text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 18, 2006
|Filing date
|Aug 20, 2001
|Priority date
|Mar 28, 2001
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Raymond T. Hsu
|Original Assignee
|Qualcomm Incorporated.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (24), Classifications (63), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present Application for Patent claims priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/279,970, filed Mar. 28, 2001, assigned to the assignee hereof and hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein.
The present invention is related to the following Applications for Patent in the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office:
1. Field
The present invention relates to wireless communication systems generally and specifically, to methods and apparatus for message compression in preparation for transmission in a wireless communication system.
2. Background
There is an increasing demand for packetized data services over wireless communication systems. As traditional wireless communication systems are designed for voice communications, the extension to support data services introduces many challenges. The conservation of bandwidth is the overwhelming concern for most designers. A variety of solutions have been developed to reduce the bandwidth required for data services. One method is compression, which reduces the raw information transmitted over the air interface in a wireless communication system. However, compression may increase the error rate of transmitted data packets.
There is a need, therefore, for an efficient and accurate method of transmitting data in a wireless communication system.
Embodiments disclosed herein address the above stated needs by providing a method for header compression in a data processing system without negotiation between transmitter and receiver. In the exemplary embodiment, header compression information is transmitted periodically, eliminating any requirement for the receiver to request such information. The header protocol information may be interleaved with broadcast content transmitted on the broadcast channel.
In one aspect, in a wireless communication system supporting a unidirectional transmission, a method includes generating a transmission frame, determining a header for the transmission frame, compressing the header using a first format, and periodically generating at least one parameter of the first format.
In another aspect, in a wireless communication system supporting a uni-directional transmission, a method includes receiving a transmission frame, the transmission frame having a header compressed using a first format, receiving at least one parameter describing the first format, and decompressing the transmission frame using the first format.
In still another aspect, a communication signal transmitted on a carrier wave includes a broadcast content portion comprising a plurality of transmission frames, each of the plurality of transmission frames having a compressed header, and a header protocol information portion, wherein the header protocol information portion includes information for decompressing at least one of the compressed headers of the plurality of transmission frames.
The word "exemplary" is used exclusively herein to mean "serving as an example, instance, or illustration." Any embodiment described herein as "exemplary" is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments.
Data compression is particularly applicable to a wireless communication system, as a critical resource is the available bandwidth. The efficient use of available bandwidth impacts the performance and breadth of the system. Toward that end, compression techniques have been applied to reduce the size of overhead information transmitted along with the data or content information. For example, in a digital transmission, data is transmitted in frames. The frames may be part of a packet of data, part of a data message, or continuous frames in a stream of information, such as audio and/or video streams. Attached to each frame of data (and each packet or message) is a header containing processing information that allows the receiver to understand the information contained in the frame(s). This header information is considered overhead, i.e., processing information transmitted along with information content. The information content is referred to as the payload. While each individual header is typically much smaller than a given payload, the cumulative effect of transmitting headers impacts the available bandwidth.
An exemplary embodiment of a wireless communication system employs a method of header compression that reduces the size of each header while satisfying the accuracy and transmission requirements of the system. The exemplary embodiment supports a unidirectional broadcast service. The broadcast service provides video and/or audio streams to multiple users. Subscribers to the broadcast service "tune in" to a designated channel to access the broadcast transmission. As the bandwidth requirement for high speed transmission of video broadcasts is great, it is desirable to reduce the size of any overhead associated with such broadcast transmission.
The following discussion develops the exemplary embodiment by first presenting a spread-spectrum wireless communication system generally. Next, the broadcast service is introduced; wherein the service is referred to as High Speed Broadcast Service (HSBS), and the discussion includes channel assignments of the exemplary embodiment. A subscription model is then presented including options for paid subscriptions, free subscriptions, and hybrid subscription plans, similar to those currently available for television transmissions. The specifics of accessing the broadcast service are then detailed, presenting the use of a service option to define the specifics of a given transmission. The message flow in the broadcast system is discussed with respect to the topology of the system, i.e., infrastructure elements. Finally, the header compression used in the exemplary embodiment is discussed
Note that the exemplary embodiment is provided as an exemplar throughout this discussion; however, alternate embodiments may incorporate various aspects without departing from the scope of the present invention. Specifically, the present invention is applicable to a data processing system, a wireless communication system, a unidirectional broadcast system, and any other system desiring efficient transmission of information.
Wireless Communication System
The exemplary embodiment employs a spread-spectrum wireless communication system, supporting a broadcast service. Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication such as voice, data, and so on. These systems may be based on code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), or some other modulation techniques. A CDMA system provides certain advantages over other types of system, including increased system capacity.
A system may be designed to support one or more standards such as the "TIA/EIA/IS-95-B Mobile Station-Base Station Compatibility Standard for Dual-Mode Wideband Spread Spectrum Cellular System" referred to herein as the IS-95 standard, the standard offered by a consortium named "3rd Generation Partnership Project" referred to herein as 3GPP, and embodied in a set of documents including Document Nos. 3G TS 25.211, 3G TS 25.212, 3G TS 25.213, and 3G TS 25.214, 3G TS 25.302, referred to herein as the W-CDMA standard, the standard offered by a consortium named "3rd Generation Partnership Project 2" referred to herein as 3GPP2, and TR-45.5 referred to herein as the cdma2000 standard, formerly called IS-2000 MC. The standards cited hereinabove are hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference.
Each standard specifically defines the processing of data for transmission from base station to mobile, and vice versa. As an exemplary embodiment the following discussion considers a spread-spectrum communication system consistent with the CDMA200 standard of protocols. Alternate embodiments may incorporate another standard. Still other embodiments may apply the compression methods disclosed herein to other types of data processing systems.
Terminals 106 in the coverage area may be fixed (i.e., stationary) or mobile. As shown in
The downlink refers to transmission from the base station to the terminal, and the uplink refers to transmission from the terminal to the base station. In the exemplary embodiment, some of terminals 106 have multiple receive antennas and others have only one receive antenna. In
Increasing demand for wireless data transmission and the expansion of services available via wireless communication technology have led to the development of specific data services. One such service is referred to as High Data Rate (HDR). An exemplary HDR service is proposed in "EIA/TIA-IS856 cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data Air Interface Specification" referred to as "the HDR specification." HDR service is generally an overlay to a voice communication system that provides an efficient method of transmitting packets of data in a wireless communication system. As the amount of data transmitted and the number of transmissions increases, the limited bandwidth available for radio transmissions becomes a critical resource. There is a need, therefore, for an efficient and fair method of scheduling transmissions in a communication system that optimizes use of available bandwidth. In the exemplary embodiment, system 100 illustrated in
High Speed Broadcast System (HSBS)
A wireless communication system 200 is illustrated in
In a given sector, there are several ways in which the HSBS broadcast service may be deployed. The factors involved in designing a system include, but are not limited to, the number of HSBS sessions supported, the number of frequency assignments, and the number of broadcast physical channels supported.
The HSBS is a stream of information provided over an air interface in a wireless communication system. The "HSBS channel" to refer to a single logical HSBS broadcast session as defined by broadcast content. Note that the content of a given HSBS channel may change with time, e.g., 7 am News, 8 am Weather, 9 am Movies, etc. The time based scheduling is analogous to a single TV channel. The "Broadcast channel" refers to a single forward link physical channel, i.e., a given Walsh Code, that carries broadcast traffic. The Broadcast Channel, BCH, corresponds to a single CDM channel.
A single broadcast channel can carry one or more HSBS channels; in this case, the HSBS channels will be multiplexed in a Time-Division Multiplex (TDM) fashion within the single broadcast channel. In one embodiment, a single HSBS channel is provided on more than one broadcast channel within a sector. In another embodiment, a single HSBS channel is provided on different frequencies to serve subscribers in those frequencies.
According to the exemplary embodiment, the system 100 illustrated in
According to the exemplary embodiment, a service provider is referred to as a Content Server (CS), wherein the CS advertises the availability of such high-speed broadcast service to the system users. Any user desiring to receive the HSBS service may subscribe with the CS. The subscriber is then able to scan the broadcast service schedule in a variety of ways that may be provided by the CS. For example, the broadcast content may be communicated through advertisements, Short Management System (SMS) messages, Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), and/or some other means generally consistent with and convenient for mobile wireless communications. Mobile users are referred to as Mobile Stations (MSs). Base Stations (BSs) transmit HSBS related parameters in overhead messages, such as those transmitted on channels and/or frequencies designated for control and information, i.e., non-payload messages. Payload refers to the information content of the transmission, wherein for a broadcast session the payload is the broadcast content, i.e., the video program, etc. When a broadcast service subscriber desires to receive a broadcast session, i.e., a particular broadcast scheduled program, the MS reads the overhead messages and learns the appropriate configurations. The MS then tunes to the frequency containing the HSBS channel, and receives the broadcast service content.
The channel structure of the exemplary embodiment is consistent with the cdma2000 standard, wherein the Forward Supplemental Channel (F-SCH) supports data transmissions. One embodiment bundles a large number of the Forward Fundamental Channels (F-FCHs) or the Forward Dedicated Control Channels (F-DCCHs) to achieve the higher data rate requirements of data services. The exemplary embodiment utilizes an F-SCH as the basis for the FBSCH supporting a payload of 64 kbps (excluding RTP overhead). The FBSCH may also be modified to support other payload rates, for example, by subdividing the 64-kbps payload rate into sub-streams of lower rates.
One embodiment also supports group calls in several different ways. For example, by using existing unicast channels, i.e., one forward link channel per MS with no sharing, of F-FCH (or the F-DCCH) on both forward and reverse links. In another example, the F-SCH (shared by group members in the same sector) and the F-DCCH (no frames but the Forward Power Control Subchannel most of the time) on the forward link and the R-DCCH on the reverse link are applied. In still another example, the high-rate F-BSCH on the forward link and the Access Channel (or the Enhanced Access Channel/Reverse Common Control Channel combination) on the reverse link is utilized.
Having a high data rate, the F-BSCH of the exemplary embodiment may use a very large portion of a base station's forward link power to provide adequate coverage. The physical layer design of HSBC is thus focused on efficiency improvements in a broadcast environment.
To provide adequate support for video services, system design considers the required base station power for various ways to transmit the channel as well as the corresponding video quality. One aspect of the design is a subjective trade-off between the perceived video quality at the edge of coverage and that close to the cell site. As the payload rate is reduced, the effective error correcting code rate is increased, a given level of base station transmit power would provide better coverage at the edge of the cell. For mobile stations located closer to the base stations, the reception of the channel remains error-free and the video quality would be lowered due to the lowered source rate. This same trade-off also applies to other, non-video applications that the F-BSCH can support. Lowering the payload rate supported by the channel increases the coverage at the expense of decreased download speed for these applications. The balancing the relative importance between video quality and data throughput versus coverage is objective. The configuration chosen seeks an application-specific optimized configuration, and a good compromise among all possibilities.
