text:
Most Cited Child Abuse & Neglect Articles
The most cited articles published since 2011, extracted from Scopus.
The economic burden of child maltreatment in the United States and implications for preventionXiangming Fang | Derek S. Brown | Curtis S. Florence | James A. Mercy
Volume 36, Issue 2, February 2012, Pages 156-165
Objectives: To present new estimates of the average lifetime costs per child maltreatment victim and aggregate lifetime costs for all new child maltreatment cases incurred in 2008 using an incidence-based approach. Methods: This study used the best available secondary data to develop cost per case estimates. For each cost category, the paper used attributable costs whenever possible. For those categories that attributable cost data were not available, costs were estimated as the product of incremental effect of child maltreatment on a specific outcome multiplied by the estimated cost associated with that outcome. The estimate of the aggregate lifetime cost of child maltreatment in 2008 was obtained by multiplying per-victim lifetime cost estimates by the estimated cases of new child maltreatment in 2008. Results: The estimated average lifetime cost per victim of nonfatal child maltreatment is $210,012 in 2010 dollars, including $32,648 in childhood health care costs; $10,530 in adult medical costs; $144,360 in productivity losses; $7,728 in child welfare costs; $6,747 in criminal justice costs; and $7,999 in special education costs. The estimated average lifetime cost per death is $1,272,900, including $14,100 in medical costs and $1,258,800 in productivity losses. The total lifetime economic burden resulting from new cases of fatal and nonfatal child maltreatment in the United States in 2008 is approximately $124 billion. In sensitivity analysis, the total burden is estimated to be as large as $585 billion. Conclusions: Compared with other health problems, the burden of child maltreatment is substantial, indicating the importance of prevention efforts to address the high prevalence of child maltreatment. © 2011.
Organizational climate, services, and outcomes in child welfare systemsCharles Glisson | Philip Green
Volume 35, Issue 8, August 2011, Pages 582-591
Objective: This study examines the association of organizational climate, casework services, and youth outcomes in child welfare systems. Building on preliminary findings linking organizational climate to youth outcomes over a 3-year follow-up period, the current study extends the follow-up period to 7 years and tests main, moderating and mediating effects of organizational climate and casework services on outcomes. Methods: The study applies hierarchical linear models (HLMs) analyses to all 5 waves of the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-being (NSCAW) with a US nationwide sample of 1,678 maltreated youth aged 4-16 years and 1,696 caseworkers from 88 child welfare systems. Organizational climate is assessed on 2 dimensions, Engagement and Stress, with scales from the well established measure, Organizational Social Context (OSC); youth outcomes are measured as problems in psychosocial functioning with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL); and casework services are assessed with original scales developed for the study and completed by the maltreated youths' primary caregivers and caseworkers. Results: Maltreated youth served by child welfare systems with more engaged organizational climates have significantly better outcomes. Moreover, the quantity and quality of casework services neither mediate nor interact with the effects of organizational climate on youth outcomes. Conclusions: Organizational climate is associated with youth outcomes in child welfare systems, but a better understanding is needed of the mechanisms that link organizational climate to outcomes. In addition, there is a need for evidence-based organizational interventions that can improve the organizational climates and effectiveness of child welfare systems. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Childhood sexual abuse and adult developmental outcomes: Findings from a 30-year longitudinal study in New ZealandDavid M. Fergusson | Geraldine F H McLeod | L. John Horwood
Volume 37, Issue 9, September 2013, Pages 664-674
Objectives: Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) has been associated with many adverse medical, psychological, behavioral and socioeconomic outcomes in adulthood. This study aims to examine the linkages between CSA and a wide range of developmental outcomes over a protracted time period to age 30. Methods: Data from over 900 members of the New Zealand birth cohort the Christchurch Health and Development Study were examined. CSA prior to age 16 was assessed at ages 18 and 21 years, in addition to: mental health, psychological wellbeing, sexual risk-taking behaviors, physical health and socioeconomic outcomes to age 30. Results: After statistical adjustment for confounding by 10 covariates spanning socio-demographic, family functioning and child factors, extent of exposure to CSA was associated with increased rates of (B, SE, p): major depression (0.426, 0.094, <.001); anxiety disorder (0.364, 0.089, <.001); suicidal ideation (0.395, 0.089, <.001); suicide attempt (1.863, 0.403, <.001); alcohol dependence (0.374, 0.118, <.002); and illicit drug dependence (0.425, 0.113, <.001). In addition, at age 30 CSA was associated with higher rates of PTSD symptoms (0.120, 0.051, .017); decreased self-esteem (-0.371, 0.181, .041); and decreased life satisfaction (-0.510, 0.189, .007). Childhood sexual abuse was also associated with decreased age of onset of sexual activity (-0.381, 0.091, <.001), increased number of sexual partners (0.175, 0.035, <.001); increased medical contacts for physical health problems (0.105, 0.023, <.001); and welfare dependence (0.310, 0.099, .002). Effect sizes (Cohen's d) for the significant outcomes from all domains ranged from .14 to .53, while the attributable risks for the mental health outcomes ranged from 5.7% to 16.6%. Conclusions: CSA is a traumatic childhood life event in which the negative consequences increase with increasing severity of abuse. CSA adversely influences a number of adult developmental outcomes that span: mental disorders, psychological wellbeing, sexual risk-taking, physical health and socioeconomic wellbeing. While the individual effect sizes for CSA typically range from small to moderate, it is clear that accumulative adverse effects on adult developmental outcomes are substantial. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
The impact of adverse childhood experiences on an urban pediatric populationNadine J. Burke | Julia L. Hellman | Brandon G. Scott | Carl F. Weems | Victor G. Carrion
Volume 35, Issue 6, June 2011, Pages 408-413
Objective: The goal of this study was to investigate the adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in youth in a low-income, urban community. Study design: Data from a retrospective chart review of 701 subjects from the Bayview Child Health Center in San Francisco are presented. Medical chart documentation of ACEs as defined in previous studies were coded and each ACE criterion endorsed by a traumatic event received a score of 1 (range. =0-9). This study reports on the prevalence of various ACE categories in this population, as well as the association between ACE score and two pediatric problems: learning/behavior problems and body mass index (BMI) ≥ 85% (i.e., overweight or obese). Results: The majority of subjects (67.2%, N=471) had experienced 1 or more categories of adverse childhood experiences (ACE ≥ 1) and 12.0% (N=84) had experienced 4 or more ACEs (ACE ≥ 4). Increased ACE scores correlated with increased risk of learning/behavior problems and obesity. Conclusions: There was a significant prevalence of endorsed ACE categories in this urban population. Exposure to 4 or greater ACE categories was associated with increased risk for learning/behavior problems, as well as obesity. Practice implications: Results from this study demonstrate the need both for screening of ACEs among youth in urban areas and for developing effective primary prevention and intervention models. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
The prevalence and impact of child maltreatment and other types of victimization in the UK: Findings from a population survey of caregivers, children and young people and young adultsLorraine Radford | Susana Corral | Christine Bradley | Helen L. Fisher
Volume 37, Issue 10, October 2013, Pages 801-813
