text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 10, 2009
|Filing date
|Aug 29, 2006
|Priority date
|Aug 29, 2006
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Robert Steger, Keith Comendant
|Original Assignee
|Lam Research Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (18), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (5), Classifications (11), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
As semiconductor technology progresses, decreasing transistor sizes call for an ever higher degree of accuracy, repeatability and cleanliness in wafer processes and process equipment. Various types of equipment exist for semiconductor processing, including applications that involve the use of plasmas, such as plasma etch, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and resist strip. The types of equipment required for these processes include components which are disposed within the plasma chamber, and must function with consistently high performance. To be cost effective, such components must often withstand hundreds or thousands of wafer cycles while retaining their functionality and cleanliness. One such component, the electrostatic chuck support assembly, is used to retain a semiconductor wafer or other substrate in a stationary position during processing, and provide a consistent, uniform temperature. One component of the assembly, the electrostatic chuck, provides more uniform clamping than chucks employing mechanical clamping, and can operate in vacuum chambers where a vacuum chuck cannot be used. However, variations in aspects of the thermal conductivity of the assembly can cause undesirable process variations within a wafer.
A method of tuning the thermal conductivity of an electrostatic chuck (ESC) support assembly is provided. The assembly comprises a temperature controlled base plate and optional heater plate, and the method comprises measuring the temperature at a plurality of sites on the surface of the support assembly in which each site is associated with a given cell, determining from the measurements any fractional reduction in area suggested for each cell, and removing material from the support assembly surface within each cell in accordance with the suggested fractional reduction in order to decrease thermal conductivity in that cell. The compendium of all cells associated with a given ESC support assembly is referred to as a "cell structure".
The material removal can result in an improvement to the equilibrium temperature uniformity of the electrostatic chuck support assembly at the chuck surface, or can result in an equilibrium temperature profile of the ESC support assembly which approaches or achieves a target equilibrium temperature profile.
The temperature measurements can be made with a temperature sensor such as a thermocouple or an IR sensor and the material can be removed by forming holes in the base plate or heater plate surface where the holes can have the same or different shapes of the same or different depths. One example of a cell structure is a grid pattern comprising a plurality of grid cells. Material removed from each grid cell is preferably in the form of holes, wherein the number of holes formed in each cell can be none, one, or more than one. Material removal can be effected by drilling, routing, laser machining or grit blast machining such as with numerically controlled machining equipment. The electrostatic chuck support assembly can be bonded to an electrostatic chuck and used to support a semiconductor substrate in the interior of a plasma processing chamber such as a plasma etch chamber.
An apparatus useful for determining a target thermal conductivity profile can include a support to hold the ESC chuck assembly, a numerically controlled positioning member capable of positioning a sensor at a plurality of predetermined points on a support assembly surface, a probe supported by the positioning member, a controller operable to move the positioning member to various positions on the surface, and a unit capable of registering and recording measurement data signals from the probe, and electronically determining the target areal density configuration from the data signals.
Plasma processing apparatuses for semiconductor substrates, such as silicon wafers, include plasma etch chambers which are used in semiconductor device manufacturing processes to etch such materials as semiconductors, metals and dielectrics. Components of plasma processing apparatuses include electrostatic chucks, which are used to retain semiconductor substrates such as wafers in a stationary position during processing. Electrostatic chucks provide more uniform clamping and better utilization of the surface of a wafer than mechanical chucks and can operate in vacuum chambers where vacuum chucks are less effective. An electrostatic chuck uses an electrostatic potential to hold a substrate in place during processing. By clamping the substrate to the chuck, improved thermal conductivity between the substrate and the chuck can be provided. Optionally, a high thermal conductivity gas such as helium may be introduced between the substrate and the chuck in order to improve heat transfer therebetween. Examples of electrostatic chucks are provided in commonly-owned U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,847,014, 5,880,922 and 5,671,116. See also commonly owned U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0211385A1
In general, electrostatic chucks comprise an electrically insulating ceramic support with one or more electrodes embedded inside the ceramic. For example, the electrode can be a tungsten frit, a mixture of metal powder and ceramic or glass, such as a metal glass or metal ceramic. The electrode need not be a contiguous metal, and may be applied by a number of techniques, including screen printing. ESCs in thicknesses from 0.8 mm to 15 mm are available from Shinko Electric America, San Jose, Calif. A chucking voltage is applied to the electrode by way of an electrical contact. The application of the chucking voltage creates an attractive coulombic force, causing a wafer to be maintained in position against the insulating ceramic layer. The shape of the chuck may include a conventional disk commonly used in plasma etching systems and the chuck may be supported in the chamber by various arrangements, such as by using a cantilevered support arm. The insulating layer may have grooves, mesas, openings, recessed regions, and like features and may be from about 0.2 mm to about 2 mm thick.
As demands on process outputs such as wafer uniformity increase, substrate support surfaces are required to deliver higher performance. For example, process control problems in critical etch applications call for improved control of temperature across the wafer. Error in the accuracy of lateral dimensions in some etch processes can be sensitive to temperature and be up to +/−1 nm/� C. A desirable control of lateral features of 1-2 nm therefore requires temperature uniformity and repeatability of less than 1� C., and preferably less than 0.4� C. Improving the thermal uniformity of a substrate support surface preferably includes engineering a more precisely controlled ESC support assembly. An ESC support assembly comprises multiple component parts, each of which can introduce error. For example, a support assembly can comprise the ESC, a bond to a heater plate incorporating a thin film heater, a bond to a base plate, and/or the ESC bonded directly to a base plate itself. Deviations from thermal uniformity for each component of the structure may contribute additively to the overall deviation. A compensation for natural variation in the manufacturing process applied to electrostatic chucks which may comprise multiple components would be advantageous.
The cold plate 107 is a large thermally conductive plate designed for maintaining a pre-determined temperature profile. The cold plate can be made from a material such as aluminum, and is electrically connected to an RF circuit of a plasma processing apparatus (not shown) for plasma processing a substrate, such as a 200 mm or 300 mm silicon wafer. A temperature sensor 109 can be incorporated into the cold plate 107 for temperature measurements. Concentric fluid channels 108 can be provided in the cold plate for supply of temperature control fluids or gasses. In particular, cold plate 107 is preferably adapted to cooperate with a temperature control unit, or TCU (not shown) which is capable of maintaining the temperature of the plate 107 to a desired temperature by use of liquid flowing through a recirculation loop.
Heat from the heater flows through heater plate 103 into the chuck 105 and through silicone 101 into the cold plate 107. In equilibrium, the chuck can reach a temperature of about 30� C. to about 40� C. higher than the cold plate. This temperature difference is maintained by the thermal resistivity of the silicone. Once equilibrium is achieved, all layers above the heater plate are at nominally the same temperature. During plasma processing, energy from the plasma may contribute to chuck heating. Monitoring temperature via chuck thermocouple or other sensor input can provide feedback to the control system which regulates heater power. For instance, if heating of the chuck occurs from the plasma processing of a wafer, the heater power can be reduced or turned off in order to keep the chuck at constant temperature.
Exemplary dimensions for the ESC support assembly include the chuck 105 at 1 mm (40 mils) thick, the adhesive layer 104 at less than 1 mil, the heater plate 103 at 16 mils thick, the thin film heater 102 at 12 mils thick, the thermal resistance layer 101 at 30 mils thick, and the cold plate 107 at 1.5 inches thick. If desired, the cold plate 107 can be wider than the heater plate 103 and chuck 105 and/or the heater plate and chuck can be sized to allow the wafer to overhang outer edges of the chuck.
In a preferred embodiment, the thermal conductivity of an ESC support assembly in the vertical direction is engineered to achieve a target temperature profile. Engineering the thermal conductivity of the ESC support assembly is carried out by modifying one or more layers of the chuck support assembly, e.g., the cold (base) plate and/or the heater plate. For example, by removing thermally conductive material from the heater plate surface or the cold plate surface, the vertical conductivity of the structure is decreased. By selective removal of material, heat from the electrostatic chuck will have a more thermally resistive path in those regions where the thermal conductivity is low, resulting in more uniform temperature at the chuck surface if removal of the material is done at appropriate locations.
The surface of the heater plate or cold plate can be modified to achieve a target areal density. The use of an areal density metric arises when material is removed from a portion of a surface, such that the surface has two regions of consideration: "high" areas from which no material has been removed; and, "low" areas which constitute the bottom surface of the removed areas. The areal density is then the high area divided by the total area of a given region. If a plurality of holes are formed to a given depth into a flat surface, two primary dimensions would affect areal density: hole density; and, hole size or diameter. An increase in either hole size or hole density within a defined region will result in a decrease in areal density.