The payload rate for the F-BSCH is an important design parameter. The following assumptions may be used in designing a system supporting broadcast transmissions according to the exemplary embodiment: (1) the target payload rate is 64 kbps, which provides an acceptable video quality for SKT; (2) for streaming video services, the payload rate is assumed to include the 12 8-bit bytes per packet overhead of the RTP packets; (3) the average overhead for all layers between RTP and the physical layer is approximately 64, 8-bit bytes per packet plus 8 bits per F-SCH frame overhead used by the MUXPDU header.
In the exemplary embodiment, for non-video broadcast services, the maximum rate supported is 64 kbps. However, many other possible payload rates below 64 kbps are also achievable.
Subscription Model
There are several possible subscription/revenue models for HSBS service, including free access, controlled access, and partially controlled access. For free access, no subscription is needed by the to receive the service. The BS broadcasts the content without encryption and interested mobiles can receive the content. The revenue for the service provider can be generated through advertisements that may also be transmitted in the broadcast channel. For example, upcoming movie-clips can be transmitted for which the studios will pay the service provider.
For controlled access, the MS users subscribe to the service and pay the corresponding fee to receive the broadcast service. Unsubscribed users are not able to receive the HSBS service. Controlled access can be achieved by encrypting the HSBS transmission/content so that only the subscribed users can decrypt the content. This may use over-the-air encryption key exchange procedures. This scheme provides strong security and prevents theft-of-service.
A hybrid access scheme, referred to as partial controlled access, provides the HSBS service as a subscription-based service that is encrypted with intermittent unencrypted advertisement transmissions. These advertisements may be intended to encourage subscriptions to the encrypted HSBS service. Schedule of these unencrypted segments could be known to the MS through external means.
HSBS Service Option
The HSBS service option is defined by: (1) a protocol stack; (2) options in the protocol stack; and (3) procedures for setting up and synchronizing the service. The protocol stack according to the exemplary embodiment is illustrated in
Continuing with
Message Flow
At time t2 the MS tunes into the broadcast channel and starts to receive packets. At this point in time, the MS is unable to process the received packets because the IP/ESP header is compressed via ROHC, and the MS's decompressor has not been initialized. The PDSN provides header compression information (detailed hereinbelow) at time t3. From the ROHC packet header, the MS detects and obtains a ROHC Initialization & Refresh (IR) packet sent periodically from the PDSN to the broadcast channel. The ROHC IR packet is used to initialize the state of decompressor in the MS, allowing it to decompress the IP/ESP header of the received packets. The MS is then able to process the IP/ESP header of the received packets, however, the MS requires further information to process the ESP payload as the payload is encrypted with a Short-term Key (SK) at the CS. The SK acts in coordination with the BAK, wherein the SK is decrypted at the receiver using the BAK. The CS provides further encryption information, such as updated key information or a current SK at time t4. Note that the CS provides this information periodically to the MS to ensure the ongoing security of the broadcast. At time t5 the MS receives the broadcast content from the CS. Note that alternate embodiments may incorporate alternate compression and decompression methods that provide efficient transmission of the header information. Additionally, alternate embodiments may implement a variety of security schemes to protect the broadcast content. Still alternate embodiments may provide a non-secure broadcast service. The MS uses the encryption information, such as the SK, to decrypt and display broadcast content.
According to the exemplary embodiment, broadcast content is transmitted on a dedicated broadcast channel. The transport layer provides encryption overhead for carrying broadcast content in IP packets. The system supports data compression, and specifically header compression. The decision to compress data depends on the required average throughput (including transport/encryption overhead, data link layer overhead, and physical layer overhead) and user perception of the broadcast quality. Carrying more broadcast content in each IP packet reduces overhead and thus reduces the broadcast channel bandwidth. In contrast, compression increases the Packet Error Rate (PER) that affects user perception. This is due to the transmission of each long IP packet spanning multiple physical layer frames and thus is associated with increases in the Frame Error Rate (FER). If a carrier decides to use small IP packets to improve broadcast quality, the carrier may choose header compression to reduce the transport and encryption overhead of the IP packet.
The RTP/UDP/IP protocols are used to transport broadcast content from the CS to MS, and the content is protected by the Encapsulation Security Payload (ESP) in transport mode. The transport overhead is the RTP/UDP/IP header and is 40 bytes per IP packet data. The encryption overhead is in the form of ESP header, Initialization Vector (IV), and ESP trailer. The ESP header and IV are inserted between the IP header and UDP header. The ESP header consists of the Security Parameter Index (SPI) (4 bytes) and Sequence Number (4 bytes). The length of IV is specific to which encryption algorithm is used. For the AES Cipher Algorithm, the length of IV is 16 byte. The ESP trailer is appended to the end of the UDP datagram and consists of the padding, next header (1 byte), and padding length (1 byte). Since the cipher block size of the AES algorithm is 16 bytes, the padding size ranges from 0 to 15 bytes. Taking the ceiling function of the average padding size yields 8 bytes. For an IP packet the total overhead due to transport and encryption ranges from 66 to 81 bytes with the average of 74 bytes not including the data link layer overhead from the PDSN to the MS.
Header compression such as the Robust Header Compression (ROHC) may be used to reduce the IP header and the SPI field of the ESP Header from 24 bytes to 2 bytes. The Sequence Number of the ESP header is not compressed, because it is used to sequence the compressed packets. The IV is not compressed, because it changes randomly for every packet. The UDP/RTP header and ESP trailer cannot be compressed because they are encrypted. Therefore, if ROHC is used to compress the IP/ESP header, the average overhead due to transport and encryption is reduced from 74 bytes to 52 bytes per IP packet.
According to the exemplary embodiment, header compression, such as the Robust Header Compression (ROHC), is applied so as to avoid propagating decompression errors. As illustrated in
Note that ROHC may be operated in a unidirectional mode, wherein, packets are sent in one direction only: from compressor to decompressor. In this mode, therefore, makes ROHC usable over links wherein a return path from decompressor to compressor is unavailable or undesirable. Before the MS can decompress packets received from the broadcast channel, the state of decompressor is initialized. The Initialization & Refresh (IR) packet is used for this purpose. There are two alternatives for the ROHC initialization.
The subscriber "tunes" to the broadcast channel and waits for the ROHC IR packets periodically sent by the ROHC compressor in the PDSN. Frequent ROHC IR packets may be needed for the MS to start decompressing received packets quickly. Frequent ROHC IR packets may use too much bandwidth in the broadcast channel. An IR packet is about 30 bytes for the IP/ESP compression profile. If an IR packet is sent once every 250 ms., the process consumes about 1 kbps in the broadcast channel. Losing IR packets over the air would further delay the MS to acquire ROHC initialization.
If decompression goes out-of-sync, due to packet loss, or residual error in the received compressed header, or failure, etc., the resultant decompression error may propagate until decompression is re-synchronized or re-initialized. An ROHC compressed header contains a Cyclic Redundant Check (CRC), which is calculated over the entire header before compression. This CRC allows decompression to perform a local context repair that brings the context in sync (in the events of packet loss and residual error). When decompression recovers from a failure, periodic IR packets effectively reinitialize the decompression process.
In an alternate embodiment, ROHC decompression state is initialized in the MS wherein the subscriber first establishes a PPP session with the PDSN via a dedicated channel other than the broadcast channel. During the IPCP phase, the MS and PDSN negotiate the capability to use ROHC. After the PPP is established, the PDSN sends the ROHC IR packet in a PPP frame to the MS over the dedicated channel. The PPP frame in this case is identified by a PPP Protocol Field value. The PDSN is not required to send ROHC IR packets periodically, thus conserving the broadcast channel bandwidth. Note that this method presents a problem for synchronizing IR packets received from the dedicated channel with the ROHC packets (with headers compressed) via the broadcast channel. In this case, the IR packets and the ROHC packets (with headers compressed) traverse different paths from the PDSN to the MS. Without synchronization, the MS may not be able to decompress the header properly.
Data Link Layer
A data link layer framing protocol or transport layer protocol is applied between the PDSN and the MS to delineate packets received from the broadcast channel. With reference to
The exemplary embodiment applies a version of HDLC framing that applies a subset of the HDLC defined parameters.
In particular, the HDLC protocol is considered processor intensive as further processing is used to ensure the payload does not include the same sequence of bits as the FLAG. At the transmitter, if a FLAG sequence of bits is detected in the payload, an escape character is inserted into the payload to identify the FLAG as part of the payload and not indicating a start of frame. The process of adding an escape character is referred to as "escaping" hexadecimal patterns of 0x7E and 0x7D in the frame payload. An alternative method referred to as the Efficient Framing Protocol that is less processor intensive than the HDLC-like framing is described hereinbelow.
Continuing with
The octet stuffing procedure defined in RFC 1662 is also applied to the exemplary embodiment, wherein after the FCS computation, the HDLC transmitter in the PDSN examines each byte in the HDLC frame (excluding the Flag) for the patterns of 0x7E and 0x7D. The pattern 0x7E will be encoded as 0x7D and 0x5E, and the pattern 0x7D will be encoded as 0x7D and 0x5D. The HDLC transmitter will not encode any other patterns. This implies that the Async-Control-Character-Map (ACCM) as defined in RFC 1662 is set to all zero.
The HDLC framing overhead is 3 bytes plus the octet stuffing overhead. Assuming the byte pattern is uniformly distributed, the average octet stuffing overhead is one byte per 128-byte of HDLC frame. For example, if the payload is 256 bytes, the HDLC framing overhead is 5 bytes on the average.
Access Network
A general access network topology for a system 1000 is illustrated in
The PDSN 1004 determines the number of individual users in the active set that are in the destination subscription group and duplicates the frame received from the CS 1002 for each of those users. The PDSN 1004 determines the PCF(s) corresponding to each of the users in the subscription group. The PDSN 1004 then appends an outer header, H2, to each of the prepared frames, wherein H2 identifies a PCF. The PDSN 1004 then transmits the frames to the PCF(s). The transmission from the PDSN 1004 includes the original payload, the header H1, and the Header H2. As illustrated, the PDSN 1004 sends N transmission frames to PCF1 1006 and sends M transmission frames to PCF2 1008. The N transmission frames correspond to N users in the subscription group serviced via PCF1 1006 and the M transmission frames correspond to M users in the subscription group serviced via PCF2 1008. In this scenario, the PDSN 1004 duplicates received frames any number of times for transmission to the corresponding subscribers.
According to an exemplary embodiment, the broadcast CS sends IP packets containing encrypted broadcast content to a multicast group identified by a class-D multicast IP address. This address is used in the destination address field of the IP packets. A given PDSN 1024 participates in multicast routing of these packets. After header compression, the PDSN 1024 places each packet in an HDLC frame for transmission. The HDLC frame is encapsulated by a Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) packet. The key field of the GRE packet header uses a special value to indicate a broadcast bearer connection. The GRE packet is appended with the 20-byte IP packet header having a source address field identifying the IP address of the PDSN 1024, and destination address field uses a class-D multicast IP address. It is recommended that this multicast IP address is different from the one used by the broadcast CS. The system 1020 configures at least one multicast routing table of the respective PCFs and PDSNs. The packets delivered in the broadcast connection are provided in sequence; in the exemplary embodiment the GRE sequencing feature is enabled. Duplication of the IP multicast packets is done in multicast-capable routers.
In an exemplary embodiment, each PCF is further coupled to a BSC (not shown), wherein a given BSC may duplicate the packets and send them to another BSC. The chaining of BSCs yields better soft handoff performance. The anchoring BSC yields better soft handoff performance. The anchoring BSC duplicates the transmission frame and sends it with the same time-stamp to its adjacent BSCs. The time-stamp information is critical to the soft handoff operation as the mobile station receives transmission frames from different BSCs.
Those of skill in the art would understand that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
Those of skill would further appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present invention.
The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
The steps of a method or algorithm described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal. In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal.
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
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|U.S. Classification
|455/72, 370/477
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 20, 2001
Owner name: QUALCOMM INCORPORATED A DELAWARE CORPORATION, CALI
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:HSU, RAYMOND T.;REEL/FRAME:012108/0643
Effective date: 20010820
|Sep 22, 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 25, 2013
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Year of fee payment: 8