Objectives: To measure the prevalence of maltreatment and other types of victimization among children, young people, and young adults in the UK; to explore the risks of other types of victimization among maltreated children and young people at different ages; using standardized scores from self-report measures, to assess the emotional wellbeing of maltreated children, young people, and young adults taking into account other types of childhood victimization, different perpetrators, non-victimization adversities and variables known to influence mental health. Methods: A random UK representative sample of 2,160 parents and caregivers, 2,275 children and young people, and 1,761 young adults completed computer-assisted self-interviews. Interviews included assessment of a wide range of childhood victimization experiences and measures of impact on mental health. Results: 2.5% of children aged under 11 years and 6% of young people aged 11-17 years had 1 or more experiences of physical, sexual, or emotional abuse, or neglect by a parent or caregiver in the past year, and 8.9% of children under 11 years, 21.9% of young people aged 11-17 years, and 24.5% of young adults had experienced this at least once during childhood. High rates of sexual victimization were also found; 7.2% of females aged 11-17 and 18.6% of females aged 18-24 reported childhood experiences of sexual victimization by any adult or peer that involved physical contact (from sexual touching to rape). Victimization experiences accumulated with age and overlapped. Children who experienced maltreatment from a parent or caregiver were more likely than those not maltreated to be exposed to other forms of victimization, to experience non-victimization adversity, a high level of polyvictimization, and to have higher levels of trauma symptoms. Conclusions: The past year maltreatment rates for children under age 18 were 7-17 times greater than official rates of substantiated child maltreatment in the UK. Professionals working with children and young people in all settings should be alert to the overlapping and age-related differences in experiences of childhood victimization to better identify child maltreatment and prevent the accumulative impact of different victimizations upon children's mental health. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
Trauma-focused CBT for youth with complex traumaJudith A. Cohen | Anthony P. Mannarino | Matthew Kliethermes | Laura A. Murray
Volume 36, Issue 6, June 2012, Pages 528-541
Objectives: Many youth develop complex trauma, which includes regulation problems in the domains of affect, attachment, behavior, biology, cognition, and perception. Therapists often request strategies for using evidence-based treatments (EBTs) for this population. This article describes practical strategies for applying Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) for youth with complex trauma. Methods: TF-CBT treatment phases are described and modifications of timing, proportionality and application are described for youth with complex trauma. Practical applications include (a) dedicating proportionally more of the model to the TF-CBT coping skills phase; (b) implementing the TF-CBT Safety component early and often as needed throughout treatment; (c) titrating gradual exposure more slowly as needed by individual youth; (d) incorporating unifying trauma themes throughout treatment; and (e) when indicated, extending the TF-CBT treatment consolidation and closure phase to include traumatic grief components and to generalize ongoing safety and trust. Results: Recent data from youth with complex trauma support the use of the above TF-CBT strategies to successfully treat these youth. Conclusion: The above practical strategies can be incorporated into TF-CBT to effectively treat youth with complex trauma. Practice implications: Practical strategies include providing a longer coping skills phase which incorporates safety and appropriate gradual exposure; including relevant unifying themes; and allowing for an adequate treatment closure phase to enhance ongoing trust and safety. Through these strategies therapists can successfully apply TF-CBT for youth with complex trauma. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Racial and ethnic disparities: A population-based examination of risk factors for involvement with child protective servicesEmily Putnam-Hornstein | Barbara Needell | Bryn King | Michelle Johnson-Motoyama
Volume 37, Issue 1, January 2013, Pages 33-46
Objective: Data from the United States indicate pronounced and persistent racial/ethnic differences in the rates at which children are referred and substantiated as victims of child abuse and neglect. In this study, we examined the extent to which aggregate racial differences are attributable to variations in the distribution of individual and family-level risk factors. Methods: This study was based on the full population of children born in California in 2002. Birth records were linked to child protective service (CPS) records to identify all children referred for maltreatment by age 5. Generalized linear models were used to compute crude and adjusted racial/ethnic differences in children's risk of referral, substantiation, and entry to foster care. Results: As expected, stark differences between Black and White children emerged in the rates of contact with CPS. Black children were more than twice as likely as White children to be referred for maltreatment, substantiated as victims, and enter foster care before age 5. Yet, there were also significant differences across racial/ethnic groups in the distribution of socioeconomic and health factors strongly correlated with child maltreatment and CPS involvement. After adjusting for these differences, low socioeconomic Black children had a lower risk of referral, substantiation, and entry to foster care than their socioeconomically similar White counterparts. Among Latinos, before adjusting for other factors, children of U.S.-born mothers were significantly more likely than White children to experience system contact, while children of foreign-born mothers were less likely to be involved with CPS. After adjusting for socioeconomic and health indicators, the relative risk of referral, substantiation, and foster care entry was significantly lower for Latino children (regardless of maternal nativity) compared to White children. Conclusions: Race and ethnicity is a marker for a complex interaction of economic, social, political, and environmental factors that influence the health of individuals and communities. This analysis indicates that adjusting for child and family-level risk factors is necessary to distinguish race-specific effects (which may reflect system, worker, or resource biases) from socioeconomic and health indicators associated with maltreatment risk. Identifying the independent effects of these factors is critical to developing effective strategies for reducing racial disparities. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Identifying children at high risk for a child maltreatment reportHoward Dubowitz | Jeongeun Kim | Maureen M. Black | Cindy Weisbart | Joshua Semiatin | Laurence S. Magder
Volume 35, Issue 2, February 2011, Pages 96-104
Objective: To help professionals identify factors that place families at risk for future child maltreatment, to facilitate necessary services and to potentially help prevent abuse and neglect. Method: The data are from a prospective, longitudinal study of 332 low-income families recruited from urban pediatric primary care clinics, followed for over 10 years, until the children were approximately 12 years old. Children with prior child protective services involvement (CPS) were excluded. The initial assessment included sociodemographic, child, parent and family level variables. Child maltreatment was assessed via CPS reports. Risk ratios (RRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox regression models. Results: Of the 224 children without a prior CPS report and with complete data who were followed for an average of 10 years, 97 (43%) later had a CPS report. In a multivariate survival analysis, 5 risk factors predicted CPS reports: child's low performance on a standardized developmental assessment (RR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.01-1.49, p= .04), maternal education ≤ high school (RR = 1.55, CI = 1.01-2.38, p= .04), maternal drug use (RR = 1.71, CI = 1.01-2.90, p< .05), maternal depressive symptoms (RR per one standard deviation higher score = 1.28, CI = 1.09-1.51, p< .01), and more children in the family (RR per additional child = 1.26, CI = 1.07-1.47, p< .01). Conclusions: Five risk factors were associated with an increased risk for later maltreatment. Child health care and other professionals can identify these risk factors and facilitate necessary services to strengthen families, support parents and potentially help prevent child maltreatment. © 2011.
