efforts to end the mobilization of children, in the course of widespread mobilization of third-year secondary school students (predominantly age 18) to pick cotton, an unknown number of 17-year-old students were also mobilized through this practice. Independent observers also reported some cases in several provinces in which younger students were mobilized. In a few instances, reports indicate that a local government authority such as a district or regional governing official (hokim) or town mayor may have directly ordered the mobilization of students under age 18.
In at least some cases, callers to hotlines for reporting labor violations in the harvest were unable to get through, leaving an important gap in the system for receiving and processing child labor complaints. The Government also maintained policies in the cotton sector that mandate regional harvest quotas and set crop prices at levels that create incentives for local administrators to forcibly mobilize labor, creating an ongoing risk of mobilized child labor. Several observers stated that any reduction in the mobilization of children was offset by an increase in the compulsory mobilization of adult labor, although this trend could not be confirmed. Some of these observers reported surveillance, intimidation, and detention by the local government authorities while attempting to gather information about labor practices in the cotton harvest.
There is a lack of current data on child labor in Uzbekistan. To date, the Government has not conducted a national survey on child labor. However, evidence from multiple, independent sources shows that during the 2014 harvest, some local officials, in more than an isolated incident mobilized children to pick cotton, in contravention of the Government's official prohibition.(1-7) In addition, there have been limited reports that during the pre-harvest season, some children are forced to cultivate cotton.(8-10) Table 1 provides key indicators on children's work and education in Uzbekistan.
Table 1. Statistics on Children's Work and Education
Working children, ages 5 to 14 (% and population):
4.3 (244,095)
School attendance, ages 5 to 14 (%):
Children combining work and school, ages 7 to 14 (%):
Primary completion rate (%):
Source for primary completion rate: Data from 2011, published by UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2015.(11)Source for all other data: Understanding Children's Work Project's analysis of statistics from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 3, 2006.(12)
Based on a review of available information, Table 2 provides an overview of children's work by sector and activity.
Table 2. Overview of Children's Work by Sector and Activity
Categorical Worst Forms of Child Labor‡
Commercial sexual exploitation sometimes as a result of human trafficking* (21)
Forced labor in cultivating* and harvesting cotton† (1, 14-16, 22-28)
* Evidence of this activity is limited and/or the extent of the problem is unknown. † Determined by national law or regulation as hazardous and, as such, relevant to Article 3(d) of ILO C. 182. ‡ Child labor understood as the worst forms of child labor per se under Article 3(a) (c) of ILO C. 182.
In 2014, the Government-supported Coordination Council on Child Labor Issues (Coordination Council) reported that the monitoring exercise it had conducted found 41 children ages 9-17 picking cotton, and that all of those children reported having worked at the direction of their parents or of their own accord.(29)
While observers were unable to carry out formal third-party monitoring that could systematically check the validity of results reported by the Coordination Council, a number of independent observers attested that they did not see evidence of a centrally-coordinated, forced mobilization of children.(1, 30-33) A plan for the ILO to independently monitor for child labor and forced labor on farms and in communities associated with five World Bank projects was negotiated and received Government approval during the reporting period, however, there was insufficient lead time to implement the plan for the 2014 harvest. Instead, Bank staff and their Government counterparts conducted "intensified field supervision," which consisted of visiting cotton fields, reviewing work contracts, and asking basic questions of the workers.(32-34) The timing of these visits was determined by Government officials, and local authorities generally appeared to have been informed in advance.(32, 33) As it has done since 2009, a Germany-based NGO, the Uzbek-German Forum for Human Rights, coordinated efforts by local human rights advocates, farmers, teachers, and other community members to observe and report on labor practices across the cotton-growing regions. The group stated that the efforts of at least two advocates were hampered by restrictions on their access to the fields, and some of their observers reported that they experienced surveillance, intimidation, and detention by the authorities while attempting to gather information.(6) U.S. Embassy personnel who conducted informal observations of fields and schools throughout the harvest inconsistently encountered police near the fields during their visits as part of the broader local government oversight efforts.(2)
Multiple sources reported cases of local administrators, in several provinces, mobilizing children for the harvest. Available evidence suggests that across the country local administrators mobilized predominantly age 18, third-year secondary school students. However, in the course of doing so, an unknown number of 17 year-old third-year students were also mobilized through this practice.(1, 4, 7) Reports suggest that in at least one case, administrators checked the passports of third-year students to ensure that those under age 18 were not mobilized, however, research could not determine to what extent this practice occurred.(2, 6) Credible statistics are not available on the number of underage third-year students who may have been mobilized. Independent observers reported some cases within several provinces, in which school principals mobilized classes of first-year and second-year secondary school students (ages 15 to 17) or in some cases, sixth to ninth graders (ages 11 to 15), particularly during the last two weeks of the harvest period.(1, 2, 4, 5, 21, 35) In addition, there were a few reports from different locations that a local government authority such as a district or regional governing official (hokim) or town mayor may have directly ordered the mobilization of students under age 18.(2, 4, 7, 28, 36)
Observers stated that any reduction in the mobilization of children was offset by an increase in the compulsory mobilization of adult labor, including of teachers.(1, 31) Comparative data on the adult cotton-picking workforce were not available to confirm or disprove this observation. The practice of forcibly mobilizing people to work in the cotton fields creates an ongoing risk that children may be mobilized when labor demand is high, particularly the final weeks of the harvest when the fall rains threaten to ruin the crop. Sources indicate that for the majority of the harvest period, most local administrators kept secondary schools (colleges and lyceums) open. However, many teachers were obliged to pick cotton, which disrupted class schedules and, in a number of cases, closed secondary schools.(1, 3, 4)
Sources reported that workers were expected to pick between 66 and 176 pounds of cotton per day, with the weight requirements declining toward the end of the harvest.(10, 28) Research could not identify whether a similar quota was in place for child pickers.(6, 37) Reports on working hours for child pickers varied; some worked a partial day after a few hours of school, while others worked 9 or more hours per day, including on the weekend.(1, 6) Some workers picked without gloves or other protective gear.(1, 6, 37) The Coordination Council reported that adequate housing and meals were provided to all workers, and the U.S. Embassy observed a number of well-provisioned worker camps.(29, 37) However, researchers for the Uzbek-German Forum for Human Rights found that some workers lived in unsanitary, unheated facilities and paid the farmer for meager food.(1, 6) According to one report, children in grades below the third year of secondary education returned home at the end of each work day.(6) Reports suggest a diversity of housing arrangements for student pickers, from homestays with local families to school gymnasiums or worker camps.(38) Research could not determine the housing conditions for third year students that stayed overnight at the worksite.
