text:
|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Número de solicitud
|Fecha de publicación
|27 Ene 1976
|Fecha de presentación
|7 May 1973
|Fecha de prioridad
|7 May 1973
|También publicado como
|Número de publicación
|Alan D. Adler
|Cesionario original
|New England Institute, Inc.
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (3), Citada por (99), Clasificaciones (18)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to photovoltaic cells and in particular to such cells which have been modified by depositing on an exposed semiconductor surface thereof, a layer of a porphyrinic compound. Such modified cells have markedly enhanced power output characteristics as compared with the unmodified cells. The invention also relates to methods for producing such modified cells.
2. Prior Art
Photovoltaic cells, as well as their construction, use and theory of operation are known. Generally, these cells comprise a light sensitive semiconductor material, for example, Se, CdS, Si or the like, which, upon being irradiated with light, will produce an electric current that is related to the intensity and wavelength of the source of irradiation. Thus, semiconductor materials and cells made therefrom are a valuable source of energy, and in fact, such cells, also known as solar cells, are presently in use in a wide variety of applications where energy sources are scarce and sunlight is plentiful. The voltage and current, and hence the power output of these cells is severely restricted by the nature and size of the cells as well as the intensity of the available light. Accordingly, any enhancement in the power output of such cells would be most desirable and would constitute a valuable advance in the art.
I have been experimenting with the physical effects of the class of chemical substances known as porphyrins and the present invention is a result of that experimentation. The porphyrins are, of course, well known. There are numerous natural porphyrins and the literature abounds with references to the synthesis of both natural and previously unknown porphyrins.
The present invention represents the application of a newly discovered interaction of the porphyrins to the known properties of photovoltaics, the result being a remarkable and wholly unexpected enhancement of the power output capability of the known photovoltaics.
I have now discovered that when an exposed semiconductor surface of a photovoltaic cell is coated with a layer, ranging in thickness from a monomolecular layer to a thickness of up to one micron, of any one of a vast number of porphyrins, the photovoltage and the photocurrent of the cell are markedly enhanced.
Accordingly, in one aspect thereof, the invention is an improved photovoltaic cell wherein the semiconductor portion thereof is coated with a layer of a porphyrinic compound.
In another aspect, the invention is a method of producing such improved photovoltaic cells by depositing thereon a layer of a porphyrinic compound.
In yet another aspect, the invention is a method of enhancing the power output of a conventional photovoltaic cell by depositing thereon a layer of a porphyrinic compound.
As used herein, the terms "porphyrin" and "porphyrinic compound" are intended to mean any compound, whether natural or synthetic, which includes or derives from the basic porphin structure: ##SPC1##
In this structure, any one or more of the eight numbered β,β'-positions on the four pyrrole rings A, B, C, and D may be substituted with any one of a large number of substituents. Likewise, any one or more of the hydrogen atoms of the four methene bridges (α,β,γ,δ ) as well as the hydrogen atoms on the central nitrogen atoms may also be substituted to give rise to innumerable porphyrin derivatives, all of which are within the scope of the invention.
In the above structure, which is porphin itself, the molecule consists of four heterocycles of pyrrole rings labelled A, B, C, D joined to one another at their α,α' positions by methene bridges (labelled α,β,γ,δ) into a closed macrocycle called the porphyrin ring system. In porphin itself the β,β' positions of the constituent pyrroles (labelled 1 through 8) and the bridge carbons (α through δ) and two of the pyrrole nitrogens all contain hydrogen atoms. All of these hydrogens can be replaced to obtain new structures. Alternatively, further hydrogens can be added (reducing these positions) at carbons 1 to 8 thereby reducing these carbon atoms and, also, at the α to δ methene bridges and the "free" nitrogens to also derive new structures.
A large number of derivatives are obtained from naturally occurring porphyrins with different alkyl and carboxylated alkyl groups (e.g., protoporphyrin IX which is 1, 3, 5, 8-tetramethyl-2, 4-divinyl-6, 7-carboethoxyporphin). See, for example, Lemberg & Legge, "Hematin Compounds and Bile Pigments," Interscience Publishers, New York (1949); Falk, J. E., "Porphyrins and Metalloporphyrins", Elsevier, Amsterdam (1964); and Vernon, et al., "The Chlorophylls", Academic Press, New York (1966).
These derivatives may be further modified by adding halogen and/or other common substituent functional groups; Caughey, et al, Org. Chem. 31, 2631 (1966). Alternatively, almost any other sets of groupings can be put on at positions 1 through 8 by direct synthesis (e.g., 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 octamethylporphin); Fischer, et al., "Die Chemie des Pyrrols", Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig (1934); also available as Johnson Reprint, New York (1968). Similarly, almost any set of functional groups (alkyl, aryl, heterocyclic, halogenated, etc.) can be obtained by laboratory synthesis on the methene bridges (i.e., substituted α,β,γ,δ). These are usually synthesized as symmetric ms tetraphenylporphin) though not necessarily (e.g., α,β,γ, δ tetra phenyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 octamethyl porphin); Dolphin, D., J. Heterocyclic Chem., 7, 275 (1970).
Another whole series of structures can be obtained by synthesizing molecules with nitrogens at the bridge positions in place of the methene carbons (i.e., tetraazaporphin or porphyrazine); Linstead, et al., J. Chem. Soc., 4839 (1952). These can be synthesized readily with symmetric substitutions on positions 1 through 8 (e.g., Baguley, et al., J. Chem. Soc. 3521 (1955). Note that since the valence of nitrogen is one less than carbon, there does not exist a corresponding series of bridge substituted derivatives (i.e., α,β,γ,δ). Alternatively, one can substitute only one, two, or three of the bridge carbons with nitrogen (i.e., mono, di- or triazaporphins), (Fischer et al, supra). If one fuses two adjacent positions of each of four benzene rings to each of the four β,β' positions of the pyrroles in either porphin or porphyrazine, then one obtains respectively benzoporphin and phthalocyanine each of which is also the basis for another whole series of structures.
All of these structures can exist in several redox states of the macrocyclic ring system. One and two electron oxidation states have recently been reported and similarly, one electron reduction states (e.g., π cation radicals). Better characterized structures are di, tetra, and hexahydro porphins. These reductions can be either on the β,β' positions (i.e., 1 to 8) or on the methene bridges and adjacent "free" nitrogens (i.e., α,β,γ,δ). Reduction of one ring (A,B,C, or D) produces a so-called chlorin (e.g., 1,2-dihydroporphins) and reduction of two opposite rings produces a so-called bacteriochlorin (e.g., 1,2,5,6-tetrahydroporphin) and these are the most stable of these various ring redox state structures and therefore they are readily obtainable in solid form.
Moreover, all of these structures, including the various redox states, can exist in a series of acid-base salts, formed both at the central nitrogen or further with any acidic or basic substituent groupings. For the central nitrogens both mono- and di- cations and anions have been reported. The most characterized and readily obtainable structures as solids are the various diacid salts (e.g., the dihydrochlorides).
