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ST. LOUIS - "I am on Medicare, and Medicare is critical for me and over one million Missourians," Earlene Jones, a leader in the Alliance for Retired Americans, told nearly 100 community, senior and faith leaders as they braved the August heat here Aug. 24 demanding to speak with Rep. Todd Akin, R-Mo.
"We are here because congressional leaders are considering making changes to Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid, the lifeline of support for seniors," Jones, who is also a vice president of the Communication Workers' of America Local 6300, added.
Akin is a right-wing Republican who favors tax breaks for the rich and profitable corporations. He wants to balance the federal budget on the backs of working families by cutting Medicaid, Medicare and Social Security. (story continues after video)
Additionally, Akin has repeatedly refused to meet with constituents. After numerous phone calls, emails and in-person visits to Akin's offices, local community, senior and faith organizations called a town hall meeting at the United Food and Commercial Workers' Local 655 union hall, just two blocks from Akin's west county office.
Even though Akin is 'in district' during the congressional recess, he refused to meet with the assembled community, senior and faith leaders.
Standing in front of Akin's office, Rev. Krista Taves, said, "We sent forth an invitation with respect to meet with our representative and we have been treated as an enemy."
Apparently, Congressman Akin or one of his staff had requested police presence in order to keep constituents off of the office property. A half-dozen police cars greeted community, senior and faith leaders when they marched to Akin's office.
"We have been barred from his office," Rev. Taves continued. "Todd Akin is responsible to us and he has turned us away at the door. And he claims to be a Christian."
"He is ignoring the people, and he is ignoring his responsibility to our families. Missourians believe in taking care of our families and communities," Taves added.
"We want our kids to have health care. We want our seniors to retire with dignity, and be able to get the medical care they need. It is irresponsible to balance the national budget on the backs of children, retirees and the American middle class."
Congressional leaders return to Washington D.C. after the Labor Day holiday. Jobs and the national debt will likely be on the top of their priority lists. Constituents hope Rep. Akin gets the message: "Medicaid, Medicare and Social Security are off the table."
The town hall and rally were called by Jobs with Justice, Missouri Pro-Vote and the Alliance of Retired Americans.
Photo: Tony Pecinovsky/PW


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 22, 2000
|Filing date
|Oct 26, 1998
|Priority date
|Oct 26, 1998
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Sungho Jin, Hareesh Mavoori
|Original Assignee
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (38), Classifications (9), Legal Events (9)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to wavelength-reconfigurable optical grating devices and to communication systems using them. In particular, it concerns devices packaged such that the resonant wavelength of the grating is substantially temperature-independent.
Optical fiber gratings are the key components in modern telecommunication systems. Optical fibers are thin strands of glass capable of transmitting an optical signal containing a large amount of information over long distances with very low loss. It is a small diameter waveguide comprising a core having a first index of refraction surrounded by a cladding having a second (lower) index of refraction. Typical optical fibers are made of high purity silica with minor concentrations of dopants to control the index of refraction.
Optical fiber gratings are important elements for selectively controlling specific wave-lengths of light within optical fiber communication systems. Gratings are used in controlling the paths or properties of light traveling within the fibers. Such gratings include Bragg gratings and long period gratings. Gratings typically comprise a body of material and a plurality of substantially equally spaced grating elements such as index perturbations, slits or grooves.
A typical Bragg grating comprises a length of optical waveguide, such as optical fiber, including a plurality of perturbations in the index of refraction substantially equally spaced along the waveguide length. These perturbations selectively reflect light of wavelength λ equal to twice the spacing Λ between successive perturbations times the effective refractive index, i.e. λ=2neff Λ, where λ is the vacuum wavelength and neff is the effective refractive index of the propagating mode. The remaining wavelengths pass essentially unimpeded. Such Bragg gratings have found use in a variety of applications including filtering, adding and dropping signal channels, stabilization of semiconductor lasers, reflection of fiber amplifier pump energy, and compensation for waveguide dispersion.
Waveguide Bragg gratings are conveniently fabricated by doping a waveguide core with one or more dopants sensitive to ultraviolet light, e.g. germanium or phosphorous, and exposing the waveguide at spatially periodic intervals to a high intensity ultraviolet light source. The ultra-violet light interacts with the photosensitive dopant to produce long-term perturbations in the local index of refraction. The appropriate periodic spacing of perturbations to achieve a conventional grating can be obtained by use of a physical mask, a phase mask, or a pair of interfering beams.
A difficulty with conventional Bragg gratings is that they filter only a fixed wavelength. Each grating selectively reflects only light in a narrow bandwidth centered around λ=2neff Λ. However in many applications, such as wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), it is desirable to have a reconfigurable grating whose wavelength response can be controllably altered.
One attempt to make a tunable waveguide Bragg grating uses a piezoelectric element to strain the grating. See Quetel et al., Paper No. WF6, 1996 Technical Digest Series,. Conf. on Optical Fiber Communication, San Jose. Calif., Feb. 25-Mar. 1, 1996, Vol. 2, p. 120. The difficulty with this approach is that the strain produced by piezoelectric actuation is relatively small, limiting the tuning range of the device. Moreover, it requires a continuous application of electrical power with relatively high voltage, e.g., approximately 100 volts.
Long-period fiber grating devices provide wavelength dependent loss and may be used for spectral shaping. A long-period grating couples optical power between two co-propagating modes with very low back reflections. A long-period grating typically comprises a length of optical waveguide wherein a plurality of refractive index perturbations are spaced along the waveguide by a periodic distance Λ' which is large compared to the wavelength λ of the transmitted light. In contrast with conventional Bragg gratings, long-period gratings use a periodic spacing Λ' which is typically at least 10 times larger than the transmitted wavelength, i.e. Λ'≧10λ. Typically Λ' is in the range 15-1500 micrometers, and the width of a perturbation is in the range 1/5Λ' to 4/5Λ'. In some applications, such as chirped gratings, the spacing Λ' can vary along the length of the grating.
Long-period fiber gratings selectively remove light at specific wavelengths by mode conversion. The spacing Λ' of the perturbations is chosen to shift transmitted light in the region of a selected peak wavelength λp from a guided mode into a nonguided mode, thereby reducing in intensity a band of light centered about the peak wavelength λp. Alternatively, the spacing Λ' can be chosen to shift light from one guided mode to a second guided mode (typically a higher order mode), which is substantially stripped off the fiber to provide a wavelength dependent loss. Such devices are particularly useful for equalizing amplifier gain at different wavelengths of an optical communications system.
A difficulty with conventional long-period gratings, however, is that their ability to dynamically equalize amplifier gain is limited, because they filter only a fixed wavelength acting as wavelength-dependent loss elements. Each long-period grating with a given periodicity (Λ') selectively filters light in a narrow bandwidth centered around the peak wavelength of coupling, λp. This wavelength is determined by λp =(ng -nng)˜Λ', where ng and nng are the effective indices of the core and the cladding modes, respectively. The value of ng is dependent on the core and cladding refractive index while nng is dependent on core, cladding and air indices.
In the future, multi-wavelength communication systems will require reconfiguration and reallocation of wavelengths among the various nodes of a network depending on user requirements, e.g., with programmable add/drop elements. This reconfiguration will impact upon the gain of the optical amplifier. As the number of channels passing through the amplifier changes, the amplifier will start showing deleterious peaks in its gain spectrum, requiring modification of the long-period grating used to flatten the amplifier. Modifying the long-period grating implies altering either the center wavelength of the transmission spectrum or the depth of the coupling.
Thus, there is a need for reconfigurable long-period gratings whose transmission spectra can be controlled as a function of the number of channels and power levels transmitted through an amplifier. It is desirable to have reconfigurable long-period gratings which, upon activation, can be made to dynamically filter other wavelengths (i.e., besides λp). It is also desirable to be able to selectively filter a broad range of wavelengths. Further, reconfigurable long period gratings can be useful for suppressing amplifier spontaneous emission (ASE), and can also be used as tunable loss element for filtering out undesirable remnant signals from communication channel Add/Drop operations.
A related difficulty with conventional gratings is their temperature dependence. In the Bragg gratings, both neff and Λ are temperature dependent, with the net temperature dependence for a grating in silica-based fiber exemplarily being about +0.0115 nm/� C. for λ=1550 nm. The temperature-induced shift in the reflection wavelength typically is primarily due to the change in neff with temperature. The thermal expansion-induced change in Λ is responsible for only a small fraction of the net temperature dependence of a grating in a conventional SiO2 -based fiber. While such a temperature-induced wavelength shift can be avoided by operating the grating device in a constant temperature environment, it causes additional complications with a need to add an oven/refrigerator system. In addition, an accurate temperature-control and continuous use of power are called for.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,042,898 by W. W. Morey et al. discloses apparatus that can provide temperature compensation of a fiber Bragg grating. The apparatus comprises two juxtaposed compensating members that differ with respect to the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). Both members have a conventional positive CTE. The fiber is rigidly attached to each of the members, with the grating disposed between two attachment points. The apparatus is typically considerably longer than the grating, e.g. at least 40% longer than the grating device, thus making the temperature compensated package undesirably large. In addition, the temperature compensating packages can have a substantial variation of reflection wavelength from one package to another because of the variability in the grating periodicity as well as minute variations, during package assembly, in the degree of pre-stress applied to each grating or minute variations in the attachment locations.
