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Argumentative Essay Is Homework Helpful Roccat Kone Gaming Mouse – A Closer Look
Do My Computer Science Homework On first impressions the Kone doesn't look much different from most other gaming mice – an ergonomic shape and some coloured lighting effects to enhance its appearance. When you grip the mouse, however, you notice the smooth rubber finish, used almost exclusively which not only looks and feels good but also provides extra grip for more precise cursor control.
The plastics used seem to be of a generally high quality and the glossy strips down the sides and centre add to the aesthetic appearance of the mouse, breaking up the otherwise uniform rubber-paint finish. On the downside, the glossy strips easily attract fingerprints and soon show up marks and scratches.
http://inshuckch.com/pro-and-con-research-paper/ Pro And Con Research Paper It is noticeable that ROCCAT have designed the Kone ergonomically to make it appropriate for both palm and claw grip gaming styles as it not only fit your palm perfectly but also has a slight alcove for your thumb which improves grip.
http://fionadalwood.com/dental-hygiene-personal-statement/ Dental Hygiene Personal Statement The left and right buttons have a good action and are slightly stiffer than those of many other gaming mice. I personally find this favourable as it also makes them more responsive to multiple clicks, especially when using a single-shot weapon in various first person shooters. I did however find that the mouse-wheel lacked friction so wasn't as accurate for switching between weapons and items.
Dissertation On A Roast Pig There are five different lighting zones – the ROCCAT logo on the back of the mouse and the glossy strips either side of the left and right mouse buttons. Each area is independently configurable to one of 38 different shades of various colours to suit your preference. With the lights turned off, the Kone is very subtle in appearance but with the lighting turned on, this completely changes. The lighting is in no way over the top, it just extenuates the curves and wow-factor of the mouse.
The USB connector lacks a gold plating which I would expect of a gaming mouse of this type and the cable lacks a durable braided finish like many other gaming mice. These are only minor issues however which don't detract from the gaming performance of the mouse.
Master39s Thesis In Special Education The weights system allows you to add between 5 to20 grams of mass through removable cartridges which can easily be added to, or removed from, the bottom of the mouse. Without a mass installed the Kone weighs in at 118g and, after trying all of the masses, I found the 5g one to be preferable for my personal style of gaming.
http://www.accionjoven.cl/dissertation-sur-la-3eme-republique/ Dissertation Sur La 3eme Republique


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Almost a quarter into the season, the Raptors are winning and much of their success has to do with their gritty point guard.
As banged up as he is right now, Kobe is still fun to watch.
Phil Jackson needs to be careful about what he says because Mike Krzyzewski has ears everywhere.
Having Michael Jordan give up on you after after one year is tough to swallow, but Lance Stephenson sees the opportunity in Los Angeles.
The injury to Max Pacioretty means general manager Marc Bergevin might need to get himself more goal scoring insurance. Just in case…
Patrick Kane is back from his late season injury and has powered the Blackhawks to their 3rd straight West finals appearance.
Milan Lucic was penalized late in Thursdays game for a hit on Alexei Emelin and tookl his frustrations out by signaling to the fans in Montreal.
Entering the final season at Nassau Coliseum, there might not be a better team to root for than the New York Islanders.
With his early season suspension behind him, Martavis Bryant is giving new meaning to the word "threat" for the Pittsburgh Steelers.
Examining the Patriots players set to hit the open market. What can we expect from the team?
It's time the NFL get over the fact that Marshawn Lynch prefers to shy away from the media. He's not bothering nobody.
Following his third straight 11-5 season, Andrew Luck now has his sights on his first Super Bowl appearance. The Patriots will have their hands full this weekend and they know it.
The Padres are getting Matt Kemp following a bounce back season, and they're getting him at a discount.
The Miami Marlins opened their vault to slugger Giancarlo Stanton on Monday, signing the 25-year-old to a 13-year,
The mystery of Tim Lincecum continues as manager Bruce Bochy hasn't confirmed whether or not he'll use the 2-time Cy Young winner in the Giants upcoming series versus the Kansas City Royals.
Three of the leagues top 5 highest teams in terms of payroll were eliminated from the postseason this past week.
After only three games played with at least 10 rushing attempts, the St. Louis Rams have themselves the best running back in the league.


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Soft top installation
I just recently purchased a 2006 Rubicon. It came with the full metal doors and hard top already installed. It also came with the half doors, upper part of the doors and the factory soft top. I was planning on taking the hard top off tomorrow and installing the half doors and soft top on. As I am researching how to install the soft top, I noticed there are some parts I wasn't given. The door surrounds, mucket seals, top bow brackets and any knobs. I think I am also missing part of the retainer bar set up as I just have the one main big piece. I am missing the two smaller pieces. Is it possible that any of these are installed underneath the hard top? How easy is it to get any of these parts around town, besides at a dealer, if not installed?
Here are the parts I was given: The half metal doors with upper half doors, all window pieces, the main soft top with the bows and the main retainer bar.
Thanks for the help on this!
I believe you're going to need a few more parts. Definitely the door surrounds and from the sounds of it the rear window retainer bar. Might need a few other odds and ends.
If I leave the full metal doors on can I skip having to buy the door surrounds for now? They are expensive. Sheesh.
Nope you'll need them with the full metal doors too. They hold the front of your side windows. Check craigslist or eBay for the door surrounds. You can find them cheaper.
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cute, amy. love your new mantel!:)
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Monitoring & Testing Companies in Illinois
Current filtering criteriaYou can remove a filter by clicking on the x
C.P. Environmental Inc (CPE)
based in Romeoville, ILLINOIS (USA)
C.P. Environmental (CPE) is a leader in dry filtration service solutions for industrial baghouse/dust collector systems in North America. C.P. Environmental (CPE) has been proudly serving the pollution control industry since 1972. CPE is a leading full-service provider of baghouse services & products including baghouse maintenance services, replacement bags and parts, ...
Birkey`s Farm Store, Inc.
based in Champaign, ILLINOIS (USA)
Birkey's has been in business since 1954 with a focus on serving the agricultural & construction communities. We serve the Illinois communities of Annawan, Bloomington, Galesburg, Gibson City, Henry, Hoopeston, Macomb, Mattoon, Oakland, Polo, Prophetstown, Urbana, and Williamsport, Indiana. Birkey's also operates four Case Construction Equipment dealerships. Birkey's ...
PoopBags.com, Inc.
based in ILLINOIS (USA)
Poop Bags are the Green-N-Easy way to dispose of your pet`s waste.
Macurco Gas Detection - Macurco is a trademark of Aerionics, Inc.
Distributor in Wheeling, ILLINOIS (USA)
Headquartered in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, Aerionics, Inc. manufactures the Macurco portable and fixed gas detection product line. Aerionics strives to provide the highest quality gas detection, safety and security solutions to customers worldwide. The Macurco product line offers gas detection equipment for residential, commercial and industrial applications. There ...
Midwest Industrial Supply, Inc.
Office in Morton, ILLINOIS (USA)
Midwest lives in, manufactures for, and delivers Earth-conscious solutions around the world to clients in the quarry, mining, construction, iron/steel, rail/mass transit and dozens of other industries whose success depends on overcoming dust, erosion, ice, or unstable soil conditions.
G&W Electric Company
based in Bolingbrook, ILLINOIS (USA)
G&W Electric has been a global supplier of electric power equipment since 1905. Our product offerings include overhead and underground distribution switches, Lazer® Automation solutions, reclosers, distribution and transmission cable accessories, and current limiting system protection devices. Our products are designed to the latest industry standards and backed by over ...
Coleman Cable Inc
based in Waukegan, ILLINOIS (USA)
Coleman Cable is a worldwide leader in the development, design, manufacture, marketing and distribution of wire and cable products. Offering a Broad range of Products, Innovative Solutions, Recognized Brands, and a Solid Service Platform with Dedicated, Professional people enables Coleman cable to create Customer Value. By combining a tradition of excellence and ...
Harger Lightning & Grounding
based in Grayslake, ILLINOIS (USA)
Harger has been providing solutions to the lightning protection and grounding industries. We have experience in all facets of these markets including engineering, systems design, product manufacturing and installation. Our engineering department provides design services for engineers and contractors domestically, as well as internationally. We strive to stay on the ...
Blue Ribbon Corp.
Office in ILLINOIS (USA)
Blue Ribbon began by becoming a direct distributor of gauges and thermometers to satisfy the needs of OEMs, which required high volumes of low cost quality products. Since that time, BR has grown into its own name brand of products with our main manufacturing facility producing Pressure Transmitters & Level Sensors. We have also partnered with other companies to design ...
Midwest Soil Remediation, Inc.
based in Lake Barrington, ILLINOIS (USA)
Midwest Soil Remediation, Inc. is one of the largest US contractors providing `On-Site` thermal treatment of contaminated soil. In operation since 1990, MSR has successfully completed over 100 mobile projects, treating nearly 1,000,000 tons of soil. We currently own and maintain 6 thermal systems ranging in capacity from 100 to 2,500 tons per day that can be rapidly ...