Again, all of these structures can form metal salts or chelates with a wide variety of metals. These metalloderivatives themselves can exist in several different valence states of the metals (e.g., Fe+ 2 and Fe+ 3) and with various counterions, ligands, or coordination complexes (e.g., diimidazole ferric ms-tetraphenylporphin chloride).
Further, all of the previous structures (ring variants, redox states, metalloderivatives, ligates, etc.) can be incorporated into polymers (both synthetic and natural - e.g. proteins) or into a whole series of various van der Waal's complexes, i.e., charge transfer complexes, acceptor-donor complexes, π-π complexes, etc.
It is thus seen that a very large number of structures related to porphin can be prepared or synthesized. Including all the above variations, several thousands of the same have already been reported in the literature. See also, Adler, A. D., J. Poly. Sci. (C), 29, 73 (1970); Adler, et al, J. Org. Chem. 32, 476 (1967); Treibs, et al, J. Am. Chem., 718, 183 (1968); Moser, et al., "Phthalocyanine Compounds", Reinhold, New York (1963); Adler, et al., J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 32, 2443 (1970); Dolphin, et al., Am. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 112, 510 (1964); Brown, et al, Can. J. Chem. 36, 371 (1958); Linstead, et al., J. Chem. Soc. 911 (1937); and Busch, et al., Adv. Chem. Series, 100, 44 (1971).
FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view of a conventional selenium barrier layer photocell;
FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view of the photocell of FIG. 1 modified in accordance with the invention; and
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of apparatus used to measure the output of cells according to the invention.
An International Rectifier barrier layer selenium cell, Model (B2M) was obtained from Edmund Scientific Company. This cell has an active cell area of 0.26 sq. in. and an average power output of 0.004mW at 1 ft. candle under a 20,000 ohm load.
This cell comprises, as seen in FIG. 1, a base plate 10, which is a positive electrode, a layer of selenium 11 on top of the base plate 10, a barrier layer 12 between selenium layer 11 and a transparent front electrode 13. Barrier layer 12 acts as a gate which prevents electrons travelling from selenium layer 11 to front electrode 13 from travelling backwards to the selenium layer 11. The front electrode 12 is connected to the external load (not shown) through collector strip 15 by means of negative lead 16, while the base plate 10 is connected to the external load through positive lead 17. A protective plastic coating 14 is on top of the photosensitive surface of the cell and covers barrier layer 12 and front electrode 13.
To prepare the cell according to the present invention, the protective plastic coating 14 must be removed. This can be done in a number of ways. For example, the plastic can be softened with a suitable solvent, such as methylene chloride or N, N-dimethylformamide and then cut off with a scalpel or picked up with a pair of tweezers. After removal of the protective coating 14, the cell is ready for modification in accordance with the invention. That is, the cell has an exposed semiconductor surface on which a layer of a porphyrinic compound can be deposited.
This is accomplished by preparing an ethyl acetate (or other suitable solvent) solution of the selected porphyrinic compound and spreading the solution on a Langmuir trough according to known techniques for obtaining very thin films. The film was compressed until it collapsed to a thickness of about 60A and was collected by dipping the cell into the film. As seen in FIG. 2, the cell, having its protective plastic coating removed, now has a film 18 of a porphyrinic compound deposited thereon.
Electrical measurements were conducted on the cell using a Keithley Model 151 microvoltmeter and a Simpson Model 260 voltohmeter, both in parallel with the output leads (16, 17) of the cell. The measurements were made in ambient room (fluorescent) light, unless otherwise specified. The total load in the system was about 2500 ohms. A series of measurements were conducted on the unmodified cell, the cell having its protective plastic coating removed, and the cell having one or more layers of a porphyrinic compound deposited thereon. The results of these measurements, in the order that they were taken, are given in Table I.
TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________Condition of Cell Volts (mV) Current (μA) Power (μW)__________________________________________________________________________unmodified cell 36 14 0.504plastic coat removed 20 8 0.160.sup.(1)plastic coat removed cell irradiated with penlight at four inches 50 20 1.000cell coated with one layer of TPP.sup.(2) 32 12 0.384cell with TPP washed off using chloroform 21 8 0.168.sup.(3)cell recoated with TPP 40 16 0.640cell rewashed with chloroform 20 8 0.160cell recoated with TPP 40 16 0.640cell coated with second layer of TPP on top of first layer 42 17 0.714cell coated with third layer of TPP 42 17 0.714__________________________________________________________________________Condition of Cell Volts (MV) Current (MV) Power (MV)__________________________________________________________________________cell heated with heat gun 50 20 1.000cell cooled 42 17 0.714cell irradiated with pen- light at 4 inches and 540 mμ filter 80 34 2.720cell irradiated with pen- light at 4 inches and 500 mμ filter 50 20 1.000cell washed with chloroform 21 8 0.168__________________________________________________________________________ .sup.(1) When removing the protective plastic coating, about 40% of the active selenium is also inadvertently removed. This accounts for a loss i output of the cell when the plastic the plastic coat is removed. .sup.(2) tetraphenylporphyrin .sup.(3) This value is higher than the 0.160 value for the uncoated cell because the chloroform did not wash off all the TPP.
The data in Table I illustrate several interesting aspects of the invention. Thus, it is seen that the effect of the porphyrin on the output of the cell is reversible; when the porphyrin is washed off with a solvent, the cell assumes its previous characteristics. The positive temperature coefficient of the modified cell indicates that the enhancement in power output is semiconductive in nature. Moreover, this is a very important effect since, ordinarily, selenium cells have a negative temperature coefficient. The greater enhancement at 540 mμ than at 500 mμ indicates that the effects of the present invention are related to the spectral characteristics of the porphyrinic compounds which have an absorption maximum at about 630 mμ. Later experiments have shown that if too thick a layer of porphyrin is built up on the cell, the layer starts to act as a filter and the output of the cell actually begins to decrease.
The effects of the present invention are completely unexpected, because past experiments with porphyrin films have shown that porphyrins alone do not exhibit the properties that they do when used in accordance with the invention. That is, when a porphyrin film is thick enough to act as an electrical photoemitter, the internal resistance is so high as to prevent any current from being generated.
Next, a series of experiments was conducted with various porphyrinic compounds to demonstrate that the effect is not limited to any porphyrin but that all porphyrinic compounds will enhance the power output of a photocell.
The porphyrin films were deposited as described above and the measurements were also taken as described above. For each porphyrinic compound, a first, second and sometimes a third layer thereof was deposited, with measurements being taken at each step. Before a subsequent compound was deposited, the previous compound was completely washed off with a suitable solvent and the cell was brought back to its initial state of 20-21 mV and 8 μA. The results of these experiments are set forth in Table II.
TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________ Max. E at Max. % increase in 600-700 First Coat Second Coat Third Coat Power Power referred toPorphyrinic Compound mμ. V(mV) i(μA) V(mV) i(μA) V(mV) i(μA) μW 0.168__________________________________________________________________________ (Control)tetraphenyl porphyrin 4 40 16 42 17 42 17 0.714 425%zinc octaethyl porphyrin 3 32 12 40 16 40 16 0.640 380%copper tetraphenyl porphyrin 1 38 15 46 18 46 18 0.828 492%zinc tetraphenyl prophyrin 2 37 14 49 19 50 20 1.000 595%magnesium tetraphenyl porphyrin 10 36 14 48 19 49 19 0.931 555%iron tetraphenyl porphyrin +Cl - 4 42 16 50 20 50 20 1.000 595%silver tetraphenyl porphyrin 3 50 20 50 20 -- -- 1.000 595%tetra (p-cyano)phenyl porphyrin 5 45 18 48 19 52 20 1.000 595%tetra(n-propyl)phenyl porphyrin 8 50 20 54 21 55 21 1.210 720%porphin 5 42 16 48 18 48 18 0.864 515%tintetraphenyl por- phyrin - Cl2 11 50 20 53 21 -- -- 1.113 663%tetraphenyl chlorin 30 50 20 55 22 -- -- 1.210 720%TPPH2.sup.+2 (TFA-)2 * 35 62 25 64 26 65 26 1.690 1000%__________________________________________________________________________ *TPPH2.sup.+2 (TFA-)2 is di-acid tetraphenyl porphin di-flouroacetate salt
As can be seen from the data in Table II, a large number of different porphyrins all exhibit the enhancing effect of the invention, although some do so to a greater extent than others. In general, the power output is increased by about 4 to 10 times, depending on the specific compound used. It is also interesting to note that the degree of enhancement is related to the spectral characteristics of the particular porphyrin; those compounds generally absorbing most strongly in the 600-700 mμ region (which is the peak selenium absorption range) produce the greatest degree of enhancement.
A further series of experiments was conducted using a larger selenium cell than in the previous experiments. In this case, the cell was a one-half square inch active surface Vactec 157201 cell obtained from Edmund Scientific Co. (Edmund P-41502) and described in the Edmund Scientific Co. brochure entitled "Selenium Photocell," No. 711467-1, Revised, February, 1971.
Before modifying the cell in accordance with the invention, the photovoltage was measured in ambient light to determine the basic characteristics of the unmodified cell and serve as an index to indicate changes resulting from further treatment prior to actual experimentation. The protective plastic coating was then removed by softening it with N,N-dimethylformamide and removing it with a pair of fine tweezers. The active surface was then successively washed with water, acetone, and finally chloroform. A short piece of stiff buss wire was then soldered to the rear of the cell to act as a support and a back electrode for the cell. This soldering operation frequently affected the cell characteristics although removing of the plastic coating, however, did not.
Using the instrument arrangement shown in FIG. 3, the cells were now all calibrated.
In FIG. 3, a light source 20, which is a 100 watt tungsten microscope lamp obtained from American Optical-Spencer is placed behind a frosted glass diffuser 21 and an adjustable iris or diaphragm 22 to enable light of varying intensity and diffuseness to be projected onto cell 25 which is placed in a light-tight black box 24 after the light is collimated in collimator 23. The current and voltage generated by cell 25 are measured using a voltohmeter 27 and a microvoltmeter 28 connected in parallel with each other and with a decade resistance box 26 for varying the applied load on cell 25. The voltohmeter 27 is a Simpson Model 260 VOM, the microvoltmeter 28 is a Kiethley Model 151 and the resistance box 26 is a General Radio Model 1432-Z.
The cells were calibrated in the following way: (1) A working reference cell with its plastic coating removed was first checked against an unmodified master reference cell whose plastic coating was untouched and (2) then all all the experimental cells were checked against the working reference cell. For a given setting of the diaphragm the voltage and current of the reference cells were taken and then those of the experimental cells. A plot of the photoemf (or photocurrent) of the experimental cells versus the reference cells could then be used to indicate changes in behavior. The working reference cell was found to be stable in its values relative to the master reference cell over a period of several months.
Tests on the reproducibility of these values were carried out. Voltage readings were reproducible to ± 2 mV and current readings were reproducible to ± 0.5 mA (on the 1.0 mA scale). The effects of joggling, remounting, heating, etc., were all in the same range of variation. The overall error in relative average deviation were of the order of ± 1-2%. Therefore a maximum error limit for a power figure would be of the order of 5%, however, the average precision is probably about ± 1.5% for photomf, photocurrent, and resistance readings and probably about ± 3% for photopower calculations. Comparisions with known resistances and power sources indicate that the overall accuracy is comparable to the precision estimates. ± 2% is a reasonable error estimate for both precision and accuracy for all quoted values.
A number of control and exploratory measurements were carried out using the 100 mV scale on the microvoltmeter and the 1 mA scale on the voltohmeter giving an overal total load in the circuit of 250 ohms (with no applied load from the decade box). Power outputs here were on the order of mW instead of μW as with the smaller cell described previously. As might be expected, therefore, with the larger load, the power enhancement was about one order of magnitude smaller than in the case of the smaller cells. It was established with four different cells that the effect was real and also reversible as with the measurements on the smaller cells with several coats of tetraphenylporphyrin on each cell. The average power increase was about 170% for treated cells for a 100 mV setting on the reference cell.
A number of further tests were then performed and the original data reconfirmed. An important difference was noted for the temperature effect. Although a positive temperature coefficient for ambient light and heating with the heat gun as with the smaller cells could not be observed for the larger cells under these conditions, the temperature coefficient tended to zero or only slightly negative as compared with the untreated cell which exhibited a quite large negative temperature effect on power output.
Other tests were then conducted. Dipping the untreated cell in water alone produced at most less than a 1% increase of power which is within the limits of error. It is interesting to note that in the older literature (before 1900), water was supposed to effect the selenium surface and increase the power by about 5%. However, these data were obtained before it was really understood how to reproducibly make the barrier layer by deliberate doping of the selenium. Treatment with all types of acids or acid vapors all lower the output (voltage, current, and power) of the cells. Thus, the large enhancement observed with the use of the acid salts of the porphyrins is even greater than it appears to be. Similarly alkalis also degenerate the cell and lower the output. Solvents for Se such as CS2 also degenerate the cell and lower output levels.
Other methods of applying the porphyrin film were tried, such as dipping into a concentrated solution, evaporating a dilute solution thereof on the surface, or dissolving crystals on the surface and drying. These techniques produced enhancement of the power output but none were as good as dipping into a Langmuir film. This indicates that the short range ordering that is inherent in these Langmuir films plays some mechanistic role in power enhancement. All attempts to electrodeposit a film giving enhanced activity were either negative or resulted in degeneration of the cell. However, with better control and organic solvents as the conducting medium this technique may be a feasible possibility. In addition, although sputtered or vacuum evaporated films have not yet been tried, they probably also would work.