Another form of child labor occurring in Uzbekistan is the trafficking of children for commercial sexual exploitation. Children are trafficked for this purpose internally and abroad, primarily to destinations across Asia.(39, 40)
Uzbekistan has ratified all key international conventions concerning child labor (Table 3).
Table 3. Ratification of International Conventions on Child Labor
ILO C. 138, Minimum Age
ILO C. 182, Worst Forms of Child Labor
UN CRC Optional Protocol on Armed Conflict
UN CRC Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography
Palermo Protocol on Trafficking in Persons
The Government has established laws and regulations related to child labor, including its worst forms (Table 4).
Table 4. Laws and Regulations Related to Child Labor
|Related Legislation
|Minimum Age for Work
|Article 77 of the Labor Code; Article 20 of the Law on the Guarantees of the Rights of the Child (16, 41, 42)
|Minimum Age for Hazardous Work
|Article 241 of Labor Code (43)
|Prohibition of Hazardous Occupations or Activities for Children
|Decree on Adoption of the List of Occupations with Unfavorable Working Conditions to Which it is Forbidden to Employ Persons under Eighteen Years of Age; Decree on Approval of Provision on Requirements on Prohibition of Use of Minors' Labor (44, 45)
|Prohibition of Forced Labor
|Constitution; Article 7 of the Labor Code; Articles 51 and 491 of the Administrative Code; Articles 135 and 138 of the Criminal Code (46-49)
|Prohibition of Child Trafficking
|Law on the Guarantees of the Rights of the Child; Article 135 of the Criminal Code (42, 49)
|Prohibition of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children
|Article 10 of the Law on the Guarantees of the Rights of the Child; Article 135 of the Criminal Code (42, 49)
|Prohibition of Using Children in Illicit Activities
|Article 10 of the Law on the Guarantees of the Rights of the Child (42)
|Minimum Age for Compulsory Military Recruitment
|Law on Universal Military Service (50)
|Minimum Age for Voluntary Military Service
|Law on Universal Military Service (50, 51)
|Compulsory Education Age
|Law on Education (52)
|Free Public Education
|Law on Education (52)
The Government has established institutional mechanisms for the enforcement of laws and regulations on child labor, including its worst forms (Table 5).
Table 5. Agencies Responsible for Child Labor Law Enforcement
Ministry of Labor and Social Protection
Conduct labor inspections, including inspections for compliance with child labor laws.(16, 53)
Ministry of Interior Office for Combating Trafficking
Investigate crimes related to child trafficking, which may then be prosecuted by the Prosecutor General's Office.(40)
Prosecutor General's Office
Prosecute criminal violations involving the worst forms of child labor, including human trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation.(40)
Ministry of Public Education, Ministry of Higher and Secondary Special Education, and Center for Secondary and Vocational Education
Monitor elementary through secondary school students to prevent forced child labor, including in cotton. Monitor employment of all graduates of all educational institutions.(3, 54)
Coordination Council on Child Labor Issues (Coordination Council)
Monitor all forms of child labor.(24, 54) Comprises representatives from the Federation of Trade Unions (which serves as its Chair); the Chamber of Commerce and Industry; the Ministries of Labor and Social Protection, Public Education, Foreign Affairs, Health, and Interior; the Employer's Union; the Women's Committee; the Center for Human Rights; the Center for Secondary and Vocational Education; and NGOs.(3, 13, 29)
Women's Committee of Uzbekistan
Monitor school attendance through the academic year, especially during the cotton harvest. A total of 14 regional and 194 district branches of the Women's Committee involved in monitoring school attendance.(54)
Law enforcement agencies in Uzbekistan took actions to combat child labor, including its worst forms.
Labor Law Enforcement
The Ministry of Labor and Social Protection employs approximately 300 labor inspectors, about half of whom investigate legal rights in the workplace, while the rest conduct technical inspections on occupational health and safety requirements.(3, 53) Either inspectorate may address child labor, depending on the nature of the violation.(35) Information was not available regarding the total number of inspections that the Government carried out in 2014 for the purpose of enforcing child labor laws.
