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Residence Inn by Marriott Baltimore Inner Harbor places you within a 15-minute stroll of popular sights such as National Aquarium in Baltimore and USS Constellation. This 188-room, 3-star hotel welcomes guests with free breakfast, free in-room WiFi, and a fitness center. It's in central Baltimore and also close to Walters Art Museum and Washington Monument.
Free buffet breakfast is included with your stay. Enjoy a bite to eat at 17 Light, the hotel's onsite restaurant. Satisfy your hunger from the comfort of your room with room service.
All 188 air-conditioned accommodations feature kitchens and space to spread out with sitting areas. LCD TVs come with cable channels and pay movies, and guests can stay connected with free WiFi and wired Internet. Bathrooms offer hair dryers and free toiletries. Sofa beds, coffee makers, and free newspapers are also standard.
Property features
Guests of Residence Inn by Marriott Baltimore Inner Harbor enjoy a fitness center, free WiFi in public areas, and conference space. Valet parking is offered for USD 35 per day. The 24-hour front desk has multilingual staff ready to assist with dry cleaning/laundry and securing valuables. Additional amenities include a business center, coffee/tea in a common area, and express check-in.
- Walking distance to National Aquarium in Baltimore and USS Constellation
- Free buffet breakfast
- Free WiFi in rooms and public areas
- Onsite dining
Residence Inn by Marriott Baltimore Inner Harbor17 Light St Baltimore MD 21202
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Ideal for extended stays, this downtown Baltimore hotel is within walking distance of the Inner Harbor, National Aquarium, convention center, and sports stadiums. A metro transit station with direct access to Johns Hopkins Hospital is one block away.
Guests can start the day with a complimentary breakfast buffet, including hot selections. Several times weekly, the hotel hosts a manager's reception with complimentary refreshments. The 17 Light Restaurant and Lounge serves lunch, dinner, and cocktails. Room service is available (limited hours).
Other amenities include a fitness center, valet parking (surcharge), laundry facilities, and a grocery-shopping service. Pets are welcome for a surcharge. The hotel has a smoke-free policy.
- 24-hour front desk
- Business center
- Free breakfast
- Coffee/tea in common areas
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Express check-in
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Elevator/lift
- Express check-out
- Fitness facilities
- Free WiFi
- Laundry facilities
- Meeting rooms
- Multilingual staff
- Number of floors - 15
- Total number of rooms - 188
- Porter/bellhop
- Restaurant
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Snack bar/deli
- Smoke-free property
- Conference space
- Valet parking (surcharge)
Family Friendly Amenities
- Family Hotel
- Free Wi-Fi
- Kitchen
- Snack bar/deli
- Laundry facilities
- Sofa bed
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi , Free wired high-speed Internet
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Valet parking (surcharge)
Room Amenities
- Premium TV channels
- Pay movies
- Separate sitting area
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Air conditioning
- Free newspaper
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Refrigerator
- Coffee/tea maker
- Kitchen
- Microwave
- Cookware, dishware, and utensils
- Daily housekeeping
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Iron/ironing board
- Desk
- Cable TV service
- Sofa bed
- Cribs/infant beds available
- Dishwasher
- Stovetop
- Room service (limited hours)
- Free WiFi
- Free wired high-speed Internet
Where to Eat
The hotel provides a complimentary buffet breakfast. A restaurant serves lunch and dinner.
Nearby Things to Do
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Golfing nearby
To make special requests for accessibility needs, please note them at check-out when you book your room.
- Accessible bathroom
- Roll-in shower
- In-room accessibility
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 4 PM
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
- Pets allowed for an extra charge of USD 100.00 per accommodation
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
Optional extras
- Valet parking fee: USD 35 per day
- Pet fee: USD 100.00 per accommodation
Hotel Name
- Marriott Residence Inn Baltimore Inner Harbor
- Residence Inn Baltimore Inner Harbor
- Residence Inn Marriott Baltimore Inner Harbor
- Residence Inn Marriott Hotel Baltimore Inner Harbor


text: Kristin Cavallari showed up to the Wizard of Oz Opening Night Gala at the Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising in Los Angeles last night wearing the same dress Heather Graham wore to a premiere of "The Hangover." Do we like it on either of them? Not so much. … READ MORE »

subset: commoncrawl


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Mistinquette Desiree Marie Petit and Edy Ngamkhao, both of Austin, were married Saturday, June 17, at Paramount Terrace Christian Church. The Rev. Scott Schlotfelt officiated.
The bride is the daughter of Donna Davis and Mr. and Mrs. Etienne R. Petit, all of Amarillo. Grandparents of the bride are Mrs. W.R. Davis and Mr. and Mrs. Robert Spray, all of whom attended the wedding.
Parents of the groom are Waraporn Munivong of Amarillo and Anantha Ngamkhao of Bangkok, Thailand.
Bridal attendants were Nicole Stuller, Noelle Petit, Shea Lea Clower and Tanya Weatherly, all of Dallas, Sally Alcantar, Carmela Smith and Yvonne Jubang, all of Austin.
Groom's attendants were Andrew Ngamkhao of San Jose, Calif., Adam Ayala, Adrian Almanza, Juan Martinez, Tom Rodriguez and Paul Buentello.
The wedding reception was held at the Peking Restaurant in Amarillo. Reception attendants were Cindy Davis, aunt of the bride, and Lisa Ayala.
The bride works for an oral and maxillofacial surgeon.
The groom is a software project engineer for Dell Computers.
The couple plan a honeymoon to Bangkok. They will reside in Austin.
Sunday News-Globe, June 25, 2000
© 2016. All Rights Reserved. | Contact Us


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Welcome to the award winning Holiday Inn Express Rolling Meadows Schaumburg Chicago Hotel!
When you stay with us, we have everyday specials. Please choose the package that suits you best! We also offer attractive group rate discounts. Contact us for more information.
We look forward to your stay with us. Stay Smart™ at the Holiday Inn Express Rolling Meadows Schaumburg Chicago Hotel.
Horse Racing fans, please join us for our Arlington Park Special! Arlington Park Racetrack is one of the main attractions for Arlington Heights, and it is located just minutes from our hotel. With this special, you receive 2 tickets to the racetrack and we provide complimentary shuttle service!
Our hotel is IHG Green Engage Level 1 certified. We are doing our part with IHG to reduce our hotel's carbon footprint. This is a global standard that demonstrates our commitment to sustainability. We do this to achieve energy savings of up to 25% and to improve the value of service we offer our guests.
Hotels.com awarded our Holiday Inn Express the 2016 Certificate of Recognition.
Thank you to our staff for all your hard work and thank you to our guests for your positive reviews. We look forward to serving our guests for years to come.
Trip Advisor awarded our Holiday Inn Express the 2015 Certificate of Excellence. Trip Advisor says, "This achievement is a direct result of your consistently great reviews from TripAdvisor travelers."
Thank you to our staff for all your hard work and thank you to our guests for your positive reviews. We look forward to serving our guests for years to come.
Our hotel is conveniently located at the junction of I-90 and Route 53. It's about 45 minutes outside downtown Chicago and just 15 minutes away from the Chicago O'Hare International Airport (ORD). Our location provides easy access to Interstates 88, 90, 94 and 290.
Our hotel sits near many great area attractions and points of interest.
For pleasure, we are located near Woodfield Mall, Arlington Park Race Track, Medieval Times and Mitsuwa Market Place Japanese Supermarket.
For business, we're located minutes from the Schaumburg business district, Motorola headquarters, the Rosemont and Schaumburg Convention Centers, the Sears Centre Arena and Olympic park.
Whether for business or pleasure, there's something for everyone to do or see.
We are happy to offer complimentary shuttle service from O'Hare Airport from Sunday afternoon to Friday morning. We run shuttles every hour on the hour from 6am to 11am and from 4pm to 10pm.
We also offer complimentary evening shuttle service within five miles radius of the hotel Monday to Friday to locations such as Woodfield Mall and Schaumburg Convention Center. Please call the hotel for detailed schedule.
|4:00 pm to 10:00 pm
|6:00 am to 11:00 am
|4:00 pm to 10:00 pm
|6:00 am to 11:00 am
Average Rating: 4.6
Our sister hotel, the Holiday Inn Rolling Meadows Schaumburg Chicago Hotel, is having a New Year's Extravaganza!
Why sit home for New Year's Eve? Ring in the New Year with us!
For our New Year's promotion, please select December 31, 2015 as your check-in date and January 1, 2016 as your check out date. Then click Show Available Room Types for the NEWYEAR PACKAGE 2016 and book your room.
Whether business or pleasure brings you to Rolling Meadows or the Schaumburg area, our hotel will meet your needs. We offer clean, comfortable rooms with modern amenities for your comfort and convenience.
We have an on-site restaurant. McKenna's Restaurant & Bar is a prime place to dine or have a drink after a long day of work or sightseeing. Please note: McKenna's is not open during lunch hours.
McKenna's Restaurant is located off the lobby of our Holiday Inn.


