text: Ear To The Ground Saturday 7:00PM - 8:00PM Hosted by Matthew Finch A local music showcase, featuring live performances by local talent. ABQ Summerfest 2015 By Matthew Finch • Jul 22, 2015 Albuquerque's SummerFest series came to Nob Hill on July 18 for a full day open air extravaganza that concluded with a seasonal downpour. KUNM's Roman Garcia and Eli Willard were on site to record the Main Stage performers: Mystic Vic Blues BandNuMethodsAlex Maryol BandHoney HouseLeni Stern African QuartetRoomful of Blues Final mix/editing by Eli Willard. Special thanks to John from Audio Excellence. Summerfest Live Saturday Night By Matthew Finch • Jul 16, 2015 Sat. 7/18 7p: Albuquerque's Nob Hill hosts Route 66 Summerfest, a day-long bounty of music on three stages, crafts, food, classic cars & kids' events. KUNM will air highlights from the Main Stage performers, featuring some of our finest local artists, plus visiting headliners. Hosted by Adam Aguirre and Matthew Finch. A full schedule of the performers can be found here. Sol De La Noche By Matthew Finch • Jul 15, 2015 Listen Listening... / 41:11 Performance and interview with Sol De La Noche. This week's feature spotlights Albuquerque's Sol de la Noche in a mix of Diego Manrique originals and classics from Colombia, Cuba & beyond. At any particular time this group can perform as anything from a duo to an 11-piece band. For this performance Sol de la Noche were: Diego Manrique: vocals, guitarGabriela Garza: vocals, percussion, melodicaDiego Flores, bassOscar Gamboa: percussionJose Chicas: trumpet Recorded in Studio A by Roman Garcia with Marshall Broyles. Keep up with the band at www.soldelanoche.com. BaBa By Matthew Finch • Jun 29, 2015 Listen Listening... / 44:45 Interview and music with BaBa in Studio C. This week we feature the Albuquerque duo BaBa playing early Jazz tunes from the new CD "Rosetta" plus originals. In the interview they talk about making the most of stripped-down orchestration and the presiding influence of silent film icon Buster Keaton on their own tunes. Recorded in Studio C on June 19, BaBa are:Steven Robert Allen: banjo, vocalMark Weaver: tuba Engineered by Matthew FinchVideographer: Jefferson White Keep up with BaBa at www.planetbaba.com Kito Peters in Studio A (Jan 2015) By Matthew Finch • Jun 22, 2015 Listen Listening... / 26:47 Kito Peters performing in Studio A. Full session audio. Until now, award-winning Santa Fe songwriter Kito Peters had been joining us as a solo performer for "Ear to the Ground." For this week's feature he brings multi-instrumentalist (and co-producer) John Kurzweg to perform songs from the new CD "Design Flaw." As usual, Peters unveils some brand new songs destined for the next album. Recorded by Roman Garcia in Studio A, January 15, 2015. Kito Peters: lead vocal. rhythm guitarJohn Kurzweg: lead guitar, vocals We've also included one solo song from last year's Studio C session. Find both musicians here:www.kitopeters.comwww.johnkurzweg.com The Mil-Tones Brass Band: Parts 1 and 2 By Matthew Finch • Jun 8, 2015 Elaine Baumgartel Click to see both "Faith" and "Rope" videos. Part 1 of The MilTones Performance and Interview: Listen Listening... / 30:43 The MilTones Brass Band Pt 1: Performance and interview Part 2 of The MilTones Performance and Interview: Listen Listening... / 39:16 The MilTones Pt 2: Performance and interview In this two-part feature we catch The Mil-Tones Brass Band as they prepare to record their debut album. Drawn from musicians across the state, The Mil-Tones bring the New Orleans brass sound to a wide array of styles, offering new arrangements of Jazz tunes as well as Rock covers and daring originals. Recorded in Studio A on May 27, 2015, for this performance The Mil-Tones were: Milton Villarrubia III: drum kit, band leaderJeremy Bleich: electric guitarJQ Whitcomb: trumpetDan Pearlman: cornetRyan Finn: tromboneMark Weaver: tubaDan Barton: tenor saxMatt Briggs: tenor & baritone saxPaul Bossert: sousaphoneBen Wright: sousaphoneElliot Ryan: percussion Studio engineering and post-production by Roman Garcia with Marshall BroylesVideo production: Jefferson White Find The Mil-Tones on Facebook; a larger web presence will be rolling out soon. David Berkeley/Ben Wright Duo By Matthew Finch • Jun 1, 2015 