text:
Yankees Battle Blue Jays on Paul O'Neill Bobblehead Day
* Additional fees apply. No coupon or promo codes necessary to enjoy the displayed discount price.
The last date listed for Toronto Blue Jays vs. New York Yankees: Paul O'Neill Bobblehead Day was Sunday July 27, 2014 / 1:05pm.
Currently at Yankee Stadium
New York Yankees Mohegan Sun Sports Bar Seating: Great Views and Traditional Pub Food
- Full Price:
- $60
- Our Price:
- $30
Gather together a group and enjoy the magic of Yankee Stadium from inside the Mohegan Sun Sports… More
Venue Details
Reviews & Ratings
Featured review from Lorraine F Carrano
view more less of this review
Great seats. Sad that we did not get bobble heads though.
star this review starred report as inappropriate
Great seats, for the price. Unbelievably close to the field. Besides that it was a good game. Had a blast, and I'm looking forward to purchasing tickets again. Very soon
star this review starred report as inappropriate
Great seats.
star this review starred report as inappropriate
Great seats for somebody who is not a hardcore fan of baseball. Great game with lots of action. Had lots of fun with friends.


text:
Log In
Sign Up
Amanda is a co-founder of Food52.
I'd go for a 10-inch.
Please enter a valid email address.
Well played. You deserve a cookie.
And other things we learned from the amateur Pete Wellses among us
Meet the Yelp Elite
Pork Chops, Italian-Style
Splatter-Be-Gone Mixing Bowls
23 Recipes, 3 Ingredients or Fewer
Knives, According To An Expert
1 error
prevented successful signup:
We'll never post anything without your permission.
1 error
prevented successful login:
Thanks for signing up!
Connect with us to get more Food52!
Sign up for our useful, inspired emails and we'll
give you everything you need to eat and live better—including
recipes, how-tos, and exclusives and great gift ideas from our
kitchen and home shop.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Newegg.com - A great place to buy computers, computer parts, electronics, software, accessories, and DVDs online. With great prices, fast shipping, and top-rated customer service - once you know, you Newegg.
If you are reading this message, Please click this link to reload this page.(Do not use your browser's "Refresh" button). Please email us if you're running the latest version of your browser and you still see this message.
Newegg.com - Computer Parts, Laptops, Electronics, HDTVs, Digital Cameras and More!
Showing Results: Most Recent
This review is from: NZXT GAMMA Classic Series CS-NT-GAMMA-B Black Steel ATX Mid Tower Computer Case
Pros: - Cheap
- Looks good
- Fits all my hardware
- Decent audio
Cons: none
Other Thoughts: The refurbished was no different than the other one. Everything worked, and it came with screws and HDD mountings like it said. You can save some money when buying refurbished items.READ FULL REVIEW
This review is from: AMD A10-5800K Trinity Quad-Core 3.8 GHz Socket FM2 100W AD580KWOHJBOX Desktop APU (CPU + GPU) with DirectX 11 Graphic AMD Radeon HD 7660D
Pros: - Fast
- 3.8 ghz
- easy to overclock
- great graphics
Cons: none
Other Thoughts: If your on a budget and want to play games that are not very graphic intesive games then get this. You can play Left 4 Dead 2, Warframe, Minecraft with playable FPS.READ FULL REVIEW
This review is from: TP-LINK TL-WN722N Wireless N150 High Gain USB Adapter, 150Mbps, w/4 dBi High Gain Detachable Antenna, IEEE 802.11b/g/n, WEP, WPA/WPA2
Pros: - Great for home use
- Never drops below 3 bars
- Never drops signal
Cons: - Driver disk that is included does not support windows 8
- Very inconvenient to set up if you have Windows 8
Other Thoughts: It was a pain to get the thing working with W8. I had to download windows 8 drivers from another computer on a flash drive and transfer it to my main pc to get it to work.READ FULL REVIEW


text: Sony VAIO 15.5" LED Laptop - Intel Core i3 | 6GB Ram | 500GB HDD Flag this deal What's the matter? Choose a reason Dead deal Duplicate Bad link Spam Inaccurate No value Alive again Edit deal erick99 Sep 26, 2012 Sony Vaio notebooks usually command a premium so this is a great price. Sony makes very elegant notebooks that are well built and give you a lot for your money. Reply Load More Comments


text:
Margate City, NJUSA
August 14, 2012
To meet people
The Philly 'burbs WordPress Meetup bridges the gap between designers and developers building WordPress sites and writers, bloggers and marketers who use them on a daily basis. We focus on both design and development considerations (tips, techniques and hacks) as well as user concerns like expanded functionality and best practices. The conversation is all about WordPress.
We aim to create an atmosphere of sharing and collaboration, where each side of the conversation can contribute to insightful and engaging conversations.
Based in Chester and Montgomery Cos., PA, the group will hop from town to town to allow members to meet dynamic WordPress professionals throughout the region.
A longer post about our purpose and community is online at:
932 Entrepreneurs
1,081 302 Tech Stars
2,302 Members
1,156 Members
486 Networkers
150 Members
Meetup members, Log in
By clicking "Sign up" or "Sign up using Facebook", you confirm that you accept our Terms of Service & Privacy Policy


text:
Watch renowned researchers Drs. Ian Lipkin and Mady Hornig take the Chilli ME Challenge, LIVE from New York by webcast this coming Wednesday, 1st July at 1 p.m. EST.
Discuss the article on the Forums.
treatment for worms has helped my gut a bit but why?
Discussion in 'The Gut: De Meirleir & Maes; H2S; Leaky Gut' started by justy, Jul 14, 2011.
Page 2 of 6
Page 2 of 6


text:
Early life history stages are among the most critical phases in the life cycle of plants. De Frenne et al. assess the response of plant regeneration from seed of two forest understorey plants (Anemone nemorosa and Milium effusum) to variations in temperature along a latitudinal gradient. They find decreasing seedling emergence and fitness towards the northern edge of the distribution range of the species, as well as stronger growth responses to temperature increases in northern than in southern seedlings of the grass M. effusum. They conclude that wide intraspecific variation in plant regeneration in response to warming may differentially alter future plant dynamics across broad spatial scales.
- Next story All the best journals are doing it
- Previous story Phenotypic plasticity in Suaeda maritima
Top Posts & Pages
On Flipboard
About Us
AoB Blog is a run by the Annals of Botany Company, a non-profit educational charity.
The company currently administers two journals, the Annals of Botany and AoB PLANTS.
These are published through Oxford University Press.
New in Annals of Botany


text: A firm that has an ROE of 12% is considering cutting its dividend payout. The stockholders of the firm require a return of 13% and earnings per share are currently $2.32. Given this information which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? I. All else equal the firm's growth rate will accelerate after the payout change II. All else equal the firm's stock price will go up after the payout change Answer a. I only b. I and II c. II only


text:
5 Thoughtful Gifts for your Best Friend!Chelsea Fuss
It's fun to surprise a girl friend with a gift out of the blue! Maybe she's had a bad day, maybe it's her birthday, or maybe you just want to show her appreciation for all the hours she's lent her listening ear. Here are 5 sweet gifts to fit a range of budgets and personalities! I'd personally love to give or receive any of these sweet little things!
Happy Thoughts Notebook 1 of 5You can never have enough blank books. And, this cheerful one in orange with "Happy Thoughts" printed on the cover is the perfect pick-me-up for a friend!
$12.50 J.Crew
Anemone Bouquet 2 of 5Who doesn't love flowers?! Anemones are bright and cheerful and not too common, so they are certain to make a friend's day!
$84.00 Flowerbud.com
Special Scissors 3 of 5Do you have a crafty friend? She'll love these gorgeous gold scissors!
$20 Alder and Co.
Canal House Cookbook 4 of 5For your culinary friend, consider the Canal House Cookbooks. The series focuses on using simple, fresh ingredients from farmer's markets and your own garden.
$9.95 Powell's
Love and Toast Lotion 5 of 5Do you have a super girly friend? She'll love this grapefruit hand lotion in the adorable pink and heart strewn packaging!
$9.00 Love and Toast
Chelsea Fuss is a blogger and prop stylist based in Portland who blogs daily at Frolic!
More from Chelsea:
20 Fetching Hair Ideas for Spring
Thistle Floral Print Clothes for Girls
Adorable Workout Clothes: 10 Favorites!
Article Posted 4 years Ago


text:
Angel Soft
Bath Tissue Product Locator
Enter your ZIP Code::
Please wait...
Need it today?
Buy in your local store
Select a Distance:
0-5 miles
6-10 miles
10-15 miles
15+ miles
Select a Category:
All Angel Soft® Products
Angel Soft® Classic White toilet paper
Angel Soft® with Pretty Prints toilet paper
Angel Soft® with Fresh Lavender Scent toilet paper
Angel Soft® Mega Roll toilet paper
Want it delivered to your door?
Buy online now
, the Amazon logo and Amazon Supply are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates.


text:
First of all ur fc is wrong, and u can join if u follow the rulz
I would like to joinLevel: 30 ( almost 31)K/d: 1.04Weapon: silenced pavlovFC:486-5455-4284
First of all ur fc is wrong, and u can join if u follow the rulz
Sorry, my fc is 4886-5455-4284
Btw I had to change my name to just Ham }Z16{.
Mod edit: No double posting. Use the edit button.
Last edited by Splash_King; 12-19-2011 at 04:47 PM.
Hi I'd like to join the clan. This seems like a well-organized clan, with a Leader with the knowledge of the game.
Goldeneye FC: 2167-9182-8440
Level: 25
Timezone: (-5-GMT.... EST )
Favourite Gun: I like them all, give me a gun, and I'll use it well haha.
K/D Ratio: 1.92
Win Ratio: 2.24
Even though I have played only a short time, I am not boosted, nor a hacker.
I would like to play in the Clan war you have in the next couple of days, even though I have just tried to join, I think I am pretty good and would like to participate. You can check me if we could play together sometime.
Also I would love to learn some new tactics to this game by all of you here, that'd be great. Thanks!
I can be on any time in the next 2 weeks, and will not miss any practices or any Schedule'd dates with this clan.
My Online Wii Goldeneye 007 is: AROW
Last edited by TheeLegend; 12-20-2011 at 12:17 AM. Reason: My Online Name
Wow, nice kd ratio, almost better than mine. Sure u can join. Ok to all clan members practice will be CANCELED because of Christmas. However we will have a war next Tuesday the 27th against clan SSM. Happy Holidays!
Good luck against SSM! EDIT: Uh...why the likes? Im not even a part of SSM...I guess SSM, you're such a kind group!
Last edited by Epsil0n; 12-20-2011 at 11:49 PM.
[+]EPS!PEPSI Level 42 GE FC: 527 730 217 990 Please PM if you're going to add me!I want pancakes.
Ok the people that will be in the war is Yoshi777, AROW, Marsh, and last but not least me. Cmon guys I know we can win this!
Hey James I found out BTTF will not be on in a couple of weeks his Internet is down
"NY State of Mind"
who is that guy bxym and what is BTTF? when is clan war
i am level 28 now
I'll be playing as much as possible to rank up to 51, or if I can 52 before the war.
Goldeneye FCs: (PM me if you want to add any)
Yosh!: 1346-2654-5671 (Sixers and IV Profile)
Luke/E7: 2208-7320-1186 (E7 Profile, my main alt)


