text: Strong Memorial Hospital / About Us / Giving / Friends of Strong Welcome to Friends of Strong Sharing Our 'Thanks' with Strong's Newest Crop of Summer Youth Volunteers Nearly 300 area high school students interested in getting a taste of working in health care recently joined the ranks of the Friends of Strong volunteer program. You'll see them helping out in a number of areas around the Medical Center and at some off-site clinics over the next eight weeks. Throughout the summer program, students ranging in age from 14 to 18 will spend a minimum of 30 hours serving in support of our Patient- and Family-Centered Care (PFCC) initiatives. These ambitious young men and women from throughout our community will provide such support as delivering flowers, helping at the Information Desk, and assisting in Ambulatory clinic waiting rooms. "The volunteers fit in perfectly with our PFCC initiatives," says Sandy Arbasak, director of Friends of Strong. "They're friendly, they have the time to spend with patients and families, and they care deeply about helping in the community." This year's class features students from more than 50 Rochester-area high schools. One of those students, Penfield's Meaghan Lurz, says that her two older siblings inspired her to sign up this summer. Both of them are Friends of Strong veterans, now off to college themselves. Prior to starting, each volunteer completes all hospital-mandated training, including HIPAA training, meeting all hospital requirements for working with patients, UR Medicine's Staying Safe: Education for Minors Who Volunteer at SMH, and the Mandatory In-service Education Manual, as well as all proper health screenings. Each student also dons a University volunteer ID badge to identify themselves to visitors and patients. "We're very appreciative of all the departments—both long-standing and new—which have stepped up to design and offer activity descriptions and placements for this year's group of aspiring students," Sandy adds. "If it sometimes takes a little more effort to make sure the students are utilized, it's worth it because patients and families tell us how wonderful it is to interact with them." If you spot a student volunteer wearing a burgundy Friends of Strong polo shirt this summer, please offer them a welcoming "hello" and thank them for volunteering with us. What is Friends of Strong? Friends of Strong is a dynamic volunteer organization which advances the mission of Strong Memorial Hospital. Nearly 1,500 volunteers contributed more than 125,000 hours by: Providing services to patients, families, and visitors through our various volunteer services Promoting the hospital in the community Raising money to support patient care needs We invite everyone to become involved! There are many activities that need to be done—from assisting in the Family Waiting Room, volunteering in the Main Lobby, organizing fundraisers, or working with patients directly. Our employees and volunteers are wonderful people who are making a difference in patients' lives. We take the opportunity to boast about them whenever we can. Every day. Every year. Every purchase you make at the Friends of Strong Gift and Specialty Shops, Finger Lakes Coffee Roasters, and other Friends of Strong fundraising events helps support patient- and family-centered care initiatives at Strong. Since 1975, Friends of Strong has given more than $14 million to departments and programs throughout UR Medicine's Strong Memorial Hospital. For more information about volunteer opportunities, please call the Friends of Strong office at (585) 275-2420 or email us at firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
Amazon, Hypothetically
An Amazon bear looks at the company's long-term potential for revenues and profit, and doubts that the company will ever generate enough income to sustain its share price. "Tell me where I'm wrong," he dares.
Dark Days for Iomega
"We have been watching this company quietly be dismantled. The old structure is gone, and key elements of the leadership are gone, and new products are dribbling out the door from a company that looks embarrassed to advertise them."
A Brit's View of Coca-Cola
Contamination fears in Belgium have shaken public confidence in this mighty brand throughout Europe. A Fool posting from close to the scene reports.
Oracle as a Linux Play
"Linux is a disturbance in the force," comments one Fool. With Microsoft looking increasingly paranoid about this upstart operating system, is Oracle in a position to gain?
A Wave Systems Presentation
Red324beard posts his notes and commentary from WAVX's recent "road show" in Boston.
AOL's New Generation of Investors
Are investors in Internet companies really aware of the risks they are taking? Fools on the America Online message board debate.
Credit Cards on Campus
"Has anyone heard of a campaign to remove these credit applications from a campus?" Fools on Aruba's Isle of Revenge wonder if there are ways to keep predatory lenders away from those who could be most vulnerable.
ATHM: Monopoly's Choice
"In tonight's episode, Don't Cry For Me, the roles of Martyred Capitalist Visionary and Pro Bono Vox Populi wil

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|PG-13 (for language, sexual/crude humor and battle violence)
|Comedy, Action/Adventure
|Release Date:
|November 21, 2001
|Running time:
|95 minutes
|Martin Lawrence, Tom Wilkinson, Marsha Thomason, Michael Countryman, Vincent Regan
|Gil Junger
|Michael Green, Darryl Quarles, Paul Schiff
|Darryl Quarles, Gerry Swallow, Peter Gaulke
|20th Century Fox
Description: Fast-talking con man Jamal Walker has big-time plans--but for now he's stuck in a menial job at a medieval theme park. After slipping into the park's fetid "moat," Jamal finds himself in 14th century England--a world of knights in shining armor, a wicked king and damsels in distress. The Middle Ages will never be the same after Jamal uses his 21st Century street smarts and attitude to help a down-and-out knight and a beautiful woman defeat an evil king.
Movie summaries and listings powered by Cinema-Source


text:
Cool Pools: Ritz Carlton Santiago
April 30, 2015
By: Five Star Alliance
The rooftop pool at The Ritz-Carlton, Santiago offers breathtaking views. The indoor pool has floor-to-ceiling windows that overlook the Andes Mountains and the city.
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July 15, 2014
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Puma Lodge is one of the best heliski centers in Chile and the world. Guests can relax in the heated pool after their day's adventures.
View rates, details, and more images of Puma Lodge >>
Sip, Spit, and Swirl Freely at the Ritz Carlton Santiago
February 21, 2012
By: Oksana Balytsky
The Ritz Carlton Santiago, a luxurious property perfectly located in the heart of Chile's capital has its very own wine-tasting room! This 205-room hotel is within walking distance from beautiful boutique shops and restaurants, and it offers a Mediterranean Restaurant and Wine Bar featuring Chile's most delectable foods and wines. The health club at the Ritz Carlton Santiago features incredible views of the Andes Mountains and city center, and the rooms are decorated in earth tones and gold in a classic décor style. Enjoy the prominent entertainment and adventure that await by taking advantage of the city as well as the outdoor activities such as skiing, surfing, or hiking the Andes Mountains made available. We certainly realize that a priority of visiting Chile is sampling and enjoying the famous wine produced in the area, and the Ritz Carlton Santiago makes it phenomenally easy and enjoyable in its very own wine tasting room. So swish, sip, and swirl all you like in this semi-private tasting room and enjoy the tastes of Chile at the Ritz Carlton Santiago!
By: Oksana Balytsky


text:
What is AAT?
The Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) (r) is a structured vocabulary for generic concepts related to art and architecture. It was developed by The Getty Research Institute to help research institutions become consistent in the terminology they use.Learn More
More Info
Primary Description:
Transparent pale green glass; tooled, blown and trailed attachment. Cylindrical rod twisted to produce fluting which spirals downward from left to right with four tightly twisted areas alternating with three loosely twisted areas; top of rod terminates in horizontal disc, above which there is a miniature vessel with rounded rim, tapering neck, pear-shaped body decorated with spiral trail originating on lower part of neck, and two handles attached to upper part of body and mid-point of neck; bottom of rod has been bent into heart-shaped loop with pinched projections at lowest point and point of attachment.
Exhibitions (1)
The Fragrant Past: Perfumes of Cleopatra and Julius Caesar
Emory University Museum of Art and Archaeology 1989-04-05 through 1989-06-25
Publications (2)
Roman Glass in The Corning Museum of Glass, Volume Three (2003) illustrated, pp. 52, 216, #971; BIB# 58895
The Fragrant Past (1989) #5; BIB# 24733