Listen Listening... / 28:18 David and Ben play and chat with Matthew Finch in Studio C. On May 30 Santa Fe musicians David Berkeley & Ben Wright stopped into Studio C for an impromptu session on their way to an evening show at Albuquerque's Westside Marble Brewery. Some exciting May weather had pressed their schedule tight & so the session was all single takes of songs from Berkeley's last and forthcoming albums. David Berkeley: vocal, acoustic guitarBen Wright: electric guitar, vocals Engineered by Matthew Finch Web post-production by Jefferson White Keep up with David Berkeley at www.davidberkeley.com.Ben Wright's work both solo & with D Numbers can be found at www.mesarecordings.com. The Khans By Matthew Finch • May 18, 2015 Listen Listening... / 30:02 The Khans, interview and performance This week's featured performers are the Albuquerque duo The Khans, playing work from their debut CD "Meta Tribal Rite XI" and talking about how they each found a stylistic home in the musical traditions of the Mid-East. For this performance The Khans are: Erik Teixera: oudFrank Bramlitt: darbuka. Recorded in Studio C on May 6, 2015 by Matthew FinchVideographer: Jefferson White Keep up with the Khans & learn of their plans to expand the project at www.505khans.com. Eileen And The In-Betweens By Matthew Finch • May 8, 2015 Listen Listening... / 34:18 Interview with and performances by Eileen & The In-Betweens On May 6, 2015, the Albuquerque 7-piece Eileen & the In-Betweens made their Studio A debut, playing songs from "Everything Is Alive," Eileen's second album, but her first to be written and recorded in New Mexico. For this performance Eileen & the In-Betweens are: Eileen Shaughnessy: lead vocals, guitar, ukulele, pedalsBritt Letcher: violaColin Baillio: bassKenny Broyles: drumsChristy Cook: vocals, ukuleleStephanie Graner: vocals, banjoJessie Parker: vocals Recording by Roman Garcia with Kevin KissielVideo by Jefferson White Shaughnessy performs both solo and with the In-Betweens. Keep up with her and them at eileenandtheinbetweens.bandcamp.com or on Facebook. Live Broadcast "Fiestas 2015" By Roman Garcia • Apr 7, 2015 Sat. 4/11 7p: UNM's Johnson field transforms into a music festival Saturday afternoon and KUNM will be there. Starting at 7:00 pm KUNM will broadcast some of the best performances of the day from Ugly Robot, Repel the Robot, Sol de la Noche, Sphynx, Lonely Biscuits and many others. Ottmar Liebert By Matthew Finch • Mar 30, 2015 Listen Listening... / 28:19 Interview and music with Ottmar Liebert in Studio C. This week features an informal Studio C visit from Santa Fe guitarist/composer Ottmar Liebert. Just returned from a European tour, Liebert and his trio Luna Negra were preparing to reunite with the New Mexico Philharmonic for an April 4th performance at Popejoy Hall. In addition to two brief pieces from Studio C, this feature contains cuts from Liebert's most recent releases "Bare Wood" and "Three-Oh-Five". Joseph General, Pt 1 and 2 By Matthew Finch • Mar 16, 2015 Listen Listening... / 31:33 The Joseph General Band live in Studio A, with interview. Listen Listening... / 29:00 Part 2 of the interview and performance of the Joseph General Band. Tonight we feature 9-piece powerhouse The Joseph General Band. To celebrate the release of their first live in-studio recording this squad of seasoned and versatile players decided to give us an extended set of their Reggae originals live in Studio A. For this performance The Joseph General Band are:Joseph General: lead vocalsCarlo Johnson: guitarJohn Williams: keyboardsJerome "Scoobie" Obichon: drumsBilly Lorne: percussionJohn Zamora: guitarDelmone Taylor: tenor saxLydia Garcia: vocals Engineered by Eli Willard with Steve NeryPost-production by Roman Garcia Keep up with Joseph General on Facebook or at josephgeneralband.com. Groove To Reggae With The Joseph General Band, Part Two By Matthew Finch • Mar 13, 2015 Sat. 3/21 7p: To celebrate the release of their new live in-concert recording, the Joseph General Band joins us for an extended Studio A session. This 9-piece Reggae group includes some of the most seasoned & versatile performers on the Albuquerque scene. They promise to be very busy on local stages as the album rolls out. Hangin' With Uncle Mike By