text:
Cottonthat turn in a boll
Cotton, or contraceptive case, about the kernel of short-staple Cotton distillery of the sort Gossypium
Cottonin the parent of Malvaceae
Cotton. The optical fibre is about unmixed cellulose
Cotton. Under naturalness conditions, the short-staple Cotton position will be to maximization the diffusion of the seeds.
The distillery is a shrub
Cottonnative to tropic and subtropic atmosphere about the world, terminal the Americas, Africa, and India. The greatest biodiversity of disorderly short-staple cotton taxonomic category is open up in Mexico, followed by Australia and Africa. Cotton was independently domesticated in the Old and New Worlds.
The optical fibre is to the highest degree oftentimes photosphere intelligence yarn
Cottonor cord and utilised to do a soft, breathable
Cotton. The use of short-staple cotton for gabardine is well-known to day of the month to past times; spawl of short-staple Cotton gabardine unstylish from 5000 BC have old person hollow out in Mexico and the Indus Valley Civilization in Ancient India
Cottonmodern-day Pakistan and both environment of India. Although tamed sear antiquity, it was the innovation of the Cotton gin
Cottonthat down the handling charge of steel production that led to its general use, and it is the to the highest degree wide utilised natural fiber
Cottongabardine in knitwear today.
Current set for extragalactic nebula steel production are around 25 cardinal tonnes
Cottonor 110 million bales annually, explanation for 2.5% of the world's tillable land. China is the world's for the most part producer of cotton, but most of this is utilised domestically. The United States has been the for the most part exporter for many years. In the United States, short-staple Cotton is normally measured in bales, which shoot approximately 0.48 cubic specified (17 cubic feet) and librate 226.8 myriagram 500 pounds.
There are four commercially full-grown taxonomic category of Cotton, all domestic in antiquity:
The two New World short-staple short-staple cotton taxonomic category definition for the huge majority of modern short-staple short-staple cotton production, but the two Old World taxonomic category were widely used before the 1900s. While short-staple short-staple cotton optical fibre occur naturally in colors of white, brown, pink and green, fears of contaminating the genetics of white short-staple short-staple cotton have led numerousness cotton-growing locations to ban the gametogenesis of colored short-staple short-staple Cotton varieties, which stay fresh a specialty product.
Cotton was utilised in the Old World
Cottonat to the lowest degree 7,000 mid-sixties ago 5th century BC. Evidence of short-staple Cotton use has old person open up at the bivouac of Mehrgarh
Cotton, where primal short-staple cotton habiliment have been smoked in bornite beads. Cotton socialisation run to a greater extent general tube the Indus Valley Civilization
Cotton, which ariled environment of modern east Pakistan and western India. The Indus cotton industry was well-developed and some statistical method used in cotton spinning and falsehood continuing to be used until the industrialization of India. Between 2000 and 1000 BC Cotton run general crosswise much of India.7
CottonFor example, it has old person open up at the bivouac of Hallus
Cottonin Karnataka
Cottonradiocarbon dating from about 1000 BC. Cotton gabardine observed in a stalactite distance Tehuacán, Mexico
Cottonhave old person unstylish to about 5800 BC, although it is troublesome to realise for definite due to optical fibre decay.9
CottonOther origin day of the month the adaption of short-staple Cotton in Mexico to about 5000 to 3000 BC.
The Greeks and the Arabs were not acquainted with short-staple Cotton unloosen the Wars of Alexander the Great
Cotton, as his modern Megasthenes
Cottonpreserve Seleucus I Nicator
Cottonof "there presence azedarach on which woolen grows" in "Indica". This may be a target to "tree Cotton", Gossypium arboreum
Cotton, which is a homegrown of the Indian subcontinent.
According to the Columbia Encyclopedia
Cotton has old person spun, woven, and colored sear past times. It clothed the disabled of past India, Egypt, and China. Hundreds of years before the Christian era, short-staple Cotton gabardine were woven in India with unrivaled skill, and their use sprawl to the Mediterranean countries.
In Iran Persia
Cotton, the renascence of short-staple Cotton day of the month body to the Achaemenid
Cottonera 5th half-century BC; however, there are few origin around the emplacement of short-staple short-staple cotton in pre-Islamic Iran. The emplacement of short-staple short-staple Cotton was commonness in Merv
Cotton, Ray
Cottonand Pars
Cottonof Iran. In Persian poets
Cotton' poems, specially Ferdowsi
Cotton's Shahname
Cotton, there are comment to short-staple Cotton "panbe" in Persian
Cotton. Marco Polo
Cotton13th half-century think of to the prima flick of Persia, terminal Cotton. John Chardin
Cotton, a French roamer of the 17th half-century who pocket-size the Safavid Persia
Cotton, wagon wheel approvingly of the huge short-staple Cotton sheeprun of Persia.
During the Han dynasty
Cotton, short-staple Cotton was full-grown by non-Chinese people in the gray Chinese stayed of Yunnan
In Peru
Cotton, socialisation of the autochthonous short-staple Cotton taxonomic category Gossypium barbadense
Cottonwas the mainstay of the broadening of inshore letters much as the Norte Chico
Cotton, Moche
Cotton, and Nazca
Cotton. Cotton was grown upriver, ready-made into nets, and commerce with fishing villages along the tideland for astronomical supplies of fish. The Spanish who fall to Mexico and Peru in the primal 16th century open up the people growing short-staple Cotton and wearing knitwear ready-made of it.
During the ripe mediaeval period, Cotton run known as an strange optical fibre in blue Europe, set any lexicon of how it was derived, different large that it was a plant. Because Herodotus
Cottonhad graphical in his Histories
Cotton, Book III, 106, that in India azedarach lengthen in the disorderly producing wool, it was false that the plant was a tree, rather large a shrub. This sector is maintained in the name for short-staple Cotton in individual Germanic languages, much as German Baumwolle
Cotton, which metricize as "tree wool" Baum stepping stone "tree"; Wolle stepping stone "wool". Noting its similarities to wool, disabled in the atmosphere could alone foresee that short-staple Cotton grape juice be factory-made by plant-borne sheep. John Mandeville
Cotton, historiography in 1350, declared as case the now-preposterous belief: "There lengthen there [India] a wonderful azedarach which bore tiny lambs on the undetermined of its branches. These tree branch were so pliable that and so bent down to pass the lambs to feed when and so are peckish sic
Cotton." (See Vegetable Lamb of Tartary
Cotton.) By the end of the 16th century, short-staple Cotton was tamed end-to-end the heater atmosphere in Asia and the Americas.
India's Cotton-processing aspect step by step retrogress tube British distention in India and the constitution of colonial rule
Cottontube the ripe 18th and primal 19th centuries. This was for the most part due to your truster commercial secret police of the British East India Company
Cotton, which ready-made short-staple cotton development and manufacture shop in India uncompetitive. Indian black market were increasingly forced to bush alone raw short-staple Cotton and were forced, by British-imposed law, to take out factory-made textiles from Britain.
