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Shamus Cooke: It's become undeniably clear that U.S. government inaction on climate change is directly linked to the "special interests" of corporations that dominate the government. It's due time that those concerned about our climate draw a similar conclusion.
State of the Union: The Only Time Congress Deals In Virtual Reality
Anthony Samad: President Barack Obama laid out the reality of our nation, his accomplishments despite obstruction, in front of Congress and the nation. He did it in real time, in virtual reality, in jaw-dropping fashion.
If Republicans Win, Have "the Terrorists" Already Won?
Paul Hogarth: Despite all the ranting right-wingers make about "terrorists" and how much they accuse liberals of being "un-American," their worldview has far more in common with Islamic fundamentalism – from a violent jingoism, to the treatment of gays and women, to a rejection of science. American Taliban is a much-needed dose of reality for the upcoming election, as Republicans magnify the non-issue of a proposed Islamic community center in Manhattan.
"Preserving Democracy" Theme of LA Media Event This Saturday
Please join the LA Media Reform Group, California Common Cause, and the Urban & Environmental Policy Institute on March 27, 2010, at Occidental College for our third annual summit. Given the recent Supreme Court decision, the changing media landscape, and the importance of the upcoming election cycle, we've decided to make this year's theme, "Preserving Democracy."
Celebrity Ego versus Democracy
Charles D. Hayes: The state of public discourse in this country has deteriorated to such a degree that few public discussions ever go much further than the echo chambers in which they originate. A significant number our citizens behave as if they no longer believe in democracy at all.
"Word Cloud:" Your Brain On CNN
Any viewers of cable news, who for even one silly second doubted corporate media's desire to fry the brain of its audience and render it hopelessly confused, need only to have seen tonight's bizarro 'WORD CLOUD" on CNN. In fact, if you weren't privy to this visual catastrophe of upside down sideways multicolored multi-sized words […]


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The NBA's mega summer of free agency is winding down, the NBA's Summer League has come and gone, so now is as good of a time as any to weigh each team with the all-encompassing power rankings.
Free agency and the corresponding moves has significantly changed the landscape of the NBA. Big stars have new homes and the balance of power between the two conferences has likely shifted, which should set up one of the most intriguing NBA seasons in recent history.
But how do all 30 teams and their offseasons stack up against each other? Did the Heat do enough to claim the top spot? Have the Bulls staked their claim as one of the NBA's favorites to win a title in 2010-2011?

subset: commoncrawl


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Students of other schools appearing for Madhyamik Exam at our School Venue.
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Labour Minister of W B , Shri Molay Ghatak during an event at our School.
Our teachers and Football team during Inter School Football Tournament.


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Photos courtesy Barris Kustoms on Facebook. George Barris, perhaps one of the most prolific builders and promoters of show cars, custom cars, and TV and movie cars, died early Thursday morning at his home in Encino, California, at the age of 89. "He was surrounded by his family in the comfort ... Read more
Rebel Without a Cause Mercury. Photo courtesy National Automotive Museum. Sam Barris, Gil and Al Ayala, and Frank Sonzogni might not come to mind as darlings of the concours crowd, but in their own way, they had the same intentions as the celebrated coachbuilders regularly feted on manicured lawns: ... Read more
The Hirohata Merc is being modeled in ceramic and is available through the NHRA Motorsports Museum. A new, limited-edition 1/16th-scale ceramic sculpture of the famed Hirohata Merc built by Sam and George Barris for Bob Hirohata in 1952 is the latest addition to the growing catalog of exclusive mem ... Read more
The one car that nobody can dispute that George Barris built will join several other famous customs in an upcoming exhibit honoring the Hollywood customizer. The Hirohata Merc, a 1951 Mercury hardtop-nee-sedan, first customized by Barris in the early 1950s for owner Bob Hirohata, will highlight the ... Read more
Think customs such as the Hirohata Merc, the Polynesian or the Grecian don't belong on the stratified greens of a concours show, next to Duesenbergs and Isotta-Fraschinis? Then you're far from the minds of the planners of two top concours events this year. The above customs will join sev ... Read more


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The Fifty Voices of Elvis Presley
Source: Elvis Australia
June 9, 2012 - 5:51:52 PM
Elvis Articles
The Fifty Voices of Elvis Presley
'Elvis' lowest effective note was a low-G, as heard on 'He'll Have To Go' (1976); on 'King Creole' (1958), he growls some low-F's; going up, his highest full-voiced notes were the high-B's in 'Surrender' (1961) and 'Merry Christmas Baby' (1971), the high-G at the end of 'My Way' (1976 live version), and the high-A of 'An American Trilogy' (1972); using falsetto, Elvis could reach at least a high-E, e.g, as in 'Unchained Melody' (1977), so, it was very nearly a three-octave range, although more practically two-and-a-half'.
No wonder Elvis is responsible for the sale of so many records, for who could do that, by sounding the same.
I've found that Presley gave us, in his twenty three year career, about fifty voices, from the bottom to the top registries. Incidentally, there is no trend, chronologically, as to why this was possible.
In other words, Elvis Presley could go to the bottom, then to the top, not just within the same recording session, but within a song, actually. It has little to to do with his aging process and a lot to do with, on the one hand, his having a highly unusual center of gravity, on the vocal registry side and, on the other, his endless search and willingness to sing better, as his career progressed.
So different are Elvis' voices, that if one could find a person who has never heard an Elvis Presley recording, and you put him, or her, on an island, then had that person listen to these fifty songs, mixed with say, those of 12 other distinctive singers, and then you then ask him or her, to classify them, to separate the singers, I could bet a million dollars that the person would never say that there are 13 singers, as would be the case, but at least 25. So below the titles of 50 Elvis Presley renditions yielding as many different voices.
The following list is from the lower, to the higher registries.
He'll Have To Go (1976)
King Creole (1958)
Blue Moon (1954)
Baby, Let's Play House (1955)
Anyway You Want Me (That's How I Will Be) (1956)
Low To Middle
Lawdy Miss Clawdy (1956)
Such A Night (1960)
It Hurts Me (1964)
There's Always Me (1961)
Blue Suede Shoes (1956)
Jailhouse Rock (1957)
Santa Claus Is Back In Town (1957)
If I Can Dream (1968)
Miracle Of The Rosary (1971)
I Want You, I Need You, I Love You (1956)
Milky White Way (1961)
Hard Headed Woman (1958)
Don't Be Cruel (1956)
Treat Me Nice (1957)
One-sided Love Affair (1956)
Viva Las Vegas (1964)
Middle To High
Are You Lonesome Tonight? (1960)
Guitar Man (1968)
Got A Lot O' Living To Do (1957)
Anyplace Is Paradise (1956)
Mystery Train (1955)
Milkcow Blues Boogie (1954)
Wearin' That Loved On Look (1969)
Any Day Now (1969)
In The Ghetto (1969)
Hound Dog (1956)
My Baby Left Me (1956)
Stranger In My Own Home Town (1969)
An American Trilogy (1972)
It's Impossible (1972)
I Need You So (1957)
Money Honey (1956)
I Believe In The Man In The Sky (1960)
Suspicious Minds (1969)
It's Now Or Never (1960)
Hurt (1976)
Trying To Get To You (1955)
Heartbreak Hotel (1956)
Burning Love (1972)
Promised Land (1975)
A Big Hunk O' Love (1958)
That's All Right Mama (1954)
How Great Thou Art (1976)
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Readers Comments
I introduced my grandson to Elvis Presley songs by way of the cassette 'Elvis A Legendary Performer, Volume 4' which includes When It Rains, It Really Pours; One Night; I'm Beginning to Forget You; Mona Lisa; Plantation Rock; Swing Down Sweet Chariot; The Lady Loves Me; Wooden Heart; That's All Right; Are You Lonesome Tonight?; Reconsider Baby; and I'll Remember You. Even at age 9 my grandson had a good ear. With great surprise he blurted, 'You mean that's all the same guy?' From Kathleen L : United States.
Read more about Elvis Presleys vocal ability at ....
Elvis Presley : A Musical Prodigy
Elvis was a genius. He didn't express himself the way the middle classes do, which is with word play and being able to explain his actions and reactions. He acted on gut instinct and expressed himself by the way he held the microphone, by the way he moved his hips, by the way that he sang down the microphone. That was his genius ... I believe the essence of any performer is gut instinct ... Because it's all in you, it's instinct.
Tupelo's Own Elvis Presley DVD
Tupelo's Own Elvis Presley DVD + 16 page booklet.
Never before have we seen an Elvis Presley concert from the 1950's with sound. Until Now! The DVD Contains recently discovered unreleased film of Elvis performing 6 songs, including Heartbreak Hotel and Don't Be Cruel, live in Tupelo Mississippi 1956. Included we see a live performance of the elusive Long Tall Sally seen here for the first time ever.
This is an excellent release no fan should be without it.
The 'parade' footage is good to see as it puts you in the right context with color and b&w footage. The interviews of Elvis' Parents are well worth hearing too. The afternoon show footage is wonderful and electrifying : Here is Elvis in his prime rocking and rolling in front of 11.000 people. Highly recommended.