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Below you will find a list of all the online exercise and article sections there are on the Blair English website. Every exercise and article on the website is grouped by theme or subject. So, if you click on the Meetings icon, this will take you to the section menu web page for meetings which contains a list of all the online exercises there are for meetings.
If you like my website and want to make sure it continues making exercises, please help by donating money to the website.


text:
MCLEAN, Va. — If you are or have been involved in training school bus drivers, you likely have at least one wild story to tell.
Perhaps you've already shared it countless times with local comrades, but now comes an opportunity to let pupil transportation professionals from across the nation know what you've been through.
Publisher Roseann Schwaderer has invited submissions for an upcoming book, to be titled White Knuckle Rides. Anyone with a story — whether humorous or serious — about a driver-training session that led to a nerve-racking ride could land a spot as an "additional contributor."
The core of the book will be a collection of personal stories from three primary contributors: Kathleen Furneaux of the Pupil Transportation Safety Institute, Cheryl Wolf of the Lafayette (Ind.) School Corp. and Theresa Anderson of Jefferson County (Colo.) Public Schools.
Up to 10 more contributors will be chosen to see their name and story in print and receive a check for $75. Schwaderer said she expects stories to include information on what might have been done to turn a white-knuckle ride into a safe one.
Entries and submission agreements must be received by Nov. 15. To request a submission agreement, e-mail [email protected] or call (703) 288-4088.
Get the latest news and most popular articles from SBF delivered straight to your inbox. Stay on top of the school bus industry and don't miss a thing!


text:
Open first Sunday every month.
WebsiteVisit website
VenueSkipton Auction Mart
AddressGargrave Road, Skipton, Skipton, Yorkshire, BD23 1UD
Explore localWhat's on in Skipton
Local tourist information guide
Other eventsWhat's on at Skipton Auction Mart
Nearest Hotels
Located in Skipton, this holiday home is situated 37 km from Leeds. It provides free private parking. Harrogate is 32 km from Hollinwood, while Bradford is 27 km from the property.
The Pinfold
With a prime location on a cobbled street in the oldest part of Skipton, The Pinfold is a guest house close to all local amenities. Free WiFi is accessible throughout the property..
The Coach House Skipton
The Coach House offers 7 superbly appointed rooms with superb views over the oldest part of Skipton less than one minutes walk from the busy High Street..
Highfield Guesthouse
On the edge of the Yorkshire Dales, Highfield House offers bed and breakfast en-suite accommodation a 5-minute walk from central Skipton. It has free internet, and has limited free parking for up to 3 cars on site..
Napier's Restaurant with Rooms
With secure free private parking on site, Napiers Restaurant with Rooms is situated in the oldest part of Skipton, behind the castle. There is free Wi-Fi throughout, and parts of the building date back to the 13th century..
The Unicorn Skipton
The Unicorn Hotel offers accommodation in the centre of Skipton. This North Yorkshire bed and breakfast provides views of Skipton Castle from the 4th floor, free WiFi and luggage storage, and is within 2 minutes walk of a cinema, and the towns..
View all hotels near Skipton Auction Mart
Your comments:comments powered by Disqus
Disclaimer: This event is not organised by BritEvents, and we cannot be held responsible for the accuracy of the information provided, errors, or omissions. Always check the information provided before you book tickets.


text:
Volvo of Nashville Sales Reviews
- 302 Murfreesboro Rd
- Nashville, TN 37210 (map)
- Chat with Dealer
Sales Reviews
Older Reviews (over 2 years old)
This dealer does not have any current reviews. The following reviews are over two years old - their ratings are not used to calculate the dealer's current aggregated ratings.
Recommend this dealer? No Purchased a vehicle from this dealer? No, Poor experience with dealer personnel
I went to this dealer intending to buy an XC70 or XC60 but the General Sales Manager was not helpful at all.
In fact, I had to do all the leg work myself going to different dealers to get the best appraisal for my
trade in but the Volvo dealer was not willing to negotiate.
They did not return my pho...
Read the full review
Recommend this dealer? Yes Purchased a vehicle from this dealer? Yes
I am a single divorced female. I recently changed jobs and needed to trade my sedan for an SUV as a result of my new job. I shopped multiple volvo dealerships online for a new XC60 and eventually ended up at Volvo of Nashville. I was treated with intelligence and respect. They allowed me 2500 more f...
Read the full review
Recommend this dealer? Yes Purchased a vehicle from this dealer? Yes
Great people, sales and service.
I have bought numerous Volvos from Volvo of Nashville since 1986, and they have always gone beyond the call of duty.
I wouldn't think about going anywhere else.
Read the full review


text:
- Score:
- rated 4.42 / 5 stars
- Views:
- 326,730 Views
- Share Links:
- Genre:
- Action - Fighting - Brawler
- demon
- fighting
- wings
Credits & Info
- Uploaded
- Dec 17, 2008 | 10:02 PM EST
- Frontpaged December 21, 2008
- Daily 3rd Place December 19, 2008
If you liked this, check these out!
Author Comments
Rated 3.5 / 5 stars
Wow! What a improvement from the first one, the gameplay is so much better and refined with a free and wide open combo design. the levels are better designed and the scenario style is better made witch so much better defined structures, now it has real bosses, a really functional fighting gameplay and the storytelling is well made and more enjoyable with the use of animated cutscenes, dialogues and a more worked script, altought the music is still not original, is quite better, my only complain about it is that somethimes it clashes with the style of the game and it's pretty uninmmersive, but in general is a good choice. It's a pretty good game, i'd play it more than once, highly recommended
Thanks! You should totally check out the other AwW games too. Armed with Wings Rearmed is in Steam Early Access!
Rated 5 / 5 stars
The gameplay is excellent, the different techniques, weapons and bosses really kicks ass. A good Storyline as wellas excellent swifty playing action. Much better than the previous one. A jewel of the Action/Sword type.
Rated 3.5 / 5 stars
Like the story, but jumping is a bit annoying in the game.
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Oh ho ho. All of my worries from the last one have been cleared. The inclusion of more dialogue, a rest from the action, multiple unique bosses, and the surprising introduction of more blades and attacks. This one completely surpasses the previous one. I honestly expected the Tyrant to reclaim his throne. But I still love it.
Rated 4.5 / 5 stars
Gameplay and story 's good but you 'll fall easier


text:
Bulletin of the American Physical Society
APS March Meeting 2014
Volume 59, Number 1
Monday–Friday, March 3–7, 2014; Denver, Colorado
Session L16: Focus Session: Extreme Mechanics: Origami and Structural Metamaterials
8:00 AM–11:00 AM, Wednesday, March 5, 2014
Room: 401
Sponsoring Units: GSNP DPOLY
Chair: Jose Bico, ESPCI
Abstract ID: BAPS.2014.MAR.L16.3
Abstract: L16.00003 : 3D Buckligami: Digital Matter
Preview Abstract MathJax On | Off Abstract
Martin Van Hecke
(Leiden University)
Koen de Reus
(Leiden University)
Bastiaan Florijn
(Leiden University)
Corentin Coulais
(Leiden University)
We present a class of elastic structures which exhibit collective buckling in 3D, and create these by a 3D printing/moulding technique. Our structures consist of cubic lattice of anisotropic unit cells, and we show that their mechanical properties are programmable via the orientation of these unit cells.
To cite this abstract, use the following reference: http://meetings.aps.org/link/BAPS.2014.MAR.L16.3
Follow Us
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Editorial Office 1 Research Road, Ridge, NY 11961-2701 (631) 591-4000
Office of Public Affairs 529 14th St NW, Suite 1050, Washington, D.C. 20045-2001 (202) 662-8700


text:
Trauma Talk
The December 2015 issues of Trauma Talk is now available.
Please click here to view.
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text:
Business TypeTrading Company
Main MarketsWestern Europe
Product/ServiceTropical agricultural products
Business Owner
Employees5 - 10 People
CategoryAgriculture - Tea
Link ToolNigeria Agriculture - Nigeria Tea
Company TagsAgricultural Product - Agricultural Products - Gum Arabic - Hibiscus Flower - Sesame Seed
Company Introduction
We export tropical agricultural product-dry hibiscus flower, sesame seed, ginger, gum arabic. We export directly from africa and ready to send samples on request. We are experienced in reaerch into any tropical agricultural product of your choice.
Contact Information
Contact PersonMr. Kola Edun
Fax Number234-1-3425398
Post Coden/a
Address3 Agard St, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria, Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
Online MapCemya Map & Directions


text:
Texas wide receiver Mike Davis has decided to return for his senior season, according to a report.
Davis had been leaning toward turning pro and declaring for the 2013 NFL Draft.
Davis told ESPN.com's Joe Schad he changed his mind after talking with two Texas offensive coaches, family members and high school coaches.
"I want to maximize my stats and go to the BCS," Davis told Schad. "It's been tough for me. I did plan on coming out, but I need to do this one more time. I want to win the Biletnikoff Award (as the nation's top wide receiver). Those guys at Texas deserve another year."
The 6-foot-1 receiver had 57 catches for 939 yards and seven touchdowns this past season.