text:
Group orgy interracial partySlutty Babe In Group Sex Cock Party
Babes beauty eroticThree sex dolls are eager to have their fingers deep in lesbian holes
Amateur blowjob brunettesFrisky teen Iveta craves for some kinky sex games
Mature mature amateurMature lesbians give theor young sex partners some drilling
Group sex old + youngPure family sex
Amateur beauty brunettesSlender brunette girlfriends have lesbian sex on the first date
Mature mature amateurTwo mature couples enjoy a hardcore swinget sex action
Adult big boobsLa pirata tetona hd
Amateur beauty coupleTeen couple decide to have sex while parents are away
Anal ass bigCute school girl receives hard anal sex
Couple foreplay hdHd brunette couple oral and fingering
Amateur homemadeAsian homemade sex
Amateur group sex hardcoreThree tempting cuties in lingerie and stockings in group sex
Anal blowjob close upBig assed mom gets incredible DP sex with two dudes
Amateur beach old + youngSex On the Beach 3 Wear-Tweed
Group sexGroup sex
Amateur group sex russianRussian Amateur students group outdoor sex orgy
Amateur babes beautyTeens Rosa and Victor get lot of outdoor sex experience
Asian group hardcoreJapanese av studio sex party
Amateur blowjob close upGorgeous teen in stockings xperiences a bondage sex play
Amateur anal beautyDirty-minded teen slut enjoys sex with two horny teen guys
Dp group sex pigtailsKinky Sex Party With Masks Suits And Slippery Anal
Asian hidden cams massageSpycam Health Spa Massage Sex Part 1
Granny mature mature amateurTwo BBW grannies have sex with two young dudes outdoors
Fingering lesbians teensSex School : Lesbian sex (Lesson 3).
Anal big tits blowjobTopnotch ebony girl enjoys interracial DP sex with two dudes
Babes beach teensBEACH SEX WITH TWO SEXY CHICKS
Anal bikini black buttAlluring ebony hottie Jasmin enjoys steaming DP sex
Big tits blondes blowjobStunning sex doll with huge natural tits banged doggie fashion
Anal blowjobs dpGroup Of Guys Fucks A Blonde In Group Sex
Amateur blowjob drunkSlutty drunk chicks go damn wild in a group sex action
Sex toys threesomesWild hot threesome sex
Public sex realityOutdoor sex 3
Babes big tits cum in mouthOiled sex dolls Britney Angel and Joan Mueur enjoy licking games
Anal cum in mouth cumshotChick with pigtails enjoys incredibly hot DP sex
Amateur cumshots group sexHomemade Threesome Sex
Fingering lesbians sex toysMy boyfriend has no meaning in sex.
Anal brunettes dpAnal Group Sex
Amateur anal group sexAmateur Group Sex
Blowjob group sex hardcoreMayo Pie sex
Big tits bikini brunettesBusty sex diva Sandra B blows huge cock enjoys DP fuck
Blowjob cumshot doggystyleChicks with tight holes crave for sex enjoy a foursome
Anal blowjob cumshotTwo sex models get their asses and pussies properly banged
Anal asshole blondesHot slut gives a blow and enjoys ass sex with two guys
Bdsm rough sex spankingRough sex
Babes group sex hardcoreHardcore Groupies Love Rough Goth sex
Amateur babes group sexTwo Amateur Sluts in Group Sex
Anal babes blowjobSlutty babes crave for anal sex and get the best of it in FFM threesome
Babes masturbation sex toysBlue Angel with sex machine
Anal blowjob cumshotHotties with amazing asses and bubbles get involved in DP sex
Brunettes creampie cumshotSex diva with shaved pussy copulates with two guys
Big tits blowjob close upTwo lesbian sluts in leather like diversity in their FFM sex games
Amateur group sex lesbiansAmateurs Filming Group Sex
Babes masturbation sex toysSEX TOYS COMPILATIONS
Big boobs lesbians sex toysSpecial delivery, two hot chick and sex toys
Group sexSmoking Sex
69 bbc bigExotic brunette in massage sex action
Big blond blondesGirl seduced by a real lesbian 9 scene 4 hd
Blond blondes hdElla solo hd
Blond brunette chick12 inch dildo deep penetration hd
Asian boobs dildoNaughty asian hardcore double dildo hd
Blowjob brunette comMassage hardcore in hd adult movies
Anal ass bigCute schoolgirl loves hardcore anal sex
Blowjobs facialsHD Blowjobs
Big tits college double blowjobEpic gangbang between 3 filthy femmes & 4 fortunate man in HD
Adult masturbate masturbatingAaaliyah love solo hd
Asian boobs dildoNaughty asian hardcore double dildo hd
Babes brunettes glamourTall slender sex doll loses her mind while toying herself hard
Babes blowjob brunettesVoluptuous teens Rosa and Victor have good sex in a field
Group sex pornstarsMusic Hardcore Sex
Lesbians sex toysLesbiennes ass sex toys


text:
Reviewed By Angelo P (Carnegie, PA) Reviewed for a 2015 Hyundai Tucson —3/23/2016 4:11 AM
Awesome, easy to assemble, rhino products are great
Reviewed By susan s (West Farmington, ME) Reviewed for a 2013 Subaru Outback —8/26/2016 6:57 PM
Had to adjust to new and bigger car (from Honda Civic to Subaru Outback)was the reason I bought these "J racks". As I am a short person (5'), I needed a step ladder to secure racks in place. Okay, so far, but directions with straps were confusing. Followed my instincts to secure my little Calypso with straps enclosed and improvisations. Negative is how it arrived -promptly, but Fed Ex left it outside unattended for 2 days with rain! Never more with FedEX at my place!


text:
Word of various agreements between teams and undrafted free agents are starting to trickle out.
Keep in mind, none of these have been officially announced by teams. The news is coming from players, their agents and their colleges. It's not unheard of for a player to agree with one team and end up signing with another. As soon as teams send out official lists of their signings, we'll share them with you.
In the meantime, here's what's being reported.
Mike Triplett reports the Saints have agreed with Fresno State quarterback Ryan Colburn.
D. Orlando Ledbetter reports the Falcons are expected to add West Virginia running back Noel Devine and Boise State defensive end Ryan Winterswyk.
Triplett also reports the Saints have agreed with Texas receiver John Chiles, Walsh receiver Joe Morgan, Illinois receiver Jarred Fayson and Iowa linebacker Jeremiha Hunter.
Fordham safety Isa Abdul-Quddus said on his Twitter account that he has agreed to a deal with the Saints.
North Carolina defensive back Kendric Burney said via Twitter he's signing with the Panthers.
Auburn receiver Darvin Adams and offensive lineman Ryan Pugh reportedly will join the Panthers. That should make former teammate Cam Newton happy.
The Saints reportedly will add Ohio State defensive tackle Dexter Larimore and safety DeAndre McDaniel.


text:
You find yourself in is not the most pleasant place in a mental hospital from which you will find out. Despite the fact that you have a weapon, taking place here you are unlikely to be happy. The game has not generator level and it pretty short, so at one time. And of course to play at night with headphones.
I liked this game. It had a scary atmosphere and some clever scares. It made me jump out of my chair many times during gameplay. I do, however, think it needs work.
The character walks obnoxiously slow and without a sprint function, it can make navigating a bit of a pain. I personally found the use of the gun completely pointless as there was nothing to shoot and nothing even bothered to try and attack me. There is one room that requires a key, but I could not find it anywhere in the game and I could not figure out how to open the doors that said "Close...".
Other than that, it's a pretty scary game and it has a lot of potential.
My Rating: 7/10 (Enjoyable)
Один из самых смешных хорроров, в которые я играл. Аффтар жжот, жги ищо. 10/10
This was a well made jumpscare game. The atmosphere was spot on scary, the flashlight could of have a bit more radius but was fine. Not sure what the gun was for.
Thanks for the chance to play. I look forward to any other update
s to this game
worst ************* game ever
I fell author's sense of humour, and even though game is "slightly" uncomplete I give it 9/10 for extreme level of creepiness. I liked it.
Привет русским разрабам (если чё ;-) )
Great game!
Рррррусский. Привет от дизайнера-моделера. Keep working
first 55 minutes gonna be the most scariest game
after that just boaring and stupid jump scares
and the gun is sooooooo lame and also charactors and weapons
graphics weaaaaaak
Very very scary. Here's a quick playthrough of the game: Youtube.com (would reccomend playing the game instead of watching, but whatever floats your boat :D) Very good game!
scary and creepy, so a horror game must be
No reviews were found matching the criteria specified. We suggest you try the review list with no filter applied, to browse all available. Join now to share your own content, we welcome creators and consumers alike and look forward to your comments.


text:
Looking for Quilt Cleaning? www.hotfrog.com.au showcases more than 12 businesses grouped by Quilt Cleaning within Australia. To find more businesses related to Quilt Cleaning, and to filter by locality, use the left navigation menu.
Daw Park, SA
ality bedding products and old fashioned customer service to cater specifically to your needs.
We are very proud to be accredited with the Austral…
More info
- 13-Nov-2015
Braeside, VIC
QUILT CLEANING.QUILT REJUVENATION.Quilt washing. Melbourne 95804586 Sydney Launceston 1800331718 free call.Superior quilt cleaning. 40 years experience in down feather industry. QUILT CLEANING Option …
Belmont, VIC
Spic 'N' Span locatedin Belmont 3216 offers professional dry-cleaning services along withalterations and quilt cleaning/rejuvenations. A pick up and drop off service isavailable* (conditions apply), free customer parking…
All of our feather and down range is manufactured here at our Daw Park factory using the highest quality European feather and down and as we do manufacture on site we can make your bedding to your individual require…
Fairfield, NSW
Pillows and Quilts provides Rejuvenation on old Quilts and Pillows. Also manufacture new Quilts , Pillows, Scatter Cushion and Upholstery Cushions from Feather products.
Islington, NSW
Pillow Cleaner is an Australian company dedicated to professional hygiene for pillows. Effective environmentaly friendly methods of cleaning leave pillows in good as new condition
Malvern, VIC
DOWN PILLOWS. DOWN PILLOWS.DOWN PILLOWS. DOWN PILLOW.Down pillows.Bedspread Shop Malvern 95000692. Down pillows.Down pillows.Down pillows. DOWN PILLOWS...Luxury down pillows. Down Pillows Australi…
New Town, TAS
Our products are manufactured in store using top quality European Goose and Duck down
Invermay, TAS
Parkside, SA
We've been in the business for over 19 years, providing the highest quality quilts, pillows, underlays, mattress and pillow protectors
Small Business Hub
Sharing tips, ideas and advice to help grow your small business.
Hotfrog AdVantage
Hotfrog AdVantage ads appear above the rest in Hotfrog feature pages. By upgrading today your ad will appear in front of potential customers before they notice your competitors.
Create your free Hotfrog business profile
Follow Hotfrog on:
Share on:
Hotfrog Small Business Hub