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Consumer behaviour
Consumer behaviour is the study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society.[1] It blends elements from psychology, sociology, social anthropology, marketing and economics. It attempts to understand the decision-making processes of buyers, both individually and in groups such as how emotions affect buying behaviour.[2] It studies characteristics of individual consumers such as demographics or personality[2] and behavioural variables in an attempt to understand people's wants. It also tries to assess influences on the consumer from groups such as family, friends, sports, reference groups, and society in general.[3][4]
Customer behaviour study is based on consumer buying behaviour, with the customer playing the three distinct roles of user, payer and buyer. Research has shown that consumer behaviour is difficult to predict, even for experts in the field.[5] Relationship marketing is an influential asset for customer behaviour analysis as it has a keen interest in the re-discovery of the true meaning of marketing through the re-affirmation of the importance of the customer or buyer. A greater importance is also placed on consumer retention, customer relationship management, personalization, customization and one-to-one marketing. Social functions can be categorized into social choice and welfare functions.
Each method for vote counting is assumed as social function but if Arrow's possibility theorem is used for a social function, social welfare function is achieved. Some specifications of the social functions are decisiveness, neutrality, anonymity, monotonicity, unanimity, homogeneity and weak and strong Pareto optimality. No social choice function meets these requirements in an ordinal scale simultaneously. The most important characteristic of a social function is identification of the interactive effect of alternatives and creating a logical relation with the ranks. Marketing provides services in order to satisfy customers. With that in mind the productive system is considered from its beginning at the production level, to the end of the cycle, the consumer (Kioumarsi et al., 2009).
Black box model[edit]
The black box model shows the interaction of stimuli, consumer characteristics, decision process and consumer responses.[6] It can be distinguished between interpersonal stimuli (between people) or intrapersonal stimuli (within people).[7] The black box model is related to the black box theory of behaviourism, where the focus is not set on the processes inside a consumer, but the relation between the stimuli and the response of the consumer. The marketing stimuli are planned and processed by the companies, whereas the environmental stimulus are given by social factors, based on the economical, political and cultural circumstances of a society. The buyer's black box contains the buyer characteristics and the decision process, which determines the buyer's responses.
|Environmental factors
|Buyer's black box
|Buyer's response
|Marketing Stimuli
|Environmental Stimuli
|Buyer Characteristics
|Decision Process
|Problem recognition
Information search
Alternative evaluation
Purchase decision
Post-purchase behaviour
|Product choice
Brand choice
Dealer choice
Purchase timing
Purchase amount
The black box model considers the buyer's response as a result of a conscious, rational decision process, in which it is assumed that the buyer has recognized the problem. However, in reality many decisions are not made in awareness of a determined problem by the consumer.
Evaluation of consumer behaviour[edit]
At this time the consumer compares the brands and products that are in their evoked set. The evoked set refers to the number of alternatives that are considered by consumers during the problem-solving process. Sometimes also known as consideration, this set tends to be small relative to the total number of options available. How can the marketing organization increase the likelihood that their brand is part of the consumer's evoked set? Consumers evaluate alternatives in terms of the functional and psychological benefits that they offer. The marketing organization needs to understand what benefits consumers are seeking and therefore which attributes are most important in terms of making a decision. It also needs to check other brands of the customer's consideration set to prepare the right plan for its own brand.
The evaluation of the alternatives process is how the consumer determines the different products available. According to Kotler et al., (2014) there appears to be no simple evaluation process useful by consumers in all-buying situations. There are a few concepts that can explain the consumer process. A consumer evaluates a product with different attributes, for example Koestler et al., (2014) explains that restaurant attributes would be food quality, price, location, atmosphere, quality of service and menu selection. Consumers depending on there geographic, demographic, psycho-graphic and behavioral characteristics will decide which attributes are important to them. After evaluating the different attribute the product offers the consumer will then priorities each attribute in the order from highly important to least important. As stated in Kotler et al., (2014) these priorities are directly related to the consumer's needs and wants. The next process in brand image, Kotler et al., (2014) says the consumer applies certain beliefs to a particular known brand. The consumer's beliefs may differ depending on the consumers experience and the effects of selective perception, distortion and retention. Kotler et al., (2014) portrays that one or more of the processes suggest above is used depending on the customers buying decision process.
Purchase decision[edit]
Once the alternatives have been evaluated, the consumer is ready to make a purchase decision. Sometimes purchase intention does not result in an actual purchase. The marketing organization must facilitate the consumer to act on their purchase intention. The organization can use a variety of techniques to achieve this. The provision of credit or payment terms may encourage purchase, or a sales promotion such as the opportunity to receive a premium or enter a competition may provide an incentive to buy now. The relevant internal psychological process that is associated with purchase decision is integration. Once the integration is achieved, the organization can influence the purchase decisions much more easily.[8]
There are 5 stages of a consumer buying process:[9] The problem recognition stage, meaning the identification of something a consumer needs. The search for information, which means you search your knowledge bases or external knowledge sources for information on the product. The possibility of alternative options, meaning whether there is another better or cheaper product available. The choice to purchase the product and then finally the actual purchase of the product.[9] This shows the complete process that a consumer will most likely, whether recognisably or not, go through when they go to buy a product.
Post-purchase evaluation[edit]
The EKB (Engel, Kollat, Blackwell) model[10] was further developed by Rice (1993) which suggested there should be a feedback loop. Foxall (2005)[11] further suggests the importance of the post-purchase evaluation and that it is key because of its influences on future purchase patterns.
Post-purchase evaluation is the last stage that a consumer experiences, after purchasing the good or service. This stage involves examining and comparing product features, such as price, brand, and quality.[12] It can be viewed as the steps taken by consumers to correlate their expectations to perceived value, and thus influences the consumer's next purchase decision for that good or service.[13] For example, if a consumer buys a new phone and his or her post-purchase evaluation is positive, he/she will be encouraged to purchase the same brand or from the same company in the future. This is also known as "post-purchase intention".[14] On the contrary, if a consumer is dissatisfied with the new phone, he or she may take actions to resolve the problem. This could involve requesting a refund, making a complaint, or deciding not to purchase the same brand or from the same company in the future.
After acquisition, consumption or disposition, consumers can feel some uncertainty in regards to the decision made, generating in some cases regression. Post-decision dissonance is a feeling of anxiety, feeling whether or not the correct decision was made after a purchase.[15]
The anxiety can affect consumers' behaviour and there are some strategies to try to reduce it. Consumers might look for opinion from other people in order to get some sense about their purchase decision. Advertising can also be one good source of information as consumers pay certain attention to advertising from the brands that they know and are familiar with.[16]
When the situation occurs that a consumer can identify an unfavourable comparison between the chosen option and the options not chosen it creates a post-decision regret. Consumers can also feel short-term regret in a situation where there is a purchase opportunity and the action is not made during this time however this regret can go away over time. Through their experiences consumers can learn and also engage in a process that's called hypothesis testing. It enables consumers to form hypothesis about the products or a service through their past experiences, word of mouth or advertising. There are four stages that consumers go through in the hypothesis testing: Hypothesis generation, exposure of evidence, encoding of evidence and integration of evidence. The model of learning from experience suggests that through experiences consumers can gain a lot of information about the products. The process can be affected by four factors:[15]
Motivation - The stage of motivation enables consumers to generate hypotheses and look for information to confirm or negate it, for that reason keeping consumers active in the process of learning from experience. On the other hand, if the motivation is low consumers will not generate much hypotheses therefore learning less during the learning process.
Prior knowledge or ability – High knowledge provides to consumers the chance to a well-defined belief and expectation resulting in a low chance to create new hypotheses. Besides consumers with low knowledge skills are likely to establish hypotheses to help in the learning process, as consumers might find difficult to collect evidence without any guiding hypotheses.
Ambiguity of the information environment or lack of opportunity – when consumers do not have enough information available to confirm or disapprove hypotheses, ambiguity of information occurs. The first choice under the context of ambiguity can influence consumer's decisions, resulting in preferences for the chosen option. On the other side when consumers have some doubts about the product quality, they would search for some facts to support their hypotheses through word of mouth or advertising.
Processing biases – When the evidence is ambiguous and bias is confirmed it can interfere in the learning process. It can cause consumers to turn aside negative and highly diagnostic information. Negative information is also important to the learning process, contributing to a better overview of the situation and allowing consumers to be more accurate towards test hypotheses.
Channel-switching behaviour[edit]
Channel-switching behaviour is the action of consumers switching to a different environment to purchase their goods, such as brick-and-mortar stores, catalogues, or the internet.[17] This behaviour offers a more diverse shopping experience for both consumers and retailers. A consumer may be influenced to switch channels if the product or service can be found cheaper, if a wider range is offered, or simply because it is more convenient for them to shop online at home or through a catalogue, rather than visiting a physical store. In this case, pure brick-and-mortar stores who are not involved in other channels will suffer. However, when a retailer is involved in both a brick-and-mortar store and an online store, there is less of a problem as consumers are offered different channels of shopping, thus more convenience and customer satisfaction.
Multi-channel retailing[edit]
Multi-channel retailing can be defined as "a distribution strategy to serve consumers using more than one selling channel".[17] This strategy gives the retailer an advantage of having an existing brand and multiple sources of customer contact.[18] It allows retailers to interact with their customers using a combination of indirect and direct communication channels, therefore offering convenience and choice.[19] This not only gives consumers more control over their purchasing decision, but enables an efficient way of reaching out to their customers in a matter that is most comfortable for them. According to research, multiple channel retail strategies actually enhance service outputs provided to the customer thus increasing customer satisfaction and customer retailer loyalty.[20] Multi-channel retailing creates positive consumer behaviour as well as benefits for retailers.
A 'Channel' is defined as a "customer contact point or a medium through which the customer and the company interact".[21] Multi-Channel Retailing has become a sensation over the past years as the technological era grows rapidly, leading to online retailing becoming a much anticipated and needed aspect in order for a business to grow and further develop in its chosen market. The use of multi-channel retailing has come about due to what has been known as the 'technological era'. While at first using more than one channel was seen as untraditional to the traditional brick-and-mortar businesses, new entrants in the form of online retailers soon changed that idea.[22] In many markets, the online presence of companies have become demanding and almost needed in order to succeed in these markets. A prime example would be the travel market. Over the past decade, the use of travel agents have decreased due to websites such as Expedia and Booking.com taking majority share of the market as they are easier and convenient. Moreover, they also offer more deals and promotions, which are significantly easier to compare online than in store. The increased growth in sales through online channels has "indicated a need for marketing managers and scholars to develop a deeper understanding of this important topic" [23]
Amidst the critical decisions made by the company are the changes to channels, however previous research has not shown "the impact of channel expansions on firm value".[24] By having multiple channels, it allows businesses to reach a wider target audience, most commonly on an international level rather than local or national. Using multiple channels can be seen as complex at first, however the use of categorization is able to help narrow down options that companies would use in order to attract the right target audience.[21] For example, retail stores may have both a physical store and an online store, whereas a company in interior design may have an online website as their portfolio and online services, as well as an office for consumers to come in. A good strategy would be well-integrated across all channels used and would need consistency, including characteristics of understanding - e.g. consumer behaviour and the environment.[21]
When expanding into more than one channel, pricing strategy can make a difference towards sales – depending on the company.[25] If the company is new, starting up in an already established market such as woman's fashion, the business may consider having lower prices unless the product is differentiated and has a unique selling point. While if a company is already established –for example, Glassons or TopShop – they already have a loyal customer base so therefore do not need to market their price as lower than what they usually have as they are not "entering" the market so to speak. As well as this, companies should take into account Price Dispersion between multi-channels. Some researchers have found that the gap between online retailers has become narrower than being offline, while others have found it has become larger.[25] Despite these inconsistencies, businesses should put a focus on this as – unless said company has a loyal customer base – if the prices are consistently more expensive than other retailers, consumers may look for the cheaper option.
Managing customers through channels has become a key element of many businesses marketing strategy.[23] Us Retailer Nordstorm found that a consumer who "shops through more than one channel is likely to spend four times as much as someone who shops on one channel".[23] The research shows how much of an impact having multiple channels in which to sell a businesses products and get them out there can have on consumers in this day and age.
Impulse buying[edit]
Impulse buying can be defined as "a sudden and powerful urge to buy immediately" and occurs when a consumer purchases an item which they had no intention of purchasing prior to entering the store.[26] Impulse buying can be influenced by external stimuli such as store characteristics and sale promotions, internal stimuli such as enjoyment and self-identity, situational and product related factors such as time and money available, and demographic and socio-cultural factors such as gender, age, and education.[27] Stern[28] introduced the four broad classifications of impulse buying including pure impulse buying, reminded impulse buying, suggestion impulse buying, and planned impulse buying.
Pure impulse buying - Occurs outside of the normal purchase behaviour where a consumer experiences a strong emotion of desire towards a product that he/she did not initially plan to buy.[29] This is type of impulse buying is commonly influenced by low prices and even the approval to touch the product as this will create the imagine of actually owning the product.
Reminded impulse buying - Occurs when a consumer remembers the need for a product by seeing it in a store.[30] This is triggered through various techniques such as in-store advertising or sensory marketing.[29] For example, a consumer may be reminded to buy ingredients for a barbecue when he/she drives past a butcher store.
Suggestion impulse buying - Occurs when a consumer sees a product that they have no prior knowledge about, envisions a use for it, and decides that they need it.[31] An example of suggestion impulse buying could be if a consumer sees an electric hand mixer in a home ware store in the baking department and comes with a step-by-step instruction pamphlet. The consumer is encouraged to purchase the item as it appears to be easier and faster than using a wooden spoon. Other techniques can also trigger suggestion impulse buying such as a long-term warranty or a free trial period.[29]
Planned impulse buying - Involves a partially planned intention of buying, however specific product or categories are not yet determined by the consumer.[27] In this case, the consumer's purchasing decision can be encouraged by retailing staff, or even their peers who can reassure their choice to buy the product.
A consumer who is seeking to buy a product is conducive to the salesperson as they can use different techniques to close the sale. These techniques include 'social evidence', where the salesperson refers to previous success and satisfaction from other customers buying the product. 'Scarcity attraction' is another technique, where the salesperson mentions that the offer or amount of products are limited, as it forces the consumer to make a quicker decision to take advantage of the situation.[29] This means that consumers feel that they have limited time to carefully reflect on their decision before purchasing the product.
Psychologists have analysed the ingrained drive in the brain called 'loss aversion' which allows consumers to respond to these techniques.[32] Loss aversion refers to "the tendency to be more concerned about the prospect of losing something than the prospect of gaining something", and encourages consumers to take action on their desire to purchase.
Internal influences[edit]
Consumer's motivations
In order to understand consumer's purchases it is relevant to investigate factors that motivates consumers to take a particular action. The approach created by psychologist Abraham Maslow is one of the most important approaches to understand consumer motivations. The Hierarchy of Needs is based on five levels of needs and are organized accordingly to the level of importance. The five needs are:[16]
- Physiological - basic levels of needs such as food, water and sleep
- Safety- the need for physical safety and security
- Belongingness- the need for love, friendship and also a desire for group acceptance
- Esteem- The need for status, recognition and self- respect
- Self-actualization – The desire for self-fulfilment
It is relevant to consider that consumers can satisfy more than one need at different times. Part of a product marketing strategy is to determine the motives of their target market and also how products and brands can satisfy these motives, considering that consumers make purchases for a different motive.[33]
Information search
This is the second stage in the process of consumer decision. Once the problem or need is identified by consumers, they can achieve their satisfaction through the purchase of a product or service. This enables consumers to seek for information before they make a purchase decision. The information stored in memory to recall knowledge or past experiences is referred to internal search. The internal search doesn't have the ability to store sufficient information, as a result consumers will search for additional information in the external search.[16]
A customer may or may not seek for more information on a product if they have heard of how successful a product is or if they already own a product. If the customer is simply browsing at a store, they may seek for more information on the product to see if it fits their needs and wants. According to Kotler et al., (2014) the amount of searching a consumer does all depends on the strength of drive, amount of information already obtained, ease of obtaining new information, the value and the satisfaction one gets from searching. As stated in Kotler et al., (2014) a consumer can obtain information from multiple sources: • Personal sources- Family, friends, neighbours, acquaintances • Commercial sources-Advertising, salespeople, dealers, packaging, displays, leaflets • Public sources-Restaurant reviews, editorials, consumer ratings, word of mouth • The internet sources-The company's website and comments from previous guests, Facebook or other forms of social media
Part of marketing strategy is to find out how consumers gain the knowledge and use the information from the external sources. The perception process is where individuals receive, organize and interpret information in order to attribute some meaning. The process of perception is individual and it also depends on internal factors such as experiences, expectations and needs. Sensation is also part of the perception process, and it is linked direct with responses from the senses creating some reaction towards the brand name, advertising and packaging. It is important for marketers to understand the reactions of consumers when exposed to marketing stimuli. Some of those marketing stimuli's are needs, motives, personality, experiences and expectation. People can identify the same kind of stimuli in different ways due to the reason that people often focus on elements that is significant to their needs.[16]
Emotions and marketing strategy
Emotion plays an important role in advertising. Consumers often had some previous experience with the brands through advertising or communication. These experiences can have some impact in the way consumers interpret advertising. The feelings caused by the advertising can shape attitudes towards the brand and to the advertisement.[34]
One of the strategies that brands use is emotional arousal, which is the motivation to stimulate certain emotional levels. Consumers are often looking for some products where the primary or secondary benefit is emotional arousal. Most people do not like to feel sad, powerless or disgusted, so many products are developed in order to prevent or reduce those unpleasant emotions. Shopping malls are a good example, where some people go to try to reduce the negative emotions and to have a good experience.[33]
To better understand how emotional communication and relationship interact it is relevant to analyse the study of interpersonal communication developed by Paul Watzlawick (2006).[35] His studies found five axioms of communication and the most beneficial to advertising are the first three axioms. The first axiom suggests that interpersonal communication is always happening even if people are not talking but is still engaged in communication by their body language. The second axiom is based on the idea that every communication has a content. The third axiom mentioned about the two types of communications and the concept of "digital" versus "analogue". Communication is related to rational digital message and is recognisable and clear but lacks emotional values. At the other hand metacommunication is analogue and highly emotional in character.[35]