In manufacturing an ESC support assembly with an engineered thermal conductivity, the fabrication process preferably comprises the removal of material at the surface of the heater plate or cold plate to a depth of about 5 mils to about 10 mils, such that a gap will form between the lower surface of the chuck and the bottom of the hole. The bottoms of the holes are the low areas, while the original upper surface of the heater plate is the high area. The compendium of all cells associated with a given ESC support assembly corresponds to a "cell structure". By imposing a cell structure on the surface of the heater plate or cold plate such that each element of the cell structure has a known area, the density within each element of the cell structure can be determined by the fractional high area within that element. A determination of areal density for all elements in the cell structure determines a quantitative evaluation in plan view of the upper surface of the heater plate or cold plate.
An exemplary plan view of the upper surface of a heater plate in which holes have been fabricated can be seen in
The thermal conductivity of the metallic heater plate is significantly greater than the thermal conductivity of an insulator. Examples of thermal insulators include suitable ceramics, silicone and air. For example, the reported thermal conductivity of aluminum is 237 W/(m K), while that of quartz is about 10 W/(m K), that of silicone is 1.0 W/(m K) and that of air is 0.026 W/(m K). It will be apparent to those skilled in the art, therefore that filling the holes of a given cell with an insulator will not substantively change the thermal conductivity of the cell compared to allowing the holes to remain empty. The holes are therefore optionally filled, which may be desirable in order to avoid a virtual vacuum leak once bonding is complete. If desired, filling in the holes can be formed from one or more layers of a thermally insulating material. Examples of such insulating materials include, but are not limited to, silicon nitride, silicon dioxide, alumina, silicone, fiberglass loose-fill, polyurethane spray foam, and silica aerogel.
It will be clear to those skilled in the art that grid i can be made finer or coarser. The grid resolution is preferably the lowest resolution which enables achievement of the specified target temperature profile. In other words, if all desired target temperature profiles can be achieved with a grid size of 1 inch on edge, then a grid size finer (smaller) than 1 inch on edge is not necessary. The finer the grid size, the more measurements will be required and the more inefficient the manufacturing process becomes. Conversely, if all desired target temperature profiles cannot be achieved with a grid size of 1 inch on edge, but can be achieved with a grid size of � inch on edge, then the preferred grid size would be less than 1 inch on edge, but at least � inch on edge.
In other preferred embodiments, determination of where to form holes and how many holes to form at each location can be achieved through the use of a method comprising determining a grid of such a resolution that at most one hole is to be formed in each grid cell. Using this method, each grid cell will comprise either one hole or no holes.
In additional embodiments, the holes can be of virtually any size, shape and arrangement. For example, holes can be elliptical, polygonal or torroidal, have vertical or sloped walls, the bottom surfaces can be concave, flat or convex, and the corners can be sharp or rounded. The holes can take on a "dimple" shape wherein a partial spherical shape is formed in a flat surface. A preferred hole shape, size and arrangement, is substantively circular with vertical walls, a diameter of about 5.0 mils to about 50 mils, and a spacing of about 1 mil to about 100 mils.
In one embodiment, the method comprises partially building up an ESC support assembly to include the cold plate, silicone bond layer, thin film heater and heater plate, but excluding the silicone adhesive between the heater plate and the chuck, and the electrostatic chuck itself. The heater is activated to a preset temperature, and sufficient time is allowed for thermal equilibrium of the structure to be achieved. The top surface of the structure is the smooth top surface of the heater plate. Initial temperature measurements of the heater plate surface are made according to a pre-determined grid covering the plate. In another embodiment, the cold plate is brought to a preset temperature by circulating temperature controlled liquid therethrough.
A temperature probe can be used to measure local temperature, such as the HPS-RT-(*)-18G-12 fast response k-type probe available from Omega Engineering (Stamford, Conn.). In alternative embodiments, a non-contacting infrared (IR) sensor could be used. Other temperature probes, such as Resistance Temperature Devices (RTD), Bimetallic Temperature Measurement Devices, Fluid-Expansion Temperature Measurement Devices, and Change-of-State Temperature Measurement Devices can also be used. Alternatively, an IR camera capable of spatial resolution of the grid size, such as the ExplorlR™ thermal infrared imaging radiometric camera, available from Sierra Pacific Corp (Las Vegas, Nev.) can be used. However, any suitable temperature measuring device capable of measuring temperature in the range of interest at the resolution of the grid size can be used.
Preferably, a single measurement is then made at each cell. A collection of the resulting data as a function of x-y position provides a temperature map. A hole or holes are then formed in each grid cell for which the measured temperature differs from the target temperature and outside of the specified tolerance range. Hole formation in the heater plate or cold plate modifies the thermal conductivity profile by decreasing local conductivity. In a preferred embodiment, the modification results in an improvement to the equilibrium temperature uniformity of the ESC support assembly at the chuck surface after bonding the ESC to the heater plate or directly to the cold plate, such that the equilibrium temperature profile seen at the chuck surface is within the specification provided. In other embodiments, the modification results in an alteration to the equilibrium temperature profile such that the profile is within a provided specification of a target equilibrium temperature profile.
In a preferred embodiment, material is removed by way of the formation of at least one hole. If more material removal is required, a plurality of holes can be formed, where each hole is nominally the same size, i.e. cross sectional area. In alternative embodiments, material removal within a cell is effected by the formation of a single hole. In this case, if more material removal is required, the hole is formed with a larger diameter. In further embodiments, material removal can be effected by the formation of any shape extending into the heater plate surface or cold plate surface.
In accordance with the above discussion, removal of material will result in a reduction of heat flux between the ESC and the cold plate and thus an increase in chuck temperature when heated due to plasma processing a substrate. Therefore using material removal alone, a desired uniformity in chuck temperature can be achieved by selecting a target temperature on the heater surface or cold plate surface that is at least as high as the highest of the measured Tm's. A target temperature for all sites i of the grid is thus chosen and denoted To, and will, in general differ from the measured Tm's by an amount denoted by εi, wherein:
εi =T o −T m (1)
The objective of the localized material removal is then to bring εi to within specification for all sites i. Defining q as the heat flux per unit area, the general heat transfer equation is given as
q=Q/A i =ΔT�K eff. (2)
where Keff is the effective heat transfer coefficient of the substrate support structure in the vertical direction of cell i, and ΔT is the positive temperature difference between the two points defining each end of the vertically projected area between which Keff is the effective heat transfer coefficient.
In a preferred embodiment, ΔT is set to be equal to εi, the measured temperature difference between each cell measurement and the highest of the cell measurements at the heater surface. Although ΔT in Eq. 2 is associated with a temperature difference in the vertical direction, and εi is associated with a temperature difference in the lateral direction, ΔT is set equal to εi because εi is the desired target temperature difference of cell i to needed to achieve the target temperature. Adjustment of Keff is a preferred method for cell i to achieve temperature To.
Because cell i will be composed of metal or ceramic material and holes, the effective heat transfer coefficient Keff is composed of two components: the conduction-only heat transfer in unremoved regions, and the conduction plus convection heat transfer in removed regions. For example, in the case of an aluminum heater plate, since the thermal conductivity of air is significantly lower than the thermal conductivity of aluminum, the heat conductivity in removed regions is neglected. Thus Keff can be approximated as Kh, the thermal conductivity of the heater plate, multiplied by the fraction of unremoved area of the cell.
With n holes in cell i of the heater plate, each of area ah, the areal density of cell i having a high surface area in nominal contact with the chuck after the preferred adjustments have been made (the "fractional high area") is given by:
αf =[A i −na h ]/A i=1− −f i. (3)
The term "nominal" is used to mean that any incidental surface roughness is ignored, and the surface is approximated as planar. In other words, ignoring roughness and non-parallelism, αf is the fractional surface area within the cell area Ai. Then for each probe temperature measurement Tm, αf is sought for each cell to determine the target surface area and thus the total removed area for that cell in order to achieve the desired Keff.
Without holes, the thermal conductivity is designated Km, and with holes, the thermal conductivity Keff can be approximated as αfKh. If the change to the conductivity is small compared to the absolute conductivity (i.e. if the total hole area of a given cell is small compared to the cell area), q can be considered constant. Furthermore, the cold plate is maintained at constant temperature Tc. In this event, Eqs. 1 and 2 can be rewritten to give
K h(T o −T c)=K m(T m −T c). (4)
In order to get Tm to reach To, Km must be decreased to the value of Kh. Therefore αf is set to Kh/Km, and from Eq. 4, fi=nAh/Ai, is known. Since the areas of the formed holes and the cell are known, the suggested number of holes n is determined. An equation providing n for a given probe measurement of cell i can then be written as:
n=(A i /A n)�(T 0 −T m)/(T 0 −T c). (5)
Thus the set of Tm determined for the plurality of measurement sites can be used to determine the preferred fractional hole area for each cell, or the preferred number of holes of a given size.