text: Home » England » Midlands Best Boutique and Luxury Hotels in The Midlands Hotels, B&Bs, country houses, inns, restaurants with rooms The Midlands claims to be the real core of the country, the place where you find what makes England tick. Much of the industrial wealth of the country is generated here. But it also has a fascinating history, and has many fine castles such as Warwick and beautiful country towns like Ludlow. The Royal Shakespeare theatre company is based at Stratford-on-Avon and the Peak District National Park are world-class attractions. The directory below presents some of the Guide's selected Hotels in the Midlands. You can use Advanced Search for other hotels or click on the map to see all Good Hotel Guide hotels in this beautiful region. Where to stay in Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Rutland, Nottinghamshire, Lincolnshire, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire, Shropshire, and Warwickshire. Search for a hotel by double-clicking on the map or clicking the plus sign to zoom in. Hotels by County Hotels by City East Midlands hotels by County Derbyshire hotels Leicestershire hotels Lincolnshire hotels Northamptonshire hotels Nottinghamshire hotels Rutland hotels West Midlands hotels by County Gloucestershire hotels Herefordshire hotels Shropshire hotels Warwickshire hotels Worcestershire hotels BirminghamWorcester Featured hotels in Midlands Biggin Hall, BIGGIN-BY-HARTINGTON, Derbyshire 'An outstanding stay.' James Moffett's 'friendly, efficient' hotel offers 'amazing value', and is an 'excellent base' for exploring the Peak District national park. 'Not posh but straightforward', it more Hambleton Hall, HAMBLETON, Rutland In fine gardens overlooking Rutland Water, this country house hotel has long been run by owners Tim and Stefa Hart. 'We received a warm welcome,' say returning visitors in 2015, who were more The Redesdale Arms, MORETON-IN-MARSH, Gloucestershire Returning visitors were 'delighted' this year by this old coaching inn, on the main street of a medieval market town. Robert Smith is the 'hands-on' owner/manager, who greets his guests with a 'warm more Pen-y-Dyffryn, OSWESTRY, Shropshire 'An old rectory in an Arcadian setting in a beautiful valley', Miles and Audrey Hunter's small country hotel is close to the border with Wales. 'A pleasant place with more The Peacock at Rowsley, ROWSLEY, Derbyshire On the edge of a Peak District village, this creeper-covered Grade II listed 17th-century building, once the dower house to nearby Haddon Hall, is upgraded to a full entry thanks to a positive report more The Feathers, LEDBURY, Herefordshire For almost 500 years, this black-and-white-timbered Tudor pile has been run as an inn on the High Street of a medieval town. The 'lovely old building' is today owned by David Elliston. The more Losehill House, HOPE, Derbyshire 'Absolutely brilliant from start to finish.' In a 'beautiful' hillside setting, this spa hotel has footpath access to the Peak District national park; it has more The Lamb Inn, BURFORD, Oxfordshire Occupying a row of medieval weavers' cottages on a tree-lined street of limestone houses, this 'lovely' old inn, part of a small group of Cotswold hotels, has log fires in the public more Tudor Farmhouse, CLEARWELL, Gloucestershire In a 'remote' position in the Royal Forest of Dean, this 'relaxing' hotel occupies an 'attractively converted' farmhouse surrounded by 'imaginative' more Barnacle Hall, COVENTRY, Warwickshire A welcoming refuge, Rose Grindal's rural B&B is in a Grade II listed 16th-century farmhouse five miles from the city centre. Full of nooks and crannies, the house has oak beams, polished more Old Downton Lodge, LUDLOW, Shropshire In rolling Shropshire countryside, a cluster of old stone and brick farm buildings (some medieval, some Georgian) has been remodelled into a restaurant-with-rooms by Willem and Pippa Vlok. 'It more Castle Hotel, Bishop's Castle, Shropshire On the site of the ancient castle bailey, Henry and Rebecca Hunter's refurbished hotel has commanding views over the 'smart', historic market town and the surrounding Shropshire more Hotels in Midlands The Cavendish, BASLOW, Derbyshire Standing in parkland with 'glorious' views over the Chatsworth estate, this 'beautifully kept', traditional hotel is popular with guests visiting the stately home. It is owned by the Duke of Fischer's at Baslow Hall, BASLOW, Derbyshire Bordered by woodland, with mature landscaped gardens, this restaurant-with-rooms in an Edwardian manor house in the Peak District is liked for the 'impeccable service' and 'excellent The Horse and Groom, BOURTON-ON-THE-HILL, Gloucestershire This Grade II listed Georgian pub-with-rooms in a Cotswold village has become popular over the past decade. The blackboard menu might include home-cured salt cod fritters; Dexter beef, ale and Russell's, BROADWAY, Worcestershire On one of the longest, most picturesque High Streets in England, Andrew Riley's restaurant-with-rooms occupies the former showroom of pioneering furniture designer Sir Gordon Russell. Next door is a Brockencote Hall, CHADDESLEY CORBETT, Worcestershire 'A wonderful battery recharger.' Up a sweeping drive, past a 'serene' lake and grazing sheep, this 'very elegant' country house hotel (Eden Hotel Collection) has 'pleasantly large' bedrooms, Beech House & Olive Branch, CLIPSHAM, Rutland 'Highly recommended' this year, Sean Hope and Ben Jones's informal pub/restaurant-with-rooms is on a tree-lined street in a village near Stamford. Louise Williams is the manager: 'The staff are very Colwall Park Hotel, COLWALL, Worcestershire With 'a charm all of its own', this black-and-white Edwardian building stands in lovely landscaped gardens in a peaceful village on the flank of the Malvern Hills. Originally built to Corse Lawn House, CORSE LAWN, Gloucestershire 'A relaxing and pleasant stay.' In the Severn valley, this small hotel and restaurant is run with 'old-school values' by Baba Hine with her son, Giles. It is fronted by a large Mr Underhill's, LUDLOW, Shropshire Named after a cat (no longer around), Chris and Judy Bradley's 'unpretentious' restaurant-with-rooms, in this lovely old market town, stands on the banks of the River Teme. Sadly, Mr The Evesham Hotel, EVESHAM, Worcestershire A self-confessed 'quirky' establishment, this family-friendly hotel has been run by John and Sue Jenkinson for 40 years. They have appointed David Field as manager, and stepped back Le Manoir aux Quat'Saisons, GREAT MILTON, Oxfordshire In extensive grounds with sculptures, ponds, an orchard and a Japanese tea garden, Raymond Blanc's luxury hotel is a good choice for a 'special occasion'. The candlelit conservatory The George Hotel, HATHERSAGE, Derbyshire 'As reliable as ever', this 15th-century former coaching inn, in a Peak District village, is owned by Eric Marsh, 'a brilliant host who has created a happy ship'. James Fair is now the manager. 'The Underleigh House, HOPE, Derbyshire At their converted Victorian cottage and barn in the Peak District national park, Vivienne and Philip Taylor are 'very helpful' hosts, says a visitor this year. 'They provided much local information, Langar Hall, LANGAR, Nottinghamshire 'Quite a character', Imogen Skirving began to take in guests when she inherited her family's 19th-century stuccoed and apricot-washed Georgian mansion more than 30 years ago. She continues to run it Sysonby Knoll, MELTON MOWBRAY, Leicestershire Less than a mile from the town centre, this traditional hotel and restaurant, in an extended, brick-built Edwardian house, has 'fine' views of the gardens and the River Eye. It has been owned by the Old Parsonage, OXFORD, Oxfordshire Behind high walls next to St Giles church, Jeremy Mogford's luxury hotel in a 17th-century building is liked for its 'intimate, club-like atmosphere'. An old stone gate opens on to a Wilton Court, ROSS-ON-WYE, Herefordshire Enveloped by the 'peaceful atmosphere' of the River Wye, Helen and Roger Wynn's riverbank restaurant-with-rooms is liked for the 'good food' and 'friendly, efficient service'. In their absence, The George, STAMFORD, Lincolnshire In 'the finest stone town in England', according to Sir Walter Scott, this 'quintessential English inn' by the River Welland is as popular a meeting point now as it was when Calcot Manor, TETBURY, Gloucestershire Adults and children 'coexist happily' at this luxury hotel in a converted 14th-century farmhouse in 'admirable' gardens in the Cotswold countryside. It is part of the small The Stagg Inn, TITLEY, Herefordshire 'A most relaxed place', this unpretentious white-painted inn is owned by Steve (the chef) and Nicola Reynolds. 'Everyone from the owner to the waitress serving breakfast was extremely friendly,' said The Castle, LINCOLN, Lincolnshire The staff are 'extremely pleasant and welcoming' at this smartly refurbished hotel, built on the site of Lincoln's Roman Forum, in the historic Bailgate area. 'We were well Burlington House, OXFORD, Oxfordshire Guests praise the breakfasts at this 'cheerfully decorated' B&B, in a refurbished Victorian merchant's house in a suburb north of Summertown. There is freshly ground coffee, Barnsley House, BARNSLEY, Gloucestershire Once the home of the celebrated gardener Rosemary Verey, this late 17th-century gabled stone manor house is run as a luxury hotel by the owners of nearby Calcot Manor, Tetbury (see entry). Michele Timberstone, CLEE STANTON, Shropshire 'A very welcoming couple', Tracey Baylis and Alex Read, greet guests with tea or coffee at their 'delightful' rural B&B in this 'lovingly extended' stone cottage in the Clee hills. The open-plan Hodgkinson's Hotel, MATLOCK BATH, Derbyshire Chris and Zoë Hipwell run their 'very special' hotel in a Grade II listed town house in the centre. It has a quirky Victorian interior, with a tiled entrance hall, ornate glasswork, Hart's Hotel, NOTTINGHAM, Nottinghamshire There are 'lovely views over the city from a height' from this modern, purpose-built hotel on the former ramparts of Nottingham's medieval castle. Owned by Tim Hart (who also has Old Bank, OXFORD, Oxfordshire On the High Street opposite All Souls College, Jeremy Mogford's contemporary hotel is a conversion of three stone buildings (one a former bank). Quod, the bar and brasserie in the former banking The Cheltenham Townhouse, CHELTENHAM, Gloucestershire There are modern, airy rooms and a relaxing atmosphere at Adam and Jayne Lillywhite's peaceful B&B, in a renovated Regency house five minutes' walk from the centre. It is managed by Nathaniel Leitch. Chatford House, SHREWSBURY, Shropshire Christine and Rupert Farmer's Grade II listed 18th-century farmhouse, surrounded by organic farmland, is 'first class all round'. The Farmers rear hens, ducks, geese, sheep and cattle on their The Feathers, WOODSTOCK, Oxfordshire There is 'a good atmosphere' at this town house hotel in a row of buildings in the centre of a 'handsome' market town on the edge of the Blenheim estate. Dominic Bishop manages Castle House, HEREFORD, Herefordshire Close to the cathedral, this 'excellent' small hotel is owned by local farmer David Watkins. It occupies a Grade II listed Regency villa and a Georgian town house down the street. The ancient castle Three Choirs Vineyards, NEWENT, Gloucestershire On a working vineyard and winery (one of the largest in Britain), this restaurant-with-rooms has 70 acres of cultivated vines to explore. Guided tours take in the history and processes of wine-making, B&B Rafters, MARCHAM , Oxfordshire Sigrid Grawert, a welcoming host, runs her B&B in a half-timbered house on the edge of a village eight miles south of Oxford. Pretty bedrooms have fresh flowers, tea- and coffee-making facilities and Hartington Hall, BUXTON, Derbyshire In 'immaculate' grounds close to the village centre, this 'lovely old building' is run as an upmarket youth hostel by the YHA. It offers 'amazing value'. Period features (mullioned windows, oak The Library House, IRONBRIDGE, Shropshire Once the village library, this 'beautifully decorated' Grade II listed Georgian guest