text:
Language selector
Scientific Committees
Scientific Committee on Food
Outcome of discussions
Opinion on
Caffeine, Taurine and D-Glucurono
as constituents of so-called "energy" drinks (expressed on
21 January 1999)
Terms of reference
To evaluate the safety of caffeine,
taurine and D-glucurono-
-lactone as constituents of so-called
"energy" drinks.
The Committee has been asked to evaluate
the safety of caffeine, taurine and D-glucurono-
-lactone (glucuronolactone) in the context
of their inclusion as constituents of so-called "energy"
drinks. The term "energy" drinks has been used in this
opinion for convenience, to encompass a category of beverages
that have appeared on the European market in recent years,
which contain various combinations of substances, such as
carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals, and many of which
include one, or more of the three substances the Committee
has been asked to evaluate. It should be noted however that
the term "energy" drink is a commercial designation. It is
neither an agreed legal term for a category of foods in the
EU, nor does the Committee offer any view in this opinion as
to whether claims that these drinks provide energy, in the
conventional nutritional sense, are scientifically
The Committee is aware that the term
"energy drinks" is also used in a different way to mean
beverages containing enhanced levels of carbohydrates which
provide energy in the conventional nutritional sense, and
which are often used by sportspersons and by people
suffering from or recovering from illness. These types of
beverages will not be further discussed.
Certain Member States have requested
that the European Commission seek the opinion of the
Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) about potential health
effects from excessive consumption of "energy" drinks in
certain sectors of the population. In these requests,
neither the meaning of "excessive" nor the population
groups of concern were defined. To the Committees
knowledge, no surveillance information is available on the
maximum intakes of "energy" drinks by individual consumers.
It was agreed that initially the constituents caffeine,
taurine and glucuronolactone should be evaluated for
safety, taking into account the maximum concentrations
currently known to be present in "energy" drinks available
on the European market.
A collection of information on "energy"
drinks and their constituents was submitted by Member
States and by one company manufacturing "energy" drinks.
The information comprised advertising material, lists of
ingredients/constituents and their concentrations in
various products, per capita estimates of intake in
Austria, published opinions on "energy" drinks from
independent scientists, and reviews of the safety of
caffeine, taurine and glucuronolactone by scientists acting
on behalf of one manufacturer.
1-3 The Committee itself therefore conducted an
independent search of the published literature relating to
taurine and glucuronolactone and updated its earlier
opinion on caffeine
4 as a background to this opinion. This opinion
covers only safety considerations of these three
Intake assumptions for "energy" drinks
Intake data for "energy" drinks are not
available, with the exception of per capita estimates for
2 which has a well-established market for these
types of drink. A per capita estimate of 1.85 litres/year
which included non-consumers as well as consumers, was
adjusted to take account of the fact that only 9% of the
Austrian population are regular consumers of "energy"
drinks. Assuming that 80% of "energy" drinks are consumed
by regular consumers, it was estimated that the regular
consumer drinks 16.4 litres/year or approximately 50ml/day
averaged over one year. However, the Committee considered
that it was more appropriate for safety evaluation of
"energy" drinks to consider likely consumption on any one
day by regular consumers, rather than average consumption
over one year. It would be reasonable to assume that a
regular consumer of "energy" drinks might drink one to two
250 ml or 330 ml cans per day, and so in the estimates
which follow in this opinion, a consumption figure of 0.5
litre of "energy" drink per day has been assumed as a
reasonable estimate of possible intake on any one day by
regular consumers. The Committee is of course aware that,
on occasions, some individuals might drink amounts higher
than this, for example, known high consumption of
carbonated drinks in Europe is in excess of 1 litre/day and
the intake of fluid that would be required to replace body
fluids lost through sweating during, say, 2 hours of heavy
exercise would be around 1 litre. The Committee considered
that in the absence of comprehensive intake surveys, it was
impossible to anticipate the maximum intakes of "energy"
drinks which might be consumed in one day by extreme
consumers, nor was it possible to anticipate the maximum
that might consumed within a short period during the day by
some consumers. The Committee has not therefore considered
in detail the possible consequences of peak intakes in
excess of 0.5 litre per day.
Previous SCF evaluation
The possible harm to health from the
consumption of caffeine from food and beverages was
considered by the SCF in 1983.
4 It concluded at that time that there was no
apparent reason for concern about carcinogenic or mutagenic
effects of caffeine in man at normal levels of intake. The
data then reviewed did not reveal any teratogenic effects
in humans, nor any adverse effects on human reproductive
function, nor did they support any association between
caffeine consumption and adverse pregnancy outcome. Neither
did the animal studies point to clear permanent or adverse
neurobehavioural effects in rodents even at severely toxic
doses. There was little information on the effects of
exposure to caffeine on the behaviour of children.
Levels in "energy" drinks and other foods and
estimated intakes
A submission from the Austrian national
food authority
1 included a list of the caffeine contents of 32
"energy" drinks, taken from a review of beverages on the
Austrian market in March 1996. The stated caffeine content
of most "energy" drinks ranged from 240-320 mg/l.
Consumption of caffeine from "energy" drinks by regular
consumers in Austria, which has a well-established market
and where consumption is thought to be highest, has been
estimated by one of the manufacturers of "energy" drinks to
be about 14.4 mg/day on average,
3 equivalent to 0.24 mg/kg bw/day for a 60 kg
person. However, using the Committees assumption for
regular consumers of consumption of 0.5 l of "energy"
drinks per day, containing the maximum level of 320 mg/l,
caffeine intake would amount to 160 mg caffeine/day or 2.7
mg/kg bw/day for a 60 kg adult or 5.3 mg/kg bw/day for a 30
kg child.
A recent comprehensive survey in the UK
of the caffeine content of "energy" drinks and other
caffeine-containing products, such as cola drinks, tea,
coffee and chocolate products, has revealed a wide range of
caffeine concentrations in the respective product ranges.
6 Tea, coffee and chocolate drinks were made up
using standardised procedures. The caffeine contents of 32
cola drinks ranged from 33-213 mg/l. Twenty-six "energy"
drinks had a broad range of caffeine contents from 0.5-349
mg/l, but most contained over 110 mg/l, with a mean of 240
mg/l and a median of 293 mg/l. Tea infusions made from 14
samples of tea bags had caffeine contents ranging from
245-430 mg/l, while infusions made from 3 samples of loose
leaf tea ranged from 95-105 mg/l. Caffeine levels in 16
standard instant coffees were 210-340 mg/l, while 8 filter
and percolated coffees were 105-215 mg/l. Levels in 18
chocolate drinks ranged from 5.5-41 mg/l and levels in 6
chocolate bars ranged from 110-710 mg/kg. The UK survey did
not offer any estimates of caffeine intakes but pointed out
the need for data on the consumption of these
In its 1983 report on caffeine,
4 the Committee stated that for an average EEC
consumer, the intake from cola-type beverages ranged from
0.013 mg/kg bw/day to 0.48 mg/kg bw/day, while caffeine
exposure from all sources, including coffee, tea,
chocolate, etc, ranged from 2.4 mg/kg bw/day to 4.5 mg/kg
bw/day, averaging 3.5 mg/kg bw/day. Pregnant women were
estimated to have lower average exposures of 2.0 mg/kg
bw/day. More recent estimates of consumption of caffeine by
consumers are available for some European countries. In
Germany, a median value of 7.8 mg/kg bw/day was estimated
for adult coffee drinkers.
3 In Denmark the estimate for all consumers was
a mean of 7mg/kg bw/day, and for heavy consumers (90
th percentile) 14.9mg/kg bw.
5 In the UK, the mean intake for all consumers
was 4 mg/kg bw/day, and 7.5 mg/kg bw/day for heavy
consumers (90
th percentile).
5 Estimates of mean intakes in pregnant women
were slightly lower than for all consumers at 5.8 mg/kg
bw/day and 3.4 mg/kg bw/day in Denmark and the UK
Biological and toxicological information
The biological and toxicological
behaviour of caffeine has been studied in numerous animal
and human investigations. The evaluation which follows
updates those aspects of the Committee's earlier opinion
4 which are considered to be most relevant to
the consumption of caffeine in "energy" drinks, focusing on
pregnant women and children.
Caffeine exposure during pregnancy in
rodents is associated with intrauterine growth retardation,
increases in resorptions and malformations, particularly
facial clefts and ectrodactyly.
7 A recent 2-generation study in rats showed
reduced pup weights.
8 Low dose exposure during pregnancy in rats
caused only inconsistent post-weaning behavioural effects
in the offspring. Higher doses were associated with lower
birth weights and delayed physical development.
9-11 One study in primates has shown caffeine
exposure to be associated with increased still births,
miscarriages, reduced birth weight and impaired postnatal
performance in a behavioural task.
12 Some studies suggest caffeine is a
competitive inhibitor of benzodiazepine receptors at very
high doses and at low doses to have a selective affinity
for adenosine receptors, thus acting as an inhibitory
11 In general, the animal evidence indicates
that doses around 10-20 mg/kg bw/day may be minimal effect
levels for some effects such as behavioural changes and
reduced birth weight, while higher bolus doses of 50-80
mg/kg bw/day or more are required to elicit teratogenic
Contradictory results have been noted in
human studies on the effects of prenatal caffeine intake on
birth weight.
13-19 Some reviews attribute apparent effects of
caffeine on birth weight to the confounding effect of
smoking. No clear association has been established between
caffeine intake in early pregnancy and spontaneous abortion
14,19-23 or delayed conception.
14,24-29 Similarly there are no consistent
associations between prenatal caffeine exposure and
pre-term delivery
13,14,30,31 or congenital malformation.
13,14 A single, recent epidemiological study
showed an association between heavy caffeine intake in
pregnancy and sudden infant death syndrome.
32 In many of the human studies reviewed,
caffeine consumers have been sub-divided into low, moderate
and high consumers for analysis of data. In those studies
indicating effects on pregnancy outcome, the association
with caffeine was often confined to high consumers. In
general, maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy
does not appear to have any measurable adverse consequences
for the human foetus at intakes up to 300 mg/day.
Studies on prenatal caffeine exposure
have shown no consistent behavioural or cognitive effects
on children either at pre-school or school age. A long-term
follow-up study in children whose mothers were exposed to
150-200 mg caffeine/day during pregnancy found no clear
effects on mental development, psychomotor functions or
behaviour up to 7 years of age.
Caffeine appears in breast milk but has
not been detected in the urine of breast-fed infants even
when maternal caffeine consumption was high.
35 Studies on the effects of direct caffeine
consumption by pre-school and school children have given
variable results. In experimental studies in which single
doses up to 10 mg/kg bw have been given to children, either
no effect or small, inconsistent effects have been noted on
mood, behavioural, cognitive and motor functions, some of
which could be interpreted as beneficial.
35-42 Some of these studies indicated that a
dose of 5 mg/kg bw increased arousal, irritability,
nervousness or anxiety in some subjects, particularly if
they were normally low consumers of caffeine.
In addition to reproductive and
behavioural effects, the Committee has also considered
whether there might be an increased risk of cardiovascular
effects from caffeine alone or caffeine in combination with
other constituents, such as taurine, present in some types
of "energy" drinks, particularly if consumed rapidly during
or after intense exercise . The evidence from human
studies, which have included normal individuals at rest,
those undergoing intense exercise and those predisposed to
cardiac arrythmias, have not indicated risks from normal
intakes of caffeine alone. The possible effects from a
combination of taurine and caffeine have not been
A possible intake of 160 mg caffeine/day
from 0.5l of "energy" drinks containing the maximum level
of 320 mg caffeine/l could represent a significant
contribution to total daily caffeine intake. However, this
should be compared with possible intakes from other
caffeine-containing beverages such as tea or coffee, many
of which have caffeine contents in the range 100-400 mg/l.
Such a comparison suggests that overall daily intake of
caffeine is likely to be comparable, whether soft drinks
including "energy" drinks, or tea and coffee, or a mixture
of these, are selected, assuming that "energy" drinks
replace other sources of caffeine. In the light of this,
the contribution of "energy" drinks to overall caffeine
intake does not appear to be a matter of concern for
non-pregnant adults.
For children who do not normally consume
much tea or coffee, and who might substitute "energy"
drinks for cola or other soft drinks, consumption
of"energy" drinks might represent an increase in daily
caffeine exposure compared with their previous intake. For
example, consumption of 160 mg caffeine/day from 0.5l of
"energy" drink would be equivalent to 5.3 mg/kg bw/day for
a 10 year-old, 30 kg child. This could result in transient
behavioural changes, such as increased arousal,
irritability, nervousness or anxiety.
Risk assessment in relation to pregnancy
is more difficult. Most of the available epidemiological
data suggest there is no problem if total intake is below
300 mg caffeine/day. The question of possible effects on
pregnancy and the offspring at regular intakes above this
level remains open. This suggests that moderation of
caffeine intake, from whatever source, is advisable during
Taurine occurs naturally in food,
especially in seafood and meat. The mean daily intake from
omnivore diets was determined to be around 58 mg (range
from 9 to 372 mg) and to be low or negligible from a strict
vegan diet.
43 In another study taurine intake was estimated
to be generally less than 200 mg/day, even in individuals
eating a high meat diet.
44 According to another study, taurine
consumption was estimated to vary between 40 to 400 mg/day.
A submission from the Austrian National
Food Authority
1 included a list of the contents of 32 "energy"
drinks taken from a published review of drinks on the
Austrian market in 1996. Some "energy" drinks did not
contain any taurine. In those drinks in which taurine was
present and its concentration declared, one contained 300
mg/l, one 2000 mg/l, and 11 contained 4000 mg/l. From the
per capita intake of "energy" drinks averaged over a year
for regular consumers in Austria (see earlier),
2 intakes of taurine can be estimated to average
200 mg/day from "energy" drinks containing 4000 mg/l. Using
the Committees estimate of regular consumption of 0.5
l/day of "energy" drinks containing the highest level of
taurine, daily intake of taurine would be 2000 mg/day. This
is 5 times greater than the highest estimated intake of 400
mg/day from naturally occurring taurine in omnivore diets
and at least an order of magnitude above average dietary
Taurine is present in the diet and is a
normal metabolite in humans. It is a metabolic product of
sulphur amino acids, mainly biosynthesised from cysteine in
the liver. It participates in the formation of bile salts
and the detoxification of certain xenobiotics. It is
involved in a number of crucial physiological processes
including modulation of calcium flux and neuronal
excitability, osmoregulation, and membrane stabilisation.
46,47 However, the role of taurine in these
processes is not clearly understood and the influence of
high taurine doses on these processes is uncertain.
Human clinical studies show that the
oral intake of taurine can influence physiological
functions. For example, taurine (3 or 6 g/day) decreased
blood pressure in hypertension patients.
47,48 A similar effect was seen in animal models
of hypertension but the mechanism of action is unknown. A
substantial increase in the plasma concentration of growth
hormone was reported in some epileptic patients during
taurine tolerance testing (oral dose of 50 mg/kg bw/day),
suggesting a potential to stimulate the hypothalamus and to
modify neuroendocrine function, similar to that seen with
certain other amino acids, such as arginine and histidine.
49 The effect on growth hormone is probably
attributable to its known hypoglycaemic action. There is an
indication that taurine (2 g/day) has some function in the
maintenance and possibly in the induction of the psoriatic
The effects of an "energy" drink on
heart rate, plasma catecholamines, endurance time and other
parameters were investigated in male, exercising
51 The subjects consumed an original "energy"
drink containing taurine, glucuronolactone and caffeine
and, at different times, control drinks, one without
taurine and glucuronolactone and one without all three
ingredients. The authors concluded that the study showed a
positive effect of taurine-containing drinks on hormonal
responses which led to a higher performance. However, the
design of the study does not allow a distinction to be made
between effects caused by taurine, or by glucuronolactone,
or by both substances.
Toxicological studies did not reveal any
indication for a genotoxic, carcinogenic or teratogenic
potential of taurine.
52-64 However, there is no adequate study on
chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity. Investigation of
subacute/subchronic toxicity has also been fragmentary.
65-71 Overall, the available data are
insufficient to establish an upper safe level for daily
intake of taurine.
In a 6-week preliminary study in rats, a
decrease in body weight was observed at 2000 ppm taurine in
the diet. From this experiment, the dose causing a 10%
reduction in body weight was estimated to be 1500 ppm,
corresponding to 120 mg/kg bw/day.
54 The margin between this effect level and
possible daily intakes in regular adult consumers of
"energy" drinks (around 30 mg/kg b.w.) is small. Rats given
taurine intravenously for 13 weeks showed an increase in
water consumption at 1000 and 2000 mg/kg bw/day and
haemosiderin deposition in the lungs at 2000 mg/kg bw/day.
69 The authors conclude, that the maximum
no-effect dose was 500 mg/kg bw/day, while a group of
reviewers has argued that 1000 mg/kg bw/day, is the more
appropriate no-observed-adverse-effect level, because the
minor nature of the effect and the likely relation to the
osmotic activity of the test substance.
2 Administration of 0.4% taurine in drinking
water to guinea pigs for 2 weeks, corresponding to 462
mg/kg bw/day, led to fatty infiltration of the liver.
64 In a 2-week study with rats receiving 1%
taurine in drinking water (about 2.6 g/kg bw/day) changes
in neutral lipids, phospholipids and enzyme activities
related to lipid metabolism in liver microsomal membranes
were observed.
66 In neither study was a no-effect level
established. In other studies of longer duration,
parameters corresponding to those described above were not
Numerous publications describe special
effects of taurine in different animal models, e.g. on
behavior, blood pressure, serum glucose and serum
cholesterol. Taurine was mostly applied in doses of 1000
mg/kg bw/day and above to induce these effects, using the
oral route of administration. Intraperitoneal injection of
taurine, however, seems to influence behavioral parameters
at much lower doses. In one study, even a dose of 1.5 mg/kg
bw was reported to decrease psychomotor activity.
Animal experiments show that taurine
protects against many adverse effects induced by
xenobiotics. On the other hand, taurine also has the
capacity to enhance chemically induced toxicity, e.g.
taurine not only suppresses but also enhances lipid
peroxide formation in the liver induced by carbon
tetrachloride depending on the experimental conditions.
73,74 It should be noted that the combination of
taurine with caffeine has not been studied with respect to
any interactions.
The intake of taurine from regular
consumption of some taurine-containing "energy" drinks is
several times higher than that from the rest of the diet.
There is only limited information available either from
human or conventional animal studies for risk assessment of
taurine. There is a lack of scientific evidence to support
the safety of taurine present in beverages at
concentrations that may result in intakes several-fold
higher than that usually obtained from the rest of the
diet. Given the available information on involvement of
taurine in a number of key physiological processes,
together with the very limited data on possible adverse
effects of taurine in humans and laboratory animals and the
doses at which such effects were reported, the Committee
considers it likely that the margin between normal daily
intake of taurine from the diet (excluding consumption of
"energy" drinks) and an adverse effect level in humans may
be relatively small. At present, there is insufficient
information on which to set an upper safe level for daily
intake of taurine.
It may also be necessary to take into
consideration, that absorption of taurine from beverages
may be more rapid than from a food matrix. As, mentioned
earlier, potential interactions between taurine and
caffeine, both of which are present in several "energy"
drinks, have not been sufficiently investigated.
Against this background, the Committee
is unable to conclude that the safety-in-use of taurine in
the concentration range reported for taurine in "energy"
drinks has been adequately established. Further studies
would be required to establish an upper safe level for
daily intake of taurine.
A submission from the Austrian national
food authority
1 included a list of the contents of 32 "energy
drinks", taken from a published review of drinks on the
Austrian market in March 1996. Not all "energy" drinks
contain glucuronolactone. The stated concentrations in
those drinks containing glucuronolactone ranged from
2000-2400 mg/l. From the per capita intake of "energy"
drinks averaged over a year for regular consumers in
Austria (see earlier),
2 intakes of glucuronolactone can be estimated
to average 108 mg/day from "energy" drinks containing 2400
mg/l. This is equivalent to 1.8 and 3.6 mg/kg bw/day for
mean and 90
th percentile intakes of 60 kg persons.
2 Using the Committees assumption of regular
consumption of 0.5l/day, containing a maximum level of
glucuronolactone of 2400 mg/l, would give an intake of 1200
