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Left Masthead
September 26, 2016
Borowitz: U.S. May Not Be Able to Invade Countries for No Reason Due to Cuts
Posted on Mar 3, 2013
One good thing might come out of the sequester, according to comedian Andy Borowitz. In a satirical report for The New Yorker, he writes that the budget cuts may prevent American forces from invading other countries for absolutely no reason.
"Historically, the United States has stood ready and able to throw billions of dollars at a military campaign with no clear rationale or well-defined objective," said definitely-not-real Pentagon spokesman Harland Dorrinson. "Our capacity to wage war willy-nilly is now in jeopardy."
If only this weren't a joke.
—Posted by Tracy Bloom.
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'Chasing Ice' director to attend screenings here Friday, Saturday
"Chasing Ice" director Jeff Orlowski will introduce and hold post-screening Q&As at the movie's showings Friday and Saturday night at the Oriental Theatre, 2230 N. Farwell Ave.
Already on the shortlist of films contending for the Oscar for best documentary feature, "Chasing Ice" follows National Geographic photographer James Balog and his team as they use innovative camera technology to capture the impact of climate change on the world's glaciers and icebergs. It opens at the Oriental Theatre Friday. »Read Full Article
Musicians stage tribute to America's first professional composer
Even if you haven't heard of Stephen Foster, you've heard his music. "Oh! Susanna" and "Camptown Races" are among the first songs a child hears and learns. Unforgettable melodies, and their place in the public domain, ensure that they have endured, in schools, in toys, in movies and commercials, 160-plus years after Foster wrote them.
Foster is thought to have been the country's first professional composer, and his songs were immensely popular during his lifetime. But the music publishing market soured during the Civil War, and Foster died Jan. 13, 1864, at 37, struggling with a fever and a head injury in his final days, with just 38 cents in his pocket. »Read Full Article
Singles Scorecard: Reviews of new tracks from Destiny's Child, New Kids on the Block and the Lonely Island
Former Lovelies singer, Mueller, charts own path with 'Liv Sings Love Songs'
The night after the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, Liv Mueller couldn't sleep.
"I started thinking about the reality of what that scene must have looked like before and after innocent kids were shot and killed. And here I am in the comfort of my own home, and families are dealing with tragedy," the Milwaukee musician said. "A melody popped into my head, and I went downstairs and recorded a song and posted it on Facebook." »Read Full Article
Watch: Clarke and Barrett on CNN's 'Piers Morgan'
Milwaukee's Mayor Tom Barrett and Milwaukee County Sheriff David Clarke argued about gun violence before a national audience on CNN's Piers Morgan's show Tuesday night.
Morgan joined the debate by challenging Clarke's "rhetoric." »Read Full Blog Post(5)
On Tap Today: It's cold again and there's stuff to do
It's nearly the end of the first month of this brand new year. We're pretty sure that means you can't wish someone "Happy New Year" or fiddle with those resolutions after tomorrow. In any case, it's a good time to offer good wishes and look over those annual goals one last time (if you haven't blown them already).
One of our goals is to be a great source for what's going on. And so let's look at what's on the agenda today. »Read Full Blog Post(2)

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Beta Sigma Phi chapters celebrate
Members of Laureate Mu and Eta Kappa Chapters of Beta Sigma Phi recently gathered at the Rice Palace to celebrate the 84th anniversary of the sorority's founding. Beta Sigma Phi is the largest Greek letter women's organization in the world and is devoted to service, social and cultural projects of all kinds. Debra LeJeune served as toastmistress for the event, with Brenella Joubert and Lynne Broussard providing summaries of their chapters' highlights for the year. Laureate Mu's Phyllis Triggs and Eta Kappa's Shannon Hollier were recognized as 2014-15 sweethearts. Monica Bertrand received Eta Kappa's award for best program, while Laureate Mu presented a best program award to Glenda Atkinson and an award for best program with a speaker to Jean Hanks. Receiving the Woman of the Year Award for Laureate Mu was Elsie Rowell and receiving the award for Eta Kappa was Debra LeJeune. Laureate Mu Chapter members on hand for the April 30 banquet were, seated from left, Gloria Stutes, Rowell, Nancy Tislow; standing, Triggs, Joubert, Atkinson, Connie Jaubert, Hanks and Shirley Griffin.


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BJGN 09-12-13 - Special Ops & the X-Files
30:03 minutes BJGN 09-12-13 - Special Ops & the X-Files
It's Special Ops with Brandon Jerwa and Mark Rahner! They reflect on 9/11; discuss the PAX controversy with a listener email; have some more Orson Scott Card news; talk about the 20th anniversary of The X-Files; and hear exciting news from Roger Corman!
| More


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A little good news on the rovers
Posted by Emily Lakdawalla
Topics: Opportunity, Spirit, mission status, Mars Exploration Rovers, Mars
The skies aren't quite as dark as they have been, for both Spirit and Opportunity. In fact, Spirit has enough power now to be doing a little work with its robotic arm. This news is from a press release issued last night. On Spirit's sol 1276, energy production was up to 295 watt hours. On Opportunity's sol 1255, energy production was up to 243 watt hours. For Opportunity, the power improvement was particularly welcome, because of concerns last week about the rover's falling core body temperature. The good news is that the temperature has increased from -37°C to -33.4°C; it seems there's now enough power for Opportunity to avoid tripping either its survival heaters or a low-power fault.
Here are Mark Lemmon's latest figures on atmospheric opacity, graphed by Doug Ellison:
Other related posts:
Or read more blog entries about: Opportunity, Spirit, mission status, Mars Exploration Rovers, Mars
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The Rangers could be prominent in the Caribbean World Series, which determines the winter leagues champion. Three members of the 40-man roster are with qualifying clubs: outfielder Engel Beltre and newly acquired pitcher Pedro Figueroa with Licey of the Dominican Republic, and catcher/infielder Robinson Chirinos of the Magallanes of Venezuela. Players can opt out of the tournament, but Rangers GM Jon Daniels said the club encourages participation.
Jon Daniels Excited to See Three Rangers in Caribbean World Series
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This custom drawstring bag with reinforced corners are not only very popular but also inexpensive and comes in 16 colors!
Bee the name on everyone's lips with this USA made full color promotional lip balm featuring over 50 flavor choices.
Promotional earbuds set with interchangeable earbud covers.
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The unique round container of this well rounded Promotional Lip Balm will make a trendy giveaway for your next event.
Give your clients a personal, memorable promotion with an item from ePromos' personal use collection. Whether you're giving away customized bottle/can opener keychains or themed carabiner tape measures, make sure that you select one of our fun and colorful products for your next giveaway. It'll add a whole new dimension to your next promotion campaign.


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Hawaii Kiteboarding Ban
The Hawaiian Senate recently came close to banning kiteboarding and windsurfing within 200 feet of other water users. Although the measure did not pass, the introduction of such a bill is a harbinger of further complications. Please always kite with ...Read More »
2008 Jupiter Kite Invasion
ASNews.net this week: Heal Yourself from Pain Naturally
This Week: Industry veteran Mark Ribkoff has been dealing with chronic and acute pain for over 25 years. This didn't stop him from pursuing the outdoor activities he loved so much like mountain biking, skiing, snowboarding, windsurfing and kiteboarding. About ...Read More »
Playa del Carmen, Mexico will be the first stop of the 2008 PKRA World Tour. Playa del Carmen has many kilometers of powdery white sand beaches and crystal blue Caribbean waters. During the windy season the wind can range from ...Read More »
Kicker and Slider Crash Clip
Sixth Annual Lake Simcoe Winter Sports Festival
Dear Rider, The Annual Lake Simcoe Winter Sports Festival continues to be the largest gathering of wind sport enthusiasts in Ontario. We invite you to join us for the 6th year to be held Saturday February 16th, and Sunday February ...Read More »
Tuva Jansen Waveriding on Takoon eNova2
Hamish McDonald and Crazy Kiteloops
ASNews Podcast This Week: Eclipse Kites!
PODCAST #102: Just back from a successful demo at the first annual La Ventana Classic and KiteXpo in Baja California Sur, Mexico, our guests this week are the founders of Eclipse Kites, Chris Cousins and Dimitri Maramenides. We will also ...Read More »
New Mystic Website
Mystic Kiteboarding has a new stylish website. Their entire 2008 lineup is represented in the interactive site. To check out Mystic, head over to www.mysticboarding.com.Read More »
Ruben Len10 in Israel
The U.S. Open: Snowkite Masters
Attachments: From Kiteforum.com: US Open Snowkite Masters at Skyline, Utah – March 1st &2nd, 2008 In its 4th winter, the US Snowkite Masters has grown to become a world wide series of events, hosting national titles in several different ...Read More »


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Internet Explorer
by Grace Burrowes
|June 26, 2015
Available for download
Not available in stores
Why Do Dukes Fall in Love? Every summer the cream of society gathers at the Dukeries, named for the ducal estates concentrated in one small corner of Nottinghamshire. While the entertainments include parties, balls, and a famous boat race, the ducal hosts and…
|June 6, 2014
Hadrian Bothwell was never an excellent fit with a religious calling, so when his titled brother asks him to take over running the family estate, Hadrian gives up vicaring and returns to Cumberland. He's spent years thinking of Lady Avis Portmaine as the woman he…
|October 15, 2014
The Duke's Arms is an undistinguished little inn in the tiny village of Hopewell-on-Lyft. But one Christmas season sees both inn and village seething with adventure, intrigue, rabbits, and, above all, love as four couples find Yuletide happiness. A Knight…
|March 5, 2013
In this second prequel novella to the popular Windham series, New York Times bestselling author Grace Burrowes continues the story of the Duke and Duchess of Moreland through the tumultuous and bittersweet first years of marriage and parenthood. Percival Windham…
|March 4, 2014
Widower Jonathan Dolan knows how to work hard, make money, and dote on his daughter Georgina, but his humble Irish antecedents have not prepared him for the challenge of wooing Amy Ingraham, Georgina's elegant, genteel governess. Just as Amy begins to evidence a…
|November 6, 2012
The first novella to be published by New York Times bestselling author Grace Burrowes features the foundation story for her bestselling series. This is the tender story of love tested and won, and how Percy Windham, the dashing and brilliant man who was never…
|November 5, 2013
This sparkling short story by New York Times and USA Today bestselling author Grace Burrowes ties back to her popular Windham series. Archer Portmaine is investigating a plot against the Crown when he meets Morgan James, a young lady who believes her hearing…
|July 2, 2013
Fabulous Victorian romance novella by New York Times and USA Today bestselling author Grace Burrowes. In The Bridegroom Wore Plaid three of the MacGregor brothers found true love, while the story of how their sister Lady Mary Frances meets her match in Matthew…
by Miranda Neville
|October 12, 2015
Christmas in London is a busy time at the little bookshop in Duke Street, for love, literature, and shopping. Four couples come and go and discover that happy ever after makes the perfect Christmas gift. A new anthology from the bestselling authors of…
|December 2, 2014
All is fair in love and court... Dunstan Cromarty is practicing law far from his native Scotland, and battles his personal loneliness with professional zeal . On a lucrative and fractious divorce case, he meets his match in a sharp-witted and stunningly beautiful…
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 31, 2005
|Filing date
|Jun 30, 2000
|Priority date
|Jun 30, 2000
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Richard Gu
|Original Assignee
|Texas Instruments Incorporated
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (120), Classifications (11), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates in general to time division multiplex data recovery systems and more specifically to a time division multiplex data recovery system using a close loop phase and delay locked loop.