house, by a bridge over the River Severn, has been sensitively restored by owners Tim and Sarah Davis. The sitting The Howard Arms, ILMINGTON, Warwickshire A log fire burns in the hearth at this easy-going 400-year-old Cotswold stone inn on the village green. Country-style bedrooms are upstairs in the main building; rooms in the garden wing are more White Sails, STRATFORD-UPON-AVON, Warwickshire 'High standards' and lots of little extras are provided by owners Tim and Denise Perkin, at their comfortable B&B on the outskirts of Stratford. Guests help themselves to complimentary coffee, sherry Lake Isle Hotel & Restaurant, UPPINGHAM, Rutland Named after the WB Yeats poem ('for its sentiments of peace, relaxation and tranquillity'), this Grade II listed 17th-century hotel/restaurant in the oldest part of the town is 'very well run indeed'. Cherry Trees, STRATFORD-UPON-AVON, Warwickshire In 'an ideal position' for theatre-goers, this modern B&B is a short walk across the Avon footbridge to the town. The owners, Tony Godel and Royd Laidlow, are 'brilliant' Beaumont House, CHELTENHAM, Gloucestershire 'A thoroughly enjoyable experience.' Fan and Alan Bishop's 'excellent' guest house is in a former Victorian merchant's home in large, well-tended gardens. Well-appointed bedrooms vary considerably in Dannah Farm, BELPER, Derbyshire Joan and Martin Slack's B&B stands in extensive gardens on a 150-acre working farm, on a ridge in the Derbyshire Dales. The individually styled bedrooms overlook the garden and beautiful surrounding Hanover House, CHELTENHAM, Gloucestershire In the centre of town, Veronica and James McIntosh-Ritchie's 'beautiful' Italianate home is filled with fresh flowers, pictures, 'interesting objects' and a Oak House No.1, TETBURY, Gloucestershire Sumptuously furnished, this fine Georgian house is run as a small, luxury B&B by interior designer and art collector Gary Kennedy, with Nicola MacWilliam. Strikingly decorated public rooms are filled The Bell at Hampton Poyle, OXFORD, Oxfordshire In a small village near Oxford, this welcoming roadside pub dates in part from the mid-1700s. It has beams, flagstone floors, cosy snugs and a large log fire. It is owned by George Dailey and Robert Wroxton House Hotel, WROXTON, Oxfordshire Guests this year were 'very impressed' by this 'exquisite' thatched-roof manor house on the edge of a picturesque village close to Banbury. It is ably run as a Best Western hotel by the Smith family; Bay Tree Hotel, BURFORD, Oxfordshire Just off the high street, this 'lovely old building', with wisteria winding up its honey-coloured walls, has been welcoming visitors for more than 400 years. It is part of Michael and The Bull and Swan at Burghley, STAMFORD, Lincolnshire The alleged meeting place of the Honourable Order of Little Bedlam, a riotous 17th-century gentlemen's drinking club, this refurbished old coaching inn today hosts quirky bedrooms and a popular The Swan, BIBURY, Gloucestershire In a little village once described by William Morris as 'the most beautiful village in England', this 17th-century former coaching inn (Cotswold Inns and Hotels) is in a picturesque The Swan Inn, SWINBROOK, Oxfordshire By a bridge over the pretty River Windrush, this 'lovely old inn' has a 'picture-perfect English setting'. Leased from the Devonshire estate (the late dowager duchess – The Village Pub, BARNSLEY, Gloucestershire In a pretty Cotswold village, four miles from Cirencester, this chic, rustic restaurant-with-rooms is under the same ownership as Calcot Manor, Tetbury, and Barnsley House, up the street (see main Church Street Townhouse, STRATFORD-UPON-AVON, Warwickshire Opposite the grammar school that William Shakespeare attended, this 400-year-old, Grade II listed building combines characterful low ceilings and beams with comfortable, modern bedrooms, a bustling Eight Clarendon Crescent, LEAMINGTON SPA, Warwickshire Guests appreciate the peaceful aspect of Christine and David Lawson's B&B, a Grade II listed Regency house overlooking its own private dell, in the north end of the spa town. 'The only The King's Head Inn, BLEDINGTON, Oxfordshire A stream runs by Archie and Nicola Orr-Ewing's old stone inn, once a 16th-century cider house, in 'a special setting' on the green of a village on the edge of the Cotswolds. It has 'an unspoilt rustic The Belmont, LEICESTER, Leicestershire In a 'brilliant' location on leafy New Walk, this large town hotel, formed from a row of Victorian residences, is within easy reach of the city and the station; it has useful on-site The Inn at Grinshill, SHREWSBURY, Shropshire 'Excellent hosts' Victoria and Kevin Brazier run their 18th-century country inn in the lee of Grinshill, a site of special scientific interest. In the restaurant and conservatory, Arron The Manor Coach House, WORCESTER, Worcestershire In a semi-rural location two miles from the city centre, Terry and Sylvia Smith have renovated outbuildings next to their fine 1780s house to create 'top-notch' B&B accommodation. The The Silverton, SHREWSBURY, Shropshire Within easy walking distance of the riverside, town centre and Theatre Severn, this restaurant-with-rooms is in a refurbished former dairy near the Welsh Bridge. It is owned by Doug Blackmore, a local Mallory Court, BISHOP'S TACHBROOK, Warwickshire Standing in 'extensive' landscaped grounds with a pond and a formal Old English rose garden, this 'elegant' manor house (Relais & Châteaux) is well situated for Warwick Castle and Stratford-upon-Avon. Manor Farm, MATLOCK, Derbyshire 'Welcoming and friendly' hosts Gilly and Simon Groom run their 'excellent' B&B in this historic Grade II* listed stone house on an 'attractive' sheep farm. Grove Farm House, SHREWSBURY, Shropshire In a peaceful setting, Liz Farrow's B&B is in a three-storey Georgian house on the edge of a small village; there are many walks to be had through beautiful parkland and wooded areas. Hotel Maiyango, LEICESTER, Leicestershire In a 150-year-old former shoe factory near the centre, this contemporary hotel has been decorated throughout with bespoke wood furnishings and commissioned artwork. It is owned by Aatin Anadkat. Lion and Pheasant, SHREWSBURY, Shropshire 'A pleasant place to stay', this former coaching inn is on one of the oldest streets in town, by the English Bridge. It is owned by Dorothy Chidlow; Jim Littler manages, with 'caring' staff. The inn The Feathered Nest, NETHER WESTCOTE, Oxfordshire It is five years since Tony and Amanda Timmer transformed this 300-year-old malthouse in a Cotswold village into a smart pub and restaurant. They are committed to sustainability and to supporting The Wheatsheaf, NORTHLEACH, Gloucestershire The 'youthful buzz' generated by a 'cool staff who seem to enjoy themselves' is liked at this modern conversion of a former coaching inn in a Cotswold market town. Owned by The Broadway Hotel, BROADWAY, Worcestershire Once a retreat for the abbots of Pershore, this 16th-century stone house was the first hotel in the small Cotswolds Hotels and Inns chain. 'The staff retained a welcoming approach The Old Rectory at Stewton, Louth, Lincolnshire At the end of a quiet lane opposite a Norman church, this early Victorian former rectory 'stands out' among the accommodation in the Lincolnshire Wolds. Alan and Linda Palmer are The Brownlow Arms, HOUGH-ON-THE-HILL, Lincolnshire A 'winning combination of gastropub, local inn and restaurant-with-rooms', Paul and Lorraine Willoughby's 17th-century inn is in a 'pretty stone village' in East The Lion Inn, WINCHCOMBE, Gloucestershire 'Clearly the place to be in Winchcombe,' says a visitor in 2015 to Annie Fox-Hamilton's 'fine modern inn', which is 'decorated with wit and imagination'. A beamed suite in a converted outbuilding, The Old Rectory, WHEATHILL, Shropshire In beautiful Shropshire countryside, Izzy Barnard's charming B&B is in a handsome Georgian house. It stands in extensive gardens where free-range chickens and ducks strut across the lawn. The Old Rectory, MALVERN, Worcestershire At the foot of the Malvern hills, Claire Dawkins and John Miller's Georgian house, next to St James the Great Church, is 'a special place; we were made to feel welcome'. The drawing The Old School, MORETON-IN-MARSH, Gloucestershire A huge monkey puzzle tree in the front garden of this former Victorian schoolhouse is a local landmark. Inside the refurbished stone building, Wendy Veale, a food writer and stylist, provides homely Lower Farm, OUNDLE, Northamptonshire Arranged around a central courtyard, 'excellent' B&B accommodation has been created from a former milking parlour and old stables on the Marriott family's small arable farm. It is situated at one end Vanbrugh House Hotel, OXFORD, Oxfordshire On a quiet side street near the Oxford Union, this impeccable B&B is spread over two buildings dating from the 17th and 18th centuries. David Robinson is the manager. Handsome bedrooms are Butlers, CHELTENHAM, Gloucestershire On a quiet street, an easy stroll to the town centre, 'friendly and helpful' owners Robert Davies and Guy Hunter have embellished this former gentleman's residence with butler memorabilia such as Hopton House, LUDLOW, Shropshire Surrounded by 'beautiful' Shropshire countryside, Karen Thorne's 'fabulous' B&B, in a former granary, is a 'wonderful and welcoming hideaway'. Spacious, well-equipped bedrooms have a large bed, Lords of the Manor, UPPER SLAUGHTER, Gloucestershire The 'quality and ambience' of this country house hotel is 'self-evident as you walk past the neatly cropped box hedges from the car park' to the honey-stoned building. Under The Arden, STRATFORD-UPON-AVON, Warwickshire 'Fall out of bed and into the RSC.' This red brick hotel, across a 'traffic-restricted' road from the Royal Shakespeare Theatre in Elizabethan Stratford, is 'ideally located'. A joint venture between The Fuzzy Duck, ARMSCOTE, Warwickshire In a small village eight miles south of Stratford-upon-Avon, this 18th-century coaching inn has 'a comfortable, home-from-home feel, with a sophisticated edge'. It has been stylishly Shropshire Hills, LUDLOW, Shropshire An excellent base for walking the Shropshire Way, Chris and Linda Baker's B&B is in a conservation village in an area of outstanding natural beauty on the slopes of Wenlock Edge. The Dormy House, BROADWAY, Worcestershire Guide inspectors this year 'found a welcoming atmosphere' at the Sorensen family's hotel which stands on a ridge above a pretty Cotswolds village. Tom Aspey is the manager. Built No. 38 The Park, CHELTENHAM, Gloucestershire Guests receive the keys to this modern B&B in a stylishly refurbished Georgian town house overlooking Pitville Park. It is owned by Sam and Georgina Pearman, who also own No. 131 (see previous Park Cottage, WARWICK, Warwickshire At the entrance to Warwick Castle, Janet and Stuart Baldry's 'good-value' B&B is in a 15th-century Grade II listed black-and-white timber-framed building. It has oak beams, The Royal Oak, TETBURY, Gloucestershire Husband-and-wife team Chris York and Kate Lewis have added retro features to complement the original character of this 18th-century Cotswold stone inn near the centre. Its lively bar is popular with No. 131, CHELTENHAM, Gloucestershire There is 'a nice atmosphere' at this handsomely restored Grade II* Georgian villa on the historic promenade. It is owned by Sam and Georgina Pearman; Stephen Wadcock is the manager. Kings Head Hotel, Cirencester, Gloucestershire Staff, say Guide inspectors in 2015, display an 'obvious desire to satisfy the customer' at Mark and Alison Booth's sympathetically renovated medieval coaching inn on the market Westbrook Court B&B, Westbrook, Herefordshire In tranquil grounds with views over the Wye valley, Kari Morgan, an interior designer, and her husband, Chris, have transformed a former stable into stylish accommodation for B&B guests. The Eckington Manor, Eckington, Worcestershire On a working farm where pedigree herds of Aberdeen Angus and Highland cattle, Lleyn sheep and Old Spot pigs are raised, Judy Gardner has converted a clutch of old buildings into a B&B, cookery