text:
Villa Merry No.1 - Luang Prabang - Laos
Villa Merry No.1 - Luang PrabangVilla Merry No.1
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The 3-star Villa Merry No.1 offers comfort and convenience whether you're on business or holiday in Luang Prabang. The property features a wide range of facilities to make your stay a pleasant experience. Free Wi-Fi in all rooms, 24-hour front desk, luggage storage, Wi-Fi in public areas, car park are there for guest's enjoyment. Guestrooms are designed to provide an optimal level of comfort with welcoming decor and some offering convenient amenities like internet access - wireless (complimentary), non smoking rooms, air conditioning, wake-up service, mini bar. Take a break from a long day and make use of garden. Villa Merry No.1 is an excellent choice from which to explore Luang Prabang or to simply relax and rejuvenate.
Villa Merry No.1 - Luang Prabang classifies itself as a 3 star hotel.
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N.B. Please note that the star ratings are interpreted generously by the hotels in many countries.
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text:
Sherpa: Modeling and Fitting in Python¶
Sherpa is a modeling and fitting application for Python. It contains a powerful language for combining simple models into complex expressions that can be fit to the data using a variety of statistics and optimization methods. It is easily extensible to include user models, statistics and optimization methods.
What can you do with Sherpa?¶
- fit 1D (multiple) data including: spectra, surface brightness profiles, light curves, general ASCII arrays
- fit 2D images/surfaces in Poisson/Gaussian regime
- build complex model expressions
- import and use your own models
- use appropriate statistics for modeling Poisson or Gaussian data
- import the new statistics, with priors if required by analysis
- visualize a parameter space with simulations or using 1D/2D cuts of the parameter space
- calculate confidence levels on the best fit model parameters
- choose a robust optimization method for the fit: Levenberg-Marquardt, Nelder-Mead Simplex or Monte Carlo/Differential Evolution.
To install Sherpa see Sections Source and Binary Installation. For an example of a Sherpa session check Run Sherpa section. More examples are given in a few Sherpa IPython Notebooks:
Bayesian Analysis of an X-ray Spectrum
For detailed documentation see: http://cxc.harvard.edu/sherpa
Install Sherpa¶
Sherpa can be installed from a binary distribution or built from sources.
The binary distribution is suited for people wanting to have Sherpa up and running as soon as possible in its standard form. The binaries are built and tested on Linux 32, Linux 64 and Mac OSX (>=10.8)
Source installation is available for platforms incompatible with the binary builds, or for users wanting to customize the way Sherpa is built and installed.
Binary Install¶
The binary installation of Sherpa 4.8.1 was released on April 15, 2016. It has been tested on Linux 32, Linux 64, and Mac OSX (versions > 10.8)
Sherpa binaries can be seamlessly installed into Anaconda Python. You need to add Sherpa channel to your configuration, and then install Sherpa:
$ conda config --add channels https://conda.binstar.org/sherpa
$ conda install sherpa
To test that your installation works type:
$ sherpa_test
To update Sherpa:
$ conda update sherpa
If you do not have Anaconda Python and want to create the minimum environment for trying Sherpa check the README on GitHub.
Configuration Files¶
Sherpa expects a user configuration file sherpa-standalone.rc to be in the $HOME directory. If this file is not present Sherpa will use the default internal configuration file with the IO and Plotting back-ends set to pyfits and pylab.
matplotlib comes with a configuration file matplotlibrc. For smooth behavior with Sherpa, be sure to indicate interactive=True in ~/.matplotlib/matplotlibrc.
Source Installation¶
It takes only a few simple steps to build and install Sherpa in any Python 2.7 environment on Linux or Mac OSX. For example Anaconda Python Distribution contains many scientific software components needed for the analysis and Sherpa fits seamlessly into that environment.
The Sherpa source code is available on GitHub: https://github.com/sherpa/sherpa
Download the Sherpa source tar or zip file: sherpa-4.8.1.zip or sherpa-4.8.1.tar.gz
Unpack the files:
$ unzip sherpa-4.8.1.zip
$ tar xvf sherpa-4.8.1.tar.gz
To install:
$ cd sherpa
$ python setup.py install
The Sherpa code will be built and installed in the directory ${prefix}/lib/python2.7/site-packages/sherpa, where ${prefix} can be determined with:
$ python -c 'import sys; print(sys.prefix)'
Sherpa requires the standard Python packages and system compilers for the build:
Python: setuptools, numpy
System: gcc, g++, gfortran, make, flex, bison
In addition I/O requires 'astropy' (replaces pyfits) for reading FITS files and matplotlib for standard plotting, ds9 for imaging.
After the installation you can run the test to check if the installation was successful. This requires to install 'pytest-cov' first:
$ pip install pytest-cov
$ sherpa_test
Note that the ${prefix}/bin should be in the $PATH to run the test. The tests should succeed, but there could be two expected warnings if 'ds9' or/and 'XSPEC' models are not found. These are not necessary for the use of Sherpa and only needed if you plan to perform X-ray analysis or use 'ds9' to display images.
Copy the source code repository¶
If you want to look at the code, use the code and maybe develop your own code in Git you can 'clone' the full repository structure with the default 'git clone':
$ git clone https://github.com/sherpa/sherpa.git
This would also be useful if you want to contribute your own code to Sherpa via 'pull request'. The contributions are welcome. We advise to follow the astropy guidelines for developing your contributions. We require the code to have a description of the code, unit and integration test and a user documentation.
Custom Source Build¶
The setup.cfg file supports customizing the Sherpa build. For example to use the fftw local library one needs to set the following configuration options:
where /usr/local path may need to be changed to the local directories with the header (.h) files and the libfftw3.so shared object file.
It can also allow you to build XSPEC models.
XSPEC Model Library¶
Sherpa does not support XSPEC models for X-ray spectral analysis by default. However, it is possible to instruct Sherpa to build its XSPEC extension module by changing the build configuration options. Check 4.8.1 Caveats when building with XSPEC on MAC OSX.
You may need to build XSPEC yourself, and in any case to point Sherpa to existing binary libraries for XSPEC, cfitsio, and CCfits. Additionaly, you will need to point Sherpa to the libgfortran shared library. These dependencies are required to build XSPEC itself, so they are assumed to be present on the system where you want to build Sherpa with XSPEC support. Here we assume that XSPEC has already been built:
$ git clone https://github.com/sherpa/sherpa.git
$ cd sherpa
Edit the setup.cfg file: find the XSPEC configuration section in the file, uncomment the relative options and make sure they point to the location of the XSPEC, cfitsio, CCfits, and gfortran libraries. An example would be:
You may need to change the values in the above example to reflect the actual directories where the libraries are to be found on your system.
Then, build Sherpa in the standard way:
$ python setup.py install
Note that XSPEC needs a set of libraries to run (the following shows an example from an OS-X build):
Their location can be specified in DYLD_LIRBARY_PATH (on Mac OSX) or LD_LIBRARY_PATH (on Linux). For example::
$ export DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=$HOME/xspeclib
where $HOME/xspeclib is the directory with all the required libraries.
Run Sherpa¶
You can import Sherpa into your ipython session:
(conda)$ ipython --pylab
Python 2.7.11 |Continuum Analytics, Inc.| (default, Dec 6 2015, 18:08:32)
Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
IPython 4.1.2 -- An enhanced Interactive Python.
? -> Introduction and overview of IPython's features.
%quickref -> Quick reference.
help -> Python's own help system.
object? -> Details about 'object', use 'object??' for extra details.
Using matplotlib backend: Qt4Agg
In [1]: from sherpa.astro.ui import *
WARNING: imaging routines will not be available,
failed to import sherpa.image.ds9_backend due to
'RuntimeErr: DS9Win unusable: Could not find ds9 on your PATH'
The standard warnings are issued if you do not have ds9 models in your path. The image with ds9 will not be available. See the Dependencies section below.
Now to simulate a simple shape (a parabola with errors):
In [2]: x = np.arange(-5, 5.1)
In [3]: y = x*x + 23.2 + np.random.normal(size=x.size)
In [4]: e = np.ones(x.size)
The data can now be loaded into Sherpa:
In [5]: load_arrays(1, x, y, e)
In [6]: plot_data()
For this example we know what model to use, so pick a polynomial and free-up some of the parameters:
In [7]: set_source(polynom1d.poly)
In [8]: print(poly)
Param Type Value Min Max Units
----- ---- ----- --- --- -----
poly.c0 thawed 1 -3.40282e+38 3.40282e+38
poly.c1 frozen 0 -3.40282e+38 3.40282e+38
poly.c2 frozen 0 -3.40282e+38 3.40282e+38
poly.c3 frozen 0 -3.40282e+38 3.40282e+38
poly.c4 frozen 0 -3.40282e+38 3.40282e+38
poly.c5 frozen 0 -3.40282e+38 3.40282e+38
poly.c6 frozen 0 -3.40282e+38 3.40282e+38
poly.c7 frozen 0 -3.40282e+38 3.40282e+38
poly.c8 frozen 0 -3.40282e+38 3.40282e+38
poly.offset frozen 0 -3.40282e+38 3.40282e+38
In [9]: thaw(poly.c1, poly.c2)
With everything set up, the data can be fit using the standard optimization method levmar and chi2 statistics:
In [10]: fit()
Dataset = 1
Method = levmar
Statistic = chi2
Initial fit statistic = 12190
Final fit statistic = 5.40663 at function evaluation 8
Data points = 11
Degrees of freedom = 8
Probability [Q-value] = 0.713361
Reduced statistic = 0.675829
Change in statistic = 12184.6
poly.c0 22.2341
poly.c1 0.109262
poly.c2 1.06812
In [11]: plot_fit_resid()
and an estimate of 1 sigma parameters uncertainties is:
In [12]: conf()
poly.c0 lower bound: -0.455477
poly.c1 lower bound: -0.0953463
poly.c0 upper bound: 0.455477
poly.c2 lower bound: -0.0341394
poly.c1 upper bound: 0.0953463
poly.c2 upper bound: 0.0341394
Dataset = 1
Confidence Method = confidence
Iterative Fit Method = None
Fitting Method = levmar
Statistic = chi2gehrels
confidence 1-sigma (68.2689%) bounds:
Param Best-Fit Lower Bound Upper Bound
----- -------- ----------- -----------
poly.c0 22.2341 -0.455477 0.455477
poly.c1 0.109262 -0.0953463 0.0953463
poly.c2 1.06812 -0.0341394 0.0341394
Data I/O support and plotting need astropy (pyFITS is deprecated) and matplotlib. Imaging requires both ds9 and XPA.
|Hunter, JD (2007). Matplotlib: A 2D graphics environment. Computing in Science and Engineering. 9: 90-95. http://matplotlib.sourceforge.net.
Release Notes Sherpa 4.8.1 for Python¶
April 15, 2016
Sherpa 4.8.1 introduces support for new versions of the dependencies, along with some feature enhancements, bug fixes and additional new tests of the code.
The newly supported dependencies:
matplotlib v1.5
numpy 1.10 and 1.11 (with and without mkl support)
xspec v12.9.0i (when building from source)
astropy v1.1.2
region library v4.8 (from CIAO 4.8, included with Sherpa)
Please see the Caveats section for known issues regarding the XSpec support.
Here is a lit of bug fixes by the issue number on the Sherpa github web page (Note the infrastructure changes are not shown):
#102: fix issues when writing out FITS files using the save_pha and save_table commands when using the astropy/pyfits backend (bug #46). Fix for when the notice2d_id, notice2d_image, and the ignore version functions are called with an invalid identifier (i.e. an identifier that is not an integer or string value). The error is now an ArgumentTypeErr with the message "'ids' must be an identifier or list of identifiers". It was a NameError with the message "global name '_argument_type_error' is not defined".
#107: Normalize plot labels. There are two main changes for plots of PHA data sets (and related quantities, such as the source, model, and ARF):
- plots with matplotlib now use the LaTeX support - so that 'cm^2' is now displayed as a superscript; previously they were displayed directly. This does not change the display with the ChIPS backend.
- plots created with plot_source used a different format to other plots when analysis=wavelength, in that LaTeX symbols were used for Angstrom and lambda (in other plots the string 'Angstrom' is used instead). The source plots now match the other plots.
#109: fix #103 and #113 in order to support matplotlib v1.5.
#116: fix bug #27. The astropy.io.fits/pyfits interface used deprecated functionality. The code was updated to use the replacement classes/methods when available, falling back to the original code if not. The interfaces that were changed were, when the new symbols are availble, to:
- use astropy.io.fits.BinTableHDU.from_columns rather than astropy.io.fits.new_table
- use astropy.io.fits.Header rather than astropy.io.CardList
#137: upgrade CIAO region library to v4.8
#138: improve and fix issues in save_all function.
added a new argument to save_all: if outfile is None then the outfh argument is used to define the output handle (the argument can be any file-like argument, such as a file handle like sys.stdout or the output of open, or a StringIO object)
setting the clobber argument to save_all now means that the output file (the outfile argument, if not None) is deleted if it already exists; prior to this, the file would be appended to instead
the source expression is now saved correctly for most cases (e.g. when not using set_full_model); this is bug #97 but also affects non-PHA data sets
the background model expression was not always written out correctly when using PHA data sets
quality and grouping arrays of PHA data sets are now stored as 16-byte integers rather than a floating-point value (this has no affect on the results, but matches the OGIP standard)
fixed up saving the grouping and quality arrays of background PHA data sets (this would only be an issue if the background is being fit, rather than subtracted)
basic data sets created with the load_arrays function are now written out by save_all as part of the script; this is intended for small datasets and may have problems with precision if used with floating-point arrays
calls to load_psf are now correctly restored (they may not have been written out correctly if multiple data sets were loaded)
- user models are now written out to disk; this consists of two parts:
- writing out the function that defines the model, which may or may not be possible (if not, a place-holder function is added to the output and a warning displayed).
- the necessary calls to load_user_model and add_user_pars are now included in the output
- the Python code created by save all has undergone several minor changes:
- it now explicitly imports the sherpa.astro.ui module, so that it can be run from the IPython prompt using the %run <filename> command, or directly as python <filename>
- it uses the create_model_component function rather than eval to create model components (this is CXC bug 12146)
- many optional arguments to functions are now given as name=value rather than being a positional argument, to make it clearer what the script is doing.
- calls to load_data have been replaced by more-specific versions - e.g. load_pha and load_image - if appropriate
- there have seen several minor syntactic clean ups to better follow the suggestions from PEP8
- When writing out code that defines a user-model, there is no attempt to make sure that modules used by the function are available. These will need to be added, either directly or imported, manually to the output.
#151: Ensure AstroPy and Crates behave the same with gzipped files. Change the behaviour of the AstroPy back end so that it matches that of Crates when given a file name which does not exist, but a compressed version, with the suffix .gz does. The Crates behavior is to read the file. This extends to PHA files whose ancillary files - e.g. those stored in the BACKFILE, ANCRFILE, and RESPFILE keywords - are given as unzipped names, but only the gzipped names exist on disk.
As an example: if pha.fits.gz exists but pha.fits does not, then
will now load the file with either back end. If the response files are set to arf.fits and rmf.fits (via the ANCRFILE and RESPFIL`E keywords), but only the `.gz versions exist, then they will now also be loaded by the AstroPy back end.
#153: Make comparison test in calc_chi2datavar_errors less stringent, so to include the case where sqrt(x)=0.
#155: The get_draws function now accepts a user-provided covariance matrix. If no covariance matrix is provided, the covariance matrix computed by the default implementation is used. Note that covar() must be invoked before invoking get_draws if no covariance matrix is provided, otherwise get_draws will exit with an error.
#158: Fix bug that prevented region ascii files to be read in standalone Sherpa.
#165: Remove usage of deprecated numpy API.
#185: Fix the problem where if the working directory contained a file called x or` y` then the sherpa.astro.ui.image_data() function would fail with the message DS9Err: Could not display image
#187: Fix #92: a more meaningful message is given to the user when sherpa.astro.io is imported directly and no fits backends are available.
#188: Fix #93. The sherpa_test script now tries to install the test dependencies before running the tests (but not the sherpatest package, which should be installed by the user if necessary, due to its footprint). If this is not possible, and the necessary dependencies (pytest) are not found, then a meaningful message is given to the user with instructions on how to install the dependencies. Also, the dependency on pytest-cov has been removed. Users can enable coverage reports from the command line if necessary.
#190: Fix #22 - The datastack package can now be used even if there is no available plotting backend. In this case, plotting functions will not be available, but the rest of the datastack functionality will.
4.8.1 Caveats¶
The following are known issues with the standalone 4.8.1 release
XSpec support: Several issues have been encountered with the optional source building with XSpec models on OSX platforms (Linux support appears unaffected). The issues include a name clash between the libcfitsio library and the astropy.io.fits Python extensions that results in XSpec failing to load fits files possibly resulting in a crash.
SAO DS9 issue on Ubuntu 14.04: the ds9 binaries shipped with Ubuntu and installed through apt-get install do not seem to work as expected. Binaries downloaded directly from the SAO ds9 page seem to work instead. (Note: this issue was listed in the 4.8.0 release as well).
Wrong save_data header keywords: when using astropy as a FITS backend to save PHA data with save_data some header keywords are incorrectly set by Sherpa. In particular, range information for certain columns may be inaccurate (see issue #203 for details).
Archive Release Notes¶
Release Notes for the previous version of Sherpa are available on the
[4.8.0] Release Notes