The TI Wizard is a full Duplex SERDES (Serialize-Deserialize) function plus the high speed differential I/O, the built-in self test (BIST) circuitry, and the phase locked loop (PLL) and delay locked loop (DLL) circuitry needed for timing references for the SERDES. A Wizard port supports data rates from 1.0 Gbaud through 2.5 Gbaud. It also includes comma detect circuitry used for the byte alignment of incoming bit stream.
The Wizard performs basically a Fibre Channel operation: Transmit is 10-bits of 8b/1 0b encoded data in and 1 bit at 10� the frequency differential out Receive is a 10� speed serial bit stream in and 10-bit 8b/1 0b data out. The receive side also performs byte alignment. Wizard is also intended to be used as the Physical Interface Portion of the 800 Mb 1394 standard, as well as Gigabit Ethernet, board to Board interconnect, DSP test port interface, chip to chip interconnect, and any application that requires a very high speed serial interface. The primary intended application for Wizard is to provide building blocks in the ASIC library for developing point-to-point baseband data transmission over controlled impedance media of approximately 5052. The transmission media can be printed circuit boards, copper cables or fiber-optical media. The ultimate rate and distance of data transfer is dependent upon the attenuation characteristics of the media and the noise coupling to the environment.
A Wizard port performs the data serialization, deserialization, and clock extraction functions for a physical layer interface device. The transceiver operates at a maximum of 2.5 Gbps of bandwidth over a serial interface. The transmitter portion serializes 10-bit data words at a rate based on the supplied reference clock. The 10-bit word is intended for 8b/1 0b encoded data, which is then serialized and transmitted differentially at the intended data rate using Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ). The receive section deserializes the input data and synchronizes the 10-bit wide bus data to the local reference clock.
As shown in
One prior art structure of a time division multiplex data recovery system uses one PLL as the reference clock and two open-loop DLLs for data recovery. Although this system has the advantage of being stable in a noisy environment due to the high bandwidth of the PILL and passive DLL clock recovery, this system also has the great disadvantage of requiring high power due to use of the high speed clock which necessitates a huge clock buffer and additional digital logic processing the output of the receiver. Also disadvantageous is that the majority of the system operates digitally thus increasing the power required as the frequency of operation increases.
A second prior art system uses a single PLL for data recovery. Although this system has the advantages of operating at high speeds due to the time division multiplex of 20 slow clocks(assuming a 1:10 deserializer), low power operation due to no clock buffer requirement (clock fanout is one, i.e. capacitive load is very small) and few digital circuits in operation, and activity of all the transmitter and receivers is at a 10% duty cycle due to the time division multiplex, it also has the disadvantage of the data loop receiver having large hunting jitter and the system is not stable in noisy environments due to the extremely narrow bandwidth of operation.
A time division multiplex data recovery system using a closed-loop phase locked loop (PLL) and a delay locked loop (DLL). In other words, one closed loop comprises both a phase locked loop (PLL) and a delay locked loop (DLL) in a novel time division multiplex data recovery system. This new architecture comprises a 4 stage Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) used to generate 8 clock signals, 45 degrees phase shifted from one another, for 8 receivers to do the oversampling in the data recovery block. The receivers 44 each trigger on only the rising edge of the clock to alleviate duty cycle issues. A phase interpolator 44 tracks the received data signal and feeds it back to the Phase/Frequency Detector (PFD) 34 to adjust the measurement position of the sampling clock 70. The PFD 34 has a second input of the reference clock which the PFD uses along with the interpolator input to correct the frequency and phase of the PLL. The PLL operates at a high bandwidth. The DLL's bandwidth is several orders lower than the PLL. The DLL activates only a multiplexer and an interpolator continuously, thereby drawing a minimum amount of power.
Architecturally, the transceiver uses a conventional PLL 30 frequency synthesizer on the Transmit side to generate high speed timing references. But on the receive side, according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, it uses an interpolator 44 and a bimodal data/clock receiver 40,41,42 to determine the ideal placement of the theoretical recovered clock. The phase select circuit 42 and phase interpolator 44 then picks one of the many, i.e. 8, phases of the Delay Locked Loop (DLL) 32 (driven by the Transmit PLL 30) that best matches the ideal and uses it as the recovered clock. This process continuously repeats itself as the incoming frequency is slightly off-frequency from the reference frequency.
The Phase Locked Loop (PLL) 30 design consists of a phase/frequency detector 34, a differential charge pump, an on chip loop filter capacitor 36, a replica-feedback current source bias, a differential voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 38, differential to single end buffer stages and a divide by five circuit block 46. The PLL 30 operates at 1.25 GHz, worst case, and minimizes the clock jitter caused by 250 MHz with 250 mV of low frequency square wave supply noise.
There are two important parameters in a Phase Locked Loop (PLL) 30 design. They are the damping factor and the loop bandwidth. The damping factor can be simplified as:
where: y is the ratio of the small signal resistance of loop filter resistance of symmetric load in the delay element in the Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO), x is the ratio of charge pump current to the bias current set in the delay element of the VCO, N is the VCO frequency multiplier, C1 is loop filter capacitance, CB is the total effective capacitance of VCO ring oscillator and C2 is the third order-roll off capacitance. The loop bandwidth to operating frequency ratio is given by
In the transceiver PILL 30 design, y=3, x=0.5, N=5, C1=12 pf, Cb=0.372 pf, C2=0.6 pf.
As seen from left to right in
Loop filter 36 components consist of resistors and capacitors (third order loop) forming a low pass filter and are all on chip components. Capacitors are N-well PMOS devices with gate connected to control voltage node and drain, source and backgate connect to power supply. In a noisy substrate environment, Nwell device is preferred for a noise sensitive circuit. The loop filter capacitor is 12 pf and the third order roll-off capacitor is set approximately to 0.6 pf(equal to 12 pf/20). The third order capacitor is used to help reduce high frequency ripple on the control voltage Vcp. The total capacitance of the third order capacitor should be less than the loop filter capacitor divided by 20 which is limited by the phase margin constraint.
The replica feedback bias circuit, located in the loop filter 36 of
The core of the VCO 38 consists of 4 differential delay elements 50, 52, 54 and 56 connected in a ring (FIG. 4). The differential output at each node in the ring is buffered by three more stages of delay element at 1�, 2�, and 3� of the core delay element buffer strength. Each differential delay element consists of an NMOS source coupled pair, a current source NMOS bias by Vcn and a pair symmetric load. Each symmetric load consists of a diode-connected PMOS device in shunt with an equally sized Vcp biased PMOS device.
The 8 differential signal outputs from the VCO are converted into 8 phase distinct inputs, separated by 45 degrees, to directly drive the eight receivers 41 of the data recovery block 40. This is unlike the prior systems which use high speed clock buffers driving the receivers 41. The 8 phase distinct inputs also form inputs to the phase interpolator 44. The bandwidth of this buffer should be high so that the fastest start up oscillation frequency of the VCO in the strong process corner still can pass through this buffer to close the feedback loop. A divide by 5 circuit 46 is used to divide the frequency of the signal at the output of the phase interpolator buffer 44. The final signal is then buffered and looped back to the PFD 34 in a closed loop to provide clock phase information feedback to the VCO 38 In this way, if the feedback clock is late, the charge pump in the PLL 30 will charge the PLL 30 clock faster to move the feedback clock to align with the reference clock. As the charge pump charges the PLL 30 and shifts the phase of the clock of the VCO 38, all 8 outputs of the VCO 38 will shift in parallel and will shift likewise, in the same amount and in the same direction.
The differential sampling receiver 41 design, illustrated in block diagram form in the VCO 38 of
The early/late voting logic, illustrated in FIG. 8 through
The deserializer logic is clocked off of the sampling logic. The early/late voting logic is clocked off the voting clock. The deserializer divides down the sampling clock by 5 to derive the recovered byte clock. This byte clock is synchronous to the deserialized data byte, and the recovered byte clock is used to clock whatever logic uses the deserialized data byte, such as the comma detect logic or the PRBSVER logic. The early/late voting logic divides down the leading clock by 4 to derive a leading byte clock, and this byte clock is synchronous to the voting result of the early/late voting block. This leading byte clock is used to clock the phase select logic 42 that uses the voting result of the early/late voting block. This leading byte clock is used to clock the phase select logic 42 that uses the voting result of the early/late voting block.
The early/late voting logic is constructed in a pipelined fashion, two bits at a time. The input clock is the half-speed half baud rate clock, with rising edge leading the sampling clock 70 by 90 degrees. The first function is to determine from the data bits I whether the sampling clock 70 is early or late in the bit period as illustrated in
The early/late voting logic first compares the two data bits to the corresponding data bits that were sampled with the sampling clock. This comparison determines whether the bit was sampled early or late.
It should be noted that this early/late comparison is only valid if the stream has a logic transition from the current bit used for voting and the previous bit. If the data stream does not transition, then the comparison to the previous bit will indicate a 'late' result no matter whether the clocks were late or early because the bits will always be the same in the comparison. If the data stream had two '1s' in a row or two '0s' in a row, then a comparison of the two bits would always yield a 'same' result, even if the clocks were not 'late' in the baud interval. Thus, when there is not a data transition on the data stream, the voting logic must be inhibited. An XOR gate is needed to compare a data bit with the preceding data bit, and this signal is used to 'mask out' the early/late voting comparison. The mask comparison is done in the deserializer logic, and the mask signal is passed as an input to the early/late voting block.