In view of the foregoing, it can be seen that there is a need for compact, temperature-compensated optical gratings whose spacing can be latchably reconfigured.
In accordance with the invention, a temperature-compensated tunable optical waveguide grating device comprises a length of optical waveguide grating device including an optical grating region, a guiding tube or frame mechanically coupled to the waveguide at one end of the grating region, and mechanically coupled to the waveguide at the other end of the grating region, a movable element responsive to control signals for applying adjustable strain across the grating region, thereby tuning the grating. The device further comprises a temperature-compensating element for modulating the strain in proportion to changes in temperature, thereby temperature compensating the device. Advantageously the waveguide is an optical fiber and the movable element is a movable magnet.
The inventive device can reduce the temperature-dependent wavelength change to less than 0.5 nm/100 deg. C., and advantageously less than 0.05 nm/100 deg. C. In an advantageous embodiment, the packaging assembly also includes a fine wavelength-adjusting mechanism for post-assembly corrective tuning. The device is especially useful in WDM communication systems, particularly for adding or dropping channels, for dynamically gain-equalizing optical amplifiers and for dispersion compensation.
The advantages, nature and additional features of the invention will appear more fully upon consideration of the illustrative embodiments described in the accompanying drawings. In the drawings:
FIGS. 1(a) and (b) schematically illustrate exemplary temperature-compensated wavelength-tunable fiber grating devices;
FIGS. 2(a)-(b) schematically illustrate alternative forms of the FIG. 1 devices;
FIG. 3 shows a temperature-compensated, magnetically tunable grating device using a negative thermal expansion element;
FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate temperature-compensated, magnetically tunable grating devices using the temperature-induced decrease in magnetic force;
FIGS. 6(a)-(d) show bistable, magnetically tunable grating devices using negative thermal expansion elements;
FIG. 7 illustrates bistable, magnetically tunable grating device using a positive thermal expansion element;
FIG. 8 shows an N channel Add/Drop WDM communication system using the temperature-compensated tunable gratings disclosed herein;
FIG. 9 illustrates a wide band tunable loss filter using one or more of the tunable gratings disclosed herein;
FIG. 10 shows a dynamically gain-flattened optical amplifier which can employ the loss filter of FIG. 9; and
FIG. 11 schematically illustrates an optical WDM communication system which can employ the Add/Drop device of FIG. 8 and the gain-flattened amplifier of FIG. 10.
It is to be understood that these drawings are for purposes of illustrating the concepts of the invention and are not to scale. The same reference numerals are used to designate similar elements throughout the drawings.
Tunable gratings (continuous and bistable configurations) are provided with passive temperature compensation using one or more of four mechanisms: (i) attaching the fiber grating to the mobile magnet via one or more components which have CTEs specifically chosen to reduce the tensile strain in the fiber grating and to cancel out the temperature-induced increase in the resonant wavelength of the grating, (ii) the use of temperature-induced increase in the magnetic gap between mating magnetic poles, e.g., through the thermal expansion of the support frame onto which one of the magnetic components is attached, (iii) the incorporation of at least one elongated element to attach the fiber grating to the guiding tube, as an extension and a strain relaxer by utilizing its thermal expansion to reduce the thermal strain in the attached grating, and (iv) the use of temperature-induced loss in magnetic strength of the programmable magnets, either by the intrinsic thermal scattering loss or by the incorporation of a thermally expanding gap material to increase the leakage flux and reduce the magnetic flux at the magnetic pole gap, thus reducing the magnetic attractive force, and hence the magnetically-induced tensile strain in the grating. There are subtle differences in the manner in which the temperature-compensation can be achieved for the continuously-tunable and the bistable cases, with the former relying on altering of magnetic attractive force through control of gap or magnetic strength, and the latter directly relaxing the strain in the fiber. These differences will become clearer from the following descriptions.
Referring to the drawings, FIG. 1(a), schematically illustrates a continuously tunable, magnetically-reconfigurable grating device 9 which is passively temperature-compensated by a positive CTE element 10. The fiber grating device 9 comprises a length of optical fiber 11 including a grating 12 of index perturbations. The fiber in the region of the grating is secured at one end, by an intermediate positive CTE element 10 to programmable magnet 14. The other end of the grating is secured to a guiding container 16. A second magnet 15, bonded to container 16, is provided for applying to magnet 14 force which is transmitted to the grating 12. The magnets can have guided cylindrical shape, but non-round cross-sectional shapes are preferred in order to minimize fiber twisting during handling or service. One or more electromagnets (solenoids) 17 are disposed adjacent the magnets for providing a controllable magnetic field between them. The guiding container 16 is preferably a tube but can also have other configurations, such as a two-part assembly with u-shaped bottom and top pieces.
The positive CTE element 10 expands if the ambient (or operating) temperature increases. This expansion widens the gap 21 between the poles of the fixed and mobile magnets leading to a reduction in the magnetic attraction force, and thus a reduction in the tensile strain on the fiber grating. If the guiding tube (or supporting substrate) is made up of a near-zero CTE material such as Invar or quartz (SiO2), then the desired CTE of the positive CTE element is chosen to preferably reduce the strain on the fiber grating by -8 to -10 ppm for every degree rise in temperature. If the guiding tube is made of a positive CTE material, its thermal expansion upon temperature rise increases the magnetic gap between the two programmable magnets because the bonding spot of the left-side immobile magnet to the guiding tube is slightly moved to the left due to the thermal-expansion-induced increase in the length of the tube to the right side of the bonding spot. This effect causes the magnetic attractive force between the magnets to be reduced, which in turn reduces the tensile strain and the grating wavelength. Thus, in the presence of some temperature-compensating effect by the positive-CTE guiding tube, the reduction in strain (with increasing temperature) imposed on the fiber grating can be less than -10 ppm/deg. C., e.g., with a value between -1 to -8 ppm/deg. C.
The guiding container 16 is typically a tube made of glass, quartz, metal or plastic. The fiber grating is attached to magnet 14 and the guiding container 16 either by mechanical clamping or by bonds 13 such as epoxy or solder. In the use of solder, the fiber surface is desirably coated with a metal layer to improve solder bond strength. Optionally, a temperature sensor can be added to control a feedback system connected to the electromagnet in order to further enhance temperature compensation.
Magnets 14, 15 are aligned with a small air gap 21 between them. They are preferably oriented so that opposite poles are adjacent (S adjacent N) and the field from electromagnet 17 will produce a tensile strain on the grating. The magnet 14 that is not bonded onto the guiding container 16 is advantageously constrained, as by a stop 18. In order to eliminate the thermal expansion related to change of the length of magnet 15 and resulting change of the gap 21, the magnet-container bonding location is chosen to be as close to the air gap as possible, with the bond-to-gap distance being less than 5% and preferably less than 2% of the magnet length.
In operation, the force transmitted from the magnets 14, 15, and 17 to the grating produces a strain which changes the wavelength response of the grating. The force between two attracting magnets is approximately proportional to the square of the magnetic induction (M) multiplied by the cross-sectional area (A) of the magnets at the gap (F∝M2 �A). Thus stronger magnets (higher M) or larger magnets (larger A) give stronger force. However, strong magnets with high coercivity are difficult to program or tune. When the fiber grating is stretched or compressed, e.g., 1% in length (ε=Δl/l=0.01), the grating periodicity Λ will also change. The resonating Bragg reflection wavelength λ will not change by exactly 1%, since the interatomic distance in the glass is also affected by the elastic strain and as a result the refractive index n is altered. This strain effect on the refractive index can be represented by a photoelastic constant P.sub.ε which is typically about 0.22 for the SiO2 fiber. The wavelength change induced by the magnetically applied strain ε(ε=Δl/l) is thus expressed as Δλ/λ=(Δl/l=(1-P.sub.ε (1-P.sub.ε). The strain 68 is determined by the applied stress (σ) and the elastic modulus (E), E=σ/E, and the stress on the fiber is the force (F) divided by the cross-sectional area (πr2) where r is the radius of the fiber grating. Rearranging these equations, Δλ/λ=(F/πr2)(1/E)(1-P.sub.ε). For example, for λ=1550 nm, F=1200 gm gives a shift in wavelength Δλ=16.01 nm or about 1% change. For a wavelength-division-multiplex channel spacing of 0.8 nm, this induced Δλ is sufficient to alter the filtered wavelength over a 20 channel span.