In an alternative embodiment, fi can be determined without using the approximation that fi is much smaller than unity. A test heater plate is provided or formed, in which each cell of the grid has a different number n of holes, wherein the number increases for each cell starting from zero. For example, the test plate could have zero holes in cell 1, one hole in cell 2, two holes in cell 3, etc. However, any number of different scenarios could produce acceptable results. For example, the test plate could have 10 holes in cell 1, 5 holes in cell 2, 13 holes in cell 3, and so forth. In the case of the test heater plate, the temperature cannot be measured on the heater plate surface because the holes are formed before temperature data is collected. Instead the rest of the substrate support structure is built up, i.e. the silicone adhesive layer and the electrostatic chuck are built onto the test heater plate, such that the top surface of the structure is the top surface of the chuck.
The heater is activated to a preset temperature, and sufficient time is allowed for thermal equilibrium of the test ESC support assembly structure to be achieved. Initial temperature measurements of the chuck surface are made at locations determined from a grid arranged to cover the chuck in such a way that the grid is identical in size and lateral position to the grid defined for the heater plate. From the measurements, a set of T′m is determined, where the prime (′) is used to indicate that the temperature is measured on the chuck surface instead of the heater plate surface. Values of T′m vs. n are then plotted, and a determination of the slope β of a straight line fit of the data provides a measure of the change in T′m with each additional hole.
β thus provides an actual estimation of temperature difference at the chuck surface due to each additional hole. Although the variations in chuck surface temperature due to random variations in the vertical thermal conductivity of the ESC support assembly are present and thus incorporated in the data, they are preferably substantively averaged out by the technique of performing a straight line fit of the data. With β established, any observed cell temperature difference can be corrected for by a direct application of the knowledge of the effect of a hole on temperature. The number of preferred holes per cell in future ESC support assemblies built up to the heater plate, as in the embodiment described above, can then be determined by using the relationship
n=ε i/β (6)
for each cell i. With experience, further refinements to this method are possible. For example, upon first application of this technique if it is determined that the use of Eq. 6 leads to an over- or under- correction, a correction factor C can be introduced, so that a preferred value for n is n=Cεi/β
An example of the use of the preferred method is considered in the following analysis: A depiction of probe 412 positioned on an exemplary partially built-up ESC support assembly is shown in
If heater 403 is set to constant temperature To, then heat flow will be a function of temperature and thermal conductivity above and below the heater. After a period of time, as the temperature of the heater plate 404 rises to equal the temperature of the heater, equilibrium of the support configuration will be reached. Cold plate 401 is maintained at a constant temperature Tc, so that in equilibrium, heat will flow continuously through the silicone 402 into cold plate 401. Correspondingly, the upper surface 405 of heater plate 404 is a free surface, and is capable of emitting heat through convection if atmosphere is present, and through emission or radiation. In thermal equilibrium, heat flow into and out of heater plate 404 are equal, and the temperature remains constant.
If silicone layer 402 has any thickness non-uniformities, the thermal conductivity in the vicinity of the non-uniformity will be different from the conductivity of the surrounding area. If, for example, the silicone is thinner, more heat will transfer from the heater to the cold plate in that area. Since the heater gives off a fixed amount of heat in a given area, if more heat is drained from one side of the heater in one area, the other side of the heater will be cooler in that area. Thus in the area of thin silicone, less heat will be supplied to the chuck, above, and the substrate will see a cold spot. For example, if a perfectly conductive heat sink were placed at one spot on one side of the heater, all the heat produced by the heater in the area of the spot could potentially be drained away, resulting in no heat flux in the other direction.
A non-uniformity in the thickness of the silicone is considered comparing the temperature profiles of cell areas A1 and A2, shown as 413 and 414, respectively, in
A mechanical correction can now be made to the heater plate to achieve a more uniform thermal conductivity across the support assembly. Using Tm and thus To obtained from probe 412 and Tc obtained from thermocouple 411, or optionally β obtained from prior experimentation, the target fractional high area αf within each cell is determined in accordance with Eq. 5 or Eq. 6. K1 is then adjusted to the target thermal conductivity value of αfK1 by introducing holes into the cell 413. This can conveniently be accomplished using any of known techniques for coordinate controlled material removal, where removal is effected, for example, by drilling, routing, laser machining or grit blast machining, and coordinate control is effected by the use of an X-Y table. The area reduction process is repeated for each measurement site. Exemplary holes 51 in cell 52 of heater plate 53 are shown in
The testing is preferably carried out in an apparatus that allows for support of the chuck support assembly as well as enablement of the desired test conditions (not shown). An appropriate apparatus comprises a test chamber configured to maintain the cold plate at a set temperature. The apparatus is preferably capable of supporting and numerically controlling x-y positioning of a temperature probe. The apparatus is also preferably capable of registering and recording measurement data signals from the probe, as well as electronically determining the target hole configuration from the data.
The target hole configuration is preferably designed to achieve the desired temperature profile at any point on the chuck support surface. Since temperature is measured only at locations where a temperature measurement is made, increasing the resolution of the desired temperature profile requires increasing the number of measurement sites on the heater plate or the cold plate, i.e. increasing the fineness of the grid. The resolution of the grid is thus determined experimentally and through experience. For example, if a temperature uniformity specification has been met with a given grid, and additional measurements taken at points not on the original grid show a deviation from the established specification, then a finer grid resolution is preferred.
Based on all prior discussion, a preferred embodiment of a process involving reducing the localized thermal conductivity of an ESC support assembly to achieve a target temperature profile across a chuck surface mounted thereon comprises the following experimental procedure:
After the heater plate surface or cold plate surface has been adjusted to achieve the desired temperature map, the rest of the ESC support assembly can be built up. For example, above the corrected heater plate surface a layer of silicone adhesive is applied, followed by the placement of the electrostatic chuck. An exemplary full ESC support assembly is shown in
While various embodiments have been described, it is to be understood that variations and modifications may be resorted to as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such variations and modifications are to be considered within the purview and scope of the claims appended hereto. All of the above-mentioned references are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each individual reference was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 10, 1995
|Sep 23, 1997
|Lam Research Corporation
|Multilayered electrostatic chuck and method of manufacture thereof
|Jun 7, 1995
|Oct 7, 1997
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Characterization, modeling, and design of an electrostatic chuck with improved wafer temperature uniformity
|Feb 23, 1996
|Mar 24, 1998
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Apparatus and method for transferring heat from a hot electrostatic chuck to an underlying cold body
|Apr 17, 1997
|Mar 9, 1999
|Lam Research Corporation
|Multilayered electrostatic chuck and method of manufacture thereof
|Jul 27, 1999
|Jun 18, 2002
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Semiconductor workpiece processing apparatus and method
|Aug 3, 1999
|Oct 15, 2002
|Applied Materials Inc.
|Method and apparatus for thermal control of a semiconductor substrate
|Feb 15, 2000
|May 20, 2003
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Hot plate and semiconductor device manufacturing method using the same
|Jun 28, 2001
|Dec 30, 2003
|Lam Research Corporation
|High temperature electrostatic chuck
|Feb 1, 2002
|Jan 25, 2005
|Lam Research Corporation
|Method and apparatus for controlling the spatial temperature distribution across the surface of a workpiece support
|Jul 2, 2002
|May 10, 2005
|Applied Materials Inc.
|Apparatus and process for controlling the temperature of a substrate in a plasma reactor
|Jun 20, 2001
|Dec 26, 2002
|Parkhe Vijay D.
|Controlled resistivity boron nitride electrostatic chuck apparatus for retaining a semiconductor wafer and method of fabricating the same
|Nov 13, 2001
|May 15, 2003
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Apparatus for controlling a thermal conductivity profile for a pedestal in a semiconductor wafer processing chamber
|Sep 17, 2003
|Mar 25, 2004
|Jun Takeuchi
|Method for coating internal member having holes in vacuum processing apparatus and the internal member having holes coated by using the coating method
|Feb 24, 2004
|Aug 26, 2004
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Fabrication of silicon-on-insulator structure using plasma immersion ion implantation
|May 9, 2003
|Sep 2, 2004
|Takaaki Matsuoka
|Plasma processing equipment and plasma processing method
|Apr 12, 2005
|Aug 18, 2005
|Tokyo Electron Limited
|Method and apparatus for active temperature control of susceptors
|Dec 2, 2004
|Sep 29, 2005
|Lam Research Corporation, A Delaware Corporation
|Method and apparatus for controlling spatial temperature distribution
|Oct 7, 2005
|Apr 13, 2006
|John Holland
|Method and apparatus for controlling temperature of a substrate
|International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Mar. 12, 2008 for PCT/US07/18711.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 25, 2011
|Lintec Corporation
|Transferring device and transferring method
|Oct 24, 2013
|Jul 12, 2016
|Lam Research Corporation
|Heating plate with planar heater zones for semiconductor processing
|Apr 29, 2008
|Nov 13, 2008
|Lintec Corporation
|Transferring device and transferring method
|Jun 2, 2011
|Lam Research Corporation
|Electrostatic chuck with an angled sidewall
|Aug 9, 2013
|Feb 12, 2015
|Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Ltd.
|Alignment Systems and Wafer Bonding Systems and Methods
|U.S. Classification
|219/494, 219/497, 118/725, 219/121.43, 156/345.52
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 29, 2006
Owner name: LAM RESEARCH CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:STEGER, ROBERT;COMENDANT, KEITH;REEL/FRAME:018251/0940
Effective date: 20060828
|Sep 10, 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4