Paul Watzlawick (2006)[35] studies revealed one important fact suggesting that the content of communication declines and disappears over time, and in some other areas where patterns are induced by the emotional metacommunications remain. He considered those patterns are processed and learned by people automatically and the level of attention paid is not relevant.[35]
Other influences[edit]
Consumer behaviour is influenced by internal and external conditions such as demographics, psychographics (lifestyle), personality, environment, motivation, knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and feelings. Psychological factors include an individual's motivation, perception, attitude and belief, while personal factors include income level, personality, age, occupation and lifestyle.
Psychological determinants of consumer behaviour can be influenced by the characteristics of an individual. These characteristics allow information to be manipulated based on past experiences and encounters with other people. This however effects the process of consumer decision making through the following aspects: Exposure to available information, perception of the information provided, comprehending what has been perceived, agreeing with what has been comprehended, retaining what is accepted, retrieval of information, decision making and the action that is taken on the basis of the decision. These steps ultimately explain the way in which information is processed from the first exposure that a person has with information to how they carry out a decision.
Exposure to available information: Ensuring that information is reached by the consumer is of significant importance to marketers as they want their product or brand to be chosen over that of the competitors. Organizations such as the government of health and safety that want information to be communicated to the consumer about health and safety issues regarding a product or service must make sure that the information that they are providing is in fact exposed to the consumer. It's all good and well for an organization to distribute information but if it is to have any effect on the consumer it first must be exposed to them. Klapper (1949) proposes the selective exposure theory which explains people's tendencies to expose themselves to information that they have pre-established views on while avoiding those that are contradicting. The choosing of information that they want to be exposed to are based on a person's values, beliefs, attitudes, perspectives and past experiences. This indicates that not all information is exposed to consumers most of which goes unnoticed.
Perception of the information provided: Information that is provided to a consumer can be effectively received depending on sensory and selectivity perception. To elaborate on sensory perception, it is the process of perceiving information using senses such as vision, taste, smell or hearing. Stefflre (1968) suggests the importance of aligning the taste and visual of a product in order for information to be effectively received i.e. the taste of coffee to the visual representation of its packaging. Visual features of a product such as the shape, colour and design communicate how a product is likely to taste and how a consumer perceives it to taste. Additionally, selective perception is the process in which an individual perceives what they wish to perceive while ignoring all other aspects. Communications are designed in a way that allow for important information to be selectively perceived. A factor of selective perception can be the use of stimulus intensity, in which an individual is much more likely to be aware of flashing lights rather than non-flashing lights or loud voices rather than quiet voices. A factor of selective perception that is centred more around the person them self than the stimulus in the environment is a person's needs. People are more likely to selectively perceive information that has somewhat relevance to their own personal needs and interests rather than information that has no relevance at all. These aspects of sensory and selective perception indicate how information is perceived by a consumer (McGuire, 1976)
Comprehending what has been perceived: In order for information to be comprehended it must be accurately perceived by the consumer. Consumers must look past the insignificant entities and correctly decode the information in which the sender intends to get across. Information is first encoded by the sender and then decoded by the receiver, to allow effective communication to occur between the sender and the receiver the intended message from the sender must match the perceived message of the receiver. This information is often encoded using imagery. Research shows that imagery is more memorable to recall than words thus making it a lot more effective. (Pollio, 1974).
Agreeing with the information that has been comprehended: Although consumers may comprehend the information in which they have perceived it may not have the anticipated effect that marketers were hoping to achieve. It is important that consumers agree with what they have comprehended in order for the information to have any influence. Credibility is an important aspect in terms of whether a consumer agrees with the information that they have interpreted. Consumers are much more likely to agree with information that has been provided by a creditable source as there is an establishment of trust between the source and the consumer (McGuire, 1976). This creditable source is known as an opinion leader. Opinion leaders have the ability to shape peoples opinion in the area in which they are known for. They are often targeted by marketers to filter information to consumers through the media with the expectation that the consumer will make a purchase from this exposure. A good example of an opinion leader is a celebrity, they are often seen on TV promoting a particular product or brand. In addition to a creditable source, the layout of the information, the style, the structure and the form of appeal all have a significant impact on the credibility. It is important to note that the communication channel in which the information is communicated through also plays a significant role (Ferber, 1976)
Retaining what is accepted: Consumers retain the information that they comprehend and agree is valid, however this information is often forgotten or delayed. Deutsch (1975) describes the difference between short term active memory and long term memory storage. Short term active memory is the ability to recall information in an active available state for a short amount of time while long term memory storage is being able to store information for a longer period of time. It is said that learning new material can sometimes interfere with a person's ability to retain information and over time the interference contributes to a loss of retention. Delayed processing can be described in terms of when someone is first exposed to information, not only does the consumer have the tendency to forget and learn new information but they are constantly disposing of already stored information which delays the existing process of retaining information (McGuire, 1976)
Retrieval of information: Information that is exposed to a consumer is decoded and stored in the cognitive system. Search strategies are used to recover information from the cognitive system so that when it comes to making a decision the past information that has been stored has somewhat of an effect on how the decision is made. Humans are known to have a systematic memory system in which they categorize information across various domains to be retrieved at a later date. In order to understand how information is retrieved in the search strategy process it is important to know how the cognitive system is systematized and the information within it is identified which leads to how a consumer searches their memory storage in the act of making a decision. Search strategies undertaken by consumers are not always intentional, they are often unconscious and unintentional actions. According to Guilford's (1967) model of the structure of intellect, search strategies that recall information from the memory system in sight of the possible options while making a decision is known as divergent thinking. Divergent thinking is a thought process which considers all possible options. This relates to the way a consumer processes information because they have several options to consider i.e. other products or services before they make a decision (McGuire, 1976)
Decision-Making: Information repossessed from the cognitive system and the environment in which the consumer identifies to are aspects that need to be taken into consideration when assessing how a consumer arrives to a decision. Consumers generally function in situations where doubt is concerned regarding the lack of knowledge or shortage of information they are provided. Tversky and Kahneman (1974) identify the process of thinking in situations with little certainty. Their research suggests that in situations where consumers are required to make a decision based on little certainty they are likely to use problem solving methods that are efficient and effective, however these methods often incorporate systematic errors. Furthermore, the elimination by aspects model of decision making is a strategy in which a consumer chooses a product by comparing it to opposing brands. This strategy evaluates each characteristic of a product one at a time starting with the quality that is of the most value. Whenever a product does not meet the standards that was initially set out it can then be eliminated from the list. Eventually the list reduces in numbers till you reach one option. Strategies such as the one mentioned above are a key aspect in helping a consumer to reach a decision (McGuire, 1976)
The action that is taken on the basis of the decision: As previously mentioned, a consumer is often unaware of their own actions and do not recall how they reached a decision. However, in scenarios where consumers are in fact conscious and can recall making a decision the process in which they describe does not always take place the way they recall it to (Kaplan & Schwartz, 1975). For example, people in highly rational occupations who are often required to make rational decisions are sometimes unconscious of the decisions that they make. The unaware part of a person's mind is what tries to make sense of the information that is received. People are unable to accurately explain why or how they make a decision. In fact research suggests that when people try to explain their reasoning for making a purchase decision they are likely to fabricate what they think is the most logical and reasonable answer that makes sense to them. They are likely come up with their own version of generalized justification rather than an accurate unconscious reason. This is because individuals don't have access to the subconscious part of the brain. For this reason consumers actions are made often based on an unconscious decision (McGuire, 1976)
Congruence between personality and the way a persuasive message is framed (i.e., aligning the message framing with the recipient's personality profile) may play an important role in ensuring the success of that message. In a recent experiment, five advertisements (each designed to target one of the five major trait domains of human personality) were constructed for a single product. The results demonstrated that advertisements were evaluated more positively the more they cohered with participants' dispositional motives.[36] Tailoring persuasive messages to the personality traits of the targeted audience can be an effective way of enhancing the messages' impact.
Behaviour can also be affected by external influences, such as culture, sub-culture, social class, past experience reference groups, family and situational determinants. Culture is the broadest and most abstract of the external factors, they are the complexity of learning meanings, values, norms, and customs shared by members of a society. It is important to study the impact of culture on consumer behavior as marketers expand their international marketing efforts. Subcultures may be based on age, geographic, religious, racial, and ethnic differences. These racial/ethnic subcultures are important to marketers because of their growth, size, and purchasing power. Social Class refers to relatively homogenous divisions in a society into which people sharing similar lifestyles and interests can be grouped. These social classes are important to marketers because these consumers have similar buying habits. Reference group is defined as "a group whose presumed perspectives or values are being used by an individual as the basis for his or her judgment, opinions, and actions." As consumers we use three different types of reference groups including, associative, aspirational and dissociative as a guide to specific behaviours. Marketers uses these groups to create advertisements. Finally, situational determinants or purchase and usage decisions. Three types of these may have an effect: specific usage situations, purchase situations, and the communication settings.
In order to understand consumer behaviour it is essential to analyse the aspects of group influences and how it can affect consumer's decisions. The definition of a group is when two or more individuals share common beliefs, values and set of forms. A group that is used for individual's guidance in order to assist with their knowledge and attitudes are called Reference Groups.[33]
Under the Reference Groups there are three types: Aspirational Reference Groups classified as non-membership groups, where individuals often admire these groups. Associative Reference Groups are groups where individuals in fact belong to, such as friends, family and work groups that can generate a positive reaction to consumers. Dissociative Reference Groups has a negative image and their values, attitudes and behaviours are disapproved by individuals.[15]
The types of reference groups might have some influence when brands are creating their advertisement. The use of informational influence enable brands to show members of a certain group using their product which could generate some positive influence on consumer's behaviours.[33]
Information is an important tool that influence consumer behaviour. Under the source of social influence are the Opinion Leaders, who has involvement with the product category and their role is to pass information from marketing sources or the mass media to others. Opinion leaders can be a source of influence due to their knowledge and credibility, some examples of an opinion leader are doctors, lawyers and also friends who have some power or special influence under people's decisions .[15]
One of the most important characteristics of opinion leaders are the involvement and the level of knowledge with the product. Observation and interpersonal communications are also key characteristics of an opinion leader. In order to make use of an opinion leadership in the marketing strategies, it is important to know the role of an opinion leader in each situation. The use of an opinion leader is one of the advertising techniques. As they can influence people by the use of a product testimonial therefore generating a positive image and comments about the product. On the other side when consumers are dissatisfied, they can be highly motivated to pass the negatives messages to others consequently influencing their attitudes and behaviour.[33]
Identifying opinion leaders
The initial identification of an opinion leader can be a challenge, some techniques that can be used are through key informants, sociometric techniques and self-questionnaires. The mass media also enables the identification of opinion leaders as they are often involved with the media.
Marketing research
The use of marketing research can help to identify which group opinion leaders play an important role. Media-preference studies and product-use tests are some of the ways to recognize potential opinion leaders. Future opinion leaders should be exposed to and respond positively to the firm's marketing mix.
Product sampling
The use of sampling is an effective way of creating interpersonal communications in order to connect with the product. Sending the products to a potential opinion leader is one way to gain knowledge about the product, as their opinion might be followed by consumers.
Retailing / personal selling
The use of an opinion leadership can also be a good opportunity for retailers and sales personnel by providing promotions and also focusing in their target market. It can help retailers and sales personnel current customers to pass information to future customers.
The use of Opinion leaders that have knowledge about the product endorse a brand. Advertising can simulate it by the use of a product testimonial. Consequently, opinion leadership can provide positive comments about the product that can be passed to others.[33]
See also[edit]
- Consumer socialization
- Window shopping
- Consumer confusion
- Consumer perception
- Predictive buying
- Art & Copy
- Food and Brand Lab
- ^ Kuester, Sabine (2012): MKT 301: Strategic Marketing & Marketing in Specific Industry Contexts, University of Mannheim, p. 110.
- ^ a b Buettner, Ricardo (2016). "Predicting user behavior in electronic markets based on personality-mining in large online social networks: A personality-based product recommender framework". Electronic Markets: The International Journal on Networked Business. Springer: 1–19. doi:10.1007/s12525-016-0228-z.
- ^ Lynn R. Kahle; Angeline G. Close (2011). Consumer Behavior Knowledge for Effective Sports and Event Marketing. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87358-1.
- ^ Elizabeth A. Minton; Lynn R. Khale (2014). Belief Systems, Religion, and Behavioral Economics. New York: Business Expert Press LLC. ISBN 978-1-60649-704-3.
- ^ J. Scott Armstrong (1991). "Prediction of Consumer Behavior by Experts and Novices" (PDF). Journal of Consumer Research. Journal of Consumer Research Inc. 18: 251–256. doi:10.1086/209257.
- ^ Sandhusen, Richard L.: Marketing (2000). Cf. S. 218
- ^ Sandhusen, Richard L.: Marketing (2000). Cf. S. 219
- ^ Lynn R. Kahle; Pierre Valette-Florence (2012). Marketplace Lifestyles in an Age of Social Media. New York: M.E. Sharpe, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7656-2561-8.
- ^ a b Khosla, Swati (2010). "Consumer psychology: The essence of Marketing". International Journal of Educational Administration. 2 (2): 220–220. Retrieved 2012-05-16.
- ^ Engel, James F., Kollat, David T. and Blackwell, Rodger D. (1968) Consumer Behavior, 1st ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston 1968
- ^ Foxall, G. (2005.) Understanding Consumer Choice. Basingstoke. Palgrave Macmillan.
- ^ "Taylor & Francis Online". doi:10.1080/10864415.2004.11044302.
- ^ "Post-Purchase Consumer Processes and the Complaining Consumer on JSTOR" (PDF). www.jstor.org. Retrieved 2016-03-30.
- ^ "The relationships among service quality, perceived value, customer satisfaction, and post-purchase intention in mobile value-added services". Computers in Human Behavior. 25: 887–896. 2009. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2009.03.003.
- ^ a b c d MacInnis, D. J.; Pieters, R. & Hoyer, W. D (2014). 486670 Consumer behaviour. Cengage Learning Australia Pty Limited.
- ^ a b c d Belch, G. E. & Belch, M. A (2012). Advertising and promotion: An integrated marketing communications perspective. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
- ^ a b "Explaining Consumers' Channel-Switching Behavior Using the Theory of Planned Behavior" (PDF).
- ^ Dholakia, Ruby Roy; Zhao, Miao; Dholakia, Nikhilesh (2005-01-01). "Multichannel retailing: A case study of early experiences". Journal of Interactive Marketing. 19 (2): 63–74. doi:10.1002/dir.20035.
- ^ "Multichannel marketing: What it is and why it matters". www.sas.com. Retrieved 2016-03-31.
- ^ Wallace, David W.; Giese, Joan L.; Johnson, Jean L. (2004-01-01). "Customer retailer loyalty in the context of multiple channel strategies". Journal of Retailing. 80 (4): 249–263. doi:10.1016/j.jretai.2004.10.002.
- ^ a b c Beck, N.; Rygl, D. (2015). "Categorization of multiple channel retailing in Multi-, Cross-, and Omni‐Channel Retailing for retailers and retailing". Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services. 27: 170–178. doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2015.08.001.
- ^ Verhoef, P.; Kannan, P.; Inman, J (2015). "From Multi-Channel Retailing to Omni-Channel Retailing Introduction to the Special Issue on Multi-Channel Retailing". Journal of Retailing. 91.
- ^ a b c Kushwaha, T.; Shankar, V. (2013). "Are Multichannel Customers Really More Valuable? The Moderating Role of Product Category Characteristics". Journal of Marketing. 77: 67–85. doi:10.1509/jm.11.0297.
- ^ Homburg, C.; Vollmayr, J.; Hahn, A. (2014). "Firm Value Creation Through Major Channel Expansions: Evidence from an Event Study in the United States, Germany, and China.". Journal of Marketing. 78: 38–61. doi:10.1509/jm.12.0179.
- ^ a b Kimpel, M.; Friedrich, C. (2015). "The right pricing strategy for offline retailers when expanding into the online sales channel". Journal of Business and Retail Management Research. 9: 54–67.
- ^ "An Empirical Analysis of Impulsive Buying Behavior in Pakistan". International Review of Business Research. 2009.
- ^ a b Bhakat, Ravi Shankar; Muruganantham, G. "A Review of Impulse Buying Behavior". International Journal of Marketing Studies. 5 (3). doi:10.5539/ijms.v5n3p149.
- ^ Stern, Hawkins (1962-01-01). "The Significance of Impulse Buying Today". Journal of Marketing. 26 (2): 59–62. doi:10.2307/1248439. JSTOR 1248439.
- ^ a b c d Andrea, Broden; Soderberg, Caroline (2011). Impulse buying, reasons why, consumer electronics - Oh My.
- ^ Weber, Elke U.; Baron, Jonathan (2001-01-01). Conflict and Tradeoffs in Decision Making. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521772389.
- ^ Hodge, Rebecca (2004). Factors Influencing Impulse Buying During an Online Purchase Transaction. University of Waterloo.
- ^ New York Magazine (2015-10-21), How to Stop Impulse Buying: "This Is Your Brain on Advertising" Episode 3, retrieved 2016-03-31
- ^ a b c d e f Neal, C. M., Quester, P. G., Hawkins, D. I., Pettigrew, Grimmer, & Davis (2008). Consumer behaviour: Implications for marketing strategy. Sydney: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
- ^ Fill, C (2013). Marketing communications: Brands, experiences and participation. United Kingdom: Person Education Limited.
- ^ a b c d Heath, R.; Brandt, D. & Nairn, A (2006). "Brand Relationships: Strengthened by Emotion, Weakened by Attention". Journal of Advertising Research. 46: 410–419. doi:10.2501/s002184990606048x.
- ^ Hirsh, J. B.; Kang, S. K.; Bodenhausen, G. V. (2012). "Personalized persuasion: Tailoring persuasive appeals to recipient personality traits". Psychological Science. 23: 578–581. doi:10.1177/0956797611436349.
Further reading[edit]
- Blackwell, Miniard and Engel (2006). Consumer Behaviour (10th Ed.). Thomson Learning.
- Deaton, Angus; Muellbauer, John, Economics and consumer behavior, Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 1980. ISBN 0-521-22850-6
- Howard, J., Sheth, J.N. (1968), Theory of Buyer Behavior, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
- Kardes, Frank R.; Cronley, Maria L.; Cline, Thomas W., Consumer Behavior, Mason, OH : South-Western, Cengage Learning, 2011. ISBN 978-0-538-74540-6
- Kotler et al. (2014). Marketing for hospitality and tourism, (6th ed.) Pearson New International Edition.
- Laermer, Richard; Simmons, Mark, Punk Marketing, New York : Harper Collins, 2007. ISBN 978-0-06-115110-1 (Review of the book by Marilyn Scrizzi, in Journal of Consumer Marketing 24(7), 2007)
- Loudon, D.L. (1988), Consumer Behavior: Concepts and Applications, McGraw Hill, London.
- McNair, B. (1958), Retail Development, Harper & Row, New York, NY.
- Packard, Vance, The Hidden Persuaders, New York, D. McKay Co., 1957.
- Schiffman, L.G. (1993), Consumer Behavior, Prentice Hall International, London.
- Schwartz, Barry (2004), The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less, Ecco, New York.
- Shell, Ellen Ruppel, Cheap: The High Cost of Discount Culture, New York : Penguin Press, 2009. ISBN 978-1-59420-215-5
- Solomon, M.R. (1994), Consumer Behavior, Allyn & Bacon, London.
Deutsch, D., & Deutsch, J. A. (1975). Short-term memory. New York: Academic Press. Ferber, R. (1976). A synthesis of selected aspects of consumer behaviour. Chicago, IL. Guilford, J. P. (1967). The nature of human intelligence. New York: McGraw-Hill. Kaplan, M. F., & Schwartz, S. (1975). Human judgment and decision processes. New York: Academic Press. Klapper, J. T. (1949). The effects of mass media. New York: Columbia University, Bureau of Applied Social Research. McGuire, W. J. (1976). "Psychological Factors Influencing Consumer Choice," in R. Ferber, ed., A Synthesis of Selected Aspects of Consumer Behavior. Washington, D.C: National Science Foundation. Pollio, H. R. (1974). The psychology of symbolic activity. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Pub. Stefflre, V. (1968). Market structure studies: New products for old markets and new markets (foreign) for old products. New York: Wiley. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases.