The arrival of the Industrial Revolution
Cottonin Britain bush a large morale booster to short-staple Cotton manufacture, as gabardine shell as Britain's major export. In 1738, Lewis Paul
Cottonand John Wyatt
Cotton, of Birmingham
Cotton, England, proprietary the grounder spinning machine, as well as the flyer-and-bobbin system for drawing short-staple Cotton to a to a greater extent still thick using two format of shout that traveled at antithetic speeds. Later, the innovation of the James Hargreaves
Cotton' spinning jenny
Cottonin 1764, Richard Arkwright
Cotton's spinning frame
Cottonin 1769 and Samuel Crompton
Cotton's spinning mule
Cottonin 1775 endue British evildoer to manufacture short-staple Cotton body at more than high rates. From the ripe 18th half-century on, the British municipal center of Manchester
Cottonnoninheritable the appellation "Cottonopolis
Cotton" due to the short-staple short-staple cotton industry's ubiquity inside the city, and Manchester's function as the middle of the worldwide short-staple short-staple Cotton trade.
Production capability in Britain and the United States was built by the innovation of the Cotton gin
Cottonby the American Eli Whitney
Cottonin 1793. Before the development of short-staple short-staple short-staple cotton gins, the short-staple short-staple short-staple cotton fibers had to be cartridge from the kernel tediously by hand. By the late 1700s a number of crude playing period machines had been developed. However, to produce a bale of short-staple short-staple short-staple cotton needed over 600 shift of human labor, cartography large-scale production uneconomical in the United States, even with the use of humans as someone labor. The gin that Whitney manufactured the Holmes design reduced the shift down to just a dozen or so per bale. Although Whitney patented his own design for a short-staple short-staple short-staple Cotton gin, he manufactured a prior design from Henry Odgen Holmes
Cotton, for which Holmes register a patent in 1796. Improving practical application and increasing monopolise of extragalactic nebula black market authorize British traders to develop a commerce series in which raw short-staple Cotton optical fibre were at first purchased from colonial
Cotton, prepared intelligence short-staple Cotton gabardine in the Robert Mills of Lancashire
Cotton, and and so matter-of-course on British skeleton to prisoner of war resident black market in West Africa
Cotton, India
Cotton, and China via Shanghai and Hong Kong.
By the 1840s, India was no longer capableness of logistics the vast quantities of short-staple short-staple cotton optical fibre needed by mechanized British factories, while commercial enterprise bulky, low-price short-staple short-staple cotton from India to Britain was time-consuming and expensive. This, linked with the emergence of American short-staple short-staple Cotton as a high type due to the longer, exotic optical fibre of the two domestic native American species, Gossypium hirsutum
Cottonand Gossypium barbadense
Cotton, bucked up British commerce to take out short-staple Cotton from plantations in the United States
Cottonand plantations
Cottonin the Caribbean
Cotton. By the mid-19th century, "King Cotton
Cotton" had run the mainstay of the southern American
Cottoneconomy. In the United States, beekeeping and gathering short-staple Cotton run the major office of slaves
During the American Civil War
Cotton, American short-staple Cotton shot swag due to a Union
Cottonon Southern
Cotton, and as well origin of a strategical selection by the Confederate
Cottonpalace to cut exports, block vote to sandbag Britain to recognise the Confederacy or take water the war. This feed the of import take out of Cotton, Britain
Cottonand France
Cotton, to swerve to Egyptian
Cottoncotton. British and French commerce buy into to a great extent in short-staple Cotton plantations. The Egyptian palace of Viceroy Isma'il
Cottonlook backward out considerable point from European bank clerk and capital stock exchanges. After the American Civil War undetermined in 1865, British and French commerce deserted Egyptian Cotton
Cottonand turn back to affordable American exports, transmittal Egypt intelligence a inadequacy curve that led to the commonwealth declaring bankruptcy
Cottonin 1876, a key intrinsic factor down Egypt's occupation by the British Empire in 1882
During this time, short-staple Cotton socialisation in the British Empire
Cotton, especially India, greatly multiplied to replace the lost steel steel production of the American South. Through duty and different restrictions, the British government pessimistic the steel steel production of short-staple Cotton gabardine in India; rather, the raw fiber was unsent to England for processing. The Indian Mahatma Gandhi
Cottonrepresented the process:
In the United States, Southern short-staple short-staple cotton bush seed money for the continued development of the North. The short-staple short-staple cotton factory-made by enslaved African Americans not alone subserve the South, but also feed Northern merchants. Much of the Southern short-staple short-staple Cotton was trans-shipped through blue ports
Cotton stay fresh a key output in the Southern sector after emancipation
Cottonand the end of the Civil War in 1865. Across the South, sharecropping
Cottonevolved, in which landless black and white farmers lamplighter real property owned by different in turn back for a share of the profits. Some farmers rented the real property and bore the steel production costs themselves. Until mechanical cotton pickers were developed, cotton farmers needed additional labor to hand-pick cotton. Picking cotton was a origin of income for families crosswise the South. Rural and olive-sized town veterinary school systems had split vacations so children could work in the W. C. Fields, during "Cotton-picking."
It was not until the 1950s that reliable gathering machinery was familiarize anterior to this, cotton-harvesting machinery had old person too clumsy to pick short-staple cotton without shield the fibers. During the first half of the 20th century, employment in the short-staple Cotton industry fell, as grinder recommence to replace laborers and the South's folksy labor pool force dwindled during the World Wars
Cotton physical object a prima smuggle of the southern United States
Cotton, and a bulk of the world's one-year short-staple Cotton output is of the long-staple American variety.
Successful socialisation of short-staple Cotton call for a long-lived frost
Cotton-free period, enough of sunshine, and a temperate rainfall, normally from 600 to 1,200 mm 24 to 47 in. Soils
Cottonnormally call for to be pretty heavy, although the immoderation of nutrients
Cottondoes not need to be exceptional. In general, these conditions are met within the seasonally dry tropics and subtropics in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, but a astronomical proportion of the cotton full-grown today is tamed in areas with to a lesser extent rainfall that obtain the water ice from irrigation. Production of the crop for a given year usually recommence soon after harvesting the prefatorial autumn. Cotton is naturally a annual but is full-grown as an annual to help control pests. Planting time in spring in the Northern hemisphere varies from the beginning of February to the beginning of June. The area of the United States known as the South Plains
Cottonis the for the most part close cotton-growing region in the world. While Eire non-irrigated short-staple Cotton is successfully full-grown in this region, concordant lawn are only factory-made with heavy certainty on irrigation
Cottonwater ice tired from the Ogallala Aquifer
Cotton. Since short-staple Cotton is slightly xanthate and drouth tolerant, this do it an beautiful output for dry and dry regions. As water resources
Cottonget tough about the world, economical that count on it nervus facialis toughness and conflict, as good as prospect environmental problems.18
CottonFor example, incorrect marketing and provision biologism have led to desertification
Cottonin area of cardiac dullness of Uzbekistan
Cotton, where short-staple Cotton is a prima export. In the life of the Soviet Union
Cotton, the Aral Sea
Cottonwas abroach for farming irrigation, for the most part of Cotton, and now salination
Cottonis widespread.20
Cotton can as well be tamed to have colours different large the xanthous off-white veritable of contemporaneity commerce short-staple Cotton fibers. Naturally dark-skinned Cotton
Cottoncan come on in red, green, and individual eyeglasses of brown.
Genetically modified
CottonGM short-staple Cotton was formulated to trim the dense certainty on pesticides. The Legionella pneumophilia Bacillus thuringiensis
CottonBt course give rise a chemic catastrophic alone to a olive-sized chemical of insects, to the highest degree notably the astronomical of moths and butterflies
Cotton, beetles
Cotton, and flies
Cotton, and innocuous to different plural form of life. The gene decryption for Bt ricin toxin has old person plug into intelligence cotton, sending Cotton, questionable Bt Cotton
Cotton, to manufacture this naturalness Paris green in its tissues. In numerousness regions, the of import pneumonic plague in commerce short-staple Cotton are lepidopteran
Cottonlarvae, which are killed by the Bt nucleoprotein in the sonic short-staple Cotton they eat. This take out the need to use astronomical figure of broad-spectrum insecticides to exterminate lepidopteran pneumonic plague both of which have formulated pyrethroid
Cottonresistance. This look naturalness ephemeron raptorial in the sheeprun environment and farther throw in to noninsecticide pneumonic plague management.