After the circuit of
Each of the flip flops of
The reason that a tie is not allowed is that the phase select logic that adjusts the phase of the high speed clocks must always adjust the phase one step earlier(if there is a late majority), or one step later (if there is an early majority). There is no provision for staying on the same phase step. Thus, a tie vote must be biased one way or the other. It was chosen that some tie votes would be taken as early, and the others taken as late to both minimize logic and to prevent the sample clock 70 from being systematically biased towards one side or the other of the ideal sampling point.
The comparison circuit of
The logic of FIGS. 10. and 11 are among the most complex of the high speed digital logic. For this reason they were both implemented with a variant of pre-charged dynamic logic that maximizes the use of the faster n-channel transistors for the critical paths of the logic. This variant of dynamic logic is not dependent on the clock rate being above a certain rate, so there is no danger of charge bleeding off at slow or even near DC speeds.
Noteworthy is that the leading phase clock 72 is deliberately sampling the incoming data right at the ideal transition point. This is not normally the desired operation. The incoming data is being deliberately sampled right at the ideal data transition point. This is deliberately violating stable set-up and hold conditions on the flip flops that the data is being clocked into, leading to potentially unstable conditions. In reality, the data transitions will jitter around the ideal edge placement in practice so many times the data will be sampled accurately with the leading phase clock. On many other occasions this will not be so, however. The rationale is that on those occasions that the leading edge does catch the data right on transition, it does not matter whether the data was caught correctly or not. In this case, the metastable sampling of the data indicates that the leading edge clock is precisely positioned where it should be anyway. Since the phase select logic 42 MUST take a phase step early or late, either one will be a step away from ideal, and it does not matter which is chosen. It is expected that on the next phase update, the phase select logic 42 will step back towards the ideal sampling point again. Thus, there is a measure of built-in jitter on the recovered clock. The only remaining concern is that the early/late voting logic and the phase select logic 42 be implemented in such a way as to not get into an invalid or damaging state in the presence of metastable logic conditions internally. Due to the pipelined nature of the early/late voting logic, metastable logic conditions will not throw the logic into an invalid state and the depth of the pipelined logic actually helps to provide settling time for any metastable logic condition to settle down before it can propagate through to the phase select logic. The remaining concern is that the Phase Select Logic Block 42 can be constructed such that it is tolerant of potentially metastable conditions on the early/late voting result. That topic will be covered in the documentation for the phase select logic 42.
Looking at the bigger picture of the digital locked loop (DLL) 32, the time required to determine a vote, update the phase select logic 42, and let the phase interpolators 44 settle to a stable phase all determine the maximum update rate of the DLL 32. The maximum update rate of the DLL 32 effectively determines the DLL's 32 bandwidth and its ability to track frequency offset and wander. In the current implementation of the transceiver, the early/late vote takes about 18-bit times to calculate. Allowing 4-bit times for the phase select 42 update and 10-bit times for the phase interpolators 44 to settle, makes for a maximum phase update every 32 bit times. Since there are 64 phase steps per bit time, a maximum tracking rate of {fraction (1/32)} times {fraction (1/64)}={fraction (1/2048)} or 488 parts per million is achieved.
The function of the Phase Select block 42 is to generate the digital control word that sets the phase of the recovered clock via the phase interpolator 44. The phase control word is a 19-bit digital word that selects one of 128 possible phases through the phase interpolators from the analog PLL 30. The 19 bit control word that selects one of 128 possible phases through the phase interpolators from the analog PLL. The 19-bit I control word comes from a bank of 19 flip flops that are operated as a form of state machine. The Phase Select state machine 42 is clocked from the recovered byte clock from the Early/Late Voting block, which is the high speed leading phase clock 72 divided by 4. On every clock rising edge, the phase control word is updated to point to the next earlier phase, next later phase, or remain on the same phase.
On the clock cycle where the phase is updated, the only choices for the new phase is the 'up' phase or the 'down' phase, depending upon the state of the EARLYB input. The EARLYB input controls a multiplexer that selects the new state, with a high level selecting the down (earlier) state and a low level selecting the up (later) state. The 2-input multiplexers controlled by the EARLYB signal are placed closest to the state flip flops in order to minimize set-up/hold requirements on the EARLYB signal relative to the clock input. Fewer multiplexers would be needed if the multiplexers controlled by the decimation phase in
On each clock cycle of the state machine, the current phase state is fed back through the phase select logic 42 and both the next 'up' state and the next 'down' state are computed in parallel. Only one of the possible new states are used, depending on the control of the multiplexer, and the other possible new state is discarded and the current state is kept
The 16-bit thermometer code 82 is used to select one of 17 possible phases between two input clocks. If the thermometer code 82 is 0000000000000000 then the resultant phase is 100% of the input clock and 0% of the second input clock. If the thermometer code 82 is 1000000000000000 then the resultant phase is −94% of the first input clock and −6% of the second input clock. If the thermometer code 82 is 1111111111111111 then the resultant phase is 0% of the first input clock and 100% of the second input clock. See
There are 8 octants on the phase diagram of FIG. 14 and these are coded into the 8 states of the 3-bit octant code. The 8 codes were chosen as the sequence of a Gray-code counter so that as the phase moves from one octant to the next in either direction, only one bit of the code changes at a time. This simplifies the coding for the phase interpolator muxs 80(illustrated in
The 16-bit thermometer code 82 is also designed so that only one bit at a time should change from one phase step to the next. In this case, instead of the Grey-code pattern, a single next bit in the sequence changes from 0 to 1 or 1 to a 0 such that the code starts off with n '1's and then finishes with 16-n '0's. Examples of valid thermometer codes 82 are 1111111100000000 or 1111100000000000. Examples of invalid codes are 0000000000001111 or 1110111000000100. The first is invalid because it has the zeros before the ones while the second is invalid because it has ones after zeros.
There is block of circuitry in
The Phase Interpolator 44 illustrated in
As shown in
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 3, 1994
|Apr 14, 1998
|Dreyer; Stephen F.
|Differential charge pump based phase locked loop or delay locked loop
|May 10, 1996
|Oct 27, 1998
|Intel Corporation
|Differential delay line clock generator with feedback phase control
|Nov 24, 1997
|May 25, 1999
|National Semiconductor Corporation
|Fractional-N phase-lock loop with delay line loop having self-calibrating fractional delay element
|Aug 20, 1997
|Jan 4, 2000
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Synchronous clock generator including a compound delay-locked loop
|May 18, 1998
|Mar 7, 2000
|National Semiconductor Corporation
|1000 mb phase picker clock recovery architecture using interleaved phase detectors
|May 18, 1998
|Sep 4, 2001
|National Semiconductor Corporation
|10/100 mb clock recovery architecture for switches, repeaters and multi-physical layer ports
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 22, 2002
|Jan 31, 2006
|Broadcom Corporation
|Determination and processing for fractional-N programming values
|May 31, 2002
|Mar 28, 2006
|Acard Technology Corporation
|Method and apparatus for high-speed clock data recovery using low-speed circuits
|Nov 20, 2001
|Jul 18, 2006
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
|Expanded comparator for control of digital delay lines in a delay locked loop or phase locked loop
|Sep 30, 2004
|Jan 9, 2007
|Broadcom Corporation
|Temperature compensated crystal oscillator
|Oct 31, 2002
|Jan 9, 2007
|Broadcom Corporation
|Phase-interpolator based PLL frequency synthesizer
|Feb 21, 2006
|Feb 6, 2007
|Fujitsu Limited
|Timing recovery circuit with multiple stages
|Nov 25, 2002
|Feb 27, 2007
|Silicon Laboratories Inc.
|Ring oscillator for use in parallel sampling of high speed data
|May 24, 2004
|Jul 17, 2007
|Marvell International Ltd.
|Interpolator testing circuit
|Oct 14, 2004
|Nov 13, 2007
|Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
|Frequency multiplier pre-stage for fractional-N phase-locked loops
|Mar 20, 2002
|Dec 11, 2007
|Redback Networks, Inc.
|Method and apparatus of multiplexing and demultiplexing communication signals
|Feb 17, 2004
|Jan 1, 2008
|Texas Instruments Incorporated
|Interpolator based clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit with digitally programmable BW and tracking capability
|Dec 29, 2005
|Jan 29, 2008
|Netlogic Microsystems, Inc.
|Methods and apparatus for generating multiple clocks using feedback interpolation
|Dec 20, 2001
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|Sep 30, 2005
|Oct 7, 2008
|Agere Systems Inc.
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|Netlogic Microsystems, Inc.
|Methods and apparatus to increase the resolution of a clock synthesis circuit that uses feedback interpolation
|Nov 28, 2003
|Jan 6, 2009
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Clock and data recovery method and digital circuit for the same
|May 1, 2003
|Feb 10, 2009
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Clock data recovery circuit
|Aug 3, 2006
|Mar 3, 2009
|Intel Corporation
|Analog phase controller
|Mar 24, 2006
|Mar 31, 2009
|Xilinx, Inc.
|Techniques for mitigating, detecting, and correcting single event upset effects in systems using SRAM-based field programmable gate arrays
|Jan 27, 2005
|May 12, 2009
|Net Logic Microsystems, Inc.