mg/day, or 20 mg/kg bw/day for a 60 kg adult or 40 mg/kg
bw/day for a 10 year-old, 30 kg child.
These estimates of intake from "energy"
drinks can be compared with estimates of intake of
glucuronolactone from other food sources. However, only a
small number of foods have been identified as containing
glucuronolactone and such comparisons should therefore be
treated with caution. In the USA, mean and 90
th percentile intakes from other food sources
have been estimated at 1.2 and 2.3 mg/day respectively
among those consuming glucuronolactone containing foods, of
which wine is the richest source (up to 20mg/l).
75 Based on this USA estimate, daily intake of
glucuronolactone by regular consumers of two 250ml cans of
energy drinks containing 2400 mg/l could exceed intake from
other food sources by up to 500-fold.
-lactone is a normal human metabolite
formed from glucose. At physiological pH, it is in
equilibrium with glucuronic acid, its immediate precursor.
Glucuronic acid occurs in plants, mainly in gums, but is in
polymeric combination with other carbohydrates so is not
readily bioavailable. Glucuronic acid is also an important
constituent of fibrous and connective tissues in all animals.
The available data
75 indicate that when glucuronolactone is
administered orally to humans it is rapidly absorbed,
metabolised and excreted as glucaric acid, xylitol and
L-xylulose. Animals, such as rodents, which can synthesise
vitamin C endogenously do so from glucuronic acid, either via
its conversion to gulonic acid or to glucuronolactone, and
hence to gulonolactone, then ascorbic acid. Such animals can
also convert exogenously administered glucuronolactone into
vitamin C. However, primates, including man, and guinea pigs
do not possess this metabolic pathway. For this reason, the
rodent may be an inappropriate model for man in the study of
the effects of glucuronolactone.
The available toxicity studies are
extremely limited. Acute toxicity studies have been carried
out in rat, mouse, dog, rabbit and cat by oral,
intravenous, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes.
76 It is of low acute toxicity, with the oral
route being the least toxic; LD50 values ranged from 940
mg/kg bodyweight following intravenous administration in
dog and rabbit, up to 10,700 mg/kg bodyweight and
>20,000 mg/kg bodyweight following oral administration
in rat and mouse respectively.
Glucuronolactone was administered to rats
in a study designed to test the hypothesis that, as an
inhibitor of
-glucuronidase, it would increase
longevity by increasing the rate of excretion of toxic
substances as glucuronides.
77 The hypothesis was based on the assumption that
-glucuronidase decreases the rate of
excretion of toxic substances by allowing enterohepatic
recirculation of aglycones split from glucuronides.
Administration of glucuronolactone in the drinking water at
127 mg/day, equivalent to around 295-330 mg/kg bodyweight to
rats from one year of age for the rest of their lifetime had
no effect on fluid intake, bodyweight, time of death, or
cause of death as determined by autopsy.
A study on glucuronolactone was carried
out in dogs to follow up on observations that xylitol is a
strong stimulator of insulin secretion in that species.
78 It was assumed that glucuronolactone would be
converted to xylitol since, in the body, it is
interconvertible with D-glucuronate which in turn is a
precursor of xylitol in the glucuronate-xylulose cycle. A
single intravenous injection of glucuronolactone at 400
mg/kg bodyweight caused only a slight increase in plasma
insulin and glucose concentrations, which was small
compared with the increase in plasma insulin elicited by
xylitol or glucose itself. The authors concluded that
glucuronolactone was either not converted to xylitol in
dogs to any appreciable extent, or was metabolised in
tissues other than the pancreatic islets, or was diverted
to another metabolic pathway, such as formation of ascorbic
acid. D-glucuronate is not a good stimulator of insulin
release in rat pancreatic islets either.
In a study of the antimutagenic activity
of lactones in
Escherichia coli, glucuronolactone was reported to
be not mutagenic to
E.coli strains WP2 and WP2s. Unlike some other
lactones, it had no antimutagenic activity against two
other established mutagens (4NQO and MNNG).
A study on male endurance-athletes of
the effects of an "energy" drink containing
glucuronolactone, taurine and caffeine, which does not
allow the effects of the three components to be evaluated
separately, has already been mentioned earlier in the
discussion on taurine.
Glucuronolactone has also been used in
long-term therapy of chronic carriers of the typhoid organism
because of its ability to inhibit viral and bacterial
-glucuronidase. It was stated that
administration of between one and a few grams per day did not
give rise to problems.
Human metabolic considerations indicate
the body is likely to handle small quantities of
glucuronolactone without any problems. However, the intake
of glucuronolactone from consumption of some "energy"
drinks is possibly as much as two orders of magnitude
greater than that from the rest of the diet. There is very
little information available for risk assessment of
glucuronolactone at such intakes. While there is no
indication from the available data that there is any risk
to health from consumption of high amounts of
glucuronolactone, there is a lack of scientific evidence to
support the safety of glucuronolactone present in beverages
at concentrations that may result in intakes as much as two
orders of magnitude greater than that obtained from the
rest of the diet. As was the case with taurine, there is
insufficient information on which to set an upper safe
level for daily intake of glucuronolactone.
The Committee notes that the only study
using chronic administration has been carried out in the
rat and that rodents are known to metabolise
glucuronolactone differently from man. Rodents may thus not
be an appropriate model. There are no studies in mammalian
species that include administration of high doses of
glucuronolactone to growing animals. Knowledge of the
influence, if any, of high doses of glucuronolactone on
blood glucose homeostasis and metabolic pathways involving
glucose would also be relevant for risk assessment in
relation to children and diabetics.
Against this background, the Committee
is unable to conclude that the safety-in-use of
glucuronolactone in the concentration range reported for
glucuronolactone in "energy" drinks has been adequately
established. Further studies would be required to establish
an upper safe level for daily intake of
Overall conclusions
"Energy" drinks are not traditional food
products and contain some constituents, such as taurine and
glucuronolactone, which, while not unique to these
products, are present in much higher concentrations in
"energy" drinks than are found in other food products
and/or natural foods.
This opinion covers only the safety
considerations for three constituents present in some
"energy" drinks, caffeine, taurine and glucuronolactone. In
the absence of comprehensive information about consumption
patterns in Member States, and in particular a lack of
information about maximum intakes among regular consumers,
the Committee has based its considerations on an assumption
that regular consumers of "energy" drinks might reasonably
consume 0.5l/day and that some of these consumers may
regularly select products containing the highest amounts of
caffeine, taurine or glucuronolactone reported to be
present in drinks on the market.
For caffeine, comparison of
concentrations in "energy" drinks with concentrations
present in other caffeine containing beverages such as tea
and coffee suggest that overall daily intake of caffeine is
likely to be comparable, whether soft drinks including
"energy" drinks, or tea and coffee, or a mixture of these,
are selected, based on the assumption that "energy" drinks
replace other sources of caffeine. Under these
circumstances, the Committee considers that the
contribution of "energy" drinks to overall caffeine intake
is not a matter of concern for non-pregnant adults.
For children who do not normally consume
much tea or coffee, and who might substitute "energy"
drinks for cola or other soft drinks, consumption
of"energy" drinks might represent an increase in daily
caffeine exposure compared with their previous intake. The
Committee considers that this could result in transient
behavioural changes, such as increased arousal,
irritability, nervousness or anxiety.
Risk assessment of caffeine in relation
to pregnancy is more difficult. While intakes up to
300mg/day appear to be safe, the question of possible
effects on pregnancy and the offspring at regular intakes
above 300mg/day remains open. This suggests that moderation
of caffeine intake, from whatever source, is advisable
during pregnancy.
The Committee notes that the possible
interactions of constituents of "energy" drinks have not
been well studied and considers that the possible
interactions between caffeine, taurine and alcohol may
warrant investigation in humans, particularly under
conditions of exercise and consequent dehydration through
sweating .
For taurine and glucuronolactone, the
Committee is unable to conclude that the safety-in-use of
taurine and glucuronolactone in the concentration ranges
reported for these constituents in "energy" drinks has been
adequately established. Further studies would be required
to establish upper safe levels for daily intake of taurine
and glucuronolactone.
1. Evaluation of the Potential Risks to
Health from "Energy Drinks": Background Information.
Unpublished submission to the European Commission compiled
from information submitted by Member States.
CS/PLEN/ENDRINKS/1 + Addendum. 2 December 1996.
2. Scientific Documents for the Evaluation
of the Harmlessness of Red Bull
Energy Drink. Unpublished submission to
the European Commission by Red Bull
GmbH, Austria. CS/PLEN/ENDRINKS/2. January
3. An evaluation of the health aspects of
caffeine as a food ingredient. Unpublished submission to the
European Commission by Red Bull
GmbH, Austria. CS/PLEN/ENDRINKS/3. May12
4. Scientific Committee for Food (1983).
Report of the Scientific Committee for Food on Caffeine.
Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food (Fourteenth
Series). Commission of the European Communities,
5. Barone JJ and Roberts HR (1996)
Caffeine consumption. Food Chemical Toxicology
34, 119-129.
6.Joint Food Safety and Standards Group
(1998). Survey of caffeine and other methylxanthines in
energy drinks and other caffeine-containing products
(updated). Food Surveillance Information Sheet No.144,
March 1998 (No.103 revised). MAFF, London.
7. Purves D and Sullivan FM (1993).
Reproductive effects of caffeine. In: Caffeine, Coffee and
Health. Ed: S Garratini. Raven Press, New York. Pp.
8. National Toxicology Program (1996).
Reproductive toxicity of caffeine administered by gavage to
Sprague-Dawley rats. NIEHS Report RACB 94006.
9. Sobotka TJ, Spaid SL and Brodie RE
(1979). Neurobehavioural teratology of caffeine exposure in
rats. Neurotoxicology
1, 403.
10. Istvan J, Matarazzo JD (1984).
Tobacco, alcohol and caffeine use: a review of their
inter-relationships. Psychological Bulletin
95, 301-326.
11. Nehlig A and Debry G (1994). Effects
on the newborn of chronic coffee consumption by the mother.
In Coffee and Health. Ed: G Debry. J Libbey & Co Ltd,
England. Pp. 441-462.
12. Gilbert SG, Rice DC, Reuhl KR and
Stavric B (1988). Adverse pregnancy outcome in the monkey
after chronic caffeine exposure. Pharmacology and
Experimental Therapeutics
245, 1048.
13. Leviton A (1988). Caffeine
consumption and the risk of reproductive hazards. Journal
of Reproductive Medicine
33, 175-178.
14. Leviton A (1993). Coffee, caffeine
and reproductive hazards in humans. In: Caffeine, Coffee
and Health. Ed: S Garratini. Raven Press, New York. Pp.
15. Godel JC, Pabst HF, Hodges PE,
Johnson KE, Froese GJ and Joffres MR (1992). Smoking and
caffeine and alcohol intake during pregnancy in a northern
population: effect on fetal growth. Canadian Medical
Association Journal
147, 181-188.
16. Spinillo A, Capuzzo E, Nicola SE,
Colonna L, Egbe TO and Zara C (1994). Factors potentiating
the smoking-related risk of fetal growth retardation.
British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
101, 954-958.
17. Sho XO, Hatch MC, Mills J, Clemens
J, Susser M (1995). Maternal smoking, alcohol drinking,
caffeine consumption and fetal growth: results from a
prospective study. Epidemiology
6, 115-120.
18. Cook DG, Peacock JL, Feyerabend C,
Carey IM, Jarvis MJ, Anderson HR and Bland JM (1996).
Relation of caffeine intake and blood caffeine
concentration during pregnancy to fetal growth: prospective
population based study. British Medical Journal
313, 1358-1362.
19. Leviton A (1995). Does coffee
consumption increase the risk of reproductive adversities?
Journal of the American Medical Womens Association
50, 20-22.
20. Kline J, Levin B, Silverman J,
Kinney A Stein Z, Susser M and Warburton D (1991). Caffeine
and spontaneous abortion of known karyotype. Epidemiology
2, 409-417.
21. Mills JL, Holmes LB, Aarons JH,
Simpson JL, Brown ZA, Jovanovic-Peterson LG, Conley MR,
Graubard BI, Knopp RH and Metzger BE (1993). Moderate
caffeine use and the risk of spontaneous abortion and
intrauterine growth retardation. Journal of the American
Medical Association
269, 593-597.
22. Dominguez-Rojas V, de Juanes Pardo
JR, Astasio-Arbiza P, Ortega-Molina P and
Gordillo-Florienco E (1994). Spontaneous abortion in a
hospital population: are tobacco and coffee intake risk
factors. European Journal of Epidemiology
10, 554-668.
23. Al Ansari LA and Babay ZA (1994).
Risk factors for spontaneous abortion. A preliminary study
on Saudi women. Journal of the Royal Society of Heath
114, 188-193.
24. Christianseon RE, Oechsli FW and van
den Berg BJ (21989). Caffeinated beverages and decreased
fertility. Lancet
1, 378.
25. Golding J (1995). Reproduction and
caffeine consumption. Early Human Development
43, 1-14.
26. Stanton CK and Gray RH (1995).
Effects of caffeine consumption on delayed conception.
American Journal of Epidemiology
142, 1322-1329.
27. Florack EI, Zeilhuis GA and Rolland
R (21994). Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and
caffeine intake and fecundability. Preventive Medicine
23, 175-180.
28. Alderete E, Eskenazi B, Scholtz R
(1995). Effect of cigarette smoking and coffee drinking on
time of conception. Epidemiology
6, 403-408.
29. Joesoef MR, Beral V, Rolfs RT, Aral
SO and Cramer DW (1990). Are caffeinated beverages risk
factors for delayed conception. Lancet
335, 136-137.
30. Pastore LM, Savitz DA (1995).
Case-control study of caffeinated beverages and preterm
delivery. American Journal of Epidemiology
141, 61-69.
31. Peacock JL, Bland JM and Anderson HR
(1995). Preterm delivery: effects of socio-economic
factors, psychological stress, smoking, alcohol, and
caffeine. British Medical Journal 311, 531-535.
32. Ford RPK, Schluter PJ, Mitchell EA,
Taylor BJ, Scragg R, Stewart AW and the New Zealand Cot
Death Study Group. Heavy caffeine intake in pregnancy and
sudden infant death syndrome. Archives of the Diseases of
78, 9-13, 1998.
33. Barr HM, Streissguth AP, Darby BL
and Sampson PD (1990). Prenatal exposure to alcohol,
caffeine, tobacco and aspirin: effects on fine and gross
motor performance in 4-year old children. Developmental
26, 339-348.
34. Barr HM and Streissguth AP (1991).
Caffeine use during pregnancy and child outcome: a 7-year
prospective study. Neurotoxicology and Teratology
13, 441-448.
35. Leviton A (1992) Behavioural
correlates of caffeine consumption by children. Clinics in
31, 742-750.
36. Elkins RN, Rapoport JL, Zahn TP,
Buchsbaum MS, Weingartner H, Kopin IJ, Langer D and Johnson
C (1981). Acute effects of caffeine in normal prepubertal
boys. American Journal of Psychology
138, 178-183.
37. Rapoport JL, Elkins R, Neims A, Zahn
T and Berg CJ (1981). Behavioural and autonomic effects of
caffeine in normal boys. Developmental Pharmacology and
3, 74-82.
38. Rapoport JL, Berg CJ, Ismond DR,
Zahn TP and Neims A (1984). Behavioural effects of caffeine
in children. Archives of General Psychiatry
41, 1073-1079.
39. Zahn TP and Rapoport JL (1987).
Acute autonomic nervous system effects of caffeine in
prepubertal boys. Psychopharmacology
91, 40-44.
40. Baer RA (1987). Effects of caffeine
on classroom behaviour, sustained attention, and a memory
task in preschool children. Journal of Applied Behavioural
20, 225-234.
41. Bernstein GA, Carroll ME, Crosby RD,
Perwien AR, Go FS and Benowitz NL (1994). Caffeine effects
on learning, performance, and anxiety in normal school-age
children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and
Adolescent Pschology
33, 407-415.
42. Stein MA, Krasowski M, Leventhal BL,
Phillips W and Bender BG (1996). Behavioural and cognitive
effects of methylxanthines a meta-analysis of
theophylline and caffeine. Archives of Pediatric and
Adolescent Medicine
150, 284-288.
43. Rana SK and Sanders TAB (1986).
Taurine concentrations in the diet, plasma, urine and
breast milk of vegans compared with omnivores. British
Journal of Nutrition
56, 17-27.
44. Laidlaw SA, Grosvenor M, Kopple JD
(1990). The taurine content of common foodstuffs. Journal
of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 14, 183-188.
45. Hayes KC and Trautwein EA (1994).
Modern nutrition in health and disease. In: Taurine. Lea
& Febiger. Pp477-485.
46. Huxtable RJ (1992). Physiological
actions of taurine. Physiological Reviews
72, 101-163.
47. Kendler BS (1989). Taurine: an
overview of its role in preventive medicine. Preventive
18, 79-100.
48. Yamori Y, Nara Y, Ikeda K and
Mizushima S (1996). Is taurine a preventive nutritional
factor of cardiovascular diseases or just a biological
marker of nutrition? In: Taurine 2. Basic and Clinical
Aspects. Advances in Experimental Biology and Medicine.
Plenum Press, New York. Vol 403, 623-629.
49. Mantovani J and DeVivo DC (1979).
Effects of taurine on seizures and growth hormone release
in epileptic patients. Archives of Neurology
36, 672-674.
50. Roe DA (1966). Taurine intolerance
on psoriasis. Journal of Investigative Dermatology
46, 420-430.
51. Geiss K-R, Jester I, Falke W, Hamm M
and Wang K-L (1994). The effect of a taurine containing
drink on performance in 10 endurance-athletes. Amino Acids
7, 45-56.
52. Takahashi H, Mori T, Fujihira E,
Nakazawa M (1972). Long-term feeding of taurine in rats.
6, 529-534.
53. Lubec B, Hoeger H, Kremser K, Amann
G, Koller DY and Gialamas J (1996). Decreased tumor
incidence and increased survival by one year oral low dose
arginine supplementation in the mouse. Life Sciences
58, 2317-2325.
54. Reddy BS, Rao CV, Rivenson A and
Kelloff G (1993). Chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis
by organosulfur compounds. Cancer Research
53, 3493-3498.
55. Dawson jr R, Eppler B, Patterson TA,
Shih D and Liu S (1996). The effects of taurine in a rodent
model of ageing. In: Advances in Experimental Medicine and
Biology. Taurine 2. Plenum Press vol 403, 37-50.
56. Takahashi H, Kaneda S, Fukuda K,
Fujihira E and Nakazawa M (1972). Studies on the teratology
and three generation reproduction of taurine in mice.
6, 535-540.
57. Sturman JA and Messing JM (1992).
High dietary taurine effects on feline tissue taurine
concentrations and reproductive performance. Journal of
122, 82-88.
58. Sturman JA and Messing JM (1992).
High dietary taurine and feline reproduction. In: Taurine.
Nutritional Value and Mechanisms of Action. Plenum Press
Vol 315, 91-98.
59. Sturman JA (1993). Taurine in
development. Physiological Reviews
73, 119-147.
60. Friedman AL, Albright PW, Gusowski
N, Padilla M and Chesney RW (1983). Renal adaptation to
alteration in dietary amino acid intake. American
Physiological Society
245, 159-166.
61. Cozzi R, Ricordy R, Bartolini F,
Ramadori L, Perticone P and de Salvia R (1995). Taurine and
ellagic acid: two differently-acting natural antioxidants.
Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis
26, 248-254.
62. Yamada K, Lim BO, Nonaka M and
Sugano M (1993). Measurements of mutagenic and
antimutagenic activities of bile acids by rec-assay.
Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry
57, 599-602.
63. Dietrich MF, Laidlaw SA, Vargas HI,
Lamtenzan MP, Kopple JD and Block JB (1988). Role of
taurine (T) in modulation of mutagenesis of oxidative
mutagens. Proceedings of American Association of Cancer
29, 128.
64. Ordaz-Téllez MG and Ramos-Morales P
(1997). The sulfured aminoacid taurine increased
dimethylnitrosamines genotoxicity in somatic cells of
Drosophila melanogaster. Environmental and Molecular
29, Supplement 28, 39.
65. Cantafora A, Mantovani A, Masella R,
Mechelli L and Alvaro D (1986). Effect of taurine
administration on liver lipids in guinea pig. Experientia
42, 407-408.
66. Cantafora A, Yan CC, Sun Y and
Masella R (1994). Effects of taurine on microsomal enzyme
activities involved in liver lipid metabolism of wistar
rats. In: Taurine in Health and Disease. Plenum Press Vol
359, 99-110.
67. Bankson DD and Russell RM (1988).
Protein energy malnutrition and taurine supplementation:
effects on vitamin A nutritional status and
electroretinogram of young rats. Journal of Nutrition
118, 23-32.
68. Masuda M, Horisaka K and Koeda T
(1984). Role of taurine in neutrophil function. Nippon
Yakurigaku Zasshi
84, 283-292.
69. Furukawa S, Katto M, Kouyama H,
Nishida I, Kikumori M, Taniguchi Y, Toda T and Araki H
(1991). Repeated dose toxicity study of intravenous
treatment with taurine for 13 weeks and recovery test for 5
weeks in rat. Japanese Pharmacology and Therapeutics
19, 275-306.
70. Nishizawa Y, Yamamuro H, Nishida I,
Kikumori M, Taniguchi Y, Toda T and Araki H (1991).
Repeated dose toxicity study of intravenous treatment with
taurine for 13 weeks and recovery test for 5 weeks in dog.
Japanese Pharmacology and Therapeutics
19, 307-333.
71. Fujihira E, Takahashi H and Nakazawa
M (1970). Effect of long-term feeding of taurine in
hereditary hyperglycemic obese mice. Chemical and
Pharmaceutical Bulletin
18, 1636-1642.
72. Baskin SI, Hinkamp DL, Marquis WJ
and Tilson HA (1974). Effects of taurine on psychomotor
activity in the rat. Neuropharmacology 13, 591-594.
73. Nakashima T, Takino T and Kuriyama K
(1983). Therapeutic and prophylactic effects of taurine
administration on experimental liver injury. In: Sulfur
Amino Acids: Biochemical and Clinical Aspects. Alan R. Liss
Inc. Vol
125, 449-459.
74. Timbrell JA, Seabra V and Waterfield
CJ (1995). The
in vivo and
in vitro protective properties of taurine. General
26, 453-462.
Check j title
75. The Evaluation of the Health Aspects
of D-glucurono-
-lactone as a Food Ingredient. Prepared by
Arendt Fox Kintner Plotkin and Kahn, Washington DC, USA, for
Red Bull GmbH, Austria. November 8, 1996.
76. Register of Toxic Effects of
Chemicals 1996.
77. Ahrens RA, Douglass LW, Flynn MM and
Ward GM (1987). Lack of effect of dietary supplements of
glucuronic acid and glucuronolactone on longevity of the
rat. Nutrition Research
7, 683-688.
78. Kuzuya T, Kanazawa Y, Kikuchi M and
Ide T (1973). Effects of D-glucuronolactone,
L-gulonolactone and pentitols on insulin secretion in dogs.
Endocrinol Jap
20, 369-374.
79. Montague W and Taylor KW (1968).
Pentitols and insulin release by isolated rat islets of
Langerhans. Biochemical Journal
109, 333-339.
80. Kuroda M, Yoshida D and Mizusaki S
(1986). Bio-antimutagenic effect of lactones on chemical
mutagenesis. Agriculture Biology and Chemistry
50, 243-245.
81. Köhler V and Schmid W (1980). Die
Behandlung gesunder Salmonellen-Dauerausscheider (
Enteritis typhi Salm.) mit
Glukuronsäure-Gamma-Lakton. Therapiewoche
30, 2831-2833.
- [