Matthew Finch • Mar 2, 2015 Listen Listening... / 30:21 Michael Anthony and Paul Gonzalez live in the Control Room on Afternoon Freeform. Music and interview. Guitarist Michael Anthony is one of the most storied Jazz musicians in New Mexico and a frequent guest on KUNM's "All That Jazz" program. In this session, Monday host Paul Gonzalez sets the sound board, brings out his trumpet, fits it with a Harmon mute and plays impromptu duets with Anthony. The set includes a Gonzalez original dedicated to Anthony and excerpts of their live on-air conversation. Personel for this session: Electric guitar: Michael AnthonyTrumpet: Paul Gonzalez Sound engineer: Paul GonzalezVideographer: Jefferson White Zia Conservatory Redux By Matthew Finch • Jan 26, 2015 Listen Listening... / 37:09 Zia Conservatory's performance from Studio A Sat. 3/14 7p: A set of Blues classics and originals from Zia Conservatory in their first studio recording, made March 1 in Studio A. In the interview we hear about the roots and history of the venerable cigar box guitar, and Peña speaks about his own journey as a master craftsman of these instruments. (A rebroadcast from last year.) Hector Peña: vocals, harmonica, 3-string cigar box guitarJackie Jones: vocals, 4-string cigar box guitarDevon Hall: cajon, percussion Produced by Roman Garcia. Video by Jefferson White. Find these artists at facebook.com/ziaconservatory. More information on cigar box guitars can be found at www.reddogguitars.comand www.cigarboxnation.com. UNM Songwriting Showcase By Matthew Finch • Dec 22, 2014 Drawing by Dustin Harvey Listen Listening... / 25:13 Songs from the UNM Songwriting Showcase. From December 2014 - we offer highlights from the UNM Songwriting Showcase. Presented originally by professors David Bashwiner & Kristina Jacobsen-Bia the featured songwriters are: Wyatt Granger, Pip Ridgway, Gregorio Hernandez, Gena Bradshaw, Sarah Rose, Jaime Jesus, Juan Pablo Fernandez Cohen, Marshall J. Broyles, & Lydia O'Neal. Special thanks to Production Assistant Marshall J. Broyles. Klas By Matthew Finch • Dec 15, 2014 Listen Listening... / 29:30 Klas in Studio A. Full session audio. Tonight's featured artist is Klas recorded live & solo in Studio A. Klas Aahman is one-third of the Stockholm/Rosewell-based rock group Secret Circus. We catch him in his one-man band mode as he expands his solo work while his bandmates remain in Sweden. Engineered by Roman Garcia, video by Jefferson White. Find Klas on Facebook or follow the full band at www.secretcircus.se. Next 2 The Tracks By Matthew Finch • Dec 8, 2014 Listen Listening... / 25:52 Next 2 The Tracks Live in Studio C. Full session audio. Tonight's featured artist is the Albuquerque/El Paso trio Next 2 the Tracks recorded live in Studio C. When they came by in December of last year the band had just completed a coast-to-coast tour and were ready to record their fully road-tested songs. Now that the CD titled "She" is out we wanted to re-visit these early acoustic versions of some of the songs. Next 2 the Tracks are:Christian Talamantes: vocals, acoustic guitarJonny Bang: bass, vocalsTodd Selau: djembe, vocals Recorded in Studio C by Matthew Finch. Keep up with the band at www.next2thetracks.com or on Facebook. Boris and the Saltlicks redux By Matthew Finch • Dec 1, 2014 Listen Listening... / 32:31 Boris and the Saltlicks live in Studio A, February, 2014. This week we revisit a Studio A session from February with Boris & the Saltlicks performing songs from their 2014 release "Might Crash." For this session The Saltlicks -- a band of anywhere from two to five pieces is a duo: Boris McCutcheon: vocals, acoustic guitarBrett Davis: electric guitar, banjo, backing vocals Engineered by Roman GarciaCamera by Jefferson White Keep up with Boris & the Saltlicks future gigs & past albums at www.borismccutcheon.com. Pray for Brain in Studio A Pt. 1 By Matthew Finch • Nov 17, 2014 M. Stefan Dill Listen Listening... / 28:10 Part 1 of Pray for Brain audio in Studio A. Tonight's feature is the first part of a two-part Studio A session with the instrumental trio Pray for Brain. After releasing their debut CD "None of the Above" this spring, Pray for Brain have discovered a sizable online audience in India. We caught them just after they'd booked themselves