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Fixed PriceBudget: $100
Start DateFebruary 20, 2013
We are looking for an Android expert to develop a background notification service with Titanium Mobile.
Below are the detailed requirements:
1. Write an Android service with Titanium Mobile, there is already a working version, that we'd like to get improved.
2. Service runs in an interval and checks local database for a reminder. When the reminder should occur, a status bar notification should be displayed.
3. When user clicks the notification, he should be redirected to the app, to a specific View.
4. When user cancels the notification it should re-appear in a certain amount of time (e.g. 1 hour).
5. When there are multiple relevant reminders, each reminder should have a separate notification that leads to a different View in the app. But the maximum number of reminders at a time should be adjustable (e.g. 3)
6. The notification service should re-start when the process is killed (START_REDELIVER_INTENT)
7. The notification service should re-start when the phone is re-booted without prior opening the app.
Contractor requirements
We're looking for somebody that has proven knowledge about Android, Intents, Activites, Background services etc. with Titanium Mobile.
How to apply
Please respond with a cover letter that includes the following:
1. Your Android development experience, including examples of past work
2. Some ideas how you would solve this task
Skills: android-sdk
About the Client
Berlin 05:56 AM
Jobs Posted
62% Hire Rate, 1 Open Job
Total Spent
8 Hires, 0 Active