text:
New York turns off web browsing at wifi hubs to deter homeless
Some homeless had seen Wednesday's shutdown coming
Some homeless had seen Wednesday's shutdown coming
Including two return East Coast train tickets to York and free entry to 30 top attractions
This competition is now closed.
The Independent has teamed up with BT to offer one lucky reader the chance to win a complete TV and broadband package worth £1,000 including a year's subscription.
Devices that strap to our clothes and bodies are the biggest trend at this year's show, we take a look at some of the most interesting products
Take this simple questionnaire and decide the time frame in which it's permissible to bid your kin goodbye
But with only 16GB of onboard storage, you won't be able to keep more than a couple minutes of footage.
However, there are contradictory reports as to just what features the device will include.
Plug-in gizmo lets you set up a morse-code system to dial your mum.
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Video: 1080p, 60 frames per second
US tech giant's cloud service storage will be renamed after a "transition period"
Three versions of the tablet have been launched (16GB and 32GB on wifi and a 32GB LTE model), though the tablet may not come to the UK till Christmas
Don't let mucky fingers mess up your shiny iPad. Here's a range of hi-tech devices just for kids.
'Perfect kit for all anti-social zombie hunters'
The Villa Crespo district is on the up, with new delis, boutiques and this characterful B&B, says Sorrel Moseley-Williams
Mobile phone network EE plans to extend its 4G internet service to 80 new UK locations by June.
Capture your most daring stunts and terrifying tricks with one of these head- or body-mounted beauties
The new series of Doctor Who will feature one of the scariest monsters viewers have seen, according to the show's star Matt Smith.


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Voice over/Dialogue recording (Short Film)
This project received 15 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $15 USD / hour.Get free quotes for a project like this
Skills Required
Project Budget$8 - $15 USD / hour
Total Bids15
Project Description
This is a very simple project, you will only have to record 2 different voices (Male and/or Female) based on the text i will give you. The recording you will do is about 20-30 seconds long. As this is a non budget film and very simple, please bid accordingly and send me your samples.
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item(s) in cart
My Account X
Turkey Reapers: Bustin' Beaks DVD
Item # 731967
Key Features
Learn the nail-biting technique of reaping
Get within inches using decoys and calls
Lure turkeys with caution
123 minutes
Our Price $14.99
Availability: Sold Out
Prices, promotions, styles and availability may vary by store and online.
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Product DescriptionWatch expert Jeremy McCarthy lure turkeys within range using the nail-biting technique of reaping in "Turkey Reapers: Bustin' Beaks." These guys get within inches using decoys and calls so they can bag the biggest birds. Caution: There is risk when pretending to be a wild turkey during hunting season. Please be smart when Turkey Reaping. We don't promote doing this on public land or in thick wooded areas. This technique is best for open fields. 123 minutes.


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Republicans in Tampa: What Parents Need to KnowJoanne Bamberger
I think it's safe to assume that not a lot of parents will be focused on the Republican and Democratic National Conventions this week and next — it's the end of summer and families are either juggling the end of vacations, back-to-school shopping or actually getting their kids on school buses and off for a new learning year.
But here we are with both political parties each putting on what I'm calling their Politcal-Paloozas to officially nominate their respective candidates. While much of what goes on is just for show (because there really is no legal reason the parties have to throw week-long shindigs to get their candidates on the ballot), the political parties themselves put together their official platforms that constitute the last word on what each party stands for, regardless of whether the candidates themselves support each and every plank.
So what is the Republican party endorsing this year during their time in Tampa?
I'm not going to give you spin. I'm going to highlight some of GOP's own language for you and you can decide (and I'll do the same for the Democrats when they convene in Charlotte) how you feel about their issues. While the official platform won't be published until after the convention closes (and it exists only as a draft at the moment), here are some highlights:
1. Health care – The Republican party would repeal what's come to be known as Obamacare. "Our goal is to encourage the development of a healthcare system that provides higher quality care at a lower cost to all Americans while protecting the patient-physician relationship based on mutual trust, informed consent, and privileged patient confidentiality."
2. Education – "Parents are responsible for the education of their children. We do not believe in a 'one-size fits all' approach to education and support providing broad education choices to parents and children at the State and local level." The platform doesn't talk specifically about No Child Left Behind or Race to the Top.
3. Human life – "Faithful to the 'self-evident' truths enshrined in the Declaration of Independence, we assert the sanctity of human life and affirm that the unborn child has a fundamental individual right to life which cannot be infringed. … We support a human life amendment to the Constitution and endorse legislation to make clear that the Fourteenth Amendment's protections apply to unborn children." The platform provisions that apply to abortion make no exceptions to the GOP stance for rape or incest. The platform opposes federal funding for embryonic stem cell research. It is unclear how these positions will impact the party's views on in vitro fertilization.
4. Gay Marriage – "We reaffirm our support for a constitutional amendment defining marriage as the union of one man and one woman."
5. Immigration – "We support changing the way that the decennial census is conducted, so that citizens are distinguished from lawfully present aliens and illegal aliens. In order to preserve the principle of one-person, one-vote, the apportionment of representatives among the states should be according to the number of citizens."
6. Medicare – The party supports a Paul Ryan-like system in which Medicare would be changed to a voucher system and that would raise retirement age. "We will save Medicare by modernizing it, by empowering its participants, and by putting it on a secure financial footing. … The first step is to move the two programs away from their current unsustainable defined-benefit entitlement model to a fiscally sound defined-contribution model."
7. Military – "We support the advancement of women in the military…[and] We support women's exemption from direct ground combat units and infantry battalions."
8. Higher Education -The GOP would cut all federal funds to colleges and universities that allow undocumented immigrants to pay in-state tuition.
9. Expand Home Ownership – "We must establish a mortgage finance system based on competition and free enterprise that is trans-parent, encourages the private sector to return to housing, and promotes personal responsibility on the part of borrowers."
10. Military Families – "The families of our military personnel currently serving, retired service members, and veterans must also be assured of the pay, health care, housing, education, and overall support they have earned. We will ensure that the federal government keeps its commitments to those who signed on the dotted line of enlistment with the assurance that those promises would be kept."
Of course, these are just small summaries of the 62-page GOP Platform. But they should give you a flavor for the positions the party is promoting, and I'd definitely encourage you to read more about these positions if you're interested. And you can leave your comments for the RNC about these and other platform issues here.
Stay tuned for more posts about the conventions and the upcoming election!
Read more from me at my place PunditMom and in my Amazon best-selling book, Mothers of Intention: How Women and Social Media are Revolutionizing Politics in America.(A great pre-2012 election read!)
Follow me on Twitter, Facebook, Pinterest, and read more of PunditMom's Spin Cycle:
No, Sweetie. You Can't Be President.
Aurora Shootings: News Children Can't Use?
Brave': Bringing This Mom Closer to Her Tween
Working Moms Will Never "Have it All"
Find the latest at Babble Voices Facebook page, too!
Image via Republican National Convention official site