Since optical fiber tends to break at a tensile strain of about 6%, and since such a failure would be disastrous, it is highly desirable to have a tunable grating design that automatically provides an upper limit in total tensile strain. The assembly configuration of FIG. 1 (a) offers such an advantage because the pre-set gap 21 between the two magnets serves as the upper limit. When the fiber is stretched by magnetic force and the magnets eventually touch each other, the tensile elongation of the fiber can not proceed. The desired width of the gap 21 (the upper limit in fiber elongation) is typically less than 4% of the length of the fiber being stretched and preferably less than 2%. For a 2" long fiber containing the grating, the gap is advantageously set below ˜80 mil.
It is also important that the fiber grating is not subjected to a torsional deformation, as torsion reduces the fiber breaking strength for a given tensile strain and may distort optical signals. To eliminate or reduce torsional deformation, guiding mechanisms can be provided for the magnets, either by adding guide rails in the case of circular cross-sectioned container or by using a non-circular container. The fiber can be located either outside the magnets or within a hole in magnets.
An important advantage of the reconfigurable grating device is that continuous power is not required to maintain the induced wavelength shift. This is possible because of the latchability of magnetic force in the square loop magnets 14,15. The device can be tuned between several wavelengths. A magnetic material with strong anisotropy and an axis of magnetization aligned parallel to the optical fiber axis has a square hysteresis loop. See Jin et al., IEEE Trans. Magn., MAG-23, No. 5, p. 3187 (1987), which is incorporated herein by reference. The use of deformation aged Fe--Cr--Co alloys is preferred for magnets exhibiting such a loop shape.
With magnets exhibiting a square hysteresis loop, one can make bistable strain devices that switch between two wavelengths: e.g. a zero strain Bragg reflection wavelength λ0 and a saturation-strained reflection wavelength λ1. λ0 is achieved by applying an AC demagnetizing field. λ1 is achieved by a DC pulse current sufficient to saturate the magnets. The advantage of the bis-table device is reduced sensitivity to the applied current or to stray magnetic field.
For a continuous tuning of wavelength, the square loop characteristic of fiber strain vs applied magnetic field is not always desirable as the steep side of the curve can pose a control problem when a certain intermediate strain is aimed at, e.g., for tuning over a many-channel span. For ease of controlling the strain in the fiber grating, the M--H and ε-H loop can be skewed. This is achieved by increasing the self-demagnetizing field of the magnets e.g., by either increasing the effective diameter of the magnet or reducing the length and thus decreasing the magnet length-to-diameter aspect ratio.
Since a rise in the temperature of the grating results in an increase of the Bragg wave-length λ, it is necessary to reduce the grating periodicity Λ to compensate the effect and make λ temperature-independent. This is accomplished by pre-stressing the fiber grating. Alternatively, the fiber is placed in a magnetically strain tuned state and then the tension in the grating is proportionally relaxed as the ambient temperature is increased (or the tension is increased as the temperature is lowered). For typical silica-based optical fiber gratings with a germanium doped core, the extent of the required thermal contraction strain upon heating for maintaining the temperature-insensitive Bragg wavelength is about 900�10-6 for a temperature change of 100� C., i.e., an effective CTE of about -9�10-6 /� C.
FIG. 1(b) shows an alternative embodiment of the temperature-compensated device. Here the single positive CTE element 10 of FIG. 1(a) is replaced by a composite structure 22 comprising two positive CTE elements 10A and 10B. The advantage of this differential-CTE approach is the ability to achieve effective values of CTEs that are not available in known materials. Also, the desired CTE value can be obtained by a wide choice of selection of various commercially available, low-cost metallic or non-metallic materials as well as by slightly altering the lengths of the device structure components, thereby giving greater flexibility in design. In other regards the FIG. 1(b) device operates as described for the FIG. 1(a) device.
FIGS. 2(a) and 2(b) schematically illustrate devices temperature compensated by temperature-dependent control of the magnetic gap. The solenoids are not shown for clarity of illustration. Here the width of the gap 21 is controlled by temperature-controlled displacement of the fixed magnet 15. For this mechanism to be efficient, the guiding tube 16 (or support frame) is preferably made of a material with relatively large, positive CTE around 18-23 ppm/deg. C. (e.g. Al, Cu, brass, or austenitic stainless steel). As the frame length L1 in FIG. 2(a) expands on heating, the gap 21 between the two programmable magnets increases, reducing the magnetic attraction force, the tensile strain in the grating and the resonant grating wavelength. The extent of such temperature- compensation can be controlled by selecting a proper length of L1. Such a selection can be experimentally determined so as to induce the desired temperature-compensating effect. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 2(b) an extension arm 23 may be added to the immobile magnet 15 as a temperature-dependent gap adjuster. This is especially useful if the guiding tube 16 must be a low CTE material. The extension arm 23 can be made of a high CTE material to provide the desired temperature-dependent, magnetic force adjusting capability.
FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a device using a temperature-compensating mechanism based on a negative CTE strain-relaxer element 30. The solenoid is not shown. Here a negative CTE element 30 (or a composite structure with a net negative CTE) is secured to the fiber grating 12. Negative CTE element 30 connects the grating to the guiding tube 16 and acts as a temperature-dependent strain relaxer. As the temperature goes up, the strain relaxer contracts, widening the gap 21 between the poles of the fixed and mobile magnets. This widening reduces the magnetic attraction force, and therefore, the tensile strain in the fiber grating. The extent of such compensation can be chosen by selecting a proper length and CTE value of the strain relaxer.
FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate devices compensated by temperature-dependent loss of magnetic strength. The solenoids are not shown. While almost all magnet materials have some loss of their magnetization upon heating, there is a wide variation in such a temperature-sensitivity from material to material. In general, materials with high Curie temperature such as Fe- or Co- based magnets have a relatively small sensitivity while materials with relatively low Curie temperature such as barium hexaferrites or Nd--Fe--B exhibit much higher temperature sensitivity. Depending on the selection of materials, the programmable magnets 14, 15 may have sufficient temperature-dependent loss of magnet strength, or if it is not sufficient, it can be enhanced by attaching a highly temperature-sensitive magnet 40 to one of the programmable magnets 15 as illustrated in FIG. 4. Alternatively, the desired temperature-dependent loss of magnet strength at the magnetic gap can be accomplished by inserting at least one high-CTE gap material 47 (such as a polymer, epoxy, a spring which expands with increasing temperature, a bimetallic element or a shape-memory alloy) in one or both of the programmable magnets 15 as shown in FIG. 5. As the ambient temperature rises, the high-CTE gap material expands, causing more flux leakage at the gap material. The magnet strength near the facing pole area is accordingly reduced. The material and gap spacing can be chosen to compensate for the temperature effect on the grating wavelength.
These four mechanisms of passive temperature-compensation for continuously tunable gratings can be used either separately or in some combination of two or more mechanisms. These temperature-compensating mechanisms are also applicable to digitally tunable grating devices such as bistable devices.
FIGS. 6 (a)-(d) show illustrative embodiments of bistable, magnetically tunable grating structures with passive temperature-compensation.
The solenoid is shown in FIG. 6(a) but similar solenoids are not shown in FIGS. 6(b) to 6(d). FIG. 6(a) schematically illustrates an exemplary digitally tunable fiber grating device 9A including a negative CTE element 60. The device 9A comprises a length of optical fiber 11 including a grating 12 of index perturbations. The fiber in the region of the grating is secured, as by bonds 13 or mechanical attachment, between a switchable magnet 14 (with an intervening negative-CTE element 60 for passive temperature compensation) and the guiding container 16 for transmitting magnetic force from the magnet 14 to the grating 12. The non-switchable magnets 15A, 15B bonded to container 16, are provided for applying attractive or repulsive force to the switchable magnet 14. The switchable magnet 14 can have guided cylindrical shape, but non-round cross-sectional shapes are preferred in order to minimize fiber twisting during handling or service. One or more electromagnets (solenoids) 17 are disposed adjacent the magnet 14 for providing a sufficient magnetic field to switch the polarity when desired. The guiding container 16 is preferably a tube but can also have other configurations. The fiber is conveniently attached to the support frame/magnet assembly via pedestal 61.