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3 '20 Feet From Stardom' (2013). Darlene Love, Lisa Fischer Merry Clayton and other terrific back-up singers share their stories in this Oscar-winning documentary. The music is superb, but the poignant stories behind the women make it shine.


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Clockwork Radio: Feel It Up
We have featured UK band Clockwork Radio a few times before on the Network, and they have just released their Ubuntu EP. This is the single from it. The EP is available for purchase from the links below, or free download if you recommend it to a friend. (No Linux knowledge required)[audio:http://insomniaradio.net/audio/dailydose/irdd-clockworkradio-feelitup.mp3]
Clockwork Radio Links
Main Site | Download EP | SoundCloud | BandCamp | Facebook | Twitter
Italian artist Agnes Cecile creating the EP's artwork


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Amie & Sangeet Millennium
Amie performs enchanting Indian raags and folk melodies on sitar with tabla and some vocal accompaniment. Her critically acclaimed Sangeet Millennium Ensemble fuses Hindustani music with jazz and other world music styles, creating elegantly vibrant sounds, sometimes a bit eccentric, but always soulful.
award-winning sitarist/composer, teaching artist, ensemble leader,
and scholar,
Amie Maciszewski has devoted her adult life to absorbing and
disseminating North Indian music culture, including over a decade's
immersion in India. Hailed "stunning," and "amazing," Amie has performed throughout North America, in India, Europe, and Japan, conducted
residencies and workshops in diverse venues, and taught at several universities. She has released four
noted CDs (one award-winning) and contributed her music to several acclaimed
independent films and an international theater production. Her brainchild the Sangeet Millennium
Ensemble, named Texas Top Ten (2010-11, Austin Chronicle Readers' Poll), traverses boundaries
seamlessly with repertoire that includes Hindustani classical music,
arrangements of traditional Indian melodies, and original world
music. She is also a noted documentary filmmaker.
Sangeet Millennium Ensemble fuses North Indian music marked by the exotic sounds of the long necked string instrument sitar, made famous by Ravi Shankar, with saxophone, Indian tabla drums, and often bass and Indian vocals. To hear the saxophone play the slides and oscillations so characteristic of Indian music is both familiar to jazz fans and wonderfully new. The group blends the two styles together, creating both a contemporary sound and one that resonates with earlier fusion groups like Shakti and the work of jazz great Ornette Coleman. Meditating on the unexpected, this collective emits sounds that have been described as "elegantly vibrant"-- at once mesmerizing, lyrical, and bizarre.
Founded in 2006 and led by Amie Maciszewski, the Sangeet Millennium Ensemble follows the precedent set by by her guru, Sarode Maestro Aashish Khan, and his elders, in which players of diverse instruments collaborate to compose, arrange, and perform loosely structured pieces, often based on classical raags, allowing for considerable improvisation.
The ensemble's artistic work has received support from the City of Austin, Texas Commission on the Arts, and Mid-America Arts Alliance, among others. The Ensemble has released two CDs: Shimmering (2007), nominated Texas Top Ten by the Austin Chronicle Critics' Poll, and Sangeet Safar, which helped earn them selection among Austin's Top Ten World Music Bands in 2010-11 by the Chronicle Readers' Poll. Their new EP is currently in production.
Marwa - Guru bin gyaan
Written By: traditional
Guru bin gyaan kaise paawe
Without the guru, how can you find knowledge . . .
Written By: traditional folk song of Rajasthan,India, India
"Kesariya baalam, aavoji, padharo mhaare des . . . "
Oh my saffron-turbaned lover, come, return to our homeland . . .
CDs, available on CD Baby:
Sangeet Millennium Ensemble's "Sangeet Safar" (Sangeet Millennium Productions, 2010) - my Indo-jazz fusion project's release which blends and bends genres including Hindustani classical, light-classical, and folk music with original jazz. Saxophonist Paul Klemperer and tabla player Shiv Naimpally join me. Bassist Jay Srinivasan makes a guest appearance on one track. Material includes both live and studio recording. Two tracks from this CD are streaming on this EPK.
"Guru Pranam" (Sangeet Millennium Productions, 2010) - My classical sitar performance recorded live in concert at Sangeet Research Academy, 2009 (with Swapan Mukherjee - tabla). One track from this CD is streaming on this EPK.
"Lighting the Way: Padmabhushan Girija Devi" (Hindustani vocal diva). I provide backup vocals and play tanpura on this CD recorded live in concert in Austin, TX (Horizon Pvt. Ltd., 2008). Other artists: Pandit Anandagopal Bandhyapadhay - tabla, Rupan Sarkar - vocals, Amzad Rahman - harmonium.
"Shimmering" - The Sangeet Millennium Ensemble's first CD, nominated for Texas Top Ten for 2007-08 by the Austin Chronicle Critics' Poll (2007). Joining me are Alex Coke on sax and flutes, Bruce Saunders on guitar, Subrata Bhattacharya on tabla, and Naga Valli on vocals.
"Light and Legacy" - My classical sitar performance, with Rohan Singh Bhogal on tabla, recorded live in concert at The University of Alberta Convocation Hall (2007).
Other recordings & tracks:
"Gorjone" and "Without You" mp3s - streaming on this EPK
Boardworks KS4 Music - World Music (Oxford, UK, 2008) - commissioned recording of sitar performance with Shiv Naimpally on tabla as part of educational package
Set List
The four-to-five-member Amie & Sangeet Millennium, aka the Sangeet Millennium Ensemble, fuses Indian with jazz music, performing arrangements and improvisations of both traditional Indian melodies and original new world music. Tunes typically last 5 to 12 minutes, and each set is 40-50 minutes.
In her classical mode, Amie plays traditional Indian ragas on sitar, and sometimes sings, with tabla accompaniment, typically beginning with a slow intro (alap), moving into compositions accompanied by tabla (gat). The tabla takes short solos throughout, but there may be an extended solo as well. The first set can be 30 to 60 minutes long, followed by, say, a 30 to 45 minute set in which we play several shorter, light-classical and/or folk pieces.


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- Working-Class Perspectives offers weekly commentaries on current issues related to working-class people and communities. Contributors discuss a variety of issues, from what class means to how it intersects with race and gender to how class is shaping American politics. We welcome relevant comments of 500 words or less.
For questions or comments about this blog, e-mail Sherry Linkon. For assistance with news stories about working-class politics and culture, call or e-mail John Russo, 330-207-8085.
The State of the Working ClassListen to Working-Class Perspective editor Sherry Linkon's recent interview about Working-Class Studies on KERA's Think with Krys Boyd.
Monthly Archives: January 2012
Concepts, Real Life & the Working Class
Man, it's hard thinking and talking about social class in these United States. Most of the time since President Obama was elected, there's nobody out there but "the rich" and "the middle class," as if both the working class and … Continue reading
Icons of the Rich and Famous
Most agree that Newt Gingrich's win over Mitt Romney in South Carolina had to do with what the pundits are calling "unforced errors" on Romney's part—a series of gaffs, blunders, and obfuscations relating to Romney's wealth, his unreleased tax returns, … Continue reading
The Class Politics of Mass Incarceration
Across the United States today, communities are commemorating the life and work of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. While many of those observations recount the history of King's inspiration and leadership in the civil rights movement, many will – like … Continue reading
Industrial Heritage and the Value of Working-Class Memory
A year or so ago, I was helping one of my sociology students get started on an essay. She wanted to write, she said, "something on coalmining communities." I suggested she narrow the topic, since coal mining was, until relatively … Continue reading
Posted in Contributors, Guest Bloggers, Issues, Working-Class Culture Tagged coal mining, industrial heritage, memory, Snowdon, working-class history 1 Comment
A Dispatch from the Poorest City in America
Back in November, the Brookings Institution reported that Youngstown has the highest rates of concentrated poverty of any city in the U.S. The report shocked some city officials and local boosters who had been promoting an exaggerated story of Youngstown's … Continue reading


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The newest online Master's degree program at the University of Kansas (KU) opened its doors under the auspices of the school's Journalism department. But when it officially launches in June, 2016, the new program, which focuses on teaching veteran and aspiring journalists alike how best to present and share digital content, will also owe a lot to the school's librarians. KU's information specialists have helped to consult on the structure of the program and the content it will cover, and will be embedded in the program's digital classrooms from day one.
A Day's Work and Then Some: DuPage Library System Cites LJ's Mike Kelley for Excellence in Journalism
By June 14, 2011on
We here in the LJ newsroom were happy to see a note from the DuPage Library System (DLS) recognizing LJ's Michael Kelley for "Excellence in Investigative Journalism."


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This week at Davis
12 April 2013 Single page view
The electricians take over the news this week with stories on staying fit and those gorgeous auroras.
A thrilling tale of sea ice drilling followed by a movie marathon of epic proportions! This week from Davis station.
29 March 2013 Single page view
This week's news comes from the comms team and features stories on hydroponics, beer brewing on station and an epic jolly to Watts hut.
22 March 2013 Single page view
Equinox and shorter days bring interesting light effects. We also debrief you on work and play this week at Davis.
15 March 2013 Single page view
This week, the diesel mechanics take over the Davis station news! Well, the one who didn't get away that is...
Davis says goodbye to 'Warren' the incinerator. A look at sea spray, Heidemann Beach and Hawaiian shirts.
22 February 2013 Single page view
An update on the Davis station building projects, expeditioners farewell Warren - the long serving incinerator and there are a couple of elephant seal pics thrown in for good measure.
15 February 2013 Single page view
Antarctic weather - gotta love it!
8 February 2013 Single page view
Davis station prepares to hunker-down for the long winter ahead with a resupply.
1 February 2013 Single page view
No news this week due to the re-supply at Davis.
Page 18 of 47