subset: commoncrawl


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GeniusChrist Artist from United States
Oh Hellz Yeah i like this one +1
Good stuff.
nice pattern :) +1
Soae-kreation Human from Spain
looks like everybody love the placement,VOTED+1,please feel free to hit my VZ design:) vote and comment to my VZ design :)wonderful
thank :)
nice, original, good position on the t-shirt.. +1
kristenhoward Artist
Simple but visually pretty cool – like th eplacement too! +1
Check out mine if you want.
Dert_Styles_Nyc Artist
Cool print….i like.Voted.Good luck.
Like the placement!+1hit mines!


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Hotel & SPA Bleibergerhof no longer a falkensteiner hotel
Today we have the duty to inform you that as of June 1st 2015, we have ended our commitment to the Falkensteiner Hotel & Spa Bleibergerhof. The S-Tourismus GmbH the tourism subsidiary of Erste Bank decided to sell the Hotel to the HB1 Hotel Group, which will also take over the operations.
We regret no longer being able to be your host in the Bleibergerhof, but we hope to welcome you to another Falkensteiner Hotel soon.
Questions, comments or wishes? We are at your disposal!
Thank you very much for your past trust in the Falkensteiner Hotels & Residences.
Should you have any questions, we will gladly answer your requests at via email at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Q-See QD6004B Elite OutDoor Bullet Camera - 1/3" CCD Sensor, 600TVL, 120 Feet Night Vision, 2.8mm to 12mm Varifocal Lens, Flexible 3-Axis MountItem#: Q300-2856 | Model#: QD6004B
Currently Out Of Stock!
Additional Resources
Q-See Elite Outdoor Bullet Camera Product Details
Q-See QD6004B Elite Outdoor Bullet Camera
Keep a close eye on the daily activities inside your house or office with the Q-See QD6004B Elite Outdoor Bullet Camera. This single digital bullet camera secures the designated area for surveillance with a 120ft IR night-vision range. It allows you to view ongoing events clearly and in full color, having a 600TVL camera resolution and a 1/3" Super HAD CCD II image sensor. Even if there little to no light, the Q-See QD6004B Elite Outdoor Bullet Camera delivers high-performance monitoring; Backlight Compensation (BLC) enhances your sight in the dark within a wide coverage area, while the cutting-edge Effio-E sensor presents clear, sharp images with high color reproduction. With its 3-axis mount, you can easily place the camera on a wall, ceiling or on any flat surface. The Q-See QD6004B Elite Outdoor Bullet Camera lets you count on rich, clear images in your surveillance recordings.
What It Is And Why You Need It:
- 1/3" Super HAD CCD II image sensor; delivers high-performance image quality
- 2D Noise Reduction; reduces visual static that distorts your images
- Backlight Compensation (BLC); provides greater image detail and better detection in dark settings
- Effio-E sensor; improves image sharpness and color in low light conditions
- 3-Axis mount; facilitates easy camera placement on the wall, ceiling or other flat surface
A Closer Look:
Additional Resources: Product Manuals
Manufactured by: Q-See
Warranty provided by: Q-See
UPC No: 645439233331
Mfg Part No: QD6004B
Box Size:
( Length:11, Width:7, Depth:8)
Shipping Weight: 5.0500 pound(s)
Click here for full warranty and support information
- Q-See logos are registered trademarks of Q-See. All others trademarks and copyrights mentioned herein are the property of their respective owners.


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How-To Tutorials
Discover over 22,570 free how-to articles and tutorials. Over 5 million students shape their future with our our free tutorials every month. What would you like to learn?
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Tampa Restaurant
Monday through Thursday: 6:00 PM – 9:00 PM
Friday and Saturday: 5:30 PM – 10:00 PM
Valet parking located at the hotel entrance is complimentary with dinner at Armani's.
Reservations can be made by visiting Opentable.com or by calling 813 207 6800.
Proclaimed "extraordinary" by Zagat's, Armani's is located high atop our 14th floor offering stunning views of Old Tampa Bay through floor-to-ceiling windows. Recognized as a Distinguished Restaurant of North America, this fine dining establishment boasts accolades from the most discriminating palates. Newly designed with a relaxed sense of modern comfort, Armani's invites guests to "taste their way" through their famous antipasto bar and enjoy the diverse menu offerings including fresh salads, succulent veal dishes and Northern Italian specialties. Open for dinner Monday through Saturday, our restaurant is well worth the wait, offering an unforgettable experience from beginning to end.
Pamper your guests with a specially selected private dining experience featuring Armani's menu items. Private dining is available in Wilson's Plover banquet room adjacent to Armani's and elsewhere onsite.
Learn more about Armani's by viewing the factsheet.
Floor to ceiling windows overlooking Tampa Bay
Rooftop terrace
Northern Italian specialties and antipasto bar
Open for dinner Monday-Saturday
Chef de Cuisine Robert Maggi


text:
Measuring and Layout Tools
1 Result Found that Includes 1 Product
How can we improve the Search Experience?
- Combination Blade, 12 In/300mm Combination Blade,12 In/300mm
- Item # 6C315
- Mfr. Model # 180-503U
Combination Blade, Length 300 Millimeters/12 Inches, Graduations 1/2 Millimeter and 32nds, 1 Millimeter and...More
Clearance Price $40.21 / each
Price $60.25 / each
Catalog Page # NA
How can we improve the Search Experience?
Note: Product availability is real-time basis and adjusted continuously. The product will be reserved for you when you complete your order. More


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Disney in the Details: Seeing the Parks in a Different Light.
I spent this past weekend in the world on a solo trip. I had some family business to attend toRead more
I spent this past weekend in the world on a solo trip. I had some family business to attend toRead more
As a little kid all you want to do is be one of the big kids and there is noRead more
Sometimes the best trips to Walt Disney World are the ones that you take alone. Seemingly, one of the perksRead more
As we all know, visiting Walt Disney World with family can be one of the most memorable moments of yourRead more
Inside the Cinderella Castle courtyard sits La Fountaine De Cendrillon. Located just left of the entrance to the Castle Couture Boutique,Read more
With every trip to the Walt Disney World Resort, there is a lot of catching up with with my oldRead more
Other People's Vacations Since moving to Florida last year, I feel like I am living in other people's vacations. WhenRead more
For avid Disney-ites a new year brings the hope and excitement of new Walt Disney World experiences! As I contemplateRead more
I go to Disney a lot, and each trip is magical. It's the magic that brings me back. Be itRead more
I love random facts. There is something exciting about learning things most people don't know. Maybe I'm just a curiousRead more


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Fresca Films Plus
User Stats
Profile Images
User Bio
Fresca Films was founded in 2011 by Alex Hofmann and Daegan McNeaney. Since then, their team of experienced video editors, animators, videographers, and composers have produced multiple award-winning commercial projects with some of the biggest brands.
Our Commitment at Fresca Films is to have our shared passion for your unique business shine through the results. We see your video through every step of the process to ensure consistent branding and a compelling message. We offer fresh video solutions.