text:
Women's Faculty Development Caucus
The Women's Caucus was founded in 1989 as a professional development and mentoring program to help women advance their career and assume leadership positions. The co-founders were Debra H. Fiser, MD and Teresita Angtuaco, MD, Professor of Radiology. Both are previous winners of the Outstanding Woman Faculty Award.
Our professional development efforts have resulted in an expanding organization that addresses the needs of all UAMS faculty members. We provide leadership training, mentoring/advising, faculty handbook publications, faculty development, and networking opportunities. The Caucus Committees, lead by rotating chairs and co-chairs, are pathways to leadership and provide the energy and effort behind WFDC activities. If you are interested in serving on a committee, let us know.
The Caucus Officers are elected every two years from Executive Committee membership. They lead and guide the collective work of the Caucus Committees. The officers attend and advise the WFDC Executive Committee which consists of past presidents and committee co-chairs. If you want to serve on a committee, please contact one of the officers or Brenda Burks (501-526-4685).
|Laura Sisterhen, M.D.
|Molly Gathright, M.D.
|Susan Barr, M.D.
|Jill Fussell, M.D.
AAMC GWIMS Representitive
If you need help finding us, send an e-mail containing your Facebook Profile Name to Emily Freeman, and she'll send you a friend request from the UAMS WFDC account.