Other tests were performed to determine whether other dyes and semiconductors would also enhance the power output of the cells; or whether this phenomenon is really peculiar to porphyrinic compounds. Methylene blue, although it is a poor organic semiconductor nevertheless photosensitizes and enhances conduction in some organic polymeric semiconductors. It has high absorption in the 600-700 mμ region as do the porphyrins. However, when applied to a selenium cell, it only acted as a filter, with each coat successively lowering the output further. Trinitrobenzene, tetracyanoethylene, and chloranil, which are all good organic semiconductors that do not absorb in the 600-700 mμ region, also, either did nothing or lowered output when applied to selenium cells. It would appear therefore, that the effects of the present invention are quite specific for porphyrin like structures. However, other dyes absorbing in this region (600-700 mμ) and having semiconducting characteristics like porphyrins might also give the same effects. Some experiments on the crude action spectrum of the tetraphenylporphyrin treated cells with absorption filters only showed an enhancement in the region of maximum absorption for the untreated Se photopower output.
Since the selenium cells contain a barrier layer they exhibit diode-like action. The application of the porphyrin layers decreases the forward dark resistance (usually by about 10 to 20%) but has little effect on the much larger back dark resistance. These cells exhibit no dark voltage or current thus demonstrating that the effect is not due to a chemical battery-like action. The change in dark resistance appears permanent and roughly correlates with the enhanced power output showing that the change in dark resistance does play some mechanistic role, although it is not sufficient to explain all of the enhanced power output. A treated cell was found to be stable in its power output upon retesting 8 days after treatment and on being left under ambient illumination overnight (about 16 hours).
The effect of varying load was tested with a cell coated with one layer of tetraphenylchlorin, instead of several layers of tetraphenylporphyrin. The treatment both enhances and shifts the optimum load-power locus. In the untreated cell, the maximum power developed is achieved with a load of 500 ohms, while in the treated cell, the maximum power output occurs with a load of 1000 ohms.
Finally, experiments were tried on photovoltaic cells or devices other than selenium cells. A Cu/CuO cell with a front surface lead electrode was crudely assembled. Treatment with tetraphenylporphyrin enhanced the power output by about 30-40%. This effect was reversible as shown by washing the film off with chloroform and recoating. Experiments with CdS cells have been all negative. However, this kind of cell is a back surface cell (i.e., the photoelectrode is on the back and not the front) and because of this, it has not yet been possible to get the porphyrin onto the active surface. Experiments with Si cells have been difficult because the major problem is removing the silicon dioxide layers without damaging the collecting electrodes. Treatment of Silicon cells with alcoholic KOH converts the oxide to silica gel, through which the porphyrin can then be diffused onto the active surface. Using this technique, or by using an abrasive to remove the silicon dioxide before coating with a porphyrin, I have been able to demonstrate a maximum power increase of about 16-20%.
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|Method of manufacturing an inverted bottom-emitting OLED device
|26 Jun 2008
|8 May 2012
|Labelle Jeffrey T
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|20 Feb 2003
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|Microcavity semiconductor laser coupled to a waveguide
|3 May 2002
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|Method for growing a monocrystalline oxide layer and for fabricating a semiconductor device on a monocrystalline substrate
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|22 Ene 2004
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|Hetero-integration of semiconductor materials on silicon
|10 Oct 2002
|15 Abr 2004
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|Perovskite cuprate electronic device structure and process
|10 Oct 2002
|15 Abr 2004
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|15 Jul 2004
|Lightronik Technology, Inc.
|Light emitting materials based on indole skeleton
|2 Feb 2004
|5 Ago 2004
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|Semiconductor structure, semiconductor device, communicating device, integrated circuit, and process for fabricating the same
|2 Feb 2004
|5 Ago 2004
|Motorola, Inc.
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|5 Ago 2004
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|5 Ago 2004
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|3 Feb 2005
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|17 Mar 2005
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|31 Mar 2005
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|10 Dic 2004
|14 Jul 2005
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|Dye-sensitized solar cell and fabrication method thereof
|28 Ene 2005
|4 Ago 2005
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|Dye-sensitized solar cell having enlarged wavelength range for light absorption and method of fabricating same
|28 Ene 2005
|4 Ago 2005
|Wha-Sup Lee
|Dye-sensitized solar cell and method of manufacturing the same
|29 Abr 2005
|8 Sep 2005
|Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
|Structure and method for fabricating GaN devices utilizing the formation of a compliant substrate
|8 Sep 2003
|12 Ene 2006
|Labelle Jeffrey T
|Nanoengineered biophotonic hybrid device
|20 Jul 2005
|2 Feb 2006
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|Inexpensive organic solar cell and method of producing same
|15 May 2006
|14 Sep 2006
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|Electrooptical devices, electrooptical thin crystal films and methods making same
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|Photovoltaic cell cover
|15 Nov 2007
|13 Mar 2008
|Christoph Brabec
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|21 Ago 2008
|Oled-T Limited
|Buffer Layer
|26 Jun 2008
|9 Abr 2009
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|15 Oct 2009
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|Oleds doped with phosphorescent compounds
|22 Sep 2009
|14 Ene 2010
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|2 Sep 2010
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|Inverted bottom-emitting oled device
|16 Sep 2010
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|Oleds doped with phosphorescent compounds
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|Clasificación de EE.UU.
|136/264, 438/82, 136/263, 136/206, 438/69, 136/261, 136/256, 136/265
|Clasificación internacional
|Clasificación cooperativa
|Clasificación europea


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Rent National Geographic United States Atlas for Young Explorers 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by National Geographic. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by National Geographic Children's Books.
Need help ASAP? We have you covered with 24/7 instant online tutoring. Connect with one of our tutors now.

subset: commoncrawl


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Former licensees Jan and Phil Holmes had been running the Little London Inn in March on a retail agreement with Marston's.
Under the terms of the agreement, the licensee is responsible for paying the staff's wages.
Marston's has moved quickly to move another licensee into the premises and the staff have been assured that that they will be paid the money they are owed as soon as possible.
A Marston's spokesperson said: "We are very disappointed about the incident at the Little London Inn and we deeply sympathise with all the staff at the pub.
"We have drafted in another retailer immediately, Salvatore Savino from the Rose and Crown, Oundle, who will now take the helm at the pub.
"He is a very experienced retailer and we are delighted he'll be joining the Little London Inn to help us through this difficult period and ensure the well-being of the staff.
"We are delighted that he will be retaining all current staff on the payroll."


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Perfect natural breasts. Wow could fuck her for hours.
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aw would love to get him in my pussy
tatoo says : الحب واحب ان يكون hahah doesn't have any fuckin' meaning by the way
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AC Milan is getting ready for the new football season.
Expectations are really high despite not having major signings this summer.
Allegri is optimistic, but everybody are wondering what will happen with him if he won't play like President Berlusconi want's.
Berlusconi is still in his own world because he keeps saying how Milan can win the Serie A title easily under his management. This comment brought a lot of laugh to everybody.
