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Plaintiff, a heavy equipment operator, has no claim under the Americans with Disabilities Act because he is unable to perform an essential job function — driving a manual transmission truck to transport the equipment he operates. The record supports defendant ...Read More »
Negligence – Court upholds damage cap ruling on motion for reconsideration
On reconsideration of a prior ruling, the court again finds that plaintiff in this product liability case was sufficiently injured to be entitled to the higher damage cap in MCL 600.2946a(1). "Plaintiff filed this products liability action after he was ...Read More »
Civil Procedure – No capacity to sue after lapsed corporate filing
A Delaware corporation lost its capacity to sue when it failed to pay the annual fee or file its annual report. The corporation was void when it filed the complaint. However, it can restore its capacity to sue by correcting ...Read More »
Negligence – Defendant's contractual duties did not extend to decedent
Where plaintiff's decedent was killed when a truck owned by ER Express lost its load after striking an overpass, defendant TMA, which procured the necessary permits to transport the load cannot be held liable. TMA owed ER no contractual duty ...Read More »
Attorneys – Offer-of-judgment attorney fees calculated in FDCP case
Plaintiff is entitled to a $1,190 attorney fee award following defendant law firm's acceptance of an offer of judgment in this case brought under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act. Plaintiff claimed that defendant violated the FDCPA and tendered an ...Read More »
Attorneys – Offer-of-judgment attorney fees calculated in FDCP case
The court reduces plaintiff's $3,553 request for attorney fees and costs following defendant law firm's acceptance of an offer of judgment in this case brought under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act. A review of similar cases filed by the ...Read More »
Negligence – Fitness club release bars personal injury claim against third party
Plaintiff's personal injury claim against defendant, a fitness equipment manufacturer, is barred by the release she signed when she joined a health club furnished with defendant's equipment. The manufacturer is a third-party beneficiary of the release. Plaintiff correctly notes that ...Read More »
Social Security – ALJ erred in evaluating medical evidence in disability case
An administrative denial of plaintiff's claim for Social Security disability benefits is reversed because the administrative law judge did not properly weigh the medical evidence supporting the claim. Plaintiff injured her back while working. Plaintiff had surgery, which eliminated some ...Read More »
Civil Procedure – Class certification denied for tainted pet food claims
Plaintiffs' motion for Rule 23 class certification is denied because most members of the putative class have resolved their claims against defendant. Further, plaintiffs have not adequately established the necessary factors for a favorable ruling on class certification. Plaintiffs allege ...Read More »
Insurance – Hospital's antitrust settlement is 'loss' under policy provision
A hospital is entitled to indemnification for a settlement paid to nurses who sued the hospital for antitrust violations regarding their pay. The settlement is best understood as a loss covered by a policy defendant issued to the hospital. The ...Read More »


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PORTALES, N.M. - Eastern New Mexico University is offering a new program this fall in forensic science, placing the school among about 20 nationwide offering the major.
The chairwoman of ENMU's anthropology department said there's a demand for students with a degree in forensic science.
"Right now, there's a lack of lab workers in New Mexico, and that is holding back court prosecutions," Dr. Kathy Durand said. "If they (students) have this degree, they can work in the lab, analyzing blood samples or DNA for criminal cases."
The university also will offer new majors this fall in other high-demand professions, including animal and dairy science, environmental science, emergency services management, hospitality management and aviation science.
- Wire Reports
© 2016. All Rights Reserved. | Contact Us

subset: commoncrawl


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Paradise Inn Windsor Palace Hotel
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TripAdvisor Reviews Paradise Inn Windsor Palace Hotel Alexandria
Travel Blogs from Alexandria
No ice cold beer for us. - Alexandria
... a ticket and you are free to go in and sit down and read any of the books. There were plenty of books in English.
Spent time in a small museum which had a well chosen selection of artefacts from early periods.
Last place on the visiting list was the Roman column from Greco Roman period. It is the only ancient remain left standing in Alexandria. We wanted to visit the ...
Cairo and the Pyramids,
... private I am sure we had more time in Cairo than the people who used the coach. However being 5.30 PM we immediately entered a traffic jam which held us up for some time. Car drivers in Egypt are the worst I have ever seen. The procedure seems to be to enforce your intentions squeezing your way through The mass of cars working your way across lanes to achieve your objective amidst a constant cacophony of car horns of various ...
A short day in Alexandria
... woman who was waiting for friends to finish their tour. She spoke about the effects of the revolution, and explained why the streets were so full of garbage. The contracts were signed with a foreign company who gave kick backs to the former corrupt government. When this government fell, the garbage company stopped working although they are still being paid. Since the ship was leaving earlier than we had originally been told, we ...
Port of Alexandria, Egypt
... we decided to try our own thing in actual Alexandria itself as the port is close to town. We left after breakfast and found some tourist markets on the wharf where Scott bought a kaftan and head piece which will be fun for a fancy dress night. They hassle you a fair bit and I don't really like the touristy souvenirs so after a quick walk through we headed out of the port. The security checks your passport and visa before ...
Life as a "Khawaga," or foreigner in Egypt
... my friends. Ultimately,
I hope that I will start to think of this place as more of a home rather than an
untraditional study abroad destination. I want to jump in and be fully immersed
in this culture rather than dip my toes in.
All in all, I'm having a fantastic time. I've met countless
wonderful and interesting people here who will surely become great friends. Ila liqaa, until next time,


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The Cardboard Dragon Ball Z Costume You've Always Wanted
This might be one of the best Vegeta costumes you can buy. That is, if it doesn't rain.
This might be one of the best Vegeta costumes you can buy. That is, if it doesn't rain.
A Japanese chiropractor thinks he knows why Freiza lost to Gokku in Dragon Ball Z. And what is said reason? Bad posture.
Dragon Ball Z's "Final Atonement" episode is one of the most famous moments in DBZ history. Let's see how the manga and anime stack up.
It's not. It's made now, but if the anime was made in the 1990s, the show would probably look something like this.
Last year's Dragon Ball Xenoverse is getting a sequel. Dragon Ball Xenoverse 2 will arrive this year on PS4, Xbox One, and PC, publisher Bandai Namco said today.
Everybody else can stop doing their funny little spontaneous dance videos. The Running Man Challenge has reached its final form.
Here are some aesthetically perfect Dragon Ball fan-pics by NicoTheSane, who remade four well-known locations from the series in 3D using a very cool, clear style.
Yes, this is Wrestlemania. Yes, this is Xavier Woods' New Day making their entrance in full-blown Dragon Ball cosplay. Out of a giant, assy box of cereal.
Frieza and Goku clash in the most unusual way: Japanese artist Shinrashinge used three paper cups to draw a short Dragon Ball story.
Everyone gets emotional sometimes, even Vegeta.
Here's a pretty creative way to light up a room with Dragon Ball characters and their energy attacks.
The ultimate crossover, courtesy of GAME store shelf placement. Spotted by Redditor t3hOutlaw.
Some of the animation in BlackSmokeFilms' Dragon Ball short film "The Fall of Men" is just excellent. It's shorter, but I might even say that overall it's better than the 2009 movie Dragonball Evolution.
Damn, it's like he stepped right out of the Dragon Ball Z anime.
The internet has changed the way we experience nearly everything—including, in this case, what being a part of Dragon Ball Z is like.
It's an amazingly choreographed battle scene of two hands... dressed as Goku and Frieza from Dragon Ball Z by HigaTV.
Here's a simple yet sweet Dragon Ball tribute made by Eddie Stilson in Super Mario Maker.
DBZ Tribute is not an official project—but damn if it doesn't look hot anyway.
Who do you think would win in a fight: Goku or Ryu? What about Goku versus Chun-Li? Or against Guile?
This is not official art. It's fan art. Pixiv member Kanon Kamishima created the piece and uploaded it in 2013. This week, similar art was spotted on a Dragon Ball Z toy. The artist apparently had no idea.