text:
This is my boyfriend's first embroidery piece, I am so proud of him. Outlined in a backstitch for the black portion, he later moved onto using a satin stitch.
Boyfriend's perspective: "I don't know what she's talking about with the stitch thing. I just poked holes in it and makeded the string go through in pretty lines."


text:
- Home
- News
- Club
- Fanzone
- Team
- Fixtures
- Community
- Commercial
- Lottery
- Match Centre
- Tickets
- Shop
SAINTS grabbed their third win on the spin with a fine 34-16 win over Hull KR at the Stobart Stadium.
James Roby was the star of the performance - having a hand in four tries - with a supporting cast of a very hungry Saints around him.
He laid on three tries in eight minutes to cancel out Rovers' opener - Sia Soliola and Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook (2) benefitting - before Ade Gardner blasted through the line from distance to feed Paul Wellens.
Jamie Foster finished off a fine set to increase the lead further and James Graham latched on to another of 'that man's' passes to score.
Hull KR battled to find a way through and did cross through Jake Webster and Kris Welham late on.
But Saints were too far ahead and deserved the comprehensive win.
Saints were largely unchanged from last week's win over Bradford with Gary Wheeler coming in for the injured Francis Meli and Tommy Makinson appearing on the bench for the second time this season.
A special guard of honour welcomed captain James Graham on to the field for his 200th appearance for the Saints but it was Rovers who had the early pressure.
On the back of a penalty, the ball went through the middle but Blake Green's kick came, thankfully, to nothing.
Moments later a massive high kick from Jonny Lomax caused mayhem in Hull's defence - but they survived - then Lomax broke through and fed Tony Puletua who knocked on as he went to ground the ball.
Chances were few and far between in the opening 10 minutes and that was an opening Saints should have punished.
And Hull made them pay as Kris Welham crossed seconds later with Craig Hall converting.
Saints hit back almost immediately in the simplest of ways. Roby at acting half back found Sia Soliola on a good line and he crashed over. Foster levelling it up.
On 21 minutes, it was the same script, different scorer. Roby with the pass and Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook with the four-pointer.
Foster with the two points.
And moments later, Robes provided the pass for 'LMS' to do it again. Foster three from three.
With five minutes to go, Saints forced a drop out but couldn't find a way through the line - but they did moments later. Hull cleared the ball on the last, Gardner returned it with interest, broke through the line and Paul Wellens was backing up.
Foster too good with the boot once more to give Saints a 24-6 lead at half time.
Hull made changes in the second half with Welham in at full-back for Briscoe, Latus onto the wing and Webster in at centre.
And it seemed to work with Blake Green hitting a massive 40:20 early to put Rovers in scoring range.
Hull then grabbed another set on Saints' line - and a drop out - but Simmons' men defended like their lives depended on it.
From weathering the storm, Saints then came again - down the field from within their own half - and some never say die attack saw Jamie Foster go in.
James Graham then capped off his stellar match with an archetypical bulldozing plunge from Roby's pass. Foster with his fifth.
Hull KR pulled one back through Jake Webster - goaled by Hall off the touchline - before Kris Welham rounded off the evening's entertainment.
A good win for Saints with Lomax and Roby outstanding.
Match Summary:
Tries: Soliola, McCarthy-Scarsbrook (2), Wellens, Foster, Graham
Goals: Foster (5 from 6)
Hull KR:
Tries: Welham, Webster
Goals: Hall (2 from 2)
Saints: 10
Hull KR: 4
REF: Ben Thaler
1. Paul Wellens; 2. Ade Gardner, 3. Michael Shenton, 17. Gary Wheeler, 22. Jamie Foster; 25. Lee Gaskell, 20. Jonny Lomax; 8. Josh Perry, 9. James Roby, 10. James Graham, 13. Chris Flannery, 4. Sia Soliola, 11. Tony Puletua.
Subs: 14. Scott Moore, 15. Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook, 18. Matty Ashurst, 28. Tommy Makinson.
Hull KR:
1. Shaun Briscoe; 2. Peter Fox, 19. Craig Hall, 3. Kris Welham, 4. Jake Webster; 6. Blake Green, 13. Scott Murrell; 10. Joel Clinton, 18. Josh Hodgson, 14. Liam Watts, 23. Willie Mason, 12. Ben Galea, 16. Jason Netherton.
Subs: 8. Rhys Lovegrove, 9. Ben Fisher, 21. Sam Latus, 22. Scott Taylor.