No major departs were happening in Milan however Storari went to Juventus for 4.5 million €. Dida and Favalli retired while Beckham and Mancini ended their loan spell in Milan.
Major signing should be Kevin Prince Boateng, the guy that must bring something new in Milan.
Also Yepes, Amelia and Papastathopoulos. Nothing special but at least something.


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"Beautifully illustrates the way in which people (in this case children) actively engage with the experience of war . . . Highly original." Times Literary Supplement
"Out of the horror of human cruelty in the Bosnian war comes a bright note." Foreign Affairs
"Careful, sensitive . . . a deeply intimate look into the emotional makeup of children of war." Kirkus Reviews
"Thought-provoking and readable." Library Journal
"Psychiatrist Lynne Jones, working in Bosnia's Goražde in 1996, discovered a striking puzzle: most children exposed to the extreme trauma of bombing, rape, or 'ethnic cleansing' were emotional, but not 'mentally ill.' Written with an engaging style by a caring doctor with unique experience in setting up clinics in conflict zones, Jones describes children in this Muslim town, detailing how their interpretation of trauma protected them or rendered them vulnerable. Careful to be balanced, she also listened to the Serbian children in the neighboring town, and revisited these children on both sides of the conflict years later. This remarkable book not only contributes to social historyincluding our understanding of the genocide in Srebrenicabut also to psychiatry. Her astonishing work challenges the medical model in understanding human responses to cruelty." SIMON BARON-COHEN, Professor of Developmental Psychopathology, Cambridge University, and author of The Science of Evil: On Empathy and the Origins of Cruelty
"Profound . . . Rarely do we get the opportunity to delve into the thoughts of the young caught up in such a tragedyand meet them not just once in their lives but again years later. This is a moving, well written and above all, deeply disturbing book." TIM JUDAH, Europe correspondent for Bloomberg World View, Balkans correspondent for The Economist, and author of The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia
"Part narrative, part analysis, part thoughtful reflection, this book belongs among the classic accounts of children and war." JENNIFER LEANING, M.D., S.M.H., Harvard School of Public Health
"Lynne Jones brings to the extreme situation she describes a truly unique combination of hands-on communally oriented psychiatric help; sensitive research on the impact of war and upheaval on children; and an astute sense of the interplay of political policies and psychological behavior. . . . The book not only deepens our understanding of what happened in the former Yugoslavia but contributes greatly to our more general grasp of the consequences of death, loss, and dislocation, and the stubborn human persistence in the face of them." ROBERT JAY LIFTON, author of The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide and Witness to an Extreme Century
"One of the most illuminating books to have emerged out of the embers of the Bosnian war. Few outsiders have acquired such an inside knowledge of the thoughts and feelings of ordinary Bosnians, on both sides of the wartime divide." NOEL MALCOLM, author of Bosnia: A Short History and Chairman of the Bosnian Institute in London
"Then They Started Shooting upends the traditional discourse on the victims of war by continuing the narrative long after the violence has ended. The stories in this book are eloquently and poignantly recounted, and offer a vital, complex portrait of what the long road to peace looks like." DINAW MENGESTU, author of The Beautiful Things That Heaven Bears and How to Read the Air
"Human rights investigations tend to produce snapshots at the moment of abuse. Rarely do we have occasion to look at the aftermath. Lynne Jones adds the dimension of time. With remarkable insight and sensitivity, she follows a group of young Bosnians from both sides of the Serb-Muslim conflict as they grow up. We see how they try to cope with, comprehend, and transcend the horrors that their elders have visited upon their communities. Their successes and failures deepen our understanding of human resilience and how people rebuild their lives from tragic circumstances." KENNETH ROTH, Executive Director, Human Rights Watch
"Lynne Jones is an internationally-known expert on the effects of war on children. Her description of the legacy of the savage war in Bosnia is a shattering but necessary read. . . . This book should be in the knapsack of every international administrator." BRENDAN SIMMS, author of Europe: The Struggle for Supremacy


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A project of People For the American Way dedicated to monitoring and exposing the activities of the right-wing movement. Learn More >
Fischer: God Only Allows A Woman To Be President As A Last Resort
Earlier we posted a new piece by Bryan Fischer in which he questioned "whether it's a good idea for women to get involved in the rough and tumble of politics."
In that piece, Fischer didn't come right out and say that he didn't think a woman should be president, but then he talked about the issue on his radio program today and made it quite clear that that is exactly what he thinks.
Fischer took calls from listeners, almost all of whom felt that it is inappropriate and unbiblical for a woman to be president, with callers after caller asserting that women are just too emotional to be in such positions of authority. Toward the end of the first hour, a woman named Robin called in and suggested that the fact that America is even in a position of potentially having a woman president is a sign that America is under a "curse" because that is what God does to those lands that are in his "disfavor."
This prompted Fischer to give his own views on the issue, which he was quite careful to articulate are his alone and do not reflect the views of the American Family Association, as we explained that God has put men in charge and that only as a last resort would God "send a woman to do a man's job":
If you look at the Scriptures, I believe it's clear that God has designed men to exercise authority in the home, in the church, in society, and in government. So let me repeat that - that is my personal take on what the Scriptures indicate about the way God has designed man and woman to work: God has designed men to exercise leadership and authority and headship in the home, in the church, in society, and in government.
Now then the question becomes what if God can't find any men with the spine and with the testicular fortitude to provide the kind of leadership? Well, what he'll do is He'll send a woman to do a man's job.
UPDATE: Here is the video:
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Top Definition
Defined as a condition where someone places his balls on one's chin while you deep throat.
Every Monday my boss throws the chin chimes on me while he takes care of bidness!
od uživatele Wilbur Roundhead 20. prosinec 2004
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The newly ranked No. 2 Florida Gators (6-0, 5-0) will play host to the No. 7 South Carolina Gamecocks (6-1, 4-1) in Gainesville this Saturday.
This game will be Steve Spurrier's fourth trip back to Gainesville and the 'Ole Ball Coach is 1-2 in the Swamp as the Gamecocks' head coach.
Florida has been one of the biggest surprise teams in the country this season. After a 7-6 2011 campaign, most people expected Florida to be another year or two away from being relevant nationally. Will Muschamp has the Gators ahead of schedule and playing football the old-fashioned way, with a hard-nosed physical defense and a power running game.
This is more than just another game. This matchup is a must-win for both teams and holds not only SEC implications, but national championship implications for both teams.
Let's take a look at how these two teams stack up, and everything else you need to know heading into the game on Saturday.


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Real easy and super quick my first attempt and not to toot my horn but toot toot lol I did pretty good
how do u do it? @Eden P.
how do u do that?
Jan 07, 2013
Jan 06, 2013
Its ez I watch lots of tutorials on hair bows
Dec 19, 2012
What hair color do you have?.