The Government, along with local administrators, continued its enforcement efforts to keep children in school and out of the fields during the cotton harvest.(29, 30) The Government-supported Coordination Council conducted a national monitoring effort during the fall harvest. In contrast to 2013, in which an ILO high-level mission organized, trained, and led the monitoring teams, the ILO played a supporting role to the Coordination Council in 2014 by training monitors and advising on the methodology for monitoring.(13, 29) Through this consultation, the Coordination Council decided to intensify its monitoring of children ages 16 to 18 by focusing on school visits to secondary-level institutions and selecting cotton pickers up to age 20 for interview. As in the 2013 ILO mission, site visits were to be unannounced.(3, 29)
The monitoring exercise took place from September 18 through October 25, 2014. Similarly to the 2013 ILO-led mission, it included eight monitoring units that were responsible for monitoring eight zones, which covered all the cotton-producing areas of Uzbekistan.(29) Each monitoring unit consisted of eight members, comprising representatives from the Trade Union Federation, the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, and the Women's Committees of Trade Unions. In 2014, several local community youth, health, and women's groups joined the monitoring units.(29) The monitoring teams conducted 714 site visits.(3)
The monitoring teams identified 41 children, ages 9 to 17, who were working in the cotton fields during the harvest in violation of Uzbekistan's labor laws. Children were found picking cotton in six of the eight zones, with nearly half of these cases in Samarkand Province.(29) As a result of these violations, the Government reported that the children were immediately removed from the fields and that warnings or fines were issued to 11 school principals, 3 farmers, and 6 foremen. Fines ranged from 3 to 10 times the individual's monthly salary.(29) No local government officials were cited in these cases, and the monitors did not identify any cases in which an entire school class was mobilized.(29)
A key finding of the ILO's 2013 monitoring mission report was that recordkeeping at schools and on district lists of cotton pickers were not maintained consistently across all zones.(13) Research did not find evidence that the Government took action to address this issue in advance of the 2014 harvest. The Government's official report on the 2014 harvest monitoring stated that attendance at secondary schools averaged 91 percent.(29) However, observers who independently reviewed attendance records at a sampling of schools found great disparity in attendance rates among institutions.(3)
Differences previously noted between monitoring results reported by the Government and reporting by independent observers indicate that the Government's current monitoring and enforcement regime does not sufficiently investigate, identify, and punish the range of reported violations. Among the reported violations inadequately addressed by the Government are the mobilization of entire classes of schoolchildren, the closure of secondary schools to mobilize students, and the potential involvement of local or regional government authorities (such as hokim or town mayors) in such mobilization.(3-7) In December, Government officials stated that they were also following up on published reports of child labor in the harvest from independent sources.(55) Besides the cases identified during the monitoring exercise, there were no other reported sanctions or prosecutions during the reporting period against those responsible for engaging children to work in the cotton harvest or in any form of child labor.
Criminal Law Enforcement
The Government provided statistics on human trafficking law enforcement, but did not disaggregate data on cases involving children. The Government reported that in 2014 it investigated 1,016 criminal cases of human trafficking, prosecuted 641 individuals and convicted 583 individuals.(56) In 2014, the Ministry of Interior (MOI) converted an existing law enforcement unit in Tashkent to a section focused on the prevention of human trafficking of Uzbekistani citizens planning to go abroad.(3, 35)
The Government has established mechanisms to coordinate its efforts to address child labor, including its worst forms (Table 6).
Table 6. Mechanisms to Coordinate Government Efforts on Child Labor
Coordinating Body
Role & Description
Coordination Council
Coordinate efforts to address child labor issues, including monitoring of the cotton harvest.(13, 29) In 2014, the Coordination Council received monitor training from the ILO, monitored the cotton harvest with ILO consultation, and cooperated in planning for a national survey on labor recruitment in agriculture.(29, 48)
Interagency Working Group
Coordinate efforts to address labor rights issues, including child labor.(53, 57, 58) Report to the ILO on the Government's implementation of ratified conventions, prevent forced labor, and protect working minors.(57-61)
Interagency Commission on Combating Trafficking in Persons
Oversee efforts to combat trafficking.(40, 62) Chaired by the Prosecutor General and includes representatives from other government entities, such as the Ministries of Labor and Social Protection, Interior, and Foreign Affairs; the National Security Service; and the State Customs Committee.(40)
Local interagency committees
Monitor human trafficking at the provincial, regional, and municipal levels.(40)
The Government of Uzbekistan has established policies related to child labor, including its worst forms (Table 7).
Table 7. Policies Related to Child Labor
Memorandum of Understanding Between the International Labor Organization and the Republic of Uzbekistan†
Establishes terms of agreement between the ILO and the Government on cooperation to implement a Decent Work Country Program in Uzbekistan from 2014-2016.(63) This agreement represents an important step toward implementation of recommendations of the ILO supervisory bodies, including utilizing ILO technical assistance and continuing to work with the ILO or other credible third parties to observe cotton harvests.(22, 64)
National Action Plan for the Application of ILO Conventions
Includes a National Policy on child labor issues.(16, 60, 65) Also covers forced labor.(48)
Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers No. 132 on Additional Measures to Ensure the Implementation of ILO Conventions†
Establishes actions and efforts to be taken to address the worst forms of child labor, and forced labor. Outlines additional activities to be implemented in 2014-2016 in response to ILO Convention requirements, including awareness-raising, monitoring of the cotton harvest, legal reform, data collection, and activities on the worst forms of child labor targeting government ministries, international organizations, students, trade unions, and employers.(66) Ministry of Labor and Social Protection is charged with implementation.(3)
National Plan of Action Against Trafficking in Persons (2013 2014)
Includes activities to enact legal reforms; conduct public awareness-raising; strengthen victim protections; and increase capacity for law enforcement bodies, ministries, agencies, and NGOs to combat human trafficking. (56)
Education Sector Plan (2013 2017)*
Defines the 5-year development strategy for the education sector and aims to ensure equal opportunities and quality education for all.(67)
* Child labor elimination and prevention strategies do not appear to have been integrated into this policy. † Policy was approved during the reporting period.