ACOEM (American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine)
based in Elk Grove Village, ILLINOIS (USA)
ACOEM (American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine) established in 1916 is an organization of physicians who champion the health and safety of workers, workplaces, and environments. Its mission is to provide leadership by educating health professionals and the public, stimulating research, enhancing the quality of practice, guiding public policy, and ...
DeLaval International AB
Office in Bannockburn, ILLINOIS (USA)
DeLaval has over 125 years of innovation and experience in the dairy business, supporting dairy farmers in managing their farms their way. Our Sustainable Dairy Farming initiative is contributing to the production of more quality food, for more people, with less impact on the environment. Our Smart Farming strategy aims at influencing and shaping the future of dairy ...
Performance Plus
based in ILLINOIS (USA)
Performance Plus provides directional drilling services (HDD) for the utility, industrial and energy industries. Our clients have included major oil, Utility and Communication companies. Performance Plus is located in Illinois and provides services throughout the Midwest and southeastern United States.
Office in Chicago, ILLINOIS (USA)
Mita-Teknik has been in the business of control automation since 1969, and in wind since the early 1980's. Since the beginning we have been a key contributor in developing the wind business to where it is today, delivering more than 48,000 high performance control systems for setups in demanding environments around the world. Following the same core values on which Holger ...
Clover Technologies Group
based in Hoffman Estates, ILLINOIS (USA)
Clover Technologies Group was founded in 1996. Clover is the global leader in providing resellers, mass merchants and value-added specialty suppliers with total environmental solutions including the recycling and remanufacturing of consumable imaging supplies. Clover is the world`s largest collector and recycler of cell phones, inkjet and laser cartridges. Our innovative ...
Able Electropolishing
based in Chicago, ILLINOIS (USA)
Able Electropolishing is the world`s largest electropolishing specialist. We`ve perfected the electropolishing of hundreds of alloys including 300 and 400 series stainless steels, nickel alloys, aluminum, copper and titanium to name a few. Though our technology plays a vital role in serving customers, the traditions of service and attention to quality are what make Able ...
Rezek, Henry, Meisenheimer and Gende, Inc. (RHMG)
based in Libertyville, ILLINOIS (USA)
Studies, designs, drawings and specifications, construction services for: water supply and distribution, wastewater collection and treatment, storm water conveyance and storage, industrial wastes, land development.
ComAp, LLC.
based in Roscoe, ILLINOIS (USA)
ComAp is a dynamic international company with a solid reputation for delivering innovative solutions to the power generation electronics market. By providing customers with advanced products, ComAp has built a name for delivering excellent reliability and good value. ComAp designs and manufactures gen-set and engine control and monitoring equipment, anti-knocking ...
EC2 Inc.
based in Woodstock, ILLINOIS (USA)
With over 40 years of combined experience in the Environmental, Construction, Facility, and Preventive Maintenance Activities, EC2, Inc. offers the highest quality professional services in the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and facilities management arena.
Fiskars Brands, Inc.
based in Peoria, ILLINOIS (USA)
Among the first sprinkler manufacturers in the United States. Nelson has been in the watering industry since 1911, After nearly a hundred years, we're still driving the industry with innovative products for lawns and gardens. Nelson is a brand that is driven by a spirit of constant, purposeful innovation. The oscillating sprinkler that adjusts to cover three different ...


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Male Tummy Tuck Q&A
Laproscopic + Male Tummy Tuck
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Laparoscopic Repair of Diastasis Recti? (photo)
I'm a 70-year-old man with diastasis recti. I'm interested in having it repaired but would need the surgery to be minimally invasive, as I'm anemic... READ MORE
I Have a Self Diagnosed Diastasis Recti. Now What?
28 year old male with a self diagnosed Diastasis Recti. I don't believe the exercises will work, but I'm not happy about the "tummy tuck" procedure... READ MORE
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My boyfriend had laparoscopic inguinal hernia surgery about one month ago and has been experiencing some swelling in the same area where the hernia... READ MORE
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Cancer Care
Infusion Center
The Infusion Center at Riverside Tappahannock Hospital adheres to the highest quality medical, educational, and patient care standards in healthcare. All of our nurses are certified in both chemotherapy and bio therapy.
There are many forms of cancer, but there is only one of you. That simple but very important understanding is the basis for our highly personalized approach to cancer care. We develop individualized treatment plans that factor in a range of medical, psychological, emotional and personal considerations.
Through our partnership with Virginia Cancer Institute, you have local access to nationally recognized cancer care, close to home. VCI was one of just seven practices chosen by the American Society of Clinical Oncology to set the national standards that all oncology and hematology practices follow. Together, we can offer you a full range of resources to get you an accurate diagnosis and the best possible plan of care and treatment.
Other Infusion Services
In addition to comprehensive oncology care, our infusion staff is trained to administer:
- Therapeutic phlebotomy
- Central line care and management such as PICC line flushing and dressing changes
- Hydration therapy
- IV therapies such as iron replacement, osteoporosis management, administering antibiotics, and rheumatoid arthritis management
- Blood transfusions
Surgical oncology procedures for cancer of the colon, breast, stomach, and thyroid
Pet Scanner
The Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is used for diagnosing certain types of cancer, seizure disorders and determining the extent of damage to the heart muscle after a heart attack. Unlike other tests such as CT scans and MRI, which shows anatomy and the structure of lesions, the PET scan shows the function of tumors or suspicious areas. Combined with CT or MRI, PET allows doctors to identify lesions and focus on suspicious areas and gives them the capability of diagnosing cancer at an earlier stage including melanoma, lymphoma, colorectal, esophageal, head and neck, and some forms of lung cancer. The PET scanner is not only used for diagnosing cancer and other diseases, but is also useful for determining the effectiveness of radiation and chemotherapy.
Physical Therapy/STAR Program (Riverside Therapy Group 804-443-6090)
Riverside Physical Therapy in Tappahannock and Warsaw are both certified STAR Program®providers. STAR, which stands for Survivorship Training and Rehabilitation, benefits cancer surviving patients throughout the Northern Neck and parts of the Middle Peninsula through physical, occupational and speech therapy.
This unique program provides a comprehensive, evidence-based approach to rehabilitation that can improve the lives of cancer survivors who are experiencing problems such as pain, fatigue, and loss of movement. Specialty caregivers from a pool of disciplines--including physicians, physical and occupational therapists, speech pathologists, dieticians, mental health professionals, etc.--will work together with each patient on a personalized rehabilitation plan to increase strength and energy, alleviate pain, and improve daily function and quality of life.
We are able to offer a wide range of diagnostic and testing to detect the causes of chest pain and discomfort. And the faster and more effectively a heart problem is diagnosed and treated, the more likely the use of medical treatment or less invasive surgical procedures. Through our partnership with Virginia Cardiovascular Specialists, you have local access to some of the most respected board-certified cardiologists in the region. Testing available on-site at our hospital includes:
- Echocardiograph
- Electrocardiography (EKG)
- Nuclear medicine
- Stress testing
- Permanent pacemaker implantations
- Holter monitors
Cardiopulmonary Respiratory Therapy Services
Services are provided to patients with chronic and acute disorders of the cardiopulmonary system. These services are rendered to all age groups, but the majority of patients come from the adult and elderly populations. Outpatient services provided include: EKGs, pulmonary function testing, pulse oximetry, arterial blood gas testing, holter monitoring.
Diagnostic Imaging Services
We are able to offer a wide variety of diagnostic imaging exams on an inpatient and outpatient basis. Our highly trained technologists are to perform ultrasound, digital mammography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) scans, diagnostic x-ray, fluoroscopy, nuclear medicines, echocardiography and non-invasive vascular imaging.
X-rays and CTs are performed 24 hours a day, seven days a week for inpatient and emergency services. The department is open for regular outpatient imaging from 8:00am to 4:00pm Monday through Friday.
Diagnostic Laboratory Services
The Riverside Tappahannock Hospital laboratory provides a comprehensive menu of diagnostic testing in the areas of hematology, chemistry, microbiology, coagulation, urinalysis, immunology, pathology, and blood banking with transfusion services. The lab is accredited by the American college of American Pathologists and staffed by certified laboratory professionals who are dedicated to delivering quality services to the hospital's inpatients as well as to local healthcare providers and their patients.
The laboratory conducts testing 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. The outpatient lab is open for routine specimen collection from 7am to 5:30pm Monday through Friday.
Emergency Services
(804) 443-6000
Emergencies happen. And when they do, the emergency department is there 24 hours and day, seven days a week. With highly trained physicians and staff and access to high-level diagnostic services and testing, we can quickly address serious or life threatening conditions.