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Alrighty, so I finished Arkham City...again, so I could play Harley Quinn's Revenge (not that I'm complaining about that. Arkham City ROCKS). So I went to the main menu to see if HQR was there. It wasn't. So I went looking on the internet for answers as to just how I could access my hard-earned DLC, only to run into lots and lots of frustration. Some of this was courtesy of Games For Windows Live, and good ol' Microsoft's oh-so-helpful (sarcasm)www.support.xbox.com, which is unbelievably obtuse. Side note: WTF was I doing at xbox.com? I don't even have an Xbox. It seems that MS, in their infinite wisdom, decided to lump GFWL and XBL under the same roof under the (more popular?) Xbox brand.
Anyway, my first act was to ask good ol' Google (no sarcasm there) how to access HQR. It took me to a list of forums mostly, so I checked some of them and found out that there were indeed others having the same problem. So I wasn't an idiot after all, I guess. Some helpful forum posters suggested that I and the others log in to GFWL and redeem my code key, since the "DLC" Steam gave me (soooo, they're not blameless here either) was really just a code I was supposed to redeem through Microsoft. Thanks for the heads-up, Steam! You could have told me that to begin with. Amidst all this (to my chagrin), I realized - with a hearty face-palm - that I didn't actually need to replay AC after all to
get to HQR (again, no real complaining about that).
So, armed with that knowledge, I figured my problem was solved. I couldn't have been more wrong. I tried logging into GFWL, only to find out that I couldn't. Something is wrong with my connection to Live in-game, even though my internet works fine AND I can log in to the GFWL Marketplace application just fine. SIGH. * I would later find out, btw, that I have no such problem on my laptop. But that's beside the point. * This lead me to my big headache with Microsoft support.
Now look MS fans: don't think that I have nothing but vitriol for them. In fact, I happen to think that Bill Gates is a pretty nice guy. He gives away a good chunk of his billions to deserving charities, and he's among a fairly sizable cadre of billionaires who actually want the government to tax them fairly (imagine that). And XBLA has definitely done lots of good for the video game industry. It's GFWL and MS "support" that I take issue with.
As I've noted before, when I actually get ahold of a living, breathing human being at MS, they're nothing but nice (so far). It's getting ahold of them that's the problem. I had the misfortune of having issues on a Saturday, and apparently that's a no-no. For starters, phone support is only available on weekdays. Umm, HELLO, Microsoft! Anybody home? With all of your vast resources, you can't be bothered to pop for 24/7 tech support? Secondly, their technical forums read like Greek to a computer novice like me, which is why I need to talk to a human.
Third, there's supposed to be chat support, but nobody appeared to be available. Adding insult to that injury, the only people working chat service (when they're available) are fellow customers with some high level of expertise. Greeeeaaat, MS. Farm out your chat support to customers you (presumably) don't pay - correct me if I'm wrong there, people - instead of using real professionals. Classy.
Then there's Twitter support, which is supposedly available all the time. I mean, it's Twitter, right? Instant, always-there, right? Wrong. Even they have hours to keep. Fine, I said. I left my tweet and waited. As of this writing (after midnight the next day), they have yet to get back to me. So I'm stuck waiting until tomorrow to call phone support.
That's not me, btw ^^^
"But wait, retro, didn't you say you finally got to play HQR?" That I did, observant readers. But this was in no way thanks to MS support. And no thanks also to the equally-obtuse-but-normally-not Steam. Here's what happened:
I went back to the non-tech forums, and was told there that going through the Marketplace app or the Xbox website was the answer to redeeming my code, in the absence of in-game access. It's a good thing they mentioned the website, because all the Marketplace app does, as far as purchasing/redeeming a game/DLC, is direct you there. So I finally, FINALLY found the drop-down menu at the website for redeeming a code. WHEW!!! So that I did. I then went back to the app to download and install the DLC, which went off without a hitch. Something went off without a hitch!!! Can I get some applause here? [Thunderous applause and cheering] Thank you, thank you.
Sooooo, I started playing Harley Quinn's Revenge last night. And you know what? I finished it this afternoon. WHAAAA?!? Yes indeedy, kids, it's THAT short. But oh, is it fun. Lots of fun. Is it worth the $10 I paid for it? Eh, I'd say it's worth about $8. But that's a HELL of a lot better than being worth $5, or worse, $0 :-/ So I don't really feel cheated.
The ability to play as both Batman and Robin is terrific, refreshing, even exhilirating at times. The problems? Well...
First, you don't get nearly enough play time as Robin. In fact, I suspect that this whole thing boils down to a teaser as to what to expect from the next game. No biggie. Leaving us wanting more isn't such a huge deal.
Second, the weapons and items at Robin's disposal tend to pale in comparison to Batman's. There aren't half as many (that I counted), and they aren't as cool. This isn't too bad, but I really hope they work on this for the next go-round. I suspect they will.
Then, of course, there's the aforementioned short length. Ridiculously short. But is it replayable? Actually, I can hardly wait to do it again. So there you go.
Also, Harley is...well, she's Harley. Don't expect her to be nearly as formidable as "Mister J.", although there is a sequence that has you racing the clock. I won't spoil anything there. I'll just say that it's not entirely unexpected, and not as hard as it seems. I only failed once. Sort of. See, I didn't even have to do the whole thing over again, since there are checkpoints within this sequence.
I actually thought that was really cool, and a welcome change to the "start-all-over-again ad nauseum" deal we've come to expect from sequences like this. Some will decry this as too easy, especially since...well, I won't spoil that either. I'll just say this to those detractors: Boo. Hoo. Some of us like to enjoy our games, and if there's one thing I HATE (other than motherfucking escort missions; but that's another story for other games), it's unforgiving timed sequences. So stick that up your elitist uptight asses, game snobs.
Bottom line: if I were in the habit of scoring games/DLC (which I might just get into), I'd say this one warrants a healthy 7.5/10. Arkham City overall, including HQR, warrants an 11. Is that possible? Not in the real mathematical world, but I really don't give a fuck. It's an instant classic; easily one of my favorite games of all time.
And if it hasn't been mentioned before, Arkham City features a shocking ending that leads into HQR, so be sure and play the main game before you get into this DLC. Spoilers abound. I promise not to spoil anything, dear 1Uppers. I'll just say that my jaw was on the floor. I'm talking "The Usual Suspects" and "The Sixth Sense" jaw on the floor. "No
they didn't. Did they?!?" That's all I will say, except that you better play Arkham City before the cat - inevitably - leaves the bag.
So that's it, bats and kittens (see what I did there?). I have only to leave you with the traditional retro pic-a-thon. This time, it's a fitting tribute to Batman. Later on, buds :-)


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Crochet Panda Hat
About this project
CraftsCrochet •
Posted By
Carol MarleyUnknown Location
Alrighty. Crochet a simple white hat. Crochet eyes and cute black ears. Now sew it all together. Done.
I just changed this from "creation" to "how to", months after making the hat. So 'bear' (hardy har har) with me, please :)).
All of the links that I added were ones that give the basic info that you need to complete the project. I didn't use any patterns when i made my hat, but these are the closest to what i did do.
ALSO, please excuse the lack of photos. :(
You Will Need
- Cost
- Reasonably Priced
Step 1
Look around on the web for a plain crochet hat pattern...
I PROMISE that they are out there.
here are some links...
Create a plain white hat until it is right at the size you want your finished hat to be, but DON'T finish it off.
Step 2
Now, stitch one last row, but change the color to black for this one. SUPER EASY, I swear.
Just in case you don't know how to change colors, i added a link to a girl's blog..... Just scroll down until you see pictures of a crochet hook and white yarn.
Step 3
Now for the ears.
basically all they are are little half-circles crocheted in black.
Here's a pattern
Step 4
FINALLY, the eyes. This is the trickiest part, but only because i'm going to screw up the explanation...lol
Follow this pattern for the eyes...
This pattern however, only shows how to do the basic shape, and not how to make it look like an eye... SO. This is what ya havtah do...
In row 1, crochet the "ch 2" in white, but the rest in black.
Row 2 and 3 should be in black
Row 4 and 5 in white, and
Row 6 and 7 in black.
HOWEVER, depending on the size of your hat/hook/gauge/WHATEVER, you may want to adjust that a bit.
Step 5
NOW, using black yarn and a yarn needle (or crochet hook), sew your pieces onto the hat.
and finally, after hours of sore eyes and hand cramps, you have yourself a FANTABULOUS panda hat.


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When will Major League Baseball expand the use of video replay to assist its umpires? What happened to the Minnesota Twins at Comerica Park on Monday afternoon offers yet another reason why the league ought to do just that.
Umpires incorrectly ruled fan interference on a ball Alex Avila(notes) of the Detroit Tigers hit down the left-field line, and awarded home to baserunner Jhonny Peralta(notes) when they should have made him go back to third base.
Peralta's tie-breaking run, coming with two outs in the bottom of the eighth inning, was the deciding margin in the Tigers' 6-5 victory.
An argument with umpires led to the ejection of Twins manager Ron Gardenhire, who said everything the umps did and said about the play made no sense to him.
Here's the umpire's story:
"We ruled spectator interference and we ruled the runner would have scored without it," said crew chief Gary Darling, who was umpiring third base.
The AP had an accurate account of the ball's trail, and it contradicts some of what Darling said:
Darling said the interference came from a fan in an orange shirt. Replays showed a fan in an orange shirt standing next to a child in a small area of seats that angles out toward the field near the left-field line. The ball appeared to bounce up and hit the fan while he was simply standing there.
That was after a couple other fans along the fence reached over toward the ball, although it wasn't clear if it touched any of them.
First of all, what are Tigers fans, in their home park, doing reaching for a ball hit by one of their own guys? Keep your grubby hands inside the ballpark at all times — especially if it might cost your team the game if you don't. Dunderheads.
Second, it's not fan interference if the ball jumps into the stands — it's just a ground-rule double. But, ruling it fan interference conveniently allowed the umpires to use their own judgment as to whether Peralta would have scored. Umps usually just give the batting team two bases, but this time they went activist. Why they presumed that Peralta would have scored anyway, nobody can possibly explain. He had not passed third base by the time the play was stopped, and he doesn't exactly run like Austin Jackson(notes).
Regardless, Peralta should have been sent back to third base. And that's how the umps would have ruled, if video replay weren't only used for disputable home run calls. Or, at least they would have less of an excuse for blowing the call.
It wasn't quite another Armando Galarraga(notes)-Jim Joyce scenario, which also happened at Comerica, but you couldn't help but think again of that day. And of how expanded replay might have helped get an important call right.
Follow Dave on Twitter — @AnswerDave — and engage the Stew on Facebook
Fantasy Minute: Fill-ins for CC Sabathia
Posted Jun 27 2012
Posted Jun 26 2012
Posted Jun 26 2012
Edited By Doug Farrar
Edited By 'Duk
Edited By Kelly Dwyer
Edited By Greg Wyshynski
Edited By Matt Hinton
Edited By Jeff Eisenberg
Edited By Jay Busbee
Edited By Jay Busbee
Edited By Steve Cofield
Edited By Chris Chase
Edited By Chris Chase
Edited By Brooks Peck
Edited By Andy Behrens
Edited By Cameron Smith
Edited By Mark J. Miller