text:
SAN DIEGO — Baseball coach Tony Gwynn equates San Diego State'sannouncement Monday that 14 of its athletic programs will join theBig West Conference in 2013 to his team "going to the BCS."
The announcement — which excludes women's crew, women'slacrosse, women's swimming and diving, and women's indoor track —follows word last Wednesday that San Diego State's football programwill leave the Mountain West Conference for the Big East Conferenceeffective in 2013, a move that officials believe will increase theschool's annual television revenue by at least $4.9 million.
With the Aztecs set to abandon the MWC in football, the school had to find an athletic home for the rest of its teams because the MWC requires all of its members to participate in all of the conference's sports.
The choice of the Big West over the Western Athletic Conferenceby San Diego State president Dr. Elliot Hirshman and athleticdirector Jim Sterk means Gwynn's program will play in a conferencewith perennial powers Cal State Fullerton, Long Beach State and UC Irvine.
"The Big West has been a powerhouse in baseball," Gwynn said. "It doesn't get much better. It should help recruiting. It should help in every aspect, and we're saving money travel-wise, too.
"In other instances, it's going to be a little bit harder. But I think in the long run it makes a lot of sense."
Sterk — who said the Big West was the best fit for San Diego State — said a swap of the MWC for the Big West is expected to save the school upward of six figures in annual travel costs, though the department will maintain the same travel budget "until we know what our sports do with the rest of their schedule." Hirshman said joining the Big West made sense because the league's geographic footprint will lead to fewer classes missed.
While the decision to join the Big West will benefit many of theAztecs' programs, it means a switch to a significantlylower-profile home for the men's basketball program. Currently, theMWC is rated fourth among the NCAA's 32 basketball conferences inthe Ratings Percentage Index, one of the major factors indetermining at-large bids for the NCAA tournament, while the BigWest is 24th, according to realtimerpi.com.
One area in which the Aztecs are expected to benefit, however,is in an increase in visibility. The Big West has television tiesto ESPN and Fox Sports, which will be a big upgrade over San DiegoState's current network, the mtn. Long Beach State's basketballteam, for instance, will appear on ESPN five times this season. Thelast time San Diego State appeared on ESPN at home was in 2005.
Big West commissioner Dennis Farrell called the addition of the Aztecs a "game-changer" for the Big West. He also believes it will benefit San Diego State.
"Its television exposure will actually increase dramatically in the Los Angeles/Orange County area," Farrell said.
Aztecs men's basketball coach Steve Fisher said his program,coming off consecutive NCAA tournament appearances, a Sweet 16appearance in last year's tourney and six straight 20-win seasons,is strong enough to handle the move. He envisions the Aztecsbecoming the Big West's version of Gonzaga and said the team willimprove its nonconference schedule to balance a weaker conferenceschedule. The Aztecs are guaranteed four annual games against BigEast opponents as part of football's agreement to join theconference. Sterk said the school already has a deal in place withUConn to play a home-and-home series.
"We have to make sure we schedule intelligently," Fisher said.