Gastroenterology deals with the diagnosis and treatment of liver and digestive disorders as well as diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Services include colonoscopy, endoscopy, and treatments for acid reflux, Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and other liver and gastrointestinal issues.
Inpatient and outpatient procedures are performed at Riverside Tappahannock Hospital by board certified gastroenterologists and general surgeons.
Pill Cam
Capsule Endoscopy, commonly referred to as Pill Cam allows physicians to see the entire 21 feet of the small intestine. Pill Cam is a disposable miniature video camera concealed in a capsule the patient swallows, which then passes through the digestive tract. Pill Cam technology is currently available at Riverside Surgical Specialists. For more information, call (804) 443-6232.
A thin, flexible tube called an endoscope is inserted through the mouth and esophagus into the upper GI tract. It is used to view the interior of the stomach and small intestine to detect reflux, GERD or other abnormalities and obtain tissue samples for analysis.
A longer flexible tube is used to visualize the entire colon, remove polyps, and diagnose colon cancer.
Esophageal manometry measures pressure within the esophagus. Your doctor may recommend this test to determine if a swallowing problem is due to improperly working muscles in your esophagus.
General Surgery
Our surgeons and surgical teams are committed to providing exceptional, personalized and compassionate medical care to each surgical patient. Our highly trained and experienced surgeons are able to treat an array of conditions and diseases that impact your life:
- Colon and intestine surgeryLaparoscopic surgeries –including appendix, gallbladder and colonHernia repair
- Surgical treatment of hemorrhoids
- Placement of venous access devices for dialysis or chemotherapy
- Surgical treatment of GERD (gastro esophageal reflux disease)
The Medical-Surgical Unit at Riverside Tappahannock Hospital provides assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation and evaluation of acute and chronically ill patients and surgical patients. The Medical-Surgical Unit is capable of transitioning patients to and from the Intensive Care Unit, receiving post-operative patients for recovery and care, and providing around the clock care for acutely ill patients arriving from the Emergency Department.
The department also features patient care technology for continuous bedside monitoring, 24 hour cardiac telemetry monitoring, and electronic charting. Other services such as respiratory therapy, dietary and physical therapy work together with the unit to provide the best care and recovery.
Intensive Care
Intensive Care Unit (ICU) provides specialized nursing care to critically ill patients requiring continuous and comprehensive observation and monitoring. The unit is equipped with state-of-the-art telemedicine equipment allowing consultation from specialty physicians in distant locations.
Hospitalist Team
Hospitalists manage the care of patients during their hospital stay. Our experienced team of board-certified hospitalists work with the patient and their primary care physician or specialty physician to coordinate care until the patient is discharged. There are several advantages to having a hospitalist manage care:
- Hospitalists are generally internal medicine or family medicine physicians, or advanced practice providers who have acquired particular expertise in the evaluation and management of common medical conditions that lead to hospital admissions.
- Because hospitalists are on site around the clock, they are able to closely monitor a patient's condition and make treatment, testing, or medication adjustments quickly.
- Hospitalists are available to answer questions and communicate with the patient's family.
- When discharged, the hospitalist will coordinate care with the patient's primary care provider to ensure a seamless transition back to outpatient care.
Care managers help patients and their families make plans for discharge. This may include helping with nursing home placement, arranging for medical equipment for home use, planning home health care, or assisting with financial arrangements. Many of the tasks involved in relocating a patient require planning and scheduling, and we encourage individuals, their families and doctors to seek help as early as possible.
OphthalmologyOphthalmology is the branch of medicine that focuses on the anatomy, physiology and diseases of the eye. At Riverside Tappahannock Hospital, we have partnered with local ophthalmologists to keep your eyes healthy and clear. We are able to offer comprehensive eye care including outpatient cataract removal surgery.
At Riverside, we are dedicated to providing comprehensive and personalized orthopedic care from diagnosis and treatment through rehabilitation. Our goal is to get patients back to their everyday life quickly and with as little pain as possible.
Orthopedic capabilities at Riverside Tappahannock Hospital include treatment for bone, muscle and joint problems including:
- Fracture repair
- Arthroscopic joint repair of hips, knees and shoulders
- Total joint replacement of hips, knees and shoulders
Joint University is an educational program to help you understand the various aspects of your joint replacement procedure. The classroom style program lasts approximately two hours and covers the entire process including:
- The pre-operative appointment
- The day of your surgery
- Your hospital stay
- Your discharge and continued recovery-- evaluate your need for home recovery (walkers, canes, etc.) or home health services, which can include physical therapy
We will partner with you to meet the goals you hope to achieve, from the initial consultation with your surgeon, through recovery in the hospital and at home, and continued wellness.
Pain ManagementPersistent, chronic pain, if left untreated, can control almost every aspect of your life. Day to day tasks, work, recreation and emotional health are gravely affected for those who suffer from pain. Pain management is offered on an outpatient basis. We are able to offer a variety of innovative interventional treatment options designed to meet your pain control needs, which may include:
- Epidural steroid injections
- Trigger point injections
- Hip/knee/shoulder injections
- Radio frequency ablation
- Nerve blocks
- Facet blocks
Physical TherapyThe purpose of physical therapy is to restore function, relieve pain, promote healing and learn to adapt to a disability. The Physical Therapy Department provides services to individuals of all ages, focusing on patients 14 years and older. Conditions addressed include, but are not limited to:
- Orthopedic disorders
- Neurologic disorders (including stroke rehab)
- Wound care
- General rehabilitation
- Pain management
Pulmonology/Sleep Disorders
Pulmonologists are physicians who diagnose and treat disorders the affect the respiratory system. Some of the most common disorders are chest infections, pneumonia, asthma, tuberculosis and emphysema.
Some pulmonologists also specialize in sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea, which is difficulty breathing during sleep. At Riverside Tappahannock Hospital, our Sleep Disorders Center provides comprehensive evaluation and treatment options for people with a variety of sleep disorders. Our sleep lab, a hotel-like private room, allows for a thorough analysis of your sleep patterns by our sleep specialists, leading to a personalized treatment plan. Our Sleep Disorders Center offers inpatient and outpatient care under the direction of board certified physicians at Riverside Peninsula Pulmonary &Sleep Specialists in Newport News.
(800) 675-6368 Toll Free
It would be nice if we only needed medical attention from 9 to 5. Unfortunately, that is not always the case. What can you do when your child wakes up with an earache at four in the morning or you experience a persistent cough at midnight? Call Riverside Nurse, a free service of Riverside Health System available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. A registered nurse specially trained in telephone triage will answer your symptom-based question and, if needed, refer you to a physician for treatment. Riverside Nurse also provides general health information and Riverside physician and service referrals.
If you are inquiring about a health related problem, it is important for you to seek timely health care. Please consult a physician or if it is a life-threatening situation call 911 or your local emergency response system.
Our nurses can only triage patients who reside in our local Virginia service area which includes: Peninsula, Middle Peninsula, Northern Neck, Williamsburg and Isle of Wight areas. If you are outside our service area, please call your local physician or hospital.
Urologists treat disorders of the urinary tract in both men and women; adults and children. They are trained to diagnose and treat common urological disorders such as urinary incontinence, impotence, enlarged prostate, prostate cancer, and kidney stones. Both inpatient and outpatient urological care is performed at Riverside Tappahannock Hospital.
Mobile lithotripsy services are available at the hospital. Why kidney stones form in some people and not others is one of the mysteries of medical science. For most people, kidney stones begin as crystals that pass harmlessly from the body in the urine. But for others, these crystals stick together to form stones. Once they begin, the stones both stay in the kidney and continue growing or pass, causing excruciating pain.
Fortunately, those who suffer with kidney stones have new hope with lithotripsy. This technique uses high-pressure sound waves to shatter kidney stones into sand-like particles that can easily wash away through urine. For the patient, what once involved the risks and pain of major surgery can now be accomplished on an outpatient basis, with no overnight stay.


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Artist: The Whispertown 2000
Album: Swim
Genre: Rock
Ahh ooo, when you get the blues
Doo wah, na na na
Don't get caught with your hands in the pot
Slippin' sorrow lite it's made for you.
'Cause the cure I got's gonna hit the spot
Ahh ooo, the open plains, the open plains, the open plains.
Dee dee, let me be your girl
dooo lang,, doo lang, your head in a whirl
Gonna put you out with a stop drop and curl,
No, it's never gonna be the same.
And I lay down flat, like a doormat, to save your name.
No, there's nothin' I'd trade and there's no remakes, no way.
The open plains, the open plains, the open plains.
And I know there's gonna come a time when you walk away.