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 16, 1997
|Filing date
|Jun 24, 1996
|Priority date
|Sep 28, 1992
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Kenneth H. Brockel, William P. Sudnikovich, Joseph Inserra, Francis Loso, Kerri E. Schulz
|Original Assignee
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (20), Classifications (10), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention described herein may be manufactured, used, sold, imported and/or licensed by, or on behalf of, the Government of the United States of America without the payment to us of any royalties thereon.
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/437,861, entitled, "Method of Establishing Line of Sight Propagation," filed May 8, 1995, Attorney Docket No. CECOM-5178, now abandoned, which was a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 07/952,448, filed Sep. 28, 1992, Attorney Docket No. CECOM-4796, now abandoned. Priority of these parent applications is claimed.
The present invention relates to methods of determining the reliability of line of sight radio wave propagation.
Harsh climates encountered in areas, such as desert terrain in proximity to bodies of water, are known to be very difficult for Line-of-Sight (LOS) radio links because they cause frequent and large reductions in received signal strength. These signal strength variations occur because abnormal variations in the refractive index of the lower atmosphere cause multipath transmission and/or bending of beams emitted by the antenna. At frequencies below about 8 GHz and on paths having adequate clearance, these signal strength variations, otherwise known as time-varying fading, are generally of two main types: (1) atmospheric multipath interference, which occurs relatively rapidly and is caused by interference between two or more refracted rays arriving at the receiving antenna by different paths; and (2) reflection multipath interference, which occurs less rapidly and is due to interference between direct and ground-reflected waves. In terms of occurrence on a single radio link, multipath interference is the prevalent cause of degraded transmission reliability resulting from anomalous atmospheric structures. However, these two types of multipath fading can be present at the same time and the number of fades tends to increase with time due to atmospheric multipath increases along the path length.
The ability of a radio installation to withstand decreases in received signal strength is represented by its fade margin, i.e., the amount of power in dB that the average received signal strength exceeds the receiver threshold. Evaluation of known LOS radio systems shows that small fade margins of 4 to 6 dB were used in the past to accommodate for multipath fading. These fixed margins were originally disclosed in, "Radio Propagation Fundamentals," Bullington, K., The Bell System Technical Journal XXXVI(3), 1957, and were to provide for a link reliability of 90 percent for average climatic conditions. These margins, however, have since proven to be too small for difficult propagation environments and outdated in view of current LOS link engineering methodology, which includes parameters for climate, location, terrain, and path length.
Current LOS radio design requirements are based to a considerable degree on requirements and experience in Europe. However, propagation conditions in such countries as Germany are benign compared to those in the coastal areas of the Persian Gulf and in other warm and humid climates. A large body of research about LOS fading has been accumulated over the past 20 years, e.g., Vigants, "Number and Duration of Fades at 4 and 6 GHz," "Space-Diversity Engineering," and "Temporal Variability of Distance Dependence of Amplitude Dispersion and Fading," The Bell System Technical Journal 50(3)(1971) and 54(1)(1975) and Conference Record, International Conference of Communications, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (1984), respectively, and DCEC Engineering Publication (EP) 1-90, DCS Digital Line-of-Sight Link Design (1990). Much of this knowledge has its origin in the research performed for the engineering of commercial LOS links in the United States, where in the 1980s at least two-thirds of long distance communications traffic was routed over long-haul LOS microwave radio. The initiation of this propagation research was related to more efficient use of the frequency spectrum when the Federal Communications Commission reduced the number of frequency diversity protection channels from two to one in each frequency band. This required understanding of fading for a large variety of climatic conditions. The resulting models of fading and its countermeasures (frequency diversity and space diversity) permitted commercial link engineering to meet increasing reliability requirements related to increasing amounts of data transmission in any network. Subsequent introduction of microwave digital radio technology resulted in further propagation research on the in-band distortion of the frequency spectrum caused by multipath fading. The fading models developed from this research included meteorological variables. This permitted generation of an LOS propagation description for worldwide application when business opportunities arose related to providing microwave LOS communications to countries such as Saudi Arabia and other developing countries.
Today, the main focus is the single link propagation reliability defined as the percentage of time that the received signal strength is above the receiver's 10-5 Bit Error Rate (BER) threshold. Commercial systems employing modern digital radio typically require link reliabilities of 99.99 percent or better. These systems have been designed and are engineered on a per link basis to accommodate clear-air received signal decreases of 40 to 50 dB due to time varying fading of the received signal. It is important to note that commercial systems are designed for fixed-plant operation with generally good clearances and high antenna gains while military LOS radios are rapidly deployed and moved in operations where good sites and high-gain antennas are not the norm. The link engineering for these military digital radio systems, however, does not adequately take time-varying fading into account and does not incorporate results from the large body of recent published work on this topic.
Accordingly, the objective of the present invention is to provide a method of determining the reliability of military LOS radio links by calculating multipath fade margins using relevant environmental and operational radio parameters required to provide a specified link propagation reliability.
Another objective of the present invention is to provide for such a method which is applicable for a large range of climates, terrains, fade margins, and path lengths.
These and other objects of the invention are achieved by automatically determining the reliability of any LOS radio link given these parameters. Specifically, this method allows a communications network operator to specify and determine the path reliability (PR) for each backbone and extension link in a communications network for a given operating frequency, path length and climatic factor. For each link, the fade margin required (RFM) for a desired path reliability (PRD) is calculated by subroutines which will be explained more fully in the Detailed Description of the Invention. Then, the actual fade margin of the selected link is calculated using known radio parameters. Preferably, these known radio parameters are stored in a database to facilitate access to this information. Thereafter, the corresponding value of the actual path reliability for the link is calculated using modifications of known statistical models which take into account climatic and geographic factors.
In a preferred embodiment the present invention is an improved terrestrial, line of sight radio linked network having a predetermined number of terrestrial, line of sight radio transmitters and receivers, the terrestrial, line of sight radio transmitters and receivers having predetermined physical parameters and known multipath fade margin capabilities and being spaced over a predetermined distance and terrain, which includes:
an automated system and software program which automatically calculates a required multipath fade margin given a climatic factor, radio wave path inclination, desired reliability and radio frequency for each terrestrial, line of sight radio link;
a manner within the automated system and software program to compare the required multipath fade margin to the multipath fade margin capabilities;
a manner to alter the predetermined physical parameters of the terrestrial, line of sight radio transmitters and receivers if the difference between the multipath fade margin capabilities and the required multipath fade margin is less than or equal to zero; and
a manner to alter the predetermined distance between the terrestrial, line of sight radio transmitters and receivers if the difference between the multipath fade margin capabilities and the required multipath fade margin is less than or equal to zero.
Other features and details of the present invention will become apparent in light of the Detailed Description of the Invention and the accompanying figures wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of the various travel paths of destructive interfering multiple transmissions.
FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of typical atmospheric refractivity gradient as a function of percent of time the gradient is exceeded.
FIG. 3 is a graphical representation of a statistical description of deep multipath fading.
FIG. 4 is an illustration of the United States showing the geographic variability of propagation conditions.
FIGS. 5, 6 and 7 are graphical representations of fading probabilities for average, difficult and very difficult climates as generated by the method of the present invention.
FIGS. 8, 9 and 10 are graphical representations of required fade margins versus path length for average, difficult and very difficult climates as generated by the method of the present invention.
FIGS. 11, 12 and 13 are flow chart diagrams showing one embodiment of the present invention.
As described in the Background of the Invention, the principal cause of atmospheric multipath fading on LOS radio wave paths is an interference (cancellation) phenomenon that usually occurs when air masses of different temperatures and humidities overlie each other without mixing. Because these strata cause radio waves to travel different paths, the receiver is subject to two or more replicas of the transmitted signal as illustrated in FIG. 1. FIG. 1 also illustrates reflective multipath fading which can also generate one or more additional replicas of the signal. The replicas each with a different amplitude and phase, can and often do combine destructively to reduce the received signal strength by more than enough to cause unsatisfactory performance of the radio link. Typical durations of each interference event range from a few seconds (40-dB fade) to tens of seconds (20-dB fade) while the number of interference events in a night can range from fewer than ten to more than a hundred. The multipath-fading phenomenon is complex, time-varying, nonstationary, and dependent on many physical quantities. Nonetheless these physical effects may be compensated for by engineering the radio links with adequate fade margins which can be calculated for desired path reliabilities in the geographical locations and climates of interest. The present invention, therefore, compensates for multipath fading by first statistically analyzing climatic and geophysical structures and by calculating the required fade margin for a desired path reliability on any radio link given this statistical analysis and radio parameters.
In order to analyze the effects of climatic and geophysical structures on LOS radio wave propagation, certain atmospheric structures must be classified into physical quantities. For example, considering a normal daytime atmosphere where the index of refraction decreases gradually as the height above ground increases, the index of refraction may be measured in units, referred to as N-units, that describe the deviation of the index of refraction from unity, multiplied by 106. Thus, a representative, ground-level index of refraction value of 0.000320 becomes a refractivity of 320 when expressed in N-units. In the standard daytime atmosphere, the decrease in height is essentially linear in the first km above ground. The rate of decrease (the gradient) is generally denoted as -40 N-units per km, which corresponds to the standard equivalent earth radius factor of 4/3 used as a baseline for engineering LOS links.
A statistical description of refractivity gradients occurring in nature is obtained by measuring the difference in refractivity at points that are separated in height by 100 meters. The result is a probability distribution of the gradient, expressed as a percent of time during which it exceeds a particular value. Such a distribution is illustrated qualitatively in FIG. 2, where the curve is broken up into straight-line segments corresponding to different atmospheric structures. The break points in the curve and the shape of the curve can change drastically with geophysical location.
The central portion of the curve around the gradient of -40 N-units/km represents linear gradients that affect terrain clearance and change the relative phases of ground-reflected rays. The multipath fading segment is centered on a -157 N-units/km value. The presence of such gradients creates multiple ray paths which can generate multipath fading. Experience indicates that gradients substantially more negative than -157 N-units/km are necessary to cause prolonged and severe reductions of received signal power related to ducting.
Referring to the other end of the probability distribution, a positive gradient can also cause prolonged and severe reductions of received signal power. This is a result of a temporary blockage of the LOS path, referred to generally as obstruction fading.
Generically, the probability of the daytime propagation regime is the largest (note that the percent scale in FIG. 2 is nonlinear, the so-called normal-probability scale). As shown, the probabilities of the ducting and obstruction fading regimes are relatively small, while the multipath fading regime has the largest probability among the anomalous propagation regimes.
Analytical models of multipath fading, formulated for the engineering of radio links, describe multipath fading in terms of the time during which the received signal power is smaller than a value of interest. The time is accumulated over all fades in a month, and it is usually expressed as a percentage of a month, denoted by P. As an example, a value of the fading probability P of 0.1 percent corresponds to approximately 44 minutes per month.
The received signal level is described in terms of fade depth, denoted by A, expressed in positive dB relative to the signal power in the absence of fading. Thus, if the received signal power of interest is one percent of the power in absence of fading, then the value of A is 20 dB.
For deep fades, when A is 20 dB or larger, the fading probability P has a simple analytical form
where R is the multipath-fade-occurrence factor. For example, if the fade occurrence factor is 0.1 and the fade depth is 20 dB, the probability of fading is 0.1 percent. This means that the received signal power is smaller than one percent of normal for a total of approximately 44 minutes in a month.
The above behavior of the probability P as a function of the fade depth A is a consequence of basic physics. This behavior always occurs when fading is caused by multiple interfering rays. The probability is usually plotted on a vertical logarithmic scale as a function of fade depth on a horizontal linear scale. As shown in FIG. 3, this probability becomes a straight line on such a plot. The slope of the line is in decades of time (ratio of ten) per 10 dB of fade depth. This is referred to generally as the Rayleigh slope, after a theoretical probability function that describes the result of the interference of multiple rays. The vertical position of the fading probability line in FIG. 3 is determined by the fade-occurrence factor R, which is a function of climate, terrain features, radio frequency, and path distance. The functional form of R has been the subject of international propagation research for many years. A CONUS form for R, described in "Multipath Propagation at 4, 6 and 11 GHz," The Bell System Technical Journal, 51(2), Barnett, 1972, is