In August 2014, the Cabinet of Ministers affirmed in its internal meeting that the participation of children under age 18 in the cotton harvest was strictly prohibited, and this was broadly communicated through an awareness-raising campaign, including trainings for local officials, a public speech by the Prime Minister, posted announcements in schools, and school administrators' meetings with parents (although no official decree was published).(3, 7, 29, 30, 68) However, there are indications that such communications lacked a clear explanation of the legal standards and consequences for not observing the ban.(2) For example, at one college, parents were reportedly instructed to sign a letter pledging that their child would participate voluntarily in cotton picking.(7, 30)
Additionally, the national Government maintained cotton production policies that mandate harvest quotas and set crop prices at levels that offer strong incentives for local administrators to organize and impose forced labor, which create an ongoing risk that children may be mobilized.(1, 64, 69)
In 2014, the Government of Uzbekistan funded and participated in programs that included the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor, including its worst forms. The Government has other programs that may have an impact on child labor, including its worst forms. (Table 8)
Table 8. Social Programs to Address Child Labor
After-School Programming†
Ministry of Public Education-implemented program during the cotton harvest to provide extracurricular sports and hobbies for students in order to prevent the use of child labor.(29)
Support to the Decent Work Country Program of the Republic of Uzbekistan†
USDOL-funded $2 million project awarded in December 2014 to the ILO to enhance the capacity of the Government and workers' and employers' representatives to prevent and reduce child labor and forced labor, and to promote decent work in Uzbekistan. (29, 70)
Global Partnership for Education†
Multilateral initiative to coordinate the efforts of developing countries, donors, international organizations, teachers, NGOs, and the private sector to secure universal access to quality education in the least-developed countries.(71, 72) In 2014, the Partnership endorsed the Government's Education Sector Plan and awarded a $50 million grant to Uzbekistan for its implementation in coordination with UNICEF and the World Bank. The program will promote child literacy and math skills; develop teachers' classroom skills; expand access to quality early childhood care and education in rural areas; raise the quality of secondary education; and increase the capacity of the Ministry of Public Education to monitor the education system.(71)
School Assistance*‡
Ministry of Public Education program that provides winter clothes and other educational resources to needy families to support their school attendance.(73)
Family Support Assistance*‡
Government of Uzbekistan program that provides an allowance to low-income families to be paid if their children continue their education up to age 18.(73)
Child Protection Assistance*
UNICEF program that engages with the Government of Uzbekistan to support the development of a national child protection system that will prevent and respond to children who are at risk of or have been subject to child abuse, exploitation, and violence.(74)
Child Rights Monitoring
UNICEF program that partners with local and regional governments, NGOs, and civil service training institutions to strengthen Uzbekistan's application and monitoring of obligations under the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.(75)
Shelter Support‡
Ministry of Labor and Social Protection operates a shelter for trafficking victims that provides victims with medical, psychological, legal, and vocational training.(21)
Government broadcasts developed in partnership with an anti-human- trafficking NGO to raise awareness of labor trafficking.(21)
Human Trafficking Hotlines‡
Ministry of Labor and Social Protection operates hotlines for reporting incidents of trafficking.(56)
Labor Hotlines‡
Trade unions and Ministry of Labor and Social Protection operate hotlines for workers to report labor violations.(3) There were indications during the reporting period that some hotlines were not operational, leaving gaps in the system for receiving and processing child labor complaints.(3, 5)
Cotton Picking Machine Provisions*‡
Government program that rents harvesting machines to farmers to help reduce the need for human cotton pickers.(3, 54) In 2014, a limited number of harvesters were available for rent.(3)
* The impact of this program on child labor does not appear to have been studied. † Program was approved during the reporting period. ‡ Program is funded by the Government of Uzbekistan.
Although the Government has implemented programs to combat child labor in the cotton harvest and to address human trafficking, the scope of these programs is insufficient to fully address the extent of the problem.
During the reporting period, the Government engaged with international organizations in their efforts to develop a system for monitoring and remediating forced labor or child labor in the cotton sector among beneficiaries of agricultural and rural development projects. In response to international concerns about the risk that its portfolio of projects in Uzbekistan could incidentally support or use these prohibited forms of labor, the World Bank committed to create a mechanism for third-party monitoring and a feedback channel for child labor and forced labor complaints.(33, 76, 77) The Government actively participated in discussions regarding the design of these mechanisms and stated it would ensure labor standards are maintained during project implementation. Methodologies for forced labor monitoring and the feedback mechanism for child labor and forced labor complaints were still in a nascent state at the end of the year.(32, 76)
Based on the reporting above, suggested actions are identified that would advance the elimination of child labor, including its worst forms, in Uzbekistan (Table 9).
Table 9. Suggested Government Actions to Eliminate Child Labor, Including its Worst Forms
Suggested Action
Year(s) Suggested
Target labor and criminal inspections in areas where hazardous child labor is known to occur, especially in the cotton sector.
2011 2014
Allow independent observers unrestricted access to monitor the cotton harvest through unannounced site visits, and punish officials who threaten or detain observers in order to suppress information about labor violations.
Publish updated information on investigations and convictions related to the worst forms of child labor and trafficking of children.
2011 2014
Strengthen recordkeeping in educational institutions and maintain up to date records of cotton workers' ages on district lists.
2013 2014
Establish a comprehensive cotton harvest monitoring and enforcement system that investigates worker complaints and third-party reports of school closings and mobilization of children under age 18 to work in the cotton harvest or other forms of child labor, and applies sanctions against responsible individuals, including local or regional government authorities (such as hokim or town mayors).
2012 -- 2014
Government Policies
Integrate child labor elimination and prevention strategies into the Education Sector Plan.
Strengthen efforts to raise awareness of the ban on child labor in the cotton harvest by developing and disseminating presentation materials that clearly explain the legal definition of prohibited child labor and the consequences of failing to abide by the law.
Revise policies that mandate cotton harvest quotas to help prevent forced involvement of children under age 18 in the cotton harvest.
2012 2014
Conduct a national child labor survey.
2013 2014
Social Programs
Expand programs to address the worst forms of child labor, with a particular focus on children involved in cotton production.
2009 2014
Ensure that hotlines for child labor, forced labor, and other concerns about cotton harvest labor practices are fully operational and hotline personnel are trained and ready to provide assistance.
Assess the impact that school assistance and family support programs may have on addressing child labor.
2011 2014
1.Uzbek-German Forum for Human Rights. Preliminary Report on Forced Labor During Uzbekistan's 2014 Cotton Harvest November 7, 2014.
2.U.S. Department of Labor's Office of Child Labor, FL, and Human Trafficking,. Notes from discussion with U.S. Embassy-Tashkent official. Washington: March 18, 2015
3.U.S. Embassy- Tashkent. reporting, January 15, 2015.
4.U.S. Embassy- Tashkent. reporting, October 10, 2014
5.U.S. Embassy- Tashkent. reporting, October 24, 2014.