I'll curse the day, I'll curse the sun,
Tell everyone I'm done with love
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This is probably not what RIM executives wanted to read with their coffee this morning, but TechRepublic reports that both analysts and CIOs say that Apple's iPhone has now matched RIM's BlackBerry devices when it comes to enterprise security. As evidence, TechRepublic cites the latest research from Trend Micro showing the iPhone just behind BlackBerry in terms of total enterprise security protection. What's more, Trend Micro security research director Rik Ferguson says that Apple has steadily added new security features to the iPhone over the past several years and is now ready to start "taking on BBOS and RIM on their home turf." Read the full story at Boy Genius Report.
About Shelly Palmer
Named one of LinkedIn's Top 10 Voices in Technology, Shelly Palmer is President & CEO of Palmer Advanced Media, a strategic advisory and business development practice focused at the nexus of technology, media and marketing with a special emphasis on data science and data-driven decision making. He is Fox 5 New York's on-air tech and digital media expert and a regular commentator on CNBC and CNN. Follow @shellypalmer or visit shellypalmer.com or subscribe to our daily email http://ow.ly/WsHcb
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 22, 2011
|Priority date
|Feb 6, 2001
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|William Daniel Willey, Simon Blake-Wilson
|Original Assignee
|Certicom Corp.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Non-Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (3), Classifications (24), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/071,576 filed on Feb. 22, 2008, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/634,881 filed on Aug. 6, 2003 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,356,329 on Apr. 8, 2008, which is a continuation of PCT International Application No. PCT/CA02/00130 filed on Feb. 5, 2002 which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/266,481 filed on Feb. 6, 2001 all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to the field of cryptography and in particular to mobile devices in public key infrastructures.
The use of a Certificate Authority (CA) to distribute a public key of a public key/private key pair is well known. A CA distributes public keys by creating and issuing certificates, documents which bind identifying information about a user with the user's public key. Certificates also typically have information about the time period for which they are valid. The public key, the identifying information, the lifetime information, and other information such as a serial number are signed with the CA's private key. The lifetime information, the identifying information, the user's public key, and the signature together form the certificate. Once a user has been issued a certificate, it can be used by anyone who requires his public key; the user can present the certificate to another party or the certificate can be stored in a database and retrieved by the party requiring the certificate. Provided that the other users on the system have valid copies of the CA's public key, a user's public key can be validated by verifying the signature on the certificate with the CA's public key.
Several revocation methods exist to mitigate against the compromise of the private key of a public key/private key pair and to allow a user's authority to use a public key/private key pair to be taken away. One revocation method allows a certificate to be revoked. The CA may publish a certificate revocation list (CRL) containing the serial numbers of the revoked certificates and signed with the CA's private key; the validating party then downloads the CRL and verifies that a certificate is not in the CRL when validating the public key. Typically a CRL has a certain validity period and periodically new CRLs are generated. Another revocation method is to use an online certificate status protocol (OCSP) where the validating party communicates with a trusted online entity that confirms that a certificate has not been revoked. Yet a third revocation method is to use short-lived certificates. With this approach, a CA frequently issues a certificate with a short lifetime. A user retrieves his certificate from the CA after it is generated and presents the latest short-lived certificate to the validating party. If certification is to be revoked, the CA does not issue further short-lived certificates. Since the current certificate is short-lived, it will soon expire and it will no longer be possible to validate the public key using the certificate. The short-lived certificate makes it possible for the validating party to accept a certificate with no further checking.
Current revocation methods are not well suited to an environment where neither the presenter of a certificate nor the validating party has a constant connection to the CA or another online entity. An example of such an environment would be two wireless devices communicating solely with one another using Bluetooth wireless technology. For example, if CRLs are used, a device that needs to validate a certificate may be unable to download the appropriate CRL from the CA because it lacks a connection to the Internet. OCSP requires an online check that may not be possible. Short-lived certificates are promising in this environment in that they do not require an online check at the time the certificate is validated, but fetching a new short-lived certificate presents a problem when there is no connection to the CA.
It should be noted that checks of certificate revocation are not currently widely deployed in the wired internet. Server certificates sent to clients have been widely deployed, but client certificates sent to servers have not. As a web server is typically in a secure location and typically uses a costly secure hardware token for private key storage and signing, there is currently a certain degree of built-in security that lessens the need to check for certificate revocation. However for the scenario of one low-cost wireless device presenting a certificate to another low-cost wireless device, the ability to check for certificate revocation becomes more important. In this scenario, it may be too costly to use a secure hardware token and there is also less physical security because the devices may not be in a secure location.
An object of the present invention is to obviate or mitigate the above disadvantages and provide a method and apparatus to facilitate certificate revocation checks between two wireless devices where neither has a constant online connection.
In general terms the present invention provides a method of distributing certificates to mobile devices by establishing a mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) between a plurality of mobile devices at a predetermined time and distributing a certificate through said mobile ad-hoc network to a respective one of said mobile devices.
In a further aspect the present invention provides a method of distributing certificates in a mobile ad-hoc network having an access point to provide a connection to a communication network and a plurality of mobile devices to be connected to said communication network through said access point, said method comprising the steps of retrieving and storing at said access point certificates associated with respective ones of said devices and forwarding said certificates through said mobile ad-hoc network to said respective device.
In a still further aspect there is provided a method of distributing certificates within a mobile ad-hoc network wherein an online entity associated with a device is responsible for both distributing the device's certificate and for fetching other certificates needed to allow validation by another device in said network.
In a yet further aspect there is provided a method of securely setting a time source in a first device from a second device comprising the steps of: establishing a shared secret between the two devices using certificates; storing the shared secret in a non-volatile memory; a first of said devices authenticating a second of said devices using the shared secret; and transferring the time from the second device to the first device.
The invention also provides a method of validating wherein a certificate presented to a first device by a second device is used for the validation if the second device's certificate has not expired and wherein the first device uses the validation certificate fetched based upon a pointer presented by the second device if the second device's certificate has expired.
A still further aspect of the invention provides a method of distributing certificates wherein a first device cannot retrieve a certificate at a first time because there is no connectivity to the internet comprising the steps of: requesting assistance of other devices if the certificate has still not been received by a second time; having a second device of the other devices request the certificate on behalf of the first device when the second device has connectivity to the internet; having the second device reestablish communication with the first device; and sending the certificate from the second device to the first device.
In a preferred embodiment there is provided a method of providing certificate issuance and revocation checks involving mobile devices in a mobile ad-hoc network (MANET). The wireless devices communicate with each other via a wireless protocol, such as Bluetooth in the MANET, with an access point (AP) to provide connectivity to the Internet. A Certificate authority (CA) distributes certificates and certification revocation lists (CRLs) to the devices via the access point (AP). Each group of devices has the name of the group associated with the certificate and signed by the CA. A device that is out of the radio range of the access point may still connect to the CA to validate a certificate or download the appropriate CRL by having all the devices participate in the MANET.
These and other features of the preferred embodiments of the invention will become more apparent in the following detailed description in which reference is made to the appended drawings wherein:
Reference is first made to
Connectivity, between the nodes normally out of range of one another can be obtained by implementation of a routing protocol between the nodes. This connectivity permits multiple devices to be interconnected and have basis to establish empheral or short term networks of collections of mobile devices. These collections of devices are typically referred to as mobile ad-hoc networks or MANET's. The Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET) working group of the IETF is currently developing routing protocols to enable devices such as 110, 120, 130, 140, and 150 to form mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) through which they may communicate with one another. As shown in
Devices 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, and 150 all are part of a group of devices which can form an ad-hoc network with one another to provide an ad-hoc group indicated by chain dot line 160. Devices in the group 160 have certificates to enable them to authenticate each other and confirm they are part of a privileged group. Since devices 110, 120, 130, 140, and 150 have limited power sources, they may wish to avoid participation in ad-hoc networks with other devices that are not in the group. Devices 110, 120, 130, 140, and 150 may have the capability to participate in an ad-hoc network with one another, but if a device has no application that would make use of an ad-hoc network at a particular time, it may decline to participate because of the drain on its power source that participation would cause.
The Certificate Authority (CA) 50 is responsible for issuing short-lived certificates to the devices and for sending the short-lived certificates to the devices upon request. Since the validity of a certificate depends upon the current time, devices 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, and 150 all have accurate time sources that are always available for validating certificates. In a preferred embodiment, devices 100, 110, 120, 130, 140 and 150 are distinguished as members of an ad-hoc group by giving the group a name, making all of the devices aware of the group name, and including the name in the certificates signed by the CA. When the devices check a certificate for the purpose of authenticating a fellow ad-hoc group member they will verify that the certificate contains the group name.
In an alternate embodiment, the root key of the members' CA defines the membership of a group; all devices having certificates signed by the same CA's private key comprise a group.