text:
The book consists of an assembly of abstracts of 1,033 publications related to sickle cell diseases, through 1965, with a few abstracts for the years 1966-1969. The 19 chapters deal mainly with the anatomical changes in various organs as observed by others and supplemented by the author's observations as a pathologist. Other topics include historical background, the chemistry of the hemoglobin molecule, pathophysiology, incidence, genetics, clinical features, complications, and therapy. In general the contributions of various investigators are given in time sequence. The essential facts are presented in a scholarly and easily read manner. The printing is excellent, the typographical and factual errors few and the black-and-white illustrations sharp and well reproduced.
The author does not state the incidence of the anatomical lesions in different organs at various ages. The observations of others are accurately and fairly stated. There is little critical analysis by the author. The terms "thrombi" and
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Simple Definition of agribusiness
: the business or industry of farming or agriculture : farming thought of as a large business
: a company engaged in agribusiness
Full Definition of agribusiness
: an industry engaged in the producing operations of a farm, the manufacture and distribution of farm equipment and supplies, and the processing, storage, and distribution of farm commodities
See agribusiness defined for English-language learners
Examples of agribusiness in a sentence
Several large agribusinesses own most of the farms around here.
Origin and Etymology of agribusiness
agriculture + business
First Known Use: circa 1955
Learn More about agribusiness
Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about agribusiness
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11 Teacher-Approved Crafts for School
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School Spirit Scarf
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Show off your school pride with this School Spirit Scarf. Embellish it with your favorite high school activity to show off your school spirit to all your friends. This is also a great team-building activity for teammates to all do together. Everyone can decorate and personalize their own scarf and wear it to parades and meets to help boost team spirit. Regardless of whether you're on the cheerleading team, the dance team, or you're a member of the choir or marching band, this scarf is a fun and stylish way to show off your pride.
- Tulip® ScreenIt™
- Tulip® One-Step Tie-Dye Kit®
- Tulip® Soft® Fabric Paint Tubes in Matte White (29379)
- Plastic tablecloth
- Iron
- White scarf - 100% cotton
- Zip ties
- Computer and printer
- Machine wash scarf without fabric softener to remove sizing.
- Lay out plastic tablecloth over work surface.
- Lay out damp scarf on prepared work surface.
- Begin pleating scarf horizontally up to the fringed area on ends.
- Find center of scarf and tie two zip ties leaving approximately 4" space in center.
- Tie zip tie on both ends of scarf where fringe begins. On one side, add two more zip ties evenly spaced between outer zip tie and inner zip tie. Repeat on the other side. Tie zip ties very tightly.
- Wearing protective gloves from kit, prepare dyes as directed.
- Saturate Lime in the smaller spaces of scarf. Squeeze Orange in the spaces next to the Lime, then Fuchsia on the ends and in the centers.
- Cover dyed scarf with plastic tablecloth and let sit 6-8 hours.
- With zip ties still in place, rinse under cool water in sink until water runs clear. Machine wash as directed.
- Remove zip ties and dry in dryer. Press smooth.
- Select desired "Cheerleader" font and design and print out image in black ink.
- Follow directions from ScreenIt for burning image to screen.
- Once screen is ready to use, slip scarf onto the foam base of the ScreenIt machine. Position screen onto scarf and set in place.
- Using squeegee provided with ScreenIt, apply White paint as desired.
- Remove screen and wash screen immediately.
- Let scarf dry.
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Pokemon Emerald
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Master ball
lucky48910 posted on Oct 20, 2006 5:48:08 AM - Report post
yes but it only works in pokemon collosium.
throw the ball on the first pokemon.
throw the ball on the first pokemon.
on the seconds turn, switch the position of the master ball from first to second using the y button.
he throws the ball and on the next turn, it is still in the pocket.
after the battle in the open switch it cack to first.
Sell the second item now(make sure you only have two slots)nothing after it.
Whenyou look at the pocket it shows you only have one but it will not go down.
Then you make a pokemon hold it and trade it to the game you need and keep doing this
pokemaster76 posted on Oct 26, 2006 2:26:24 AM - Report post
this is for raphele and dude it is in team aqua not magma you got it
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Kingston HyperX 3K SH103S3B/480G 480GB SSD Bundle - 2.5" Form Factor, SATA III, 3.5" Bracket & Mounting Screws, SATA Data Cable, HD Cloning Software, Multi-bit ScrewdriverItem#: K24-3480 | Model#: SH103S3B/480G
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Kingston HyperX 3K 480GB SSD Bundle Product Details
Kingston HyperX 3K SH103S3B/480G 480GB SSD Bundle
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Three Candidates for Debian Project Leader
Three developers have applied for the post of Debian Project Leader (DPL). The current project leader, Sam Hocevar, is not campaigning for re-election.
The three candidates have launched their campaigns by posting their own ideas for the project on their websites:
Steve McIntyre is the oldest of the three and joined Debian in 1996. He campaigned for election in 2006 and 2007. One of his major objectives would be to improve communication within the project. He criticizes the fact that the previous project leaders have not been able to keep their promises in this respect. He would like people involved to ask for help if they are unable to fulfill the targets they have set themselves, before reality catches up with them. He views this as one of the main problems that affects the free Linux distribution: "Working effectively is not just important for our own gratification; it also makes a major impact on how long we take to release and the experience our users have with using Debian."
Frenchman Raphael Hertzog has been with the project since 1998 and campaigned for the post of project leader in 2002 and 2007. Hertzog is a self-employed developer and, just like last year, he would like to install a separate DPL committee – if he is elected -- in order to distribute responsibilities and thus to achieve project objectives more easily. One thing that is new is that Hertzog would like to restrict the committee to three people. Another of Hertzog's goals is to improve external Debian's visibility and to attract more help for the project.
Marc Brockschmidt is 22 years old and the youngest of the three candidates, having joined the Debian project in 2004. He is a student of computer science in Aachen, Germany. His objectives as a potential project leader include improving public perception of the free distribution. Although he believes that internal communications can't really be improved, he is interested in achieving a better exchange. For example, he seeks to open the "-devel" mailing list to anyone who is interested, and to improve interactions with Debian derivatives, such as Ubuntu.
The canvassing period is between March 9 and 30, and the candidates' proposals will be discussed on the Internet during this time. The elections will be held between March 30 and April 13 with the new project leader officially taking up office April 17. The election is based on the fairly complex Condorcet method. The next project leader will probably be responsible for the next stable version 5.0, codename "Lenny", which is due for release this year.
Issue 192/2016
Buy this issue as a PDF
Nextcloud Announces Raspberry Pi-Powered Home Cloud Box
Innovative system adds a hard drive and Ubuntu Core to the RPi for an IoT hub.
Linus Torvalds Confirms the Date of the First Linux Release
Linux is two weeks younger than we thought!
End of OpenOffice?
The Apache Software Foundation considers retiring OpenOffice
Adobe Gives New Life to NPAPI Plugin for Linux
Adobe won't kill the plugin in 2017
LinuxCon North America Convenes in Toronto, Canada
Linux Foundation's big event celebrates the 25th anniversary of Linux
Linux Turns 25
Linux has evolved from "won't be a professional" project to one of the most professional software projects in the history of computers.
Mirantis Joins Hands with SUSE To Offer RHEL Support; Red Hat Not Happy
Competitors get in the game with RHEL without Red Hat
Linux on Windows 10 Poses a Security Risk
Security researchers have already notified Microsoft; some fixes are available
Mirantis to Refactor OpenStack Fuel for Kubernetes
The company is collaborating with Google and Intel to use Kubernetes as an engine for Fuel
Canonical Joins Document Foundation Advisory Board
The upcoming release of LibreOffice will be available as a snap package