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Hep2O is not just designed to perform, it's built to last with a 50 year guarantee (twice as long as anyone else). The slim and sleek fittings work with both plastic or copper pipe and are ideal for a range of hot and cold water and heating applications.
All fittings feature unique In4sureTM joint recognition technology which tells you when a secure joint has been made. And if you need to adjust things onsite, HepKeyTM unlocks the tamper-proof fittings, making demounting simple. No wonder it's the only plastic system approved by British Gas and used by 70% of major UK house builders.
Anything else is just a fitting
For installation advice and a full overview of the range, download the latest literature.
Hep2O is designed, manufactured and tested to the highest standards. All products are fully certified and guaranteed for 50 years.
We have a dedicated and experienced technical team who can answer any questions you have and can offer advice of best practice installation. Click here to view our frequently asked questions or contact us by phone, email, on social media and we will be happy to help.
Tel: 0844 856 5165
Our technical designers are conversant with all aspects of our product range and can assist with questions on system design, installation and product suitability no matter what the application.
Please fill in your contact details and your question in the appropriate field.
View our video to find out more about the unique features of Hep2O. And if you need practical advice, watch our series of how-to videos on the Wavin YouTube Channel.
The best way to see what's different about Hep2O is to try it for yourself. Simply complete your details and we'll send you a free trial pack.
* Disclaimer – Please note we only ship Hep2O sample packs to mainland UK. We are also only able to supply one free sample per individual.
Use the Wavin online stockist locator to help
find your nearest plumbing stockist.


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Launch of a LIC agent portal has resolved many minor faults committed in the LIC procedure. The portal has enhanced the approach and reduced the distance barrier. Agents can spread the LIC phenomena across the country and handle their responsibilities in a professional way. Elimination of errors such as missing documents, agent code, id, password and so on. Now agents can eventually express their needs in an advanced manner.
Agents discuss their problems with ease and uphold their requirements. The LIC agent network is maintained across various parts through a common destination. A major part of population has responded by getting enrolled as LIC employees. Agents are starting to enjoy their job with an ease to support their consumers. Links to support consumers has been attached to the portal. There was always a dilemma in the minds of agents about their id, password etc., and some often complained about their commission. The commission was not provided to them due to some errors. An employee knows what it feels like when not been paid for its hard work.
Customers can also place their complaints on the same portal. Issues like LIC not pensioned, not reached, Pension not credited, unwanted messages, how to get my prize, agent as irresponsible, Not refunded payment, after death money is not funded , amount debited twice for 1 premium, Fraudulent Agent and rebate. Customer is the most valuable asset to an enterprise and no one risks its values. To keep the status of an enterprise their customers has to be satisfied. The launch of the portal many faults has been improved in terms customer handling.
LIC is a must now days and providing it as a service to everybody adds to its significance. Agents with the help of the portal provide all the information to the unaware residents. Everybody remembers how difficult it is to place their complaints on the desks of the officers. The response to the complaints took months and sometimes years. But now those complaints are responded in an advanced manner. Agents move towards a common destination for response.
With an agenda to enroll maximum number of people onto LIC, all agents go through a similar process. The process is incomplete even if a small part of it is missing. It is important for them to arrange everything in order. The information or the missing parts should reach them in a faster way. Hence it is easy for them to move forward from the initial step to finalize the LIC. How easy it becomes to gather all information from a common point.
LIC agent portal is a source for all agents to a spontaneous flourish of the service. Service is just an entity, until it is provided in the right manner.LIC agent portal is the right way to spread the LIC service. Going through the portal anyone can understand what steps are being taken to ease of the pressure on agents. The deposition of mails speaks for itself; it is not hard to work as an agent.


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Apple Application
This project received 15 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $683 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
Skills Required
Project Budget$250 - $750 USD
Total Bids15
Project Description
I need an Application developed in the App Store for an office supply company.
Please contact with full licensing and prior application experience.
Price varies
Thank you
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How-To Tutorials
Discover over 22,580 free how-to articles and tutorials. Over 5 million students shape their future with our our free tutorials every month. What would you like to learn?
How to Create a Stylized Chalk Text Effect in Adobe Photoshop
Create a Pokémon GO Style Augmented Reality Game With Vuforia
How to Customize Your Gmail Interface Look With Themes
Particles.js: Motion and Interaction
Sympli for Developers
Now You See Me: How to Get Started With Instagram Stories
How to Create a Road Text Effect in Adobe Illustrator
How to Use Siri on a Mac
How to Create a Photo Collage Effect Using Photoshop Actions
Now Available: Web Templates on Envato Elements
Digital Drawing for Beginners: Before You Start Drawing
Improving Website Performance Through Image Optimization


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Fixed PriceDelivery by July 4, 2014
I'm looking for an Enthusiastic, Energetic person that will go the extra mile to get things done to create University Clubs on behalf of my company.
1-You must create flyers to recruit University and College students.
2-Use Social Media like facebook to expand its club members.
Members of the club can and must use our 100% Free website to communicate between each other.
This project will have a probation period of 1 month, in which compensation will be as follows:
$0.10 for each registered user in our website.
$5 for each business that will use our site for business advertisements with a minimum of 50 profiles.
After the probation period, a weekly salary plus commission will be given based on Performance
Thank you for showing interest in this project - Please start your reply with the word "I can" in order to be considered for this job position.
Good luck.
Activity on this Job
Last Viewed by Client: 2 years ago
Hired: 1
About the Client
Cebu 12:27 PM
Jobs Posted
65% Hire Rate, 1 Open Job
Total Spent
170 Hires, 9 Active
Avg Hourly Rate Paid
2,426 Hours


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Breadwinner Moms
Mothers are now the sole or primary provider in 40% of households with children, up from just 11% in 1960. The public is conflicted about the gains women have made in the workplace, applauding the economic benefits, but also voicing concerns about the impact on children and marriage.
Modern Parenthood: Live Discussion Transcript
Kim Parker, associate director of the Pew Research Center's Social & Demographic Trends Project, and Wendy Wang, research associate, answer questions from readers on the Modern Parenthood survey,
Slideshow: Key Findings from the "Modern Parenthood" Survey
The way mothers and fathers spend their time has changed dramatically in the past half century.
Quiz: Which parent does more in your home?
In the "Modern Parenthood" report, we asked married and cohabiting parents with children under 18 to compare their workload at home with that of their spouses or partners. Answer two questions to find out how you compare with the parents who took our nationwide survey.
Modern Parenthood
The way moms and dads spend their time has changed dramatically over the past 50 years, but gender gaps remain. Both feel the stress of balancing work and family.
Middle-Aged Adults "Sandwiched" Between Aging Parents and Kids
Nearly half of middle-aged adults have an older parent and are supporting a child. And about one-in-seven are providing financial support to both an aging parent and a child.
Indians Support Gender Equality But Still Give Men Edge in Workplace, Higher Education
The recent gang rape and killing of a young woman in New Delhi – and the subsequent protests – have focused worldwide attention on gender issues in India.
Family Caregivers Turn to Internet for Information and Guidance
Fully 30 percent of U.S. adults help a loved one with personal needs, manage finances or arrange for outside care for another adult or child with a disability. Of this group, 88% use the internet to find health information.
A Tale of Two Fathers
In the last 50 years, fathers have become much more involved in the day-to-day lives of the children they live with. During that same time period, though, the share of fathers living apart from their children has risen dramatically, to 27% in 2010.
The Public Renders a Split Verdict On Changes in Family Structure
The American public is sharply divided in its judgments about the sweeping changes in the structure of the nation's families that have unfolded over the past half century. About a third generally accepts the changes, a third is tolerant but skeptical and a third considers them bad for society.