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2006 Chevrolet Corvette 2dr Convertible (6.0L 8cyl 6M)
Bought a 2006 C6 Convertible used with 45k miles. Love driving this car more and more every time I take her out. Acceleration is very strong and handling is great. The power of this car should be respected but at the same time it is a wonderful daily driver that does not jerk you around. Ride quality is much better than expected but I can do without the noise from the Navigation system; it sounds like a DVD / CD is constantly adjusting. Great over all value!
Plenty of Power and fun to drive! Best bang for your buck, and I've driven many different sport and luxury vehicles. Convertible with power feature takes 18 seconds to open / close.
A navigation system that does not constantly make that irritating sound. I have been assured by the dealer that this is normal and does not affect the electronics or the car. A little more flash on the dash would be nice...less plastic.
2006 Chevrolet Corvette 2dr Coupe (6.0L 8cyl 6M)
can't afford the ZR1... yet. i've had the car for over 3 years and approaching 50K miles and aside from the noisy roof, clutch pack replacement for the "diff," leaking water pump and dead battery - all taken care of during the warranty period - this car is solid as a rock! It's my DD - still enjoy driving it as well as looking at it in the garage.
Z51 package, 6sp. 2LT... Nothing bothers me about this car. For the money, i got exactly what i expected: fast unadulterated FUN.
Just One: never discontinue this model.
I've owned this car for 4 months now and I'm very happy with this car.The power of the LS2 brings tears to my eyes.A definite eye catcher on the roads.Has many options that other performance cars just don't have.I have the fully loaded LT3 pkg w/select ride 6spd paddleshift.With the select ride switched between tour/sport it really doesn't fell any different.The heated seats are never used because the climate controls work so good.The bose system sounds so good and I'm very happy with the center control lay out. If I were to purchase another corvette I would get a 6spd manual transmission,opt out of the select ride and heated seats.
The telescopic steering,heads up display,stereo,6 way power seats,removable roof.The power!!!
I would like a more throaty exhaust sound at idle.Other than that its an amazing car.
2006 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 2dr Coupe (7.0L 8cyl 6M)
Chevy missed its chance. Cheap typical American car interior and materials. If the sun is out you cannot see the Nav. Talking about the Nav. it seemed about three years out of date when the car was new. Chevy needs to learn from Japan. The sound system has the same issue, just ok when it could have easily been great for not much more money. Sorry no I-Pod connection here. Controls are not on wheel either, this had become the norm on a new car. Run flats hold ok but create a hard ride, last 18000 and cost $500. each. My tranny was fine then just failed, in shop for 6 weeks and now 200 miles later has failed again. Thank god for my extended warranty. lots of little problems.
This car looks great and is fast fast fast. When it is working and it did well for 55000 miles, I was loving this car and getting ready to buy a new one.
Smaller wheel with squared off bottom. Lots of vett owners are a bit large and a few years old, a nice sport wheel would be cool. Sound system needs to have some umf, real umf. Let me store music on the hard drive. Learn from Audi interior not from Yugo interior and gauges. cheap looking !!!
As with most American boys...I have always dreamed of a Corvette. I have owned several BMW's, Camaro's, a Mustang, and a Trans-Am/Formula Firebird (original 6.6) My RED 2006 Z06 is by far my favorite. I have had people get out of their car in a bank drive through to look at it. I had several grown men ask to get a picture of them standing next to it...and its an AMERICAN car...WOW! I get more people looking at it on a daily basis than any car I have owned...Including the BMW's. I love the fact I can drive it everyday...with the only exception being in the snow.
Power to weight ratio is better than my motorcycle...WOW! The G's that you experience when accelerating from a stop to 130 Mpg while getting on a freeway just cant be matched for less than $100k. The looks of the Z06 are killer. 505 HP AND 30 MPG on the freeway (I get 28-32 regularly)
Interior is a little cheap. I spend $1,500 a year on tires...ouch. (10,000 miles a year) I hate the 1st-4th forced shift...I punch it off the line just to avoid it. (maybe that explains the tires) All the drool on the ground when its parked. Being able to go 200mph and no place to do it...
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About Me
Steve Williams for Congress
1st CD Minnesota
Republican Primary August 9th
© Copyright Steve Williams 2016
"As we peer into society's future, we - you and I, and our government - must avoid the impulse to live only for today, plundering, for our own ease and convenience, the precious resources of tomorrow. We cannot mortgage the material assets of our grandchildren without risking the loss also of their political and spiritual heritage. We want democracy to survive for all generations to come, and not to become the insolvent phantom of tomorrow. ~President Dwight D. Eisenhower~
President Eisenhower spoke these words more than two generations ago, apparently no one was listening. We have squandered our economic, natural and human resources and we have a political establishment that is corrupt and controlled by the self serving.
If like me you believe that it is time for us to heed the words of President Eisenhower's farewell address I ask for your support and your vote.
Please share and please vote August 9th.
Thank you. Steve Williams


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Entertainment Photos
See the fresh ink, cool designs at Elm Street Tattoo festival's 24-hour marathon
Photo: Alexandra Olivia/Special Contributor
The first annual Elm Street Music & Tattoo Festival kicked off Friday with a 24-hour tattoo marathon during which, for the 20th Friday the 13th in a row Deep Ellum Tattoo owner Oliver Peck inked variations on the number 13. Pictured: Forest Cavacco, tattoo artist at Cobra Custom Tattoo in Boston, Mass., displays his freshly inked Texas 13, tattooed by Peck.
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Cancer Survivor's Day event to be held
By Howell Dennis
CROWLEY – This Sunday, June 7, Oncologistics, Inc., a leading provider of radiation oncology throughout Louisiana and Mississippi, is holding their 16th Annual National Cancer Survivor's Day event.
The event will be held at the River Oaks Catering and Event Center at 520 East Kaliste Saloom Rd. in Lafayette.
According to Donna Delahoussaye, the business development coordinator for Oncologistics, the afternoon will be one filled with food, fun and laughter.
"We already have 456 people that have RSVP'ed for the event," said Delahoussaye. "I'm was thinking to myself I hope we can handle all those people but I believe that's a great problem to have."
Oncologistics has centers in Crowley, Lafayette, Morgan City, New Iberia, Opelousas, and Laurel, Miss. They pride themselves on following their motto - "treating cancer personally, intelligently and locally."
Dr. Andrew Harwood has been working out of the Crowley office, located at 1108 E. 8th St., for the past twenty years. He said that this weekend's celebration is also due to the fact that the treatment of cancer has been much more successful in recent years. He did mention, however, that the people of south Louisiana have a higher rate of cancer than most areas in the country.
"I'm afraid we are a victim of 'laissez le bon temps rouler'," said Harwood. "With all the smoking, drinking and eating of spicy foods we see many more cases of throat and esophageal cancer than the rest of the country."
Harwood, whose English accent makes him very pleasant to speak with, says that his office will treat any cancer patient regardless of whether they are insured.
"We never turn a cancer patient away," he said. "We will treat any patient whether they have insurance or not."
The festivities this Sunday will be held from 11 a.m. til 3 p.m.


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This star rating is the opinion of the property owner only. A Self-Rated hotel has not been assessed by the AA or Visit Britain, whose official star ratings we use across LateRooms.com.
Generator Berlin Mitte1 Self rated
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About the hotel
This delightful hostel enjoys a central setting in Berlin. The hostel is located just 500 metres away from the Oranienburger Strasse S-Bahn Train Station and Tor U-Bahn Metro. Guests will find themselves just a short distance away from Alexanderplatz Square and the historical Hackesche Hofe courtyards.
Museum island is situated just 500 metres away. This charming hostel welcomes guests with warm hospitality and the promise of a comfortable stay. The guest rooms are tastefully appointed, providing a relaxing setting in which to enjoy a restful night's slumber at the end of the day. Guests will be impressed by the professional service that they receive at this hotel.
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- Pets are not allowed
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Marine Sgt. Joshua Brewer recently completed a deployment in support of Exercise Northern Edge at Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska. Northern Edge is one in a series of Pacific Command exercises that prepare joint forces to respond to crises in the Asian Pacific region.
Brewer is currently serving a tour at Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni, Japan, as an F-18 avionics technician for Marine All-Weather Fighter Attack Squadron 224 which is based in Beaufort, S.C.
Brewer is a 1997 graduate of Amarillo High School. He is the son of Jimmy Lee and Patricia Ann Brewer of Amarillo.
© 2016. All Rights Reserved. | Contact Us


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Sandyside Sandyside 2 - 7 night min stay
From $193 / night
Description from the manager
Description from the manager
Bedrooms: 2/
Bathrooms: 1/
Sleeps: 5/
Type: House
Book this 2 bedroom, 1 bathroom house in Melbourne today! A total of 5 people can sleep here comfortably.
Guests can enjoy a air conditioning, parking space, and internet access among other amenities offered by this rental.
Travelers are sharing their opinions on this property. It has an overall rating of 4/5 thanks to an average of 7 reviews.
The owner responds to 20% of inquiries, which is lower than average, and last updated the property's calendar today.
About the manager
About the manager
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Boutique Stays
- Response rate: 20%
- Response time: Within a day
- Calendar updated: today
Overall rating:
4.5 / 5.0
Proximity to TripAdvisor's Top Melbourne Attractions
Proximity to TripAdvisor's Top Melbourne Attractions
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Universal Pictures Home Entertainment Content Group has set an October 14 day-and-date release for Ordinary World, fka Geezer, a comedic drama starring Billie Joe Armstrong that premiered at Tribeca in April. The Green Day frontman plays Perry, an aging former punk rocker who's now a married father of two. He leads a sedate life in Queens until his brother (Chris Messina) gives him money to throw a huge 40th birthday rockstar bash in a fancy Manhattan hotel — a chance to get it out of his system. But Perry's puck past clashes with his middle-age reality.
Official Blog
August 31, 2016
August 30, 2016
The lead single from 'Revolution Radio' also marks the band's quickest rise to the top.
Green Day returns to the top of the heap on Billboard's Mainstream Rock Songs chart with a, well, bang, as "Bang Bang" -- the lead single from the group's upcoming 12th studio album Revolution Radio -- leaps 5-1 on the tally dated Sept. 10.
The song becomes Green Day's fourth No.
August 28, 2016
August 28, 2016
Check it out: HERE
August 25, 2016
Check it out now at Q Magazine: HERE
August 25, 2016
In the second part of our world exclusive interview, Green Day take us inside their new album Revolution Radio, giving us secrets about their stunning new songs while Billie, Mike and Tré debate: 'Can rock change the world?'
Get it now on newsstands or at KERRANG!: HERE
August 24, 2016
In the latest episode, Green Day frontman Billie Joe Armstrong reveals how his impromptu march in a Black Lives Matter protest in New York City inspired him to write the title track to Revolution Radio. Plus, he explains why he thinks that group's 2012's trilogy was a misguided project, how two cancer diagnoses shook the band's world and why he's psyched to get back on the road after the longest break of his career.
Listen now at Rolling Stone: HERE
August 24, 2016
Green Day - BangBang from BlinkmyBrain" on Vimeo.
August 19, 2016
Best For Taking A Stand. Green Day - Bang Bang. The punk heroes return, triumphant, "I got a fever for violent behaviour / I'm sweatin' bullets like a modern Romeo." Billie Joe Armstrong chants as he addresses the madness that's spreading in the US and the world - right now.
August 17, 2016
They're the biggest punk band in the world. They're a band who continue to change lives. AND THEY'RE BACK. This week, Kerrang! heads to Orange County to speak to Green Day as they unveil their brilliant new album, Revolution Radio! There's interviews with Billie Joe Armstong, Mike Dirnt and Tré Cool, plus new pictures and a LOT of secrets revealed. Do. Not. Miss. It.
Get it now at KERRANG!: HERE