Risk factors for unidirectional and bidirectional intimate partner violence among young adultsLynette M. Renner | Stephen D. Whitney
Volume 36, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 40-52
Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify common and unique risk factors for intimate partner violence (IPV) among young adults in relationships. Guided by two models of IPV, the same set of risk factors was used to examine outcomes of unidirectional (perpetration or victimization) and bidirectional (reciprocal) IPV separately for males and females. Methods: The sample included 10,187 young adults, ages 18-27, from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The respondents were drawn from Wave 3 and stated they had a romantic relationship during the time of the study. The risk factors were primarily related to violent socialization (e.g., childhood maltreatment, youth violence) and personal adjustment (e.g., alcohol use, depression). Results: Approximately 47% of the respondents experienced some form of IPV in romantic relationships, and the majority of respondents reported bidirectional violence. For males, childhood sexual abuse was associated with perpetration and bidirectional IPV, and childhood neglect was associated with bidirectional IPV. For females, childhood neglect was associated with all three IPV outcomes, and childhood physical abuse was associated with bidirectional IPV. Youth violence perpetration during adolescence increased the odds for all IPV outcomes among females, while low self-esteem increased the odds for all IPV outcomes among males. A history of suicide attempts predicted bidirectional IPV across genders. Being married and living with a partner predicted all three IPV outcomes for males and females. Conclusions: The results revealed more common risk factors for bidirectional IPV than unidirectional IPV and few common risk factors across genders. The results indicate that IPV prevention and intervention strategies should be tailored to the unique risk experiences of males and females rather than focus on a common factors approach. However, child abuse, youth violence, and suicide prevention efforts may reduce incidents of later IPV for males and females, and these strategies should continue to be an emphasis in practice and research. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Parenting behavior and the risk of becoming a victim and a bully/victim: A meta-analysis studySuzet Tanya Lereya | Muthanna Samara | Dieter Wolke
Volume 37, Issue 12, December 2013, Pages 1091-1108
Objective: Being bullied has adverse effects on children's health. Children's family experiences and parenting behavior before entering school help shape their capacity to adapt and cope at school and have an impact on children's peer relationship, hence it is important to identify how parenting styles and parent-child relationship are related to victimization in order to develop intervention programs to prevent or mitigate victimization in childhood and adolescence. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the published literature on parenting behavior and peer victimization using MEDLINE, PsychINFO, Eric and EMBASE from 1970 through the end of December 2012. We included prospective cohort studies and cross-sectional studies that investigated the association between parenting behavior and peer victimization. Results: Both victims and those who both bully and are victims (bully/victims) were more likely to be exposed to negative parenting behavior including abuse and neglect and maladaptive parenting. The effects were generally small to moderate for victims (Hedge's g range: 0.10-0.31) but moderate for bully/victims (0.13-0.68). Positive parenting behavior including good communication of parents with the child, warm and affectionate relationship, parental involvement and support, and parental supervision were protective against peer victimization. The protective effects were generally small to moderate for both victims (Hedge's g: range: -0.12 to -0.22) and bully/victims (-0.17 to -0.42). Conclusions: Negative parenting behavior is related to a moderate increase of risk for becoming a bully/victim and small to moderate effects on victim status at school. Intervention programs against bullying should extend their focus beyond schools to include families and start before children enter school. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
Let's prevent peer victimization, not just bullyingDavid Finkelhor | Heather A. Turner | Sherry Hamby
Volume 36, Issue 4, April 2012, Pages 271-274
A longitudinal examination of childhood maltreatment and adolescent obesity: Results from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth) StudySunny Hyucksun Shin | Daniel P. Miller
Volume 36, Issue 2, February 2012, Pages 84-94
Objectives: We sought to explore the association between childhood maltreatment (e.g., neglect, physical and sexual abuse) and longitudinal growth trajectories of body mass index (BMI) from adolescence to young adulthood. Methods: We used latent curve modeling to examine data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (. N=. 8,471), pooling years 1995-2008. Relative weight was indicated by BMI. Results: Children who experienced neglect had a faster average rate of BMI growth over time compared to children who experienced no childhood maltreatment. In addition, the co-occurrence of childhood neglect and physical abuse was related to increased levels of BMI at baseline, even after adjustment for 14 separate child and parental demographic and psychosocial characteristics. Parental obesity and education, child birth place, and family income were also associated with both baseline BMI and the rate of change in BMI over time. Conclusion: Childhood neglect plays a role in the development of adolescent obesity. Future research should examine potential mediators or moderators of the longitudinal relation between childhood neglect and adolescent and young adult obesity including impulsivity, depression, and compulsive eating behavior. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
The linkages among childhood maltreatment, adolescent mental health, and self-compassion in child welfare adolescentsMasako Tanaka | Christine Wekerle | Mary Lou Schmuck | Angela Paglia-Boak
Volume 35, Issue 10, October 2011, Pages 887-898
Objectives: Childhood maltreatment is a robust risk factor for poor physical and mental health. Child welfare youths represent a high-risk group, given the greater likelihood of severe or multiple types of maltreatment. This study examined the relationship between childhood maltreatment and self-compassion - a concept of positive acceptance of self. While not applied previously to a child welfare sample, self-compassion may be of value in understanding impairment among maltreatment victims. This may be most pertinent in adolescence and young adulthood, when self-identity is a focal developmental process. Methods: The present sample was drawn from the Maltreatment and Adolescent Pathways (MAP) Longitudinal Study, which followed randomly selected adolescents receiving child protection services across two years within an urban catchment area. Child maltreatment was assessed at baseline using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (Bernstein et al., 1994, 2003). Mental health, substance and alcohol use problems, suicide attempt, and self-compassion were assessed at the two-year follow-up point. There were 117 youths, aged 16-20 years (45.3% males) who completed the self-compassion scale (Neff, 2003). Bivariate correlations were computed between adolescent self-compassion and each form of self-reported maltreatment (physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect). Finally, hierarchical, stepwise regression was used to examine unique contributions of child maltreatment subtypes in predicting adolescent self-compassion, as well as maltreatment-related impairment. Results: Higher childhood emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and physical abuse were associated with lower self-compassion. Controlling for age and gender, emotional abuse was significantly associated with reduced self-compassion, even when the effects of emotional neglect and physical abuse were taken into account. Youths with low self-compassion were more likely to have psychological distress, problem alcohol use, and report a serious suicide attempt, as compared with those with high self-compassion. A number of maltreatment-related areas of impairment, identified by screening instruments, were significantly associated with lower self-compassion. Conclusion: Self-compassion may be a fruitful aspect of research to pursue in an effort to better understand the impact of childhood emotional abuse on adolescent functioning, particularly considering the under-researched group of those receiving child protective services. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Child maltreatment and adolescent mental health problems in a large birth cohortRyan Mills | James Scott | Rosa Alati | Michael O'Callaghan | Jake M. Najman | Lane Strathearn
Volume 37, Issue 5, May 2013, Pages 292-302