Although the functions of issuing short-lived certificates to the devices and for sending the short-lived certificates to the devices are shown as being part of a traditional CA, it should be noted that equivalent functionality could be provided with the addition of an OCSP client. In this case, a CA would not issue short-lived certificates; the certificates issued by a CA would have a long validity period. The CA would act as an OCSP responder and upon request from the OCSP client would indicate whether or not a public key/private key pair is valid. Rather than having a CA issue short-lived certificates, the OCSP client would issue precomputed OCSP responses having the validity period as described for a short-lived certificate. The OCSP client would issue a precomputed OCSP response only if the CA indicates that the public key/private key pair is valid. Rather than fetching a short-lived certificate from a CA, a wireless device could fetch a precomputed OCSP response from an OCSP client. The full certificate issued by the CA could optionally be delivered to the wireless device along with the precomputed OCSP response. This possible use of a precomputed OCSP response rather than a short-lived certificate applies to all figures and descriptions.
If devices 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, and 150 were always in the configuration shown in
In order to mitigate the problems associated with the lack of a route to the CA when a device needs to fetch its short-lived certificate, all devices are required to participate in a MANET at the same time at periodic predetermined times, provided that other devices are within range. While the devices are participating in the MANET, they fetch their short-lived certificates. This time period during which a MANET is established for the purpose of updating certificates will be referred to as a MANET Establishment Period or MEP. By having all members active in the MANET at the same time, the probability that there will be a route to the CA is maximized. Preferably, the times for which the short-lived certificates are valid are related to the periodic predetermined times of the MEP. For example, the beginning of a short-lived certificate's validity period may correspond to the beginning time of a MEP. Similarly, the ending of a short-lived certificate's validity period may correspond to the end time of a MEP. Preferably, the validity period of a short-lived certificate will have a substantial overlap with subsequently issued short-lived certificates such that a device that has no route to the Internet during one MEP may continue using the short-lived certificate at least until a subsequent MEP as illustrated schematically in
Referring to
During the time period from 200 to 207, devices participate in a MANET for the purpose of fetching short-lived certificates, provided the other devices are within range. The time period from 200 to 207 is a MEP. The time periods from 210 to 217, 220 to 227, 230 to 237, 240 to 247, and 250 to 257 are all also MEPs. For purposes of discussion it can be assumed that the time between the start of each of these MEPs is 24 hours; e.g. the time between 200 and 210 is 24 hours. Assuming that these time periods are 20 minutes in length, then times 204, 214, 224, 234, 244, and 254 all represent midpoints in these time periods, dividing them into 10-minute halves.
The CA tracks which devices have received their updated short-lived certificates. This is accomplished by having the devices send acknowledgements to the CA when they have received their short-lived certificates. In order to prevent an attacker from faking an acknowledgement, the acknowledgements include a signature of the signature of the certificate, signed by the device's private key. The CA would only update the status if the signature were good, determined by a verification of the signature with the particular device's public key.
It can be assumed that at time 210, all of the devices have short-lived certificates with validity period 260. At time 210, devices 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, and 150 will all attempt to establish an ad-hoc network. Suppose that all devices except 140 and 150 are within range as shown in
After time 217, devices 140 and 150 are aware that they were unable to communicate with the CA 50 to fetch their short-lived certificates for time period 270. Because devices 140 and 150 do not have their most recent certificates, between time 217 and 220, devices 140 and 150 will continue to attempt to retrieve their certificates. As time progresses without a device having retrieved its short-lived certificate, it may take progressively more desperate measures to retrieve its certificate. After time 217, devices 140 and 150, if they are within range of an access point such as AP 100, should immediately connect in order to fetch their short-lived certificates from CA 50. Since it would consume more power from a device's power source, a progressively more desperate measure would be to participate in ad-hoc networks with other devices whenever possible; at a first time period after time 217 but before time 220, devices would take this progressively more desperate measure. Devices such as 140 and 150 may be multi-mode devices, including the capability to use a cellular packet data system such as cdma2000 packet data or GPRS packet data in addition to the short-range radio technology. The coverage of a cellular packet data system will typically be much greater than that of short-range radio technology. However, short-range radio technology typically uses an unlicensed band and is either free or very low-cost. For a dual-mode device, a progressively more desperate, and more expensive, measure to retrieve a short-lived certificate involves establishing a packet data call through the cellular packet data system for the purpose of retrieving a short-lived certificate. At a second time period after the first time period but before time 220, dual-mode devices would take this even more desperate measure to retrieve a short-lived certificate.
At time 220, devices 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, and 150 make another periodic attempt to establish a MANET for the purpose of fetching short-lived certificates. The establishment of the MAN ET during the time period from 220 to 224 represents a last opportunity of certificate retrieval for a device unable to fetch its short-lived certificate since time 210. After time 224, the CA 50 takes the progressively more desperate measure of distributing such a device's certificate to other devices that have established a route to the CA. Assume that by time 220 device 140 has returned to its position as shown in
After time 224, devices that are able to will send messages to CA 50 requesting up-to-date short-lived certificates. CA 50 will respond to each request by sending the requesting device's short-lived certificate. In addition, CA 50 will also send to each device requesting its own up-to-date short-lived certificate the short-lived certificate of devices that it has not marked as having a certificate that expires at the end of validity period 270 or later. Thus any device that was not able to retrieve its certificate since the previous MEP will have its certificate delivered to devices that are able to retrieve their certificates during the current MEP. At time 224 devices 110, 120, and 130 send requests to CA 50 for their most recent short-lived certificate. CA 50 responds to each with the device's certificate and also the certificate of device 150 since device 150 is not marked as having a certificate that expires at the end of validity period 270 or later. Since device 140 already received its up-to-date short-lived certificate between times 220 and 224, it need not receive the certificate again after time 224. Nevertheless, device 140 will send a request message to CA 50. CA 50 will respond with a short-lived certificate of device 150 (i.e. the short-lived certificate of devices that it has not marked as having a certificate that expires at the end of validity period 270 or later). The CA could also include the up-to-date short-lived certificate of device 140, but for bandwidth savings, it preferably would not since it had already been delivered.
Subsequently, during the time between 227 and 230, device 150 encounters device 130 and 120 and wishes to establish an ad-hoc network, but all of these devices are out-of-range of AP 100 or any other AP and so cannot establish a route to CA 50. Accordingly, either device 120 or 130 will be able to authenticate device 150, using its copy of a currently valid certificate for device 150. When device 150 interacts with either of these devices, it preferably receives and stores a copy of its up-to-date certificate from the other device. In this way, device 150 can present its certificate if it subsequently interacts with another device that was unable to receive the certificate during the time period from 224 to 227. It should be noted that even though device 150 has already received its certificate via another device, it should send an acknowledgement of this to CA 50 at any subsequent opportunity prior to time 234. This may be done via the establishment of an ad-hoc network with a route to CA or alternatively by interaction with an AP. The acknowledgement should include a signature of the certificate signed by 150's private key. If the CA receives this acknowledgement prior to time 234, it can avoid distributing 150's new certificate to other devices from time 234 to 237. After device 150 retrieves its certificate from the other device, the other device need not store the certificate any longer; it may free the memory resource. The device 150 also sends the same acknowledgement as sent to CA 50 to a device storing its certificate and the device would verify the signature in the acknowledgement before deleting the certificate from memory.
In the event that a large number of devices are unable to communicate with a CA for a long period of time, the number of other devices' certificates that the CA would be required to send to a device (and the number the device is required to store in its memory) could become large. This could happen, for example, if a large number of devices were turned off. In this case, some of the certificates could be excluded if either bandwidth or memory is a limitation. The CA could selectively exclude some devices' certificates from the ones sent to a particular device if bandwidth to the device is a problem. If memory in a device is the limitation, the device could choose not to store some of the certificates sent by the CA. If it becomes necessary to not send certificates or to not store certificates due to bandwidth or memory limitations, preference is preferably given to certificates of those devices that have communicated with the CA most recently. Certificates of the devices most recently in communication with the CA should be sent and stored rather than the certificates of the devices least recently in communication with the CA.
As described above,
In the above example, one might assume that the certificates being distributed had all certificate information one might expect in a certificate. It should be noted that for short-lived certificates most information remains the same when the certificate is updated. Since a list of certificates may be stored in multiple devices, saving memory is a concern and it may be preferable to use a short form of the information when updating short-lived certificates. The full certificate may be stored in the device, but the CA may distribute only the information that has changed—the timing information and the signature. The other information may be implicitly covered by the signature is the hash and signature from the CA. However, when presenting a certificate, a device would present the full certificate.
In the above example, all devices had the same CA and all had embedded root keys of the same CA. In some situations it may be desirable to have devices with different CAs authenticate each other, as shown in
Wireless devices 300, 310, 320, 340, and 350 contain radios that can communicate with one another using a common air interface such as the Bluetooth radio specification or one of the IEEE 802.11 physical layer specifications. In addition to a wireless interface, the AP 300 has connectivity to the internet 10. Nodes 110, 120, 140, and 150 have no direct connectivity to the internet. The radio in each wireless device has a limited range. The range of AP 300 is represented by circle 307 having radius 304. Nodes 310 (D1), 320 (D2), 340 (D3), and 350 (D4) similarly are assumed to have ranges represented by circles 317, 327, 347, and 357, respectively, having radii 310, 320, 340, and 350, respectively.