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|May 12, 2009
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|Interpolator testing circuit
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|Sep 22, 2009
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|Variable frequency oscillator and communication circuit with it
|Nov 17, 2009
|Intel Corporation
|Circuit to syncrhonize the phase of a distributed clock signal with a received clock signal
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|Feb 22, 2011
|King Fahd University Of Petroleum And Minerals
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|Methods and apparatus for clock and data recovery using transmission lines
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|Phase-interpolator based PLL frequency synthesizer
|Oct 9, 2012
|Hynix Semiconductor Inc.
|Clock data recovery circuit and method for operating the same
|Dec 25, 2012
|Atmel Corporation
|Circuit for a radio system, use and method for operation
|Mar 12, 2013
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|Ring oscillator
|Oct 25, 2011
|Apr 16, 2013
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|Charge pump circuit with low clock feed-through
|Apr 16, 2013
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|Programmable drive strength in memory signaling
|Apr 30, 2013
|Netlogic Microsystems, Inc.
|Methods and apparatus for frequency synthesis with feedback interpolation
|Jan 3, 2012
|Jul 23, 2013
|United Microelectronics Corporation
|Sense-amplifier circuit of memory and calibrating method thereof
|Jun 30, 2010
|Jul 23, 2013
|Netlogic Microsystems, Inc.
|Systems, circuits and methods for conditioning signals for transmission on a physical medium
|Mar 19, 2010
|Aug 27, 2013
|Netlogic Microsystems, Inc.
|Multi-value logic signaling in multi-functional circuits
|Jun 30, 2010
|Sep 17, 2013
|Netlogic Microsystems, Inc.
|Systems, circuits and methods for filtering signals to compensate for channel effects
|Jun 10, 2010
|Oct 8, 2013
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Methods and apparatus for a gray-coded phase rotating frequency divider
|Nov 16, 2011
|Nov 19, 2013
|United Microelectronics Corporation
|Sense amplifier and method for determining values of voltages on bit-line pair
|Oct 27, 2011
|Nov 19, 2013
|Etron Technology, Inc.
|Phase selector capable of tolerating jitter and method thereof, and clock and data recovery circuit
|Jan 17, 2012
|Dec 3, 2013
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|Methods and apparatus for clock and data recovery using transmission lines
|Mar 27, 2009
|Jan 14, 2014
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|Asynchronous data recovery methods and apparatus
|Mar 19, 2010
|Jan 28, 2014
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|Repeate architecture with single clock multiplier unit
|Nov 28, 2012
|Feb 4, 2014
|United Microelectronics Corp.
|Digital-to-analog converter with greater output resistance
|Aug 4, 2008
|Mar 4, 2014
|Netlogic Microsystems, Inc.
|Methods and apparatus to increase the resolution of a clock synthesis circuit that uses feedback interpolation
|Nov 5, 2012
|Mar 11, 2014
|United Microelectronics Corp.
|Asynchronous successive approximation register analog-to-digital converter and operating method thereof
|Sep 19, 2011
|Apr 8, 2014
|United Microelectronics Corp.
|Charge pump system capable of stabilizing an output voltage
|Feb 8, 2013
|Apr 15, 2014
|Netlogic Microsystems, Inc.
|Programmable drive strength in memory signaling
|Nov 21, 2012
|Apr 29, 2014
|United Microelectronics Corp.
|Memory cell and memory cell array using the same
|Oct 15, 2012
|May 13, 2014
|United Microelectronics Corp.
|Memory, supply voltage generation circuit, and operation method of a supply voltage generation circuit used for a memory array
|Mar 26, 2014
|Jul 1, 2014
|United Microelectronics Corp.
|Operation method of a supply voltage generation circuit used for a memory array
|Oct 14, 2010
|Jul 1, 2014
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Dynamic detection and identification of the functional state of multi-processor cores
|Jun 25, 2012
|Jul 15, 2014
|Intel Corporation
|Low power oversampling with delay locked loop implementation
|Jun 25, 2012
|Aug 5, 2014
|Intel Corporation
|Low power oversampling with reduced-architecture delay locked loop
|Mar 26, 2014
|Aug 12, 2014
|United Microelectronics Corporation
|Memory for a voltage regulator circuit
|Nov 14, 2013
|Oct 21, 2014
|United Microelectronics Corp.
|Process monitoring circuit and method
|Nov 27, 2012
|Oct 28, 2014
|United Microelectronics Corporation
|Memory and operation method thereof
|Apr 3, 2013
|Dec 23, 2014
|United Microelectronics Corporation
|Method and device for pulse width estimation
|Nov 7, 2013
|Feb 3, 2015
|United Microelectronics Corp.
|Method and circuit for optimizing bit line power consumption
|Jun 28, 2013
|Feb 3, 2015
|Netlogic Microsystems, Inc.
|Systems, circuits and methods for filtering signals to compensate for channel effects
|Dec 7, 2012
|Feb 10, 2015
|United Microelectronics Corp.
|Memory device and method for driving memory array thereof
|Mar 15, 2013
|Feb 17, 2015
|Xilinx, Inc.
|Clock and data recovery with infinite pull-in range
|Aug 3, 2012
|Mar 3, 2015
|United Microelectronics Corporation
|Voltage regulating circuit configured to have output voltage thereof modulated digitally
|Sep 20, 2011
|May 12, 2015
|United Microelectronics Corporation
|Circuit structure of test-key and test method thereof
|Dec 7, 2012
|May 12, 2015
|United Microelectronics Corp.
|Memory device and driving method thereof
|Dec 21, 2012
|May 19, 2015
|Atmel Corporation
|Circuit for a radio system, use and method for operation
|Jun 30, 2011
|Jun 30, 2015
|Silicon Image, Inc.
|Single ended configurable multi-mode driver
|Jun 27, 2013
|Jul 28, 2015
|Broadcom Corporation
|Multi-value logic signaling in multi-functional circuits
|Jul 4, 2013
|Aug 11, 2015
|United Microelectronics Corporation
|Memory cell array operated with multiple operation voltage
|Jan 13, 2014
|Sep 22, 2015
|United Microelectronics Corp.
|VCO restart up circuit and method thereof
|Jun 11, 2014
|Sep 22, 2015
|Intel Corporation
|Low power oversampling with delay locked loop implementation
|Jul 9, 2014
|Jan 5, 2016
|Intel Corporation
|Low power oversampling with reduced-architecture delay locked loop
|May 20, 2015
|Jan 19, 2016
|Lattice Semiconductor Corporation
|Single-ended configurable multi-mode driver
|Feb 6, 2014
|Jan 26, 2016
|Cisco Technologies, Inc.
|Clock phase compensator for multi-stage time division multiplexer
|Jun 9, 2014
|Mar 8, 2016
|Silicon Image, Inc.
|Configurable multi-dimensional driver and receiver
|Jul 9, 2015
|Jun 28, 2016
|Xilinx, Inc.
|Clock recovery circuit
|Jun 24, 2015
|Jun 28, 2016
|SK Hynix Inc.
|Phase interpolator circuit, clock data recovery circuit including the same, and phase interpolation method
|Jun 11, 2015
|Jul 19, 2016
|Applied Micro Circuits Corporation
|Split loop timing recovery
|Jul 24, 2015
|Aug 16, 2016
|Texas Instruments Incorporated
|Data transfer clock recovery for legacy systems
|Dec 20, 2001
|Jun 20, 2002
|Benjamim Tang
|PLL/DLL dual loop data synchronization utillizing a granular FIFO fill level indicator
|Dec 20, 2001
|Jun 20, 2002
|Benjamim Tang
|PLL/DLL dual loop data synchronization
|Nov 20, 2001
|May 29, 2003
|Bailey Daniel William
|Expanded comparator for control of digital delay lines in a delay locked loop or phase locked loop
|Sep 4, 2001
|Jun 26, 2003
|Yoshihiro Hori
|Address decoder
|Jan 22, 2002
|Jul 31, 2003
|Buznitsky Mitchell A.
|Determination and processing for fractional-N programming values
|Oct 31, 2002
|Sep 4, 2003
|Broadcom Corporation
|Phase-interpolator based PLL frequency synthesizer
|Apr 25, 2002
|Oct 2, 2003
|Broadcom Corporation
|Low jitter phase rotator
|Nov 28, 2003
|Jun 17, 2004
|Fumio Yuuki
|Clock and data recovery method and digital circuit for the same
|Feb 17, 2004
|Aug 18, 2005
|Payne Robert F.
|Interpolator based clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit with digitally programmable BW and tracking capability
|May 1, 2003
|Sep 29, 2005
|Hirofumi Totsuka
|Clock data recovery circuit
|Oct 14, 2004
|Nov 3, 2005
|Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
|Frequency multiplier pre-stage for fractional-N phase-locked loops
|Sep 30, 2004
|Apr 6, 2006
|Broadcom Corporation
|Temperature compensated crystal oscillator
|Feb 21, 2006
|Sep 28, 2006
|Fujitsu Limited
|Timing recovery circuit with multiple stages
|Sep 30, 2005
|Apr 5, 2007
|Parag Parikh
|Multi-stage clock selector
|Jan 5, 2007
|May 17, 2007
|Broadcom Corporation
|Phase-interpolator based PLL frequency synthesizer
|Feb 3, 2006
|Aug 9, 2007
|Sanders Anthony F
|Clock and data recovery circuit including first and second stages
|May 22, 2007
|Dec 13, 2007
|National Semiconductor Germany Ag
|Phase locked loop for the generation of a plurality of output signals
|Aug 3, 2006
|Feb 28, 2008
|Michael Altmann
|Analog phase controller
|Aug 28, 2006
|Feb 28, 2008
|Taner Sumesaglam
|Circuit to syncrhonize the phase of a distributed clock signal with a received clock signal
|Jun 29, 2007
|May 29, 2008
|Nobuhiro Shiramizu
|Variable frequency oscillator and communication circuit with it
|Mar 14, 2008
|Sep 4, 2008
|Benjamim Tang
|PLL/DLL dual loop data synchronization
|Mar 14, 2007
|Sep 18, 2008
|United Microelectronics Corp.
|Phase locked loop and method thereof
|May 30, 2008
|Oct 23, 2008
|Stefanos Sidiropoulos
|Methods and Apparatus for Frequency Synthesis with Feedback Interpolation
|Jul 14, 2008
|Mar 26, 2009
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Semiconductor system
|Dec 28, 2007
|May 7, 2009
|Hynix Semiconductor Inc.
|Clock data recovery circuit and method for operating the same
|Oct 14, 2009
|Apr 15, 2010
|Dirk Haentzschel
|Circuit for a radio system, use and method for operation
|Mar 27, 2009
|Sep 30, 2010
|Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
|Asynchronous data recovery methods and apparatus
|Apr 21, 2009
|Oct 21, 2010
|International Business Machines Corporation
|System and Method for Double Rate Clocking Pulse Generation With Mistrack Cancellation
|Jun 29, 2009
|Dec 30, 2010
|Saad Mohammad Al-Shahrani
|Wideband programmable phase shifting circuit
|Aug 4, 2011
|Jongshin Shin
|Communication system compensating frequency offset of an external reference clock generator, compensation method thereof and data transceiver equipment including the communication system
|Mar 19, 2010
|Sep 22, 2011
|Marc Loinaz
|Multi-Value Logic Signaling in Multi-Functional Circuits
|Sep 22, 2011
|Dean Liu
|Repeater Architecture with Single Clock Multiplier Unit
|Oct 27, 2011
|May 17, 2012
|Kuo-Cyuan Kuo
|Phase selector capable of tolerating jitter and method thereof, and clock and data recovery circuit
|Jul 24, 2015
|Nov 19, 2015
|Texas Instruments Incorporated
|Data transfer clock recovery for legacy systems
|Jul 29, 2015
|Mar 3, 2016
|Fujitsu Limited
|Signal recovery circuit and signal recovery method
|Dec 19, 2011
|Jul 18, 2012
|Multi phase clock and data recovery system
|Jun 9, 2011
|Dec 15, 2011
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Methods and apparatus for a gray-coded phase rotating frequency divider
|Mar 12, 2012
|Sep 20, 2012
|Omron Network Products, Llc
|Method/apparatus for transporting two or more asynchronous data streams over a single data link
|U.S. Classification
|375/355, 375/354, 375/373, 375/376
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 20, 2000
Owner name: TEXAS INSTRUMENTS INCORPORATED, TEXAS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GU, RICHARD;REEL/FRAME:011286/0291
Effective date: 20001010
|Sep 18, 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Oct 4, 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


text:
2 injured in crash on hwy 290 Saturday morning
A man and a woman was sent to the hospital after a crash on hwy 290.