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Standup paddle boarders UNITE! Anyone with or without a board is invited to join us. We are a collective STANDUP PADDLEBOARD GROUP completely addicted to this beneficial, fun, and zen sport.
Come out, get some exercise, meet new people, join the SUPer fun time!!
This is a voluntarily organized group, there is no charge to become a member of this meetup. Members may suggest a meetup at any time...we can have many paddles going on simulataneously on any given day depending on location and time. This group is for enjoyment only, It does not carry liability insurance so to absolve any and all members of liability, and to increase awareness, responsibility, and best practices in safe boating, always respect the posted rules of the water, the environment, and those around you. If you do not agree then don't join our group!
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This review is from: DELUX-T9 Portable Mini Gaming Keypad One Handed Keyboard Professional Player Gamer Gaming Keyboard USB Gameboard FPS Gamer Gamepad With LED Backlight Dual Space Keys Red Cap AWSD Keys Special
Pros: This ergonomic gamepad is a very cool device. I have not had any problems with this device. I received this product in the mail pretty darn fast from China and I received a personal handwritten letter expressing thanks for my purchase of this product.
Cons: This device does not have a programmable keys in the USB cord is a little then compared to other ergonomic gaming devices of this type.
Other Thoughts: It took me a few days to get used to using this device.READ FULL REVIEW
This review is from: COUGAR 700M MOC700S Silver 8 Buttons 1 x Wheel USB Wired Laser 8200 dpi Aluminum Gaming Mouse
Pros: So far this is the best gaming mouse that I have ever owned. I have only experienced a few minor bugs in the software that I have downloaded for this mouse but these bugs were nonproblematic and avoidable. This mouse is increased my gameplay quality significantly! Fast delivery was received for this product as well.
Cons: No consREAD FULL REVIEW
This review is from: Transcend TS-RDF5K USB 3.0 Support SDHC (UHS-I), SDXC (UHS-I), microSD, microSDHC (UHS-I), and microSDXC (UHS-I) Flash Card Reader
Pros: I have had no problems at all with this SD/microSD card reader. Windows 10 a recognized this device immediately with no problems. I used a 64 MB Samsung with this device and I received full speeds advertised for this device.
Cons: A little bit expensive.READ FULL REVIEW


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If trust has ever been breached in your relationship, here are some ways suggestions for mending it. read more
Charisma Magazine
Page 38 of 127
3 Ways to Rebuild Trust in a Relationship
If trust has ever been breached in your relationship, here are some ways suggestions for mending it. read more
Here Are 3 Ways to Win Over Your Prodigal Children
If you have prodigal children, here are some good ways to bring them back. If you don't, here's how to prevent them from becoming prodigal children. read more
5 Ways to Bring Your Marriage Back to Life
If your marriage is floundering or simply needs a jump start, here are some things you can do to get it back on the road to harmony. read more
Promise Keepers Marks 25th Anniversary in 2015
The iconic men's ministry will visit seven cities this year with a them of "Battle Lines—No Compromise." read more
Dad, What Kind of Mirror Are You?
Are you standing up as a warrior and fighting for your daughter? Are you doing battle for her so she can see and believe the positive truth about herself? read more
The Secret to Showing Children Respect
If there's anyone your children should be able to look to for affirmation and respect, it's you, dad. read more
Here Is Perhaps the Greatest Failing of Godly Husbands
If all husbands would learn to do this, their marriage might simply flourish instead of flounder. read more
13 Wishes for Dads With Daughters
Clinical counselor Michelle Watson specializes in relationships between fathers and daughters. Here are some things she hopes all dads can experience with their daughters. read more
10 Things Your Son Needs From You
What do you think is the most important thing our sons need from us as fathers? read more
What Happens to Your DNA When Holy Spirit and Your Human Spirit Merge
The results are glorious.
6 Lies the Devil Uses to Condemn You
If Satan has been playing these lies in your head, hit the eject button now!
A Word for Praying Prophets and Prophetic Intercessors
These intercessory assignments will not make sense in the natural, but are part of a strategic ...
Thousands Rally to Pray for Donald Trump
Believers responded overwhelmingly to a call for prayer and fasting for the Republican presidential ...
5 Truths to Understand When Leading Leaders
If you are in leadership for any length of time, there will probably come a time where you will need to lead other leaders.
7 Reasons Your Organization Suffers from Marketing Malpractice
Receive Dr. Steve Greene's 7 Reasons Your Organization Suffers from Marketing Malpractice, plus 3 Things to Do Now to Prevent Further Damage as your FREE download.
Early Warning Signs He Isn't God's Man for You
Asking these questions is vital if you want a Christ-centered marriage one day.
Prophetic Word: The Angels God Has Sent to Fulfill Your Prophecy
"God wants me to encourage you that your breakthrough is imminent."
When the Holy Spirit Foils the Enemy's Destructive Plans
It wasn't a still small voice giving me an instruction. It was just an impression in my ...
6 Warning Signs of Spiritual Danger
There are clear signs when a ministry has veered away from truth and into deception.
Breaking the Enemy's Many Expressions of Witchcraft
Every season—through every battle with this demonic power—I learn more about how to ...
What Every Spirit-Led Woman Ought to Know About Her Hormones
This OB-GYN with 20 years of medical practice has some helpful advice for both men and women.
What It Really Means to 'Grieve the Holy Spirit'
Many Christians have mishandled Ephesians 4:30.
5 Truths to Understand When Leading Leaders
If you are in leadership for any length of time, there will probably come a time where you will need to lead other leaders.
When You Pray, This Will Guarantee You Foolproof Intercession
It really isn't all that complicated.
Respected Assemblies of God Leader's Essential Secret to Success
During Dr. Charles Kelly's tenure as a superintendent in North Carolina, his district ...
Avoid These Carnal Weapons When Dealing With Relationship Wounds
Satan feeds on the division fleshly weapons breed. Follow these biblical principles instead.
New Christian Film Leaves Pro-Choice Audience in Awe
The producers of Voiceless are hoping their critically acclaimed movie can help change the ...
Katherine Ruonala: Operating in Creative Miracles
The prophetess explains how God has equipped her for supernatural healing—and how you can ...
What Many Christians Don't Understand About 'the Anointing'
God's anointing always serves a function. Discover that function in your life.
Try This Prayer Position for 30 Days—You May Be Surprised at the Results
For one woman, it's revamping her passion for intercession.
God's Power at Work in the Church Today
Charisma's founder, Steve Strang writes about today's hottest topics affecting the Christian faith.
5 Common Pitfalls That Can Drain the Joy Out of Your Marriage
You've probably made some of these mistakes. Grow from them.
Continue Your Journey with the Holy Spirit
Follow God on the most fulfilling journey of your life with Encounter the Holy Spirit! Break away from past hurts and press into the One who wants a personal encounter with you.
Dream the Unimaginable In His Presence
Reach your full potential and be led by His Spirit. In His Presence takes you to a deeper understanding of who God is and how he communicates with us.


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- News tagged "facebook"
Wednesday, 25 Jul 2012
Facebook Possibly Working on "Want" Button
Facebook's IPO might not be doing so well right now, but with 900 million users in tow, opportunities for increasing revenue are always there. A "want" button might just be the key to unlocking Facebook's immense commercial potential.
Monday, 16 Jul 2012
Zuckerberg Says Biggest Challenge is Adapting Facebook for Mobile
Facebook's CEO Mark Zuckerberg admits that the biggest challenge for him right now is to adapt Facebook to mobile devices.
Monday, 25 Jun 2012
Find Nearby Friends with Facebook's Friendshake
Facebook has rolled out a new feature called Friendshake that lets you find nearby people via your phone's GPS and add them as Friends.
Friday, 22 Jun 2012
No More Typos: Facebook Enables Comment and History Editing
Facebook is about to empower users with the ability to edit comments made on the social media platform without time limitations. As a fail-safe measure, other users will be able to see the complete edit history of the thread to prevent any ugly disputes.
Tuesday, 19 Jun 2012
Facebook Acquires Israeli Facial Recognition Technology Company Face.com
Facebook seems to be on some sort of a spending spree. After acquiring Instagram, they have now acquired Israeli facial technology company Face.com.
Friday, 1 Jun 2012
Facebook Suffers Outage Issues
Trouble loading Facebook? According to reports and tweets, Facebook has been suffering outage issues for the past couple of hours.
Wednesday, 30 May 2012
Facebook to Acquire Opera for US$1 Billion?
With the increasing number of users who access Facebook via mobile platforms, the social networking company is rumored to be eyeing Opera Software and its speedy mobile browser with a US$1 billion takeover.
Friday, 25 May 2012
Facebook Camera App for iPhone Similar to Instagram
Facebook has released a new Facebook Camera app for iPhone, allowing users to add filters, do basic edits, and easily batch upload their photos to Facebook Timeline.
Wednesday, 16 May 2012
Facebook Buys Over Lightbox Team
Facebook has just hired the full team of seven employees from Lightbox, the developer of the popular Android-exclusive photosharing app Lightbox Photos.
General Motors Plans to Stop Advertising with Facebook
General Motors says that paid ads on Facebook have little impact on consumers' car purchases and is therefore planning to stop advertising on the site.


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TULIA - Mary Etta Dick Kelly, 65, died Monday, Feb. 22, 2010, in Midland.
Graveside services will be at 2 p.m. Friday in Rose Hill Cemetery with the Rev. Melvin Tatum, the Rev. Joe Gonzales and the Rev. Matthew Veals officiating. Arrangements are by Kornerstone Funeral Directors of Tulia.
Mrs. Kelly was born Feb. 17, 1945, in Coalgate, Okla. She was a homemaker.
Survivors include seven children, Shirley Kelly, Denise Kelly and Etta Edwards, all of Midland, Eliga Kelly Jr. of Amarillo, Eugene Kelly and Tony Kelly, both of Tulia, and Billy Joe Kelly of Lubbock; a brother, Leroy Dick of Tulia; her husband, Eliga Kelly Sr. of Tulia; a stepdaughter, Finaye Wilson of Tulia; 26 grandchildren; and 10 great-grandchildren.
Amarillo Globe-News, Feb. 25, 2010
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Runic Keystone Fragment
104,497pages on
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this wiki
- Runic Keystone Fragment
- Item Level 1
- Quest Item
The Iron Dwarves in Thor Modan drop these. This includes Rune Reavers, Iron Rune-Shapers, and Forgemaster Damrath.
As a quest objective Edit
These are a quest objective for
- [75] The Runic Keystone