Objective: To examine whether notified child maltreatment is associated with adverse psychological outcomes in adolescence, and whether differing patterns of psychological outcome are seen depending on the type of maltreatment. Methods: The participants were 7,223 mother and child pairs enrolled in a population-based birth cohort study in Brisbane, Australia. Exposure to suspected child maltreatment was measured by linkage with state child protection agency data. The primary outcomes were the internalizing and externalizing scales of the Youth Self Report (YSR) at approximately 14 years of age. Results: The YSR was completed by 5,172 subjects (71.6%), with increased attrition of cases of notified maltreatment. After adjustment for potential confounders, notified maltreatment was significantly associated with both internalizing behavior and externalizing behavior at 14. When evaluated as non-exclusive categories of maltreatment, physical abuse, neglect, and emotional abuse were each significantly associated with both internalizing and externalizing behavior after adjustment. When evaluated using an expanded hierarchical scheme that included combinations of multi-type maltreatment, the following groups had significantly higher internalizing behavior after adjustment: emotional abuse (with or without neglect), and multi-type maltreatment including physical (but not sexual) abuse with neglect and/or emotional abuse. The following groups were associated with externalizing behavior after adjustment: emotional abuse (with or without neglect), and multi-type maltreatment including physical abuse (with neglect and/or emotional abuse), or sexual abuse (with neglect and/or emotional abuse, and/or physical abuse). Conclusion: This study suggests that child neglect and emotional abuse have serious adverse effects on adolescent mental health and warrant the attention given to other forms of child maltreatment. Additionally, it confirms that young people who are notified for more than one type of maltreatment are at particular risk of adolescent mental health problems. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Traumatic and stressful events in early childhood: Can treatment help those at highest risk?Chandra Ghosh Ippen | William W. Harris | Patricia Van Horn | Alicia F. Lieberman
Volume 35, Issue 7, July 2011, Pages 504-513
This study involves a reanalysis of data from a randomized controlled trial to examine whether child-parent psychotherapy (CPP), an empirically based treatment focusing on the parent-child relationship as the vehicle for child improvement, is efficacious for children who experienced multiple traumatic and stressful life events (TSEs). Methods: Participants comprised 75 preschool-aged children and their mothers referred to treatment following the child's exposure to domestic violence. Dyads were randomly assigned to CPP or to a comparison group that received monthly case management plus referrals to community services and were assessed at intake, posttest, and 6-month follow-up. Treatment effectiveness was examined by level of child TSE risk exposure (<4 risks versus 4+ TSEs). Results: For children in the 4+ risk group, those who received CPP showed significantly greater improvements in PTSD and depression symptoms, PTSD diagnosis, number of co-occurring diagnoses, and behavior problems compared to those in the comparison group. CPP children with <4 risks showed greater improvements in symptoms of PTSD than those in the comparison group. Mothers of children with 4+ TSEs in the CPP group showed greater reductions in symptoms of PTSD and depression than those randomized to the comparison condition. Analyses of 6-month follow-up data suggest improvements were maintained for the high risk group. Conclusions: The data provide evidence that CPP is effective in improving outcomes for children who experienced four or more TSEs and had positive effects for their mothers as well. Practice implications: Numerous studies show that exposure to childhood trauma and adversity has negative consequences for later physical and mental health, but few interventions have been specifically evaluated to determine their effectiveness for children who experienced multiple TSEs. The findings suggest that including the parent as an integral participant in the child's treatment may be particularly effective in the treatment of young children exposed to multiple risks. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Disproportionate exposure to early-life adversity and sexual orientation disparities in psychiatric morbidityKatie A. McLaughlin | Mark L. Hatzenbuehler | Ziming Xuan | Kerith J. Conron
Volume 36, Issue 9, September 2012, Pages 645-655
Objectives: Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) populations exhibit elevated rates of psychiatric disorders compared to heterosexuals, and these disparities emerge early in the life course. We examined the role of exposure to early-life victimization and adversity-including physical and sexual abuse, homelessness, and intimate partner violence-in explaining sexual orientation disparities in mental health among adolescents and young adults. Methods: Data were drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, Wave 3 (2001-2002), a nationally representative survey of adolescents. Participants included gay/lesbian (. n=. 227), bisexual (. n=. 245), and heterosexual (. n=. 13,490) youths, ages 18-27. We examined differences in the prevalence of exposure to child physical or sexual abuse, homelessness or expulsion from one's home by caregivers, and physical and sexual intimate partner violence according to sexual orientation. Next we examined the associations of these exposures with symptoms of psychopathology including suicidal ideation and attempts, depression, binge drinking, illicit drug use, tobacco use, alcohol abuse, and drug abuse. Finally, we determined whether exposure to victimization and adversity explained the association between sexual orientation and psychopathology. Results: Gay/lesbian and bisexual respondents had higher levels of psychopathology than heterosexuals across all outcomes. Gay/lesbian respondents had higher odds of exposure to child abuse and housing adversity, and bisexual respondents had higher odds of exposure to child abuse, housing adversity, and intimate partner violence, than heterosexuals. Greater exposure to these adversities explained between 10 and 20% of the relative excess of suicidality, depression, tobacco use, and symptoms of alcohol and drug abuse among LGB youths compared to heterosexuals. Exposure to victimization and adversity experiences in childhood and adolescence significantly mediated the association of both gay/lesbian and bisexual orientation with suicidality, depressive symptoms, tobacco use, and alcohol abuse. Conclusions: Exposure to victimization in early-life family and romantic relationships explains, in part, sexual orientation disparities in a wide range of mental health and substance use outcomes, highlighting novel targets for preventive interventions aimed at reducing these disparities. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Assessing the Organizational Social Context (OSC) of child welfare systems: Implications for research and practiceCharles Glisson | Philip Green | Nathaniel J. Williams
Volume 36, Issue 9, September 2012, Pages 621-632
Objective: The study: (1) provides the first assessment of the a priori measurement model and psychometric properties of the Organizational Social Context (OSC) measurement system in a US nationwide probability sample of child welfare systems; (2) illustrates the use of the OSC in constructing norm-based organizational culture and climate profiles for child welfare systems; and (3) estimates the association of child welfare system-level organizational culture and climate profiles with individual caseworker-level job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Methods: The study applies confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and hierarchical linear models (HLM) analysis to a US nationwide sample of 1,740 caseworkers from 81 child welfare systems participating in the second National Survey of Child and Adolescent Wellbeing (NSCAW II). The participating child welfare systems were selected using a national probability procedure reflecting the number of children served by child welfare systems nationwide. Results: The a priori OSC measurement model is confirmed in this nationwide sample of child welfare systems. In addition, caseworker responses to the OSC scales generate acceptable to high scale reliabilities, moderate to high within-system agreement, and significant between-system differences. Caseworkers in the child welfare systems with the best organizational culture and climate profiles report higher levels of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Organizational climates characterized by high engagement and functionality, and organizational cultures characterized by low rigidity are associated with the most positive work attitudes. Conclusions: The OSC is the first valid and reliable measure of organizational culture and climate with US national norms for child welfare systems. The OSC provides a useful measure of Organizational Social Context for child welfare service improvement and implementation research efforts which include a focus on child welfare system culture and climate. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Academic achievement despite child maltreatment: A longitudinal studyCarol Coohey | Lynette M. Renner | Lei Hua | Ying J. Zhang | Stephen D. Whitney