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Latest Headlines
Women in central Ohio suburbs in spotlight in presidential campaignFriday, September 30, 2016 06:06 AM
From average voters to political pundits, everyone has been looking for hints of how this unprecedented presidential election will end, particularly in bellwether Ohio. Less than 40 days before the election, central Ohio might offer a key demographic: suburban women. According to a Quinnipiac University poll of likely Ohio voters released Sept. 8, 52 percent of women supported Clinton, while 39 percent backed Trump.
Scary clown sightings rare here
Franklin County has largely been spared from the creepy clown craze. Sightings have been reported in at least eight states. Around Ohio, officials are voicing frustration at fear caused by these sightings.
OSU men's hoops
Focus is on character
It was a decade ago that Thad Matta brought a piece of literature along when he gathered his team for the start of practice. A voracious reader, Matta eschewed novels and books of philosophy for something simpler.
Library lands 'Bodies' exhibit
The Bossard Memorial Library is hosting "Bodies Revealed," an exhibition featuring whole and partial bodies and organs treated with a plastic silicone polymer to retain their startlingly natural appearance.
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The Dispatch explores how heroin touches every part of the community in this six-part series.
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Ohio State football | Buckeyes succeed at spreading the ball aroundFriday, September 30, 2016 12:06 AM
First-year Rutgers coach Chris Ash is only 10 months removed from his role as a defensive assistant at Ohio State, and much has been made about how that familiarity should help the Scarlet Knights against the Buckeyes on Saturday.
- Ohio State football | Former team visits at unusual time for Schiano
- Ohio State men's basketball | Matta suits up, and the internet goes wild
- Ohio State men's basketball | Matta focuses on players' character
- Bob Hunter commentary | Rumblings: Higuain's days with Crew could be numbered
- Bengals 22, Dolphins 7 | Big night for A.J. Green
- NFL notebook | Browns' Gordon says he will enter rehab
- High school football | Casey Kirk helps Dublin Coffman to win over Marysville
- High school football games of the week
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- High schools | Going to School: Jack Jaynes, Pickerington Central
- NHL | Dubinsky's goal in OT leaves Blue Jackets smiling
- Blue Jackets notebook | Bobrovsky sheds weight to avoid injury
- Baseball | Indians, Tigers postponed; Monday game possible
- Cardinals 4, Reds 3 | Controversial ending
- Golf | Ryder Cup: European team stocked with rookies
Business Headlines
- Buffalo Exchange used-clothing shop to open near OSU
- 'Submeter' firm argues against PUCO holding public hearing on need for regulations
- Worthington Industries benefits from robust auto industry
- New owner takes possession of Columbus Castings
- Ohio's minimum wage going up a nickel in 2017
- Tesla rear-ends bus in Germany, driver blames autopilot
- Buckeye Lake developer trying to revive controversial project
- Cameron Mitchell to tout Columbus at restaurant opening in D.C.
US & World Headlines from AP
- Trump shames ex-beauty pageant winner for her sexual past Fri Sep 30 06:30:00 EDT 2016
- Clinton's 'nasty' Trump ads are mostly his own words Fri Sep 30 07:05:00 EDT 2016
- Syrian monitor: Russian airstrikes killed 9,300 in past year Fri Sep 30 06:38:00 EDT 2016
- Black box recorder recovered from wreckage of train crash Fri Sep 30 07:02:00 EDT 2016
- Israelis, world leaders gather for Peres funeral Fri Sep 30 03:35:00 EDT 2016
- Duterte 'happy to slaughter' drug suspects; mentions Hitler Fri Sep 30 06:33:00 EDT 2016
- Q&A: Will Deutsche Bank become the next Lehman? Fri Sep 30 06:47:00 EDT 2016
- Malls, stores consider new ways to protect shoppers Fri Sep 30 06:23:00 EDT 2016
- Europe's comet probe Rosetta ends 12-year mission with crash Fri Sep 30 06:58:00 EDT 2016
- Nobel Prize for Colombia peace deal or UN climate pact? Fri Sep 30 04:24:00 EDT 2016
Life & Entertainment
TheaterShadowbox's 'Little Shop of Horrors' wants empathy for mistreated pair
ExhibitCOSI invites kids to dive into manufacturing process
RestaurantsBehind the Menu | Chocolate Cafe presents chocolate in all its glory
FoodThe Zen of homemade pizza focuses on process, not perfection
MoviesWith October nearing, horror film fans have plenty of frightful alternatives
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MusicPiano teacher, 'Piano Man' helped Gavin DeGraw find right chord
HomeModern farmhouse design spurs revival of board-and-batten siding
Fine artsExhibit showcases 150 years from artists with Ohio ties
TravelDodge City, Kansas, celebrates its Old West past
LocalRV converted into yarn store that rolls to where knitters gather
DanceChoreographer Faye Driscoll's innovative series resumes with focus on life's stories


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In this range you'll find an impressive selection of perennial plants and biennial plants, which are perfect for beginners and experienced gardeners alike. Also known as herbaceous plants, perennial plants live for 2 or more years and flower every year. Biennial plants live for up to 2 years, flowering profusely in their second year before setting seed and dying. Both are great for beds and spring displays and there are many delightful plants to choose from.
For beautiful summer flowers browse our range of annual plants.
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Campanula 'Pink Octopus'
BellflowerJapanese lantern buds swell out to burst forth as striking pink-tentacled flowers on this truly unusual variety. Campanula 'Pink Octopus' produces up to 50 of these amazing blooms on each upright branch, fluttering above strong, deeply cut foliage to give two months of summer colour. A unique and interesting low growing perennial for the front of a sunny border. Height: 45cm (18"). Spread: 25cm (10"). More info
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USFNation.com has just learned of some breaking news. Skip Holtz and the South Florida Bulls picked up the another commit for the class of 2011 today when Ty Turner, a 6'3, 240 pound tight end from Griffin high school in Griffin Georgia committed to USF.
"Yes sir, I made my commitment to USF Yesterday," said Turner. "It's a good football program and they have good academics and it's a good place to be."
Turner chose USF over offers from WKU, Marshall, Tennessee State, Georgia Southern, Western Carolina, with Wake Forest, Miami, Duke, Oregon, Georgia Tech, Auburn, and UCLA all showing interest.
"I decided to commit because USF just felt like the place for me."
Turner participated in the USF SuperBull camp and said he loved the campus, facilities and playing at the Ray Jay, but the coaching staff was one of the biggest selling points.
"I like everything I saw when I was in Tampa, the facilities and weight room, were very nice," said Turner. "The coaching staff there is great and they remind me a lot of my coaches here at Griffin."
The 6-foot-3, 240-pound Turner claims a 325-pound bench press and a 450-pound squat max, and for Griffin played more of an H-back position and that could be his role at the next level.
"They're recruiting me as a tight end/H-Back," said Turner. "My most improved area is my route running and I've gotten better at my run blocking too."
Turner carries a 3.7 GPA and his team and he are off to a good start this season.
"We're doing pretty good, right now my team is sitting at 3-0," said Turner. "So far I have 3 receptions for 39 yards and a TD."
Stay tuned with USFNation.com for more details laterClick here to find out more on the Bulls newest COMMIT -- get the inside scoop!


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Memories of the sad face of a lonely gorilla convince me Belfast Zoo on a cold day is no place for tropical animals
I can't remember the last time I was at Belfast Zoo. But I do remember one of the last times. Our boys were still small and on a bleak, rainy day, having nothing better to do, l decided we'd go and visit the global wildlife.