In operation, the switchable and mobile magnet 14 is attracted and clicked to either the left-side nonswitchable magnet 15A or the right-side nonswitchable magnet 15B depending on the polarity of magnetization by the surrounding solenoid 17. By virtue of the magnetic pole arrangement, the switchable magnet is repelled by one of the nonswitchable magnet while the other nonswitchable magnet attracts it. Since there are only two fixed positions of the mobile magnets, there are only two fixed states of tensile strain and hence two grating wavelength states in the attached optical fiber grating. The preset gap between the fixed magnets 15 and the mobile magnet 14 determines the degree of shift in the grating wavelength in this bistable (digitally tunable) device. An important advantage of the FIG. 6(a) device is the latchability of the shifted wavelength. After a pulse or short-duration current to the solenoid is applied for actuation, the mobile magnet is latched to one of the two positions and the electrical power is no longer needed.
In the bistable case, the temperature compensating package advantageously includes a negative CTE structure 60 or an assembled structural component whose length contracts upon heating, (a net negative coefficient of thermal expansion). Examples of negative CTE materials include ceramic materials such as ZrP2 O7, ZrV2-x Px O7, and ZrW2 O8. See articles by C. Martinek et al., J. Am. Ceram. Soc., Vol. 51, p. 227, 1968, T. A. Mary et al., Science, Vol. 272, p. 9, 1996, and V. Korthuis et al., Chem. of Materials, Vol. 7, p. 412, 1995. Instead of ceramics, metallic negative CTE materials can be used such as Ni--Ti alloys (with 48-64 wt % Ni), Cu--Al--Zn alloys (with 1-10% Al, 20-40% Zn, bal. Cu), Cu--Al--Ni alloys (10-20% Al, 1-5% Ni, bal. Cu), Cu--Zn--Si alloys (30-40% Zn, 0.5-1.5% Si, bal. Cu), and Cu--Sn alloys (20-30% Sn, bal. Cu). The material chemistry and processing of metallic, ceramic, or composite materials can be controlled to obtain a desired level of the negative CTE.
The temperature-compensation is obtained in the following manner. When the mobile magnet 14 is switched to the right-side position against magnet 15B, the temperature effect is determined by two main factors, i.e., the temperature-induced wavelength increase in the grating and the thermal contraction of the negative-CTE element. The small distance between the two right-side bonds (consisting of a small portion of the length of the mobile magnet 14, a short length of the permanent magnet 15B and of the pedestal 61) also contributes to thermal expansion, but its effect is small, and can be easily accommodated by adjusting the length or CTE of the negative-CTE element 60. By matching the negative CTE to the desired value of about -9 ppm/deg.C., a passive temperature-compensation is realized.
If the device is now switched to the higher wavelength state shown in FIG. 6(b) , the mobile magnet is magnetically attached to the left-side permanent magnet 15A. In this state, the thermal expansions of both the programmable magnet and the support frame influence the tensile strain and the grating wavelength. By using CTE-matching of the programmable magnet 14 and the support frame 16 (with a minor adjustment to accommodate other small components, length differentials etc.), the thermal expansion effects due to the zigzag-positioned programmable magnet and the support frame cancel out.
For reliable packaging of optical fiber gratings, it is important to have a capability to finely adjust ("tweak") the Bragg reflection wavelength (or the peak coupling wavelength in long-period gratings) after the packaging is nearly completed. This is because there is some grating-to-grating variation in the periodicity (Λ) and hence in the reflection wavelength, which needs to be corrected by finely adjusting the tensile strain applied to the fiber grating. In addition, there is need to correct unavoidable package-to-package variation in the amount of tensile strain applied during industrial assembly and packaging. Since the optical fiber gratings are relatively expensive, post-assembly correction and salvaging of the packaged grating is highly desirable. An additional need for fine adjustment is to apply required pre-strain on the grating after assembly instead of maintaining a constant tensile stress (stretching) during the fiber bonding processes.
FIG. 6(c) shows a temperature-compensated tunable grating device containing a mechanism for fine adjustment of the wavelength. In essence, the mechanism is a threaded screw or bolt 61 which adjusts the position of one of the permanent magnets 15A. This adjustment alters the extent of wavelength shift on switching. Such a fine wavelength adjustment can also be provided by an adjustable screw or spacer-insertion mechanism disposed between the fiber grating and the support frame.
Instead of a single negative-CTE element, a negative CTE assembly 62 comprising plural, positive- or zero-CTE materials placed in a compact zigzag configuration can replace the one negative CTE element 60. FIG. 6(d) shows a device using such an assembly 62. In the embodiment, the effective thermal contraction on heating is obtained by utilizing a differential CTE of two linear bodies 62A, 62B in a parallel configuration attached onto a third linear body (optionally and preferably the mobile magnet 14 can be used as the third linear body). These bodies can be round or rectangular rods, tubes, strips or any arbitrary shaped bars. Upon heating, the mobile magnet 14 (CTE=α3, length=L3) expands to the left, the high CTE component 62B (CTE=α1, length=L1) expands to the right and the low CTE component 62A (CTE=α2, length =L2) to the left. The overall effective CTE of the composite structure, αoverall (or the CTE imposed on the fiber grating with length Lg) is calculated by a relationship of αoverall �Lg ={(α2 L2 +α3 L3)-α1 L1 }.
If the FIG. 6(d) structure is simplified by keeping the lengths of all the components the same (L1 =L2 =L3 =Lg), then αoverall =α2 +α3 -α1. For example, if tungsten (W)(α1 =4.6 ppm/deg.C.) is the first low CTE component, Al (α2 =22.4 ppm/deg.C.) is the high CTE component, and the Fe--Cr--Co magnet alloy (α3 ˜9.0 ppm/deg.C.) is the other low CTE body, the αoverall =4.6+9.7-22.4=-8.1 ppm/deg.C. Some examples of various materials combinations and the resultant overall CTEs are given in Table 1. The desired value of αoverall for the fiber grating can be obtained not only by the selection of suitable materials for the structure of FIG. 6(d) but also by controlling relative lengths of the high CTE body, low CTE body, programmable magnet and the fiber grating.
Table 1. Some examples of negative overall CTE obtained in the FIG. 6 (d) structure.
______________________________________Component 1 Component 2 Component 3 αoverall(α1, ppm/� C.) (α2, ppm/� C.) (α3, ppm/� C.) (ppm/� C.)______________________________________Al (α1 = 22.4) Invar (α2 = 0.3) Invar (α3 = 0.3) -21.8Al--Cu (22.2) W (4.6) Invar (0.3) -17.3Brass (19.5) Mo (5.1) Invar (0.3) -14.1304 Stainless St. Invar (0.3) Mo (5.1) -12.7(18.1)Alumel (16.7) Invar (0.3) Ta (6.5) -9.9Brass (19.5) Mo (5.1) Mo (5.1) -9.3Monel (14.2) W (4.6) Invar (0.3) -9.3Brass (19.5) Hf (5.9) W (4.6) -9.0Al--Cu (22.2) W (4.6) Ti (8.5) -9.1Co (12.5) Invar (0.3) Nb (7.1) -5.1Nichrome (13.1) W (4.6) Ti (8.5) 0Fe-52Ni (10.2) Mo (5.1) Mo (5.1) 0Brass (19.5) Al2 O3 (9.2) SiO2 (0.7) -9.6______________________________________
It should be noted that the coefficient of thermal expansion of many metals and alloys can be altered as by texture formation, cold working, and variation in alloy composition by as much as a few to several per cent. The αoverall can be altered by 0-30% through changing the relative lengths (L1, L2 and L3).
The advantages of the temperature-compensating package according to the invention are that i) the length of the package can be compact, essentially as short as the length of the magnetically tunable grating itself, and ii) the desired negative CTE value can be obtained by a wide choice of various commercially available, low-cost metallic or non-metallic materials as well as by slightly altering the lengths of the device structure components.
The preferred materials for the programmable magnet 14 are those whose magnetic properties are modifiable by a pulse magnetic field. They can be magnetically soft materials with very low coercivity (e.g., below ˜10 Oe) such as Ni--Fe based permalloys, Fe--Co based permendur type alloys, or Si-steels. However, for a latchability of shifted wavelength without a continuous use of power, semi-hard magnetic materials are preferred, for example, low-coercivity (e.g. below ˜200 Oe) Fe--Cr--Co, Fe--Al--Ni--Co (Alnico), Cu--Ni--Fe (Cunife), Co--Fe--V (Vicalloy), Fe--Mn, Fe--Mn--Ni, Fe--Mo--Ni. The desired range of the coercivity for the semi-hard magnet is typically below 500 Oe and preferably below 100 Oe for the ease of polarity switching using solenoid pulse field. The coercivity is typically above 10 Oe and preferably above 30 Oe for maintaining the stability of the remanent magnetization and also for stability against demagnetization due to stray magnetic fields. For the semi-hard magnetic materials it is desirable that the switchable magnet have a relatively square magnetization hysteresis loop with the squareness ratio (remanent magnetization/saturation magnetization) of at least 0.85, preferably at least 0.90, even more preferably at least 0.95. Mechanically ductile and easily formable or machineable magnet alloys such as Fe--Cr--Co, Cu--Ni--Fe, Co--Fe--V are particularly desirable for shaping into desired rod-like geometry. Stable permanent magnets with high coercive forces (e.g., Hc >1000 Oe), such as Sm--Co, Nd--Fe--B or Ba-ferrite are less desirable as the programmable magnet (unless modified to exhibit lower coercive forces) because of the difficulty in switching using desirably low magnetic field.