Dec 18, 2012
I tried to do this with my hair but my hair is so damaged from going blonde. I couldnt get the bow to form and it just layed flat...
Dec 18, 2012
This is so great. It makes the bun look so boring! You look like a present that should belong under the Christmas tree. I would love to see a tutorial!
XOXO & Happy Holidays,
Dec 17, 2012
wow how did u do that??? :)
Dec 16, 2012
Such a gorgeous hair colour :)
Dec 16, 2012
Hey I've got that bow thing made with my hair so cool and it makes me look like hello kitty


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Strategy For City Transformation (Part 4) Community Transformation
In this final messages in this series we discuss "Community Transformation" as a step towards City Transformation. If we begin to engage with our communities in meaningful ways to reach them for Jesus,together we can work towards city transformation.
God wants us to be responsible for our cities, civil government, etc.
Jeremiah 29:4-7
God cares about wayward, sin-sick, cities. See God's heart for Nineveh:
Jonah 1:1-2
Jonah 4:10-11
1 Timothy 2:1-4
Similarly, we need to have a heart for our city and cities across our nation that desperately need the truth.
While it may not be possible for us to impact the city in its entirety due to its sheer size, each one of us can begin to affect our communities in significant ways.
Bangalore City
Bangalore is India's third most populous city and fifth-most populous urban agglomeration.
Bangalore is well known as a hub for India's information technology sector. It is among the top 10 preferred entrepreneurial locations in the world.
Pollution and other logistical and socio-economic problems.
8.5 million people.
Higher per capita income in the city, double the state average.
Effect of call centers, BPO, IT/ITES industries has put wealth in the hands of the young.
Bangalore employ over 35% of India's pool of 1 million IT professionals.
Despite higher per capita income within the urban district than in the rest of the State, and with significant migrant population, the number of urban poor has been on the rise and the slum settlements in the city have not been contained.
Bangalore has 862 slums from total of around 2000 slums in Karnataka. It is estimated that about 20% of Bangalore population reside in urban slums. The families living in the slum are not ready to move into the temporary shelters. 42% of the households migrated from different parts of India and 43% of the households had remained in the slums for over 10 years.
About 30% of students in Bangalore are drug addicts. This includes high school and college students, and those pursuing engineering and medical courses.
Small shops located close to reputed schools in the city peddle drugs.
Each year the number of drug addicts is growing by 15%.
Drug addiction is no longer confined to the affluent and the poor; the middle class is also under its grip
Bangalore has an active night culture and is home to over 200 clubs and bars. The city is also referred to by many as the "Pub Capital of India".
described as the suicide capital of India
In 2010, the city recorded 1,778 suicides, a good 13% of the total suicides committed that year in the country.
Suicide is rampant among students and young professionals, in the age group of 15-34 years
Experts believe migrants in the city are most vulnerable to suicidal tendencies.
"Children of the street" are homeless children who live and sleep on the streets in urban areas. They are on their own and do not have any parental supervision or care
You may find some or all of these problems right in or around the community you live.
Ward By Ward
Bangalore has 198 Wards
Websites for more info on Bangalore wards:
Form a Community/Ward Transformation Team.
Ideally Life-Groups in a particular ward can begin to take ownership for the spiritual transformation of the ward in which they meet.
So in a given ward we may have one or more "Community Transformation Teams" (CTT). This could be an existing Life-Group (ideal situation) or another team formed specifically for the purpose of community transformation of that particular ward.
The LG Leader of the CTT leader – leads this group and they collectively work towards the spiritual transformation of the community/ward.
Report back to the associate pastors (send email to firstname.lastname@example.com)
Thanks to bro. Joshua Pillai (APC-South) for presenting this idea of looking at Bangalore city, ward by ward, and engaging at the ward level for city transformation. We are developing upon this idea.
Four Step Process to transform your community/ward. We employ the same four step process that we discussed for the transformation of our "social sphere" of influence : EXPLORE, ENGAGE, EVANGELIZE, EQUIP
1, EXPLORE your community
'Spy out the land' – see what the terrain is like. Identify the challenges and the opportunities.
When God was getting His people ready to enter the land He wanted them to possess – He told them to send a few people to 'spy out the land' (Numbers 13:1,2).
Seek God's mind on how you can prepare yourself for the challenges and position yourself for the opportunities that lie in your community.
So don't be afraid to step in to those areas where God has placed you or wants you involved.
God has provided for the redemption (recovery and restoration)
Colossians 1:16-20
16 For by Him all things were created that are in heaven and that are on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or dominions or principalities or powers. All things were created through Him and for Him.
17 And He is before all things, and in Him all things consist.
18 And He is the head of the body, the church, who is the beginning, the firstborn from the dead, that in all things He may have the preeminence.
19 For it pleased the Father that in Him all the fullness should dwell,
20 and by Him to reconcile all things to Himself, by Him, whether things on earth or things in heaven, having made peace through the blood of His cross.
You are His agent, His ambassador, His minister, to see the restoration of things in your sphere (mountain) to Himself.
2, ENGAGE your community with the 5 tools we have discussed:
Personal Lifestyle : Let your light shine (Matthew 5:13-16) through your word and deed
Communicating The Gospel : share Jesus, ask the Lord for opportunities.
Demonstrations of love and power : demonstrate His love and power. Ask the Lord for opportunities. Exercise spiritual authority, release the prophetic, flow in the anointing of God, minister healing and deliverance.
Prayer & Intercession with Fasting : engage in prayer for your mountain.
Repent of the sins you see
Intercede for God to move out demonic principalities and powers that dominate and control. Ask the Lord to draw people to Himself
Establish God's presence through prayer, praise, worship and works of righteousness
Engage in street prayer, on-site prayer, mall prayer, etc.
Ground level Spiritual warfare
Confront and cast out demonic activity
John 12:31,32
31 Now is the judgment of this world; now the ruler of this world will be cast out.
32 And I, if I am lifted up from the earth, will draw all peoples to Myself."
Satan has no legal ownership of the lives of people in your community.
This means leading people into a commitment to follow the Lord Jesus Christ
Receive from the Holy Spirit strategies for evangelism for your community.
Romans 1:16 Don't be ashamed of the Gospel of Jesus Christ
1 Corinthians 1:21-25 The Gospel is the message of the Cross. It is the power of God and the wisdom of God.
Use methods we know:
On-Campus ELEVATES
Community outreach
House visits
Special evangelistic events
Coffee shop ministry
Mall evangelism
This means empower new believers to become disciples of Jesus and to be transformation agents for the Kingdom of God in that same community. Teach them how to EXPLORE, ENGAGE, EVANGELIZE and EQUIP
Jesus told us to make disciples – baptizing them and teaching them to observe all things that He commanded us (Matthew 28:18-20).