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All Fired Upby Kate Meader
Her sweetest mistake . . . Cool as a Chicago winter, private events planner Cara DeLuca is a model of self-control . . . until she meets the one temptation she can't resist: Shane Doyle. The sexy, Irish pastry chef is too hot, too sure, too young, and after a crazy night in Vegas-her new husband. While at first Cara wants nothing more than a way out of her sham marriage to Shane, she soon finds that beneath his farm boy demeanor lies a man who can match her drive, both in and out of the bedroom. How can the wrong guy feel so deliciously right?. . . Tastes so, so goodShane has carefully structured his career and life around one goal: connecting with the family that doesn't know he exists. Marrying a woman with more issues than a magazine stand wasn't part of the plan, but melting Cara's icy exterior is so worth the detour. Now as the annulment date nears and long-buried secrets are revealed, Shane will have to fight for the one thing guaranteeing the perfect life he craves . . . the current Mrs. Shane Doyle.
Baby, It's Cold Outsideby Jennifer Probst Kate Meader Emma Chase Kristen Proby Melody Anne
New York Times and USA TODAY bestselling indie authors Jennifer Probst, Emma Chase, Kristen Proby, Melody Anne, and debut author Kate Meader come together to write a sizzling romance anthology.Outside it may be frosty, so turn the heat way up with these stories of desire!Can a determined woman executive and a playboy billionaire survive being stranded together in a snowstorm? Jennifer Probst depicts an encounter almost too hot to handle...Drew and Kate play an encore to Tangled in this sexy take on a "Christmas Carol" by Emma Chase. When a Christmas Eve argument condemns Drew to a troubled night, three dream women teach him that no gift could be more tantalizing than Kate...With Kristen Proby, ski slopes are quite delightful. Grace Douglas is sure she'll never learn to ski, but instructor Jacob Baxter could teach her lessons of a different kind...Can a southern California transplant survive Montana's deep snows? Melody Anne, author of the bestselling Andersons series, melts the icy drifts completely away with the heat between sexy Hawk Winchester and brand-new teacher Natalie Duncan...What could be hotter than a firefighter? Kate Meader shows how hot it can get as Beck Rivera and heiress-turned-tattoo-artist Darcy Cochrane discover that nothing ignites holiday flames like rekindling a lost love...
Feel the Heatby Kate Meader
IF YOU CAN'T STAND THE HEAT . . .Photographer Lili DeLuca spends all her time working at her family's Italian restaurant, instead of following her dream of getting an MFA. When famous British chef Jack Kilroy unexpectedly challenges her father to a cook-off, Lili decides she's tired of playing it safe and vows to seduce the tempting Brit. But once a video of her and Jack kissing goes viral and her luscious (if voluptuous) butt starts trending on Twitter, Lili fears she's cooked up a recipe for disaster . . . Jack Kilroy's celebrity has left him feeling used and used up. While Lili's oh-so-sexy moans when she tastes his delicious creations turn him on, he's even more aroused by how this beautiful, funny woman is unimpressed by his fame. He knows they could be amazing together, if she could only see past his rabid, bitch-fork-wielding fan base. Now as he's about to start a new prime time TV cooking show, can Jack convince Lili to realize her own ambitions-and turn up the heat in his kitchen?
Flirting with Fireby Kate Meader
The first installment in Hot in Chicago, a brand-new, sizzling series from Kate Meader that follows a group of firefighting foster siblings and their blazing hot love interests! Savvy PR guru Kinsey Taylor has always defined herself by her career, not her gender. That is, until she moved from San Francisco to Chicago to be with her fiancé who thought she wasn't taking her "job" of supporting him in his high-powered career seriously enough--and promptly dumped her for a more supportive and "feminine" nurse. Now, as the new assistant press secretary to Chicago's dynamic mayor, she's determined to keep her eye on the prize: no time to feel inferior because she's a strong, kick-ass woman, and certainly no time for men. But that all changes when she meets Luke Almeida, a firefighter as searingly sexy as he is quick-tempered. He's also the second oldest of the Firefightin' Dempseys, a family of foster siblings who have committed their lives to the service--if Luke's antics don't get him fired first. When Luke goes one step too far and gets into a bar brawl with the Chicago Police Department, Kinsey marches into Luke's firehouse and lays down the law on orders from the mayor. But at Engine Co. 6, Luke Almeida is the law. And he's not about to let Kinsey make the rules.
Hot and Botheredby Kate Meader
Get ready to turn up the heat with the next book in Kate Meader's Hot in the Kitchen series!
Melting Pointby Kate Meader
Things are heating up at Engine Co. 6 in this original e-novella from Kate Meader's sizzling Hot in Chicago series! Superhot playboy firefighter Gage Simpson has one particular man on his mind: Brady Smith, a recalcitrant, moody chef who makes Gage melt from the inside out. Features a sexy sneak preview of Playing with Fire!Firefighter Gage Simpson has it all: the job of his dreams, the family of his heart, and no shortage of hot guys lining up to share his bed. "Fun and easy" is his motto--and it's kept him sunny through a painful upbringing and steered him away from trouble. But when trouble comes knocking in the form of a sexy, scarred, tattooed chef with a harrowing past and zero communication skills, Gage can't help but be drawn to the flame. Brady Smith isn't fun. And easy isn't in his vocabulary. When cocky Gage swaggers into his restaurant kitchen, the former Marine-turned-five-star-chef is blindsided by the firefighter's beauty. Then confused that this golden guy with the sparkling blue eyes and the body of a god might be interested in him. As desire flares and temperatures rise, Gage and Brady will have to figure out if the heat between them is just a temporary flash--or the beginning of something real.
Playing with Fireby Kate Meader
From popular romance author Kate Meader comes the second novel in Hot in Chicago, a brand-new, sizzling series that follows a group of firefighting foster siblings and their blazing hot love interests!As the only female firefighter at Engine Co. 6, Alexandra Dempsey gets it from all sides: the male coworkers who think she can't do the job, the wives and girlfriends who see her as a threat to their firefighter men, and her overprotective foster brothers who want to shelter their baby sister at all costs. So when she single-handedly saves the life of Eli Cooper, Chicago's devastatingly handsome mayor, she assumes the respect she's longed for will finally come her way. But it seems Mr. Mayor has other ideas... Eli Cooper's mayoral ratings are plummeting, his chances at reelection dead in the water. When a sexy, curvaceous firefighter gives him the kiss of life, she does more than bring him back to the land of the living--she also breathes vitality into his campaign. Riding the wave of their feel-good story might prop up Eli's flagging political fortunes, but the sizzling attraction between them can go nowhere; he's her boss, and there are rules that must be obeyed. But you know what they say about rules: they're made to be broken...
Rekindle the Flameby Kate Meader
Cuddle up by the fire with the irresistible prequel to Kate Meader's smokin' Hot in Chicago series--originally published in the sizzling holiday anthology Baby, It's Cold Outside--a superhot e-novella that will warm you from your head to your heart and all the way to your toes!Chicago firefighter Beck Rivera always knew his destiny would be defined by two things: his dream to follow in the footsteps of his legendary foster father Sean Dempsey and his teenage passion for heiress Darcy Cochrane, the one girl who could both stoke and cool his fire. Loving her meant setting her free and breaking her heart--and his. But when a chance reunion at his family's bar, sparked by a drunk Santa, places her in his path again, destiny can no longer be denied. The last thing heiress-turned-tattoo-artist Darcy Cochrane needs is the rollercoaster of emotion stirred up by her first love: sexy, gorgeous man-on-fire Beck Rivera. But he always had such talented hands. And more talented lips. And...maybe one time can't hurt. Then she'll send him packing like he did to her all those years ago. But Darcy and Beck soon discover that nothing ignites holiday flames like rekindling a lost love...
Seven Books for Seven Loversby Molly Harper Gabra Zackman Jessica Sims Andrea Laurence Kate Meader Colette Auclair Victoria Van Tiem Stephanie Haefner Liora Blake Rachel Goodman Lindsay Jill Roth
Get more bang for your buck with this exclusive ebook boxed set, featuring seven full-length contemporary romances and extended teasers of five other books, perfect for every romance reader!This boxed set features seven delightful full-length contemporary romance novels. The stories range from two women struggling to keep their lingerie shop afloat while juggling romance in Try Me On For Size, to a horseback riding teacher trying to ignore advances from the hunky Hollywood actor who also happens to be the father of one of her students in Thrown, to a woman actually living a fairytale--that is, until her sexy ex shows up to throw a wrench in all her plans in Love Like the Movies. Seven Books for Seven Lovers is the perfect collection of charming love stories for any voracious reader!
Seven Books for Seven Loversby Molly Harper Gabra Zackman Jessica Sims Andrea Laurence Kate Meader Colette Auclair Victoria Van Tiem Stephanie Haefner Liora Blake Lindsay Roth Rachel Goodman
Get more bang for your buck with this sexy collection of seven irresistible full-length novels written by seven rising stars of contemporary romance!How hard is it to keep a failing lingerie shop afloat while searching for a lover who's just the right fit? Find out in Stephanie Haefner's laugh-out-loud love story, "Try Me on for Size"! A horse trainer takes a summer job teaching a widowed movie star's spoiled daughters to ride, but when their gorgeous, funny, and down-to-earth father starts making advances, she's "Thrown" in Colette Auclair's delightful tale. Victoria Van Tiem will make you crave a "Love Like the Movies" with her romantic romp about a film fanatic who is actually living a fairy tale--until her handsome ex shows up to throw a Hollywood twist into all her plans. These charming contemporary romances--plus four more sizzling full-length novels and extra extended-teasers--make the perfect anthology of red-hot reads!
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- BRF (Braille Refreshable Format) - digital Braille for use with refreshable Braille devices and Braille embossers.
- MP3 (Mpeg audio layer 3) - Provides audio only with no text. These books are created with a text-to-speech engine and spoken by Kendra, a high quality synthetic voice from Ivona. Any device that supports MP3 playback is compatible.
- DAISY Audio - Similar to the Daisy 3.0 option above; however, this option uses MP3 files created with our text-to-speech engine that utilizes Ivonas Kendra voice. This format will work with Daisy Audio compatible players such as Victor Reader Stream and Read2Go.