Volume 35, Issue 9, September 2011, Pages 688-699
Purpose: Although researchers have concluded that child maltreatment has a negative effect on children's learning and academic achievement, not all children are negatively affected by maltreatment, and some children seem to succeed academically despite being maltreated. Drawing on risk and resilience theory, we examined a broad range of potential risk, promotive, and protective factors within children and their environments along with characteristics of the maltreatment to account for variability in test scores. Methods: A national longitudinal probability sample of 702 maltreated school-aged children, ages 6-10, and their caregivers was used to predict reading and math scores among maltreated children over three years. Results: We found that chronic maltreatment, poorer daily living skills, and lower intelligence explained a substantial proportion of the variance in maltreated children's math scores (39%), whereas type of maltreatment, poorer daily living skills and lower intelligence explained a substantial proportion of the variance in reading scores (54%) over time. Contrary to our prediction, having a behavior problem seemed to protect chronically maltreated children from poorer performance in math over time. Conclusions: To increase academic achievement among maltreated children, it is imperative that we prevent chronic maltreatment and help children increase their competency on daily living skills. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Deficits in emotion regulation mediate the relationship between childhood abuse and later eating disorder symptomsErin E. Burns | Sarah Fischer | Joan L. Jackson | Hilary G. Harding
Volume 36, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 32-39
The present study examined the relationship of child maltreatment to both emotion dysregulation and subsequent eating pathology. In an effort to extend previous research, the authors examined the unique impact of childhood emotional abuse (CEA) on emotion dysregulation and eating disorder (ED) symptoms while controlling for the effects of sexual and physical abuse. Structural equation modeling was utilized to simultaneously examine the effects of all three abuse types on multiple dependent variables as well as examine whether deficits in emotion regulation mediated the relationship between abuse and eating pathology. Results from a survey of 1,254 female college students revealed significant paths from abuse subtypes to specific eating disorder symptoms, with CEA evidencing the strongest association with ED symptoms. Additionally, emotion dysregulation was positively associated with ED symptoms, and mediated the effects of emotional abuse on symptoms. Findings support previous research on the enduring effects of emotional abuse as well as highlight the importance of the assessment of CEA in the treatment of ED symptoms. © 2011.
Child physical abuse and concurrence of other types of child abuse in Sweden-Associations with health and risk behaviorsE. M. Annerbäck | L. Sahlqvist | C. G. Svedin | G. Wingren | P. A. Gustafsson
Volume 36, Issues 7-8, July 2012, Pages 585-595
Objective: To examine the associations between child physical abuse executed by a parent or caretaker and self-rated health problems/risk-taking behaviors among teenagers. Further to evaluate concurrence of other types of abuse and how these alone and in addition to child physical abuse were associated with bad health status and risk-taking behaviors. Methods: A population-based survey was carried out in 2008 among all the pupils in 2 different grades (15 respectively 17. years old) in Södermanland County, Sweden (. n=. 7,262). The response rate was 81.8%. The pupils were asked among other things about their exposure to child physical abuse, exposure to parental intimate violence, bullying, and exposure to being forced to engage in sexual acts. Adjusted analyses were conducted to estimate associations between exposure and ill-health/risk-taking behaviors. Results: Child physical abuse was associated with poor health and risk-taking behaviors with adjusted odds ratios (OR) ranging from 1.6 to 6.2. The associations were stronger when the pupils reported repeated abuse with OR ranging from 2.0 to 13.2. Also experiencing parental intimate partner violence, bullying and being forced to engage in sexual acts was associated with poor health and risk-taking behaviors with the same graded relationship to repeated abuse. Finally there was a cumulative effect of multiple abuse in the form of being exposed to child physical abuse plus other types of abuse and the associations increased with the number of concurrent abuse. Conclusions: This study provides strong indications that child abuse is a serious public health problem based on the clear links seen between abuse and poor health and behavioral problems. Consistent with other studies showing a graded relationship between experiences of abuse and poor health/risk-taking behaviors our study shows poorer outcomes for repeated and multiple abuse. Thus, our study calls for improvement of methods of comprehensive assessments, interventions and treatment in all settings where professionals meet young people. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Evaluation of the sustainability and clinical outcome of Alternatives for Families: A Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (AF-CBT) in a child protection centerDavid J. Kolko | Anne Marie R Iselin | Kevin J. Gully
Volume 35, Issue 2, February 2011, Pages 105-116
This paper examines the sustainability and outcome of Alternatives for Families: A Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (AF-CBT) as delivered by practitioners in a community-based child protection program who had received training in the model several years earlier. Formerly described as Abuse-Focused CBT, AF-CBT is an evidence-based treatment (EBT) for child physical abuse and family aggression/conflict that was included in the National Child Traumatic Stress Network's initial EBT dissemination efforts in 2002. Seven practitioners participated in a year-long learning collaborative in AF-CBT and in similar training programs for 4 other EBTs. The agency's routine data collection system was used to document the clinical and adjustment outcomes of 52 families presenting with a physically abused child who received their services between 2 and 5 years after the AF-CBT training had ended. Measures of the use of all 5 EBTs documented their frequency, internal consistency, and intercorrelations. Controlling for the unique content of the other four EBTs, the amount of AF-CBT Abuse-specific content delivered was related to improvements on standardized parent rating scales (i.e., child externalizing behavior, anger, anxiety, social competence) and both parent and clinician ratings of the child's adjustment at discharge (i.e., child more safe, less scared/sad, more appropriate with peers). The amount of AF-CBT General content was related to a few discharge ratings (better child prognosis, helpfulness to parents). These novel data provide suggestive evidence for the sustainability and clinical benefits of AF-CBT in an existing community clinic serving physically abused children and their families, and are discussed in the context of key developments in the treatment model and dissemination literature. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Child physical and sexual abuse in a community sample of young adults: Results from the Ontario Child Health StudyHarriet L. MacMillan | Masako Tanaka | Eric Duku | Tracy Vaillancourt | Michael H. Boyle
Volume 37, Issue 1, January 2013, Pages 14-21
Objectives: Exposure to child maltreatment is associated with physical, emotional, and social impairment, yet in Canada there is a paucity of community-based information about the extent of this problem and its determinants. We examined the prevalence of child physical and sexual abuse and the associations of child abuse with early contextual, family, and individual factors using a community-based sample in Ontario. Methods: The Ontario Child Health Study is a province-wide health survey of children aged 4 through 16 years. Conducted in 1983, a second wave was undertaken in 1987 and a third in 2000-2001. The third wave (N=1,928) included questions about exposure to physical and sexual abuse in childhood. Results: Males reported significantly more child physical abuse (33.7%), but not severe physical abuse (21.5%), than females (28.2% and 18.3%, respectively). Females reported significantly more child sexual abuse (22.1%) than males (8.3%). Growing up in an urban area, young maternal age at the time of the first child's birth, and living in poverty, predicted child physical abuse (and the severe category), and sexual abuse. Childhood psychiatric disorder was associated with child physical abuse (and the severe category), while parental adversity was associated with child sexual abuse and severe physical abuse. Siblings of those who experienced either physical abuse or sexual abuse in childhood were at increased risk for the same abuse exposure; the risk was highest for physical abuse. Conclusions: These findings highlight important similarities and differences in risk factors for physical and sexual abuse in childhood. Such information is useful in considering approaches to prevention and early detection of child maltreatment. Clinicians who identify physical abuse or sexual abuse in children should be alert to the need to assess whether siblings have experienced similar exposures. This has important implications for assessment of other children in the home at the time of identification with the overall goal of reducing further occurrence of abuse. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Physical and psychological maltreatment in childhood and later health problems in women: An exploratory investigation of the roles of perceived stress and coping strategiesAlanna D. Hager | Marsha G. Runtz