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Estimated shipping is based on standard shipping rate inside contiguous United States. Your order total including shipping & taxes (NC) will be displayed later in checkout before submitting your order.
Adam & Eve Pictures Presents Urban Heat
Adam & Eve and Femme Productions are pleased to announce the DVD release of the Candida Royalle hit, Urban Heat. A sensual heat shimmers above city streets. Dormant passions come alive. The weekend is here, and you get a grand tour of sizzling encounters between lovers and strangers, complete with hot music and striking cinematography. 60 X-rated minutes. For more information, contact: • Craig Ledford, 919-644-8100 X 3262, email@example.com


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$9.99In Tourist Season, award-winning author Enid Shomer offers ten brilliant, richly detailed unforgettable stories of resilient women, aged seventeen to seventy, each at a pivotal point in her life. Their journeys cross distances of place and mind: A middle-aged Floridian who learns that she is the reincarnation of a Buddhist saint takes daring steps on her path to enlightenment; a long-buried secret
$3.99Before she became the nineteenth century's greatest heroine, before he had written a word of Madame Bovary, Florence Nightingale and Gustave Flaubert traveled down the Nile at the same time. In the imaginative leap taken by award-winning writer Enid Shomer's The Twelve Rooms of the Nile, the two ignite a passionate friendship marked by intelligence, humor, and a ravishing tenderness that will
Simon & Schuster 2012 Fiction SamplerThis free sampler features extended excerpts from six novels coming in 2012 from Simon & Schuster. The books and authors presented in this sampler include In One Person, the first new novel in three years from John Irving, Carry the One by Carol Anshaw, Gold by Chris Cleave, author of Little Bee, In the Shadow of the Banyan by Vaddey Ratner, The Twelve Rooms of the Nile by Enid Shomer, and The
$9.99A heartrending, gripping novel about two sisters in Belle Époque Paris.1878 Paris. Following their father's sudden death, the van Goethem sisters find their lives upended. Without his wages, and with the small amount their laundress mother earns disappearing into the absinthe bottle, eviction from their lodgings seems imminent. With few options for work, Marie is dispatched to the Paris Opéra,
A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)WINNER OF THE PULITZER PRIZE"The Goldfinch is a rarity that comes along perhaps half a dozen times per decade, a smartly written literary novel that connects with the heart as well as the mind....Donna Tartt has delivered an extraordinary work of fiction."--Stephen King, The New York Times Book ReviewTheo Decker, a 13-year-old New Yorker, miraculously survives an accident that kills his mother.
$9.99An unforgettable novel about finding a lost piece of yourself in someone else. Khaled Hosseini, the #1 New York Times–bestselling author of The Kite Runner and A Thousand Splendid Suns, has written a new novel about how we love, how we take care of one another, and how the choices we make resonate through generations. In this tale revolving around not just parents and children but brothers and
$7.99The Dovekeepers is Alice Hoffman's most ambitious and mesmerizing novel: "striking….Hoffman grounds her expansive, intricately woven, and deepest new novel in biblical history, with a devotion and seriousness of purpose" (Entertainment Weekly).Nearly two thousand years ago, nine hundred Jews held out for months against armies of Romans on Masada, a mountain in the Judean desert. According to the
The Unlikely Pilgrimage of Harold FryNEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • LONGLISTED FOR THE MAN BOOKER PRIZE • NAMED ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR BY THE WASHINGTON POST "[Rachel] Joyce's beguiling debut is [a] modest-seeming story of 'ordinary' English lives that enthralls and moves you as it unfolds."—People (four stars) Meet Harold Fry, recently retired. He lives in a small English village with his wife, Maureen, who seems irritated
$11.99From the New York Times and internationally bestselling author of The Distant Hours, The Forgotten Garden, and The House at Riverton, a spellbinding new novel filled with mystery, thievery, murder, and enduring love. During a summer party at the family farm in the English countryside, sixteen-year-old Laurel Nicolson has escaped to her childhood tree house and is happily dreaming of the future.
A Novel of Catherine the GreatFrom award-winning author Eva Stachniak comes this passionate novel that tells the epic story of Catherine the Great's improbable rise to power—as seen through the ever-watchful eyes of an all-but-invisible servant close to the throne. Her name is Barbara—in Russian, Varvara. Nimble-witted and attentive, she's allowed into the employ of the Empress Elizabeth, amid the glitter and cruelty of the
$13.99The #1 New York Times–bestselling sequel to A Discovery of Witches, book two of the All Souls Trilogy—"as enchanting, engrossing, and impossible to put down as its predecessor" (Miami Herald) J. K. Rowling, Stephenie Meyer, Anne Rice—only a few writers capture the imagination the way that Deborah Harkness has with her New York Times–bestselling All Souls trilogy. A Discovery of Witches introduces
$9.99A New York Times bestselling novel of desire, secrecy, and sexual identity, In One Person is a story of unfulfilled love—tormented, funny, and affecting—and an impassioned embrace of our sexual differences. "His most daringly political, sexually transgressive, and moving novel in well over a decade" (Vanity Fair). Winner of a 2013 Lambda Literary AwardBilly, the bisexual narrator and main