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Lolita Lempicka is actually the pseudonym of Josiane Maryse Pividal, a fashion designer from Bordeaux, France. Lolita Lempicka is also the name of her brand of perfume and scent collections.
Lolita brings the unique style of her fashion designs to the Lolita Lempicka perfume & cologne lines. With a distinctive ivy leaf symbol on every package, you can use this design as an indicator of quality. In 1997, Lolita released her very first women's perfume called Lolita Lempicka. This perfume's success led to the addition of other perfumes to the line including L and Lolita Lempicka au Masculin, a subtle fragrance for men.
Other products include Lolita Lempicka beauty gift sets, as well as Lolita Lempicka skin care. Pamper yourself and improve your appearance and self-esteem.
Lolita Lempicka also offers luggage and even a book called "Lolita Lempicka 20 ans de creation" which discusses her design house in detail. So whether you want to smell good or just want to clear up your skin, Lolita Lempicka may very well be the brand you've been waiting for.
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4 posts tagged with paint and painter.
Displaying 1 through 4 of 4. Subscribe:
Encyclopedia Green and the Case of the Perplexing Painters
Help me track down some mystery artists! Vague memories within! [more inside]
Do you know a good housepainter, near Seattle?
Can you recommend a housepainter in the North Seattle / Shoreline / Mountlake Terrace area? Exterior, nothing fancy; the house just needs fresh paint. [more inside]
Please recommend a good painter and decorator in South West London!
Does anyone have any recommendations for a good painter and decorator who will work on my house located in South West London? [more inside]
Paintin' purty...recommendations for painters in NYC
Recommendations for a good interior painter in NYC? And what do I look for in a painter? [more inside]
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T LaVan & Gail Shoemaker
Shoemaker Home
Although our website is predominately used for our
own navigation, there is a significant portion that
many of our family and friends will find enjoyable
and remiscent. We include photos and writings as
old as about 100 years for your pleasure.
East Carolina Weather
Home Thermostat Control


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On his relationship with Bill Cowher and reports that he had quite a bit to do with his recommendation for this job:
I can't report on that. You'll have to call him and ask him if he had anything to do with that. I don't know if he did or not. I have an unbelievable amount of respect for Bill Cowher because I learned about how to be a head coach probably more from him than anybody else I've been around through my years, and I've been around some great people. I've worked for Dan Reeves, I've worked for Bill Cowher, I've worked for Dave Wannstedt, I mean I've worked for some unbelievable people and I've learned something from each one of them. Everybody in here is a product of the people that they've touched in their lives. Every one of us. You've taken the good and the bad from each of them and I've been around some successful people and I think that's why I've been able to be successful somewhat in my career is because I've been around those guys, and they've shared with me and taught me and I've been fortunate.
On if he ever thought he'd get another shot at being an NFL head coach considering how long it's been:
I didn't know. That's a great question. If you sit there and say "do you lose confidence and lose belief in yourself?" No, you don't. But do you see opportunities going by? Sure you do and you hope what Buddy said earlier, the body of work at some point will speak for itself, but sometimes it does and sometimes it doesn't. The beauty's in the eye of the beholder. That's the way it is.
On if he's relieved or excited:
Yeah excited, that's a great word. You can use that one.
On if there was anybody that he'd consider the greatest influence on his career:
No, I can't say that. I just mentioned three of the guys and I'm leaving out some guys that have been unbelievable factors in my life. It started with my high school coach, my parents, I can go on and on. So no, nobody's more than the other.
On if he'll act as the Offensive Coordinator and Head Coach:
I will do both. I may have a guy that has the title offensive coordinator but I'm going to run the offense to start with. If you want to get it the way you believe it needs to be done from the start then you need to do it. Don't mess around here and try to make this match with that, you have to get it the way you want it and what you believe in and that's what I plan to do. That way, even if as time goes on, I distance myself a little bit from it, and I'm talking about years not days or months, I'm talking about years from now as I distance myself from it then I'll still have the basis of it and know exactly what's going on so that I can correct it or do whatever needs to be done to get it right if it's not right.
On how he'll attract a good strong offensive coordinator if he's not going to do the job:
The people that we're going to attract probably won't have the names that somebody might recognize right off the bat. We're going to get the best teachers. The best people to help fit in to a program. Everybody is not the superstar on the team. Everybody's got a role on the team. We're going to get the best people to come in here and be a part of our organization to help us build a winner and everybody's got a role. That's my job as the offensive side of it.
On the Bills offense and his core offensive principles and philosophy:
When you talk about base offense, I think if you talk to the people that I have worked with or the players I've coached, the one thing that I've always tried to do is put people in position to be successful. We don't have a name for our offense – we're not East this, West this, North this, South this. We don't have a name for it. We're going to do whatever it takes to move the football, score touchdowns, and if it has to adjust because we have players better suited for one thing than another, then we're going to do that.
I think that's the responsibility. Every player is not going to be suited for every offense, so you have to suit things to those people. Some core things I believe: you've got to run the football and you've got to be able to run it. Now, you don't have to lead the league in rushing to win football games. You don't have to lead the league in passing to win football games. You've got to be smart, you've got to move the football, be intelligent with how you try to score points each and every week, and that's what we'll try to do.
On the quarterback position:
Buddy and I have talked about it somewhat, but until I get in there and watch film, and evaluate, it's unfair for me to sit here and say what's going to happen. That's not fair. I would be talking off the cuff and that's the quickest way to get in trouble. So I'm trying, I want to make sure that we do a thorough evaluation, thorough study, do a great job of deciding and then us talking about what needs to go on in the future. So no, I can't tell you what's going to happen right now and what the plans are. I know both guys have had some success playing in the NFL but they have not done it for a length of time with consistency. So can they? We're going to decide that.
On thinking about who he wants to bring in on staff and if that process has already started:
Oh yes, it's already started. That's something that when you get the call the very first time about, 'hey, we may be interested in visiting with you about the job,' you start to formulate that in your mind. Now you don't make the calls, but you start to formulate those kinds of things in your mind. But that again, is a very fluid situation because you may be able to get some people, you may not be able to get some people. You would like to try to fit things in exactly perfect, but it will not happen most times. But yes, I have given that some thought. No, I'm not going to name names, but I think we've got, again I'll go back to the statement I made earlier, I think we've got the right people in mind as far as teachers, and being able to put together a winning unit.
On running a 4-3 in Dallas and in Georgia Tech, and if that is his defensive philosophy:
I think right now we're going to look at other options. I don't want to sit here and say we're going to do this or that today. That's one thing that I have to see the coaches that we're talking about. I have an idea of the direction that we want to go but I want to talk with Buddy (Nix) about drafting and how can you draft for these certain positions if you go to 4-3 or 3-4. You have to talk about all that to see the direction that you want to go but I know one thing, I'm much more open to the 3-4 than I used to be because I know what a pain it is to go against it every week.
On why Buffalo seemed to be a job that nobody wanted:
Well I can't speak for other folks… you look at the history of the Buffalo Bills and I've come in that stadium enough times to know about the fans of the Bills Nation. Who wouldn't want to come here? Maybe some guys have personal reasons that they don't want to be here, great. I'm glad, because I get to come here!


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Shrine of Eck
104,498pages on
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this wiki
The Shrine of Eck is a hidden away shrine located in Gundrak to worship Eck the Ferocious. The area can be entered through the back of the Cave of Mam'toth and will be guarded by hostile gorlocs. The boss only appears in heroic mode.


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OSHA News Release - (Archived) Table of Contents
OSHA National News Release
U.S. Department of Labor
News Release USDL: 96-242
Wednesday, June 19, 1996
Contact: Frank Kane (202) 219-8151
OSHA Alerts Workers And Employers To Hazards In Transferring Carbon Dioxide
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) today issued additional safety warnings about the dangers of handling carbon dioxide following the death of a Midwest delivery driver. The driver was overcome by carbon dioxide (CO2) gas as he dispensed it from his tractor-trailer to a restaurant carbon dioxide system. The accident prompted the federal agency charged with protecting workers to issue a Hazard Information Bulletin.
In the bulletin, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) warns that high concentrations of CO2, an odorless, colorless gas which displaces oxygen, can cause death. CO2 is denser than air, and high concentrations can occur in open pits and other areas below grade. Depending on the strength of the concentration and length of exposure, lower concentrations may cause symptoms such as headache, sweating, rapid breathing, increased heart beat, shortness of breath, dizziness, mental depression, visual disturbances, or shaking.
Asphyxiation can occur when the gas, dispensed from tank cars and portable containers to stationary low pressure CO2 systems at consumer sites, leaks in unventilated work areas. The dispensing systems are used to supply CO2 to sites dispensing carbonated beverages, greenhouses, and welding fabricators, for example. OSHA recommends that C02 be treated as a material with poor warning properties.
In the Midwest incident, the worker connected a hose from his delivery truck to a restaurant bulk carbon dioxide system through a fill station located on a wall below ground level, just outside the door to the basement. After a half-hour, restaurant employees found him lying unconscious at the bottom of the stairwell. Paramedics were unable to revive him. The accident apparently resulted from a CO2 leak where the delivery hose did not completely seal to the restaurant fill connection. Because the area was below grade, the CO2 accumulated.
These are OSHA's recommendations for transferring carbon dioxide gas:
Know the hazards.
Inspect and maintain all piping tubing, hoses and fittings at regular intervals and maintain the system in accordance with manufacturer's instructions.
Make sure there is adequate ventilation even when carbon dioxide is delivered in enclosed areas or below grade locations that are not confined spaces.
Develop and implement procedures to monitor the atmosphere for CO2 and provide local ventilation where levels may exceed the permissible exposure limit.
Place appropriate warning signs outside areas where high concentrations of the gas can accumulate.
Provide proper lighting to enable workers to work safely.
Install new carbon dioxide receptacles at ground level in an open area. If possible, relocate existing fill stations to above-grade locations. When relocation is not feasible, employers should follow the requirements of OSHA's permit-required confined space standard.
The bulletin is being distributed to all area OSHA offices, state plans and consultation programs and also is being made available to appropriate local labor and industrial associations.
For further information on workplace safety and health issues, contact the OSHA area office nearest you or call OSHA's Office of Information and Consumer Affairs at 202-219-8151. The Compressed Gas Association, Inc (CGA), 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, VA 22202, phone (703) 979-0900, also offers several pamphlets for individuals wanting more information on handling carbon dioxide.
Hazard Information Bulletins (HIBs) are issued to provide relevant information on unrecognized or misunderstood health hazards, inadequacies of materials, devices, techniques, and safety engineering controls. HIBs are initiated based on information provided by field staff, studies, reports and concerns expressed by safety and health professionals, employers, and the public.
|OSHA News Release - (Archived) Table of Contents