Volume 36, Issue 5, May 2012, Pages 393-403
Objective: This retrospective, cross-sectional study investigated the association between childhood physical and psychological maltreatment and self-reported physical health concerns in adult women. The mediating roles of perceived stress and coping strategies were examined. Methods: Participants were 235 women (aged 18-59 years) recruited from the community. Semi-structured interviews and questionnaires were used to assess self-reported childhood maltreatment and current perceived stress, coping strategies, and health status. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results: After controlling for a history of child sexual abuse and relevant demographic variables, child physical and psychological maltreatment were significantly associated with greater physical health concerns. Support was found for models in which perceived stress and emotion-focused coping partially mediate the relation between maltreatment and health problems; problem-focused and avoidance coping did not operate as mediators. Multi-mediation model testing indicated that emotion-focused coping and perceived stress together better explain the relationship between child maltreatment and physical health than either variable alone. Conclusion: Findings suggest that child maltreatment is an important risk factor for adverse health outcomes in later life and that current stress and coping strategies may influence this relationship. Implications for the physical health of maltreatment survivors are discussed. Practice implications: The management of perceived stress and the use of adaptive emotion-focused coping responses in the everyday lives of maltreated women may be particularly useful points of intervention in order to mitigate physical health concerns in adulthood. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Trauma-focused CBT for youth who experience ongoing traumasJudith A. Cohen | Anthony P. Mannarino | Laura K. Murray
Volume 35, Issue 8, August 2011, Pages 637-646
Many youth experience ongoing trauma exposure, such as domestic or community violence. Clinicians often ask whether evidence-based treatments containing exposure components to reduce learned fear responses to historical trauma are appropriate for these youth. Essentially the question is, if youth are desensitized to their trauma experiences, will this in some way impair their responding to current or ongoing trauma? The paper addresses practical strategies for implementing one evidence-based treatment, Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) for youth with ongoing traumas. Collaboration with local therapists and families participating in TF-CBT community and international programs elucidated effective strategies for applying TF-CBT with these youth. These strategies included: (1) enhancing safety early in treatment; (2) effectively engaging parents who experience personal ongoing trauma; and (3) during the trauma narrative and processing component focusing on (a) increasing parental awareness and acceptance of the extent of the youths' ongoing trauma experiences; (b) addressing youths' maladaptive cognitions about ongoing traumas; and (c) helping youth differentiate between real danger and generalized trauma reminders. Case examples illustrate how to use these strategies in diverse clinical situations. Through these strategies TF-CBT clinicians can effectively improve outcomes for youth experiencing ongoing traumas. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Child maltreatment, subsequent non-suicidal self-injury and the mediating roles of dissociation, alexithymia and self-blameSarah Swannell | Graham Martin | Andrew Page | Penelope Hasking | Philip Hazell | Anne Taylor | Melinda Protani
Volume 36, Issues 7-8, July 2012, Pages 572-584
Objective: Although child maltreatment is associated with later non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), the mechanism through which it might lead to NSSI is not well understood. The current retrospective case-control study examined associations between child maltreatment and later NSSI, and investigated the mediating roles of dissociation, alexithymia, and self-blame. Methods: Participants were 11,423 Australian adults (response rate 38.5%), randomly selected from the Australian Electronic White Pages, aged between 18 and 100 (. M=. 52.11, . SD=. 16.89), 62.2% female. Data were collected via telephone interviewing. Main outcome measures were reported history of child maltreatment (sexual abuse, physical abuse, neglect) and reported 12-month NSSI. Dissociation, alexithymia, and self-blame were examined as potential mediating variables in the relationship between child maltreatment and later NSSI. All analyses were conducted using logistic regression and adjusted for age and psychiatric diagnosis. Results: Results differed by gender. Compared to no child maltreatment, physical abuse (OR 2.75, 95% CI 1.68-4.51) and neglect (OR 2.56, 95% CI 1.65-3.99) independently increased the odds of NSSI among females. Physical abuse (OR 2.69, 95% CI 1.44-5.03) increased the odds of NSSI among males. Sexual abuse did not independently increase the odds of NSSI for males or females. For females, self-blame had the greatest effect on the child maltreatment-NSSI relationship (OR decreased by 14.6%, . p<. .000), although dissociation and alexithymia also partially mediated the relationship. For males, dissociation had the greatest effect (OR decreased by 12.9%, . p=. .003) with self-blame also having a relatively strong effect. Conclusions: The results indicate that child maltreatment, and in particular, physical abuse, is strongly associated with the development of subsequent NSSI and may be partially mediated by dissociation, alexithymia, and self-blame for females and dissociation and self-blame for males. Altering attributional style (through cognitive therapy or emotion focussed therapy) and improving the capacity to regulate emotions (through dialectical behaviour therapy) may contribute to reduction or cessation of NSSI. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.


text:
Napa Entryway, 15 Li as shown.
Table and Boxes available in different finishes.
Teleport to FaMeshed.
Find your Style.
Hot tub with wooden decking seats up to four avatars with animations for singles and couples. Adult and PG version available. Includes functions Bubbles, Water, Steam and Jets accessed via drop down menu.
(Baskets and Lanterns from other previously released sets)
• Perfect setting for a small space
• Mature and PG versions
• 100% mesh (41 total prims as shown, items can be linked to further reduce prim count)
• Sofa seats up to 3
•Rezz and worn props
•General Animations, Female, male, Cuddles
• Texture changeable pillows and blanket
• Bench can seat up to two
Our follow up boys version the recently released girls bedroom. There are 3 versions available.
The Loft @ The Arcade
Everything you need for your Easter Celebration. Chairs include animations and props for use in any part of your home.
Role Players would love that treats actually dispense portions (Fat free of course).
Available @ FaMeshed
Animations for singles, toddler, parent/child
4 Sets of sequences so you automatically change positions while seated
Available in a variety of colours and patterns with texture changeable legs so you can make bold combinations.
If you aren't into the fancy and formal spaces then we have a patterned version of the casolare chairs with new casual and accents and detail.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
search for a card
Result of the search for the collectible card:
The following 6 users match with the requested search. Click on their names to contact them.
For some advice on how to trade cards click here.
- hans_cnc LV11 (Chile-Colchagua)
- ignaciosp4rk LV12 (Chile-Santiago)
- allione LV9 (Chile-Santiago)
- xamelo LV9 (Chile-Biobío)
- paulo25 LV8 (Chile-Valparaíso)
- belkaster LV3 (Chile-Santiago)
When you register you will be able to search for all your cards in one go, and we will send you any new results of the search every day by email.