6.Uzbek-German Forum for Human Rights. "The Government's Riches, the People's Burden: Human Rights Violations in Uzbekistan's 2014 Cotton Harvest." (2015);
7.Rahmatullayev, T. "Cotton Campaign Chronicle in Uzbekistan: The issue of involving children in cotton picking remains unresolved." Central Asia News.
8.IWPR. "Child Labour Persists in Uzbek Cotton Industry." Turkish Weekly, Ankara, September 24, 2011.
9. "Uzbek Schoolchildren Forced to Weed Cotton Fields." Uznews.net. "Uzbek Schoolchildren Forced to Weed Cotton Fields." [source on file] May 16, 2013 [cited March 10, 2014];
10.Uzbek-German Forum for Human Rights. Chronicle of Forced Labor of Children and Adults: Issue 1. Berlin; June 5, 2013.
11.UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary. Total. [accessed April 8, 2014]; . Data provided is the gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary school. This measure is a proxy measure for primary completion. For more information, please see the "Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions" section of this report.
12.UCW. Analysis of Child Economic Activity and School Attendance Statistics from National Household or Child Labor Surveys. Original data from MICS3 Survey, 2006. Analysis received February 13, 2014. Reliable statistical data on the worst forms of child labor are especially difficult to collect given the often hidden or illegal nature of the worst forms. As a result, statistics on children's work in general are reported in this chart, which may or may not include the worst forms of child labor. For more information on sources used, the definition of working children and other indicators used in this report, please see the "Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions" section of this report.
13.ILO. ILO High Level Mission Report on the Monitoring of Child Labor. Geneva; December 2013.
14.Jong Chul Kim, Sejin Kim, and Il Lee. 2013 Field Investigation Report: Uzbekistan Seoul, Advocates for Public Interest Law; December 13, 2013.
15.Uzbek-German Forum for Human Rights. Human Rights Due Diligence and World Bank Funding in Uzbekistan's Agricultural Sector June 2014.
16.U.S. Department of State. "Uzbekistan," in Country Reports on Human Rights Practices- 2013. Washington, DC; February 27, 2014; .
17.Central Asia Economy Newswire. "Uzbek Children Breed Silkworms Despite Child Labor Ban." [online] September 6, 2010 [cited December 8, 2014]; .
18.Mirovalev, M. "Smooth as Silk? Not for Uzbekistan Farm Kids." Washington, DC, September 9, 2010; World News.
19.Farangis Najibullah, and Sadriddin Ashurov. "Uzbeks Toil To Keep Silk Industry's Traditions Alive." [online] March 12, 2013 [cited January 2, 2014]; .
20.UNCRC. Concluding observations on the combined third and fourth periodic reports of Uzbekistan, adopted by the Committee at its sixty-third session (27 May-14 June 2013). Geneva; July 10, 2013.
21.U.S. Embassy- Tashkent. reporting, February 18, 2015.
22.ILO Committee of Experts. "Report of the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations," in International Labour Conference, 101st Session 2012; Geneva; .
23.Human Rights Watch. Uzbekistan: Forced Labor Widespread in Cotton Harvest, Human Rights Watch, [online] January 26, 2013 [cited January 16, 2014]; .
24.Uzbek-German Forum for Human Rights, Cotton Campaign. Review of the 2012 Cotton Harvest in Uzbekistan. Berlin; December 20, 2012.http://www.cottoncampaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Review2012_CottonHarvestUzbekistan.pdf.
25.Responsible Sourcing Network. From the Field: Travels of Uzbek Cotton through the Value Chain. Oakland; 2012. .
26.ILO Committee of Experts. Individual Observation concerning Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182) Uzbekistan (ratification: 2008) Published: 2012; accessed March 10, 2015; .
27.New York Times. "In Uzbekistan, the Practice of Forced Labor Lives on During the Cotton Harvest." New York, December 17, 2013.
28.U.S. Embassy- Tashkent. reporting, February 14, 2014.
29.Coordination Council for the Problems of Child Labor in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Minutes No. 5 About the Results of the National Monitoring of Child Labour in Cotton Harvest in 2014 and the Recommendations for the Governmental Authorities, Ministries, Agencies and Civil Society Institutes. Tashkent, November 3, 2014.
30.U.S. Embassy- Tashkent. reporting, September 19, 2014.
31.U.S. Department of Labor's Office of Child Labor, Forced Labor, and Human Trafficking. Summary of Interviews with Human Rights Advocates in Uzbekistan. December 4, 2014
32.U.S. Department of Labor's Office of Child Labor, Forced Labor, and Human Trafficking. Summary of Interview with World Bank staffperson. December 3, 2014
33.World Bank Inspection Panel. Republic of Uzbekistan: Second Rural Enterprise Support Project (P109126) and Additional Financing for the Second Rural Enterprise Support Project (P126962): Final Eligibility Report and Recommendation on a Request for Inspection; 2015 December 19, 2014. .
34.Office of Child Labor, Forced Labor, and Human Trafficking. Notes from discussion with World Bank staffperson. May 8, 2015
35.U.S. Embassy- Tashkent. E-mail communication to USDOL official. June 16, 2015
36.U.S. Embassy- Tashkent. reporting, September 26, 2014.
37.U.S. Embassy- Tashkent official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. April 28, 2015
38.Office of Child Labor, FL, and Human Trafficking,. Notes from Discussion with U.S. Embassy- Tashkent official. June 18, 2015
39.U.S. Department of State. "Uzbekistan," in Trafficking in Persons Report- 2014. Washington, D.C.; June 20, 2014; .
40.U.S. Embassy- Tashkent. reporting, February 15, 2013.
41.Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Law No. ZRU-239 to amend the Labour Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan and Law on Child's Rights Guarantees, UZB-2009-L-85547, enacted 2009.
42.Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Law No. ZRU-139 on Child's Rights Guarantees, UZB-2008-L-85548, enacted 2008.