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Market Car Park: £7 (Monday to Friday) and £8 (Saturday). Bus Station Car Park: £3.50 (Monday to Friday) and £2.50 (Saturday).
If you wish to book a stall, you have two options:
1 You can call into the Market Office, situated opposite the market, in Earl Street, between 6.00am and 8.30am on the day you wish to trade. 2 You can book a stall or position either in person or over the phone from 2.00pm one week prior to the day you wish to trade. Car boot spaces and the Tuesday market are the most popular and on these days you are advised if possible to book in advance.
All stalls pre-booked must be occupied in full by 9.00am. Any stall still vacant after this deadline may be re-let.
WHAT CAN YOU SELL? The car boot market is held for the sale and display of second-hand goods only. All goods, therefore, must be USED. The decision as to what constitutes second-hand rests with the market officers. We strictly enforce this condition and traders found to be selling such goods will be suspended from trading on the market until further notice.
WebsiteVisit website
AddressEarl Street, Preston, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2PT
Explore localWhat's on in Preston
Local tourist information guide
Other eventsWhat's on at Preston
Nearest Hotels
Legacy Preston International Hotel
An ideal base for stays in the North West, this modern hotel is located close to Preston city centre and within easy reach of the M6 motorway. It offers cooked breakfasts, free parking and free Wi-Fi..
Ashton Lodge Guest House
Ashton Lodge Guest House is located in Preston, down a quiet street, away from the main road. This family run property offers free WiFi access and free private parking. The University of Central Lancashire is a 6-minute drive away.
The Park Hotel
Located less than 1 mile from Riversway and a 6-minute drive from Preston city centre, The Park Hotel features a restaurant and bar, free Wi-Fi and free on-site parking..
St Andrews House Hotel
Situated less than 2 miles from Preston city centre, St Andrews House Hotel is a family-run property with free on-site parking. Free WiFi access is also available. Each room here will provide you with a TV and tea/coffee making facilities.
Samlesbury Hotel
Located just off the M6 motorway at junction 31, Samlesbury Hotel offers en suite accommodation with free Wi-Fi, a restaurant, a bar, and 24-hour room service. Free Wi-Fi is available throughout and free public parking is possible on site..
Farington Lodge Hotel
This 4-star Grade II listed beautiful Georgian house is set in 3-acre mature gardens, within just 5 minutes drive of the M6, M61 and M65 Motorways. It offers luxurious rooms, traditional dining and charming period features..
View all hotels near Preston
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It makes it very confusing, in fact we were given some incorrect information by a local agency. So tonight, we want to clear the air.
Rod McKee has been in the fireworks business for 13-years. He said he does his best to educate his customers about what they can use in Clarkston as well as Lewiston. One thing he's doing is putting tags by each firework that's labeled with the appropriate state.
Any stand that you purchase fireworks at is selling fireworks that are legal in that area specifically. Each state has their own laws. Each county and city can then develop their own laws that tell people what they can and cannot use in their area.
But, Asotin County, the City of Clarkston and City of Asotin have decided to go along with their states rules.
"Which will allow you to shoot aerial fireworks," said McKee. "The acceptation to that (what's illegal in Washington), is: fire crackers, bottle rockets, sky rockets and whistle salute chasers."
Idaho uses what's called safe and sane standards. And the city of Lewiston has decided to follow their state's standards.
"And it includes no item that will go higher than ten-feet in the air," said McKee. "So, in Idaho you're going to see a lot of ground fireworks."
McKee said no matter what your state, city or county laws are everyone should know how to properly use their fireworks and be safe doing it.
"You should have a hose ready to go and turned on," said McKee. "That way it's charged and all you have to do is grab it and go, if there's a problem."
Fireworks may be fun to use, but don't forget they're explosive devices.
"What you're about to see is a mortar shell firework. It shoots about one-100 and 50 feet in the air. McKee said once you lit it, it's important to step away as soon as possible."
Fireworks are pretty loud too, so make sure to have your pets somewhere they feel safe and the noise won't hurt their ears.
Leaders from the Asotin County Fire District said it's important to cleanup debris from fireworks immediately. Even if it doesn't look hot, it could still start a fire. They said you should put used fireworks in a bucket of water or spray them with water before throwing them away. You should throw used fireworks in a metal trash can and don't put them in a paper or plastic bag.


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Skylight presents intimate take on 'Porgy & Bess'
In the summer of 1926, George Gershwin returned home from rehearsals for a new musical. Wired and needing to clear his head, he picked up a recent bestselling novel as bedtime reading. He didn't put it down until he had finished it the following morning. The novel was DuBose Heyward's "Porgy."
In "The Life and Times of Porgy and Bess: The Story of an American Classic," Hollis Alpert describes what happened next: Gershwin was so excited "by the story and its author's apparent musical sensitivity" that he immediately wrote Heyward and suggested they collaborate on an opera. Nine years later, it made a now-legendary Broadway debut as "Porgy and Bess." »Read Full Article(1)
This week's concerts
7:30 p.m. Thursday, BMO Harris Bradley Center, 1001 N. 4th St. $36.50 to $96.50 at the box office, (800) 745-3000 and ticketmaster.com. »Read Full Article
Academy Award winners headed to Marcus Theatres in January
Marcus Theatres is warming up for the Oscars with a string of past best-picture winners in January.
First up is "Ben-Hur," the 1959 epic that won a then-record 11 Academy Awards, including best actor for Charlton Heston and best director for William Wyler. ("Titanic" and "The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King" later tied the record.) »Read Full Article
Book pays tribute to Milwaukee's Sigmund Snopek
"You better sit down. This is going to throw you."
A letter with those ominous words greeted Milwaukee music veteran Sigmund Snopek III when he opened a package from a stranger named Bob Mielke about 18 months ago. »Read Full Article
Paul Cebar Tomorrow Sound shows local artist's continued evolution
Because he's played around town since 1976, you might think Paul Cebar, one of the city's most prominent music fixtures, would have reached a commercial or creative plateau.
Think again. Cebar's exceptional résumé includes time in the late bands the R&B Cadets and Paul Cebar & the Milwaukeeans; 28 years on WMSE-FM (91.7; he co-hosts Wednesday mornings from 9 a.m. to noon) and playing on stage with Bonnie Raitt, Al Green and Los Lobos. »Read Full Article
Listen: Local electronic duo Kiings collaborates with Field Report's Christopher Porterfield
Local electronic music duo Kiings have paired up with Field Report frontman Christopher Porterfield for a new "electronic soul" song called "Garden." Photo provided by Kiings. »Read Full Blog Post
On Tap Today: A 2014 pop culture wish list and celebration of Barbara Pym
By now, you are adjusting to writing 2014 on your calendars and thinking in terms of "resolutions." Join us, then, as we welcome this new year with a wish list: 30 things we hope will - or will not happen - in 2014. Anything you would add?
42 Lounge is hosting a Rock Band night for college kids or anyone still young-at-heart enough to compete with their friends with fake guitars. America's Pub Quiz Trivia comes to Karma Bar & Grill tonight and is worth your attention if you like to drink while you think. Want a preview? Check out the vibe here on "4 places to 'drink while you think.'" »Read Full Blog Post