text:
The Spice and Tea ExchangeEdit Company
Popular Teas from The Spice and Tea ExchangeSee All 58 Teas
Recent Tasting Notes
Wah, I'm home sick! Thankfully, I picked up some of this lovely loose ginger when Phi and I went to the Spice & Tea Exchange last weekend. I have been alternating it with H & S's pyramid-bagged ginger tea and Trader Joe's Gingerly Turmeric blend. The blends are nice, but there's something about the punch of straight ginger that really cuts through the unpleasant symptoms of a cold. It reminds me of Breezy Morning's West Indian Ginger Root, which I try to keep on hand at the office because it comes in convenient teabags. This loose version pleases me more though – the pieces are big enough that I can get multiple steeps out of one serving.
I really love this! The coconut is so prominent, and it's a nice natural coconut, not sweet or artificial tasting, and it goes well against the rich dark green flavor of the oolong.
I'm still new to tea, but this is one of my favorites so far, and I find it wonderfully drinkable. (Plus I bought it in Florida and the coconut is very evocative of the beach!)
Flavors: Coconut, Green
I have purchased so much tea and had no restraint whatsoever in the past few weeks. However, I have absolutely no regrets. When I go to sleep I think about which tea I'm going to have the next day, and wake up excited to start steeping. I'm glad that golden monkey tea is in my current rotation…very rich, slightly sweet and smoky, peppery, and very smooth. I think Keemun is next for me, but I'll have to work through my current inventory a little bit first…not too long though, the sale for Harney and Sons English Breakfast at Fresh Market ends in 2 weeks. :P
"…When I go to sleep I think about which tea I'm going to have the next day…" Yep, me too!! :D Sometimes it's a tough decision!
I am finally getting around to trying this tea. I've seen it in several stores, and decided to buy it last night. It's very good, the flavor reminds me of a Dian Hong black tea…sweet potato, maybe…malty, but somewhat sweet. The caffeine level is good, it's not smacking me in the face, but it's doing the job of gently waking me up on an easy Saturday morning.
I'm not sure this is anything special. I can taste the malty, and in the store (I got this in San Francisco, which was quite a fun trip for me!) I could smell the chocolate better than I can now. I have other breakfast teas I like better.
I don't know what this tea wants to do…it just tastes jumbled to me. Not anything special.
I did not know this was a Pu-Erh. I had it when I was fifteen, and I remember the nice vanilla smell and really sweet taste. I thought that the earthier body and smell was because it was blended with a black tea-turns out I was wrong and it was a green Pu-Erh. It's one of the few darker teas that I started to drink without cream and sugar because it was so rich, never mind the sugar was great with the peppermint. The Tea Spot Climber's High is a lot like this one, but I prefer the taste of this one because of the peppermint next to the cinnamon and vanilla bean.
Flavors: Cocoa, Creamy, Earth, Licorice, Peppermint, Spicy, Sweet, Vanilla
I liked it. Really liked it. The Sencha and the Dragon well teas blend really nicely together to create a sweet, vegetal, sea mist background sweetened by the rhubarb and strawberry. Fruity and fresh. The smell is the real highlight and a stronger version of what I described in the taste. I am glad that I had a sample.
Flavors: Chestnut, Rhubarb, Seaweed, Strawberry
I was looking for something soothing on this early morning, and I haven't had this in a while so it felt like a good pick. I want to play around with brewing in the future with this tea – First brew was sweeter and lighter, though the floral notes are consistently strong. The rose aroma is lovely and follows through each sip. The flavors were light and accented nicely wit 1/2 tsp of rock sugar. I enjoyed this cup, although I wouldn't recommend re-steeping as much of the flavor complex is lost, leaving the second steeping primarily rosey. This isn't necessarily bad, but I liked the more complex flavor the first cup had to offer. I have a good bit of this tea so I will continue to play with brewing and possibly blending because I refuse to waste perfectly good tea. This one was nice, but not an absolute favorite.
Flavors: Floral, Rose


text:
45 years of experience
Accepting new patients
11100 Warner Ave
Fountain Valley, CA 92708 Phone number & directions
A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
Learn more about Dr. Davinder Singh:
View the full profile to get information on:
- Qualifications
- What's important to you
View full profile
Patient Reviews
The overall average patient rating of Dr. Davinder Singh is Good.
Prepare before visiting Dr. Singh
Influenza Patient Education Learn all about influenza and common symptoms of the flu as well as treating this type of viral infection.Before Visiting Dr. Singh Learn More
Specialties & Research
Dr. Davinder Singh, BS, MBBS, MD is board certified in Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology.
- He has special expertise in 5 areas:
- Acid Reflux Disease (Gastroesophageal Reflux / GERD)
- Constipation
- Hepatitis C
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
- Ulcerative Colitis
Education & Awards
Dr. Singh graduated from Guru Nanak Dev University Medical College, Punjab.
Dr. Singh has 11 hospital affiliations:
- Anaheim Memorial Medical Center
- Tri-City Regional Medical Center
- Panjabi
- Hindi
- Spanish
Similar doctors nearby
Dr. Clement Chu
Dr. Vijayalakshmi Wijeyakumar
Dr. Meenakshi Verma
Dr. Su Kuo
Dr. Mikio Tachibana
Dr. Rallabhandi Sankaram
- Additional Information
- Dr. Davinder Singh BS, MBBS, and MD is a male Internist, has 45 years of experience and practices in Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology.
- Where does Dr. Davinder Singh practice?
- Dr. Davinder Singh has 3 office locations.
Dr. Davinder Singh practices Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology near Fountain Valley, CA.
Additional practice locations include: Garden Grove, CA and Santa Ana, CA.
See Fountain Valley Internists and Fountain Valley Gastroenterologists.


text:
Investing in Infrastructure
Protecting and Investing in Wisconsin's Transportation Infrastructure
Wisconsin's transportation infrastructure is a part of our heritage as the dairy state. Many of the state's industries, from manufacturing to tourism, timber to grain, depend on a healthy transportation system, including roads, bridges, freight rail, ports, and airports.
Businesses across the state depend on a strong transportation backbone. The tourism industry relies on our transportation system to bring people to visit our state's many tourist destinations. In addition, manufacturing, dairy, and many other industries need a quality transportation system to get product to and from markets efficiently, so they can maintain their competitive edge.
All businesses and their workers, whether a dairy farmer from Wrightstown, a timber company from Hayward, or a dock worker from Superior, need a solid transportation infrastructure to compete in the global marketplace.
That is why the 2015-17 Biennial Budget invests more than $6 billion in the state's transportation infrastructure while holding the line on taxes and fees, thus allowing Wisconsin to continue to maintain and develop existing infrastructure projects. This budget also fully funds the previously enacted four percent increase for general transportation aids and transit operating aids to local governments, so local governments can maintain the roads and transit systems integral in the daily lives of Wisconsin's citizens and economy.