The programmable magnet 14 is operated by adding at least one solenoid 17 around it and applying a programmed pulse or a short-duration field to switch the polarity or alter the magnitude of magnetization in the magnet. This adjustment alters the force and the strain on the fiber grating, and hence optical signal wavelength (or amplitude in the case of long period grating). The desired duration or speed of the pulse field is typically in the range of 10-10-6 seconds and preferably 10-1 -10-4 seconds. For a thick magnet geometry, the use of pulses that are too fast is not desirable because of the eddy current loss. The shape of the current pulse can be rectangular, rectified sinusoidal or irregular as long as the maximum field needed for the desired magnetic switching is accomplished.
FIG. 7 shows a bistable tunable device which uses a positive-CTE strain relaxer 70. Element 70 acts as an extension of the fiber grating. Relatively high CTE materials such as Al, Cu, brass or austenitic stainless steel are preferred. As the ambient temperature rises, the strain relaxer expands, reducing the tensile strain and the wavelength in the grating.
The invention is not restricted to bistable or continuously tunable devices. A tri-stable or higher-order digital tuning is also possible. The desired temperature dependence of grating wave-length in the inventive temperature-compensated device is preferably less than 0.0010 nm/deg. C., and more preferably less than 0.0003 nm/deg. C.
The temperature-compensated, magnetically tunable gratings described herein are especially useful in wavelength division multiplexed communication systems which employ multiplexer/demultiplexer devices. In such systems, a "trunk" fiber carries optical signal channels at several wavelengths λ2, λ2, . . . λn and it is desirable to extract a single wavelength channel from the trunk fiber or to add a single wavelength channel onto the trunk. A wide variety of such devices can be made by interconnecting optical circulators and fiber gratings. Typically the channel reflected by the grating is dropped to the trunk fiber or is added to the trunk. Gratings as described herein permit selection at the grating of which channel is dropped or added.
FIG. 8 schematically illustrates a wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) communications system comprising a transmitter 100, an improved N-channel multiplexer/demultiplexer 101 and a receiver 102, all connected by trunk fiber 11. The input on fiber 11 consists of optical signals at several wavelengths, λ1 to λn. The multiplexer 101 is improved by the use of one or more temperature compensated tunable gratings 104 as described herein.
The multiplexer 101 comprises one or more pairs (here 1 pair) of circulators, comprising an upstream circulator 110 and a downstream circulator 111. A series of bistable tunable gratings 104 are placed between the circulators, with their grating wavelengths located at between-channel wavelengths. Actuation of desired grating for one-half channel shift in wavelength drops or adds the adjacent communication channel.
As an example, a 32-channel, reconfigurable ADD/DROP system for Wavelength Division Multiplexing can be constructed using 32 passively temperature-compensated, magnetically tunable, bistable fiber gratings connected in a series with associated circulators or directional couplers to serve as ADD or DROP ports as a schematically illustrated in FIG. 8.
The nominal (mean) wavelength of the optical signal to be processed is 1550 nm, and the signal wavelength channels are separated from one another by a spacing of 0.8 nm producing a center --to--center spacing with a channel width of 0.3 nm. The refractive index periodicity (Λ) of each grating is made into a predetermined dimension so that all 32 gratings have their Bragg reflection wavelengths off by a half channel (placed at the mid-channel positions), and hence with no tuning activated, all 32 wavelength signals pass through the ADD/DROP system without being filtered (dropped). If a certain selected group of channels needs to be dropped (or filtered), the magnetic tuning devices for those gratings are activated by a magnetic pulse field so as to strain the fiber gratings by 1/2 channel, e.g., Δλ/λ of roughly 0.4 nm/1550 nm≈0.025%. To cancel the DROP operation of a channel, a reverse-polarity magnetic field (or a demagnetizing field) is applied to the magnet element to switch to the other stable position and shift back the wavelength by 1/2 channel. The ADD operation is performed in a similar manner but with a backward transmission through a circulator and Bragg reflection in the forward direction. The temperature-dependent shift of the grating wavelength is less than 0.0001 nm/deg.C.
The temperature-compensated, magnetically switchable fiber grating assembly also provides advantages for a variety of other optical fiber communication devices and systems. For example, a chirped Bragg grating (e.g., with a gradient periodicity covering λ1 through λ4 along the length of one grating, or with the four distinct grating structures written in series in one grating length) can be made magnetically switchable between two strain positions, according to the invention. In this case, the four channels are dropped or added simultaneously as a group. A plum rality of chirped gratings can be connected so that the group-wise add/drop operation of channels can be performed covering a wider bandwidth.
The passively temperature-compensated tunable grating structure according to the present invention, can also be applied to the long-period gratings for gain adjustment. As schematically illustrated in FIG. 9 tunable loss filter 90 covering a wider bandwidth than a single long-period grating device can be constructed by concatenating magnetically tunable long-period gratings 10 along a single fiber 11. A desired loss spectrum can be obtained by selectively activating the gratings.
FIG. 10 illustrates a dynamically gain-flattened amplifier 110 made by including a tunable loss filter 90 composed of the temperature-compensated, tunable long-period gratings in a rare earth doped amplifier (such as an erbium-doped fiber amplifier). The amplifier 110 preferably comprises a plurality of rare-earth fiber amplifier stages (e.g. two stages 111 and 112) with the tunable loss filter 90 preferably disposed at the output of the first stage. This gives the highest power and the lowest noise figure. For applications where noise is less important, the filter 90 can be placed in front of the first stage 111. For applications where power is less important, it can be placed at the output of the last stage 112. Long-period gratings for flattening the response of an amplifier are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,430,817 issued to A. M. Vengsarkar on Jul. 4, 1995, which is incorporated herein by reference. Such devices 110 can be advantageously used in WDM optical communication systems to ensure equalized amplification under a wide variety of conditions.
FIG. 11 schematically illustrates an optical WDM communication system comprising a source 150 of modulated WDM optical signal channels ) λ1, λ2, . . . λn along a trunk fiber 11. The channels pass through one or more gain equalized amplifiers 110, which can be gain flattened amplifiers as shown in FIG. 10, and through one or more ADD/DROP devices 102, which can be ADD/DROP devices as shown in FIG. 8. The signals are received at one or more WDM receivers 154.
It is to be understood that the above-described embodiments are illustrative of only a few of the many possible specific embodiments which can represent applications of the invention. The passively temperature-compensating structures and designs described here for magnetically tunable grating devices are also applicable to other non-magnetic tunable grating structures such as mechanical or piezoelectric devices. The device concept, assembly and operation method described here are also useful for making various other types of non-fiber optical gratings for the purpose of compensating for the temperature-induced effects in wavelength, amplitude or phase of optical information. For example, slitted gratings, transmission-type or reflection-type grooved gratings, or phase gratings can be made magnetically tunable and temperature-compensatable, according to the invention, for various optical applications such as for producing fresnel lenses, holographic images, and optical memory devices. Numerous and varied other arrangements can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 29, 1997
|Jul 14, 1998
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Magnetically tunable optical fiber gratings
|Jan 29, 1997
|Sep 22, 1998
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|Dec 7, 1999
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|Magnetically tunable laser with wavelength latchability and optical communication system comprising such laser
|Oct 27, 1997
|Dec 7, 1999
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Tunable long-period optical grating device and optical systems employing same
|Citing Patent
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|Jan 26, 1999
|Jan 30, 2001
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Optical grating device with variable coating
|Dec 1, 1998
|Jun 5, 2001
|Corning Incorporated
|Athermalization techniques for fiber gratings and temperature sensitive components
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|Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.
|Optical waveguide device and optical device having long-period grating
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|Sep 17, 2002
|Cidra Corporation
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|Nov 12, 2002
|K2 Optronics, Inc.
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|Waveguide tunable Bragg grating using compliant microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technology
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|Optical fiber gratings with azimuthal refractive index perturbation, method of fabrication, and devices for tuning, attenuating, switching, and modulating optical signals
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|Dec 14, 2004
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|Dec 21, 2004
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|Dec 28, 2004
|Label printer
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|Method of providing an optical fiber having a minimum temperature sensitivity at a selected temperature
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|Dec 27, 2005
|Ciena Corporation
|Method and system for providing tunable dispersion compensation
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|Jan 17, 2006
|Corvis Corporation
|Optical systems and athermalized optical component apparatuses and methods for use therein
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|Nortel Networks Limited
|Method and apparatus for equalization across plural data channels
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|Lxsix Photonics Inc.