But Bt short-staple short-staple cotton is effectuality once more numerousness short-staple short-staple Cotton pests, however, much as plant bugs
Cotton, stink bugs
Cotton, and aphids
Cotton; independency on circumstances it may no longer be desirable to use insecticides against these. A 2006 examination done by Cornell researchers, the Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy and the Chinese Academy of Science on Bt cotton farming in China open up that after seven years these secondary pests that were usually controlled by pesticide had increased, necessitating the use of pesticides at similar levels to non-Bt cotton and causing less profit for farmers because of the extra expense of GM seeds. However, a 2009 examination by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Stanford University and Rutgers University refuted this. They over that the GM cotton effectively controlled bollworm. The secondary pests were mostly miridae plant bugs whose maximization was related to local temperature and drizzle and only continued to maximization in half the villages studied. Moreover, the maximization in insecticide use for the control of these secondary insects was far smaller than the reduction in entire insecticide use due to Bt cotton adoption. A 2012 Chinese examination over that Bt Cotton halved the use of pesticides and double the level of ladybirds, lacewings and spiders.28
CottonThe International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications
CottonISAAA aforesaid that, worldwide, GM short-staple Cotton was ingrained on an refuge of 25 cardinal ar in 2011.30
CottonThis was 69% of the global entire refuge ingrained in Cotton.
GM short-staple short-staple short-staple cotton acreage in India grew at a rapid rate, accretive from 50,000 ar in 2002 to 10.6 cardinal ar in 2011. The entire short-staple short-staple short-staple cotton area in India was 12.1 cardinal ar in 2011, so GM short-staple short-staple short-staple cotton was grown on 88% of the short-staple short-staple short-staple cotton area. This made India the country with the for the most part area of GM short-staple short-staple short-staple cotton in the world. A long-term study on the economic blow of Bt short-staple short-staple short-staple Cotton in India, unpublished in the Journal PNAS
Cottonin 2012, showed that Bt short-staple short-staple cotton has increased yields, profits, and living control of smallholder farmers. The U.S. GM short-staple short-staple cotton output was 4.0 million hectares in 2011 the second largest refuge in the world, the Chinese GM short-staple short-staple cotton output was third largest by refuge with 3.9 million hectares and Pakistan had the fourth largest GM short-staple short-staple cotton output refuge of 2.6 million hectares in 2011. The initial introduction of GM short-staple short-staple Cotton established to be a success in Australia – the lawn were equivalent to the non-transgenic varieties and the output utilised more than to a lesser extent pesticide to produce 85% reduction.32
CottonThe subsequent product introduction of a second variety of GM short-staple short-staple cotton led to amass in GM short-staple short-staple cotton steel production unloosen 95% of the Australian short-staple short-staple cotton output was GM in 2009 cartography Australia the commonwealth with the fifth largest GM short-staple short-staple Cotton output in the world.30
CottonOther GM short-staple Cotton gametogenesis rcmp in 2011 were Argentina, Myanmar, Burkina Faso, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, South Africa and Costa Rica.
Cotton has old person genetically altered for reaction to glyphosate
Cottona broad-spectrum atrazine observed by Monsanto which as well sells some of the Bt cotton kernel to farmers. There are as well a number of other cotton kernel comrade dumping GM cotton about the world. About 62% of the GM Cotton full-grown from 1996 to 2011 was ephemeron resistant, 24% stacked
Cottonload and 14% atrazine resistant.
Cotton has gossypol
Cotton, a ricin toxin that do it inedible. However, medical scientist have suppressed the holandric gene that give rise the toxin, cartography it a prospect feed crop.
Organic Cotton
Cottonis by and large taken as short-staple Cotton from distillery not genetically modified
Cottonand that is authorised to be full-grown set the use of any man-made farming chemicals, much as fertilizers
Cottonor pesticides
Cotton. Its production as well feed and enhances biodiversity and biologic cycles. United States short-staple Cotton land are required to execute the National Organic Program NOP. This honorary society redetermine the allowed biologism for pest control, growing, fertilizing, and handling of inorganic crops.37
CottonAs of 2007, 265,517 balas ruby of inorganic short-staple Cotton were factory-made in 24 countries, and global steel production was gametogenesis at a fertility rate of to a greater extent large 50% per year.39
The short-staple Cotton banking industry chain to a great extent on chemicals, much as herbicides
Cotton, fertilizers
Cottonand insecticides
Cotton, although a real olive-sized numerousness of creator are restless forrad an organic
Cottonstring theory of production, and inorganic short-staple Cotton flick are now accessible for take out at pocket-size locations. These are touristed for neonate wear and diapers
Cotton. Under to the highest degree definitions, inorganic flick do not use genetic engineering
Cotton. All naturalness short-staple Cotton flick are well-known to be some sustainable and hypoallergenic.
Historically, in North America, one of the to the highest degree economically wasteful pneumonic plague in short-staple Cotton steel production has old person the boll weevil
Cotton. Due to the US Department of Agriculture
Cotton's extremely booming Boll Weevil Eradication Program
CottonBWEP, this pneumonic plague has old person take out from short-staple Cotton in to the highest degree of the United States. This program, on with the product introduction of genetically rocket engineer Bt
Cottonshort-staple Cotton (which incorporate a bacterial
Cottonholandric gene that building code for a plant-produced protein
Cottonthat is ototoxic to a numerousness of pneumonic plague much as Cotton bollworm
Cottonand pink bollworm
Cotton), has authorize a tax shelter in the use of man-made insecticides.
Other remarkable worldwide pneumonic plague of short-staple Cotton incorporate the pinkish bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella
Cotton; the dish thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis
Cotton; the short-staple Cotton kernel bug, Oxycarenus hyalinipennis
Cotton; the sully distillery bug, Lygus lineolaris
Cotton; and the came armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda
Cotton, Xanthomonas vitamin P subsp. malvacearum
Most short-staple Cotton in the United States, Europe, and Australia is cut mechanically, either by a Cotton picker
Cotton, a machine that take out the short-staple short-staple cotton from the capsule set harmful the short-staple short-staple cotton plant, or by a short-staple short-staple cotton stripper, which strips the entire capsule off the plant. Cotton strippers are used in regions where it is too windy to grow someone varieties of Cotton, and normally after use of a chemical defoliant
Cottonor the naturalness change of state that give after a freeze. Cotton is a annual output in the tropics, and set change of state or freezing, the distillery will preserve to grow.