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Peak-Load Versus Discriminatory Pricing: Evidence from the Golf Industry
No abstract is available for this item.
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Volume (Year): 40 (2012)
Issue (Month): 3 (May)
Pages: 151-165
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| Web page: http://www.springerlink.com/link.asp?id=100336
References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- M. Soledad Arellano & Pablo Serra, 2004.
"Spatial Peak-load Pricing,"
Documentos de Trabajo
199, Centro de Economía Aplicada, Universidad de Chile.
- Arellano, M. Soledad & Serra, Pablo, 2007. "Spatial peak-load pricing," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 29(2), pages 228-239, March.
- Ron Borzekowski & Raphael Thomadsen & Charles Taragin, 2009.
"Competition and price discrimination in the market for mailing lists,"
Quantitative Marketing and Economics,
Springer, vol. 7(2), pages 147-179, June.
- Ron Borzekowski & Raphael Thomadsen & Charles Taragin, 2005. "Competition and price discrimination in the market for mailing lists," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2005-56, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
- James G. Mulligan, 2001. "The Pricing of a Round of Golf," Journal of Sports Economics, The North American Association of Sports Economists, vol. 2(4), pages 328-340, November.
- William J. Baumol & Robert D. Willig, 1981. "Fixed Costs, Sunk Costs, Entry Barriers, and Sustainability of Monopoly," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 96(3), pages 405-431.
- Stephen Shmanske, 1998. "Price Discrimination At The Links," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 16(3), pages 368-378, 07.
- Michael Maloney, 2001. "Economies and Diseconomies: Estimating Electricity Cost Functions," Review of Industrial Organization, Springer, vol. 19(2), pages 165-180, September.
- Dan Berry & Franklin Mixon, 1999. "Multiproduct Outputs and Scale Economies in Electric Power Production: Some New Estimates," Review of Industrial Organization, Springer, vol. 15(1), pages 65-76, August.
- Frank F. Limehouse & Peter C. Melvin & Robert E. McCormick, 2010. "The Demand for Environmental Quality: An Application of Hedonic Pricing in Golf," Journal of Sports Economics, The North American Association of Sports Economists, vol. 11(3), pages 261-286, June.
- Ted Bergstrom & Jeffrey K. MacKie-Mason, 1991.
"Some Simple Analytics of Peak-Load Pricing,"
RAND Journal of Economics,
The RAND Corporation, vol. 22(2), pages 241-249, Summer.
- Bergstrom, T. & Mackie-Mason, J., 1988. "Some Simple Analysis Of Peak-Load Pricing," Papers 89-02, Michigan - Center for Research on Economic & Social Theory.
- Severin Borenstein & Nancy L. Rose, 1991.
"Competition and Price Dispersion in the U.S. Airline Industry,"
NBER Working Papers
3785, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Borenstein, Severin & Rose, Nancy L, 1994. "Competition and Price Dispersion in the U.S. Airline Industry," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 102(4), pages 653-83, August.
- Eshien Chong & Freddy Huet & Stéphane Saussier & Faye Steiner, 2006. "Public-Private Partnerships and Prices: Evidence from Water Distribution in France," Review of Industrial Organization, Springer, vol. 29(1), pages 149-169, September.
- Shepard, Andrea, 1991. "Price Discrimination and Retail Configuration," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 99(1), pages 30-53, February.
- Escobari, Diego, 2009.
"Systematic peak-load pricing, congestion premia and demand diverting: Empirical evidence,"
Economics Letters,
Elsevier, vol. 103(1), pages 59-61, April.
- Escobari, Diego, 2009. "Systematic peak-load pricing, congestion premia and demand diverting: Empirical evidence," MPRA Paper 34857, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Arellano, Maria-Soledad & Serra, Pablo, 2007. "A model of market power in electricity industries subject to peak load pricing," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(10), pages 5130-5135, October.
- Stephen Shmanske, 2004. "Market Preemption and Entry Deterrence: Evidence from the Golf Course Industry," International Journal of the Economics of Business, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 11(1), pages 55-68.
- Richard Gilbert & David Newbery, 2008. "Analytical Screens for Electricity Mergers," Review of Industrial Organization, Springer, vol. 32(3), pages 217-239, May.
- Escobari, Diego, 2009. "Systematic peak-load pricing, congestion premia and demand diverting: Empirical evidence from airlines," EconStor Open Access Articles, ZBW - German National Library of Economics, pages 59-61.
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Two locations, two state-of-the-art centres of care
Eashing Hospital
Orthopaedics and Neurology
Fitzpatrick Referrals in Eashing was founded in 2005 by Professor Noel Fitzpatrick whose vision was to create an environment where it would be truly possible to marry compassionate care with excellence in veterinary medicine.
Guildford Hospital
Oncology and Soft Tissue
Launched on 2nd September 2015, the new state of the art Fitzpatrick Referrals animal hospital based in Guildford is the first of its kind in Europe and aims to change the way cancer is treated in companion animals
Services Overview
Through the dedication of our clinicians and extended patient care team we are able to treat a variety of clinical conditions. Some of which are performed routinely and some of which that require more bespoke intervention.
Fitzpatrick Referrals sets new standards in cutting edge medical and surgical techniques.
Orthopaedic surgeons at Fitzpatrick Referrals are part of an integrated, multidisciplinary team of veterinary specialists, care professionals who all provide individual and dedicated round the clock care for our patients. Our specialists focus on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of a variety of musculoskeletal disorders.
We are passionate about understanding the evolution of small animal diseases and endeavour to nurture and encourage current and future generations of veterinary surgeons through ongoing learning.
We work collegially with specialists across the medical field in the hope that one day companion animals will be seen as equal beings to humans.
The new Fitzpatrick Referral Oncology and Soft Tissue Service has begun as it means to go on by attracting two of the most talented and internationally recognised specialists in these disciplines.
We are immensely proud to welcome Professor Nick Bacon and Dr Laurent Findji to the team. This new venture is one of the first steps in establishing a world class service of excellence in referral cancer care and soft tissue surgery that you, your clients and ultimately the animals we act as advocates for expect and deserve.
At Fitzpatrick Referrals the majority of our patients require diagnostic imaging procedures. This can vary from standard radiography to advanced diagnostic imaging e.g. MRI or CT.
Advanced imaging modalities enable more accurate and timely diagnosis of both routine and potentially life-threatening conditions. By providing this easily accessible and advanced facility our patients can be treated much more efficiently and effectively.
Imaging Procedures
Fitzpatrick Referrals believes that good rehabilitation is integral to the success of orthopaedic and neuro-surgical intervention, promoting increased mobility, reducing pain, inflammation and recovery time.
We are the only veterinary practice in the country with an in-house team of Chartered Physiotherapists for inpatients and outpatients.
A free service to support you in managing orthopaedic cases efficiently and providing the highest level of care for your patients.
- Free verbal reporting service
- A specialist's interpretation of your radiograph with follow-up advice to help you manage the case
Patient Stories
The Patient Stories below give an insight to some of our patients and their journey while having treatment at Fitzpatrick Referrals.


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'I am most grateful for two things: that I was born in North Korea, and that I escaped from North Korea.'
Yeonmi Park was not dreaming of freedom when she escaped from North Korea. She didn't even know what it meant to be free. All she knew was that she was running for her life, that if she and her family stayed behind they would die – from starvation, or disease, or even execution.
This book is the story of Park's struggle to survive in the darkest, most repressive country on earth; her harrowing escape through China's underworld of smugglers and human traffickers; and then her escape from China across the Gobi desert to Mongolia, with only the stars to guide her way, and from there to South Korea and at last to freedom; and finally her emergence as a leading human rights activist – all before her 21st birthday.
Buy this book today for £1.99. Audiobook: £5.99.
Click here to purchase In Order To Live
War correspondent Anna Badkhen returns to Northern Afghanistan in search of the friends she made in the early days of the occupation, back when it was the safest part of an unsafe land. Blighted, hopeless, still unspeakably beautiful but now overrun by the Taliban, the region is a different place entirely than the one she first encountered.
Traveling from village to village, she comes to understand what went so terribly wrong in the North—and, by extension, what is going so terribly wrong in Afghanistan in general. In her dispatches, which she calls "part diary entries, part love letters from a land that stole my heart," she offers one of the most heartbreaking, lyrical portrayals ever of Afghanistan—and a powerful warning to those seeking to force the country into a bright new future.
Buy this shorter read for only 98p today.
Click here to purchase Waiting for the Taliban
In 1997, Tony Blair won the biggest Labour victory in history to sweep the party to power and end eighteen years of Conservative government. He has been one of the most dynamic leaders of modern times; few British prime ministers have shaped the nation's course as profoundly as Blair during his ten years in power, and his achievements and his legacy will be debated for years to come.
Now his memoirs reveal in intimate detail this unique political and personal journey, providing an insight into the man, the politician and the statesman, and charting successes, controversies and disappointments with an extraordinary candour.
A Journey will prove essential and compulsive reading for anyone who wants to understand the complexities of our global world. As an account of the nature and uses of power, it will also have a readership that extends well beyond politics, to all those who want to understand the challenges of leadership today. Buy this book for only 99p today.
Click here to purchase A Journey
A key player in the worst prison riot in British history at Strangeways Prison in April 1990, Alan Lord was always in the wrong place at the wrong time. He was drawn to trouble like water to a sponge.
After experiencing a troubled childhood during which Alan was in and out of children's homes – after being put into care at the tender age of eighteen months old – Alan was a teenager in 1981 when he was sentenced to life in prison for murder during a robbery that had gone badly wrong. He served thirty-two years in various prisons throughout the United Kingdom. This book tells the truth of what goes on behind prison walls and exposes the level of inhumane treatment and brutality that Alan had to endure throughout his thirty-two year journey, during which he never stopped standing up for human rights.
Powerfully detailing the way prisoners are treated on a daily basis, Life in Strangeways is a gripping tale that will change the perception of Alan Lord: convicted murderer and riot leader. Buy the book today for £2.39.
Click here to purchase Life in Strangeways
From the admiralty to the miner's strike, from the Battle of Britain to the Nobel Prize, Churchill oversaw some of the most important events the World has ever seen. Roy Jenkins faithfully presents these events, while also managing to convey the contradictions and quirks in Churchill's character.
In depth analysis and brilliant historical research make this a magnificent one-volume biography of an extraordinary life. In some ways a companion piece to his excellent biography of Gladstone, Churchill is packed with insights that only a fellow politician could convey.
Buy this large volume of history for only £1.29.
Click here to purchase Churchill: A Biography
With a sharp eye for the magnificently absurd, Rod Liddle sets light to modern-day Britain.
What is it that has transformed the British who in living memory were admired for their unassuming, stiff-upper-lipped capacity for `muddling through' into the feckless,
obese, self-deluding, avaricious and self-obsessed whingers we have become? Savagely funny and relentlessly contrary, yet with a poignant sense of all that we have lost, Rod Liddle mercilessly exposes the absurdity, cant and humbuggery of the way we live now.
Buy this modern commentary on British life today for £1.99.
Click here to purchase Selfish Whining Monkeys