Receive from the Holy Spirit strategies to disciple people in community:
Start Small groups
Invite them to a Life Group or start a Life Group with them
Invite to church
Account Email Address Account Phone Number Disclaimer Report Abuse


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Total Cabling Specialists - TCS - Phoenixville, PA - Phone: (610) 415-9777
Ups Store - Phoenixville, PA - Phone: (610) 917-8100
Telecommunication services in Phoenixville manage a wide range of telecom and datacom services. Their main objective is to reduce their clients' expenses while providing the advice and counsel to help them optimize and manage their investment in telecom and datacom resources both technically and financially.
Governor Cuomo Launches $5 Billion Clean Energy Fund To Grow New York's Clean Energy Economy
Clean Energy Fund will advance solar, wind, energy efficiency and other clean tech industries to spur economic development and reduce harmful emissions (New York, NY) Governor Andrew M. Cuomo today announced the New York State Public Service Commission's approval of a 10-year, $5 billion Clean Energy Fund to accelerate the growth of New York's clean energy economy, address climate..


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Display caption
Jones dated this view 22 May 1777, and his memoir for that day confirms that he went to 'Larici' (Arricia) and to the small nearby village of 'Galoro' (Galloro), returning to Genzano 'by the Appian Way to dinner by 4'. Most representations of Ariccia from this time show the more famous view looking up the rugged hill-face to Bernini's Church of Santa Maria dell'Assunzione and the Palazzo Chigi. Jones instead shows it from the opposite side, from the south-east. This viewpoint is so rare that this watercolour was until recently misidentified as a convent at Albano.
April 2007


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Have you ever worked for a leader who was overly focused on results?
How about the leader who placed too much emphasis on relationships?
In my last few posts, I have been exploring the behavioral best practices of leaders who Craft a Vision and Champion Execution.
As I mentioned in both of those posts, our personality styles impact how we lead. Sometimes our natural preferences help in a specific area of leadership. Other times those same natural tendencies hinder our leadership effectiveness.
As I mentioned in my post last week, one of the interesting observations I've noticed in my leadership development programs here in Denver and Boulder, Colorado is that some leaders are naturally inclined to be more effective in different aspects of leadership. In other words, our personality styles can help or hinder us in various aspects of leadership. The post last week identified the behavioral best practices of leaders who excel at Championing Execution.
I had an amazing visit with a senior executive last week to kick-off a 7-month leadership development program here in Denver, Colorado. Our conversation focused mostly on the concept of execution.
When people speak of leadership, they often describe visionary and charismatic people. They rarely speak about the need for leaders to be involved in the execution of a vision. But without a focus on execution, a leader's vision often goes unrealized and organizational change efforts fail. Here are a few key principles that guide this executive.
Have you ever noticed that people laugh louder when senior leaders make jokes? Or that their ideas and thoughts are taken more seriously?
Look at you — you're a rising star! You're smart and successful. People are taking real notice of how good you are in your job as an engineer, financial analyst, customer-service representative or software developer.
Life is sweet, but something is about to rock your world.
You are about to get promoted.
I just kicked-off an 8-month leadership development program with a client in Denver, and one of our topics was about the "shifts" people need to make when they step into leadership roles. Reflect on the items below:
The hype around Lance Armstrong's confession of using banned substances brings up two leadership issues for me.
Leadership Issue #1: Winning at All Costs
Do you consider Emotional Intelligence -- self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy and social skills -- when interviewing new candidates in your organization?
How about in the process of identifying future leaders?
In Matthew Kelly's book The Rhythm of Life, he says...
"Everything is a Choice. This is life's greatest truth and its hardest lesson. It is a great truth because it reminds us of our power. Not power over others, but the often untapped power to be ourselves and to live the life we have imagined."
Kelly goes on to say that it's a hard lesson because it causes us to realize that we have chosen the life we are living right now.


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Dust cloth in hand, that is what I'm thinking Lent's all about. Don't I desperately want to be changed when Easter morning dawns? For something…More
I can't seem to follow through in giving up for Lent. Which makes me want to just give up Lent. Which makes me question Who…More
Son.... Son of God... Son of mine... God. Why? From the beginning I have watched and I have listened and I have pondered all these…More
{Two posts today--- our other family activity posted below} This house rocks with the noise and the thunder, of the many and the living close.…More
It's our Family Sorry Box. Set right there near our our Family Peace Retreat . Because what peace is there without making peace with God? It…More
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Acrylonitrile prices, markets & analysis
Acrylonitrile markets are covered weekly by ICIS in Asia, Europe and the US by our network of locally based reporters.
The reports contain news and market analysis to help you keep abreast of global movements and include information on spot and contract prices, upstream and downstream markets, as well as production issues and any other influencing factors. This unbiased market intelligence can help you to make informed business decisions.
Acrylonitrile Overview Transcript
Acrylonitrile ACN is a product that is used to make acrylic fibres. It is a raw material that goes primarily into making acrylic fibre and also other products such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene or ABS.
Acrylic fibre is used, on the other hand, in clothing and carpets, whereas ABS is used in the automotive and appliances industries.
Acrylonitrile is traded mostly in Asia on a spot and contract basis. China is a major importer of ACN. It buys ACN from Asia as well as from deep sea suppliers in Europe and the US Gulf.
Other than China, India is another major spot market, Both these countries are major importers of ACN.
The major producers in Asia are primarily based in Japan South Korea and Taiwan.
How we can help
Acrylonitrile news and market information products from ICIS
We offer the following regional Acrylonitrile analysis and news coverage to keep you informed of factors and developments affecting prices in the Acrylonitrile marketplace.
Price reporting
Price Reporting – More information about the price reports we publish on Acrylonitrile
Independent price assessments and market coverage by region
Price history
Price History – More information about the historical price data we publish on Acrylonitrile
Track historical price data
News & analysis
News & Analysis - News & market analysis specifically relating to Acrylonitrile
Breaking news of latest developments affecting the markets.
Insight and analysis of factors driving prices.
Relationship chart
Upstream of Acrylonitrile
Downstream of Acrylonitrile
Market overview
Acrylonitrile: Market overview
Updated to Q3 2016
Global ACN supply is expected to remain tight into the third quarter.
Asia ACN supply is expected to further tighten in the third quarter because of several plant turnarounds in China and South Korea. Asian suppliers mull further price increases to cope with the tight supply. However, downstream demand will fall as some downstream plants are to shut or reduce operating rates ahead of G20 Summit in Hangzhou in early September. ACN prices are likely to be stable to firm in the third quarter.
Several European ACN sellers are sold out for July and there is a wide range of prices in the market. Nevertheless, supply shortages are expected to ease in August with the traditional seasonal lull during the summer months.
In the US, ACN prices are expected to continue rising in the third quarter, on strong demand and tight global supply.
Producers said that a shortage of US supply is likely to keep demand strong in both the domestic and overseas markets, as production outages in Asia continue to impact global supply.
Overall, US spot material is expected to remain tight through the summer months, possibly through to September, sources said.