A man and a woman was sent to the hospital after a crash on hwy 290.
Alesha Palmer says she was so stunned by the gift she began crying in the middle of Vetoni's Italian Restaurant
Boy Scout Troop 30 will be hosting their second annual car show on Saturday.
The group wants Texas to secede from the Union—again—and stand as its own independent nation.
Hays and Caldwell Counties are calling on the non-profit Texas Search and Rescue to prepare to help if the weather becomes too much to handl…
Robin Wilkins' family was one of around 100 displaced in September when Lakeview Apartments became a casualty of Austin's growth.
Austin Police detectives say they are concerned about Scott's well-being. She is described as a black female, 180 pounds, 5'4″ and her hair …
The fake convict, a 45-year-old man, was in contact by phone with the father during the charade.
The district tries to reconfigure school space to make more room, they also work on shifting boundaries, but there is no magic bullet.
Video of a Beaumont teacher slapping a student, a woman stealing a ring from a corpse at a funeral home, and tennis ball-size hail hits DFW …
A convicted kidnapper who might be linked to other violent crimes pointed investigators to the location of the remains.
The agency has more than 38,000 employees and nearly 147,000 inmates.
The Taylor Housing Authority is fighting to regain control of two affordable housing complexes valued at more than $2 million that the organ…
The construction has created concerns the creek and the intake facility may not do what it is intended to do.
The free two-day event will be open to the public from 8 a.m. to 10 p.m., Saturday and 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Sunday, April 16-17.
Houston police have stepped up the search Friday for a gunman who they say ambushed and seriously wounded a Texas deputy constable.
The small turtle ramps measure about 5 feet long and 2 feet wide.
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text:
CCBG Architects Archives
Steeple People: Valley church builders, brokers, designers
Even after designing 150 churches, the team at CCBG Architects takes time to understand the individuality of each project. For seven months, CCBG President Brian Cassidy met with an East Valley church to learn about its program, mission and teachings. He spent the meetings listening, asking questions and learning about the religious texts before he… Read More →
Phoenix Warehouse District becomes salvage yard
The downtown Phoenix Warehouse District is no longer just for storage. The area from Jefferson to Grant streets, between 7th Avenue and 7th Street, is growing in a direction away from its history as a warehouse district. Case in point: The Ong Gyut Wholesale Warehouse. Built in 1926 as a grocery storage warehouse, it's now… Read More →
Mixed-Use: Celebrity City
CELEBRITY CITY Developer: Old World Communities General contractor: TBD Architect: CCBG Architects Location: NWC 32nd & Van Buren streets, Phoenix Size: 1.3 MSF The 10-year, multi-phased plan calls for 640 residential units within five multi-story buildings; an 820-room hotel; 177,000 SF of retail space; and 380,000 SF of office space within two mid-rise towers. Construction is estimated to begin in… Read More →


text:
DETROIT (AP) - Kevin Mench hit a tiebreaking RBI single and Alex Rodriguez added a two-run double in Texas' five-run 11th inning as the Rangers beat the Detroit Tigers 7-2 Wednesday night.
Herbert Perry and Travis Hafner led off the 11th with singles, and pitcher Julio Santana (3-4) misplayed Michael Young's sacrifice bunt for an error, loading the bases.
Jamie Walker came in to face pinch-hitter Mike Lamb and got him to ground into a force at the plate.
Indians 6, Devil Rays 2
CLEVELAND (AP) - C.C. Sabathia got his elusive seventh win and Karim Garcia hit a two-run homer Wednesday night, giving the Cleveland Indians a 6-2 win over the sloppy Tampa Bay Devil Rays.
Yankees 6, Royals 2
NEW YORK (AP) - Pitching at 40 years old for the very first time, Roger Clemens looked almost as good as ever.
Clemens came off the disabled list to throw seven sharp innings, getting home run support from Jorge Posada and Derek Jeter as the New York Yankees beat the Kansas City Royals.
Mariners 5, Jays 4 (10)
TORONTO (AP) - Chris Woodward hit three home runs for Toronto, but Dan Wilson homered in the 10th inning to lift the Seattle Mariners over the Blue Jays.
Woodward, who started the day with eight home runs in 148 at-bats this season, had the first multihomer game of his career.
Orioles 6, Twins 4
BALTIMORE (AP) - Gary Matthews Jr. had three hits and two RBIs, and Scott Erickson overcame his own shaky fielding to earn his second win since April 28 as the Baltimore Orioles defeated the Minnesota Twins.
Melvin Mora had two hits and drove in two runs for the Orioles, who built an early 5-0 lead against Rick Reed (9-6) and held on.
Athletics 3, Red Sox 2
BOSTON (AP) - Terrence Long reached over the right-center field wall into the Boston bullpen to rob Manny Ramirez of a three-run homer with two outs in the ninth inning to preserve the Oakland Athletics' 3-2 win over the Red Sox on Wednesday night.
White Sox 7, Angels 6
CHICAGO (AP) - Royce Clayton hit a game-winning RBI single with one out in the ninth inning to lead the Chicago White Sox to a 7-6 win over the Anaheim Angels on Wednesday night.
Frank Thomas hit a two-run homer in the sixth as the White Sox rallied from a 6-2 deficit.
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text:
on November 11, 2012 - 12:01 AM
Today, 2 p.m.: Not Just Words: Prose reading by Olga Karman followed by poetry with slideshow of collage art by Katherine Denison. Artspace Buffalo Gallery, 1219 Main St. $5.
Monday, 7 p.m.: Not Just Words: Dramatic Readings by Tim Newell and others including Ann Goldsmith, Kathleen Betsko Yale, J. Tim Raymond and Timothy Englert. Works to be excerpted include Shakespeare's "Richard III" and Ann Goldsmith's "The Plague." Artspace Buffalo Gallery, 1219 Main St. $5.
Tuesday, 7 p.m.: Reading and book signing with Mick Cochrane, author of "Fitz," a new young adult novel published by Knopf/Random House. Cochrane is professor of English and Lowery Writer-in-Residence at Canisius College. Fireside Lounge, 2nd Floor, Richard E. Winter '42 Student Center, 80 Hughes Ave.
Tuesday, 7 p.m.: Not Just Words: "The Masks We Wear," poetry workshop with Ann Goldsmith. Artspace Buffalo Gallery, 1219 Main St. Free.
Tuesday, 7:30 p.m.: Jewish Community Book Fair: Reading by Israeli-born poet Rachel Bergash, author of the memoir "Half the House, My Life In and Out of Jerusalem" (Sunstone Press). Jewish Community Center-Benderson Building, 2640 North Forest Road, Amherst. $6 to $12.
Wednesday, 7 p.m.: Not Just Words: Writing for Artists, a workshop with J. Tim Raymond. Artspace Buffalo Gallery, 1219 Main St. Free.
Wednesday, 7:30 p.m.: "Earth's Daughters: The Next Generation," a benefit reading for Earth's Daughters magazine featuring many of the Buffalo-Niagara region's leading younger women poets and writers, including Marina Blitshteyn, Robin Brox, Jennifer Campbell, Kim Chinquee, Sara Ries. and Janna Willoughby-Lohr, . Buffalo East, 1412 Main St. $10 to $20 (which includes a subscription to the magazine).
Wednesday, 7:30 p.m.: Jewish Community Book Fair: Reading by Bonnie Schneider, cable network meteorologist on CNN and HLN and author of a new book, "Extreme Weather" (Palgrave McMillian). Jewish Community Center-Benderson Building, 2640 North Forest Road, Amherst. $6 to $12.
Thursday, 1 p.m. to 7:30 p.m.: Canisius College Polish Legacy Book Fair. Runs 1 p.m. to 7:30 p.m. daily through Sunday. Montante Cultural Center, 2001 Main St.
Thursday, 7 p.m.: Book launch for "My Bookstore: Writers Celebrate Their Favorite Places to Browse, Read, and Shop" (Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers) featuring contributing essayist Mick CochraneDiscussion with Jon Welch of Talking Leaves Books on the role of independent bookstores in today's cultural climate to follow. Talking Leaves Books, 3158 Main St.
Thursday, 7 p.m.: The Write Thing Series presents a fiction reading by Laurie Viera Rigler, author of "Confessions of a Jane Austen Addict" and "Rude Awakenings of a Jane Austen Addict" (both published by Plume in North America). Medaille College Academic Commons, Main Hall, 4th floor, 18 Agassiz Circle.
Thursday, 7 p.m.: Not Just Words: Poetry reading featuring Gene Grabiner, George Grace, and Ryki Zuckerman. Artspace Buffalo Gallery, 1219 Main St. $5.
Thursday, 8 p.m.: UB Poetics Program reading by M�nica de la Torre, a poet, editor and translator. She lives in Brooklyn and is senior editor at BOMB Magazine. Rust Belt Books, 202 Allen St.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 12, 1996
|Filing date
|Jun 24, 1994
|Priority date
|Jun 24, 1994
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Bradley M. Biggs, Christopher F. Norton, Louis P. Farace
|Original Assignee
|Motorola, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (13), Classifications (8), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates in general to electrical connectors, and in particular to hermetic electrical connectors.
Hermetic electrical connectors are important to a significant number of industries, in a significant number of applications. An example includes use with the electronic safe and arming device industry, where exploding foil initiator technology slapper detonators are used to initiate warheads or distribute payloads in missiles, guided projectiles, and submunitions. Other examples of such use are in oil recovery, mining, and demolition devices.