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The popularity of large capacity cartridges like the 338 Lapua Mag. and others have pushed standard powder measures to their limits. Redding has responded by using over 40 years of benchrest experience to develop a dedicated measure for the long range precision shooter. The new LR-1000 Powder Measure has all of the features of our Match-Grade and Competition powder measures. In addition it will have the benchrest proven hemispherical metering chamber cavity of the BR-30 scaled larger to produce consistent powder charges of up to 140 grains.
Be the first to review this product! You'll be the talk of the town.
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What started as a small dream has become a multi-million dollar international business
selling ammunition, reloading supplies and accessories.
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|Home | About | Journals | Submit | Contact Us | Français
This study investigates whether vitamin E can attenuate eccentric exercise-induced soleus muscle injury as indicated by the amelioration of in situ isometric force decline following a low-frequency fatigue protocol (stimulation at 4Hz for 5min) and the ability of the muscle to recover 3min after the termination of the fatigue protocol. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into vitamin E-supplemented or placebo-supplemented groups studied at rest, immediately post-exercise or 48h post-exercise. Daily dl-α-tocopheryl acetate intraperitoneal injections of 100mg/kg body mass for 5 consecutive days prior to exercise doubled its plasma levels. Fatigue index and recovery index expressed as a percentage of the initial tension. FI at 0h post- and 48h post-exercise respectively was 88%±4.2% and 89%±6.8% in the vitamin E groups versus 76%±3% and 80%±11% in the placebo groups. RI was 99%±3.4% and 100%±6% in the vitamin E groups versus 82%±3.1% and 84%±5.9% in the placebo groups. Complementally to the traditionally recorded maximal force, low-frequency fatigue measures may be beneficial for assessing injury-induced decrease in muscle functionality.
Physical activities involving eccentrically biased muscle contractions have been associated with skeletal muscle injury [1–4] resulting in skeletal muscle functional alterations and performance impairment [5–7]. It has been suggested that a highly reliable and widely used functional index for evaluating eccentric contraction-induced muscle injury in animals is the measurement of the electrically elicited maximal isometric tetanic force (Po), whereas in humans is the measurement of maximal voluntary contraction torque [8].
Interestingly though, several lines of evidence from human and animal studies have recognized that after eccentric contractions the reduction in muscle force is more profound at submaximal tension elicited by low frequencies of stimulation, rather than maximal tetanic tension elicited by high frequencies of stimulation. Although Westerblad and Allen [9] have proposed the terminology delayed low-frequency recovery to describe the prolonged fatigue-induced weakness at low stimulation frequencies, yet the term widely used to describe this physiological phenomenon is low-frequency fatigue.
In humans, the loss of muscle force was more profound at low-frequency stimulation when muscle was exercised isometrically at a long length [10] or after exercise in which muscle was actively stretched [11]. In animal studies, the force depression at low frequencies of stimulation following eccentric contractions has been recorded in single mouse fibers in vitro [5], in rat muscle bundles preparation in vitro [12], as well as in entire rat muscle in vitro [13]. Low-frequency fatigue is caused by a reduction in intracellular calcium (Ca2+) concentration, probably as a consequence of a reduced Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the injured muscle fibers during the excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling [14–19].
Vitamin E is a nutritional antioxidant widely used to attenuate oxidative stress and muscle injury associated with eccentric exercise [20–22]. The potential protective effect of vitamin E against exercise-induced muscle injury and disturbance of redox homeostasis is attributed to its properties to act as a potent chain breaking antioxidant [23] and stabilizer of membrane structure [24–26]. Vitamin E, as an integral part of the membrane bilayer, may prevent oxidation of membrane lipids by scavenging free radicals [23] and contribute to maintaining sarcolemma integrity [24, 26].
The relatively little data available from human [27–31] and animal [32–34] studies have failed to show consistently any protective effect of vitamin E on muscle force deficit caused by eccentric contraction-biased exercise. Only in the study of Shafat et al. [35], in which though a combination of vitamins E and C was administered, attenuation of the force decline following eccentric exercise in the supplemented group was reported. It is worth mentioning that in all these studies the potential efficacy of vitamin E treatment against muscle injury was mainly based upon maintaining maximal muscle force, as assessed by maximal voluntary contraction and/or electrically evoked maximal tetanic tension; rarely was a measure of low-frequency stimulation used.
Undoubtedly, the use of maximal force as a functional measure of exercise-induced muscle injury is of great importance, because it reflects the maximal strength that the entire contractile machinery can produce under maximal stimulation. However, maximal tetanic force, which is characterized by prolonged and maximal calcium ion release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, may not serve as a sensitive indicator of muscle microtrauma as it would be a low-frequency stimulation protocol characterized by transient and limited Ca2+ release. In this regard, stimulation at low frequencies may better reflect Ca2+ kinetics, thus revealing any potential E-C coupling failure induced by eccentric exercise. Moreover, any potential protective effect of vitamin E or other nutritional intervention on muscle injury should be strong enough for this effect to be statistically shown, whereas weaker, yet true, effects might not be detected.
Indeed, it has been recently demonstrated in vitamin-E-supplemented rats that, even though maximal isometric tetanic force (Po) was not clearly spared following eccentric contraction-biased exercise, single twitch force (Pt), which reflects Ca2+ kinetics in the muscle [36], declined significantly less compared to the placebo conditions [32]. Based on this evidence, we hypothesized that any potential effect of vitamin E treatment to attenuate muscle injury-induced force decline could be better tested by utilizing a low-frequency stimulation protocol. The implementation of a low-frequency fatigue protocol may be a sensitive screening method for detecting alterations in muscle function associated with microdamage that, otherwise, could not be detected under conditions of maximal stimulation.
If this is the case, then, along with the regularly used Po measure, the incorporation of a low-frequency fatigue test as a standard procedure for assessing muscle functionality following eccentric contraction-biased exercise would provide a more comprehensive approach to muscle injury and the effectiveness of the interventions implemented to attenuate the injury. For, unlike maximal force which is rarely used in everyday activities, low-frequency stimulation is commonly used in everyday tasks [37]. In this regard, the force deficit at low frequencies of stimulation may be of even greater physiological and clinical importance than the deficit in maximal force, because the former may compromise functionality in daily activities.
Therefore, the aim of the present study was to explore the possibility that a low-frequency fatigue protocol can clearly detect small alterations in muscle force induced by muscle-damaging exercise. To accomplish this objective, vitamin E, a nutritional compound know to have some prophylactic effects on injury-induced force deficit [32, 35], was employed. Vitamin-E-treated or placebo-treated rats ran downhill on a treadmill and studied at rest, immediately postexercise or 48h postexercise. Muscle injury was assessed by implementing a very-low-frequency fatigue protocol (stimulation at 4Hz for 5min) in the soleus muscle in situ. The ability of the muscle for immediate recovery was also estimated by recording isometric single twitch tension 3min after the completion of the fatigue protocol.
The project was approved by the institutional review board and the appropriate state authority. All procedures were in accordance with the European Union guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals, as well as the "Principles of laboratory animal care" (NIH publication No. 86-23, revised 1985). Sixty adult (8 to 10 week-old) male Wistar rats, weighing 220–270g, were used in the study. The animals were housed under a 12h light:12h dark cycle, controlled temperature (18–21°C), and controlled humidity (50–70%). Commercial rat chow (ELVIZ, Plati, Greece) and tap water were provided ad libitum.
Rats were randomly assigned into six groups as follows: placebo-treated sedentary control (Pb-Sed), placebo-treated and studied immediately postexercise (Pb-Ex0), placebo-treated and studied 48h postexercise (Pb-Ex48), vitamin-E-treated sedentary control (VE-Sed), vitamin-E-treated and studied immediately postexercise (VE–Ex0), and vitamin E-treated and studied 48h postexercise (VE-Ex48). Experimental design is shown in Figure 1.
We examined muscle injury at 0 and 48h postexercise because these time points highlight the two main stages (i.e., initial/autogenetic and phagocytic) of the four-stage muscle injury process, as proposed by Armstrong [38]. The initial/autogenetic stage reflects primarily the initiation of degrading cellular structures via Ca2+-activated proteolytic and lipolytic events initially induced by the mechanical component of eccentric exercise. During the phagocytic stage, which is marked by a typical inflammatory response in the tissue, the injury is mainly attributed to the metabolic events associated with the production of reactive oxygen species, the breakdown of the injured myofibrils, and the removal of fiber debris [38].
The animals of the vitamin-E-treated sedentary control group and those of the vitamin-E-treated exercised groups were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 100mg/kg body mass of dl-α-tocopheryl acetate per day for 5 consecutive days prior to examination or exercise, respectively [39, 40]. Vitamin E was diluted in grain oil at a concentration of 4% (w/v). Accordingly, the placebo-treated sedentary and exercised groups were injected with vehicle. Previous administration of similar vitamin E doses have increased vitamin E concentration in muscle [33] and lung [40] and inhibited lipid peroxidation in the lungs [40] and the liver [39]. Based on the vitamin E content of the rat diet (100mg/kg chow), the estimated daily food consumption of an adult laboratory rat in the size range of 220–270 (10–20g a day), and the injected daily dose (100mg/kg body mass), it is estimated that for rats in this size range the daily vitamin E intake was 22–27mg for vitamin-E-treated rats and 1-2mg for placebo-treated rats. This is approximately 15–20 times the vitamin E intake through the normal diet.
Exercise was performed after an overnight fast and 16–18h after the last injection. The exercise protocol consisted of 90min of intermittent downhill running on a motor-driven treadmill. After a few minutes of familiarization on the treadmill, the rats performed 18 bouts of 5-minute running at a speed of 16m/min down a 16° inclination, with a 2 minute rest between bouts. After the completion of exercise protocol, the placebo-treated and vitamin-E-treated rats to be studied 48h postexercise were placed back in their cages with free access to food and water until they were examined. Previous studies have shown that this exercise protocol induced injury in the soleus and other rat hindlimb muscles [1, 4, 41, 42].
Blood samples were collected either at rest (16–18h after the last injection) or immediately after exercise or 48h following exercise as per group as follows. Under deep anaesthesia with chloral hydrate (4.5%, 1mL/100g body mass i.p.), about 1mL of blood was drawn from the right jugular vein using a heparin-treated syringe. Blood was then centrifuged at 3000× g for 10min and the resulting plasma was collected in eppendorf vials, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C until analysis. In 3 animals from each group, plasma vitamin E was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (Jasco HPLC System, Great Dunmow, UK) according to Nierenberg and Nann [43]. Each assay was run in duplicate and the interassay coefficient of variation (CV) was less than 10%.