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** Tags added: touch -- You received this bug notification because you are a member of Ubuntu Touch seeded packages, which is subscribed to indicator-network in Ubuntu. https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1626244
Title: [phone] [ubuntu touch] indicator-network-service fail to start Status in indicator-network package in Ubuntu: New Bug description: When I start my BQ Aquaris 4.5, I see a gear with "indicator-network" written with nothing in the panel instead of the real indicator menu. The settings are also buggy : Wifi : I see only saved networks Phone network : I cannot enable data. I do not know much about ubuntu touch, I tried the following command, and I get an error : root@ubuntu-phablet:/# ./usr/lib/arm-linux-gnueabihf/indicator-network/indicator-network-service Error getting the bus address: Cannot autolaunch D-Bus without X11 $DISPLAY (process:8397): GLib-GIO-CRITICAL **: g_dbus_connection_get_unique_name: assertion 'G_IS_DBUS_CONNECTION (connection)' failed terminate called after throwing an instance of 'std::logic_error' what(): basic_string::_S_construct null not valid Aborted (core dumped) Before the bug, I activated simultaneously : - 3G - wifi - VPN I turned wifi hotspot on, and a bit later the phone froze on a black screen. I turn it off with power button for 5 seconds. On reboot, the indicator-network show a gear with empty menu. 3G + wifi hotspot + vpn worked many times before. I run last update : OTA 13. To manage notifications about this bug go to: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/indicator-network/+bug/1626244/+subscriptions -- Mailing list: https://launchpad.net/~touch-packages Post to : email@example.com Unsubscribe : https://launchpad.net/~touch-packages More help : https://help.launchpad.net/ListHelp


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If you are a British Tennis Member, or you have a Coach Code or Official Number, but don't already have a Username and Password.
Join British Tennis Membership (BTM) to access exclusive offers, discounts on tickets and clothing, access to the Wimbledon ballot, while also keeping up to date with the latest British tennis news with our monthly newsletter.
Login to your schools tennis account
Fair Play is an important value in tennis. We are committed to ensuring that tennis is played in a fair, open and inclusive nature at all levels.
We've outlined some core values of Fair Play for you to consider when on the court and playing tennis.
These values apply equally to players, parents, coaches, officials and volunteers and cover all tennis activities, whether it is a competition, a friendly hit at a local court or a match you're watching.
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Emerging Equity Markets and Economic Development
Geert Bekaert
Columbia Business School - Finance and Economics; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Campbell R. Harvey
Duke University - Fuqua School of Business; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER); Duke Innovation & Entrepreneurship Initiative
Christian T. Lundblad
University of North Carolina Kenan-Flagler Business School
June 2000
NBER Working Paper No. w7763
We provide an analysis of real economic growth prospects in emerging markets after financial liberalizations. In contrast with previous research, we identify the financial liberalization dates and examine the influence of liberalizations while controlling for a number of other macroeconomic and financial variables. Our work also introduces an econometric methodology that allows us to use extensive time-series as well as cross-sectional information for our tests. We find across a number of different specifications that financial liberalizations are associated with significant increases in real economic growth.
Number of Pages in PDF File: 39
Date posted: July 17, 2000
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Paul Rudd, Paul Giamatti and Sally Hawkins Star in Phil Morrison's 'Lucky Dog'
Think of your two favorite Paul's (not including McCartney). If you've come up with Rudd and Giamatti, then prepare to be thrilled by Lucky Dog. The developing comedy film by the genius Phil Morrison, who created the masterpiece of human interaction that was Junebug, will star the magnificent (and terrifically dissimilar) pair of Paul Rudd and Paul Giamatti, in addition to Sally Hawkins (Jane Eyre, Submarine).
Lucky Dog's plot is impossibly more invigorating than its involved parties. The story centers on two longtime partners in crime (literally) whose personal relationship has begun to sour. Despite their growing animosity toward one another, the two con-men (presumably Rudd and Giamatti) decide to pull one last job together: selling Christmas trees in New York City.
First of all, there's something truly wonderful about the idea of criminals using Christmas trees to make a dishonest fortune. Secondly, a corrupt team consisting of Paul's Rudd and Giamatti? The sweetest, most likable man in the world teamed with a venerable chameleon of the big screen? Nothing is impossible with this formula. And as Sally Hawkins continues to make a name for herself in Hollywood, we realize more and more just how welcome an addition she is to our consciousness.
All in all: we are quite fortunate for Lucky Dog.
Source: Deadline


text: Kohl's | 60% Off Throws + Extra 20% Off Code Use code JINGLE for extra 20% off Free shipping on $50+ Flag this deal What's the matter? Choose a reason Dead deal Duplicate Bad link Spam Inaccurate No value Alive again Edit deal MrBklynW Dec 09, 2012 awesome discounts on throws, nice find! Reply iowahawkeyes Dec 09, 2012 60% off will catch my eye, no matter the deal. Good post! Reply blackfoot Dec 09, 2012 Nice holiday throws, good deal with the coupon. Reply Christine Dec 09, 2012 i love throws....keep them in the family room, the car, the bed, everywhere! Reply jeepeo Dec 09, 2012 The deal works for me. Thanks for taking time to share this deal here. Reply 1 like comery Dec 09, 2012 Yeah, agree with you. Reply FibroMom Dec 09, 2012 I love decorating with throws - they can make any room festive! This is a SUPER Deal! Thanks for sharing the deal and the code! :) Reply 1 like tanush6 Dec 09, 2012 the colors and the design are quite invigorating. Reply 1 like tanush6 Dec 09, 2012 i am planning to buy few of them..and use them as gifts during holidays Reply abu5692 Dec 09, 2012 Nice deal. I like it. Reply shimisi Dec 09, 2012 There are so many designs to choose from, even among the cheaper ones. Thanks! Reply branie Dec 09, 2012 We use throws in this house until May, haha, so I am always looking for deals on them. They tend to wear after so many washings, so I try to have many and not wash the same one over and over. Nice find. Reply 1 like kimeeb Dec 09, 2012 Love these throws...each of the kids can have one for this price. Reply poe601 Dec 09, 2012 Great selection and these always make nice gifts too! Reply 1 like deby32953 Dec 09, 2012 At least you could do is use one of my codes! These blankets look great off the back of a sofa! Reply 1 like rockinnrolla Dec 09, 2012 :P Reply 1 like dvinegrace83 Dec 10, 2012 that's what i was thinking. altho in my case i'd be using it to HIDE a not-so-nice sofa thanks to the kiddies ;P Reply 1 like deby32953 Dec 10, 2012 Great idea! Me 2! Reply Load More Comments


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The Friends of Planned Parenthood recognized Frank and Peggy Ladd and the late Dr. John V. Denko at the 35th Anniversary Membership Gala on Sept. 20.
The Ladds received the Estelle Marsh Humanitarian Award, and Denko was honored posthumously with the Early B. Lokey Medical Service Award.
The event also included a catered dinner, silent auction and live music.
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Top Definition
laughing so hard you get weak
I was watching a funny movie the other day and it gave me the weakies.
po oldandsweet Јануар 3, 2010
Trending Now
Can you define these popular missing words?
The feeling one has when he or she is unable to clench one's fingers into a fist, due to lack of strength.
Oh my goodness, I've got the weakies!
po Faith Friedfeld Јануар 21, 2009
a reference to something or someone that is bad
po The Beastiez Април 6, 2010