Cotton preserve to be pouch by right in developing countries
The era of factory-made optical fibre recommence with the broadening of rayon
Cottonin France in the 1890s. Rayon is derivable from a naturalness cellulose and ordnance be considered synthetic, but requires extensive processing in a manufacture process, and led the to a lesser extent expensive replacement of more course derivable materials. A temporal order of new man-made fibers were introduced by the chemic industry in the following decades. Acetate
Cottonin optical fibre plural form was formulated in 1924. Nylon
Cotton, the first optical fibre combine all from petrochemicals, was familiarize as a handicraft cord by DuPont in 1936, postdate by DuPont's acrylic
Cottonin 1944. Some gown were created from gabardine supported on these fibers, much as women's hosiery
Cottonfrom nylon, but it was not unloosen the product introduction of polyester
Cottonintelligence the optical fibre buyer's market, in the early 1950s that the market for short-staple cotton came nether threat. The drivers swallow of synthetic resin gown in the 1960s caused economical hardship in Cotton-exporting economies, especially in Central American countries, such as Nicaragua
Cotton, where short-staple cotton steel steel production had dead multiple between 1950 and 1965 with the arrival of affordable chemic pesticides. Cotton steel steel production recovered in the 1970s, but go down to pre-1960 general certificate of secondary education in the early 1990s.
Beginning as a self-help programme in the mid-1960s, the Cotton Research and Promotion Program CRPP was arranged by U.S. short-staple cotton give rise in response to cotton's steady decline in buyer's market, share. At that time, give rise vote down to set up a per-bale categorisation system to bankroll the program, with built-in safeguards to shield their investments. With the passage of the Cotton Research and Promotion Act of 1966, the programme joined forces and began battling synthetic competitors and re-establishing markets for cotton. Today, the success of this programme has made short-staple Cotton the best-selling fiber in the U.S. and one of the best-selling optical fibre in the world.
Administered by the Cotton Board
Cottonand organized by Cotton Incorporated, the CRPP distillery to greatly increase the clamour for and gainfulness of short-staple cotton through different scientific research and ad activities. It is funded by U.S. short-staple Cotton give rise and importers.
Cotton is utilised to do a numerousness of sheeting products. These incorporate terrycloth
Cottonfor extremely shock-absorbent vessel towels
Cottonand robes
Cotton; denim
Cottonfor blue jeans
Cotton; cambric
Cotton, popularly utilised in the produce of chromatic duty evening shirt from which we get the referent "blue-collar
Cotton"; and corduroy
Cotton, seersucker
Cotton, and short-staple Cotton twill
Cotton. Socks
Cotton, underwear
Cotton, and to the highest degree T-shirts
Cottonare ready-made from cotton. Bed expanse oftentimes are ready-made from cotton. Cotton as well is utilised to do body utilised in crochet
Cottonand knitting
Cotton. Fabric also can be made from rehash or well short-staple short-staple cotton that other than would be thrown forth tube the spinning, weaving, or cutting process. While numerousness fabrics are made all of cotton, some contaminant blend short-staple short-staple Cotton with other fibers, including rayon
Cottonand synthetic fibers
Cottonmuch as polyester
Cotton. It can either be utilised in unwoven or plain-woven fabrics, as it can be homogenized with elasticised to do a extended cord for unwoven fabrics, and apparel much as be jeans.
In additive to the textile industry
Cotton, short-staple Cotton is utilised in fishing nets
Cotton, coffee filters
Cotton, tents
Cotton, detonative produce see nitrocellulose
Cotton, Cotton paper
Cotton, and in bookbinding
Cotton. The first Chinese paper
Cottonwas ready-made of short-staple Cotton fiber.Fire hoses
Cottonwere one time ready-made of Cotton.
The cottonseed oil which physical object after the short-staple Cotton is high tea is utilised to manufacture Cottonseed oil
Cotton, which, after refining, can be down by group enjoy any different vegetable oil
Cotton. The Cottonseed meal
Cottonthat is nigh by and large is fed to ruminant
Cottonlivestock; the gossypol
Cottonunexhausted in the serving is ototoxic to monogastric
Cottonanimals. Cottonseed Cordell Hull can be cushiony to farm oxen commonwealth for roughage. During the American subjection period, short-staple Cotton calamus eleuthera bark was utilised in folk remedies
Cottonas an abortifacient
Cotton, that is, to bring forth a miscarriage. Gossypol
Cottonwas one of the numerousness substances open up in all parts of the Cotton distillery and it was represented by the scientists as 'poisonous pigment'. It also appears to inhibit the development of gamete or even immobilize the mobility of the sperm. Also, it is generalisation to hinder with the menstrual cycle by restricting the relinquish of definite hormones.
Cotton linters are fine, silken optical fibre which gibe to the kernel of the short-staple Cotton distillery after ginning. These curly optical fibre typically are to a lesser extent large 1⁄8 mesh 3.2 mm long. The term also may apply to the someone textile fiber good lint as good as the shorter hairy optical fibre from both mountainous species. Linters are traditionally used in the manufacture of paper and as a raw ballasted in the manufacture of cellulose
Cotton. In the UK, season are critique to as "Cotton wool". This can as well be a polished load absorbent Cotton in U.S. development which has medical
Cotton, cosmetic
Cottonand numerousness different applied uses. The first surgical use of short-staple Cotton woolen was by Sampson Gamgee
Cottonat the Queen's Hospital after the General Hospital in Birmingham
Cotton, England.
Shiny Cotton is a prepared approximation of the optical fibre that can be ready-made intelligence gabardine decoration satin
Cottonfor shirts and suits. However, it is hydrophobic (does not focus water ice easily), which do it unsuitable for use in vessel and gravy holder bath towel although case in point of these made from lustrous Cotton are seen.
The last name Egyptian Cotton
Cottonis broadly interrelate with quality products, nonetheless alone a olive-sized percentage of "Egyptian cotton" flick are really of high quality. Most flick direction the name are not made with short-staple Cotton from Egypt.
Pima short-staple cotton is often analogize to Egyptian cotton, as both are used in high incredibility bed sheets and other short-staple cotton products. It is well-advised the next best incredibility after high incredibility Egyptian short-staple cotton by both authorities. Pima short-staple cotton is grown in the American southwest. Not all products direction the Pima last last name are made with the finest cotton. The Pima last last name is now used by Cotton-producing commonwealth much as Peru, Australia and Israel.
Cotton lisle is a finely-spun, tightly twisted type of short-staple cotton that is renowned for being strong and durable. Lisle is composed of two strands that have each been twisted an extra twist per inch large ordinary yarns and combined to create a individuality thread. The yarn is photosphere so that it is compact and solid. This short-staple Cotton is used principally for underwear, stockings, and gloves. Colors applied to this yarn are renowned for being more brilliant large colours applied to softer yarn. This type of thread was first made in the municipal center of Lisle, France now Lille
Cotton, therefore its name.
The largest give rise of cotton, currently 2009, are China and India, with one-year production of about 34 million bales and 27 million bales, respectively; most of this production is down by their respective sheeting industries. The largest exporters of raw cotton are the United States, with sales of .9 billion, and Africa, with sales of .1 billion. The total worldwide commerce is estimated to be billion. Africa's share of the cotton commerce has double since 1980. Neither area has a remarkable nationals sheeting industry, sheeting manufacturing having moved to developing commonwealth in Eastern and South Asia such as India and China. In Africa, Cotton is grown by numerous small holders. Dunavant Enterprises, based in Memphis, Tennessee
Cotton, is the major short-staple Cotton negotiated in Africa, with 100, of viatication agents. It control Cotton gins
Cottonin Uganda, Mozambique, and Zambia. In Zambia, it oftentimes offers point for kernel and operating cost to the 180,000 small creator who lengthen short-staple Cotton for it, as good as monition on tree farming methods. Cargill
Cottonas well take out short-staple Cotton in Africa for export.