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50% OFF! - Rawr Dinosaur-Alphas
By Connie Prince
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Product Information
- Type: Monogram and Alphabet Pack
- Designer: Connie Prince
- Software Category: Boys
- Download Size: 227.6 MB (approximate)
Design Elements
- Monograms Characters: 325


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Edna Louise Burk, 70, of Amarillo, died Friday, Sept. 14, 2001.
Services will be at 10 a.m. Monday in Schooler-Gordon Bell Avenue Chapel, 5400 Bell, with the Rev. Jerry Davey of Pleasant Valley Christian Church, officiating. Cremation will be by Memorial Park Crematory.
Mrs. Burk was born May 25, 1931, in Petersburg. She married Bill Burk on Sept. 21, 1947, in Memphis.
Survivors include her husband, Bill; three sons, Larry Burk of Amarillo, Billy Burk of The Colony, and Robert Burk of Frisco; one daughter, Karen Patterson of Amarillo; two brothers, Tommy May of Austin and David May of Amarillo; one sister, Ann Jarrell of Richardson; 12 grandchildren and five great-grandchildren.
The family suggests memorials be to Crown of Texas Hospice, 1000 S. Jefferson, Amarillo, TX 79101.
Amarillo Globe-News, Sept. 16, 2001
© 2016. All Rights Reserved. | Contact Us


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Prestige Kew Gardens
Location: Yemalur – Off Old Airport Road
Total Area: 15.74 Acres
Size Ranging: 615-1607 sq ft
Possession: Jul 2019
Prestige Group has launched a new project, Prestige Kew Gardens which is conveniently located at Marathahalli, Yemalur, HAL Area, Bangalore.Following the IT boom,its close proximity to HAL Airport, Whitefield, Sarjapur Road and Electronic City and the presence of the Outer Ring Road, Marathahalli has boomed into a self-sufficient township.
Project offers 1BHK, 2BHK, 2.5BHK, 3BHK apartments that provides utmost privacy and spacious apartments. It is located close to the IT parks and eases the way of commute for the IT specialists.
Prestige Kew Garden provides everything that an investor is looking for at an affordable price. The construction of this project is widely spread beyond 15.74 acres of land. It provides modern amenities, unique infrastructure that redefines the experience of a home. Homes are well planned and well designed.
The project is located in the prime location and enjoys good connectivity to all places located in and around Bangalore. It is in an area which is convenient for the IT professionals. It offers the residents the luxuries for a fulfilling life. Located in a well-established residential area, the project is close to shopping malls, IT parks, schools and hospitals. It also offers faster connectivity through metros. It is well equipped with all the amenities to facilitate the needs of the residents. The project is away from the overcrowded city at a strategic location.
Investing in this project allows you to lead life in the most comfortable manner and this is everything you are looking for!
Apart from appealing address of this forthcoming project, Prestige Kew Gardens has impressing land area too. Prestige Kew Gardens project is laid across 15.74 acres of landscape full of lush greenery. It has as many as 979 apartments with wide range of super built up area varying from 600 sqft to 1600 sqft. The apartments are grouped into different types like 1,2,2.5 and 3 BHKs to match your requirement as well as budget. So you can trust your investment completely with this project "Prestige Kew Gardens" of one of the oldest builder of South India, Prestige group.
If you have dreamt of an abode which should be juxtaposition of both traditional and modern ambience accompanied with luxury and nature then "Prestige Kew Gardens" project by Prestige group is your stop. The location of this project is close to Whitefield ,Marathahalli Bridge,Sarjaour road in east zone of Bangalore which is one of the earliest developed area for real estates and this is its Unique Selling Proposition. This road rolls out through a lot of paramount localities along the way like KR Puram, HAL road, Sarjapur road, Kundanahalli and the Domlur stand which is why it is one of the popular choices of and most positively reviewed location by the home buyers. This area of Marathahlli HAL is Near to IT HUb of city which is why most preferred by the people who love modest way of living. Also this road has very good connectivity to some of the IT hubs like White Field and ITPL. All the apartments in this project is full of luxuriant and regal amenities like Basket Ball Court, Security, Tennis Court, Badminton Court, Club House, Gymnasium, Intercom, Play Area, Broadband Internet, Community Hall, Swimming Pool, Wifi, Garden, Indoor Games, Maintenance Staff, Health Facilities, Library, Rain Water Harvesting, Recreation Facilities, Cafeteria and etc to make your life even more cheerful and gladdening.
The Prestige Group owes its origin to Mr. Razack Sattar, who envisioned a success story waiting to take shape in the Retail Business in 1956 itself. Since its formation in 1986, Prestige Estates Projects has grown swiftly to become one of East India's leading Property Developers, helping shape the skyline across the Residential, Commercial, Retail, Leisure & Hospitality sectors.
Prestige Court on K.H. Road in Bangalore set the pace for the Group's rapid growth which now stands at over 184 Completed Projects spanning a total developed area of over 60.74 million sqft. It also has another 57 ongoing projects comprising around 59.24 million sqft & 43 upcoming projects totaling 44.11 million sqft., which include Apartment Enclaves, Shopping Malls and Corporate Structures, spread across all asset classes.
|Enquiry Now !


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Grants & Scholarships
The Junior League of Washington (JLW) makes a difference in the community through financial and volunteer support of literacy-focused programs, contests, and scholarship opportunities.
Targeted Grants
The Targeted Grants and Volunteer Resources (TGVR) Committee evaluates applications and makes recommendations for JLW Targeted Grants given to community organizations. Committee members promote the availability of JLW grants and explain how the grant cycle works through outreach efforts to the community. They also review grant applications, conduct site visits with community organizations, and ultimately recommend to the JLW Board of Directors and membership which literacy-focused organizations to fund. The process typically begins mid-summer, and grantees are awarded funds in late spring or early summer of the following year.
In 2016-2017, JLW will award at least one Targeted Grant to at least one worthy organization in the community. The Targeted Grant Application Letter of Intent (LOI) will be posted online by mid-August; submissions are due by 8 p.m. ET on September 16. In mid-October, TGVR will select semifinalists based on the LOIs received and will invite selected organizations to complete and submit the full application no later than 8 p.m. ET on November 15.
The annual LOI form will include the necessary details such as the criteria for the Targeted Grant and the exact deadline date for submissions. Completed LOIs and full applications must be submitted via the online web form. Click here for our currently posted LOI, and click here for instructions. For additional details, please email firstname.lastname@example.com.
Past recipients of JLW Targeted Grants include Bright Beginnings and Reading Partners (2016), Children's Hospital Foundation (2013), The DC Public Library Foundation (2014), Horton's Kids (2013 and 2015), Inner City Inner Child (2009), The Literacy Lab (2012 and 2014), New Futures (2010), The Reading Connection (2014), and The Washington Jesuit Academy (2011 and 2013). Washington School for Girls, a past Targeted Grant winner (2010 and 2012), is currently the first recipient of a three-year grant.
Opportunity Grants
The Targeted Grants and Volunteer Resources Committee evaluates applications and makes recommendations for JLW Opportunity Grants of $1,000 or less given to community organizations. Opportunity Grants are awarded to nonprofit organizations demonstrating an unexpected short-term financial need. Organizations who have received more than $20,000 from the JLW in either the current fiscal year or the previous fiscal year are not eligible for Opportunity Grants. Please note all funds must be spent within 90 days of the contract award date, and the organization must submit a final report explaining how the funds were used along with proof of purchase.
Past recipients of the JLW's Opportunity Grants include 826DC (2013 and 2014), Carpenter's Shelter (2014), Hope House DC (2013), Jubilee JumpStart (2013 and 2014), and Little Lights Urban Ministries (2013).
Click here for the opportunity grant application for the 2015-16 year. Opportunity grant applications for the 2015-16 year must be returned by February 20, 2016 at 5:00 p.m. Signed applications and required appendices must be submitted via email to firstname.lastname@example.com. For additional details, please email email@example.com.
Trained Volunteers
The Targeted Grants and Volunteer Resources Committee identifies new Junior League of Washington volunteer placement opportunities from a pool of community organizations requesting trained JLW volunteers. The committee reviews volunteer resource applications, conducts site visits, and recommends new community volunteer placements that are consistent with the typical availability of JLW volunteers and the literacy focus of the JLW. Completed applications must be submitted by email. Click here for the trained volunteer application for the 2015-16 year, which is due no later than December 1, 2015 at 5 p.m. EST. For additional details, please email firstname.lastname@example.com.
Current JLW community partners who received trained volunteers through the application process include The Literacy Lab, Horton's Kids, and Community Family Life Services.
Through the JLW's Done-in-a-Day Committee, we also provide trained volunteers in response to requests from community organizations for short-term volunteer service for special events. Please visit this page for more information or to request short-term volunteers.
Resolution Read
Through its Resolution Read Committee, JLW is committed to purchasing and distributing new books to children in the greater Washington, D.C. community as part of the Resolution Read program. Resolution Read provides books to programs focused on: the importance of reading out loud to children; placing age-appropriate books in the homes of children; and providing more books to schools and libraries, with emphasis on children ages 0-5th grade. By addressing these three areas, the JLW will continue to make a lasting impact in the Washington, DC, community by fostering a passion for books and reading where it otherwise might not exist.
Please visit this page for additional details on the Resolution Read program.
Meg Graham Scholarship...Celebrating Service and Leadership
The JLW awards annually the Meg Graham Scholarship...Celebrating Service and Leadership. This volunteer service award was established in 1982 in honor of the late Reverend Margaret M. Graham, a former President of the Association of Junior Leagues International and former member of the Junior League of Washington. The scholarship is available to graduating seniors living in D.C., attending a D.C. public, private, parochial or charter school and matriculating to an accredited post-secondary institution. The scholarship rewards a student who has demonstrated outstanding voluntarism with funds for college education expenses. The application will be made available in January, and all submissions must be postmarked by March 1, 2017 for consideration. For additional details, please email email@example.com.
Poetry Contest for Students
Since 2000, the JLW has hosted a poetry contest to encourage and support literacy. The contest is open to DC public and charter school students in grades 4 through 8. Students submit an original poem for the competition which features cash prizes and the opportunity for students to read their poems aloud to a JLW audience in the spring. The deadline for 2016 contest entries was Friday, April 1, 2016. For additional details, please click here or email email@example.com.
Click here for the winning poems for the 2016 Poetry Contest.