The need for hermetic connections arises from the effects of moisture and water condensation in electronic packages. Salts and ionic contaminants dissolved within the moisture serve to degrade the reliability of electrical components inducing both ohmic changes in electrical connections as well as chemical changes in semiconductor materials. To prevent the undesirable degradation of performance which often results, low leakage hermetic connections are needed to preclude or minimize moisture intrusion and the associated chemical activity.
Typical hermetic connectors presently used include glass to metal seals or ceramic/metal feed-throughs. These connectors suffer from a number of disadvantages. Such connectors are expensive due to the thermal processing required to fire and cure the glass and ceramic materials. They are also sensitive to mechanical shock because of the brittle nature of the glass and ceramic materials. Since brittle materials are inherently weak in flexure, they are typically designed to take advantage of the stronger shear properties of glass. The resulting configurations are inherently thick, which causes large inductive losses for high current applications.
Harnesses involving multiple conductors and flat cable feed-throughs also exhibit leakage at the edges, where imperfect blending of the cable laminations occurs in areas of non-uniform thickness. Unwanted leakage paths are induced within the cable-referred to as "soda straw" leakage--making the connection susceptible to moisture intrusion where it passes through a bulkhead from outside of an electronic package to inside.
Therefore, what is needed is a flexible, inexpensive, low profile hermetic electrical connection to provide means to maintain a low moisture volume within an electrical package to assure high reliability and long service life.
In FIG. 1, there is shown a side view of a hermetic seal electrical connector in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention;
In FIG. 2, there is shown a top view of the hermetic seal electrical connector in FIG. 1;
In FIG. 3, there is shown the electrical equivalent circuit for the hermetic seal electrical connector of FIGS. 1 and 2 in an electronic sating and arming device application;
In FIG. 4, there is shown a side view of the hermetic seal electrical connector of FIG. 1 in an electronic sating and arming device application; and
In FIG. 5, there is shown a side view of a hermetic seal electrical connector integral to an electrical cable.
Generally, the present invention provides a hermetic electrical connector and method for efficiently passing electrical connections through a bulkhead. While the hermetic connector described is particularly suited for the particular applications described below, other applications for the hermetic connector will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art.
The key features of this connector are: a serpentine path for vapor flow through the connector; a low profile giving the connector a low electrical impedance; a continuous surface for adhesion to eliminate the "soda straw" exhibited by slotted connectors; and the capability to be integrated into a cable.
The serpentine path for vapor flow is a result of the overlapping metal layers of the connector. The metal layers block vapor flow and force the vapor to travel through the adhesive layers in a serpentine path. This results in a lower vapor flow rate through the connector. The low profile of the connector is the result of thin metal, adhesive and insulator layers. It is the thin metal layers that determine the low electrical impedance of the connector. A single continuous layer for adhesion prevents this connector from exhibiting the "soda straw" effect that is common in slotted connectors. The capability of the connector to be implemented with a cable instead of metal layers results in an even lower profile for the connector. As is shown and explained below, incorporating the interior portion of the connector in a cable as a second embodiment also eliminates several assembly steps from a first embodiment.
The present invention can be more fully understood with reference to the figures. FIG. 1 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a hermetic connector 1 in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention. Contacts 10 provide the electrical connection between the inside of the isolated container 12 and the outside of the container 14, separated by a container barrier, i.e. bulkhead 16. While FIG. 1 illustrates two contacts, a plurality of contacts could easily be employed, depending on the number of electrical connections required to be passed through the container bulkhead 16. Contacts 10 can be of individual unitary construction e.g. eyelets or formed by plating and etching techniques familiar to those in the art. Contacts 10 are attached to dielectric 18 by adhesive layer 20. Adhesive layers 20 and 27 are optional. Shown in unitary form in FIG. 1, contacts 10 are electrically coupled by a narrow contact interconnector region, the cross sectional area of which is less than the area of contacts 10. In the preferred embodiment, the contact interconnector region is substantially perpendicular to the laminar layers described below.
Dielectric 18 in FIG. 1 provides an electrical isolation layer and can be polyimide or any insulator of sufficient strength to prevent arcing between contacts 10 and metal or conductive layer 22. Adhesive layer 24 attaches dielectric 18 on a second surface to conductive layer 22 and further isolates contacts 10 from electrically shorting to each other. Conductive layer 22 is welded, soldered, or adhesively attached to bulkhead 16. A second surface of conductive layer 22 is bonded to dielectric layer 26 by adhesive layer 25. Dielectric layer 26 acts as an electrical isolation layer.
Adhesive layers 24 and 25 maintain electrical isolation between contacts 10 and conductive layer 22. Adhesive layer 27 is used to bond the interior faces of metal contacts 10 to dielectric layer 26. While shown as substantially planar, or flat layers in FIG. 1, the nature of adhesive layers 20, 24, 25, and 27 is such that upon application of heat and pressure during fabrication, adhesive layers 20, 24, 25, and 27 flow sufficiently to fill all air space between adjacent layers.
The planar or laminar arrangement of contacts 10, adhesive layers 20 and 24, dielectric layers 18 and 26, and the conductive layer 22 provides a barrier to moisture and other outside contaminants resulting in only a long serpentine path such as shown in lines 2 through which moisture can intrude into the assembly (moisture intrusion is impossible directly through the metal contacts 10 and the conductive layer 22, leaving only the dielectric and adhesive as moisture paths).
The moisture leak rate through the connection can be described from the following equation: ##EQU1## Thus, the leakage is low since adhesive layers 20 and 24 can be made thin (on the order of 0.0501 mm, or about 2 mils) and long (on the order of 0.3175 cm, or about one-eighth inch).
The hermetic electrical connector in FIG. 1 exhibits a small area term in the equation by virtue of the dielectric 18 and adhesive thickness 20. The length term is maximized by the planar configuration which results in the serpentine path 2. The connector 1 which results is also low in inductance minimizing electrical losses for applications such as in electronic safe and arm devices where currents exceeding several thousand amperes are typically induced through contacts 10.
FIG. 2 shows a top view in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention in FIG. 1, illustrating how conductive layer 22 has an exposed portion at the periphery. The hermetic electrical connector fits against the bulkhead 16 at the exposed conductive layer 22/bulkhead 16 points of contact (which are sealed, for example, by soldering, welding or adhesive). An embedded section of conductive layer 22 lies below the adhesive layer 20, between dielectric layers 18 and 26 and adhesive layers 24 and 25 (see FIG.
The top view of FIG. 2 also depicts the projected face area presented to moisture in the outside environment 14. Since moisture cannot pass through either the solid metal of contacts 10 or the embedded conductive layer 22 directly, intrusion can only take place under and around the contacts--a path which is long and has reduced penetrable face area.
FIG. 3 shows an electrically equivalent circuit for connector 1 in accordance with a preferred embodiment of this invention. FIG. 3 includes a series connection of a charged high-voltage capacitor 5 through a high voltage switch 4 to the electrically equivalent hermetic connector 3 and electrical load 7 to electrical ground. The electrically equivalent hermetic connector 3 comprises a connector equivalent resistance 8 and a connector equivalent inductance 6. The electrical load 7 in this application can be an exploding foil initiator for an electric safing and arming device.
As an example of the improvement produced with hermetic connector 1, consider the electrical performance of the hermetic connector 1 where high currents momentarily pass through contacts 10. Since the losses from induction are given as:
Voltage Loss=Inductance * dl/dt,
it can be seen that the effect of an extremely high dl/dt term can be minimized by the very low inductance which hermetic connector 1 provides.
FIG. 4 illustrates an application of the hermetic connector 1 in FIG. 1, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention. FIG. 4 includes cable terminations 30 and 32 which mate with the hermetic connector 1 on opposite sides of hermetic connector 1. The hermetic connector 1 separates the interior of a fuze housing 34 in which cable terminations 32 and fireset printed wiring board (PWB) 33 reside from the outside of the fuze housing, which includes cable termination 30 (e.g., the cable to the exploding foil initiator. The cable terminations 32 reside within a packaged electronics unit, while terminations 30 connect to removable explosives exposed to the storage environment.
The hermetic connector 1 in FIG. 4 is coupled through contacts 38 to the cable terminations 32. Cable terminations 32 can be connected to contacts 38 with solder 37. A second end of cable terminations 32 is connected to fireset PWB. On the opposite side of hermetic connector 1 in FIG. 4 (i.e. the outside of the fuze housing 34), cable terminations 30 have insulating adhesive pads 35 to couple to the hermetic connector 1 adhesive layer 20 (see FIG. 1 ). Spring contacts 36 adjacent to the adhesive pads 35 on the underside of cable terminations 30 are held against metal contacts 10 of the hermetic connector 1 when the cable terminations 30 are coupled to the hermetic connector 1.
The hermetic connector 1 in the FIG. 4 application serves to minimize the intrusion of moisture into the electronics package while continuing to maintain a low loss electrical connection since the connector 1 is of low profile and consequently low in inductance. Typical low inductance values measured for flat planar structures are in the 20 to 30 nanohenry range.
FIG. 5 illustrates a second application of the hermetic connector 1 of FIG. 1, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention. In FIG. 5, a cable end is configured to integrally include the hermetic connector 1 as a feature of its design. Conductive layer 22 is welded to the underside of the bulkhead 42 by welds 49. Conductive layer 22 can also be attached to bulkhead 42 with solder or adhesive. Metal conductors 44 and dielectric layers 48 are layered within adhesive layers 46 such that contacts 10 are coupled to conductors 44. Since moisture cannot pass the conductive layer 22, the only path for moisture intrusion is through the thickness of the dielectric layer 48 and adhesive layers 46. The FIG. 5 configuration integrates the features of connector 1 from FIG. 1 into cable termination ending 32 eliminating solder connection 37 previously shown in FIG. 4. The series of laminations resulting can form the cable to fireset PWB connection.
Compared with the FIG. 1 implementation, two additional electrical isolation layers, i.e. dielectric layers 48, are required to isolate the second conductor in FIG. 5. In the preferred embodiment, the adhesive layers 46, the dielectric layers 48, and the conductive layer 22 are each substantially planar and of uniform thickness. The first interconnector and the second interconnector which coupled the first and second contacts to the first and second conductors, respectively, are substantially perpendicular to the laminar layers described above in the preferred embodiment. The maximum first interconnector cross sectional area and the maximum second interconnector cross sectional area are each smaller than the either of the areas of the first and second contacts.