D2 is only within range of DI. D1 is within range of AP and D2. AP is only within range of DI. D3 and D4 are only within range of each other. D2 has connectivity to the internet 10 routed through D1 via an ad-hoc network. Devices D1, D2, D3, and D4 each has for its CA 360 (CA1), 370 (CA2), 380 (CA3), and 390 (CA4), respectively, and each has an embedded root certificate of its CA. In addition CA1 has generated a certificate including CA2's public key and CA3 has generated a certificate including CA4's public key. Also CA5 has generated certificates including public keys for CA1 and for CA3. In addition to the root key for CA2, D2 also has embedded the root key of CA5. Also, in addition to the root key for CA4, D4 also has embedded the root key of CA5.
In a first example, an AP such as AP 300 may fetch and store certificates on behalf of the devices with which it can exchange packets. It should be noted that the same would apply if D2 and D1 both were within range of AP 300 and that the routing function of D1 were not needed by D2. When new short-lived certificates are issued, AP 300 fetches them from the appropriate CA. When a new short-lived certificate is issued for D1, AP fetches it from CA1. When a new short-lived certificate is issued for D2, AP fetches it from CA2. When a device with which AP 300 can exchange packets needs to authenticate another node, it fetches the node's certificate from AP 300. In addition, AP 300 queries the devices with which it can exchange packets for their embedded root keys. Based upon the devices present with which AP 300 can exchange packets and the root keys of the devices, AP 300 will also fetch certificates to enable the devices to authenticate each other. Because D1 does not have the root key of CA2 embedded, AP fetches the certificate signed by CA1 including CA2's public key. When DI needs to authenticate D2, it will send a request to AP 300 indicating that it is authenticating D2. AP 300 will send to D1 D2's certificate and the certificate signed by CA1 including CA2's public key; this will enable D1 to authenticate D2. Because D2 does not have the root key of CA1 but does have the root key of CA5 embedded, AP fetches the certificate signed by CA5 including CA1's public key. When D2 needs to authenticate DI, it will send a request to AP 300 indicating that it is authenticating D1. AP 300 will send to D2 DI's certificate and the certificate signed by CA5 including CA1's public key; this will enable D2 to authenticate D1.
In a second example, a device's own CA will be responsible for both distributing the device's short-lived certificate and for fetching any other certificates needed to allow the device's short-lived certificate to be validated. Each device will be responsible for collecting the embedded root keys of other devices with which it comes in contact with via either direct radio contact or via presence in the same ad-hoc network. When fetching its short-lived certificates from the CA a device will report these other devices and their root certificates to its CA. Based upon the root certificates for a device, the CA will determine other certificates needed to allow that device to be authenticated and will return those other certificates to the requesting device along with its short-lived certificate. When D3 and D4 encounter one another, D3 receives D4's embedded root keys (CA4 and CA5); likewise D4 receives D3's embedded root key (CA3). When D3 requests its short-lived certificate from CA3, it reports D4's root keys (CA4 and CA5). To enable D4 to authenticate D3, CA3 sends to D3, along with its short-lived certificate, the certificate signed by CA5 including CAS's public key. When D4 requests its short-lived certificate from CA4, it reports D3's root key (CA3). To enable D3 to authenticate D4, CA4 sends to D4, along with its short-lived certificate, the certificate signed by CA3 including CA4's public key. Thus when the devices authenticate each other, by sending the certificates received from their CAs, the appropriate information will be available.
In addition to having an AP such as AP 300 fetch short-lived certificates from a CA on behalf of devices with which it can exchange packets, CAs may sometimes send, "push", short-lived certificates directly to APs. For example, suppose that a certain device is within range of AP 300 most of the time, but not at the moment when the device's short-lived certificate is generated. The device's CA can keep track of the APs that the device is commonly within range of and push the short-lived certificates to all of these APs when the short-lived certificate is generated. Thus when the device enters the vicinity of the AP such as AP 300, its short-lived certificate is immediately available and a round trip through the internet to the CA can be avoided.
Because a certificate is valid only for a certain time period, a device must have a correct time source to be able to validate a certificate. Methods are known for setting time in the Internet; see, for example, RFC 1305 and draft-ietf-stime-ntpauth-00.txt. This reference is available at http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-stime-ntpauth-00.txt. However, a low-cost wireless device in many cases will not be set to the correct time out-of-the-box since a battery or other power source is not likely to be installed from the factory. It is desirable to be able to securely set the time in such an out-of-the-box device when power is applied. Furthermore, a portable low-cost wireless device with the time correctly set is unlikely to have enough energy to maintain the correct time when its power source is removed. Thus a device owner changing the battery in such a device may compromise the device's ability to validate certificates. Therefore, it is desirable to be able to quickly reacquire the correct time when power is reapplied in such a circumstance.
Referring to
For a first example, assume that device 410 is an out-of-the-box device whose battery has just been inserted. When the battery is inserted into device 410, circuitry in the device determines via well-known means that it is a cold boot up and that the clock is not accurately set. Device 410 establishes a connection with AP 400; this may include device 410 presenting its certificate to AP 400. Device 410 must first set its clock accurately and securely before trusting AP 400. Device 410 will generate a random challenge to send to TS 490. Device 410 will send a message to AP 400 including the random challenge and information about TS 490, such as an internet address, which allows AP 400 to communicate with TS 490. AP 400 sends the random challenge to TS 490. When TS 490 receives the random challenge, it takes the current time from its clock, concatenates the random challenge to it, performs a hash function over the time and challenge, signs the hash with its private key, and returns the time, challenge, and signature to AP 400 which then forwards it to device 410. If the challenge returned matches the challenge that was sent and the round trip time is acceptably short, device 410 then checks the signature using its embedded public key of TS 490. If the signature is verified, device 410 will set its clock to the received time. The accuracy of the time is a function of the round trip time. With its clock now set, device 410 can now validate a certificate from AP 400 or from any other device. If AP 400 and device 410 are exchanging certificates, device 410 could send the challenge to AP 400 in the same message as device 410's certificate; AP 400 could then send its certificate to device 410 in the same message as the time, challenge, and signature.
The above example shows a case where the device is within range of an AP when it is first powered on. If device 400 had not been within range of AP 400, it could have still used TS 490 to set the time via an ad-hoc network with one or more intermediate nodes routing packets to TS 490 via AP 400. If device 400 were in a situation where there is no direct connectivity to the internet, it should take the first possible opportunity to set the clock via an ad-hoc network. If device 400 is a multi-mode device, including the capability to use a cellular packet data system, it could take a more desperate measure to set the time if there were an immediate need to validate a certificate. The device could establish a packet data call through the cellular packet data system for the purpose of communicating with TS 490 to set the time.
For a second example, assume that device 450 is powered-on and that its clock already has the correct time, having been set during a previous interaction with TS 490 through AP 400. Also assume that device 460 is an out-of-the-box device whose battery has just been inserted. When the battery is inserted into device 460, circuitry in the device determines via well-known means that it is a cold boot up and that the clock is not accurately set. Since device 460 has no way of connecting to the internet, it cannot immediately set its clock using TS 490. Assume that device 450 and device 460 are owned and controlled by the same person. The person wishes to establish a trusted relationship between these two devices and does this using well known means. A suitable example would be by using the procedure described in the Bluetooth Security Architecture paper. Once this trusted relationship is established, device 460 trusts device 450 and can use device 450 as a time source. When device 460 determines that it has established a trusted relationship with device 450, it requests the time from device 450 using a secure channel. Device 450 responds with the current time from its clock. If device 460 receives the response within a preset time period after sending the request, it will set its clock to the time sent by device 450. Device 460 can then use its own time source to validate certificates. Subsequently when device 460 is able to establish a connection to the internet such as via AP 400, it may reset its clock as described in the first example using TS 490; this would correct any accumulation of errors as the time is propagated from device to device.