News & analysis
Acrylonitrile news & analysis
Pricing Intelligence
Pricing information
Regional price assessments, published daily or weekly, enabling you to keep track of trading prices, understand price drivers/fluctuations and set a benchmark for contract price settlements. ICIS offers reports on over 180 commodities across the global petrochemical, energy and fertilizer markets. Information covered in our price reports includes:
- Spot and contract price assessments
- Market commentary on trends and developments
- Transactions reported and confirmed
- Plant and production news
Information is accessed online, via the ICIS dashboard service and is configurable to suit your preferences.
Price forecast services
Produced by the ICIS Consulting team, these reports give a robust rolling 12-month price forecast, trade balances and in-depth analysis into where markets are heading – providing a valuable tool to support your short- to medium-term plans.
Dashboard – Easy access to ICIS pricing data
ICIS pricing intelligence is delivered to you online via the ICIS dashboard. Here you can view your reports and also access other useful services including related news, analysis, historical data and market alerts.
ICIS dashboard also makes it easy for you to create pricing charts, download price history and export data to create tailored analytical models.
- Find more about ICIS dashboard >>
- Find out more about new ICIS data delivery options: Excel Plug-In & API >>
Margin reports
ICIS weekly margin reports deliver the detail you need to understand how production costs and prices are affecting margins, enabling you to judge the likely impact on your business and optimise your upstream and downstream business decisions.
Supply and Demand Window on ICIS Dashboard
The Supply and Demand Window on the ICIS Dashboard provides a snapshot view of historical and forecast information for supply and demand, production capacity and trade flows – a key tool to help safeguard future investments within the chemicals market.
Industry News
News service
24-hour global coverage of breaking news in the petrochemical industry, including updates on production, shutdowns and key transacted deals, keeping you informed of market developments as they happen. The ICIS news service allows you to customise the market alerts delivered to your email inbox, providing the business-critical information you need straightaway.
ICIS Chemical Business magazine
If you want to keep updated on the factors driving price movements in the global chemical markets, ICIS Chemical Business provides a summary of the information you need to support your business decisions. Every week, our global team of experts digests and summarises the key issues and their potential impact on the market – all in one magazine.
Market Studies & Analysis
Supply & Demand Data
An expert view of supply and demand comprising four fully-reconciled databases, giving you access to extensive data for more than 100 markets. Information is included on global and regional trade flows, production, capacity and sources of demand in the short-, medium- and long-term. Data can be downloaded, customised and queried to support your planning requirements and your strategic decisions.
Training & Conferences
Training courses
ICIS provides specialist training courses across the global petrochemicals, base oils and fertilizers industries. Our training team of industry experts can help you increase your knowledge of the industry and gain the insight and know-how needed to operate and trade effectively.
Find out more about ICIS training courses >>
ICIS produces a series of highly informative and timely conferences. Extensive research is carried out to ensure that each programme delivers the information you need and addresses current industry issues. We source speakers who have the appropriate expertise and experience to deliver excellent quality papers.
Find out more about ICIS conferences >>
Global markets
Working closely with you to understand your strategies, challenges and ambitions, the ICIS consulting team deliver tailored advice and solutions to suit your unique requirements. With many years' experience of guiding business leadership teams, we show you how market conditions can make a positive or negative impact on your long-term plans.
China markets
ICIS expert consultants can provide your organisation with the insight, intelligence and data needed to build and grow your business in China. We can help you to gain a clear view on the short and long-term supply and demand picture in the chemicals, energy, iron and steel, non-ferrous metals and paper and pulp markets in China.
Regional coverage
- Asia
- China
- Middle East
- Europe
- Latin America
ICIS price assessments are based on information gathered from a wide cross-section of the market, comprising consumers, producers, traders and distributors from more than 250 reporters world-wide. Confirmed deals, verified by both buyer and seller, provide the foundation of our price assessments.
Our in-depth market knowledge drives our specialist focus, as we recognise the importance of individual market dynamics and not a one-size-fits-all approach.
Over 25 years of reporting on key chemicals markets, including Acrylonitrile, has brought global recognition of our methodology as being unbiased, authoritative and rigorous in preserving our editorial integrity. Our global network of reporters in Houston, London, Singapore, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Mumbai, Perth and Moscow ensures unrivalled coverage of established and emerging markets.
Acrylonitrile Methodology
About Acrylonitrile
Acrylonitrile (ACN) is a clear, colourless or pale yellow flammable liquid with a sweet, pungent, irritating odour. It is partially soluble in water, soluble in most organic solvents (including ethyl alcohol, acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride and ethyl acetate), very reactive and polymerises violently in the presence of alkalis or peroxides.
ACN is used mainly as a monomer or comonomer in the production of synthetic fibres, plastics and elastomers. The largest outlet is in the manufacture of acrylic fibres, which are used in clothing. Acrylic fibres also have uses in home furnishings and bedding.
An important outlet for ACN is the acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)/styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) market.
The dominant route for the manufacture of ACN is the one-step propylene ammoxidation process, replacing the original acetylene-based technology. New technology based on propane ammoxidation is being developed by a number of ACN producers with claims of a 30% production cost advantage compared to the propylene route.
Relationship chart
Upstream of Acrylonitrile
Downstream of Acrylonitrile


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- Color
- Come To Bed Red
Classic, bright red liquid lipstick.
LIPPY is a highly-pigmented, long wearing liquid lipstick designed to compliment your favourite butter LONDON nail lacquers. Our nourishing formula moisturizes and protects with Shea Butter, and Vitamin E.
Features and Benefits:
butter LONDON does not add phthalates and parabens to its formulas. It's colour without compromise.
|Paraffinum Liquidum, Polybutene, Caprylyl Glycol, Phenoxyethanol, Isopentyldiol, Silica Silylate, Calcium Sodium Borosilicate, Palmitic Acid, Synthetic Fluorphlogopite, Silica, Polyethylene Terephthalate, Hydrogenated Polyisobutene, Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter, Tocopheryl Acetate, Aroma, May Contain (+/-):, Titanium Dioxide (CI 77891), Red 6 Lake (CI 15850), Red 7 Lake (CI 15850), Yellow 5 Lake, Mica (CI 77019), Iron Oxides (CI 77491, CI 77492, CI77499), Red 28 Lake (CI 45410)
REVIEW SNAPSHOT®by PowerReviews
Reviewed by 1 customer
(1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
Lovely red lipstick
By Ismene
from Minneapolis, MN
describe yourself Classic Style
- Convenient Container
- Even Application
- Glossy Finish
- Long Lasting
- Feathers After A While
Best Uses
- Anytime
- Going Out
- Special Occasions
Comments about butter LONDON Lippy Liquid Lipstick, Come To Bed Red, .24 oz:
Love this lipstick in Come to Bed Red, although it's kind of sticky, so beware of that. The other thing I'm not crazy about is that it feathers over time, which means I have to take it all off in order to reapply. Other than that, I got a good 3-4 hours out of it, including over a lunch!
- Skin Tone:
- Medium
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
(1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
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