text:
Tuck: 2014 NFL Draft Wide Receiver Rankings
The 2014 draft is much better for skill position players than 2013. ?While there were some electric receivers in last year's draft, this year the crop is more polished, explosive, and diverse. ?In other words, fantasy football players will be taking note of where these guys get picked.
1. Mike Evans, Texas A&M-?He has the best set of hands in this draft. ?He is a huge target, both tall and muscular. ?His speed and quickness are deceptive. ?He averaged more than 7 ?1/2 yards after the catch last season because he is difficult to take down and has a nice stiff-arm. ?His route-running will need some work, but his body positioning and ability to locate the ball at it's highest point and snatch it are unequaled in this class. ?Comparisons you'll hear a lot of: Vincent Jackson and Brandon Marshall.
2. Kelvin Benjamin, FSU-?His size makes him the ideal down-field and redzone target for a NFL team. ?His hands are a little shaky, but his big-play ability is obvious. ?At this point he is a less polished version of Alshon Jeffery.
3. Sammy Watkins, Clemson-?His burst is unparalleled. He gets to top speed as fast as anyone I've seen. ?He has excellent hands. My worry/wonder: more than half of his catches were off of screens. ?I could see him as a perfect fit in an offense like the Steelers, but what else can he do and what are his limits? ?His natural abilities are too much to ignore. ?Reminds me physically of Torrey Smith, but he has much better hands.
4. Odell Beckham Jr, LSU-?This dude is smooth. ?His routes are precise and he glides around the field. ?Terrific hands catcher of the football. ?Kind of a combination of Eagles WR's DeSean Jackson and Jeremy Maclin.
5. Jarvis Landry, LSU-?Smart, aggressive player who attacks the ball in the air. ?Good route runner. ?I kind of see Victor Cruz when watch him play because his suddeness with the ball and toughness inside the hashes.
6. DeVante Adams, Fresno State-?Guy just tore up the MWC. ?Fair to question the competition, but he demolished it. ?Reminds me of Jordy Nelson with his deep speed/size.
7.?Jordan Matthews, Vanderbilt-?Extremely productive playing on mostly an inferior team in a superior conference. ?He is Jerry Rice's cousin, so that doesn't hurt. ?He's only an average athlete (I hope we aren't underestimating him like his cousin), but does everything well. ?More physically imposing than he's given credit for. ?Compares favorably to Michael Crabtree.
8. Marqise Lee, USC-?Coming off a terrible season where injuries hindered him. ?I love his speed and acceleration in and out of cuts. ?Athletically, he'll stand apart. ?I question his hands (dropped over 12% of his targets), his tackle-breaking ability, and can he stay healthy? ?He could be Greg Jennings (at his best) or I fear he could be Ted Ginn-like.
9. Brandin Cooks, Oregon State-?He's not quite Tavon Austin as far as explosiveness is concerned, but he's a better receiver at this point. ?He gets open and gobbles up passes. ?He's the ideal slot receiver because of quickness in and out of routes, reliable hands, and toughness (has never missed a game).
10. Mike Davis, Texas-?He is very fast. ?Decent size and good route runner. ?He doubles as a returner and has better than advertised hands. ?Will challenge teams vertically with speed, but also plays the football well in the air, and is elusive after the catch. Think of a player like Nate Washington or Brian Hartline.


text:
The PETIT FAMILY FOUNDATION exists because of a tragedy: the senseless murders of a mother, JENNIFER LYNN HAWKE-PETIT with multiple sclerosis, and her two daughters, HAYLEY ELIZABETH PETIT, 17, a recent graduate of Miss Porter's School preparing for her freshman year at Dartmouth College, and MICHAELA ROSE PETIT, 11, a rising 6th grader at Chase Collegiate School. William A. Petit, Jr., husband and father, escaped the basement to seek help with his feet still bound after being beaten with a baseball bat. At the public memorial service graciously hosted by Central Connecticut State University in New Britain, CT, Dr. Petit asked those gathered to "help a neighbor, fight for a cause, and love your family" to honor the memories of his family and make the world a little bit better place to live.
This dreadful event prompted a flood of generosity, literally from around the world. It was felt that one, central fund could help streamline the donations that were pouring in and allow the family to direct those funds to the causes that they felt would best represent the interests and the example of the Petit women. Appropriate papers were filed with the state and the IRS by Joseph Meaney, Michael Ziebka, and Ronald Bucchi in 2007. By March 14, 2008, the IRS had granted the Petit Family Foundation full 501c (3) status.
From the outset, scores of people have volunteered to help, from the close friends who helped set up the Foundation (PFF), to the friends who ran the first golf tournament in October 2007 and raised over a $100,000 dollars, to the Heslin Brothers who organized the first GE 5k Petit Family Foundation Road Race in July 2008. Thousands donated a dollar, $5 and more; others had whiffle ball tournaments, or accepted donations to the Foundation in lieu of wedding gifts, and many others have donated their time, talent and treasure. The gifts of Cronin & Company were donated to design the distinctive PFF logo of the three doves, a mother bird enveloping the two younger birds in her wing in a heart shape.
Additional funds established include scholarships at Cheshire Academy (in honor of JENNIFER), Miss Porter's School (in honor of HAYLEY), and Chase Collegiate School (in honor of MICHAELA, KK), and an annual award at Cheshire Academy in JENNIFER's honor for a student distinguished by helping others and having matured the most over four years. Neighbors and friends, as well as strangers, created gardens at the site of the former Petit home at 300 Sorghum Mill Drive in Cheshire; the Loureiro Engineering Associates built a gazebo in Norton Park in Plainville for all in town can visit, to sit and reflect in memory of the Petit women. Sharon General Hospital, where JENNIFER trained as a nurse, has begun a scholarship in her name; the CT Nurses Foundation is attempting to do the same. Cheshire Academy has created a garden surrounding the Richardson Health Center on the grounds of the Academy, and a private memory garden and patio at the Petit Family home in Plainville in honor and memory of JENNIFER, HAYLEY, and MICHAELA is now in place, thanks to great work done by Old Farms Landscaping of Granby, CT. A well-established fund at the National Multiple Sclerosis Society—Connecticut Chapter, the Hayley's Hope and Michaela's Miracle MS Memorial Fund, which is designated to provide scholarships to students with MS or whose parents have MS and to fund family and caregiver education and respite type programs. A Hayley and Michaela Petit MS Youth Award has also been established.
It is our hope, the PETIT FAMILY FOUNDATION goal, that we continue to raise and distribute funds to fulfill our mission to help educate young people especially those with interests in science, to help support those with chronic illnesses, and to help protect those affected by violence. We have all seen the many great things which have been inspired by the lives and memory of JENNIFER, HAYLEY, and MICHAELA PETIT, which enable us in turn to follow their example to help more and more people each year. This is a tall order, and we look to all who care to help us attain these goals.
Sun, tba, 2017 - info
Follow us on Social Media!
Sep 25 - Photos--Ride for Justice by Mark Maglio
Aug 29 - Petit Family Foundation grants $15K to Community Mental Health Affiliates
Aug 15 - Bristol: 7th Annual "Ride for Justice" to benefit the Petit Family Foundation
Aug 4 - Parenting classes begin Aug. 16
Jul 29 - Teens help disabled toddlers find the 'Power to Move' by putting them in the driver's seat
Jul 27 - Photos—GE 5k Road Race
Jul 21 - Video—Cruisin' Connecticut
Jul 18 - Photo—Recent Photos
Jul 18 - Video—Tech it out - CCSU
Jul 17 - GE 5K for Petit Family Foundation attracts over 1,000 runners
Jul 17 - Runners Flock to Annual GE 5K Petit Family Foundation Road Race
Jul 6 - Road race for Petit Family Foundation returns
Jun 28 - How One Museum Is Inspiring Young Girls to Pursue STEM
Jun 27 - Plainville gearing up for annual GE road race for the Petit foundation
Jun 24 - Fairfield students earn National MS Society scholarships
Jun 23 - Fairfield students earn National MS Society scholarships
Jun 23 - GIFT OF $248,000 LAUNCHES PETIT FAMILY FOUNDATION WOMEN IN GENOMICS INITIATIVE AT THE JACKSON LABORATORY
Jun 23 - Petit Foundation Gives $248,000 To Support Women In Science
Jun 22 - Video—GE/EW 5K Road Race PSA - WFSB
Jun 22 - The Petit Family Foundation proudly supports Prudence Crandall Center, Inc.
Jun 21 - PFF Golf Tournament
Jun 20 - Video—PFF Golf Tournament - WFSB
Jun 13 - Photos—Grace Academy rising 8th graders at Copper Beech Institute
Jun 9 - Hayley's Hope & Michaela's Miracle MS Scholarship Awards
Jun 8 - ACE recognizes top students with ice cream social
Jun 7 - Photos—Rotary Scholarship Award Winners
Jun 7 - Photos—Michaela's Garden, Walnut Hill Park New Britain with Lincoln School Kids
Jun 6 - Plainville students awarded community service scholarships
Jun 5 - Board of education honors leadership of 2 Plainville students
Jun 4 - Photos—Michaela's Garden, Plainville Public Library Dedication
Jun 2 - Photos—PFF Be The Change Community Service Awards, Plainville HS and Cheshire HS
The latest photos & videos are here
RECENT GRANTSJane Doe No More
Women & Families Center
Central Connecticut State University Foundation
Community Mental Health Affiliates, Inc.(CMHA)
Northern Connecticut Black Nurses Association(NCBNA)
Charlotte Hungerford Hospital Center for Youth and Families
Girls Inc. of Holyoke
© 2012 Petit Family Foundation. Make a Donation | Major Donors | News | Links | Contact | Terms | Site Map
Petit Family Foundation, P.O. Box 310, Plainville, CT, 06062-0310, (860) 479-1436