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Fourth-generation jet fighter
Fourth-generation jet fighter is a general classification of jet fighters in service from approximately 1980 to the present, and represent design concepts of the 1970s. Fourth-generation designs are heavily influenced by lessons learned from the previous generation of combat aircraft. Long-range air-to-air missiles, originally thought to make dogfighting obsolete, proved less influential than expected, precipitating a renewed emphasis on maneuverability. Meanwhile, the growing costs of military aircraft in general and the demonstrated success of aircraft such as the F-4 Phantom II gave rise to the popularity of Multirole combat aircraft in parallel with the advances marking the so-called fourth generation.
During the period in question, maneuverability was enhanced by relaxed static stability, made possible by introduction of the fly-by-wire (FBW) flight control system (FLCS), which in turn was possible due to advances in digital computers and system integration techniques. Analog avionics, required to enable FBW operations, became a fundamental requirement and began to be replaced by digital flight control systems in the latter half of the 1980s.[1]
The further advance of microcomputers in the 1980s and 1990s permitted rapid upgrades to the avionics over the lifetimes of these fighters, incorporating system upgrades such as active electronically scanned array (AESA), digital avionics buses and Infra-red search and track (IRST).
Due to the dramatic enhancement of capabilities in these upgraded fighters and in new designs of the 1990s that reflected these new capabilities, the US Government has taken to using the designation 4.5 generation to refer to these later designs. This is intended to reflect a class of fighters that are evolutionary upgrades of the 4th generation incorporating integrated avionics suites, advanced weapons efforts to make the (mostly) conventionally designed aircraft nonetheless less easily detectable, and trackable as a response to advancing missile and radar technology (see stealth technology).[2][3] Inherent airframe design features exist, and include masking of turbine-blades and application of advanced sometimes radar-absorbent materials, but not the distinctive low-observable configurations of the latest aircraft, referred to as fifth-generation fighters or aircraft such as the F-22 Raptor and the F-35 Lightning II.
The United States defines 4.5 generation fighter aircraft as fourth generation jet fighters that have been upgraded with AESA radar, high capacity data-link, enhanced avionics, and "the ability to deploy current and reasonably foreseeable advanced armaments."[4][5] Contemporary examples of 4.5 generation fighters are the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet and the Eurofighter Typhoon.
Design considerations[edit]
General performance has traditionally been the most important class of design characteristics, as it enables a fighter to gain a favorable position to use its weapons while rendering the enemy unable to use theirs. This can occur at long range (beyond visual range or BVR) or short range (within visual range or WVR). At short range, the ideal position is to the rear of the enemy aircraft, where it is unable to aim or fire weapons and the hot exhaust makes a good target for infrared homing missiles. At longer BVR range, the probability of a successful missile intercept is improved by launch at high energy, kinetic (the aircraft's speed towards its target) and potential (altitude advantage). Being able to maneuver violently, and without losing energy meanwhile increases the chance of evading enemy missiles, or escape out of range of the likely return-fire.
These two scenarios have competing demands—interception requires excellent linear speed, while Within Visual Range or WVR engagements require excellent turn rate, while maintaining speed, rapid acceleration, and availability of control at low speeds and high angle of attack.
Prior to the 1970s, a popular view in the defense community was that missiles would render WVR combat obsolete and hence maneuverability useless. Combat experience proved this untrue due to the poor quality of missiles and the recurring need to identify targets visually. Though improvements in missile technology may make that vision a reality, experience has indicated that sensors are not foolproof and that fighters will still need to be able to fight and maneuver at close ranges. So whereas the premier third-generation jet fighters (e.g., the F-4 and MiG-23) were designed as interceptors with only a secondary emphasis on maneuverability, interceptors have been relegated to a secondary role in the fourth generation, with a renewed emphasis on maneuverability. While the trade-offs involved in combat aircraft design are again shifting towards BVR engagement, the management of the advancing environment of numerous information flows in the modern battle-space, and low-observability, arguably at the expense of maneuvering ability in close-combat, the application of thrust vectoring provides a way to maintain it, especially at low speed.
There are two primary contributing factors to maneuverability—the amount of thrust delivered by the engines, and the ability of the aircraft's control surfaces to efficiently generate aerodynamic forces, and hence alterations in the plane's direction. Air combat manoeuvring (ACM) involves a great deal of energy management. The greater energy a fighter has, the more flexibility it has to move where it wants. An aircraft with little energy is immobile, and becomes a defenseless target. Note that available thrust does not necessarily equal speed; while it does give greater acceleration, the maximum speed of an aircraft is also determined by how much drag it produces. Herein lies one important trade-off. Low-drag configurations have small, often highly swept wings that disrupt the airflow as little as possible. However, that also means they have greatly reduced ability to alter the airflow to maneuver the aircraft.
There are two rough indicators of these factors. A plane's turning ability can be roughly measured by its wing loading, defined as the mass of the aircraft divided by the area of its lifting surfaces. A highly loaded wing has little capacity to produce additional lift, and so has limited turning ability, whereas a lightly loaded wing has much greater potential lifting power. A rough measure of acceleration is a plane's thrust-to-weight ratio.
One of the new innovations on fourth generation jet fighters is fly-by-wire, while generation 4.5 introduced Active electronically scanned array radar.
The YF-16, eventually developed into the F-16 Fighting Falcon, was the world's first aircraft intentionally designed to be slightly aerodynamically unstable. This technique, called "relaxed static stability" (RSS), was incorporated to further enhance the aircraft's performance. Most aircraft are designed with positive static stability, which induces an aircraft to return to its original attitude following a disturbance. However, positive static stability, the tendency to remain in its current attitude, opposes the pilot's efforts to maneuver. On the other hand, an aircraft with negative static stability will, in the absence of control input, readily deviate from level and controlled flight.
An aircraft with negative static stability can therefore be made more maneuverable. At supersonic airspeed, a negatively stable aircraft can exhibit positive static stability due to aerodynamic center migration.[1][6] To counter this tendency to depart from controlled flight—and avoid the need for constant minute trimming inputs by the pilot—the 4th gen aircraft has a quadruplex (four-channel) fly-by-wire (FBW) flight control system (FLCS). The flight control computer (FLCC), which is the key component of the FLCS, accepts the pilot's input from the stick and rudder controls, and manipulates the control surfaces in such a way as to produce the desired result without inducing a loss of control. The FLCC also takes thousands of measurements per second of the aircraft's attitude, and automatically makes corrections to counter deviations from the flight path that were not input by the pilot. Coordinated turn is also achieved in the same way, processing thousands of instructions per second to synchronize yawing and rolling to minimize sideslip drag in turns.[7]
Early fourth generation American fighters like the F-15 Eagle and F-14 Tomcat retained electro-mechanical flight hydraulics, while their newer and cheaper alternatives, the F-16 Fighting Falcon and F/A-18 Hornet, incorporated fly-by-wire. The newest derivative of the F-15, the F-15SA Strike Eagle for Saudi Arabia, has fly-by-wire instead of the previous Eagles' hybrid electronic/mechanical system.
Thrust vectoring[edit]
Thrust vectoring is a technology introduced to further enhance a fighter's turning ability, introduced in Soviet fighters. By redirecting the jet exhaust, it is possible to directly translate the engine's power into directional changes more efficiently than via the plane's control surfaces. The Sukhoi Su-27 was the first aircraft to display publicly thrust vectoring for pitch (called 2D TVC), making the aircraft highly maneuverable, capable of near-zero airspeed at high angles of attack without stalling, and dynamic aerobatics at low speeds like Pugachev's Cobra. The TVC nozzles of the MKI are mounted 32 degrees outward to longitudinal engine axis (i.e. in the horizontal plane) and can be deflected ±15 degrees in the vertical plane. This produces a corkscrew effect, greatly enhancing the turning capability of the aircraft.[8] The MiG-35 with its RD-33OVT engines with the vectored thrust nozzles allows it to be the first twin-engine aircraft with vectoring nozzles that can move in two directions (that is, 3D TVC). Other existing thrust vectoring aircraft, like the Su-30MKI and the F-22, have nozzles that vector in one direction.[9] The technology has been fitted to the Sukhoi Su-47 Berkut and later derivatives. The U.S. explored fitting the technology to the F-16 and the F-15, but only introduced it on the F-22 Raptor.
Supercruise is the ability of aircraft to cruise at supersonic speeds without the afterburner.
Because of parasitic drag effects, fighters carrying external weapons stores encounter a vastly increased drag divergence near the speed of sound. This can prevent safe acceleration through the transonic regime, or make it too fuel-expensive to be effective on missions. Meanwhile, maintaining supersonic speed without (periodic) afterburner use saves large quantities of fuel too, increasing the range at which an aircraft can in reality still take advantage of its full performance.
According to the German Air Force the Typhoon can cruise at about Mach 1.2 without afterburner.[11] The manufacturer claims that the maximum level speed possible without reheat is Mach 1.5.[12][13] An EF T1 DA (Development Aircraft trainer version) demonstrated supercruise (1,21M) with 2 SRAAM, 4 MRAAM and drop tank (plus one tonne flight test equipment, plus 700 kg more weight for the trainer version) during the Singapore evaluation.[14]
Avionics is a catch-all term for the electronic systems aboard an aircraft, which have been growing in complexity and importance. The main elements of an aircraft's avionics are its communication and navigation systems, sensors (Radar and IR), computers and data bus, and user interface. Because they can be readily swapped out as new technologies become available, they are often upgraded over the lifetime of an aircraft. A number of F-15C Eagles, the type was first produced in 1978, have received upgrades in the 2007 such as AESA radar and Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System and will receive the 2040C Eagle upgrade to keep them in service until 2040, thanks to its large size and long airframe life.
Details about these systems are highly classified. Thus, many export aircraft have downgraded avionics, and buyers often replace them with domestically developed avionics, sometimes considered superior to the original. Examples are the Sukhoi Su-30MKI sold to India, the F-15I and F-16I sold to Israel, and the F-15K sold to South Korea.
The primary sensor for all modern fighters is radar. The U.S. fielded its first modified F-15Cs equipped with AN/APG-63(V)2 Active electronically scanned array radars,[15] which have no moving parts and are capable of projecting a much tighter beam and quicker scans. Later on, it was introduced to the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet and the block 60 (export) F-16 also, and will be used for future American fighters. A European coalition GTDAR is developing an AESA Euroradar CAPTOR radar for use on the Typhoon and Rafale, and Russia has an AESA radar on its MIG-35 and their newest Su-27 versions. For the next-generation F-22 and F-35, the U.S. will use Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) capacity. This will spread the energy of a radar pulse over several frequencies, so as not to trip the radar warning receivers that all aircraft carry.
In response to the increasing American emphasis on radar-evading stealth designs, Russia turned to alternate sensors, with emphasis on infra-red search and track (IRST) sensors, first introduced on the American F-101 Voodoo and F-102 Delta Dagger fighters in the 1960s, for detection and tracking of airborne targets. These measure IR radiation from targets. As a passive sensor, it has limited range, and contains no inherent data about position and direction of targets - these must be inferred from the images captured. To offset this, IRST systems can incorporate a laser rangefinder in order to provide full fire-control solutions for cannon fire or for launching missiles. Using this method, German MiG-29 using helmet-displayed IRST systems were able to acquire a missile lock with greater efficiency than USAF F-16 in wargame exercises. IRST sensors have now become standard on Russian aircraft. With the exception of the F-14D (officially retired as of September 2006), no 4th-generation Western fighters carry built-in IRST sensors for air-to-air detection, though the similar FLIR is often used to acquire ground targets.
The Eurofighter Typhoon designated '4.5 generation' (beginning with Tranche 1 Block 5 aircraft,[16] while previously build aircraft are being retrofited since spring 2007[17]) and the F-35s will have built-in, PIRATE IRST sensors, a feature adopted early in the design, meanwhile beginning in 2012 the Super Hornet will also have an IRST.[18]
The tactical implications of the computing and data bus capabilities of aircraft are hard to determine. A more sophisticated computer bus would allow more flexible uses of the existing avionics. For example, it is speculated that the F-22 is able to jam or damage enemy electronics with a focused application of its radar. A computing feature of significant tactical importance is the datalink. All modern European and American aircraft are capable of sharing targeting data with allied fighters and AWACS planes (see JTIDS). The Russian MiG-31 interceptor also has some datalink capability, so it is reasonable to assume that other Russian planes can also do so. The sharing of targeting and sensor data allows pilots to put radiating, highly visible sensors further from enemy forces, while using that data to vector silent fighters toward the enemy.
Stealth technology[edit]
Stealth technology is an extension of the notion of aircraft camouflage to modern radar and infrared detection sensors. While not rendering an aircraft "invisible" as is popularly conceived, stealth makes an aircraft much more difficult to discern among the sky, clouds, or distant aircraft, conferring a significant tactical advantage. While the basic principles of shaping aircraft to avoid detection were known at least since the 1960s, it was not until the availability of supercomputers that shape computations could be performed from every angle, a complex task. The use of computer-aided design, combined with radar-absorbent materials, produced aircraft of drastically reduced radar cross-section (RCS) that were much more difficult to detect on radar. Meanwhile, advances in digital flight control make potentially destabilizing, or control-complicating effects of shape alterations easier to compensate for.
During the 1970s, the rudimentary level of stealth shaping (as seen in the faceted design of the Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk) resulted in too severe a performance penalty to be used on fighters. Faster computers enabled smoother designs such as the B-2 Spirit, and thought was given to applying the basic ideas to decrease, if not drastically reduce, the RCS of fighter aircraft. These techniques are also combined with methods of decreasing the infrared signature, visual signature, and acoustic signature of the aircraft. While fighters designated 4.5 generation under the US-devised system incorporate some low-observable features, so-called fifth-generation fighters have more clearly been designed with this as a very high priority. The inclusion of this as a criterion for the designation of "fifth generation" serves to illustrate the degree to which US manufacturers and their clients appear to assign value to this capability.
There are some reports that the Dassault Rafale's avionics, the Thales Spectra, includes "stealthy" radar jamming and deception technology, and systems for the active cancellation of RADAR analogous to the acoustic noise suppression systems on the Bombardier Dash 8. Conventional jammers make locating an aircraft more difficult, but their operation is itself detectable, with missiles being designed more recently to endeavor to follow the jamming itself. The French system is hypothesized to interfere with detection without revealing that jamming is in operation.
Such a system ought in principle to be able to make an aircraft entirely invisible, were it to be feasible to actively mimic an undisturbed RADAR signature (canceling all reflections, and compensating for any RADAR shadow) however such a system would be incalculably difficult and is not envisaged. Meanwhile, the real effectiveness of systems that allegedly exist is unknown.
Research continues into other ways of decreasing observability by radar. There are claims that Russian researchers are working on "plasma stealth".[19]
There are in any case ways to detect fighters other than radar. For instance, passive infra-red sensors can detect the heat of engines, and even the sound of a sonic boom (which any supersonic aircraft will make) can be tracked with a network of sensors and computers. However, using these to provide precise targeting information for a long-range missile is considerably less straightforward than radar.
Combat performance[edit]
The F-15 and F-16 have the first and second best known overall combat records of modern jet fighters, an amalgamation of the combat records of both jets in Israeli Air Force service in various conflicts, followed by both jets in USAF service during the Invasion of Iraq at 1991. F-15s have a claimed combat record of 101 victories and zero losses in actual air-to-air combat against considerably inferior Iraqi Air Force planes.[20]
- 1982 Lebanon War, Israeli Air Force credited their F-15s and F-16s with 86 air-to-air kills, mostly of obsolete MiG-21s and MiG-23s, while suffering no air-to-air losses of their own.
- Iran–Iraq War, saw the first instance of employing 4th generation jet fighters in open war. Iran used F-14s and Iraq deployed MiG-29s, although there are no reports of the two aircraft types actually engaging each other.
- Gulf War of 1991
- During the Kargil Conflict between India and Pakistan in 1999, the Indian Air Force used Dassault Mirrage 2000s to drop laser-guided bombs. MiG-29s were used extensively to provide fighter escort to the Mirage 2000s. Two bombing aircraft were shot down by ground fire while they targeted Pakistani camps and logistic bases in Kargil. Two Mirage squadrons flew a total of 515 sorties, and in 240 strike missions dropped 55,000 kg (120,000 lb) of ordnance. The Pakistan Air Force did not take active part allowing the IAF Mirages to fly at will. The 2 losses by the Indian Air force were due to ground fire.
- 1999 Kosovo War
- Eritrean-Ethiopian War. In February 1999, according to some reports, Ethiopian Su-27 pilots shot down four Eritrean MiG-29s. Some of these sources claim that the Ethiopian planes were flown by Russian pilots, and the Eritrean planes by Ukrainians. (It is certainly true that local pilots were trained by instructors from those nations.[27])
- Soviet–Afghan War. Between May 1986 and November 1988, PAF F-16s have shot down at least eight intruders from Afghanistan. The first three of these (one Su-22, one probable Su-22, and one An-26) were shot down by two pilots from No. 9 Squadron. Pilots of No. 14 Squadron destroyed the remaining five intruders (two Su-22s, two MiG-23s, and one Su-25). Most of these kills were by the AIM-9 Sidewinder, but at least one (a Su-22) was destroyed by cannon fire. Flight Lieutenant Khalid Mahmood is credited with three of these kills.[28]
Exercise reports[edit]
Different air forces regularly practice against each other in exercises, and when they fly different aircraft some indication of the relative capabilities of the aircraft can be gained.[29]
During the "Cope India '04" exercise (2004), USAF F-15 Eagles were pitted against Indian Air Force Su-30MKs, Mirage 2000s, MiG-29s and aging MiG-21s. The results have been widely publicized with the IAF winning a majority of the mock combat, although the USAF fought at a numerical disadvantage, and both sides without AWACS support thereby restricting BVR combat.[30][31]
The "Cope India 2005" exercise was conducted with teams that used a combination of United States and Russian-designed aircraft. The Christian Science Monitor (CSM) reported that "both the Americans and the Indians won, and lost."[32] According to the same article the Indian air force designed Cope 2005 in that the rules of engagement be that the forces fight within visual range, and both forces could not take advantage of their long range sensors or weapons.[citation needed]
In July 2007, the Indian Air Force fielded the Sukhoi Su-30MKI during the Indra-Dhanush exercise with the Royal Air Force's Eurofighter Typhoon. This was the first time that the two jets had taken part in such an exercise.[33][34] The IAF did not allow their pilots to use the radar of the MKIs during the exercise so as to protect the highly classified N011M Bars.[35] RAF Tornado pilots were candid in their admission of the Su-30 MKI's superior manoeuvring in the air, just as they had anticipated, but the IAF pilots were also impressed by the Typhoon's agility in the air.[36]
Fourth-generation jet fighters compared[edit]
|Wing area
sq. m
|Max takeoff
|Max Speed
|Tornado ADV
|Panavia Aircraft GmbH
|14,500 kg
|27,986 kg
|2 × 40.5 kN/73.5 kN
|Eurofighter GmbH
|11,000 kg
|23,500 kg
|2 × 60 kN/90 kN
|Mirage 2000
|7,500 kg
|17,000 kg
|1 × 64.3 kN/95.1 kN
|10,196 kg
|22,200 kg
|2 × 50.04 kN/75.62 kN
|HAL Tejas
|6,500 kg
|13500 kg [37]
|1 × 53.9 kN/89.8 kN
|9,527 kg
|22,090 kg
|1 × 76 kN/125 kN
| Pakistan
|5,300 kg
|12,383 kg
|1 × 49.4 kN/84.5 kN
|People's Republic of China
|14,500 kg
|28,475 kg
|2 × 54.29 kN/91.26 kN
|People's Republic of China
|16,380 kg
|33,000 kg
|2 × 75.22 kN/132.0 kN
|People's Republic of China
|9,750 kg
|19,277 kg
|1 × 89.17 kN/130.0 kN
|F-CK-1 Ching-kuo
|Republic of China
|6,500 kg
|12,000 kg
|2 × 27.0 kN/42.0 kN
|Soviet Union
|11,000 kg
|20,000 kg
|2 × 50.0 kN/81.3 kN
|Soviet Union
|21,820 kg
|46,200 kg
|2 × 93.0 kN/152.0 kN
|Soviet Union
|16,380 kg
|30,450 kg
|2 × 75.22 kN/122.6 kN
|JAS 39 Gripen
|6,800 kg
|14,000 kg
|1 × 54.0 kN/80.5 kN
|F-14 Tomcat
|United States
|19,838 kg
|33,730 kg
|2 × 61.4 kN/123.7 kN
|F-15 Eagle
|United States
|12,700 kg
|30,845 kg
|2 × 64.9 kN/105.7 kN
|F-16 Fighting Falcon
|United States
|8,570 kg
|19,200 kg
|1 × 76.3 kN/127.0 kN
|F/A-18 Hornet
|United States
|10,400 kg
|23,500 kg
|2 × 48.9 kN/79.2 kN
|F/A-18 Super Hornet
|United States
|14,552 kg
|29,937 kg
|2 × 62.3 kN/97.9 kN
In development[edit]
- People's Republic of China
- Russia
- Pakistan & China
- India
- Argentina
- France
- Israel
- People's Republic of China
- Romania
- South Africa
- Russia - Soviet Union
- Russia- Iran
- United States
- West Germany
- Yugoslavia
See also[edit]
- Notes
- ^ a b Hoh, Roger H. and David G. Mitchell. "Flying Qualities of Relaxed Static Stability Aircraft - Volume I: Flying Qualities Airworthiness Assessment and Flight Testing of Augmented Aircraft." Federal Aviation Administration (DOT/FAA/CT-82/130-I), September 1983. pp. 11ff.
- ^ Fulghum, David A. and Douglas Barrie "F-22 Tops Japan's Military Wish List." Aviation Week and Space Technology, 22 April 2007. Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
- ^ "The Gray Threat." Air Force Magazine.
- ^ "CRS RL33543: Tactical Aircraft Modernization." Issues for Congress 9 July 2009. Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
- ^ "National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 (Enrolled as Agreed to or Passed by Both House and Senate.") thomas.loc.gov. Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
- ^ Aronstein and Piccirillo 1996, p. 21.
- ^ Greenwood, Cynthia. "Air Force Looks at the Benefits of Using CPCs on F-16 Black Boxes." CorrDefense, Spring 2007. Retrieved: 16 June 2008.
- ^ "Air-Attack.com - Su-30MK AL-31FP engines two-dimensional thrust vectoring." air-attack.com. Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
- ^ "MiG-35." domain-b.com. Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
- ^ "Fox Three." dassault-aviation.com. Retrieved: 24 April 2010.
- ^ "Supercuise at about Mach 1.2." luftwaffe.de. Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
- ^ "Supercruise at about Mach 1.2." eurofighter.at. Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
- ^ "Eurofighter capability, p. 53 Supercruise 2 SRAAM 6 MRAAM." mil.no/multimedia/archive. Retrieved: 24 April 2010.
- ^ AFM September 2004 "Eastern smile" pp. 41-43.
- ^ "U.S. Fighters Mature With AESA Radars." defense-update.com. Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
- ^ "Eurofighter Typhoon." publicservice.co. Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
- ^ "Type Acceptance for Block 5 Standard Eurofighter Typhoon." www.eurofighter.com, Eurofighter GmbH, 15 February 2007. Retrieved: 20 June 2007.
- ^ Warwick, Graham. "Ultra Hornet." flightglobal.com, 13 March 2007. Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
- ^ http://www.aeronautics.ru/archive/research_literature/aviation_articles/Aviation%20Week/topics/plasma_stealth/index.htm "Research Articles." Venik's Aviation Data Archive. Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
- ^ "F-15K - Republic of Korea." Boeing.com. Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
- ^ "Intelligence Community Assessment of the Lieutenant Commander Speicher Case." foia.cia.gov. Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
- ^ "Operation Desert Storm Downed Pilot." Central Intelligence Agency, USA.
- ^ "Iraqi Air-to-Air Victories since 1967." ACIG. Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
- ^ Sci Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
- ^ a b "F-16 Timeline 1999." f-16.net. Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
- ^ "Zap 16." zap.16.com. Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
- ^ F-16 Air Forces - Pakistan. F-16.net. Retrieved on 2010-09-08.
- ^ Cox, Jody D. and Hugh G. Severs. "The Relationship Between Realism in Air Force Exercises and Combat Readiness." Air Forces Issues Team, Washington DC, September 1994, pp. 1–114.
- ^ "Russian fighters superior, says Pentagon." newsfromrussia.com. Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
- ^ "Su-30MK Beats F-15C 'Every Time'." Aviation Week and Space Technology copy on archive.org
- ^ Baldauf, Scott. "Indian Air Force, in war games, gives US a run." csmonitor.com. Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
- ^ Exercise Indra Dhanush wraps up at Waddington
- ^ "Exercise Indra Dhanush 07, RAF Waddington." targeta.cp.uk. Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
- ^ India's Sukhois turn it on in UK skies, turn off radars
- ^ http://www.airsceneuk.org.uk/hangar/2007/441indians/indra.htm
- ^ LCA Tejas Specifications tejas.gov.in
- ^ "Pakistan has manufactured 66 JF-17 Thunder aircraft: National Assembly body told | Business Recorder". Business Recorder. Retrieved 2016-01-08.
- Bibliography
- Aronstein, David C. and Albert C. Piccirillo. The Lightweight Fighter Program: A Successful Approach to Fighter Technology Transition. Reston, VA: AIAA, 1996
- Kelly, Orr. Hornet: The Inside story of the F/A-18. Novato, California: Presido Press, 1990. ISBN 0-89141-344-8.
- Kopp, Carlo. "Lockheed-Martin F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Analysis 2002." Air Power Australia, 2002. Retrieved: 10 April 2006.
- Richardson, Doug. Stealth Warplanes: Deception, Evasion and Concealment in the Air. London: Salamander. 1989, First Edition. ISBN 0-7603-1051-3.
- Shaw, Robert. Fighter Combat: Tactics and Maneuvering. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1985. ISBN 0-87021-059-9.
- Sweetman, Bill. "Fighter Tactics." Jane's International Defense Review. Retrieved: 10 April 2006.