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|Driving mechanism using shape memory alloys including a magnetic latch
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|Dynamic gain-equalizing filter based on polymer optical waveguide gratings
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|Bailey Timothy J.
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|Mar 27, 2002
|Oct 2, 2003
|Deshmukh Rajan D.
|Optical grating fabrication process
|May 13, 2003
|Feb 12, 2004
|Julia Farroni
|Method of providing an optical fiber having a minimum temperature sensitivity at a selected temperature
|Apr 1, 2004
|Nov 4, 2004
|Vincelette Andre R.
|Package for temperature sensitive optical device
|Sep 30, 2003
|Nov 10, 2005
|Atsushi Shinozaki
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|Masayoshi Esashi
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|Dec 27, 2013
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|U.S. Classification
|385/37, 385/24
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 23, 1998
Owner name: LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES INC., NEW JERSEY
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Jazz pianist Marcus Roberts' focus on traditional styles and his willingness to speak sometimes disdainfully of music of more contemporary vintage has not been well accepted in some circles, and for a time he began to engender the type of attacks more often reserved for Wynton Marsalis and others regarded as reactionaries by some members of the jazz press. But Roberts must be credited with going his own way; unlike many of today's jazz pianists, he has little if any ties to McCoy Tyner, Ahmad Jamal, or Bill Evans. He has some Thelonious Monk influence, especially in his phrasing, but Roberts' models have predominantly been Jelly Roll Morton and Fats Waller. While his earliest work reflected pronounced gospel and blues ties, mixed with bebop, Roberts later devoted himself to stride and ragtime, a tactical decision wide open to intense scrutiny and second-guessing.
Roberts studied piano at Florida State University after beginning on the instrument in his youth. He won several competitions in the mid-'80s, then joined Wynton Marsalis' band as his first regular pianist after Kenny Kirkland. Roberts emerged as the Marsalis band's second prime soloist, and the hub of its rhythm section. His swing kept the group focused, and prevented Marsalis' music from getting too stiff or introspective. Roberts' own late-'80s and '90s albums for RCA/Novus, particularly the 1990 release Alone with Three Giants, detailed his commitment to classic music. He continued to explore the past even upon the arrival of the 21st century, with such albums as 2001's Cole After Midnight (a Marcus Roberts Trio concept album featuring interpretations of Nat King Cole and Cole Porter) and 2009's New Orleans Meets Harlem, Vol. 1 (another trio date, this time focusing on the music of Duke Ellington and Scott Joplin as well as Monk, Morton, and Waller), his first album as a leader in eight years. The holiday-themed Celebrating Christmas followed in 2011. While he has received considerable acclaim for his interpretive skills with historic material, whether Marcus Roberts should be considered a dedicated preservationist or unrepentant nostalgia buff still remains open to debate.
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Danny Garcia: Khan Beats Diaz, But It Won't Help Him
Danny Garcia insists Amir Khan must face one of the top light-welterweights if he wants to prove he has learned from defeat.
Garcia's shock knockout win over Khan last summer prompted the Bolton man to team up with new trainer Virgil Hunter and he will continue the rebuilding process with a fight against Julio Diaz on April 27.
Diaz is a former world champion at lightweight, but Garcia believes the 33-year-old is past his best and does not expect him to supply a stern test for Khan.
"It's a fight that he's supposed to win," the American told Ringside Toe 2 Toe podcast.
"You know Diaz's better days were at 135. He's a little older now. I think Khan's speed should get him through the fight and he should win.
When asked if Khan had improved, he said: "You're really not going to tell until he fights the top fighters. When you fight someone who cannot keep up with you, you are going to look like a star.
"If every time you step out there, you are fighting someone who cannot test your will and make you think, you are going to look good. You are really not going to tell until you fight another top fighter again."
Garcia defends his WBC and WBA light-welterweight titles against Zab Judah on the same night as Khan's fight and he is open to a rematch with the British boxer in the future.
"I beat him once and I could beat him again," he said. "This is the boxing world and I'm pretty sure a lot of people want to see that fight more than any other fight, so if I had to fight Khan again and my manager thinks it's a good move, and it's perfect, then we're going to do it.
"I duck nobody, never turn down opponents and if that's the guy who they want me to fight then that's who I'll fight."
Garcia feels his world title wins over Khan and Erik Morales have elevated him to the number one spot in the 140lb division, but he remains determined to show his rivals that he is top dog.
"At the time they said Amir Khan was the best in the division, so I beat the number one guy to prove that I was number one," he said.
"I never fought for the vacant title, that's the difference between me and a lot of champions. I beat Morales and he was the champion and I beat Khan and he was the champion, so I beat two champions to become the number one champion.
"Do I feel like I proved myself? Yes. Do I feel like I have to prove myself more? Yes."
Danny is nothing special, limited skills, heavy hands a good chin. Go back and watch the Khan fight, he was getting beaten up until he landed that hook with his head down and eyes closed. Danny just throws all his…Comment by handwraps on 03-20-2013
[QUOTE=boxingmanic;13165351]Danny Garcia is an average fighter with a world class left hook and a decent chin. That's about it. Slow hands, slow feet not a great aggressor and not a great counter puncher. He will be comprehensively out boxed soon…Comment by handwraps on 03-20-2013
[QUOTE=mex602;13165091]morales was done by the time he fought pac you idiot. He said PRIME morales I dont think Garcia should fight khan he owes him nothing khan is sack But why is Garcia fighting zab???? no one asked for that…Comment by PR ESQ. on 03-20-2013
[QUOTE=-BORICUA-;13166480]People are still on that ducking Matthyse crap even though Schaefer already said the garcia-judah winner is gonna fight the Matthyse-Peterson winner.[/QUOTE] ^^^^^ indeed. that is what happens when unfettered bias clouds logic and reasoning…. Lucas has his hands full…Comment by -DSG- on 03-20-2013
[QUOTE=Mr. Philadel;13166448]thats my boy!!!!...str8 real talk!...Happy Birthday my dude!![/QUOTE] People are still on that ducking Matthyse crap even though Schaefer already said the garcia-judah winner is gonna fight the Matthyse-Peterson winner.Post a Comment - View More User Comments (36)


text: CrasH started out in a town called Socorro right next to the city of El Paso formed by current members Julio and Andy they were set on bringing true heavy metal/ Rock n roll back to the world. they started out by jamming together and then started the band which included two of their friends, one being the bassist, and the other being the temporary vocalist, who later became the bassist. the band started doing shows but with covers only. they soon realized to start doing originals. about a year after starting the band on originals they acquired Singer Danny into the band. after the departure of the bassist they got a new bassist with attitude...Phil Joined the band...Crash has played the Whisky A Go-Go, house of rock & Balloonfest!they have also played with international acts Crashdiet,Crucified Barbara, and Snakeskyn Whisky. this band will keep rocking till they die!


text:
Join FREE | Login
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Mexican Stuffed-Pepper Biscuit Tostadas
Chicken Mini Burritos
Summer Vegetable Tostadas
Caramel Tortilla Pie
Mexican Vegetable Roll-Ups
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Great for snacks or easy appetizers, these bean-and-cheese charmers go together fast.
Shredded Cheddar or Colby-Monterey Jack cheese can be used in place of the Mexican cheese.
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Photoshopping & Graphic design skills - CD
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August 24, 2013 The Hootie and the Blowfish Homegrown Roundup helped approximately 700-800 local students prepare for school with haircuts, dental exams, eye exams, backpacks, shoes, uniforms and basic school supplies Satuday at Burke High School.
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Harken USA shipping and receiving will be closed
for physical inventory from 11:00 AM CST, Wednesday, September 28th through
Friday, September 30th. Other departments will be available as usual. We will
resume shipping and receiving orders on Monday, October 3rd.
Manifolds are conduits that supply valves with oil from the pump. Harken® offers single- and double-sided manifolds that accommodate up to 9 valves.
DO NOT use Harken equipment for human suspension unless product is specifically certified and labeled for such use.
Address InformationTel: 262.691.3320 | Fax: 262.701.5780 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Technical Service: email@example.com our other locations


text:
Gov 2.0 to Highlight Collaboration, Transparency
"Participation, Collaboration and Transformation" to be the expo's theme.
The Gov 2.0 Expo, the government and technology conference co-produced by UBM TechWeb and O'Reilly Media, will bring key figures of The White House, NASA, The Departments of Defense and Health and Human Services, and the Central Intelligence Agency together to discuss the merits and measure of collaboration, social media, and transparency within the public sector.