for a tour to meet their unlikely fan base with a host of unrecorded tunes. Pray for Brain are:Mustafa Stefan Dill: GuitarsChristine Nelson: Stand-up BassJefferson Voorhees: Drums, percussion Engineered by Ethan Stein with Kevin Kisiel. Video by Jefferson White. Keep up with this band on their website www.pray4brain.com or on Facebook/PrayForBrain. Todd Tijerina Band Pt 2 By Matthew Finch • Nov 10, 2014 Listen Listening... / 19:56 Todd Tijerina Band live in Studio A. Part 2 session audio with interview. As promised in last week's "Ear to the Ground", and following a post below, this is Part 2 of our live session with Todd Tijerina and his band. Check post below for more details about the band. Todd Tijerina Band Pt 1 By Matthew Finch • Nov 3, 2014 Charline Matthews Listen Listening... / 31:01 Todd Tijerina Band live in Studio A. Part 1 session audio with interview. Tonight's featured artist is Albuquerque's Todd Tijerina Band, part one. Tijerina came to local prominence as a Blues specialist, but his new CD "Shine On" finds him moving into new territory, as you can hear in this performance with this latest edition of the band: Todd Tijerina: vocals, guitarDave Heidt: bass, vocalsDonnie Frank: drums, vocals Engineered & edited by Kevin Kisiel. Keep up with the group & hear selections from the new CD "Shine On" at www.tijerinaband.com. Double Plow By Matthew Finch • Oct 27, 2014 Listen Listening... / 33:22 Double Plow in Studio A. Full session audio. In tonight's feature we catch up with Albuquerque rockers Double Plow for a high energy session of originals plus a preview of their appearance at Launchpad's "Night of the Living Cover Bands" as rock immortals Queen. Double Plow are:Dwayne Norris: lead vocals, rhythm guitar, "Freddie"Jimmy James Norris: lead guitarJason Orona: bass, vocalsFrank Tijerino: drums, cowbellEngineered & edited by Roman Garcia Find Double Plow on Facebook and reverbnation.com. Wildewood By Matthew Finch • Oct 7, 2014 (Click title "Wildewood" above to view video.) Listen Listening... / 29:11 Wildewood live in Studio A. Full session audio. On this feature we catch up with one of Albuquerque's hardest working trios, Wildewood, playing originals from their just released second album "The Other Side" along with two cover songs recently added to their repertoire. Wildewood is: Meredith Wilder: vocals, electric guitarAlex McMahon: vocals, electric guitar, pedal steelGreg Williams: drum kit, harmonica Engineered by Roman Garcia with Marshall Broyles.Video by Jefferson White. Keep up with Wildewood at http://www.wildewoodband.com. Best of Globalquerque 2014 By Roman Garcia • Oct 7, 2014 In assembling KUNM's 5-hour coverage of the 10th annual Globalquerque! Festival of World Music and Culture in September, we had to leave out some great performances. Below you can find full audio from the action on all three stages over both days of the Festival. Working with the Audio Excellence group and NHCC's technical staff were KUNM engineers Roman Garcia, Ethan Stein, Eli Willard, Marshall Broyles and Alex Williams. Video by Jefferson White. To find links to any of these artists go to www.globalquerque.org. Lo'Jo (France) Plaza Mayor stage Listen Listening... / 44:59 Rocky Dawuni (Ghana) Plaza Mayor stage Listen Listening... / 37:45 Los Texmaniacs (Texas) Plaza Mayor stage Listen Listening... / 37:54 Afro-Cuban All Stars (Cuba) Plaza Mayor stage Listen Listening... / 33:00 Oumar Konate (Mali) Plaza Mayor stage Listen Listening... / 34:55 Golem (New York) Plaza Mayor stage Listen Listening... / 19:22 Beto Jamaica (Colombia) Journal Theater stage Listen Listening... / 45:33 Beto Jamaica Live at Globalquerque 2014. Liu Fang (China) Journal Theater stage Listen Listening... / 47:47 Calypso Rose with Kobe Town (Trinidad and Tobago) Journal Theater stage Listen Listening... / 55:56 Robert "Tree" Cody and Native Wisdom (Maricopa/Intertribal) Journal Theater stage Listen Listening... / 11:30 Gaby Moreno (Guatemala) Journal Theater stage Listen Listening... / 48:09 Gaby Moreno Live at Globalquerque 2014. Eli Secody (Dine) Fountain Courtyard stage Listen Listening... / 45:33 Los Primos featuring Lenore Armijo (New Mexico) Fountain Courtyard stage Listen Listening... / 26:33 DVA (Czech Republic) Fountain Courtyard