43.Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Law No. ZRU-365 Labor Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, enacted 1996.
44.Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Decree on Approval of Provision on Requirements on Prohibition of Use of Minors' Labor, enacted 2010.
45.Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Decree on Adoption of the List of Occupations with Unfavorable Working Conditions to which it is forbidden to Employ Persons under Eighteen Years of Age, enacted 2009.
46.Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, enacted 1992. .
47.ILO Committee of Experts. Individual Observation concerning Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182) Uzbekistan (ratification: 2008) Published: 2011; accessed January 3, 2015; .
48.Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan. On Measures Undertaken to Implement Conventions on Forced Labour. 2014.
49.Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, enacted 1994.
50.Child Soldiers International. Louder than words: An agenda for action to end state use of child soldiers. London; 2012.
51.Conscience and Peace Tax International. Submission to the 98th Session of the Human Rights Committee: March 2010: Uzbekistan. Conscientious Objection to Military Service and related issues. April 2009.
52.UNESCO. Uzbekistan Education Sector Overview, UNESCO, [online] 2013 [cited June 23, 2015];
53.U.S. Embassy- Tashkent. reporting, January 31, 2013.
54.Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan official. Written communication to U.S. Department of State official. February 17, 2014.
55.U.S. Department of Labor's Office of Child Labor, Forced Labor, and Human Trafficking. Summary of Meeting with the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection. December 3, 2014
56.Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Information on anti-TIP efforts carried out in Uzbekistan in 2014. 2015.
57.ILO Committee of Experts. Examination of Individual Case concerning Convention No. 182: Worst Forms of Child Labour, 1999 Uzbekistan (ratification: 2008) Published: 2011; accessed June 23, 2015; .
58.Embassy of the Republic of Uzbekistan- Washington official. Written communication to U.S. Department of State official. April 13, 2011.
59.U.S. Embassy- Tashkent. reporting, January 4, 2012.
60.Embassy of the Republic of Uzbekistan- Washington official. Written communication to Office of the United States Trade Representative official. April 9, 2012.
61.Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan official. Written communication to U.S. Department of State official. March 12, 2013.
62.ILO Committee of Experts. Individual Direct Request concerning Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182) Uzbekistan (ratification: 2008) Published: 2012; accessed June 23, 2015; .
63.ILO and the Republic of Uzbekistan. Memorandum of Understanding. 2014.
64.ILO Committee of Experts. Individual Observation concerning Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182) Uzbekistan (ratification: 2008) Published: 2013; accessed January 14, 2014; .
65.Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Additional Measures in 2012-2013 for Implementation of the Convention on Forced or Compulsory Labor and the Convention on the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor Ratified by the Republic of Uzbekistan, no. 82, enacted March 26, 2012.
66.Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 137 of 27 May 2014 on Additional Measures to Ensure the Implementation of Conventions of the International Labour Organization (ILO) Ratified by the Republic of Uzbekistan for the Period of 2014-2016. 2014.
67.Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Education Sector Plan 2013 2017. Tashkent; 2013.
68.Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Minutes of the Meeting Held at the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 111. August 6, 2014.
69.Mayor of the City of Tashkent. Resolution of the Mayor of Tashkent City No. 179 On the Mass Mobilization of Cotton Pickers in the Jizzakh and Syrdarya Regions Due to the Start of the 2014 Harvest Season. August 28, 2014.
70.U.S. Department of Labor's Office of Child Labor, Forced Labor, and Human Trafficking. Notice of Intent to Fund the Decent Work Country Program in Uzbekistan. 2014.
71.Global Partnership for Education. Global Partnership for Education: Uzbekistan, [online] [cited January 14, 2015 .
72.Global Partnership for Education. Global Partnership for Education: About GPE, [online] [cited January 14, 2015]; .
73.Asian Development Bank. Republic of Uzbekistan: Updating and Improving the Social Protection Index. Manila; August 2012. http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/projdocs/2013/44152-012-reg-tacr-29.pdf.
74.UNICEF. UNICEF Uzbekistan: Child Protection: Social Work, [online] [cited January 14, 2015]; .
75.UNICEF. UNICEF Uzbekistan: Social Policy: Child Rights Monitoring, [cited January 14, 2015]; .
76.World Bank. Implementation Status and Results Uzbekistan South Karakalpakstan Water Resources Management Improvement (P127764); 2014 November 15, 2014. .
77.World Bank. Project Information Document Appraisal Stage: Improving Pre-primary and General Secondary Education Project (P144856); 2014 July 14,.


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The Tap Pre-Show: See Canadian husband-wife duo Whitehorse perform in our studio
Photo by Michael Sears
If you still haven't made plans for a Valentine's night out with your sweetheart, or if you're just looking for an affordable night of terrific music, might we suggest seeing Whitehorse at Shank Hall tonight? »Read Full Blog Post
Guide to TV's May sweeps
The first real sign of spring is yard work.
The only thing standing between that and warmer summer weather is the monthlong television jubilee known as the May ratings sweeps, during which networks and local stations compete for eyeballs with original programming, series finales and special news reports. It all starts Thursday and runs through May 21. »Read Full Article
Hank the Brewers dog to have own house at Miller Park
Hank will soon be in the doghouse.
Not that the adorable pooch is in trouble. »Read Full Article(42)
Lost in the Trees stands tall in Milwaukee debut
What's an orchestral rock band to do without the orchestra?
The little-known Lost in the Trees from Chapel Hill, N.C., doesn't have the means to take a big ensemble of instruments and musicians on the road, when it's playing a Cactus Club show for about 30 to 40 people at $10 a pop, as was the case Saturday night. »Read Full Article


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- Vatnajökull or Vatna glacier at Vatnajökull National Park (Non-HDR version of ), Iceland 2013 by Gavin Farrell
Particularly cloudy/rainy summer for Iceland 2013. This is the non-HDR version and contains more detail when zoomed in at 100% The HDR version can be seen here: www.gigapan.com/gigapans/133444From Wikipedia: "Vatnajökull, also known as the Vatna Glacier, is the largest and most voluminous Icelandic glacier, and one o...