In yet another example, assume that both device 440 and device 450 are powered-on and that their clocks already have the correct time, having been set during previous interactions with TS 490 through AP 400. Devices 440 and 450 have just been brought within radio range of one another. Although it is shown in
After a period of time, the owner of device 440 begins the process of changing the battery. The owner removes device 440's battery and the clock ceases to function. The owner then inserts a new battery and power is restored to device 440. When the battery is inserted into device 440, circuitry in the device determines via well-known means that it is a cold boot up and that the clock is not accurately set. Preferably device 440 would set its clock via TS 490, but device 440 determines that there is no path to the internet which • can be used to set its clock via TS 490. Device 440 discovers that it has a path to device 450 (either within radio range or routed through a MANET). Because device 440 has a shared secret with device 450 stored in non-volatile memory, it communicates with device 450 and uses the shared secret to authenticate device 450 via well-known means. After successfully authenticating device 450, device 440 requests the time from device 450. Device 450 responds with the current time from its clock. The communication between devices 440 and 450 is preferably encrypted. If device 440 receives the response within a preset time period after sending the request, it will set its clock to the time sent by device 450. Device 440 can then use its own time source to validate certificates. Subsequently when device 440 is able to establish a connection to the internet such as via AP 400, it may reset its clock as described in the first example using TS 490. This would correct any accumulation of errors as the time is propagated from device to device. The shared secret stored in non-volatile memory is intended to be a temporary measure used to assist a nearby device in setting the time. A device without a power source and whose clock has stopped could be vulnerable to an attacker trying to incorrectly set the time in the device if the attacker had the shared secret. The expiration time of the shared secret (to be observed by devices with power sources and whose clocks are still accurate) should therefore be set to a relatively short time. In this way, the risk of the shared secret being compromised is minimized. When a device with a power source and an accurate clock determines that the expiration time of the shared secret has passed, it should destroy the shared secret in its memory.
Some devices with a very limited power source may benefit from the short-lived certificate distribution methods described above. A secure token used for authentication is an example of such a device. A secure token is a small-sized device that might typically be carried on a key chain. The battery on a token would be expected to last a very long time and would not typically be rechargeable. Such a token would typically not participate in an ad-hoc network because of the requirement to preserve the life of the power source. Such a token could be paired with another device that the owner of the token carries with him such as a Bluetooth PDA or cellular phone that does typically participate in ad-hoc networks. The paired device would take the responsibility of fetching short-lived certificates on behalf of the token and delivering short-lived certificates to the token when fetched.
It is known for a device to present to a validating party a pointer to its certificate rather than the certificate itself. According to the WAP standard, the client may present a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), as the pointer, to a certificate to a server rather than the certificate itself. Being a node on the interne, the server may fetch the certificate using the URL. When the wireless link between the client and the server is very slow in a WAP system, presenting an URL rather than the certificate itself can significantly speed up the certificate validation. The reason is that the URL is much shorter than the certificate itself and thus takes less time to transmit over the air interface. The saved time on the air interface will be smaller than the additional time required for the server to fetch the certificate using the URL.
Referring to
As described with respect to the previous figures, however, when short-lived certificates are used and a device's short-lived certificate expires before it has been able to fetch a new one, the device will not be able to present a valid certificate to a validating device. In this situation, it would be desirable for the device to be able to present a pointer to a certificate rather than the certificate itself. Since the device has not yet been authenticated, it would not have the authority to fetch the certificate from the CA itself since it has not yet been permitted to join the MANET; i.e. it is assumed that, prior to authentication, intermediate nodes in the MANET would not route packets on behalf of the device. Even if the device were permitted to fetch the certificate itself, this could require two more message exchanges than presenting an URL. For example, in the example of
Preferably a device will present a short-lived certificate to a validating party when the device has an up-to-date short-lived certificate to send. When a device does not have an up-to-date short-lived certificate to send, it preferably presents a pointer, such as an URL, to a validating party and then the validating party fetches the certificate using the pointer. Alternately, a device could always present both its latest short-lived certificate and a pointer to a short-lived certificate to a validating party; the validating party could then use the presented certificate if it is valid or fetch the latest certificate using the presented pointer if the presented certificate is not valid.
Multiple possibilities exist for the format of the URL presented by a device that uses short-lived certificates. One option is to have the URL always remain the same. In this case, when the CA issues a new certificate, it changes the certificate that is pointed to, that is, the certificate that will be returned to a requesting device, but the URL presented by the requesting device would remain the same. Another option would be to have a first part of the URL be fixed, and also to include time as a second part of the URL presented to the CA and to have the CA return a certificate based upon the time in the URL. In this way, in the future it would be very easy to check if there were valid certificates for a device at various times in the past; this could be used to prove that a transaction took place.
Previous examples of methods of distributing short-lived certificates such as described with respect to
As shown in
It should be noted that depending upon the available memory in a device, the device might not be able to store requests and certificates for all requesting devices. In this case the devices whose requests and certificates would be stored could be selected randomly or pseudo randomly. An example of how this could be done would be to input a requesting device's address into a hash function and to honor the request if the output of the hash function is within a predetermined range; the range could vary depending upon the amount of available memory.
The above-described embodiments of the invention are intended to be examples of the present invention and alterations and modifications may be effected thereto, by those of skill in the art, without departing from the scope of the invention which is defined solely by the claims appended hereto.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 25, 2000
|Feb 4, 2003
|Openwave Systems Inc.
|Centralized certificate management system for two-way interactive communication devices in data networks
|Apr 11, 2000
|Jul 20, 2004
|Nokia Corporation
|Apparatus, and associated method, for facilitating authentication of communication stations in a mobile communication system
|Aug 6, 2003
|Apr 8, 2008
|Certicom Corp.
|Mobile certificate distribution in a PKI
|Feb 15, 1999
|Sep 15, 1999
|Unwired Planet, Inc.
|Centralized cerificate management system for two-way interactive communication devices in data networks
|Feb 21, 2000
|Mar 7, 2001
|Intel Corporation
|Secure wireless local area network
|Oct 27, 1999
|May 23, 2001
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson
|Method and arrangement in an ad hoc communication network
|"Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing", Internet Draft; Mobile Ad Hoc Networking Working Group, Nov. 24, 2000.
|"The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks", Internet Draft, IETF MANET Working Group, Nov. 17, 2000.
|Jacobs, S. et al.; "MANET Authentication Architecture"; IETF internet Draft; Mar. 1999; retrieved from the Internet: at http://www.watersprings.org/pub/id/draft-jacobs-imep-auth-arch-00.txt.
|Venkatraman, L. et al.: "A Novel Authentication scheme for Ad hoc Networks"; Proceedings of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference: vol. 3; Sep. 28, 2000; pp. 1268-1273.
|Wieselthier, J. et al.; "Multicasting in Energy-Limited Ad-Hoc Wireless Networks"; Proceedings of IEEE Military Communications Conference; Boston, Oct. 18-21, 1998; pp. 723-729.
|Zhou, L. et al., "Securing Ad Hoc Networks"; IEEE; Nov./Dec. 1999.
|Zygmunt, J et al.; "The Zone Routing Protocoi (ZRP) for Ad Hoc Networks"; IETF Internet Draft; Jun. 1999; retrieved from the internet at http://www.watersprings.org/pub/id/draft-ietf-manet-zone-zrp-02.txt.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 5, 2012
|Jun 3, 2014
|Secure Channels Sa
|System and method for securing multiple data segments having different lengths using pattern keys having multiple different strengths
|Mar 14, 2014
|Dec 15, 2015
|Poltorak Technologies Llc
|System and method for secure relayed communications from an implantable medical device
|Nov 24, 2011
|Microsoft Corporation
|Simple and dynamic configuration of network devices
|U.S. Classification
|455/410, 455/411, 455/41.2, 380/247, 713/168
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 5, 2011
Owner name: CERTICOM CORP., CANADA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:WILLEY, WILLIAM DANIEL;BLAKE-WILSON, SIMON;SIGNING DATESFROM 20040315 TO 20040920;REEL/FRAME:027020/0544
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text:
Why do Good performance Managers adore them?
Let myself see today, what would certainly selling end up like with some sort of Self Manager with your team?
Self Managers put together sales ideas and a plan. They possess thought this out and usually turn to their professionals and help team for help in fine tuning their plan rather than buying plan of action to start with. The gross sales plan will be based upon what you wants because that's what's crucial that you the Self Manager. Promoting solutions indicates solving issues and bringing clients chances!
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Renaissance Oklahoma City Convention Center Hotel
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How has this hotel rated in the past?
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Historical Traveler Reviews Renaissance Oklahoma City Convention Center Hotel
Not a good time
I made reservations for a room with a King size bed, got a confirmation number and was ready for a fun weekend. When I got to the hotel and checked in no mention was made that they switched my room. When I got to the room and saw it had double beds and not a King size I went back to the desk. They said there was nothing they could do, I said I had a confirmation for the room I reserved, they said there was nothing they could do. Since I had no where else to go we stayed the night. I filled out the guest form, stating my disappointment and other things that had happened while in the room, gave it to the desk clerk when I checked out and as I was leaving, saw her throw it in the trash. Have not heard a thing from the Hotel, no apology, NOTHING !!!
We reserved a room with a king-sized bed, but got a room with 2 double beds, and they didn't have a room with a king-sized bed available to switch. The TV remote control didn't work, they brought us a different one. The desk lamp didn't work. When we tried to order a movie, every selection we made gave the message that it was sold out, and we tried about 10 different selections. There were brown spots, (looked like snuff), on the pillow, bedskirt and wall. It took 45 minutes to get through the breakfast buffet. There were only 3 staff working behind the buffet, (including the one responsible for making all of the omelets, french toast and pancakes), and had to ask them to refill several items. We were very disappointed.