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Top Definition
acr. Disproportionately Hot Girlfriend. A girl that is with a guy orders of magnitude beneath her on the attractiveness scale. Usually means the beneficiary is either wealthy, hung like a snuffleupagus, or well-versed in hypnosis.
Somehow, musician Seal married his DHG, supermodel Heidi Klum, on a beach in Mexico in 2005.
بواسطة Sofa King Good يونيو/حَزيران 20, 2007
Trending Now
Can you define these popular missing words?
Down the Hall Guy. A guy, who works or lives down the hall from you. You either a.) don't know his name; or b.) want to talk about him, without him knowing.
DHG is so hot!! Too bad JG keeps mean mugging me, every time I want to talk to him!
بواسطة MeNeverU إبريل/نَيْسان 14, 2010
Acronym for Dick Hungry Girl. Without necessarily engaging in casual sexual activity, (and, therefore, not to be confused with the slut, etc.), the DHG constantly craves male attention. The DHG often lavishes in being the love object of more than one male.
Dude, check out Debbie, she is totally flirting with Hans. What a total DHG. As if having Tommy and Hector in love with you already isn't enough.
بواسطة fastfingers ديسمبر/كانون الأَوّل 10, 2005
Abbreviation of a local grill and bar in Fresno, CA. Known for its tri-tip sandwiches and generous portioning.
Dude, lets get to the DHG
بواسطة Skycap فبراير/شباط 7, 2010
Dick Head Goth,
An idiot that listens to rock music and paints his face and nails until he looks like a panda.
An idiot that listens to rock music and paints his face and nails until he looks like a panda.
look at that D.H.G
بواسطة R . Dre مايو/أيار 7, 2004