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Gram-Schmidt process example
Using Gram-Schmidt to find an orthonormal basis for a plane in R3. Created by Sal Khan.
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Making Connections to and for Entrepreneurial Students!
Center for Entrepreneurship & Innovation
Fall 2016 Events
Entrepreneur Speaker Series Event
April Foster of Inked
Building a Brand from the Ground Up
September 20, 2016 GH 235
Entrepreneur Speaker Series Event
Jason Heflin of CrowdSouth
Getting Real about Entrepreneurship
October 18, 2016 GH 240
Topper Tank Pitch Competition
October 25, 2016 GH 240
(Deadline for entry: October 18th by 11:59 pm)
Entrepreneur Speaker Series Event
Sarah Nuse of Tippi Toes Dance
A Shark Tank Success Story
November 15, 2016 GH 240
WKU Business Plan Competition and Workshops
Current News......
INKED Founder Shares Lesson Learned
Topper Tank Awards $1,000 to Eight Student Business Ideas
Enactus Team Wins Berth in National Competition
Entrepreneurship Students Advance to Idea State U
Entrepreneurship Professor wins National Award from the Small Business Institute
$8,000 Award to Student Entrepreneurs in 2015 Business Plan Competition
Entrepreneur Pat Yates gives advice to WKU students.
Topper Tank Competition Sees Five Student Groups Take Home $950 in cash
Entrepreneurship students highlighted in BG Daily News Article!
WKU Selected for Pathways to Innovation Program
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John Stanley
John Stanley has been with WGNA from the very beginning in 1973 and can recall firsthand how things have evolved over the years! A dedicated NASCAR and racing fan, you can catch him weekends on WGNA.
John Stanley has been with WGNA from the very beginning in 1973 and can recall firsthand how things have evolved over the years! A dedicated NASCAR and racing fan, you can catch him weekends on WGNA.
With the 2013 NASCAR season coming to an end last weekend in Florida, it doesn't take long for race fans to direct their attention to the new year ahead.
Barring major disaster on Sunday, Jimmie Johnson will pick up his 6th NASCAR Sprint Cup Series Championship. But there is much more to this final weekend of the season.
It couldn't get any closer than this....NASCAR has a tie at the top of the standings as the Chase for the 2013 Championship comes down to the final three races of the year.
Jimmie Johnson's finish last week at Talladega Superspeedway vaulted him into the points lead with four races left in NASCAR's Chase for the Championship and this week he starts on the front row in Martinsville.
The unpredictable nature of Sunday's NASCAR Sprint Cup Series race at Talladega Superspeedway makes it what many call a "wild card" in the Chase of the Championship.
The Sprint Cup Series is running its final night race this season tonight at Charlotte Motor Speedway and three young drivers are looking forward to their first start on NASCAR's top circuit.
Kyle Busch and his big brother Kurt both crashed in Saturday morning practice for Sunday's NASCAR Sprint Cup Series race at Kansas Speedway.
For the second time this year, Dale Earnhardt Jr. has set fast time in qualifying for a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series race.
NASCAR's Sprint Cup Series is nearby in New Hampshire this weekend and another track record was set in qualifying as Rocket Man Ryan Newman set fast time.
A week of controversy and surprise announcements served as the prelude to NASCAR's playoff season known as the Chase for the NASCAR Sprint Cup.
Tonight's race at Richmond International Raceway is the cutoff to determine which drivers will be vying for NASCAR's 2013 Sprint Cup Series Championship. And just like last year, Jeff Gordon needs to race his way into the Chase.
Rookie Sprint Cup Series driver Ricky Stenhouse Jr. earned the pole starting position for Sunday night's race at Atlanta Motor Speedway.
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Standard & Poor's Ratings Services has affirmed its 'AAA' rating on the Beverly Hills Public Financing Authority, Calif.'s water revenue bonds outstanding, issued for the City of Beverly Hills. The outlook is stable. The ratings reflect our assessment of the following credit strengths: A diverse and stable customer base with primarily residential customers; A strong economic base with very high wealth and income levels; Affordable-but-rising rates with expected increases; and Good to strong debt service coverage (DSC) and strong liquidity. The water system's net revenues secure the bonds. Located 10 miles west of downtown Los Angeles, Beverly Hills (AAA/Stable), is a wealthy city with a highly developed retail base. It has a strong underlying economy with economic activity linked to...
Companies mentioned in this report are: Beverly Hills Pub Fincg Auth,Beverly Hills
Action: Affirmed
Action: Outlook: Stable
Standard and Poors RatingsXpress Credit Research provides in-depth coverage of international corporates, financial institutions, insurance companies, utilities, sovereigns and structured finance programs. RatingsXpress Credit Research lets users determine the credit rating of holdings and identify key factors underlying an issuer's creditworthiness, distinguishes the different risk exposures for new and existing deals, and provides an understanding of how their analysts interpret key regulatory, political and environmental events and their economic impact.
This product consists of a Summary Analysis: Bi-annual (at least). An abbreviated analysis containing Standard & Poor's issuer credit ratings as of the time the article was published. The analysis includes a rating rationale - the basis on which the rating was assigned - and an outlook section if the issuer is not on CreditWatch. Financial statistics are not included.
Beverly Hills Pub Fincg Auth,Beverly Hills