where D is the path length in km, and F is the radio frequency in MHz (greater than 2000 MHz). Values for the climate and terrain factor C are obtained from known maps. A low-resolution qualitative propagation map for CONUS is shown in FIG. 4. In terms of this map, for general planning purposes, C=1 is recommended for areas of average propagation conditions.
For difficult CONUS climates and terrains (e.g., the U.S. gulf coast), C=10 is recommended. The value of C=10 is also recommended for like international climates and terrains, e.g., Saudi Arabia. For worst case conditions, C=100 is recommended. This would be appropriate for cases of extreme heat and humidity such as the Red Sea or Persian Gulf coastal plain, or equatorial climates. For mountainous, dry, or northerly conditions, C=0.25 would be recommended. For example, this would be appropriate for the Rocky Mountains, Canada, and sections of Germany.
Given the path length and frequency, selecting the climate and terrain factor, and using the above equations, the site-specific probability curve for the received power can be calculated. The link reliability is simply the quantity 1 minus the outage probability which is determined by reading off the probability corresponding to the fade depth equal to the link fade margin.
The Rayleigh probability function, however, cannot be used to describe fade depths smaller than 20 dB (shallow fades). Such fades can contain a ray that is dominant, which requires a different mathematical model for their description and therefore, a general multipath fading model for received signal power is needed for link engineering at frequencies above 200 MHz, path lengths from 10 to 100 km, fade depths from 0 dB to 40 dB, and for a wide range of climates and terrains.
A very recent Canadian paper, "New Techniques for Predicting the Multipath Fading Distribution on VHF/LTHF/SHF Terrestrial Line-of-Sight Links in Canada," The Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, No. 2, Olsen and Segal, 1991, provides a such a needed methodology for fading estimates in the shallow fade depth region between 0 dB and 20 dB and for frequencies down to 100 MHz. The Olsen-Segal work is modified and used to meet the objectives of this invention.
The Olsen-Segal result for P in the deep-fade region (A>=25 dB) in percent is:
P=10.sup.(G/10-5.7) D3.6 F0.89 (1+|ep|)-1.4 10.sup.(-A/10)
where parameters not previously defined are
G=climatic factor in dB
|ep|=the absolute value of the magnitude of path inclination in mrad.
A relationship between G and the previously used climate factor C will be established below. The path inclination angle, ep, is the arctangent of a ratio where the numerator is the difference of the heights of the transmitting and receiving antennas, and the denominator is the path length. The exponents of the parameters differ from those in the previously stated fade occurrence factor R for CONUS. In general, such exponents and additional parameters in the fade occurrence factor are obtained empirically from experimental data.
The Olsen-Segal deep-fade region empirical results were developed from various experimental databases for path lengths from 7.5 to 95 km, and frequencies from 2 to 37 GHz. However, this model may also be used in the present invention for frequencies down to 200 MHz and path lengths from 10 to 100 km. Also, the path inclination effect will be assumed to be negligible, i.e., ep will be set equal to zero.
The new Olsen-Segal result is a probability function Ps for shallow fade depths (0 to 25 dB) in percent,
Ps=100 (1-exp(-10.sup.(-qA/20)))
where the functional form of the shape factor q has been determined from experimental data. The values of the coefficients in q are determined from the deep-fade probability P, which is assumed to be known.
The Olsen-Segal work provides two important capabilities regarding the modeling of multipath fading on tactical LOS links. First, the shape factor q permits description of shallow fades. Second, the observation that available fading modeling techniques apply at frequencies down to 200 MHz permits extension of such techniques to tactical links. Given these capabilities, the geoclimatic factors may be calculated to describe a worldwide range of multipath fading conditions and their impact on tactical LOS links.
The model for the probability of fading is composed of the shallow-fade probability Ps and the deep-fade probability P. In this description, Ps describes the fading probability when A<25 dB, and P describes this probability when A>25 dB. Ps and P have the same value when A=25 dB. The Olsen-Segal approach also allows use of 35 dB as the value separating the regions for the use of Ps and P. The 35-dB value, however, imposes more constraints on the fading model than the 25-dB value and is therefore not recommended.
The shape factor q in terms of Ps is an empirically derived function that replicates experimentally observed shapes of shallow fading and merges Ps smoothly into P at the transition point at A=25 dB. The expression for this shape factor q is
q=2+KA (qt+RA)
where KA and RA are empirically obtained functions of A
The parameter qt is constant for a particular Ps curve. Its value is
where K25 and R25 are the respective values of KA and RA at A=25 dB. The parameter r (which is distinct from the fade occurrence factor R) is calculated from the deep-fade probability
r=-0.8 log(-1n(1-P25/100))
where 1n denotes the natural logarithm and P25 is the value of P at A=25 dB.
The shallow-fade probability Ps and the shape factor q describe shallow fading associated with atmospheric structures that cause multipath fading. The method is valid for such description when qt>=-2. For qt<-2, the shallow fading is too large to be accommodated by this invention. Such enhanced shallow fading can occur when multipath propagation is superimposed on depressed levels of received signal caused by ducting or temporary increase in terrain blockage due to the presence of a layer of moist air over a ground-based layer of dry air.
The final step in the adaptation of the Olsen-Segal model for worldwide use is to establish the linkage between the average deep fading in Canada and in CONUS. This can be done by calculating the fade depths for both Canada and CONUS at an identical probability in the deep-fade region using the same set of parameter values. The values selected are D=40 km, P=0.1 percent, and F=4 GHz since these represent those for which there are most extensive experimental data. This calculation yields a Canadian climate factor of G 5.8 dB corresponding to the average CONUS fading value of C=1. Since G=0 dB is the Canadian average, his result indicates that the average worst month fading in Canada is one quarter that of CONUS, as is expected for the colder Canadian climate.
Given the above statistical analysis and calculations, values for the parameters of path length (D), frequency (F), and climate (G) are selected. For example, it is recommended that
G=0 dB for mountainous, dry, or northerly climates, e.g., Canada or Germany
G=5.8 dB for average climates, CONUS
G=15.8 dB for difficult climates, CONUS or International
G=25.8 dB for very difficult International climates
Further analysis would provide more detailed contours of G for other international climates.
The multipath fading analysis described above is therefore utilized to calculate link reliability as a function of fade margin (0 to 40 dB) for selected values of link path length (10 to 80 km) for frequencies of 300 MHz, 1600 MHz, and 4750 MHz. The latter are selected as representative of the 225-to-400 MHz, 1350-to-1850 MHz, and 4400-to-5000 MHz frequency bands, respectively. For each of the three frequencies, three values of the climate factor have been selected to span the climate range of application: average CONUS (5.8 dB), difficult CONUS or International (15.8 dB), and very difficult international (25.8 dB). Alternatively, the link fade margin has been calculated as a function of link path length for selected values of link reliability (90, 99, 99.9, and 99.99 percent).
Typical results of the calculations are graphically shown in FIGS. 5-10. FIGS. 5-7 show the probability (reliability) results versus the required fade margin for a fixed path length at 300 MHz for average, difficult and very difficult climates, respectively and FIGS. 8-10 show the required fade margin versus link path length for a fixed reliability for average, difficult and very difficult climates, respectively. Both sets of graphs are illustrated as an example of the calculations which can be utilized in the present invention because usually applications of this nature begin with either a given path length or a given reliability.
FIGS. 11-12 are flow diagrams illustrating one embodiment of the present invention. As shown, a path reliability PR is specified for any radio link on a network. Then, the radio and link characteristics, which are known values that are readily calculated, are retrieved from a database file and a fade margin capability (CFM) is determined utilizing a method commonly referred to as Terrain-Integrated Rough Earth Model (TIREM) and inputting known climate factors into this model. Thereafter, the required fade margin (RFM) is calculated using the method described above.
Given these results, the fade margin capabilities of the radio can be compared to the required fade margin and it can be readily determined whether the radio parameters are sufficient to establish a reliable radio link. As shown in FIG. 12, this may be represented in a color schematic wherein if the capability fade margin is less than zero and the difference between the capability fade margin and the required fade margin is less than zero, then the link status may be set to red (or a failed link). Likewise, if the difference between the capability fade margin and the required fade margin is less than zero, but the capability fade margin is greater than zero, then the link status is set to amber (or the link is susceptible to failure). Finally, if the difference between the capability fade margin and the required fade margin is greater than zero, then the link is set to green (or the link is reliable within a certain percentage).
If any link is unreliable, the physical parameters and the distance between the radio transmitters and receivers are altered to accommodate for an unreliable link as those skilled in the art would readily recognize. As such, the present method may be incorporated into any number of automated systems wherein the method is represented in a software program which automatically outputs the status of any radio link and/or automates the corrective action(s) necessary to establish a reliable radio link.
Although the present method has been described and illustrated in some detail, it is to be understood that the same is made by way of illustration and example only and is not to be taken by way of limitation, the spirit and scope of this invention being limited only by the terms of the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
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|Dec 2, 1971
|Jul 10, 1973
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Radio system with feedback for fading compensation
|Nov 8, 1985
|Oct 4, 1988
|Harris Corp.
|Lockup detection and avoidance scheme for satellite communication network
|Dec 28, 1984
|Jan 23, 1990
|Harris Corporation
|Optimal satellite TWT power allocation process for achieving requested availability and maintaining stability in ALPC-type networks
|Nov 7, 1989
|Apr 28, 1992
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Diversity receiver in a cdma cellular telephone system
|Apr 11, 1994
|Feb 14, 1995
|Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson
|Method of controlling output power in a mobile radio communication system
|Jun 3, 1993
|Apr 25, 1995
|Bell Communications Research, Inc.
|Method for determining radio transmitter sites with signals that may potentially interfere with an intended signal at a radio receiver site
|Lee, William "Mobile Communication Design Fundamentals" pp. 51-91, Pactel bile Company, (Library of Congress Catalog No. 85-61772), 1986.
|Lee, William Mobile Communication Design Fundamentals pp. 51 91, Pactel Mobile Company, (Library of Congress Catalog No. 85 61772), 1986.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 25, 1997
|Aug 31, 1999
|Motorola, Inc.
|Method and apparatus to respond to a blockage environment in a communication system
|Jun 15, 1998
|May 2, 2000
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army
|Methods and apparatus for planning and managing a communications network
|Jan 11, 1999
|Oct 31, 2000
|Tellabs Operations, Inc.
|Co-located omnidirectional and sectorized base station
|Dec 4, 1997
|Jan 16, 2001
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Method for frequency environment modeling and characterization
|Dec 4, 1997
|Jul 10, 2001
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Method for improved line-of-sight signal detection using RF model parameters
|Dec 4, 1997
|Aug 7, 2001
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Method for improved line of sight signal detection using time/frequency analysis
|Jun 11, 1999
|Oct 16, 2001
|Lucent Technologies, Inc.
|Method for reducing the effect of atmospheric ducting on wireless transmissions
|May 27, 1997
|May 14, 2002
|Nokia Telecommunications Oy
|Method of determining effect of radio wave multipath fading
|Dec 4, 1997
|Jul 2, 2002
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Detecting the geographical location of wireless units
|Dec 23, 1997
|Nov 5, 2002
|At&T Wireless Services, Inc.
|Method for designing wireless communications cell sites using uplink parameters
|Oct 21, 1996
|Jul 1, 2003
|Globalstar L.P.
|Multiple satellite fade attenuation control system
|Feb 9, 1999
|Mar 23, 2004
|I.S. Motor Korea Co., Ltd.
|Constant-power brushless DC motor
|Jun 9, 2000
|May 25, 2004
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ)
|Fade margin test
|Nov 8, 2010
|Jan 7, 2014
|Echostar Technologies L.L.C.
|Methods and apparatus for identifying signal degradation in a receiver
|Jun 11, 2008
|Jun 10, 2010
|Kim Jin-Kyeong
|Apparatus and method of data transmission and reception using multi-path
|Jun 30, 2011
|Echostar Technologies Llc
|Methods and apparatus for identifying signal degradation in a receiver
|Nov 24, 2006
|May 28, 2008
|Siemens Schweiz AG
|Method and apparatus for estimating the reliability of a radio link
|Jun 9, 2000
|Dec 21, 2000
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ)
|Fade margin test
|Nov 16, 2007
|May 29, 2008
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Method and device for estimating the reliability of a radio communication link
|Jun 11, 2008
|Dec 18, 2008
|Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute
|Apparatus and method of data transmission and reception using multi-path
|U.S. Classification
|455/506, 455/10, 455/67.16, 455/65
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 19, 1996
Owner name: INCYTE PHARMACEUTICALS, INC., CALIFORNIA
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|Apr 25, 1997
Owner name: ARMY, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, THE, AS REPRESENT
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:BROCKEL, KENNETH H.;SUDNIKOVICH, WILLIAM P.;INSERRA, JOSEPH;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:008490/0367;SIGNING DATES FROM 19920925 TO 19920928
Owner name: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, THE, AS REPRESENTED BY T
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SCHULZ, KERRI E.;TELOS;REEL/FRAME:008490/0307;SIGNING DATES FROM 19920925 TO 19920929
|Apr 10, 2001
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Aug 29, 2001
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Aug 29, 2001
|Surcharge for late payment
|Apr 6, 2005
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Sep 16, 2005
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Nov 15, 2005
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20050916