Thus, a hermetic electrical connector and method has been described which overcomes specific problems and accomplishes certain advantages relative to prior art methods and mechanisms. The improvements over known technology are significant. The planar hermetic connector approach described herein provides a low cost means of making electrical connection through a bulkhead barrier intended to separate a moisture bearing environment from the environment within an electronic package required to be dry and moisture-free. The hermetic electrical connector can be made of common materials routinely used in the art for cable fabrication and does not employ glass or other brittle materials commonly used to preclude moisture intrusion. This results in an inexpensive, flexible shock-resistant connection able to withstand the rigors of transportation, handling, and drop. In addition, the number of laminations can be increased to reduce moisture penetration as desired.
Thus, there has also been provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, a hermetic seal electrical connector and method that fully satisfies the aims and advantages set forth above. While the invention has been described in conjunction with a specific embodiment, many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the foregoing description. Accordingly, the invention is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, and variations as fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 10, 1961
|Jan 26, 1965
|Ansul Chemical Co
|Hermetically sealed terminal structure
|Aug 14, 1972
|Mar 26, 1974
|Us Army
|Circuit board processing
|Jul 19, 1982
|Oct 30, 1984
|Hilliard Dozier
|Temperature stable hermetically sealed terminal
|Jan 3, 1986
|May 5, 1987
|Motorola, Inc.
|Surface mount connector for metal printed circuit panels
|Dec 20, 1985
|Dec 8, 1987
|Olin Corporation
|Hybrid and multi-layer circuitry
|Nov 2, 1987
|Jan 24, 1989
|Teledyne Industries, Inc.
|Multilayer combined rigid and flex printed circuits
|Dec 16, 1988
|Jun 2, 1992
|Mitsumi Electric Co., Ltd.
|Circuit board and method of producing circuit board
|Jul 2, 1990
|Aug 31, 1993
|General Electric Company
|Compact high density interconnect structure
|Jun 29, 1990
|Oct 18, 1994
|General Electric Company
|Adaptive lithography in a high density interconnect structure whose signal layers have fixed patterns
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 3, 2000
|Sep 3, 2002
|Fujitsu Limited
|Reduced stress and zero stress interposers for integrated-circuit chips, multichip substrates, and the like
|Oct 14, 2005
|Oct 9, 2007
|Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc.
|System for monitoring sealing wear
|Jun 27, 2007
|Jun 23, 2009
|Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc.
|System for monitoring sealing wear
|Nov 2, 2010
|Orica Explosives Technology Pty Ltd
|Connector for detonator, corresponding booster assembly, and method of use
|Apr 30, 2013
|Raytheon Company
|Shock dampened explosive initiator assembly and method for dampening shock within a delivery vehicle
|Jun 27, 2007
|Jul 31, 2008
|Reliance Electric Technologies, Llc
|System for monitoring sealing wear
|Sep 13, 2012
|Raytheon Company
|Shock dampened explosive initiator assembly and method for dampening shock within a delivery vehicle
|May 8, 2008
|Nov 12, 2009
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Pressure tight feeding arrangement for electrical lines for e.g. sensor, has stack of set of printed circuit boards that are arranged parallel to wall, and set of electrical lines fed through connection lines in printed circuit boards
|May 8, 2008
|Nov 12, 2009
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Electrical conductor pressure-tight feed-through arrangement for use in field equipment for process instrumentation, has electrical conductor elements running parallel to each other and short-circuited by contacting unit
|Aug 24, 2007
|May 6, 2009
|Orica Explosives Technology Pty Ltd
|Connector for detonator, corresponding booster assembly, and method of use
|Sep 2, 2000
|Apr 5, 2001
|Daimlerchrysler Ag
|Injector nozzle for internal combustion engines
|Sep 2, 2000
|Apr 5, 2001
|Eads Deutschland Gmbh
|Electric leadthrough, especially for an injection nozzle, and method for the production thereof
|Aug 24, 2007
|Feb 28, 2008
|Orica Explosives Technology Pty Ltd
|Connector for detonator, corresponding booster assembly, and method of use
|U.S. Classification
|439/566, 174/255, 439/714, 439/684, 174/260
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 21, 1994
Owner name: MOTOROLA, INC., ILLINOIS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:BIGGS, BRADLEY MICHAEL;NORTON, CHRISTOPHER FREDERICK;FARACE, LOUIS PASQUAL;REEL/FRAME:007071/0067
Effective date: 19940620
|Sep 9, 1997
|Certificate of correction
|Dec 31, 1998
Owner name: CHASE MANHATTAN BANK, THE, NEW YORK
Free format text: PATENT SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:ALLIANT TECHSYSTEMS INC.;REEL/FRAME:009662/0089
Effective date: 19981124
|Jun 6, 2000
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Nov 12, 2000
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jan 16, 2001
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20001112
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Owner name: ALLIANT TECHSYSTEMS INC., MINNESOTA
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:JPMORGAN CHASE BANK (FORMERLY KNOWN AS THE CHASE MANHATTAN BANK);REEL/FRAME:015201/0351
Effective date: 20040331


text:
More availability
It's not in the works
BlackBerry PlayBook
News & Rumors
Order DTEK50:
Blackberry DTEK50 |
Order BlackBerry Priv:
Canada |
By Michelle Haag
Monday, Oct 17, 2011 at 8:08 pm EDT
ya lemme just walk on over to Australia and pick one up!
Hmmm.... looks like not anymore...
This very moment they are listed as $485, $625 and $746....
Seems as a "week" means something different there...
PS Just noticed: For the 9900s walk-trough video they gave credit to CB :-)))
42.213.679 Readers per month
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text:
The EarBud Challenge
by Ari Bendersky
on 07 April 2005
6isolator Earphones, a set of in-ear earphones designed in the same manner as EarLove, but as a sonic helper specifically for iPods. This got me thinking about other in-ear devices so I popped over to Shure and found their E3c Sound Isolating Earphones.
A challenged was hatched.
Shure SE530
by Josh Rubin
Shure has some new ear candy coming out next month in the form of the SE530, a new sound-isolating set of earbuds. I was able to sneak a listen and was blown away—they literally brought a tear to my eye. For such a small earphone...
Field Review: Oakley Thump
A hands on review
by Josh Rubin
When Oakley sent me a pair of their Thump Sunglasses, I was skeptical. Sure, the concept of embedding a music player in sunglasses is great, but I had yet to see a good implementation. Overall, I found the Thumps to be pretty decent. The controls...
Sony Eggo
by Josh Rubin
This Winter why not use headphones as ear muffs? The Sony MDR-D66SL (better known as Eggo) headphones are not only super comfy and great sounding, they're the perfect solution for cold weather listening. The egg shaped housings are plain and simple...
Etymotics Custom Fit
Molded soft silicon gives these earphones a perfect fit
by Josh Rubin
Compared to their regular earbuds, the experience of listening to music using Etymotic's custom-molded earths is something like the difference between sitting in an amazing sports car and actually driving one. I've had the opportunity to demo an...
EarLove: Practice Safe Sound
by Ari Bendersky
There's nothing worse than leaving a concert or a night out clubbing and your ears ring so much it's like the bass and drums left with you. The high decibel levels cause physical damage to your ear drums – and too much exposure can...
Shure Music Phone Adapter for iPhone
by Josh Rubin
So you have an iPhone and high-quality earphones but never the two shall meet. Belkin makes an adapter that at least fits the recessed headset jack on the iPhone, but what if you want to talk on the phone? The MPA-3C from Shure will do the trick...
Earmecca Earphone Earrings
by Evan Orensten
Combining in-ear technology with a clip-on earring, these new earbuds from Korean company Earmecca dress up minimalist headphones. Currently only available in Korea, the earrings come in 11 different designs, and several different metals, including...
by Ami Kealoha
Though a wife-beater and old gym shorts will do the trick, not all yoga clothes are created equally. These picks have the superior cuts, fabrics, and technology that will keep you dry without getting in your way, allowing the range of motion and...
Blog From Ars
by Josh Rubin
Hana Iverson and Sabine Seymour have just wrapped up their extensive report on Ars Electronica. This year's Ars, called "Hybrid: Living in Paradox," was curated by Derrick de Kerckhove, head of the Marshall McLuhan Program at the University...
iPod Speakers, Part I
by Ami Kealoha
As iPod speaker systems become as ubiquitous as the iPod itself, we thought it would be a good time to take a closer look at a few of the systems that have been flooding the market recently. In this first installation of our two-part guide, we...
iPod Speakers, Part II
by Ami Kealoha
For Part II of our iPod speaker feature, we focused on larger systems designed to take the place of the traditional home stereo. See iPod Speakers, Part I for the rundown of smaller shelf-based and portable systems. Geneva XL Topping our list is...
Nokia E70: Hands On
by Josh Rubin
It took a week, but I'm now in love with my Nokia E70. I have always been a fan of the butterfly form-factor, but out of the box the new version of Nokia's S60 software felt as convoluted as Windows. After reconfiguring the menus, installing...
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text:
Get Pittsburg Plumbing Problems Fixed Fast Today
At In Demand Plumbing East Bay, we take a personal approach to our customers and businesses. We take pride in bringing Brentwood, Antioch, Pittsburg & Concord CA the most honest and reliable Brentwood Plumber services available. From tankless water heater installation and repair to pipe cleaning, we offer our clients fair pricing and quality work. With our expert plumbers to meet any expectation, we hope to satisfy your plumbing needs and establish a trusting relationship.
Locally owned and operated, In Demand Plumbing takes great pride in helping communities in and around Brentwood, Antioch, Pittsburg & Concord CA find, fix and repair any tankless water heater, drain line, drain cleaning, sewer repair, or any other plumbing concern. We understand that when an emergency happens, you need experienced professionals that are focused on getting to the root of your problems. Our trained Brentwood plumbers have years of industry experience and use only state-of-the-art equipment to make sure each detail is handled with extreme accuracy.
Our goal here at In Demand Plumbing is to keep you from worrying. The next time you are faced with water heater repair, drain cleaning or any other plumbing troubles, remember that it takes only a phone call to In Demand Plumbing to have your problems solved. We make plumbing easy for residents looking for plumbers in Brentwood CA, Antioch, Concord & Walnut Creek, Oakley, Clayton, Martinez, Pittsburg, and Pleasant Hill, CA. Contact us today!
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At some point in time, every homeowner has to deal with a clogged drain. In order for your plumbing fixtures […]
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text:
Top Definition
The beautiful main heroine of the smash RPG hit, Final Fantasy VII. Aerith fell in love with the game's hero, Cloud, before sacrificing her life to save the planet. She later guides the Lifestream to defend the world from Meteor. Aerith sold flowers for a living, and was 22 when she met Cloud. Her best friend in the game was Tifa.