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This article focuses on scripts for these purposes:
- Allowing only few people to rename or move files between source-controlled folders, but still restricting everyone from deleting any file.
- Allowing delivery of only one Unified Change Management (UCM) activity at a time from the development stream to the integration stream.
- Implementing different actions for separate user databases that point to the same schema.
You can use these scripts in these situations:
- The first script can be applied in any IBM® Rational® Clearcase environment, regardless of whether it is base or UCM setup.
- The second script can be used only in UCM environments.
- The third script (which is IBM® Rational® ClearQuest® database-related) should be used in cases where there is more than one user database pointing to the same schema but you still need to differ with some of the data, such as choice list, hook permission, record type visibility, and so on.
The sections that follow provide detailed descriptions of all three scripts.
Restrict rename and move operations
Maintaining configuration items within a secure repository is one of the main tasks of software configuration management. You should not allow deleting any artifact unless it is really necessary to do so.
It is a common practice to put a pre-operation trigger for the Rational ClearCase
Rmname operation to ensure that no one is able to delete any artifact (un)intentionally. But when such a trigger is implemented, it restricts even the Rename and Move actions, because, internally, they invoke
Rmname operations only.
Another view could be that configuration identification is an important aspect of configuration management. So, after the artifacts are identified and naming conventions are fixed, care should be taken that artifact names do not change often, and there should be control on rearrangement of files between folders. Otherwise, it could lead to confusion among team members about the exact path of the artifact.
Keeping this in mind, the following trigger script gives file rename and move permission to only specific users, and they are mentioned in the script. At the same time, file removal permission is still restricted for allusers.
Listing 1. Restrict_Rmname_Trigger.pl script
#! /usr/bin/perl $clearcase_user = $ENV{CLEARCASE_USER}; chomp($clearcase_user); $pop = $ENV{CLEARCASE_POP_KIND}; $match = Check_user(); if ($match == 1) { # print "User-id matching. Has permission to go ahead with the trigger \n "; if ($pop ne "lnname") { exit 1; } else { exit 0; } } else { # print "User does not have permission \n"; exit 1; } sub Check_user { @exempted_users = ('vivek.pandey','user.alpha','user.beta'); $result = 0; foreach $i(@exempted_users) { if ( $i eq $clearcase_user ) { $result = 1; return $result; } } return $result; }
In this script, a Perl procedure,
check_user(), matches the user ID with the existing list and returns the result if the user has permission to perform move or rename operations.
You need to use the ClearCase CLEARCASE_POP_KIND environment variable to decide whether a user has invoked a file-delete or move operation. If any user invokes a delete operation, the script exits without comparing the user IDs, thus restricting the delete operation.
The script in Listing 2 should be called while defining the trigger inside ClearCase VOB.
Listing 2. Script to call for defining the trigger
Cleartool mktrtype –element –all –preop rmname –execwin "ccperl Restrict_Rmname_Trigger.pl" No_Rmname
While defining the triggers, we used the ccperl compiler, which is included with ClearCase, so that there is no need to install an appropriate Perl version separately.
Allow only one UCM activity in a single delivery from a development stream
In UCM, when you deliver some activity from development stream to integration stream, UCM creates one integration activity on the integration stream per delivery operation.
Which means, if you deliver more than 1 activity from development stream to integration stream in one go, there will still be single delivery activity created on the integration stream.
Assume a case where, there are multiple levels of check before delivering any work; hence there are multiple streams which are owned by different roles. Consider case in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Sample stream strategy in UCM
In this situation, when a developer working on multiple tasks delivers all work spread across multiple UCM activities into the Defect Validation stream, UCM creates a single delivery activity in the target stream for any successful delivery.
Consider a case where the release lead okays only a subset of activities (two out of the four delivered) to be integrated into Integration stream. In that case, it is a challenge to pick only the activities that you want to deliver, because the activity present on the Defect Validation stream also contains work that you do not want.
As one of the solutions, there could be a process set where the user should deliver only one activity at a time. But there is no guarantee that all users will follow it 100% of time, especially when the release date is nearing and there is pressure to deliver lot of work.
To enforce such a process (deliver of only one activity at a time), you can use the trigger script,
Deliver_only_one_actvity.pl, shown in Listing 2..
Listing 3 shows the actual code.
Listing 3. Trigger script
#! /usr/bin/perl my $from_stream = $ENV{CLEARCASE_SRC_STREAM}; # `clearprompt proceed -prompt $from_stream -prefer_gui`; if ($from_stream =~ /Development_Stream/) { $delivered_acts = $ENV{CLEARCASE_DLVR_ACTS}; @activities = split(/\s/,$delivered_acts); $no_of_activities = scalar(@activities); # `clearprompt proceed -prompt $no_of_activities -prefer_gui`; if ($no_of_activities gt 1) { `clearprompt proceed -prompt "You can Deliver only one activity at a time from Development Stream" -pefer_gui`; exit 1; } }
Here, you use the CLEARCASE_DLVR_ACTS environment variable to determine how many UCM activities have been selected to deliver from development stream. If no number of activities turns out to be greater than 1, then it exits and does not proceed with delivery.
The from_stream variable is used to determine the stream on which such restrictions should be applied.
This script should be called while defining the trigger in the UCM project VOB.
Listing 4. Defining the Trigger to allow deliver only one activity at a time
Cleartool mktrtype –ucm –preop deliver_start -execwin "ccperl Deliver_only_one_Activity.pl" Deliver_Only_One_Activity
Enforce separate implementation for clearquest user databases
Often, there are multiple user databases pointing to same ClearQuest schema. For example, one project development team might be catering to defects or change requests (CRs) coming in from different customers.
For maintaining customer privacy, it is often required that there are different user databases for different customers, but that they point to same ClearQuest schema. The defect or CR workflow is the same for all customers.
There might be cases where certain changes are required at the user database levels (adding a value to drop-down menu, different permission for different user databases, and such), yet they are to be implemented by keeping same schema. In such cases, take care that, while fulfilling one customer request, it does not interfere with another customer's requirements. With the same ClearQuest schema, any changes made to it will be reflected in all user databases.
To overcome this, you can use the following code snippet, where part of code is executed depending upon which of the user databases is affected.
Listing 5. Access control hook
$result = 0; $database = $session->GetSessionDatabase(); my $userdb = $database->GetDatabaseName(); # $entity->SetFieldValue(userdb, $userdb); if (($userdb eq "TEST1") || ($userdb eq "TEST2") || ($userdb eq "TEST3")) { $result = 1; if (MemberOf("GroupA") == 1) { $result = 1; } }
The script above is an access control hook for the Submit action of the Review workflow. By using this hook, the following criteria have been fulfilled:
- Any user should not be able to submit a Review record to the user databases, other than TEST1, TEST2, and TEST3 databases.
- If a user belongs to ClearQuest GroupA, then only that person should be able to submit a record to any of the three databases.
MemberOf() is another record script that is used to check the group of the user who is trying to submit the record. However, it is not within the scope of this article to discuss that script.
Here, we are using the ClearQuest GetDatabaseName()API to determine the name of the user database in which the user is trying to submit the record.
This script can be further enhanced to implement other variations, such as different choice lists for different user databases, permissions according to the user databases, and so forth.
See the Resources section for information about ClearCase and ClearQuest.
- Visit the Rational ClearCase area on developerWorks for technical articles and tutorials.
- Check the ClearCase information center for documentation, tutorials, and other technical information.
- Find answers to terminology questions in the ClearCase Glossary.
- Visit the Rational ClearQuest product page.
- Learn more in the Rational ClearQuest information center.
- Visit the Rational ClearQuest area on IBM developerWorks for technical articles and tutorials.
- Explore the Rational ClearQuest support portal.
- Explore the Rational change and release management library.
- Learn how features such as local and remote access, a proven use model, a wide range of supported environments, transparent access to files, and parallel development support give your team members instant, controlled access to the project assets that they need to create, update, build, reuse, and maintain your software in the software configuration management information center.
- Learn about other applications in the IBM Rational Software Delivery Platform, including collaboration tools for parallel development and geographically dispersed teams, plus specialized software for architecture management, asset management, change and release management, integrated requirements management, process and portfolio management, and quality management.
- Find product manuals, installation guides, and other documentation in the IBM Rational Online Documentation Center.
- Visit the Rational software area on developerWorks for technical resources and best practices for Rational Software Delivery Platform products.
- Explore Rational computer-based, Web-based, and instructor-led online courses. Hone your skills and learn more about Rational tools with these courses, which range from introductory to advanced. The courses on this catalog are available for purchase through computer-based training or Web-based training. Additionally, some "Getting Started" courses are available free of charge.
- Subscribe to the IBM developerWorks newsletter, a weekly update on the best of developerWorks tutorials, articles, downloads, community activities, webcasts and events.
Get products and technologies
- Download the free trial version of ClearCase to try it and decide for yourself.
- Get the trial download of Rational ClearQuest.
- Download trial versions of Rational software.
- Download IBM product evaluation versions and get your hands on application development tools and middleware products from DB2®, Lotus®, Tivoli®, and WebSphere®.
- Join the Rational ClearCase discussion forum to exchange information with your peers.
- Join the Rational ClearQuest Forums and Communities to get and give tips to other developers and testers who use ClearQuest. Subscribe by email, and subscribers can also post by e-mail.
- Check out developerWorks blogs and get involved in the developerWorks community.
Dig deeper into Rational software on developerWorks
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- Free online course: Getting started with IBM Bluemix
- IBM Bluemix Garage Method
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- Communities
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Don't let it get away!
Keep track of the stocks that matter to you.
Help yourself with the Fool's FREE and easy new watchlist service today.
The Department of Defense awarded Science Applications International Corporation, better known as SAIC (UNKNOWN: SAI.DL ) , a $179.6 million "non-competitive acquisition," firm-fixed-price, non-option-eligible, non-multiyear contract onTuesday.
The contract hires SAIC to support the U.S. Army's "Saturn Arch" program in Afghanistan and, in particular, to perform operations, sustainment, and integration work on aircraft platforms configured to host a suite of sensors deployed in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. The Pentagon's announcement notes that this contract is a "hybrid," with some elements paid at a fixed price, and other reimbursed at cost.
The U.S. Army describes Saturn Arch as having the broad goal of " theaterwide improvised explosive device neutralizing." In essence, its aim is to make IEDs (roadside bombs) less deadly by using intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance assets to "identify and assist in removing IEDs from the battlefield in Afghanistan."


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More Milwaukee movie options: 'The Shining,' 'The Hunt,' Lewis Black
You want more movie options? You got 'em.
Screening in infamy
"1941," Steven Spielberg's comedy about life during wartime, is showing at 7:30 p.m. Friday at Paul's Alley Cinema, the free outdoor movie series at 170 S. 2nd St.
Here's Johnny...at Times
"The Shining," Stanley Kubrick's 1980 icy take on Stephen King's novel about a reeeeeeally bad case of writer's block, is showing at midnight Friday at the Times Theater, 5906 W. Vliet St.
Tickets are $5.
Horror and more
Marcus Theatres' Theatre Entertainment Network is showing some things old and scary, some things new and some things Black Monday through Thursday at the Majestic, Menomonee Falls, North Shore, Ridge and South Shore cinemas:
■"The Thing," John Carpenter's 1982 horror remake with Kurt Russell.
■"The Hunt," a Danish drama about a teacher (Mads Mikkelsen) whose world is upended when rumors send his community over the edge.
■"Lewis Black: Stark Raving Black," a 2009 comedy concert featuring one of Summerfest's favorite sons.
Tickets are $5; for showtimes and other info, go to marcustheatres.com.
Def Leppard takes stage
Def Leppard play their "Hysteria" in full and a few of their other hits in "Def Leppard Viva! Hysteria Concert," a concert event showing in select theaters at 8 p.m. Wednesday.
The concert is on screen at Marcus Theatres' Majestic, Menomonee Falls, North Shore and Ridge cinemas. See marcustheatres.com for info.
— Chris Foran


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Marty Grebb: Smooth Sailin'
Grebb is a huge talent who has collaborated with dozens of big-name artists, beginning with the Buckinghams and lately with Leon Russell, Bonnie Raitt and Taj Mahal. Grebb blows tenor and baritone saxophones, tickles the ivories, wields a mighty guitar, and sings with soul-drenched passion on these 13 fetching originals.
Best known for his sax work, Grebb is hardly a one-man band on this solo debut. Raitt and Mahal head a lengthy list of well-known guest musicians.
Sailin' is a slick but sophisticated recording that, strictly speaking, isn't solely a blues release. About half the tracks offer straight-ahead blues, while the rest include R&B tracks and some blues-influenced pop songs. Highlights include a glossy Stevie Winwood-style R&B number ("High Wire Walker"), a spare Band-like ballad ("Mississippi Muddy Water"), a roadhouse soul track ("Hen House," with Mahal), a New Orleans-style funk piece ("Bad Blood"), and a Randy Newman-like orchestral ballad ("Love and Shelter"). My favorites are two sublime blues duets with a couple of great female singers: Bonnie Raitt on "Soul Mate," and Teresa James on the "Heaven and Earth." Raitt plays her trademark slide guitar on the former, while the latter packs as much emotional wallop as any Marvin Gaye duet with Tammi Terrell.
While the lyrics here are fairly conventional, the biggest surprise is Grebb's smooth singing. On some tracks he sounds like Eric Clapton, on others he emulates Rick Danko of The Band. Factor in support from the likes of Steve Cropper, Jim Keltner, Amos Garrett, three members of Little Feat, Rick Braun, Ivan Neville, Rick Vito and many others, and this is a satisfying release that fully deserves a big crossover audience.
About Marty Grebb
CD/LP/Track Review
- Smooth Sailin' by Ed Kopp