Particularly cloudy/rainy summer for Iceland 2013 resorted in helping make the decision to shoot this as an HDR which brought some more color out of the landscape. This is the final tone mapped image. From Wikipedia: "Vatnajökull, also known as the Vatna Glacier, is the largest and most voluminous Icelandic glacier...
- Fjord by ldossantos
Photo de l'Hofsjökull lors de la traversée de l'Islande, le glacier est à plus de 20km. Paorama effectué avec un CANON 300D et un 24-105mm en position 70mm.
View from Brennisteinsalda (an hour or so hike from the campsite and refuge at Landmannalaugar) in south Iceland. From this spot you can see the massive rhyolite (volcanic rock) cliffs and the lava flow below. wikitravel.org/en/Landmannalaugar Shot using a manual head with a 45mm (90mm effective) lens on ...


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Commencement 2017
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- About Student Life
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The Office of Student Life supports the University's mission by providing students with services and opportunities that enhance a holistic student experience, an appreciation for diversity, inclusion, and for life-long learning. We are dedicated to providing an environment that will enable students to effectively engage in their academic and intellectual work as well as develop cultural competencies in order to be informed, involved, and engaged citizens.
Student Life staff assists students in the resolution of problems and concerns, provides information about and referral to campus resources, and promotes initiatives that address students' needs and interests. We also serve as a resource for parents, families, faculty, and staff in supporting student success from their orientation session through the graduation.
It is an honor to have the opportunity to support students on their journey towards their personal and professional goals. In Student Life, we take this honor seriously and strive to serve Beaver Nation with integrity, purpose, and care.
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Heartwood: Inquiry and Engagement with Pacific Northwest ForestsHeartwood: Inquiry and Engagement with Pacific Northwest Forests. The OSU Libraries and Press Special Collections and Archives Research Center explores our deep and complicated connections with forests. Participants include the US…
SAC Presents: The Kronos QuartetPURCHASE TICKETS The School of Arts & Communication's SAC Presents series brings you the world renowned contemporary chamber music ensemble, Kronos Quartet. For more than 40 years,…


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A map of a portion of the Indian country lying east and west of the Mississippi River to the forty sixth degree of north latitude from personal observation made in the autumn ...
Accompanied by: Geological report of an examination made in 1834 of the elevated country between the Missouri and Red rivers / by G.W. Featherstonhaugh. Washington : Printed by Gales and Seaton, 1835. (97 p., [1] folded leaf of plates : ill. ; 22 cm.) Available also through the Library of Congress Web site as a raster image. LC copy of accompanying text has multiated ...
- Contributor: Featherstonhaugh, George William - United States. Topographical Bureau
- Date: 1836


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Hamas leader talks to Russian foreign minister
GAZA CITY, Gaza Strip — Gaza's Hamas government says its prime minister has held a rare phone conversation with Russia's foreign minister.
Government spokesman Taher Nunu says Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh spoke with Sergey Lavrov for 35 minutes on Wednesday. He says the men discussed Israel's peace talks with the rival Palestinian government in the West Bank, the Israeli-Egyptian blockade of Gaza and "common relations."
Hamas, an Islamic militant group committed to Israel's destruction, is largely shunned by the international community. Although Russia has in the past hosted Hamas officials, the phone call was the first high-level conversation in months.
There was no immediate Russian comment.
Hamas seized control of Gaza in 2007 from the forces of President Mahmoud Abbas. Repeated attempts at reconciliation by the two governments have failed.


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Rriso Couture Pop-Up17th Sep - 30th Sep, 12:30pm - 11:00pmPanaji, North Goa
Sketch Club21st Aug - 16th Oct, 10:00am - 12:30pmPanaji, North Goa
Live: The Banjara Quartet2nd Oct, 06:30pm - 08:30pmPanaji, North Goa
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A 'Bistro/Dining' experience. Scraps in a new avatar, The Junction leads to it. Look out...
Cremeux Cafe And Bistro - Panaji - Critic Review
A 'Cafe' experience. Get the cream on this one. Right in the heart of the city, in an old h...
Watson's Grub Pub - Panaji - Critic Review
A 'Grub Pub' experience 'Outstanding Dear Watson'! Now that might be the name of their...
Kokni Kanteen 1972 - Panaji - Critic Review
A 'Heritage/Tavern' experience 'Tu Kokni re tu?' a common phrase heard around. And if...
Malaka Spice - Panaji - Critic Review
An 'Inspired' experience According to legend, way back in the 14th century, the original hi...
Sharada Classic - Panaji - Critic Review
A 'Traditional Goan/Fish' experience After the popularity of its restaurant in the South, S...
One Up - Panaji - Critic Review
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Fisherman's Wharf - Panaji - Critic Review
100 years ago…..or so stories usually begin, but this is one crafted by Sonali and Xavier Furt...
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Braun to attend benefit at 8-twelve for children at Froedtert
Brewers left fielder Ryan Braun will meet guests May 22 at 8-twelve MVP Bar & Grill in Brookfield at the inaugural benefit for the SURG Restaurant Group's Fund for Children.
The fund will supply toys and other items for children in emergency rooms or waiting rooms at Froedtert Hospital. SURG partners Michael Polaski and Omar Shaikh decided to set up the fund after the community's response to help the children who lost parents in the Azana Spa shooting in Brookfield in October. The fund would help children who are patients as well as children who are waiting for word about family receiving treatment at Froedtert, according to a statement from the group. »Read Full Blog Post(1)
Cold closes Oriental Theater until further notice
The cold snap has taken its toll on the boiler at the venerable 86-year-old Oriental Theater at 2230 N. Farwell Ave.
According to a spokesman for Landmark Theatres, which operates the theater, the Oriental will be closed until further notice, and at least until Thursday. »Read Full Blog Post(1)
Local TV news viewership climbs as temperatures drop
There is no thermometer to measure the number of people stuck at home watching TV because of the cold.