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- flourished
c. 1430 - c. 1450
Master of the Playing Cards, (flourished c. 1430–50) anonymous German artist who is one of the most important of the early engravers in the Rhineland. He is known for a set of playing cards (60 remain) that are distinguished for the manner in which the technique of soft-ground engraving has been handled, as well as for an exquisite use of line and the realistic observation evident in the human figures, plants, and animals that have been depicted. Some of the decorative devices employed have been stylistically related to those used by the printer Johannes Gutenberg.


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iHerb Customer Reviews
Savings of: $5.52 (20% off)
Excellent product
Posted by Reviewer3363603 on Aug 06, 2010
Works very well on Cataracs
Posted by Reviewer1432105 on Sep 11, 2012
Have only started using this larger amount of lutein, 20 mg. The Solgar brand has always provided top quality over the years along with reasonable prices.
very good!
Posted by 4838740754649984775 on Jun 30, 2013
very good!
Excellent for prevention of age - related macular degeneration (AMD)
Posted by Reviewer1679903 on Jul 25, 2013
Lutein is an excellent supplement for the prevention of age - related macular degeneration (AMD), a common cause of blindness on the elderly. Its dose here is adequate for the AMD prevention.
Posted by Reviewer2822680 on May 29, 2014
This was for my mom.
Posted by 5614371880050689990 on Oct 28, 2014
She can not feel strongly better than before. But feels much comfortable.
Did not help me anything
Posted by 5377113530622633135 on Sep 09, 2015
I purchased this product to improve vision and dryness in the eye and unfortunately there was no improvement
Items 1-7 of 7 total


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Huf Footwear Commercial #39
07 April 2014, 16.25 | Posted in advertising, Skateboarding, Sneakers | 1 comment »
For their footwear commerical #039 Huf goes with one hell of a smooth line from Josh Matthews. It this doesn't make you want to buy some Hufs we don't know what will.
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Elizabeth Fine Jewellery is a designer and manufacturer of exclusive diamond jewellery and an importer of diamonds and other precious stones.You'll marvel at the special collection of exquisite jewellery on display. Each piece is hand-crafted – characterised by bold yet simple designs which use the finest quality gems and precious metals.A family owned store founded in 1979, Elizabeth Fine Jewellery sell a wide range of wedding and engagement rings, bracelets, earrings, necklaces and pendants. You can choose between diamond encrusted jewellery, white gold, rose gold and coloured stones to design the perfect piece of jewellery for you.
126 Elizabeth StreetMelbourne VIC 3000
Phone: 9650 firstname.lastname@example.com
Mon: 10am – 6pmTue: 10am – 6pmWed: 10am – 6pmThu: 10am – 6pmFri: 10am – 7pmSat: 10am – 6pmSun: 11am – 5pm
Wheelchair accessible
All payment types
Public Transport Victoria


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OSHA News Release - (Archived) Table of Contents
OSHA News Release – Region 4
U.S. Department of Labor
Region 4 News Release: USDOL: 01-166
Fri., Sept. 21, 2001
Contact: Eugene Stewart
Phone: (601) 965-4606 ext.0
FULTON, Miss. -- Exposing employees to trenching hazards at a Fulton, Miss., job site has led to $141,000 in proposed penalties against Columbus-based Perma Corporation by the Labor Department's Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Today's alleged willful and serious citations for violation of safety standards resulted from a planned inspection of the Fulton worksite during which OSHA found employees installing water pipes in an unprotected trench with nearly vertical walls.
OSHA cited Perma Corporation for three alleged willful violations, with proposed penalties of $136,500, for failing to protect workers involved in trenching activities. Hazards included failing to slope or shore trench walls or provide other protection from cave-in when working in a trench over five feet deep; not providing a ladder or other safe means to enter and exit the trench, and not keeping machinery and excavated matter at least two feet from the edge of the excavation. A hydraulic excavator, operated directly over the trench, piled excavated material up to five feet high and eight feet wide at its edge.
"This employer showed intentional disregard for the safety of its workers," said Clyde Payne, OSHA's Jackson area director. "No action was taken to correct the hazards at this worksite even though officials were aware of the dangerous conditions and the company's safety manual addresses trenching safety procedures. In addition, inspections over the last five years have resulted in citations against Perma Corporation for similar violations. Failure to slope or shore trench walls or provide other protection from cave-in has resulted in workers being killed."
The remaining $4,500 proposed penalty was assessed for two alleged serious citations, one of which addressed the foreman's practice of permitting a worker to stand on and ride the hydraulic excavator. Both OSHA standards and the manufacturer's safety manual forbid this practice which exposes workers to being struck, crushed by or thrown off the equipment. The second serious citation was issued for not having someone trained in first aid at the site.
Willful violations are those committed with an intentional disregard of, or plain indifference to, the requirements of the Occupational Safety and Health Act and regulations. Serious violations are those in which a substantial probability of death or serious physical harm could result, and the employer knew or should have known of the hazard.
Perma Corporation has 15 working days to contest the citations and proposed penalties before the independent Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission. Inspection of the Fulton job site was conducted by OSHA's area office located at 37801 -55 North, Suite 210, Jackson, Miss. 39211-6323; telephone: (601) 965-4606.
|OSHA News Release - (Archived) Table of Contents


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Rutland to discuss surveillance cameras
RUTLAND The city is discussing the idea of using security cameras to monitor its most crime-ridden neighborhoods.
One landlord suggested the idea to the Board of Aldermen on Monday after one of his properties was the site of a home invasion.
Cam Johnston said he has no problem with cameras monitoring people walking down the street.
The matter was referred to the Public Safety Committee with almost no debate.
City Police Chief James Baker said a surveillance program in residential areas would have to be a community decision.
He said the city already had a number of privately owned security cameras around businesses. Baker said vandalism dropped around the downtown train station after cameras were installed there.MORE IN Vermont NewsRUTLAND The refugees are coming. Full StoryMONTPELIER The Shumlin administration has released proposed rules for how health care providers... Full StoryBOSTON A Vermont man who spent a week at sea in a life raft before being rescued by a passing... Full Story
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Each Monday we publish Sunday's Coming, an email-only post on the upcoming readings, written by our current Living by the Word columnist.
Email Address
Jeremiah 1:4-10; Psalm 71:1-6; 1 Corinthians 13:1-13; Luke 4:21-30
A kinship of gifts
When I was a child I spoke as a child, understood as a child, reasoned as a child. I knew my parents loved me best. I mistook abundant love for especial favor and blessings for entitlements. I mistook good fortune for God's approval and worldly outcomes for the will of God. Kennedy won because God was on our side. When my grandfather died, I assumed it was me—something I'd done or failed to do. Maybe the first time I ate meat on a Friday, at Bobby Bacon's house. It was baloney.
Jeremiah 1:4-10; Luke 4:21-30
When I run across texts like these from Jeremiah and Luke, I'm always asking, "What kind of community does it take to raise prophets like Jeremiah and even Jesus?" Being a Baptist, I have few doubts about God calling prophets, preachers, missionaries and everyday Christians. The call of God tends to be very personal, but it is not private and does not come in a vacuum.
Jeremiah 1:4-10; Corinthians 13:1-13; Luke 4:21-30
Those of us who have been trained to make rhetorical peace with the congregation marvel at the freedom of Jesus to preach over their heads, to wound in order to heal, to use their own beloved texts against them. How sly of the common lectionary to pair this linguistic assault by Jesus at Nazareth with Paul's pretty words on love. Poor preachers. Sometimes we love our people in the name of Christ, enduring just about everything with them, and sometimes we love them by throwing the Book at them.
Sunday, January 28
Jeremiah 1:4-10; 1 Corinthians 13:1-13; Luke 4:21-30
Early on, even Jeremiah could have located himself somewhere within Frederick Buechner's pithy essay on vocation in Wishful Thinking. "The place God calls you to is the place where your deep gladness and the world's deep hunger meet," says Buechner.
The posture of faithfulness
"Love never ends," St. Paul writes in the lesson we read from 1 Corinthians 13. Or, put more positively, "love abides." What does that really mean—to say that "love abides"? Or, indeed, what possible sense could it make to say this in a world in which the truth so clearly seems to be that love quite often does not abide?
Revised Common Lectionary © 1992 the Consultation on Common Texts. Used by permission.
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