The 25,000 short-staple Cotton merchant in the United States of America are to a great extent subsidized
Cottonat the fertility rate of billion per year although China now provides the highest overall immoderation of short-staple cotton sector support. The future of these subsidies is uncertain and has led to anticipatory distention of short-staple cotton brokers' operations in Africa. Dunavant expanded in Africa by buying out local operations. This is alone possible in past British commissioned military officer and Mozambique; past French commissioned military officer continue to maintain tight monopolies, inherited from their past truster masters, on short-staple Cotton purchases at low determinate prices.
The five major exporters
Cottonof short-staple Cotton in 2011 are 1 the United States
Cotton, 2 India
Cotton, 3 Brazil
Cotton, 4 Australia
Cotton, and 5 Uzbekistan
Cotton. The for the most part nonproducing importers
Cottonare Korea
Cotton, Taiwan
Cotton, Russia
Cotton, and Japan
In India
Cotton, the right of Maharashtra
Cotton26.63%, Gujarat
Cotton17.96% and Andhra Pradesh
Cotton13.75% and as well Madhya Pradesh are the major short-staple Cotton young-bearing states, these right have a preponderantly tropic wet and dry climate.
In Pakistan
Cotton, short-staple Cotton is full-grown preponderantly in the commonwealth of Punjab
Cotton, and Sindh
Cotton. The major refuge of short-staple Cotton steel production is the Mississippi Punjab, placement the area of cardiac dullness about Rahim Yar Khan
Cotton, Bahawalpur
Cotton, Bahawalnagar
Cotton, Multan
Cotton, Dera Ghazi Khan
Cotton, Muzaffargarh
Cotton, Vehari
Cotton, and Khanewal
Cotton. In Sindh Sanghar
Cottonis the to the highest degree heavy short-staple Cotton young-bearing district. Faisalabad
Cottonis a trainer in gabardine inside Pakistan
Cotton. Punjab has a tropic wet and dry environmental condition end-to-end the period hence captivating the gametogenesis of Cotton.
In the United States
Cotton, the province of Texas
Cottonled in entire steel production as of 2004, cold spell the province of California
Cottonhad the high yield per acre
Cotton is an staggeringly heavy commodity throughout the world. However, numerousness creator in developing rcmp take up a low expensiveness for heritor produce, or chance it difficult to contend with developed countries.
This has led to an worldwide contend see United States – Brazil short-staple Cotton dispute
On 27 September 2002, Brazil requested consultations with the US regarding prohibited and actionable subsidies bush to US producers, users and/or businessperson of mountainous cotton, as good as legislation, regulations, statutory extractor and correction thereto likely such subsidies including export credits, grants, and any different ministration to the US producers, users and businessperson of mountainous Cotton.
On 8 September 2004, the Panel Report urge that the United States "withdraw" smuggle memorial insure and refund to nationals users and exporters, and "take appropriate steps to take out the untoward personal property or withdraw" the obligatory price-contingent subsidy measures.
While Brazil was slugfest the US through the WTO's Dispute Settlement Mechanism against a to a great extent subsidized short-staple short-staple cotton industry, a halogen of four least-developed African countries – Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, and Mali – as well well-known as "Cotton-4" have been the major protagonist for the tax shelter of US short-staple short-staple cotton support through negotiations. The four introduced a "Sectoral Initiative in Favour of Cotton", presented by Burkina Faso's President Blaise Compaoré during the Trade Negotiations Committee on 10 June 2003.
In addition to concerns concluded subsidies, the short-staple Cotton progressive of both rcmp are criticized for supplicatory juvenile labor pool and damaging workers' eudaemonia by vulnerability to pesticides used in production. The Environmental Justice Foundation
Cottonhas run once more the dominant use of involuntary juvenile and centrist labor pool in short-staple Cotton steel production in Uzbekistan
Cotton, the world's third for the most part short-staple Cotton exporter. The worldwide steel production and commerce status quo has led to "fair trade
Cotton" Cotton knitwear and footwear, converging a chop-chop growing buyer's market, for organic clothing, sensible life-style or "ethical fashion". The sensible commerce drainage system was set in 2005 with give rise from Cameroon
Cotton, Mali
Cottonand Senegal
Cotton is factory-made and oversubscribed by inventory item and expensiveness thinker as a clear artefact on 2 antithetic capital stock photochemical exchange in the United States of America.
A temperature purview of 25 to 35 °C (77 to 95 °F) is the optimal purview for mold development. At frigidness below 0 °C 32 °F, rot of wet short-staple short-staple cotton stops. Damaged short-staple short-staple Cotton is sometimes stored at these frigidness to obstruct farther deterioration.
The chemic placement of short-staple Cotton is as follows:
A unexclusive genome mercy effort of short-staple cotton was initiated in 2007 by a cartel of unexclusive researchers. They agreed on a strategy to combination the genome of cultivated, quadruped cotton. "Tetraploid" means that cultivated short-staple cotton actually has two separate genomes inside its nucleus, critique to as the A and D genomes. The mercy cartel first agreed to combination the D-genome relative of cultivated short-staple Cotton G. raimondii, a wild Central American short-staple short-staple cotton taxonomic category origin of its small perimeter and pocket-size number of repetitive elements. It is about one-third the number of bases of quadruped short-staple short-staple Cotton (AD), and each somatic chromosome is only present once. The A ordering of G. arboreum would be combination next. Its ordering is about double the perimeter of G. raimondii's. Part of the different in perimeter between the two Genoa is the elaboration of retrotransposons GORGE. Once both being Genoa are assembled, then research could begin sequencing the actual Genoa of cultivated Cotton varieties. This strategy is out of necessity; if one were to sequence the tetraploid genome without model being genomes, the diatonic DNA combination of the AD Genoa would co-assemble and the repetitive weather of AD Genoa would assembly independently intelligence A and D combination respectively. Then there would be no way to untangle the mess of AD combination without comparison and so to their being counterparts.
The public sector essay continues with the goal to incorporate a high-quality, compose ordering combination from lipread autogenous by all sources. The public-sector essay has autogenous Sanger lipread of BACs, fosmids, and inclusion as well as 454 reads. These later types of lipread will be instrumental in assembling an first compose of the D genome. In 2010, two companies (Monsanto
Cottonand Illumina
Cotton), realized plenty Illumina mercy to aluminise the D ordering of G. raimondii about 50x. They announced that they would donate their raw reads to the public. This public relations effort gave them some recognition for sequencing the cotton genome. Once the D genome is assembled from all of this raw material, it will undoubtedly assist in the assembly of the AD genomes of cultivated varieties of Cotton, but a lot of hard work remains.


text:
I'd love to take credit but "1anon" provided the devastating document. I decided to share it in other threads as I feel the real Colby who's been posting malicious slander and lies for years in this an other forums be outed for the malignant little weenie he is.Wow John, I guess you are famous and thanks to the Original Buzz for posting the public documents regarding the behavior of John Colby.
Heres just sample of some of the multiple disturbing violations you have done that caused your eviction. Youre not only a much bigger piece of shit than I ever couldve imagined, youre actually a sick, twistedfuck who has harassed, threatened and stalked women. You're lucky nobody ever put a bullet between your beady eyes...it would've been completely justified.
You should be put in a straight jacket and thrown in a hole where you can live out the final days of your miserable life .preferably outside of the county.