The Head and the Heart to headline Riverside Theater
The Head and the Heart is heading back to Milwaukee.
The Seattle-based folk rock sextet--which first impressed Milwaukee audiences with a 2011 set at Turner Hall Ballroom that outshined main act Iron & Wine--is headlining its biggest room in Milwaukee to date. The band will play the Riverside Theater April 5, with autoharp-playing singer-songwriter Basia Bulat opening. »Read Full Article
On Tap Today: Seriously, you want to go outside TODAY?
If you're going to brave the frigid weather, perhaps you should spend it inside a movie theater watching Golden Globe best picture nominee "American Hustle." Photo by Francois Duhamel. »Read Full Blog Post


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#161 - yiffsforlyfe
Reply +4(04/08/2012) [-]
#181 to #171 - yiffsforlyfe (04/08/2012) [-]
I said this in another comment, but I agree and won't deny it. Metal bands do possess a higher degree of skill and talent
#195 to #191 - lalaman (04/08/2012) [-]
I don't find them that bad tbh, I like their music. Not my favourite band, but I've heard far worse. I still love Linkin Park, ADTR, BFMV, Killswitch Engage, Disturbed, Gojira etc. But I also like listening to Metalcore, even Deathcore like Suicide Silence. To me: they're all better than Pop and Hip Hop :D
#210 to #195 - anezi (04/08/2012) [-]
Well to be honest if those are who you are basing metal off of the genre wouldn't be nearly as high on the chart. Because they aren't the most talented of bands. ADTR is almost pop already. Killswitch Engage is just a metalcore band that somehow made it big. Linkin Park are just a Nu metal band with primitive song writing. and Suicide Silence is like KE jsut without clean vocals pretty much. The point is that there really isn't much to musical complexity of those bands. So please when speaking about metal don't base the genre on them.
#225 to #210 - lalaman (04/08/2012) [-]
I said etc. I'm not going to name every band I listen to, nor did I say they were all Metal, you still have Slipknot, Lamb of God, Periphery, Five Finger Death Punch, Metallica, Korn and more. ADTR is nowhere near Pop dude, Killswitch Engage isn't Metalcore since it's mostly the guitar riffs that distinguish Metalcore from others and Killswitch Engage has Metal riffs, vocals don't make the genre (well, they do slightly) it depends on guitar riffs, solos (if they have any), drum beat and ornaments (pinch harmonic etc.) I study Music GCSE :)
#237 to #225 - anezi (04/08/2012) [-]
Yes, Killswitch is metalcore, there is no way around it. And ADTR practically a pop punk band with harsh vocals that come up sometimes. Korn is lacking in the talent department. and Lamb of god, slipknot and 5fdp aren't much difference from bands like KE. While I do happen to like them, they don't write many unique or complicated things.
#255 to #237 - lalaman (04/08/2012) [-]
I agree with the Korn lacking, but Slipknot not different for KE? Really? You're just too close minded on your rock dude. Be it Screamo, Metal, Metalcore, Death Metal, Melodic Death Metal, Deathcore, Nu Metal, Hardcore, Post-Hardcore, Punk, Pop Punk etc. Rock is Rock and it's all good!
#264 to #255 - anezi (04/09/2012) [-]
Rock and Metal are different though. and Screamo isn't a genre of music. And at first Slipknot was different than KE on their self titled and Iowa. But after that they kinda went into the harsh vocal verse and clean singing chorus. And to be honest Joey Jordisson is a really good drummer, but also really over reated.
#311 to #264 - lalaman (04/09/2012) [-]
I like Slipknot's music, old and new. Sure it changed but they're still as good as ever, hell, I find them even better than before. Joey isn't overrated, he's the best in the world for a reason, being the fastest drummer and also doing the things he does is just pure talent.
#543 to #542 - anezi (04/10/2012) [-]
#552 to #543 - lalaman (04/11/2012) [-]
I'm not even going to post his solo, his playing for songs are good enough
I'm not even going to post his solo, his playing for songs are good enough
#551 to #543 - lalaman (04/11/2012) [-]
That wasn't even great... www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZXP99qXUQEQ
#554 to #551 - anezi (04/11/2012) [-]
you're the most musically oblivious person ever if you think Joey is better than Mike Portnoy
#556 to #554 - lalaman (04/11/2012) [-]
Synyster Gates? Pahaha. He is the worlds FASTEST guitarist and he has been recognised as that so don't try to go against that, I think Dan Donegan is the best guitarist.
Oh and www.youtube.com/watch?v=sp_PJrPgpk8 similar, but a bit faster ;)
Oh and www.youtube.com/watch?v=sp_PJrPgpk8 similar, but a bit faster ;)
#559 to #556 - anezi (04/12/2012) [-]
watch the whole thing, you'll see another drummer better than joey


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Coming off the bye, the Giants have 6 games left to go. Which one will be the biggest test as they race to make the playoffs?
Agree with someone's comment? Vote for it to make the Debate Highlights section. Disagree with a comment? Reply and voice your opinion. Happy Debating!Add Comment
4 weeks ago we could have debated about which opponent was the biggest test, but now the season is in a large part dictated by what the Cowboys do. Do...Full Comment »
There next toughest game is going to be the packers and the saints. The saints will be tougher because they're on a a hot streak.Full Comment »
Their NEXT game is the biggest test no matter the opponent. Mainly because the Giant's most dangerous opponent is the one looking back at them in the ...Full Comment »
As it is said in golf, your toughest shot in the game is your next one. Same holds true here, the toughest game the Giants have is their next one!Full Comment »
Probably the Packers. They still have got to face ATL and the redhot redskins, but the Pack can score in bunches and the G-men can't right now.Full Comment »
Why not list the teams? I know them, but I'm sure some people don't. Just sayin. You can make an arguement for any of them. Including the Cowboys ga...Full Comment »


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