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"I wasn't even to go out, but it was a night of serendickity! I made out with that cutie pie all night long."
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Music and Drinks with Friends had added a June performance from 7 to 10 p.m. Wednesday at 151 Union Square in downtown Grass Valley featuring the music of Peter Wilson and Juliet Gobert. For more information, contact Shari Phillips 277-5756 or email@example.com.
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Benefits now increasing at slower rate than wages and salaries
November 03, 1999
For the fourth year in a row, benefit costs for civilian workers rose more slowly than wages and salaries in 1998.
[Chart data—TXT]
The Employment Cost Index (ECI) for benefit costs grew by 2.6 percent from December 1997 to December 1998. Wages and salaries increased by 3.7 percent over the same period.
At the beginning of the 1990s, benefits were climbing much more quickly than wages—for example, benefit costs increased by 6.7 percent in 1990, compared to 4.3 percent for wages and salaries. But since 1995, wages and salaries have risen more rapidly than benefits each year.
These data are a product of the BLS Employment Cost Trends program. Annual changes are December to December. "Civilian workers" include those in private industry and State and local government. The ECI excludes the self-employed and farm, private household, and Federal Government employees. Find out more in Employment Cost Indexes, 1975-98, BLS Bulletin 2514.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, The Economics Daily, Benefits now increasing at slower rate than wages and salaries on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/1999/nov/wk1/art03.htm (visited September 27, 2016).
Recent editions of Spotlight on Statistics
A look at healthcare spending, employment, pay, benefits, and prices
As one of the largest U.S. industries, healthcare is steadily growing to meet the needs of an increasing population with an increasing life expectancy. This Spotlight looks at how much people spend on healthcare, current and projected employment in the industry, employer-provided healthcare benefits, healthcare prices, and pay for workers in healthcare occupations.
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Healthcare occupations are a significant percentage of U.S. employment. Some of the largest and highest paying occupations are in healthcare. This Spotlight examines employment and wages for healthcare occupations.
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Dear Ms Ultrasound,
What is the difference between a Level II and Level III ultrasound?
The terms Level I, Level II and Level III aren't used very much anymore. If a doctor has recommended you have a certain level ultrasound, he/she is indicating how much detailed anatomy is required to be imaged during the scan. The basic ultrasound or level one is documenting the babies heart-rate and measuring the size of the fetus -- a general overview.
A more specialized professional is asked to perform a Level II ultrasound. In many cases this will be a perinatalogist, a doctor who specializes in higher risk pregnancies. This person will look for things like cleft-palate, heart defects, neurotube defects, intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and more.
If you have had your triple screen come back abnormal, had a previous pregnancy with a genetic problem, have a family history or you are over 35 you may be sent for a Level II or detailed ultrasound.
-- Jane, RDMS