stage Listen Listening... / 28:41 The Cowboy Way (New Mexico) Fountain Courtyard stage Listen Listening... / 42:40 Liu Fang with Rahim AlHaj (China, Iraq) Fountain Courtyard stage Listen Listening... / 35:42 Lo'Jo (France) Fountain Courtyard stage Listen Listening... / 51:30 Cole Mitchell and The Curs By Matthew Finch • Aug 29, 2014 Listen Listening... / 24:19 Cole Mitchell and the Curs Live in Studio A. Pt. 1 audio. Listen Listening... / 23:18 Cole Mitchell Pt 2 audio. In tonight's feature we catch up with veteran New Mexico songwriter Cole Mitchell and his latest edition of The Curs. Health issues kept Mitchell away from the stage for a few years, but he's returned with a new perspective and a trunkload of new songs. He shares some tunes from his new album "Souvenirs ..." plus a few songs from his well-remembered rock outfit The Saddlesores. For this performance The Curs were:Cole Mitchell: vocals, acoustic guitarLouie Silva: acoustic and electric guitars, mandolin, vocalsRobert Silva (former Saddlesore): bass, vocals Engineered by Ethan Stein with Kevin Kissiel.Video by Roman Garcia. Find out more about Cole Mitchell at www.colemitchellmusic.com. Wildewood Acoustic By Matthew Finch • Aug 25, 2014 Wes Naman Listen Listening... / 19:15 Wildewood Unplugged in Studio C. Today's feature is a preview of an upcoming Studio A session with the Albuquerque trio Wildewood. Since their self-titled debut release last spring the group has been rolling out new material live before local audiences. As their second release approaches, the band stopped by our Studio C to offer an unplugged take on the newer material & to talk about the last year. Wildewood are:Greg Williams: harmonica, snare drumAlex McMahon: vocals, guitarMeredith Wilder: vocals, guitar Matthew Finch was the audio engineer. Keep up with Wildewood at www.wildewoodband.com. Youngsville By Matthew Finch • Aug 11, 2014 theyoungsville.com Listen Listening... / 19:31 Youngsville playing in Studio A. Full session audio. This "Ear to the Ground" feature previews the forthcoming local compilation CD from The ABQ Music Lab with a Studio A performance by contributing band Youngsville: Carlos Garcia: vocals, guitarMickey Sanchez: bass, vocalsRyan Sclarrotta: drums, vocals We also get some time with the brains behind the Music Lab series & the compilation, Clark Libbey & Joey Gonzalez. Engineered by Roman Garcia. Keep up with Youngsville at www.theyoungsville.com.Follow the ABQ Music Lab at www.facebook.com/MusicLabABQ for news on the live music series, find the compilation at www.musiclab.bandcamp.com. Indie Folk Band Cactus Tractor By Matthew Finch • Jul 30, 2014 Listen Listening... / 33:33 Full session audio of Cactus Tractor live in Studio A. Tonight's feature finds us in Studio A on July 24th with the Albuquerque 7-piece Cactus Tractor in an all-acoustic performance. For this night Cactus Tractor was: Samuel Sullivan: harmonicaStef Graner: vocals, accordion, charrango, banjo, washboard, Chupper hornChristy Cook: vocals, violin, guitar, tenor ukulele, mandolin, Hula hornDavid Bashwiner: vocals, guitar, mandolinMatthew Tobias: drumsPaul Hunton: vocals, bass, guitarBrandon Baca: vocals, guitar Audio engineering and post-production by Ethan Stein with assistance of Kevin Kissiel.Jefferson White: videographer. Keep track of Cactus Tractor online at www.cactustractor.com or on Facebook. Summerfest Route 66 LIVE Featuring Arrested Development By Tristan Clum • Jul 16, 2014 Sat. 7/19 7p: Once again KUNM broadcasts Summerfest, live from Nob Hill in Albuquerque. You'll hear the phenomenal guitar work of singer-songwriter Raul Midon. Also, enjoy local musicians like bluesman Chris Dracup, women's voice and percussion ensemble Mala Maña and Albuquerque's newest Salsa Group En-Joy. Grammy winners Arrested Development will end the show with their unique brand of positive hip-hop. It's the next best thing to being there! Live and local music from Summerfest, Saturday night starting at 7:00. Pages« first ‹ previous 1 2 3 next › last »


text:
Chromium Complex 90 Vegetarian Caps #51900
Chromium Complex contains ChromeMate®, a unique patented chromium complex (U.S. Patent No. 4,923,855), and guar gum, a soluble fiber. It also contains vitamin B6, niacin, and reduced L-glutathione.