The conference, which runs May 25-27 in the Walter E. Washington Convention Center in Washington D.C. Gary Vaynerchuk, co-founder of VaynerMedia, will present "The Democritization of Content" during his keynote on May 26. The expo also includes keynotes from Price Floyd of the Department of Defense, and Sonal Shah of the White House Office of Social Innovation and Civic Participation.
On the open source and collaboration fronts, Philip Ashlock of The Open Planning Project will present a government tech clinic, "Bring Us Your Problems." Douglas Birnie will present "Next Generation Policy Making - The Move Toward Online Collaboration & Open Government." Michael Carroll of FEDISM will present "Procurement 2.0: Using Collaborative Technology." Dave Eaves of the Centre for the Study of Democracy will present "Open Data, Baseball and Government." Chris Johnson will present "Getting to Yes: The Argument for Open Data." Carl Malamud will present "Law.Gov America's Operating System, Open Source."
Other presentations to look out for include Richard Boy's "Transparency Begins at Home," Dustin Haisler's "Power to the People: Using Technology for Government/Citizen Innovation," and Rusty Talbot's "Recovery.gov and the Future of Citizen Engagement."
Early registration to Gov 2.0 ends today. Prices run from free to $695, depending on the package. For full pricing info, click here.
Issue 191/2016
Buy this issue as a PDF
Nextcloud Announces Raspberry Pi-Powered Home Cloud Box
Innovative system adds a hard drive and Ubuntu Core to the RPi for an IoT hub.
Linus Torvalds Confirms the Date of the First Linux Release
Linux is two weeks younger than we thought!
End of OpenOffice?
The Apache Software Foundation considers retiring OpenOffice
Adobe Gives New Life to NPAPI Plugin for Linux
Adobe won't kill the plugin in 2017
LinuxCon North America Convenes in Toronto, Canada
Linux Foundation's big event celebrates the 25th anniversary of Linux
Linux Turns 25
Linux has evolved from "won't be a professional" project to one of the most professional software projects in the history of computers.
Mirantis Joins Hands with SUSE To Offer RHEL Support; Red Hat Not Happy
Competitors get in the game with RHEL without Red Hat
Linux on Windows 10 Poses a Security Risk
Security researchers have already notified Microsoft; some fixes are available
Mirantis to Refactor OpenStack Fuel for Kubernetes
The company is collaborating with Google and Intel to use Kubernetes as an engine for Fuel
Canonical Joins Document Foundation Advisory Board
The upcoming release of LibreOffice will be available as a snap package


text:
Wednesday, July 9, 2014
As you head over the Ben Sawyer Bridge, onto Sullivan's Island, below and to the right is a small island. It's overgrown now and the waterway alongside it is silted in. Other than its beauty, it has no significance to the average person.
But this island was once home to great controversy. It was the government vs. Ingram White.
The retired shrimper learned in 1977 that he may lose his 25-year fight with the South Carolina Supreme Court for 50 acres of land in the intracoastal waterway.
Considered a squatter, he had claimed ownership of the 50 acres of highland on the island since March of 1953.
He had a home of sorts in the middle of the 50 acres. The court ruled that he was to be evicted from the marshland which was owned by the state. He claimed he lived on the highland, not owned by the state. In fact, he countered that "if they claim the land I live on is marshland, then so is two-thirds of Sullivan's Island because it's the same height above the water."
He came to be known as Old Man Ingram. He lived alone on the island in a handmade house with no electricity, fresh water or plumbing.
Goats, chickens, ducks, pet dogs and cats occupied the island with him. He commuted to Sullivan's Island to get drinking water from his sister-in-law's home.
An eviction letter was officially sent to him in December of 1977 and he had until the 23rd of that month to vacate.
In a Moultrie News article, he vowed to fight and did not plan to leave the island.
When he did not leave as ordered, Old Man Ingram was charged with contempt of court.
By May of 1978, Judge Clyde Robinson of the Court of Common Pleas for Charleston County ruled that the Town of Sullivan's Island and the State of South Carolina owned the entire property in question.
Sullivan's Island Mayor Wilfred Lipman said the town was vigilant in protecting the ownership of property rightfully belonging to the public. He added that the town was not without compassion for Ingram.
Since Sullivan's Island officials had no immediate plans for the property, Lipman said officials would be willing to enter into an agreement with Ingram to occupy the land until plans were developed.
Ingram is said to have moved in with family members and passed away several years later.
Today, the island sits undeveloped.
For more updates from the desk of the Moultrie News editor, Sully Witte, please follow Sully's Scoop on Twitter @SullysScoop and like Sully's Scoop Facebook page.
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sustainable food
President Anote Tong of the tiny Pacific Island nation of Kiribati, announced Monday the closure of a vast fishing ground known as the Phoenix Islands Protected Area. The area, which spans over 150,000 square miles of ocean — roughly the size of California — will become one of the world's largest marine sanctuaries for tuna and other endangered species. Continue reading
Amid increased promotion of organic foods and pushes to support local growers, an agricultural analyst and a New York City chef discuss the broader economic impact of buying local, in-season foods. Continue reading


text:
Skip to comments.Prayers needed for freeper saint bunches who is having surgery tomorrow!
Posted on 12/09/2009 8:42:18 PM PST by alpha-8-25-02
Bunches left this prayer request in the Spurgeon chapel today:
"Wednesday, December 09, 2009 4:06:25 PM · 2 of 3 bunches to alpha-8-25-02 I respectfully request prayers from my Freeper friends.
I have breast cancer and am undergoing a mastectomy tomorrow at 9:30 a.m. (Arizona time).
I believe it is Stage II but it is also in the aggressive category.
I read FreeRepublic daily and think the world of all the folks I have met here. If you could think of me tomorrow morning and say a prayer, I would be most grateful.
Please hold our dear bunches up in prayer to our Lord Jesus Christ. May he guide the care givers hands and heal her body.
Prayers for a speedy recover...
Please hold bunches up fervently in prayer!
Am praying for Bunches. Will pray through surgery too. Please keep us posted as you can.
Prayers for successful surgery and quick recovery.
She has my prayers for a successful surgery and a speedy recovery.
Prayers on the way for your successful surgery and recovery.
consider it done.
Prayers for a successful surgery and full and speedy recovery.
We're praying!
Just sent a prayer for you and all involved in the surgery and the recovery.
I pray that the doctors find all the cancer and that you be healed, Bunches, in the lovely name of Jesus...
He sent His Word and healed Bunches and delivered her from all that destructive cancer. Psalm 107:20
Praying for your surgical team and all those tending your health needs, bunches. God bless and be with you.
WIll pray for a successful surgery and quick recovery.
May God bless you and keep you, dear Bunches!
We are here in prayer alpha-8-25-02.
Oh bunches....we're praying for you....!!
alpha, please keep the thread updated as you can???
Prayers definitely up for a successful surgery and a full and speedy recovery.
Got it.
Be glad to!
We serve an Almighty King who can do anything but fail!
Prayers on the way.
I'm asking God to give you a big hug.
Nam Vet
Prayers lifted....
Prayers for bunches to Lord Jesus who is our strength and our salvation.
Praying for you.
let's give her some power pellets
Prayers up!
Dear Lord,
We lift Bunches up in prayer to You Lord.
You know her needs.
Please guide the doctors, nurses and caregivers as they tend to
Your will be done Lord.
In Jesus' Holy Name.
Prayers coming your way!
I will be thinking of you and praying for you, Bunches.
Prayers on their way!
Heavenly Father, I thank You for Your Living Word. You said that Your Word is Life to those who find it and medicine to all our flesh. Today, by my confession, I apply Your Word to our body by giving voice to it. You said in Psalm 139:14 that we are fearfully and wonderfully made and that Your works are marvelous. I declare that You made us and we are a marvelous creation.
I speak to sickness and disease today and proclaim that according to Philippians 2:10 that they must bow down to the mighty name of the Lord Jesus Christ. Every name in Heaven, on earth, and under the earth bows its knee to Jesus name.
I speak to our body today and declare that we have authority over it. I command it to receive the Word of God. Matthew 8:17 proclaims that Jesus bore our sickness and took our infirmities. Heavenly Father, I thank You that the same Spirit that raised Jesus from the dead dwells in us and makes alive our mortal body.
I speak to our immune system and command it to line up with the Word of God. Our immune system will destroy sickness and disease in our body and perform its job, for this is what You created it to do. I thank You, Father, that every cell in our body responds to Your Word. Your Word permeates our body from the top of our head to the bottom of our feet. I confess that the Word of God is being made flesh in us. Psalm 103:3 declares that You, Father, forgave all our iniquities and healed all our diseases. Father, that is Your confession and I make it our confession also. We dont judge by the sight of our eyes; we judge by Your Living Word. It is Your Word that lives in us and brings health and healing to every part of our body.