text:
- Listen Live
- About
- Support
- On-Air
- Music
- Prayer
- Events
SOS Radio
Come celebrate an International event of Love the weekend before Valentine's day with live music by Christian recording artist SHAWN MCDONALD, and his hit songs, "Gravity" and "Beautiful" and many other special and multi-cultural performances!
Enjoy appearances with MISS UTAH-USA, MISS UNITED NATIONS, MISS ASIA-UTAH, MISS AFRICA-UTAH, MISS IMAGEN, and MISS UN CONTESTANTS in a fashion show with traditional costumes from all over the world! NFL 2x Pro-Bowler, LUTHER ELLISS, will be our keynote guest speaker. KIM JOHNSON, news anchor for ABC Channel 4, will also Co-MC our event!
**Cash Bar available
**Child Care Provided (Toddlers & up please)
**This is a family friendly event
Price: $40 Pre-Sale, $50 at the door
Service, Police & Firemen: $20 (dress uniforms encouraged)
Gospel supergroup Blackwood Legacy does not take its heritage lightly, but does, however, enjoy putting on a light-hearted, stellar concert experience night after night.
With an all-star personnel line-up, this thirteen-year-old ministry is carrying on the work of the late Cecil Blackwood, and the singing tradition of the original Blackwood Brothers Quartet - arguably the most famous name in Gospel music history. Headed up by Gospel Music Hall of Fame member Rick Price, a former member of the Blackwood Brothers Quartet, this group puts forth a dynamic concert experience that mixes phenomenal spiritual music with testimony and comedy.
FREE Concert
4295 N. Rancho Dr.
Las Vegas, NV 89130
Three bands Jonathan Thulin, Shine Bright Baby, Loftland.
Contemporary christian concert.Food will be served in makers way cafe 4370 West Cheyenne Ave N. Las Vegas 89032
The New Beginnings Apostolic Church at 373 South State Street (Lakeside Plaza), Clearfield, Utah, will be hosting a concert for our community. Come and join us as we give thanks to Jesus our Messiah! The evening will be filled with singing and fellowship as we embrace the birth of our Lord. There will be crafts for the children, along with cookies and hot chocolate for all after the concert.
Come join us in song as we give thanks to Jesus our Messiah! There will be crafts for children, along with cookies and hot chocolate for all after the concert.
Join the CCLM body for a free concert with Christafari
Proclaiming an uncompromising message of Hope & Salvation.
Get a preview as Christafari leads us in worship at the Sunday morning services
Sunday, January 26
6:00 to 8:00pm
Calvary Chapel Lone Mountain
4295 N. Rancho Dr.
Las Vegas, NV 89130
Join the body of CCLM for a free concert with Christafari
to proclaim an uncompromising message of Hope & Salvation.
Get a preview as Christafari leads us in worship at the Sunday morning services.
Sunday, January 26
6:00 to 8:00pm
Calvary Chapel Lone Mountain
4295 N. Rancho Dr.
Las Vegas, NV 89130
"TOBYMAC 'HITS DEEP TOUR' FEATURING MATTHEW WEST, BRANDON HEATH, MANDISA AND MATT MAHER MAKES A STOP IN MISSOULA, MT (Missoula, MT)
GRAMMY® Award-winning artist TobyMac is reprising his hugely successful HITS DEEP TOUR, expanding the fall run to include dates in multiple cities in early 2014.
The tour includes a stop at the Adams Center in Missoula, MT on Tuesday, February 18 at 7 p.m. The HITS DEEP TOUR will feature a multi-artist lineup showcasing some of the best-loved songs performed by TobyMac and some of the biggest and brightest artists in Christian music – including Matthew West, Brandon Heath, Mandisa, Matt Maher and newcomers Capital Kings.
Phil Wickham is coming to Vegas for a night of amazing praise music! The concert is FREE to the Public so come and bring your friends and family to worship our God!
Concert is held at
Calvary Chapel Spring Valley
7175 W. Oquendo Rd.
Las Vegas, NV 89113


text:
The 2011 NBA playoffs have gotten off to a fantastic start.
We've already witnessed some early-round heroics from the likes of Derrick Rose, Chris Paul and Dwight Howard, but nothing quite like the great moments of the past.
It was what they did in the playoffs that made legends of Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, Magic Johnson and... Ron Artest?
So, without further ado, here are the top 25 moments in NBA playoff history.


text:
Emergency Physician
18699 State Hwy 56
Richland Center, WI 53581 Phone number & directions
Richland Center, WI 53581 Phone number & directions
License & Identifications
A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
Learn more about Dr. Eduardo Bermudez:
View the full profile to get information on:
- Qualifications
- What's important to you
View full profile
Patient Reviews
Have you visited Dr. Bermudez? Share your experience.
Write a Review
Write a Review
Education & Awards
Home > Find an Emergency Physicians > WI > Richland Center Emergency Physicians > Dr. Eduardo Bermudez, MD
Similar doctors nearby
Dr. Jerel Berres
Emergency Medicine
35 years experience
Richland Center, WI
Dr. Gert Hasselhof
Emergency Medicine
24 years experience
Muscoda, WI
Dr. Anthony Macasaet
Emergency Medicine
17 years experience
Viroqua, WI
Dr. Yvonne Brault
Emergency Medicine
22 years experience
Viroqua, WI
Dr. Rey Farne
Emergency Medicine
50 years experience
Mauston, WI
- Additional Information
- Dr. Eduardo Renan Bermudez MD is a male Emergency Medicine Specialist and practices in Emergency Medicine.
- Where does Dr. Eduardo R. Bermudez practice?
- Dr. Eduardo Bermudez has 1 office location.
Dr. Eduardo Bermudez practices Emergency Medicine near Richland Center, WI.
See Richland Center Emergency Physicians.


text:
Top Definition
v. to put little effort into manufacturing an expensive item.
The indifferent artist really crosshaired that poster: took him ten minutes on photoshop and he sold them for $50 each!
gillyfishによって 2010年10月22日(金)
Trending Now
Can you define these popular missing words?
a person who tries to defend a shooter (in basketball) that is onfire but fails to stop him. No matter what defense the person does, the shooter just keeps making baskets.
Bruce defended Steve very tightly however Steve was on a roll that Bruce was just a crosshair for that game.
elbiによって 2008年04月15日(火)
Two rabbits crossed one over the top of the other.
The secret region of lost pirates - the gay region, where they have a pink flag with two white crosshairs and a white skull.
Daveによって 2003年10月14日(火)


text:
Grand Theft Auto V
- Boards
- Grand Theft Auto V
- Release day for GTA V 9-17-2013
HoosierGuy88 4 years ago#81
blacklabelice 4 years ago#82
as if cancelling your preorder is going to effect anybody else. oh what a tragedy. may as well just not buy it if it rustles up your jimmies that much. that way on september 17th when everybody is playing their game and enjoying it, you guys can still keep coming around here telling us not to buy the game because of how butthurt you still are over the release being pushed back to guarantee a better quality product.
but we all know youll be buying the game anyways, so what does it matter? continue being butthurt you babies. its the friggin end of the world! boo hoo.
art_of_the_kill 4 years ago#83
Let's face it. The people saying that they're cancelling their preorders are still going to get the game when it releases. They might even preorder again when the game is closer to release. You aren't fooling anyone guys.
"You've lost this argument!"
--- John Marston while lassoing/hogtying someone. Favorite quote this gen.
blacklabelice 4 years ago#84
they like to feel important. their way of sticking it to the man is to cancel their preorder, but you know they will buy it anyways if a simple release setback makes them so angry. they obviously want the game bad enough for them to get this upset and nerd rage about it.
the common sense is rather lacking. cancelling preorders? boycotting a game and not playing it simply because you couldnt play it when you wanted to? what kind of difference is that going to make? the worst case scenario: one less preorder for gamestop to order. one extra game on the shelf on release day for everybody else to grab. Wow thats really gonna hit rockstar below the belt.
this is just silly. people get so mad over a video game. back in the day gaming was about fun and entertainment.
PenMarkedHand 4 years ago#85
when i read the release date on my news feed, i was shocked. i was like, wait what. Read it a few times i couldn't comprehend it.
Then i opened the article read delayed and felt a little sad.
I left a nasty comment on FB but that is all. Im good now. Not even mad. i can wait.
Thats what you get when you let your legs die! Woah!!!
TRC187 posted...
GTA IV all over again who would have figured? GTA Iv shows off gameplay including functional carnival rides to press only to be removed after delay like many of the cutting edge features Rockstar promised.
Fast Forward to GTA V.....
Yeah I said it! What 'cha need ta do, is get back
to reading credits.
Screenshot everything Rockstar promised in the GI article, GU and other media are the same fools that brain dead fanboys on GTA V features cut from the final game.
Did you miss what I just said? Screenshot all the Rockstar "confirmed features" in the GI article, I'll be here to say I told you again ROFL
If you find it hard to laugh at yourself, I would be happy to do it for you.
VandelayInc 4 years ago#87
now i have more time to work on my massive backlog. im ok with this ;))))
I have a feeling it's got something to do with next gen xbox.
PepeSilvia906 4 years ago#89
crispyo posted...
I have a feeling it's got something to do with next gen xbox.
No it doesn't.
XBL Gamertag: The Wereodile
Wow, lots of babies in this topic .
Yes, it blows that it has been delayed. Hell, this game is what my summer was planned around outside of my trip to AnimeExpo. I won't get anywhere near the amount of time playing it in Sept or Oct as I would have in June and July due to school. I will be too busy making lesson plans and grading papers to really play GTAV all that much.
However, Rockstar is the only company I trust these days, and if they needed to delay it until Sept, then they had a good reason.
GLaDOS 2012 - At least she admits the cake is a lie.
- Boards
- Grand Theft Auto V
- Release day for GTA V 9-17-2013
Report Message
Terms of Use Violations:
Etiquette Issues:
Add user to Ignore List after reporting