Great service
The friendly service started when we pulled up and continued until we left. The room and facilities were excellent but the customer service sets them apart from many other OKC hotels. Would highly recommend.
Exceeded Our Expectations, Primarily Due to the Outstanding Customer Service
My wife and I had a great time during our recent stay at the Renaissance Hotel in Oklahoma City. When one of the staff learned we were celebrating my wife's birthday, she went out of her way to make the stay even better--including upgrading our suite and sending to our room a complimentary fruit and cracker tray that evening.
While this one staff member was the most accomodating, every staff person at the hotel we encountered was professional, prompt, and attentive. For example, when we called the front desk (after midnight) to request some more shampoo, it was delivered to our room in less than a minute.
The lobby is very nice, as was the hotel restaurant. Check-in and check-out went very smoothly. Parking is convenient (we didn't use the valet parking, but instead, self-parked in a nearby lot. The lot is connected to the hotel via walk-ways).
The location can't be beat for entertainment in downtown Oklahoma City. We were a short walk from the Convention Center and Bricktown.
This was one of our best hotel stays we've had. After coming to expect nothing more than mediocre service from hotels, the Renaissance Hotel in Oklahoma City is definitely a cut above the rest.
Average hotel
Nice Embassy Suites like atrium interior, with basic Marriott rooms.
Ordered room service and received black wilted lettuce in my salad, and a missing order. The error was fixed quickly.
The next day I left my room at 9:30am and returned after 10:30pm to an uncleaned room (concierge level).
Basically, it's an average hotel with a bigtime name. I gave the high marks in my ratings because of the location. You could do worse, but it wasn't what I expected from Renaissance or Marriott.
Great Hotel
Stayed at the hotel for a business trip. The staff is friendly and the rooms are excellent. The restaurant and lobby are also well done. I would highly recommend this hotel to anyone stopping by in OKC.
Fantastic Hotel
This hotel is one of the best I've experienced, in or out of the country. The lobby is beautiful with foliage and waterfalls. The hotel has glass elevators so that you can admire the lobby as you go to your room. The rooms are very clean and comfortable. The bathrooms are very clean, (which many hotels have a hard time doing). We had a request, so we called down to the front desk; the bellman was knocking on our door before we even hung the phone. I would definately recommend this hotel to anyone planning to stay in Oklahoma City.
Great experience x 2
My wife and I have stayed there twice and loved it both times. We wanted to stay there for an upcoming trip to OK City but it was booked.
Now my wife doesn't even want to go. Last stay they gave us a comp upgrade to a Jr. Suite.
Very Nice Hotel
My husbands company had a party at the Renaissance and we found it to be be a very nice stay. The rooms were beautiful , not a typical hotel lacking in atmoshpere. We didn't have any problems with staff and loved the location in Bricktown very close to everything. Am planning a stay there shortly.
Very OverRated Hotel
We stayed here on our family vacation this past summer. We found the hotel not to be very family friendly and very over priced. It seemeed every time we turned around with a employee with thier hand out. I would not have thought that this place would have been so expensive.
The food on the breakfast buffet was horrible and cold to say the least and not to mention hard and rubbery. We ended up staying one night and that was one night to many in our opinion we moved to the Holiday Inn.
TripAdvisor Reviews Renaissance Oklahoma City Convention Center Hotel
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Foo fighters, OKC with Brandon! Chesapeake Arena! Went down Tuesday, stayed night, came home Wednesday! Cam stayed with Amy and Kenny. Concert was so good! Section 311, audio not the best, but still a badass concert. Dave Grohl was in a cast, his wheelchair was amazing! Surrounded by speakers, went up and down stage. We didn't ...
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Day 98 - Death Camps to Wind Farms to Oil Wells!
Today was expected to be just as boring as yesterday and it certainly lived up to expectations. One thing I didn't mention yesterday was that Dodge City seems to be the Cattle Death Camp Capital of the West. As we rode out this morning there were even more stockyards located on all the roads coming into and going out of Dodge City. As we headed out on US-400E, there were cattle trucks, one after another like a parade of Death Wagons heading for ...
Past trips recap.
... was a little different because during all the trips that we have been to we have stayed in hotels, but during the NYC trip we stayed in a little apartment. I think the most impactful thing that I saw was the New York skyline from the top of the Empire State Building. That or maybe meeting two stars from Law and Order: Special Victims Unit, which is one of my favorite shows to watch.
The next trip we took was to San Francisco. ...


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Francis Reynolds is The Nation's multimedia editor.
All the rhetoric surrounding immigration reform tends to obscure some basic facts.
Should these congresspeople really be making decisions on immigration reform when they've taken so much money from the corporations who stand to gain from stricter enforcement measures?
High-powered weapons you can buy with your groceries.


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7'' Virtual Reality VRVD700I Widescreen Portable DVD Player w/iPod Dock & Headrest Mounting Case (Bl - VRVD700I
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7'' Virtual Reality VRVD700I Widescreen Portable DVD Player w/iPod Dock & Headrest Mounting Case (Bl - VRVD700I
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7-inch Virtual Reality VRVD700I Widescreen Portable DVD Player General Features: Glossy Black color 7-inch widescreen (16:9 aspect ratio) TFT LCD monitor 480 x 234 RGB resolution DAC: Audio 24 bit / 96 kHz, Video 10 bits Headrest Mounting Case included Stereo Sound Fold-out stand Built-in Speakers Watch movies stored on iPod Convenient On-Screen Display Interface with enhanced controls Supports 2-way power sources for DVD player Slim IR Remote Control with CR2025 cell battery included Charges iPod while viewing a movie and listening to music iPod Dock Connector cable length: 32-inches, approximate Built-in dock connector for iPod with video (30 GB, 60 GB, 80 GB) Multiple Subtitle, Angle, Audio Functions, Slow / Fast Motion and Zoom operation Audio Out Output Level: 1.0 - 2.0 Vrms @ 50K Ohms Audio Out Load Impedance: Over 10K Ohms Video Out Output Level: 1.0 ± 0.2 V p-p75 Ohms Video Out Load Impedance: Sync Negative Headphone Output Level: 40mW Headphone Load Impedance: 16 Ohms Compatible Media: DVD, VCD, Audio CD, MP3, WMA CD, JPEG Photo CD, MPEG4 DIVX CDs Controls: Next button Stop button Menu button Mode button Volume control Previous button Play/Pause button Power On/Off switch Connectors: Two (2) 3.5 mm headphone jacks One (1) 3.5 mm Audio Out jack One (1) Video out jack One (1) DC IN jack Power Specifications: DVD Player: DC 9V~12V Power Adapter: Input: 100-120V, 50/60Hz, 0.4A / Output: +9V, 1.5A Dimensions: 7 x 10.5 x 1.75-inches (H x W x D, approximate) Regulatory Approvals: FCC cULus
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Melancholy In Derby Over The Departure Of Nigel Clough
It's likely that there will be a sense of melancholy hanging over the city of Derby this afternoon. Its relationship with the Clough family is a long at somehwhat complex one which stretches back to the late 1960s, when an upstart manager arrived at The Baseball Ground from Hartlepool United and started about one of the more dramatic transformations of a football club that has ever been seen. Five years on from Brian Clough's arrival at a Derby County Football Club that was, at that time, at the wrong end of the Second Division, they were the champions of England, and such events have a tendency to cement a bond even though, within eighteen months of lifting the Football League Championship, Clough senior had left the club amid acrimony after a very public falling out with the club's then-chairman Sam Longson. It was a bond that even survived the even greater success that he managed at their biggest rivals, Nottingham Forest. We are two and a half weeks away from the fortieth anniversary from the departure of Brian Clough and Peter Taylor from The Baseball Ground, and professional football has changed almost beyond recognition in those intervening four decades. Quite asides from anything else, the club no longer calls its home The Baseball Ground, but this is a mere trifle in comparison with the mere fact that the likelihood...Read More


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Good audits create more contracts and inmates are questioned of the condition of a set facility. Have you ever heard of audits?
Sentiment: Strong Sell
Ridiculous audits, use of Comet cleanser is cause for a fine. They are entitled to "GREEN" agents according to the government.
What a crock of crap!. 3/4 of these #$%$ heathen barely bathed!


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Watch these dogs show of their skills at the California dog surfing competition
Poverty eradication challenge: Modi might have to eat his own words
PAF drone crashes near Mianwali
Meet Nepal's 68-year-old student
World's largest radio telescope starts operating in China
BCCI chief rules out cricket series with Pakistan
Indian nationalist party gives Pakistani actors 48-hour ultimatum to leave country
Misbah becomes first Pakistani to receive Test mace from ICC
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