After blood sampling, in situ isometric tension of the soleus muscle was recorded following a procedure previously described [32]. Under the same anaesthesia as above (chloral hydrate 4.5%, 1mL/100g body mass i.p.), the hair of the lower limbs was shaved up to the knee joint and the area was cleaned lightly with 70% ethanol. The skin was then sectioned and a longitudinal incision was made on the lateral surface of the right hindlimb over the area covered by gluteus superficialis. Adjacent muscles were gently reflected using blunt-tip forceps to expose the sciatic nerve. Likewise, a small incision was made on the back of the ankle, thus uncovering the distal (Achilles) tendon. The gastrocnemius muscle was retracted carefully to avoid rupturing the blood vessels, and the intact soleus muscle was exposed. The tendon was then tied with 3/0 silk thread and cut distally.
The rat was then placed prone on a stable rodent surgery table and was prepared for tension recording. Steel pins were inserted through the knee and ankle joints to stabilize the hindlimb, and cloth tape was used to secure the foot perpendicularly to the lower leg. Pins were supported with magnetic stand holders throughout the experiment. The tendon of the soleus muscle was attached to a strain-gauge transducer (UFI, Morro Bay, CA) by short silk suture, and bipolar silver electrodes were placed under the sciatic nerve, which was held in a relaxed position. Isometric contractions were evoked by stimulating the sciatic nerve (Digitimer DS9A stimulator, Hertfordshire, UK) using supramaximal (3–8V) square pulses of 0.5ms. Tetanic twitch stimulation was set at 350ms. The signal from the transducer was amplified by a DC amplifier (Neurolog NL 107, Digitimer, Hertfordshire, UK), displayed on an oscilloscope screen (Fluke PM 3380A, Everett, WA), stored in a computer, and processed using data acquisition software (FlukeView combiscope software, Everett, WA). A pulse programmer (Digitimer D4030, Hertfordshire, UK) controlled all devices during tension recording.
The muscle was adjusted to the optimal length (Lo) using a micromanipulator (Prior Scientific, Rockland, MA) allowing motion in all three directions. Lo was defined as the muscle length at which maximal twitch tension was obtained. It took 5-6 single twitch trials to set Lo. Once this was set, a 1-minute resting period was allowed before the actual recordings. Throughout the recordings, the longitudinal axis of the muscle remained aligned to the longitudinal axis of the transducer, and both remained parallel to the tibia.
A very low-frequency fatigue protocol (stimulation at 4Hz for 5min) was implemented to assess soleus muscle fatigability as described below. Throughout tension recording, the rat was kept warm with a heating pad. A diffuse heat source was also placed in close proximity to the surgery table. The depth of anaesthesia was assured by the constriction of the pupils as well as simple sensory tests, such as the absence of eye blinking when the eyelid was touched and the absence of foot withdrawal when the foot was pinched. When necessary, anaesthesia was maintained by administering approximately 10% of the initial dose. The sciatic nerve and soleus muscle were kept moist by periodically sprinkling Krebs solution at 37°C. Immediately after tension recording, the soleus muscle was excised and weighed on an electronic scale with an accuracy of 0.001g. Animals were then euthanized by an overdose of chloral hydrate injected intravenously. Normalization of the data from muscles of different sizes was achieved by expressing generated force per muscle mass.
A muscle fatigue protocol of very low-frequency (stimulation at 4Hz for 5min) was applied to test for fatigability. The decrease in tension after the 5min stimulated contraction period was expressed as a percentage of the initial tension, denoting the fatigue index (FI). To estimate the ability for immediate muscle recovery, isometric single twitch tension (Pt) was recorded 3 minute after the completion of the fatigue protocol. The tension recorded after the 3min recovery period was expressed as a percentage of the initial tension, denoting the recovery index (RI). For both FI and RI, an initial tension was considered the greatest force of the first three twitches recorded in the beginning of the 5min fatigue protocol. To ensure that the muscle retained its Lo after repeated contractions during the 5min fatigue protocol, an average of 2-3 single-twitch trials were applied immediately after the 3 minute recovery period. Once Lo was confirmed, the actual single twitch was recorded after 1 minute.
Data were analyzed with the SPSS, version 12, software (SPSS, Chicago, IL) and presented as mean ± SD. The distribution of all dependent variables was examined by the Shapiro-Wilk test and was found not to differ significantly from normal. To evaluate the potential protective effects of vitamin E supplementation against exercise-induced muscle injury as reflected by force decline during the fatigue test and the immediate recovery rate, we performed 2 × 3 (supplementation by time) ANOVA followed by simple main effect analysis. The statistical significance level was set at α = 0.05. To determine the meaningfulness of the effects of exercise and vitamin E supplementation on muscle injury markers, effect sizes (ESs) were calculated for FI and RI as the difference between post- and preexercise mean values divided by the standard deviation of the preexercise value. According to the original Cohen's scale, effect size is 0.2 for small, 0.5 for moderate and 0.8 for large effects [44] and according to the modified Cohen's scale, effect size is 0.2 for small, 0.6 for moderate, 1.2 for large, 2.0 for very large, and 4.0 for nearly perfect effects (http://sportsci.org/resource/stats/). Due to the pre-post characteristic of our intervention and an improved response in fact being a reduction in the post value, the ES inherently will be negative. To avoid confusion in the interpretation of the calculated ES, we decided to present ES as absolute values.
The data referring to vitamin E concentration in plasma have been initially presented in a recently published paper of a relative work from our group [32]. Because of the small sample size used for the particular analysis (n = 3 per group), only descriptive statistics were applied on these data. No further inferential statistical comparison was performed on these values. Vitamin E administration doubled the concentration of vitamin E in plasma in the sedentary control group (VE-Sed group: 18.5mg/L ± 3.3mg/L, range 15.9–22.2mg/L versus Pb-Sed: 9.3mg/L ± 0.4mg/L, range 8.9–9.7mg/L). Furthermore, the vitamin-E-treated exercised rats had consistently higher vitamin E plasma levels compared to that of the placebo-treated exercised counterparts, both immediately postexercise (VE-Ex0: 12.3 ± 0.7mg/L, range 11.8–13.1mg/L versus Pb-Ex0: 7.4 ± 2.3mg/L, range 5.9–10.1mg/L) and, at 48h postexercise (VE-Ex48: 13.8 ± 1.1, range 13.0–15.0mg/L versus Pb-Ex48:10.2 ± 1.3mg/L, range 8.8–11.3mg/L); yet these vitamin-E concentrations were lower compared to that measured in the vitamin-E-treated sedentary control group.
Data on soleus muscle fatigability (as reflected by the FI) and ability for immediate recovery (as reflected by the RI) between the placebo-treated exercised groups (i.e., Pb-Ex0 and Pb-Ex48), subject to muscle damaging downhill running (injured muscle), and the placebo-treated sedentary control (Pb-Sed) group (uninjured muscle) have been initially presented elsewhere [45] and now compared with the vitamin E-supplemented condition. Briefly, these data indicated that eccentric exercise significantly increased soleus muscle fatigability and decreased the ability for immediate recovery, suggesting that the exercise protocol used in this study induced injury in the soleus muscle.
To examine whether or not vitamin E treatment had any protective effect on muscle injury induced by downhill running, FI and RI were recorded in VE-Ex0 and VE-Ex48 vitamin-E-treated exercised groups and compared with the values obtained in the Pb-Ex0 and Pb-Ex48 placebo-treated exercised groups. A marginally nonsignificant supplementation-by-time interaction (P = 0.056) and significant main effects of supplementation (P < 0.001) and time (P = 0.034) in soleus muscle FI were found (Figure 2). In the within groups pairwise comparisons, FI was significantly lower in Pb-Ex0 (P = 0.002) and Pb-Ex48 (P = 0.045) rats compared to Pb-Sed rats. In the vitamin E condition, no significant decrease in FI between the exercise groups (VE-Ex0 and VE-Ex48) and the vitamin-E-treated sedentary control group (VE-Sed) was found. In the between groups pairwise comparisons, FI was significantly decreased in the placebo-treated exercised condition compared with the vitamin-E-treated exercised condition, both immediately postexercise (P < 0.001) and at 48h-postexercise (P = 0.009). No significant difference (P > 0.05) in FI was detected between the Pb-Sed and VE-Sed control groups.
A significant supplementation-by-time interaction (P < 0.001), as well as significant main effects of supplementation (P < 0.001) and time (P < 0.001) in soleus muscle RI were found (Figure 3). In the within groups pairwise comparisons, RI was significantly lower in Pb-Ex0 (P < 0.001) and Pb-Ex48 (P < 0.001) rats compared to Pb-Sed rats. This was also the case in the vitamin E condition, as a significant decrease in RI between the exercise groups (VE-Ex0 and VE-Ex48) and the vitamin-E-treated sedentary control group (VE-Sed) was found (P < 0.001). In the between groups pairwise comparisons, RI was significantly decreased in the placebo-treated exercised condition compared with the vitamin E-treated exercised condition, both immediately postexercise (P < 0.001) and at 48h-postexercise (P = 0.009). No significant difference (P > 0.05) in RI was detected between the Pb-Sed and VE-Sed control groups.
This study is part of a larger project aimed at investigating the effects of vitamin E supplementation on muscle injury following downhill running. The objective of the present study, in particular, was to investigate whether a low-frequency fatigue protocol can clearly detect small alterations in muscle force induced by muscle-damaging exercise. The prophylactic properties of vitamin E against exercise-induced muscle injury, as a potent antioxidant and intramembrane stabilizer alike, was employed for delineating "finest" alterations in muscle force associated with microdamage. Vitamin-E-treated and placebo-treated rats studied at rest, immediately post- or 48h postdownhill running. Alternatively, the objective of this study could be formulated as to whether vitamin E can attenuate eccentric exercise-induced muscle injury as assessed by the amelioration of force decline following the implementation of a low-frequency fatigue protocol and the ability of the muscle for immediate recovery 3min after the completion of the fatigue protocol.
Our data demonstrate that downhill running significantly increased soleus muscle fatigability and decreased the ability for immediate recovery. The fatigability after the low-frequency fatigue protocol was more pronounced in the exercised rats immediately postexercise (Pb-Ex0: 76%±3%) and at 48h-postexercise (Pb-Ex48: 80% ± 11%) compared to the sedentary rats (Pb-Sed: 88% ± 7%). The effect sizes for FI in the placebo groups at 0h and 48h were 1.71 and 1.14, respectively (ES are presented as absolute values). Likewise, the ability of the soleus muscle to recover was diminished in the exercised rats immediately postexercise (Pb-Ex0: 82% ± 3.1% and at 48h-postexercise (Pb-Ex48: 84% ± 5.9%), whereas the RI in the sedentary control group was surprisingly increased by 20% of the initial single twitch value (Pb-Sed: 120% ± 9.9%). The effect sizes for RI in the placebo groups at 0h and 48h were 3.83 and 3.63, respectively. This increase in the RI of the sedentary rats beyond the initial single twitch value was attributed to a staircase effect (treppe phenomenon) that could reflect an increased Ca2+ availability in the uninjured soleus muscle. It is also a criterion of the viability of the preparation.