Wisconsin state highways play an essential role in the transportation of goods to and from market, as well as visitors to Wisconsin as they travel to the state's various tourist destinations. This budget maintains critical investments in large-scale highway projects and allocates $414.6 million total to keep the core sections of the Zoo Interchange project on schedule. Additionally, we invest $486.4 million in Major Highway Program projects and $1.5 billion in total funding for the State Highway Rehabilitation Program, which oversees imperative maintenance activities, such as repaving, that prevent deterioration and costlier repairs in the future.
Bridges are another key aspect of Wisconsin's transportation infrastructure, improving Wisconsin's economic growth by providing a path for goods and travelers across major bodies of water. Additional infrastructure investments in the state budget include fully funding state-owned lift bridges, as well as investing a total of $36.8 million over the biennium for the Stillwater Bridge and Hoan Bridge to go towards the completion of these ongoing projects.
The 2015-17 budget recognizes the importance of Wisconsin's rail network and allocates $35 million to the Freight Rail Preservation Program, which allows Wisconsin to obtain and improve upon abandoned rail lines and diversify its infrastructure holdings, which will in turn provide more opportunities for businesses in the state to transport goods to market.


text:
web scraping
This project received 17 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $6 USD / hour.Get free quotes for a project like this
Skills Required
Project Budget$2 - $8 USD / hour
Total Bids17
Project Description
looking for someone who can scrape ads on online classifeds, based on keywords. For research.
Looking to make some money?
- Set your budget and the timeframe
- Outline your proposal
- Get paid for your work
Hire Freelancers who also bid on this project
Looking for work?
Work on projects like this and make money from home!Sign Up Now
- Forbes
- The New York Times
- Time
- Wall Street Journal
- Times Online


text:
Charmi, Keeravani Worked Free of Cost for 'Pratighatana'
By IANS - CHENNAI
Published: 02nd January 2014 12:14 PM
Last Updated: 02nd January 2014 12:15 PM
Southern actress Charmi Kaur, who will soon be seen in upcoming Telugu women-centric film "Pratighatana", didn't take any remuneration because she really loved the subject of the film, which is inspired by the Nirbhaya rape incident.
The film's music composer M.M Keeravani also worked free of cost.
"Charmi loved her character so much that she decided to do it free of cost. Keeravani wanted to offer his music as a tribute to Nirbhaya. I think this is their way of playing tribute to her," the film's director Thammareddy Bharadwaja told IANS.
Charmi plays the role of a journalist in the film.
"I think this is the most powerful role of her career. She fights for the victim and has some very strong lines to mouth. I'm sure the audience will be moved by her performance," he added.
Director Bharadwaja, who is wielding the megaphone after six years, said he won't take any long breaks hereafter.
"I have been busy with so many other commitments in the last few years. I won't take any breaks and keep myself occupied with films," he said.
His last directorial was Telugu romantic-drama "Pothe Poni".
Disclaimer: We respect your thoughts and views! But we need to be judicious while moderating your comments. All the comments will be moderated by the NIE editorial. Abstain from posting comments that are obscene, defamatory or inflammatory, and do not indulge in personal attacks. Try to avoid outside hyperlinks inside the comment. Help us delete comments that do not follow these guidelines.


text:
Chuck Bass May Leave Us Soon!
Where will we get our ascot inspiration from?By Julie Gerstein
Where will we get our ascot inspiration from?By Julie Gerstein
In its fourth season, 'Gossip Girl' has developed a Shakespearean rhythm.By Jessica Pressler and Chris Rovzar
Our weekly Reality Index returns from winter break.By Jessica Pressler and Chris Rovzar
"I think my parents have learned by this point that none of [what they read] is probably true, and words can be put in your mouth."By Jessica Pressler
"He looked like hell."By Chris Rovzar
Plus: Billy Baldwin returns to 'Gossip Girl.'By Bryan Hood
Eh, at least she's the face of Madonna's clothing line!By Amy Odell
This would be terrible news.By Chris Rovzar
And Taylor Swift.By Mike Vilensky
A slideshow of the fall, from behind the scenes.By Chris Rovzar
She says she's done with the show in two years.By Willa Paskin
You're off the hook, Dan. And Sergei.By Chris Rovzar
This week's recap of the recap, complete with poem!By Annie_in_NY
It was all fun and games at the 'Blue Valentine' premiere until the event descended into cannibalism.By Chris Rovzar
Several truths were revealed on this week's episode of 'Gossip Girl.'By Jessica Pressler and Chris Rovzar
The recap of the recap is here!By LUCYB
Plus: Bad news for Taylor Swift and Beyoncé.By Josef Adalian
Ain't no sociopath like a sociopath pretending she's a socialite.
As is their tradition, the show drives us crazy with things that are hopelessly unrealistic, and at the same time includes details that make it uniquely true to life.By Jessica Pressler and Chris Rovzar
How will they send her off?By Mike Vilensky


text:
Paul Iplay
Definition of Paul I
1754–1801 emp. of Russia (1796–1801)
Paul I
Definition of Paul I
1901–1964 king of Greece (1947–64)
Learn More about paul i
Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about Paul I
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up Paul I? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).


text:
Bruno Mars to Headline 4th Annual We Can Survive ConcertAlso on the bill: Ariana Grande, Charlie Puth, G-Eazy, Meghan Trainor, OneRepublic, and Pitbull.
Listen to OneRepublic's New Single 'Kids'The track was produced by Ryan Tedder and Brett Kutzle and recorded in Tokyo and Mexico City.
Farewell Finale to GleeFair well to McKinley High and the Glee club. Get the recap of the finale episode!
2015 Oscar Nominations: The 10 Biggest Snubs for Best Original SongSometimes it's an honor just to be nominated. On the other hand, lots of great songs from films don't even get an Oscar nod for Best Original Song.
Taylor Swift Announces New Song 'Welcome to New York': Listen to a PreviewThe synth-heavy "Welcome To New York" was written by Swift and Ryan Tedder of OneRepublic.
OneRepublic Release New Music Video for 'I Lived': WatchFor their latest video, OneRepublic have decided to highlight one special person: Bryan Warnecke.
Listen to OneRepublic's Song for 'The Giver' Soundtrack, 'Ordinary Human'For OneRepublic frontman Ryan Tedder, writing a track for the film was a personal project.
Ryan Tedder is Working With Adele on the Follow-Up to '21'"I've heard everything we've done and I'm as proud of it, or prouder of anything we did on the first album, and she is sounding even better than ever," Tedder said.
OneRepublic Come to St. Louis!OneRepublic has announced their 2014 Native Summer Tour & will be coming to St. Louis this summer!
Interview: How Ryan Tedder Helped Colbie Caillat Rethink Her New Album"Once I heard the production and the direction that we went with on this song, it inspired me and everyone on my team of this new sound."
OneRepublic Announce 2014 'Native Summer Tour'Supporting their latest release, 'Native,' the band will spend the summer on the road with The Script.
OneRepublic's Ryan Tedder Joins 'The Voice'Ryan Tedder is joining The Voice as the show's first ever in-house producer and songwriter.