text:
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Historic Ligonier cordially invites you to visit our scenic valley
Welcome to the historic Ligonier Valley – recognized by Country Living Magazine as one of "The Most Charming Small Towns in America" and by The Washington Post as a "Small-Town Charmer" Steeped in history dating back to the French & Indian War at Fort Ligonier, the town is filled with more than 60 specialty shops, restaurants and places to stay. The Ligonier Valley Chamber of Commerce hosts special events year-round from Icefest to Antiques on the Diamond to Fort Ligonier Days. The scenic valley which surrounds the town is home to Idlewild Park & SoakZone – voted "Best Amusement Park for Children in the World," as well as Compass Inn Museum, Southern Alleghenies Museum of Art, Linn Run State Park and just a short drive from fantastic skiing and snowboarding at Seven Springs Mountain Resort and Hidden Valley Resort.
Located in the very heart of the town of Ligonier is the Diamond, a beautiful park perfectly accented by trees, flowers and birds. There are park benches and the iconic bandstand where band concerts and other events are held. The Diamond is surrounded by unique shops and businesses and even our majestic Town Hall. The streets extend out in all four directions from the Diamond to even more of our town's shops, restaurants and attractions. The Diamond is properly named because it truly is a jewel in the center of our town.
When you take a look at our historic sites, amusements, special events, great shopping and dining along with charming places to stay that are surrounded by horse country and majestic mountains, you will agree that you've found the perfect getaway here in the historic Ligonier Valley.
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Fort Ligonier Days
October 14, 15, 16, 2016
Fort Ligonier Days is a�three day fall festival commemorating the battle of Fort Ligonier fought on October 12, 1758. Join us as we celebrate with over 200 craft booths, food booths around the Diamond, a top-ranked community parade at 11am Saturday, sidewalk sales & live entertainment. Wine tasting. 5K race on Sunday 9AM. Fun for the whole family. Find out more.
Scarecrow Contest
October 21-31, 2016
Over two dozen handmade, spooktacular scarecrows occupying lampposts around the Diamond! Vote for your favorite
Thank you to Loyalhanna Realty for sponsoring the prizes for this event!
Santa's Arrival & Lighting of the Diamond
Friday November 25, 2016 at 6:30 p.m.
Santa Claus is coming to town! Join us for the countdown to Light Up Ligonier!
Townwide Open House
Sunday December 4, 2016 12 p.m. to 5 p.m.
Enjoy carolers, decorations window displays and much more as you Christmas shop in Ligonier!
Gingerbread House Contest
December 3-11, 2016 at Ligonier Ramada
Create your own gingerbread house or bid on your favorite.� Donations go to a local charity. Call the Chamber office for details: 724-238-4200.
See All Events