Suggested use: As a dietary supplement, 1 capsule daily with a meal and 8 oz. of water, or as directed by a healthcare practitioner.
Other ingredients: Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate.
These nutrients are of the highest quality and purity obtainable, and do not contain preservatives, diluents, or artificial additives.
Variations in product color may occur. Keep in a cool, dry place, tightly capped.
*This statement has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug administration. The product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
19 Times Bruce Jenner Proved He Was 100% Man, Baby
Sorry, Star magazine — you got this one wrong. Stereotypical gender norms ahead!
Yesterday Star magazine published this absolutely insane story:
We were all, "WOW GUYS, get a clue" and then gathered up some instances that disprove this insane theory.
1. Like when he played Kris' butt like the bongos.
Keeping Up With The Kardashians / ignitethelight.tk
2. How he doesn't understand lady terminology.
Keeping Up With The Kardashians / thiskitten.tumblr.com
3. His take on fashion.
Keeping Up With The Kardashians via fawkesonfire.
4. When he and Kris got into it in the kitchen.
Keeping Up With The Kardashians / kardashiankrazednicole.tumblr.com
5. The time he was on a Wheaties box.
6. When Bruce got real honest about his lady-slayin' days.
7. When he was the manliest guy in this photo even though he was wearing a crop top.
CAN'T STOP THE MUSIC: © Associated Film Distribution / Courtesy Everett Collection
9. When he pulled off wearing a Goofy-themed shirt during a triathlon.
Rod Rolle / Getty Images
10. When he took Kris for a ride on his hog.
Maureen Donaldson / Getty Images / Via buzzfeed.com
11. The time his presence alone scared Kylie.
I mean, HELLOOO, BRUCE.
13. When he threatens the paparazzi.
Keeping Up With The Kardashians / thiskitten.tumblr.com
14. Everything about this photo.
CAN'T STOP THE MUSIC: © Associated Film Distribution / Courtesy Everett Collection
15. When he went on Late Night to yell at Jimmy Fallon for the "face jokes."
Late Night With Jimmy Fallon / buzzfeed.com
16. When he's all "come at me bro."
17. When he dances.
18. When he managed to remain a stud while embracing another man and being touched by Hulk Hogan on the Love Boat.
LOVE BOAT / Courtesy Everett Collection
19. Oh, and the time he won a MOTHERFUCKING OLYMPIC GOLD MEDAL.
Tony Duffy / Hulton Archive
Check out more articles on BuzzFeed.com!
More News About Bruce Jenner
Preview Your Response
In The News Today
- Former Israeli President Shimon Peres has died at 93. He was the country's longest-serving politician and statesman.
- Monday night's presidential debate between Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton was a horse show for undecided voters.
- And in a powerful note on her Facebook page, tennis star Serena Williams says she won't be silent about the police killings of black men.


text:
And it's free to FDM Policyholders
FDM is now providing E-Learning for Firefighters and EMS Personnel
Click here for more information on E-Learning.
According to the latest report from the USFA between 1/1/16 and 6/27/16 there have been 33 LODD's Nationwide.