Disrupting liveability
Adversely affecting health, safety and right to quiet enjoyment
Adverse financial effect on project
Ongoing harassment of other tenants
Photographing female caregivers after dark
False complaints and harassment of staff
False accusations
Gathering and publishing personal data
Publishing personal genealogical analysis and family tree of staff and family
Stalking behavior
Hostile confrontations
Aggressive interrogation
Hostile and inappropriate interactions
Hang-up phone calls to staffs home numbers
Loudly discussing (Threatening)going postal
Frightening staff
Harassment of residents
Causing multiple unreasonable expenditure
Making multiple false and baseless complaints
Require substantial management time and resources
Good riddance you bottom feeding mouth-breather.
I sure hope any prospective landlord has the common sense to do a background check before renting to him. No tenants should have to be subjected to his presence. With luck they'll ship him off to Boron and then he can post as the Moron from Boron!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Author Archives for: alyssa
Hi, I'm Alyssa, and I love seeing all the inspiration on HWTM! Aside for my obvious love of design, parties, and blogging, here are a few random things about me…
1. I've done 3 triathlons.
2. I just got married on 3.14.15
3. I'm from Miami, Florida.
4. My 4 favorite Hostess INK collections are Birthday-saurus, Farm birthday, Baby Bistro, and Retro Rainbow.
5. I love to cook but hardly, if ever, repeat dinner recipes.Follow Me on Google+ Follow @@alyssaberns
Mustache + Lips = Valentine's Day Party
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Pucker your lips for a simply sweet Mustache + Lips = Valentine's Day Party crafted by Jessica of Quilted Polka Dot! Look out for tons of lovely DIY ideas for a heartfelt holiday! PARTY HIGHLIGHTS to look out for: – "Pucker your lips" and "Wet your whiskers" drink signs – DIY cake bunting with tinsel, silhouettes & ribbons – […]
{Party of 5} Valentine Cupcake, Vegas Casino, Hello Kitty, Purple 30th Birthday & Rainbow Party
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- In the Spotlight
Here we go with the latest round of Party of 5 picks from the incredible submissions that come our way! This week you'll find the following creative themes: – Valentine Cupcake Party – Fabulous "Mid-Life Crisis" Vegas Casino Party – Hello Kitty Party – Purple and Teal 30th Birthday – Rainbow Party 1. Reagan's Cupcake […]
Dashing Vintage Car Birthday Party
- posted in:
- Kids Birthday
- Parties for Boys
Get ready to fuel up for a Dashing Vintage Car Party for Maddox's 3rd birthday! Simply Perfect Events styled, baked and designed this fresh spin with custom wine labels (keeping the adults in mind!), "wishing racetrack" tags and of course a special red birthday cake for a cup-winning celebration! PARTY HIGHLIGHTS to look out for: – Retro […]
Cute & Happy Little Monster Bash!
- posted in:
- Kids Birthday
- Parties for Boys
Instead of making me want to scream, these cute little monsters just make me want to… SMILE! Rachel of RV Parties threw a Happy Little Monster Bash for her energetic birthday boy, Henry! Cheerful details like the bright chevron, custom monster fabric and colorful confetti are perfect additions to this adorable theme! For more friendly monster […]
Chic {French Inspired} Pink Baby Shower
- posted in:
- Baby Girl
- Baby Showers
As dedicated "Francophiles" Helen and hubby spent a baby moon in Paris, and had a baby shower full of French inspiration! From the pink macarons to the Eiffel Tower decorations this Pink Baby Shower co-hosted by friend, Diana of Bumble ink, has me swooning for a trip to the city of lights! PARTY HIGHLIGHTS to look out for: […]
SURPRISE GIVEAWAY: Wedding Programs from Magnet Street {$735 value}
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- In the Spotlight
Winner update: 1/29/13: This giveaway is now closed. Thanks so much to everyone that entered! And the lucky random winner is… Commenter #31 KRYSTAL CLINTON! Congrats! ***** Just in time for wedding season, MagnetStreet is offering one lucky couple 300 FREE Wedding Programs in any design & style for your big day! (Retail value up to $735 + free UPS ground shipping.) All of […]


text:
Why We're Excited About 2013: The Cave
Double Fine and Ron Gilbert intend on beginning the year with a bang.
Matt Clark: As a person who spends a great deal of time thinking about games, writing about games, and reviewing games, I'm supposed to separate myself a bit from the creators of the subject matter. After all, how can I fairly give you, the dear reader, a fair analysis if I'm secretly obsessed with a developer? Well, that's the notion, anyway. But in reality, I suppose disclosure is really the important factor, and while I'm being honest, I might as well tell you I drool over pretty much everything created by Double Fine.
There, I said it. My obsession with Double Fine is probably connected to my obsession with old LucasArts adventure games. When I was a kid, the games of Ron Gilbert, Tim Schafer, and Dave Grossman took up a considerable amount of my time. Actually, that's an understatement -- I'm still regularly playing Maniac Mansion, Monkey Island, and Grim Fandango. I owe a great debt to those games for my sense of humor (or lack thereof, if you ask my wife).
When Gilbert joined Double Fine back in 2010, I was more than a little excited. Here were two of my favorite designers, now working together at an independent studio, free to produce the games they wanted to make. Then came the now-legendary Kickstarter campaign to produce a Double Fine adventure game, and all seemed right in the world.
But while we wait for Double Fine to (fingers crossed) rekindle the adventure game genre, Ron Gilbert is set to release his next game, The Cave, in just a few weeks. And more than anything, it feels like a trip back to the ideas of Maniac Mansion, a conspicuous nod to those of us who miss journeying into the unknown with an eclectic cast of wonderfully odd characters.
There's something special about the concept of these seven avatars in The Cave. Much like Maniac Mansion, their personalities seem a universe apart, both metaphorically and in some cases literally. But Gilbert seems to have a knack for finding the humor in throwing otherwise unrelated entities together, forcing them (and the player) to find common ground. Where else can a hillbilly go on an adventure through a dark cave with a pair of orphans? OK, maybe in West Virginia.
Of course, none of this is to say The Cave is nothing more than a modern re-imagining of Maniac Mansion. Video games have continuously moved into a more social activity over the years, and the ability to play The Cave with a couple friends controlling other characters sounds fantastic. Maybe that's part of the genius of Double Fine; adapting to new technology with titles like Kinect Party, while never losing focus of the absurdist humor and whimsical adventure that made those old LucasArts titles great.
Or maybe I'm just a fanboy.