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Do you recall the Staten Island Ferry Disaster of 1963? The news flew under the radar because it happened on the morning of November 22, and the media became overwhelmingly focused on the assassination of John F. Kennedy...http://www.neatorama.com/2016/09/25/The-Staten-Island-Ferry-Disaster-Memorial-Museum/
There have been many tales of people stranded by nautical problems, who end up floating at sea or stranded in an uninhabited wilderness. They are the victims of bad weather, mechanical problems, pirates, poor planning, o...http://www.neatorama.com/2016/04/02/10-Incredible-Tales-of-Real-Life-Castaways/
Forty years ago today, on November 10, 1975, the SS Edmund Fitzgerald sank under the waters of Lake Superior. All 29 of her crew perished the evening. The people of the Great Lakes area will never forget, and are holding...http://www.neatorama.com/2015/11/10/About-the-SS-Edmund-Fitzgerald/
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(Image credit: Flickr user César Rinc&oacut... ...hovels—it takes science, too.STEP 1: PICK A SHIPWRECKThere are plenty of ships in the sea. According to UNES... ...sea. According to UNESCO, roughly three million shipwrecks across the globe are just waiting to be found, a...http://www.neatorama.com/2013/10/25/How-to-Find-Sunken-Treasure/
[http://youtu.be/_91A9FzxQ78] (YouTube link)The Costa Concordia cruise ship has been lying on its side, partially submerged off the Italian coast, since it ran aground in January 2012. Finally, a salvage crew began bring...http://www.neatorama.com/2013/09/17/Lifting-the-Costa-Concordia/
The following is an article from Uncle John's Unstoppable Bathroom Reader.Few people know about the Sultana, despite the fact that it suffered the worst maritime disaster in U.S. history. For some reason, it is almost co...http://www.neatorama.com/2013/02/25/Death-on-the-Mississippi/
Four 19th-century warships have been found off the... ...the seafloor — along with even more ancient shipwrecks .Read more about the discovery at LiveScience. Lin...http://www.neatorama.com/2012/12/13/19th-Century-Shipwrecks-Discovered-Near-Israel/
Take a tour of the most photogenic sunken ships all over the world -or at least the part that's underwater. It's whole lot easier than diving down all those places yourself! Shown is a close-up of Tugboat Rozi, sunk...http://www.neatorama.com/2011/12/16/incredible-sunken-ships/
(YouTube link) The moral of the story is: if you are going to sail off the coast of Wales on December 5th, you may want to change your name to Hugh Williams. But is this a true story? Any records from these incidences...http://www.neatorama.com/2011/12/05/the-strangest-coincidence-ever-recorded/