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Star Tracks: Monday, May 16, 2016 42 years, 2,191 covers and 55,436 stories from PEOPLE magazine's history for you to enjoy
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- May 18, 1981
- Vol. 15
- No. 19
Crossovers Are Old Stuff for Grover Washington; He Fused Even Before George Benson
Such are the dimensions of his double crossover that Washington, 37, basically a jazz artist, would be known as the new George Benson except for one thing. George Benson was actually the new Grover Washington. One year before Benson's 1976 sensation This Masquerade, Washington cut a jazz-pop fusion hit single called Mr. Magic. Says keyboardist Bob James: "Grover was one of the main people to make this crossover movement happen. We had people intrigued by jazz, but a lot of it was so complex they didn't relate to it. Grover maintained a very high level of musicianship and yet his playing was very melodic and direct."
Some colleagues disagree. At a forum in New York a couple of years ago, bassist Percy Heath accused co-panelist Washington of "bastardizing" jazz. Rebuts Grover: "My music is for the everyday person—people music. There's no pretense. It's honest. It transmits feelings and moods. That's about all you can hope to achieve."
Twelve years ago Washington was playing purer jazz in small clubs around Philadelphia for $10 to $40 a night and commuting to New York as a session player. Then at one CTI recording date, he was asked to sit in for his mentor, jazz sax veteran Hank Crawford, who was jailed in Memphis on an old traffic charge. "My big break was blind luck," Washington marvels.
That 1971 LP, Inner City Blues, got Washington a CTI contract. It also lent a new twist to his clerk's job at a Philadelphia record store. "Here I was unloading records with my name on them," he laughs. Mr. Magic was followed by four other gold albums, including Winelight, which recently turned platinum and features his first gold single, Just the Two of Us.
Washington was raised in Buffalo, N.Y. His dad still works at a steel plant but had been a big-band saxophonist. Grover received a sax for his ninth Christmas, but practicing turned him off. "It became a duel between basketball and music," he recalls. "At 12, I knew I was going to play jazz. Besides, I stopped growing at 5'8½"."
After finishing high school at 16, he played with a number of groups, including one that backed up female impersonators in dingy Northeastern dives. Then Grover was drafted into the Army at Fort Dix, N.J. and was bound for Vietnam until he talked his way onto the base band. At an off-post gig, he met wife Christine, an editorial assistant at the time. Recalls Chris, now 36: "We met on a Saturday and he moved in on Thursday." They married in 1967.
Six years ago they settled into a 15-room house in a Philadelphia suburb with their children, Grover III, 12, and Shana, 5. (Chris' son by a previous marriage, Loran, 17, is retarded and lives in a private institution.) The focal point of the household is the basketball hoop out back. For the past two years Grover has played the national anthem at Philadelphia 76ers home games, and Grover III assists the ball boys. Says Washington, "Most athletes are frustrated musicians and most musicians are frustrated athletes." One track on Winelight is titled Let It Flow ("For Dr. J."), after the 76ers' Julius Erving.
Last year Grover began a new crossover, applying for a doctoral program in music composition at Temple University, hoping to ultimately compose film scores. He was told he had to audition. "The next day," he smiles, "I came back with a stack of my albums and told them to listen and let me know if they thought I could play." He was admitted.
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Free online index and transcription of Acadian obituaries. Users can use the built-in search engine to find and track obituaries of interest. Users can also contribute transcribed obituaries.
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