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Peggy Spengler-Moser
member for 16 years, 1 month, 15 days
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Bio and Links
I live in Craig's Irish Settlement, the oldest settlement, church, and cemetery in Northampton County, PA. I started a restoration project on the abandoned cemetery and started a historical society, both with the help of the community. We are in our 8th year. We have identified the names on every tombstone. We have a list of people by rows and a list by alphabet. If you have family here at Horner's Cemetery and/or would like a tour, please contact us. We would love to talk with you.
My genealogical research includes the names: Arndt, Danner, Diehl, Gaumers, Huber, Kerns, Knauss, Mantz, Moser, Silfies, and Spengler.
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6,303 Memorials Added
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Messages left for Peggy Spengler-... (9)
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John Helfrich
Sarah Mantz
I'm sorry I would not be able to identify her or her husband in a picture.
Added by
John Helfrich
on Oct 01, 2016 3:15 AM
Tim Gruber
RE: If I add another photo.....
Added by
Tim Gruber
on Sep 17, 2016 4:12 AM
R Durschinger
Mast Family
Peggy, Would you be able to provide a copy of all Mast family plots numbers as buried in the Saint Peter UCC Church Cemetery? Or, could you possibly add their plot numbers to their Find A Grave memorials that you have added to this site. I really appreciate all the work you have done for burials in Saint Peter cemetery. You have provided a great source for myself and countless others.
Do you possibly have a booklet or website for your society that would provide this information?
Thanks in advance for any help you can provide.
Added by
R Durschinger
on Sep 03, 2016 6:48 PM
Valletta Lewis
Thank you - Nicholas Saeger
Hi Peggy,
Thank you so much for the transfer of Nicholas Saeger. I am very appreciative for the memorial and photo ! I read your bio and am impressed by the work that you and others have done in the abandoned cemetery. There are several cemeteries near me that are no longer managed and have now become badly overgrown and subject to vandalism. Many graves are missing markers or they are sold old that the engravings are virtually gone.
Its too big of a project for me to take on right now, but if I ever do tackle something like that, I will have to contact you for pointers and advice. Thank you for all that you are doing to ensure our ancestors are located and documented !
God's blessings to you!
~ Valletta
Added by
Valletta Lewis
on May 17, 2016 12:22 AM
Larry McNair
Christiana Walker
Christiana was my 5X great grandmother. When she came over from Ireland with husband John, Johns mother, I think her name was Janet Thomson, 1665-1738, who was blind, died along with children Robert and Andrew, and were buried at sea. John and Christiana had Margaret, John and William left and made it to North Hampton County, PA. Eventually they moved to Bucks County, PA. They lived there for many year till their deaths. John and Christiana died and were buried there.
Just a bit of info I wanted to share. Not sure where John is buried. Haven't looked for him yet.
Larry J. McNair
Added by
Larry McNair
on Feb 02, 2016 4:07 PM
Carol & David
RE: Laura Stecker Bruch
Laura married Willis G. Bruch, Find A Grave Memorial 65135291. He is buried with Laura at Altoona Cemetery. I sent an edit to link him to Laura.
Added by
Carol & David
on Sep 08, 2015 10:20 AM
Joanne Gross Vaughn
Grow transfer
Thank-you for the transfer Peggy.
Added by
Joanne Gross Vaughn
on Feb 02, 2015 12:34 PM
Julia Hogston nee McCartney
Michael Clyde Memorial
Hi Peggy,
Thank you so much for working on the Presybterian Cemetery! Thank you for posting a memorial for my 6th great grandfather Michael Clyde. I believe other members of the family, including some Hudders are also buried there.
I used your information with link in a short piece I did for St Patrick's Day on my blog. The URL is http://wp.me/p1KdEb-hO.
Thank you again for all of your hard work.
Sincerely Julia McCartney Hogston
Added by
Julia Hogston nee McCartn...
on Mar 17, 2012 12:19 PM
John Hays
John Hays is my fifth great grandfather. I just want to thank you for posting this on Find a Grave. I never thought I would see my fifth great grandfather's grave. If you have any information on John's son, William (1725-1795 in Washington Co., Pa)or William's son John (20 Mar 1760-1825 in Warren Co., Ohio). Both men were Rev. War patriots. Any help would be greatly appreciated. My email is email@example.com. Thanks
Lynn Peters
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on Mar 28, 2010 10:10 AM
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Son Volt
"The words of Woody Guthrie ringing in my head," sings Jay Farrar on "Bandages & Scars." So begins Okemah and the Melody of Riot, the eagerly anticipated fourth disc by the renovated Son Volt. Okemah is Guthrie's Oklahoma birthplace -- but Farrar's former bandmate, Jeff Tweedy of Wilco, paid far greater homage to the folk legend years ago with Mermaid Avenue. On Riot, Farrar sounds more constipated than inspired. As lackluster as its 1998 predecessor, Wide Swing Tremolo, Riot is one long dribble of aggravating blandness that makes even Farrar's tepid solo albums seem vital. Part of the blame lies with his new backup players, who must be so in awe of their boss that they dare not creep out of his shadow. Instead, they turn in performances that carry none of the dynamism that made Farrar and Tweedy's Uncle Tupelo so rightfully lauded. In the end, Riot is no riot at all, melodic or otherwise -- and it bears little resemblance to the stirring, revolutionary sounds that once emanated from Okemah.
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A piece in the Times recently was titled "The Web Means the End of Forgetting." Thank god, we'll finally be able to find Mrs. Churm's keys when she needs them.
Higher Education Blogs | Blog U
Recent Blog Posts
August 5, 2010
Yes, I own a car. I also own a truck. Neither one is a hybrid, and both were built in North America.
August 5, 2010
This week I rewarded my productivity by reading a totally engrossing, satisfying novel: Jean Hanff Korelitz's Admission. Korelitz's deftly-written novel, which portrays a Princeton admissions officer, isn't a parody of the ridiculous ways that desperate students (and their parents) try to win acceptance into Ivy League colleges (hint: baked goods will be eaten but will not help a student get in), but a moving novel that centers on the double meaning of the title. As one character explains, "Admission.
August 4, 2010
This Fall's enrollment patterns aren't looking anything like historical norms. I'm curious to see if that's a local quirk, or if folks elsewhere are seeing the same thing.
August 4, 2010
"In four years at a fairly tech-savvy university, I never did anything with video mashups (or video in general) for class. What am I missing out on? What does video do that can't be done in other mediums?" (IHE 7/27/10 in a comment to Copyright Ruling + Online Video Platforms = Active Learning) Max followed up his comment with an e-mail:
August 4, 2010
This summer I thought I'd teach my daughter to read. I'm not sure why I had in mind that we'd just sit down everyday for reading lessons. This approach didn't work with my son, but some of my daughter's friends have learned to read this way, so I thought we'd try. After the first couple of short lessons I realized it wasn't going to work. We both got frustrated, and my daughter told me it was boring. She was eager to get to the good parts in the stories without having to work hard. I don't blame her. I can't stick with a book either if it's too much work and little reward.
August 3, 2010
A new correspondent writes:
August 3, 2010
When tragedy hits a close-knit community like Alma, Michigan, we all feel it. Two weeks ago, it hit hard. I was in a meeting at city hall when the call came in. A plane flying out of our local airport had gone down over Lake Michigan.In the hours that followed, the news trickled in: a mercy flight for our school superintendent who has been battling cancer departed Alma en route to the Mayo Clinic. A Chicago boater in the area pulled one man out alive. Two more were said to be in the water, with eight-foot swells. Two were unaccounted for.
August 3, 2010
In William Rosen's masterful new book, The Most Powerful Idea in the World: A Story of Steam, Industry, and Invention, the most powerful idea is not the invention of the steam engine. Rather, the title refers to the development of the concept that ideas can be property, and that through the availability of patent law and capital, individuals tinkerers can become industrial scale innovators.
August 3, 2010
There is something about the air in America that seduces the senses. To those who have never been to the land of milk and honey, the scent one encounters in opening the ubiquitous balikbayan box (Filipino care package) is a close proxy. It is intoxicating, tempting and proven to induce reckless behavior among even the well-intentioned foreigner, even serious academics.
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2010 Domaine/Maison Vincent Girardin Chevalier-Montrachet
Producer: Domaine/Maison Vincent Girardin
Style: White Wine
Grape Type: Chardonnay
Origin: France
Region: Burgundy
Appellation: Cote de Beaune
95 Points | Stephen Tanzer's IWC - September/October 2012
Pale bright yellow. Reticent aromas of cling peach, apricot, acacia flower and smoky oak. Penetrating crushed stone minerality enlivens the chewy flavors of grapefruit and oyster shell. Most impressive on the sweet, extremely long, echoing finish. This is hard to scrape off the palate. The pH here is a low 3.12 and the acidity 4.35 grams, according to Germain.


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Bernard Kushner, 96, of Bala Cynwyd, an optometrist who served on the Pennsylvania State Board of Optometrical Examiners, died Sunday, Jan. 5, of cardiovascular failure at his home.
A leader in his medical profession since graduating from the Pennsylvania College of Optometry in 1940, Dr. Kushner was appointed in 1961 to the state examining board for a four-year term.
He was reappointed by Govs. William W. Scranton, Raymond P. Shafer, Milton J. Shapp, and Richard L. Thornburgh, and served as chairman of the board for many years.
At his retirement from the board in 1984, Dr. Kushner was presented with a plaque commemorating his dedication to the profession and service to the citizens of Pennsylvania.


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BEREA—One of the most anticipated debuts for a Browns player is looking more and more like a reality come Sunday.
Trent Richardson was full go at practice as the Browns began their preparation for the Eagles in the season opener this Sunday.
Richardson spoke after practice for the first time since having arthroscopic surgery on his left knee on Aug. 9. He was asked if he was going to be ready to play.
"I'm day to day," he said. "In my mind, I am."
He then hedged a little.
"I think coach knows best," he said. "if he doesn't think I'm ready, that will be the only reason to hold me out."
The Browns hadn't sent out their official injury report by 4 p.m. Wednesday.
Richardson cleared up a couple of issues. He said the surgery had nothing to do with the surgery he had on his left knee in February after helping Alabama win the national title. He said he wasn't injured from a hit.
"It is a whole 'nother ball game," he said. "It's a whole different surgery."
He said he was running full speed still when the decision was made to have the procedure done.
"Really, I felt a little nick," he said. "I was still running full speed and could've played the first preseason game. The pain could've got worse and worse and it could've affected me for the regular season. Coach didn't want that to happen."
Richardson feels the rest he had over the last month might end up being a blessing in disguise.
"I feel a major difference," he said. "I have fresh legs and am ready to go.
"It's just a minor setback for a major comeback," he said. "I don't look at it as a downer."
He said he has no worries.
"Nothing worries me at all," he said. "I am very confident in my knee. The coaches will put me in the right situations. I can tell a big difference and there is not going to be a problem.
Richardson said he will lobby with the coaches, if need be, to play.
"If I feel it's 100 percent and I'm ready to go I'm going to tell the coach 'I'm ready to go'".