Heavenly Father, we rejoice at Your promise of divine health. You said it and we believe it. Today I declare that we will see Your Promise of healing manifest in our body. Healing is ours because Jesus paid the price two thousand years ago. God so loved us that He sent His Son to die on the cross so that we could experience life on Gods terms. His abundant life is manifesting in us. Make us whole ~ body, soul, and spirit. Amen
Prayers going up for bunches!!
Dear God, Please watch over Bunches and see her successfully through her surgery today. We pray that You guide the hands of the surgeon so that he might remove all of the disease that is present. We implore You to please give her a very smooth recovery and restore her to full health. We also humbly ask that You please give her family the strength and courage that they need to help her through the days ahead. Thank you Dear God for Your kindness and love. Amen
Pleaselet Bunches know she is in my prayers,,
Pleaselet Bunches know she is in my prayers,,
Lord, we lift up bunches to you. We love you and praise your name. We acknowledge that you are in control of all things and have your eye on bunches. Please restore her to health and to her loved ones, we pray. We give you the glory and accept the outcome whatever it is. In Jesus' name we pray all these things. Amen.
I pray for a successful surgery and a quick recovery.
Just saw this bitt. Prayers sent for bunches.
Dear Lord, this should be a time of joy for all of us, Your children. There is only worry and heartache for some, including Bunches.
We know she aches with the burden of cancer, and the surgery to hopefully remove all of it from her body. Let her know that You are there with her throughout, and that our hearts are there, also.
Bring her through, Lord. Make her well and complete again. Help her through this trying time and make her better than before, Father.
She may not understand why this happened. Eventually, she will understand. In Your Heavenly Name we pray, Lord.
Thinking of you and praying hard all goes very well.
Prayer bump
Joining in prayer.
Holy God,
We confidently cast this burden of cancer upon our Savior, Jesus, who already bore this in His own body on the Cross of Calvary. And we know without a shadow of a doubt that it is His desire to see Bunches prosper and be in health just as her soul prospers. Grant Your ministering spirits to watch over her as she recovers from this surgery and may the same spirit that raised Jesus from the dead recharge and renew her body. Holy Lord, in this season of miracles, we acknowledge that nothing is too difficult for You. May Your purposes prevail in Bunches life, and may she one day look upon this time as a season of closeness to You. May Your Name alone be glorified, through Jesus Christ. Amen.
Prayers sent
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


text:
Handicapped Tricycle
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Grand Services [Medicare Division]Verified Supplier with TrustSEAL
A reputed supplier of tricycle (handicapped), handicapped tricycle basic ii, handicapped tricycle basic, power wheelchairs se more........Bhandup West, Mumbai
G-4, Skyline Poseidon CHS, Opposite Sadguru Restaurant, Quarry Road, Mangatram, Bhandup West,
Mumbai - 400078, Maharashtra
Dinesh Industrial CorporationVerified Supplier with TrustSEAL
Manufacturer & exporter of side wheel attachment on suzuki access, side wheel attachment for activa, side wheel attachment on more........Bhagirathpura, Indore
No. 584, 585 & 586, Bhagirathpura,
Indore - 452003, Madhya Pradesh
Natrajan SurgicalsVerified Supplier with TrustSEAL
We are leading manufacturer & trader of handicapped tricycle. Also offering surgical hospital bed, commodes and elbow crutche more........Sidat Mention, Mumbai
203, Sidat Mention, Building No. 17/17A, Near Metro Cinema, 2nd Marine Street,
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Manufacturer & wholesaler of handicapped tricycle. Also offering body belts and braces, electronic wheelchair, ergonomic whee more........Goregaon East, Mumbai
Shop No. 11 & 12, Sonal Apartment, Building No. 2, Sonawala Crossroad 1, Opposite SBI, Goregaon,
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Unicorn Digital Systems Pvt. Ltd.Verified Supplier with TrustSEAL
Supplier of fancy golf car (2 seats cargo), electric motor cycle, a2 electric cars, handicapped tricycle, electric motor cycl more........Tungharphata, Mumbai
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Laxmi IndustriesVerified Supplier with TrustSEAL
Leading manufacturer & exporter of single hand drive deluxe tricycle, single hand drive standard tricycle, standard tricycle, more........Bhagirathpura, Indore
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Wheelchair India (C/o Manish Steel Works)Verified Supplier with TrustSEAL
Manufacturer & exporter of standard single hand drive tricycle. Also offering aluminum crutches, basic wheelchair, CP pediatr more........Bhagirathpura, Indore
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Grand Services [Medicare Division]Verified Supplier with TrustSEAL
Exporter & importer of handicapped tricycle standard, handicapped tricycle basic ii. Also offering folding stretcher & power more........Bhandup West, Mumbai
G-4, Skyline Poseidon CHS, Opposite Sadguru Restaurant, Quarry Road, Mangatram Bhandup West,
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Manufacturer of tricycle. These are widely appreciated for its high performance, low maintenance, rust resistant & long servi more........Preet Vihar, Delhi
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Delhi - 110092, Delhi
Bombay Surgical Co.Verified Supplier
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Mumbai - 400004, Maharashtra
Bindra Cycle Co.(Rajdoot Cycles) ManufacturersVerified Supplier
Leading manufacturer & supplier of handicapped tricycle having features like anti-corrosive, wearing resistant and reliable. more........Jhandewalan, New Delhi
No. 30 A & B, DDA Cycle Market, Jhandewalan Extension,
New Delhi - 110055, Delhi
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M.D. Hydro-Mech
We are a leading manufacturer of tricycle for handicapped, diesel loco part, handicapped items, hydraulic machinery and equipment, mechanical machinery and equipment & steel fabricator and erector.Patiala
Namdar Khan Road, Near Sirhindi Gate,
Patiala - 147001, PunjabGet Best Quotes 9780807711Patiala


text:
For a New World to Come: Experiments in Japanese Art and Photography, 1968–1979 offers an ambitious social and art history of a decade ignited by protest, shaped by global power dynamics, and visualized through new art forms.Continue Reading →
Ryan Wong
When I heard that the Boston MFA was launching a dress-up social media campaign called "Kimono Wednesdays" based on a painting by Claude Monet, that a group of young Asian American protesters asked them to stop, that the MFA did and apologized, I thought it was an open and shut case.Continue Reading →
Where are the indigenous stories, communities, and artists within "American" contemporary art?Continue Reading →
How a Queer Asian Artist Infiltrated the New York Scene Through Dress-Up and Self-Portraiture
As an Asian boy growing up middle-class in America, I was taught assimilation was key.Continue Reading →
"I do wonder, when I lead complete strangers around on my walks, and take them to sites that don't dredge up some awful racial history so they have no racial referent — I wonder the degree to which they allow themselves to have racial thoughts."Continue Reading →
A spray of leaves from a metal vase is set against a rich blue wall. In the reflection of the vase, we see hints of windows overlooking greenery and the sea: it is a still life that also contains a sunny, beachside landscape. How do we reckon with the knowledge that this was made by a man imprisoned at Guantanamo Bay for 11 years?Continue Reading →
We are in Foley square at 6pm, some of thousands gathered the day after a Staten Island grand jury decided not to indict Daniel Pantaleo for murdering Eric Garner, for putting him in a chokehold that ended his life as Garner pled — 11 times that were caught on camera — "I can't breathe."Continue Reading →
Chinese American consciously simulates the American immigrant's journey: hope, dehumanization, mixed blessings; individual narratives that together paint the greater arc of America.Continue Reading →
"This exhibition series intends to demonstrate the rich wealth of talent to be found throughout Brooklyn." This is the mission statement of the BRIC Biennial, which recently launched the first edition of the series in its new home in Fort Greene.Continue Reading →
Art scholar Michio Hayashi theorized that the popular perception of "Japaneseness" in the West was cemented in the 1980s by triangulating "kitsch hybridity," "primordial nature," and "technological sophistication."Continue Reading →


text:
Very clean, quiet. The staff was very nice.
Was satisfied overall.
Room was spacious including the bathroom. Nicely appointed decor. Staff was very friendly at check-in.
Motel was brand new plus had a new large pool, kids enjoyed
Room was freshly renovated, very clean and nice.
Lighting was inadequate - the area by the A/C and clothes hanging bar was very dark.
Its the best deal you can get for such a low price! Lulling is nice small town and the hotel is within a walking distance to everything that town could offer.
The noise of the train but I guess I heard it everywhere I lived around central Texas area so it wasn't an issue for me
Bed was comfortable.
There were roaches. Had to unpack my luggage outside once home. Frig made nose all not so did not get a good night sleep. Breakfast bar was cold.
Older lady working the counter too busy working on her crochet work to help. Made it well known we inconvenient her to get towels for the pool. Pool was freezing cold and full of leaves and bugs. Room had roaches. No manager available to speak with.
too small
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