It appears that the low-frequency protocol-induced minimal fatigue in the nonexercised (uninjured) group, which was fully restored 3min after fatigue protocol, suggesting that the force decline in the exercised (injured) groups did not have a metabolic etiology but rather it can be attributed to muscle damage alone. These findings indicate that the exercise protocol used in this study induced injury in the soleus muscle, as evidenced by the significant reduction in the ability of the placebo-treated eccentrically exercised animals (injured muscles) to maintain tension at a low-frequency fatigue protocol as well as the reduced ability to recover 3min after the termination of the fatigue protocol, compared with the sedentary control animals (uninjured muscle).
Vitamin E treatment decreased soleus muscle fatigability and preserved the ability for immediate recovery following downhill running. In the vitamin-E-treated rats, postexercise soleus muscle fatigability (VE-Ex0: 88% ± 4.2% and VE-Ex48: 89% ± 6.8%) was not different compared to the sedentary conditions (VE-Sed: 89% ± 9.9%). The effect sizes for FI in the vitamin E groups at 0h and 48h were 0.11 and 0, respectively. In addition, as was the case in the placebo-treated sedentary group, the RI in the vitamin-E-treated sedentary group was also increased by 16% of the initial single twitch value (VE-Sed: 116% ± 6.7%). Nevertheless, the ability for immediate recovery was essentially preserved in the vitamin-E-treated exercised rats (VE-Ex0: 99% ± 3.4% and VE-Ex48: 100% ± 6.0%). The effect sizes for RI in the vitamin E groups at 0h and 48h were 2.54 and 2.39, respectively.
When the placebo and vitamin conditions were compared at the same time point, the FI was less pronounced in the VE-Ex0 and VE-Ex48 (88% ± 4.2% and 89% ± 6.8%) groups as compared to that observed in the Pb-Ex0 and Pb-Ex48 (76% ± 3% and 80% ± 11%) groups. In addition, the RI was improved in the VE-Ex0 and VE-Ex48 (99% ± 3.4% and 100% ± 6%) vitamin-E-treated animals as compared to that observed in the Pb-Ex0 and Pb-Ex48 (82% ± 3.1% and 84% ± 5.9%) placebo-treated counterparts. In fact, the ability of the soleus muscle to produce tension was fully restored 3min after the termination of the low-frequency fatigue protocol. Our findings clearly indicate that the vitamin E-treatment used in this study protected soleus muscle from the injury normally induced by downhill running. As compared to the placebo-treated groups, the vitamin-E-treated rats had significantly increased ability to maintain tension at low-frequency fatigue as well as to recover 3 minute after the termination of the fatigue protocol.
A functional measure that has been widely used to assess exercise-induced muscle injury is the maximal tetanic tension, which is associated with maximal intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Po, although of great importance, may not serve as a sensitive indicator for detecting smaller functional alterations caused by muscle microtrauma or uncovering potential weaker protective effects of nutritional interventions against muscle damage. We suggest that a low-frequency stimulation protocol, characterized by low intracellular Ca2+ concentration, may also be used as a muscle function index complementing Po, because the former may be a more suitable measure to distinguish muscle microdamage induced by exercise.
A considerable number of studies have substantiated that, following eccentric muscle contractions, force deficit is more pronounced at low-frequency (submaximal) stimulation rather than high-frequency (maximal) stimulation. The relative isometric force reduction of the rat soleus muscle bundles in vitro at 10min post injury induced by eccentric contractions was significantly greater at the stimulation frequencies of 10 and 20Hz compared to higher stimulation frequencies up to 100Hz [12]. This is in agreement with previous data showing a greater relative isometric force reduction at low frequencies postinjury in single fibers of the mouse flexor brevis muscle in vitro. More specifically, the force decline at 10min postlengthening contractions was greater at the stimulation frequencies of 30 and 50Hz compared to higher stimulation frequencies up to 100Hz [5]. In addition, McCully and Faulkner [13] have demonstrated that the isometric force decline of the rat extensor digitorum longus muscle in vitro after lengthening contraction-induced muscle injury was greater at the stimulation frequencies of 100 and 200Hz compared to maximal isometric force occurred at 300Hz. In support to these findings, Jones et al. [10] have also shown that after eccentric contractions the decline in muscle force of the quadriceps and forearm flexors was greater at the electrically evoked low-frequency fatigue (20:100Hz ratio) compared to maximal voluntary isometric superimposed contraction. In view of this, and the very slow recovery of low-frequency fatigue, the authors suggested that the force decline may be attributed to some form of damage caused by the generation of high forces during lengthening contractions [10]. In all aforementioned studies the force deficit was directly or indirectly attributed to the E-C coupling impairment.
With respect to the effects of vitamin E on muscle force preservation at low frequencies of stimulation following muscle damaging exercise, it has been shown that the subjects treated with a mixture of vitamins E and C had smaller decline in electrically evoked force at frequencies of 20 and 50Hz immediately post- and at days 1 and 2 post- maximal eccentric contractions of the knee extensor muscles, compared to the placebo controls [35]. In addition, we have recently demonstrated that soleus muscle single twitch force declined significantly less in vitamin-E-treated rats compared to the placebo controls immediately post-downhill running, even though Po was not clearly protected in the vitamin-E-supplemented rats [32]. These findings are in line with previous data on muscle force following downhill running in ovariectomized rats treated with estrogen, a compound known to have antioxidant properties similar to vitamin E. More specifically, compared to the placebo-treated, the estradiol-treated ovariectomized rats had smaller decline in soleus muscle force at low stimulation frequencies of 10–40Hz and less fatigability was recorded immediately post and 3 days post exercise, despite that Po was equally decreased in both treatment conditions [41].
There is overwhelming evidence to support that the main mechanism involved in force decline following eccentric contraction is the E-C coupling failure affecting Ca2+ kinetics [5, 17, 46–48]. The mechanism of Ca2+ kinetics impairment supports our case that low-frequency stimulation might be used as an alternative—or rather complemental to Po—functional index of muscle injury induced by eccentric exercise. There is a greater chance that a weaker protective effect of vitamin E against muscle injury is revealed at low stimulation frequencies, whereas this effect may be masked at maximal stimulation. Unlike Po, which results from the application of high-frequency stimuli causing prolonged and maximal Ca2+ release from the SR, unfused tetanic force is characterized by a train of low-frequency stimuli challenging the Ca2+ release and Ca2+ reuptake process by the SR. The lower the stimulation frequency, the more transient and limited the Ca2+ release by the SR. In Pt, for example, the SR Ca2+ channels open abruptly with depolarization and then close rapidly once the membrane is repolarized, thus allowing a very short time for Ca2+ release [36]. In this context, the maximal stimulation of the E-C coupling system may compensate for any potential impairment in SR Ca2+ kinetics, and therefore, may mask any functional/force decrements that would normally be manifested under submaximal E-C coupling stimulation. Hence, we proposed that any impairment of Ca2+ kinetics, which was thought to reflect microinjury, is more easily detected via the recordings of single twitch tension and unfused tetanic force at very low stimulation frequencies (e.g., 5 to 30Hz). These measures can be either assessed alone or in a train of stimuli incorporated in a low-frequency fatigue protocol. For example, a low-frequency fatigue protocol of 10–20Hz and duration of 5–10min might be a very suitable functional tool to detect the microtrauma induced by eccentric-biased exercise.
A limitation of the present study was that plasma vitamin E concentration was determined only in a small number of samples, thus not allowing further inferential statistical comparisons rather than descriptive statistics on these data. Another limitation of the present study was that we did not measure redox homeostasis and oxidative stress biomarkers which could have provided an estimate of the potential contribution of reactive species to low-frequency fatigue as well as whether vitamin E maintained redox homeostasis and alleviated oxidative stress. It has been proposed that the long lasting effects of low-frequency fatigue can be in part attributed to increased generation of reactive species causing structural alterations of the proteins involved in the E-C coupling process, thus affecting Ca2+ kinetics and myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity [49–51]. However, data from skinned and intact fibers suggest that the increased sensitivity of the SR Ca2+ release channels to reactive species is not necessarily followed by a respective physiological activation generated by an action potential [50, 52, 53]. Nevertheless, there is evidence from animal and human studies that support the role of vitamin E in reducing oxidative stress induced by eccentric exercise. Vitamin E supplementation decreased the susceptibility of the rat soleus muscle homogenates to oxidative stress [34], attenuated the increased protein carbonyls in rat soleus and vastus intermedius muscles [54], and reduced human muscle conjugated denies and urinary thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [55] following downhill running. An interesting approach to look into the role of reactive species in muscle force generation and the potential effectiveness of antioxidants against muscle injury-induced force decline would be to examine the issue within a hormetic framework [56].
In conclusion, our findings suggest that vitamin E supplementation at the doses and duration administered resulted in a two-fold increase of its concentration in plasma. This dose was effective to protect soleus muscle from injury induced by eccentric contraction-biased exercise as indicated by the decreased fatigability at a low-frequency of stimulation and the almost complete recovery of single-twitch force immediately after fatigue in the vitamin E condition compared to the placebo condition. This protective effect of vitamin E at low-frequency fatigue is considered critical and physiologically significant given that low-frequency firing of the neuromuscular system is common in daily activities and, hence, force deficit at these frequencies may possibly compromise everyday functionality. This is not contradictory to the statement we have made elsewhere [32] reporting no physiologically significant protective effects of vitamin E against eccentric exercise-induced muscle injury. In that study, the physiological significance with respect to muscle injury attenuation was defined merely on the basis of the Po. The criterion was the difference in Po between the vitamin E and the placebo conditions, only to show the inadequacy to comprehensively evaluate eccentric exercise-induced force deficit when Po alone is used. For a comprehensive assessment of injury-induced decrease in muscle functionality, it may be beneficial that low-frequency fatigue measures, complementally to the traditionally recorded Po, are also determined.
The authors declare no conflict of interests.
This work was partially funded by a grant award to A. Kyparos by the Research Committee (Research Dissemination Center) of the Aristotle University of Thesssaloniki, Greece. No other funding has been received. Vitamin E was a generous gift by G. A. Pharmaceuticals S. A. Professor Themistoklis Christides is acknowledged for the valuable methodological and technical advice on vitamin E administration. The authors are grateful to Professor Nikolaos Kokolis, Department of Physiology at the Veterinary School of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, for kindly opening his laboratory to the authors to perform a portion of the experiments.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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