Alternate spelling: Aeris
Alternate spelling: Aeris
Aerith smiled in her last moments.
po Chika Јул 22, 2005
Trending Now
Can you define these popular missing words?
See also Aeris.
Aerith Gainsborough, the main female heroine of Final Fantasy VII.
Ultimately saves the world through her sacrifice.
Aerith Gainsborough, the main female heroine of Final Fantasy VII.
Ultimately saves the world through her sacrifice.
po ChibiTaryn Август 1, 2003
The Japanese game did intend her name as Aerith, because it sounds similar to Earth, representing her being the protector and ultimate savior of the Planet, having become one with Gaia when she became part of Lifestream. Somehow the American team really did make a whoopsie.
Aerith saved the Earth after dying, and used her powers as the last Cetra to control Lifestream and use it to protect and save the Earth.
po Aerith_Toph13 Август 6, 2015
Unlike what the previous poster believes, this the true name of one of the lead roles in the smash hit game Final Fantasy VII, this may have a connection to the "Mystil" spelling error in the game, supposed to be "Mithril".
just so you know, the character designer for all Final Fantasy gammes since Final Fantasy VII spelt the name aerith on his conceptual designs.
All Hail The Great Tetsuya Nomura...
All Hail The Great Tetsuya Nomura...
po Ljcoolbeans Јануар 1, 2008
The way that Wapanese Final Fantasy VII fanfags pronounce "Aeris". This is not due to it being her actual name that was somehow mistranslated, but due to every FF7 fan having a lisp.
po Oni-Unit Август 27, 2005


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text:
I am pretty much at my wits end with my 4 year old son. He talks back constantly. I have pretty much tried every punishment under the sun and it doesnt make a difference. My husband sayd I dont follow through on his punishments but I honestly feel like I do. I feel like all I do is argue with the kid and I am on the verge of a breakdown. I am always with him & my 8 month old- I am a SAHM, he goes to Pre K from 9-12:30 but then its just us until my hubby gets home is usually right at my sons bed time or after hes already asleep. Then my DH either works or goes fishing on Saturdays so I am alone again. I am starting to feel like a bad mom & I truly need a break. My question is are any of you guys dealing with a mouthy little one and what do you do?! Please help! Thanks guys
Mouthy 4 Year old- how to deal
Wife & FTM�to�AJ & Addison
My DD just started back talking a couple of months ago. There is no arguing, no words from me, just straight into timeout and no TV for the rest of the day.
It hasn't stopped it completely, but it has reduced it by about 85%.
Jami - SAHM to two beautiful children gifted to us through adoption: Ellie (4) and Cole (20 months - epilepsy). They are the sunshine on my shoulders!
Sorry that your going thru all that. I could have worte that myslef. I have a mouthy definant 4 year old and and 9 month old and I am home all day by myslef with the two DH doesnt get home until they are both in bed. Right now Every punichment I try doenst work. HE screams in my face and kicks me. Dh also thinks that I let him get away with to much. Time out and taking things awya dont seem to help. Then I feel bad since the new baby came and maybe i am not spending enough time one on one wioth him.
Sorry for vent I hope you figure something out If I do I will let you know
As soon as you stop engaging it will stop. I slip up and am right there with you sometimes, and before I know it I am arguing with a 4 tear old too. :)
Once I catch it, it stops pretty quickly. As soon as she talks back or debates what I have asked, I don't say a word, walk her to timeout, tell her why she us there and for how long, and walk away. It just takes a couple times and she is back on track.
I know it is easier said then done, but you kid will only argue with you if you argue with you kid.
Good luck!!
Mom to Carly 2/13/2007, Blake 3/21/2011, Dylan 9/10/2012, Audra 12/7/2014
If all else fails, DH gets brought in and has a talk with her. A serious one that usually upsets her.
I just wanted to let you know im going through the same thing with my 4yro DD... Somedays are better than others & it seems like she gets really outta controll if she eatts something with too much sugar in it (usually cereal) or misses her daily afternoon nap... I hpoe this is just a phase for all of us that ends quickly, its driving me crazy ..... :)
Lisa & Eric tied the knot Oct 11,08�
Lil Lexie 9/12/07 ~ born @ 33 1/2wks ; 4lb 1oz� & was 16 3/4" long ...� :)
Arlyn (27) married Ed (34) on 1/13/2007, DD born 5/29/2007, expecting second 8/31/2011.
Michelle married to Jay since 7/11/98
Mom to Leona Mae(5/15/07), Ellie Corrine(3/31/11) & Joshua William(1/26/13)
4 Angel babies(3/06, 7/06 & twins 3/10)
I know exactly how you feel and am going through almost the exact same thing right now. DS is in pre-k on only Mon, Wed, & Fri, from 8-3. I almost wish he was going all five days because some days I just cannot deal with him. I feel horrible wishing he wasn't around. It's only the days (like today) when he's just acting terrible and won't listen to me. He says no to everything I ask of him. He starts screaming and crying when I won't let him do something or have something. What I don't get is, I know he does not act this way at school. I cannot stand the fact that he is perfect for his teacher and not me, although I definitely do not want him to mis-behave at school. I also have a 15 month old son, so I'm also dealing with him getting into everything and throwing tantrums when I take things away from him or say no. The days that they are both here it's almost unbearable. DH works and goes to school, so most of the household work and dealing with the kids is put on me. Naps are not the answer for me. ODS does not need them. He would never go to bed at night if he took a nap. I try time outs, which sometimes work, but he screams, crys, hits, etc...all the way there. DH and I need to talk about these things and work out a plan together. So should you and your DH. Ask him to not go fishing on the weekends and be more invloved in what's going on with your kids. DH is always home when he's not at work or school because he knows he's a parent here too. He will actually send me out of the house so I can relax for a bit.
Wife to Charlie, mommy to Aiden and baby Gabe
Yup - do not engage. As soon as DD starts with the word but - I say But Nothing to her until she stops.
Also - give your DH a little guilt trip. Ask him if he ever did things on the weekends with his dad. Tell him it is sad for a little boy to grow up not doing things with his dad. There are books for fathers and sons - get him one,


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Thursday, July 25, 2013 1:15 PM
Inappropriate photo? Alert us.
Keep the relaxed vibe of lying on the beach at your fingertips with this sterling-silver oyster ring. A freshwater pearl sits front and center. $400 at Mignon Faget, 3801 Magazine St., 504.891.2005; The Shops at Canal Place, 504.524.2973; Lakeside Shopping Center, 504.835.2244
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iAirplanes HD
iOS iPad Entertainment
iAirplanes HD allows you to browse among some of the most amazing pictures of airplanes. Whether you are passionate about airplanes or you only want a nice slideshow, iAirplanes offers almost 3.000 aircrafts from 50 countries, with details of performance, capacity, dimensions and many more ...
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text:
Lodge Young Burrangong No.20
Masonry began in Young in May 1859, 3 years after gold was discovered in Demondrille. the first meeting was held at Burrangong Station and then at the Criterion Hotel. Freemasonry is one of the oldest and largest fraternal societies. It provides a code of living in todays society based on moral and ethical standing. Freemasonry is an organisation of men who strive to live by the fundamental principles of integrity, goodwill and charity. It is a non profit organisation that is heavily involved in supporting charity and community services. It is a society that unifies men of high ideas regardless of colour, creed or worldly status. The aim of Freemasonry is to join together man of integrity and goodwill from all walks of life in friendship. its sets high standards of behavior to be maintained in daily life by providing an example to the community. Who are Freemasons? They are ordinary men of the community, 18 years and over, of all religious backgrounds who share a concern for human values, moral standards, respect for laws of society and the rights of individuals. There are approximately 5 million masons worldwide and 70,000 in Australia and New Zealand.


text:
Our Mini Ham with Cheese contains:
One 2 lb. Sliced City Ham
12 oz. Medium Cheddar Cheese
12 oz. Mild Colby cheese
This item makes an easy snack or tasty lunch.
Our Mini Ham with Cheese contains:
This item makes an easy snack or tasty lunch.
Read Instructions (PDF)
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I have fond memories in my childhood of trying to figure out puzzles and feeling a bit of warm self-satisfaction when I was able to figure them out on my own. One of my favorite puzzles in particular was in a famous gaming magazine that had a monthly section in which they would feature several close-ups of objects, and you would have to figure out what they were from the visual perspective they provided. I thought I would try something of the same, but geared only toward technology. Below is a picture of such an object. Please submit your guesses in the comments section, and the first person to guess correctly will have their name featured as the winner in the next puzzle picture! (Geeknews staff are excluded) Good luck!
Patrick Allred
Latest posts by Patrick Allred (see all)
- Security and You – Online Casino Gaming - September 12, 2016
- Coolest Tech Essentials To Introduce To Your New Home - September 9, 2016
- Skyscraper Tetris And 3 Other Times Humans Did Awesome Stuff With Lighting - September 9, 2016


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Under construction until fall 2016.
Last winter, the museum began construction on Oregon – Where Past is Present and the adjacent exhibit spaces in the museum's south wing. The undertaking will bring new interactive displays, fresh content, and greater accessibility to the ten-year-old cultural history exhibit – plus a brand new exhibit area devoted to Oregon's Paisley Caves.
The exhibit hall will be open but under ongoing construction through Sunday, September 11, 2016.
The exhibit will be closed for final construction phases from September 12 through November 4.
Saturday, November 5 and Sunday, November 6, 2016
Free admission and half-price family memberships available all weekend. Check out our events calendar for details!
Experience 15,000 years of Northwest cultural history and 200 million years of geology. Realistic environmental displays portray four geographic regions of Oregon, each a different time in history and a different season of the year.
The Great Basin environment portrays an autumn, 6,000 years ago, when the area we now know as desert, bloomed with abundance. View a traditionally made wikiup and a cache of tui chubs, a food staple.
One of North America's largest Native fishing and trading centers at Celilo Falls is illustrated in the Columbia Plateau environment during the summer fishing season some 250 years ago. Observe up close the span of a fishing net used at the Falls for over 10,000 years.
A highlight of the Pacific Coast environment is a three-dimensional replica of a traditional winter plank house, situated in village at the mouth of an inland estuary around 1,500 years ago.
In the Western Valleys, view a mural of Native women gathering camas roots during the spring harvest, in a valley surrounded by an oak savanna and a pine forest some 1,000 years ago.
See artifacts featured in this exhibit in the Oregon - Where Past is Present web gallery.