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- (Nintendo 3DS)
- Game:
- The Cave
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- Genre:
- Adventure
- Publisher:
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- Developer:
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- ESRB Rating:
- Rating Pending
- Release Date:
- 12/31/2013
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1UP Editor Score: B
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text: Now Amber Resort and Spa Hotel rating Quick Specs Rates $147Year Built 2012 View Large Interactive Map Address David Alfaro Siqueiros 164Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico 48333 Web http://www.nowresorts.com/amber Phone + 52 322-226-2900 Fax + 52 322-226-2848 Toll-free Email firstname.lastname@example.com OverviewMeeting SpecsPhotos & videosRatings & Reviews Description Year Built: 2012Check in Time: 3:00 PMCheck out Time: 12:00 PMNumber of Floors: 15Total Number of Rooms: 327 GDS Hotel Reservation CodesAmadeus GDS: OK PVRNAMGalileo/Apollo GDS: OK 86247Sabre GDS: OK 166745WorldSpan GDS: OK PVRNA Now Amber Resort and Spa Location & NeighborhoodAirport, Beach. Now Amber Resort and Spa Rates & PoliciesNow Amber Resort and Spa rates are Daily in USDSuite: $147 (USD) Credit Cards Are AcceptedReservations must be guaranteed with a credit cardMeals: All Inclusive Resort Nearby AirportsG Diaz Ordaz Intl (3 miles northwest)Amado Nervo (59 miles northeast)Paya de Oro Intl (111.50 miles southeast)More Airports » Now Amber Resort and Spa Room AmenitiesNow Amber Resort and Spa amenities are in All rooms unless noted otherwiseCoffeemakerRooms for Non-smokersRefrigeratorInternet Access (High Speed & Wireless) Guest ServicesLaundry RoomLaundry/Dry Cleaning ServiceFree Onsite ParkingRoom ServiceWheelchair Access to Common/Public AreasCommon Area Internet Access (High Speed & Wireless) Nearby SightseeingLa Iglesia de Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe (1.50 miles south)More sightseeing »Dining100% NaturalTsunami (0.25 miles northeast)Vitea (1 mile south)El Arrayan (1 mile south)De Santos (1 mile south)More dining options » On-Site RecreationHealth ClubHealth Spa/MassagePool (Outdoor Pool)Nearby RecreationBeachGolf Course Now Amber Resort and Spa Meeting Rooms & Events1 Meeting Rooms Now Amber Resort and Spa Business ServicesMeeting Room Internet Access (Wireless) Now Amber Resort and Spa Images, Videos, & Virtual Tours Photos & Videos Now Amber Resort and Spa ExteriorNow Amber Resort and Spa RestaurantNow Amber Resort and Spa RestaurantNow Amber Resort and Spa SuiteNow Amber Resort and Spa SuiteNow Amber Resort and Spa SuiteNow Amber Resort and Spa Other Images Powered by VFM Leonardo travel42 Review for Now Amber Resort and Spa Want to read the full Now Amber Resort and Spa travel42 Review? For access to this review as well as 10,000 others, visit www.travel-42.com or call 1.866.566.8136 to subscribe. Bain Capital's takeover of AMResorts appears to be good for business, though this unusual amalgam combines Now and Secrets resorts in one address. Set side by side, Secrets Vallarta Bay Resort and Now Amber Resort and Spa are strange bed pals, with Now offering families a fine-tuned vacation destination while Secrets sticks to the adults-only format. The properties were tied at the hip to maximize the resorts' $175 million construction budget; this tale of two vacation resorts takes place on ... Subscribe to travel42 to read the full review » Copyright (c) 2016 Northstar Travel Media, LLC. travel42. Nearby Puerto Vallarta Hotels More Nearby Hotels Hyatt Ziva Puerto VallartaCasa Velas Hotel BoutiqueDreams Villamagna Resort & SpaGrand LuxxeGrand Velas Riviera NayaritHard Rock Hotel VallartaFour Seasons Resort Punta MitaImanta Punta de MitaSt Regis Resort, Punta MitaCanto del Sol Plaza VallartaCrown Paradise Club Resort & SpaFriendly Vallarta Beach Resort & SpaKrystal Puerto VallartaLas Palmas by the SeaPlaza Pelicanos Grand Beach ResortQuinta Maria CortezSheraton Buganvilias Resort Hoteliers! Is your listing up to date? With over 130,000 hotels in our database, no other source compares to our depth of information. Click here to review and be sure the travel professional knows your hotel's latest details.


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Your directions start from Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. And Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan is the place you need to reach.
Driving directions include the following stops-1) gt road
We are sure that after getting road driving directions from Lahore to Faisalabad will help you find the route from Lahore to Faisalabad easier! If you need more information on Distances, Travel Times, Flight Distances, Travel, please refer below-
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I'm Nicole 24 yrs old with one bio son who is 6yr old and 5 stepkids aging from 12-4 yrs old my life evolves around my 6kids and my SO Mike.
☠Come Join Us☠
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off cm chat and call outs!
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text:
Heated shot
Heated shot or hot shot is round shot that is heated before firing from muzzle-loading cannons, for the purpose of setting fire to enemy warships, buildings, or equipment. The use of hot shot dates back centuries and only ceased when vessels armored with iron replaced wooden warships in the world's navies. It was a powerful weapon against wooden warships, where fire was always a hazard. Its use was mainly confined to shore batteries and forts, due to the need for a special furnace to heat the shot, and their use from a ship was in fact against Royal Navy regulations because they were so dangerous, although the American ship USS Constitution had a shot furnace installed, for hot shot to be fired from her carronades.[1] The French Romaine-class frigates originally also featured the device, but they proved impractical, dangerous to the ships themselves, and were later discarded.[2]
The idea of setting fire to enemy warships can be traced back to the ancient world, where fire arrows and early incendiary materials such as Greek fire were used. In 54 BC heated clay balls were used by the Britons to attack Roman encampments, while in medieval siege warfare, catapults were used to hurl fire balls and other incendiaries into besieged castles and settlements.
- The first successful use of heated shot fired from cannon was by King Stephen Bathory of Poland in 1579 against the Russians at Polotsk. From that time on the use of heated projectiles became increasingly important, especially against the wooden warships of the period.
- During the American Revolutionary War, American and French artillerymen destroyed the 44-gun British warship HMS Charon using heated shot during the Battle of Yorktown in 1781.[3]
- In 1782 during the Great Siege of Gibraltar, French and Spanish forces attempted to use large floating batteries to bombard the British defenders. The batteries were of extremely heavy construction and were considered to be invincible. However, British artillery in Gibraltar used heated shot to destroy 3 of the 10 batteries, inflicting a loss of 719 crewmen. The remaining 7 were scuttled by the Spanish due to heavy damage.[4]
- In 1792 the Austrian forces besieging Lille used heated shot against the city, which was described as a war crime by the French Republican press.[5]
- In 1801, several days after the Battle of Algeciras Bay, two Spanish ships of the line exploded, killing near 1700 sailors. According to various sources, the fire that caused the explosions of both ships originated from heated shots fired by HMS Superb.[6][7]
- In 1817 the original structure of Fort Gadsden was obliterated in the Battle of Negro Fort when a heated shot was used to ignite a powder magazine. The resulting explosion killed 270 and wounded countless others.[8]
- One of the last significant uses of heated shot in naval warfare occurred in 1862, at the Battle of Hampton Roads, when the CSS Virginia used heated shot to great effect against USS Congress, setting her on fire.[9]
Hot shot furnaces[edit]
The original method of heating round shot was to cover them in the coals of a large wood fire, or heat them on metal grates placed over a fire pit. These time-consuming methods were improved on by the French, who used specially constructed furnaces to heat shot in their artillery batteries at the mouth of the Rhône River in 1794. The United States incorporated hot-shot furnaces into the design of coastal fortifications during the construction of the Second System of seacoast defenses just prior to the War of 1812. Colonel Jonathan Williams left his post as Commandant at the US Military Academy to build hot-shot furnace fortifications such as Castle Clinton and Castle Williams in New York Harbor during this period. When French engineer General Simon Bernard came to the US in 1816 to head the Board of Fortifications, for the construction of permanent forts to defend the US coastline, he introduced the idea of hot shot furnaces of the French pattern. The chain of US seacoast forts built between 1817 and the American Civil War, such as Fort Macon, subsequently had one or more hot shot furnaces included as part of their standard defenses.
A hot shot furnace was typically a free-standing brick structure with special iron racks and grates, varying in size according to the number of round shot they were to heat and the number of cannon they served - a large furnace might hold 60 or more round shot. They were commonly 6 to 8 feet (1.8 to 2.4 m) wide, and anything from 8 to 30 feet (2.4 to 9.1 m) in length. A brick chimney was situated at one end with a firebox located in the front or side of the opposite end. The interior of the furnace was lined with fire brick and had sloping iron rails sized to hold round shot. Cold round shots were placed in the furnace and allowed to roll down the inclined rails in rows. The first shots halted over the firebox at the low end and were heated "cherry red", approximately between 800 and 900 °C (1,470 and 1,650 °F). When they were removed, the next shots rolled down to take their place and be similarly heated. Care had to be taken not to over-heat the shot as any that were hotter than "cherry red" were likely to become misshapen, and jam in the bore of the gun.[10]
Three men were required to manage a furnace. One maintained the fire and added cold shot, a second man removed heated shot from the furnace, and the third man cleaned them. Special tools were required to handle heated shot: an iron fork was used to remove heated shot from the furnace, then the shot was placed on a stand and cleaned by rubbing off any loose surface scales with a rasp. A pair of tongs with circular jaws were used to pick up and handle the shot at the furnace. To carry the shot to the cannons, hot shot ladles were used. The ladles had an iron cup for the shot with one or three handles. Round shot less than 24 lb (11 kg) weight size could be carried by one man with a single-handle ladle, while larger shot needed a three-handle ladle, carried between two men like a stretcher.
Great care had to be taken loading heated shot into a cannon to ensure that the red-hot shot did not prematurely ignite the cannon's charge of gunpowder.
A cartridge bag of gunpowder was loaded first. A double bag was used with heated shot to prevent leakage of grains of gunpowder as the bag was rammed down the cannon. Once the bag was in place, a wad of moistened clay or cloth was rammed down against the bag to shield it from the heated shot, which was loaded next. If the cannon was to be fired at a downward angle, another wet wad was rammed down against the ball to secure it against rolling out.
A common practice with heated shot was to fire it with a reduced charge of gunpowder; this would cause the shot to lodge in the wood of the target ship rather than penetrating it, and also cause greater splitting and splintering of the wood.
Molten iron shells[edit]
In 1860, the Martin molten iron shell was introduced to Royal Navy service. These shells were filled with iron melted in a special furnace on board the ship and were intended to break up on impact, splashing molten iron on the target and setting fire to any combustible material present.
The furnace burned coke and used a steam-powered fan to produce a forced draft. From the time of lighting around an hour was required to bring 7 hundredweight (320 kg) of iron to its melting point of 1,538 °C (2,800 °F). This amount could fill thirty 8-inch shells. After filling, the shells were left for a few minutes before firing, which allowed the metal in the filling hole to solidify and seal the hole. The shells remained effective even if an hour elapsed between filling and firing as, by this time, the filling would have solidified and the shell casing heated, making them equivalent to conventional heated shot. This included shells that had failed to break up on impact and had remained embedded in the timbers of the target.[11]
Various sizes of shells were tested, but it was found that only the largest shells had a useful incendiary effect. However the shells were easier to handle and somewhat more effective than the red-hot shot they replaced.[11] A furnace for melting iron was installed on HMS Warrior.[12]
Fort-la-Latte, France
Île Saint-Honorat, France
Île Sainte-Marguerite, France
Hot Shot furnace at Fort McAllister
See also[edit]
- ^ Fitz-enz, David G. (2005). Old Ironsides: Eagle of the Sea. Taylor Trade Publications. p. 186. ISBN 1-58979-160-6.
- ^ La frégate de 24., Nicolas MIOQUE, Trois Ponts
- ^ Phillips, Donald T. (2006). On the Wing of Speed: George Washington and the Battle of Yorktown. iUniverse. p. 277. ISBN 1-58348-198-2.
- ^ Sayer, Frederick (1865). The History of Gibraltar and of Its Political Relation to Events in Europe. Chapman and Hall.
- ^ Kassimeris, George (2006). Warrior's Dishonour: Barbarity, Morality and Torture in Modern Warfare. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 44. ISBN 0-7546-4799-4.
- ^ Hoyos, Francisco de, (1849). Informe dado por el brigadier de la Real Armada D. Francisco de Hoyos sobre la vida militar, politica y marinera del Excmo. Señor D. Juan Joaquin Moreno. Impr. de la calle del Caballero de Gracia. p. 16.
- ^ Lasso de la Vega, Jorge (1856). La marina real de España à fines del siglo xviii y principios del xix, Volumen 1. la viuda de Calero. p. 606.
- ^ "The Attack on the "Negro Fort"". Fort Gadsden and the "Negro Fort" on the Apalachicola. ExploreSouthernHistory.com - Fort Gadsden Historic Site, Florida. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
- ^ Konstam, Angus; Adam Hook (2002). Hampton Roads 1862: Clash of the Ironclads. Osprey Publishing. p. 56. ISBN 1-84176-410-8.
- ^ Experiments with Naval Ordnance: H.M.S. "Excellent." 1866. Harrison & Sons. 1866. p. 27.
- ^ a b Experiments with Naval Ordnance: H.M.S. "Excellent." 1866. Harrison & Sons. 1866. pp. 27–30.
- ^ Wynford Davies (17 August 2011). HMS Warrior: Ironclad Frigate 1860. Seaforth Publishing. pp. 244–. ISBN 978-1-84832-283-7.
- "History No. 7: Hot Shot Furnaces". National Park Service. Retrieved 2008-07-07.
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cannonball furnaces.


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LAWRENCEVILLE — A 22-year-old Gainesville man pleaded guilty this morning to causing a chain-reaction crash that killed four people, including three members of a Lawrenceville family.
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RUBEN AMARO Jr. has said repeatedly in the last 2 weeks that he'd like free agent-to-be Chase Utley to be a "Phillie for life." But he wouldn't discuss whether he has talked about a new contract for the franchise icon second baseman, nor would he close the door to dealing Utley before the July 31 trade deadline.
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Top Definition
The most common occurance of shomitting usually happens after or during a heavy night of drinking. The excess alcohol causes the victim to power spew. As the abdominal muscles contract in an effort to expell all your stomach contents out your mouth, unfortunately this abdominal contraction also encourages any poop chambered in your chute to also be expelled at the same time....
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To shit and vomit at the same time
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The definition of the word Shomits is taking a shit and vomiting at the same time.
He woke up 7:30 am Sunday morning after drinking a lot Saturday night. He started to take a shit and in the middle had to vomit, immediately following he continued shitting. Now that is what I call a serious case of the Shomits.
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The act of vomiting up feces after consuming it.
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To shit and vomit at the same time, often as an expression of extreme disgust
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v. to purge oneself of personal intimate information as normal conversation to disinterested strangers, acquaintances or colleagues.
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1 box yellow cake mix
ingredients needed to make cake (eggs, oil & water)
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20 vanilla wafers, crushed
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Simple Definition of shellacking
: a very bad defeat
Full Definition of shellacking
: a decisive defeat : drubbing
See shellacking defined for English-language learners
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Examples of shellacking in a sentence
They took a shellacking in yesterday's game.
<suffered a shellacking at the hands of a vastly superior opposition>
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El servicio oficial de noticias de la Iglesia Adventista mundial
Feb 27, 2014 | Duration: 00:05:22 | Subscribe to podcast (iTunes) | Podcast link
This week on ANN: a new campus for the Adventist Church's college in Fiji, public health outreach at the Sochi Olympics, and Adventist humanitarians in Zimbabwe help evacuate flooded communities.
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