Of the 33, 21 are Volunteer and 12 are Career.
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Learn more about Volunteer Firefighters Benefit Law (VFBL) Coverage.
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History of the Fire Districts of NY Mutual Insurance Co, Inc.
General claim information.
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Black Orchid Paper Pack
By Kamilla Design
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Product Information
- Type: Paper Pack
- Designer: Kamilla Design
- Download Size: 58.7 MB (approximate)
Design Elements
- Digital Papers: 25
Designer Notes
Who doesn't like flowers? I love them :). My favourite one is Orchid. That's way I designed this Combo Pack. In this thread you can buy only the paper pack. It is perfect to create LOs about Wedding memories, Mother's Day, Thanksgiving, Love and etc...


text:
Lesson Plan
I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today! And Other Stories Lesson Plan
Student enjoy the craziness of the cats while wearing tails and acting out parts of this classic Dr. Seuss book.
- Grades: PreK–K, 1–2
About this book
As always, Dr. Seuss is a hit with students, and I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today! And Other Stories is no exception. I include this title as part of a Dr. Seuss author study. Students enjoy the craziness of the cats holding up their tails in King Looie Katz.
Students will "retell or dramatize traditional literature." —Massachusetts English/Language Arts Curriculum Framework
- I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today! And Other Stories by Dr. Seuss
- strips of white felt, about 2" X 22", one per student
- colored markers, brown, gray, black, yellow, tan
- safety pins, one per student
After reading the story, give students time to color their felt strip. This will act as their tail. You may want to suggest students create a pattern. When the tails are done, use the safety pins to attach them to the students. Act out parts of the story, with students holding one another's tails.
Supporting All Learners
Remind students to be careful with the safety pins, as they don't want to get pricked. Also, practice how to hold your neighbor's tail. An overzealous student might accidentally rip through the felt.
Lesson Extensions
Have students memorize parts of the poem and record them on tape.
Related Resources
- Part of Collection:
- Subjects:Cats, Cause and Effect, Story Elements, Character and Values, Culture and Diversity, Manners and Conduct
- Skills:Listening Comprehension
- Duration:50 Mins


text:
Game of Thrones You Know Nothing, Jon Snow T-Shirt, Large
If theres one thing that every Game of Thrones fan knows, its that Jon Snow knows nothing. Now everyone will know that youre a serious fan with this Game of Thrones T-Shirt. The black tee features Ygrittes quote You know nothing Jon Snow. in orange lettering.
Read MoreLess
More Details
- Color: Black
- Fit: Slim Fit. We recommend ordering 1-2 sizes up.
- Gender: Unisex
- Made In: Imported
- Made Of: Cotton


text:
Indian Premier League, an annual cricket event started in India in 2008. The tournament is played in the shortest format of the game i.e Twenty20 cricket. IPL has been a grand success and its popularity is increasing worldwide each year. Indian Premier League in its 8 years of existence has been a commercial success too, increasing its value every year. The brand value of the IPL till last year was estimated to be US$3.2 billion. The principal sponsors of Indian Premier League is Pepsi, the reason why it is called Pepsi IPL at present.
The Concept
The tournament is held in the supervision of BCCI- Board of Control and Cricket in India. At present there are eight teams playing the league, named after different cities of India. The teams is owned and managed by franchises who buy the players on a contract basis to play for their franchisee. The tournament is held every year in the month of April-May in India except once in 2009 when it happened in South Africa due to general elections in India.
There has been 8tournament held so far, after getting inaugurated in 2008. Out of all the 11 teams that have ever played the league only five have experienced how it tastes to be a champion. IPL's principal sponsor initially were DLF for $50 million, the five year but was overtaken by Pepsi in 2013 which paid $72 million for the same time, which transformed the name from DLF IPL to Pepsi IPL. Sony entertainment channel has the broadcasting rights of IPL for 10 years which they bought in 2008 for $1billion. IPL has also the record of getting broadcasted live on You Tube, it is the first sporting event to broadcast live on You Tube.
Tournament rules
The tournament follows the same rule as in international Twenty20 cricket, strategic time out which is given in between the match is the only difference. However, there are some rules with respect to how a franchisee can acquire a player. A franchisee can own a player for his club in 5 ways:
- Signing domestic players
- Signing uncapped players
- Through trading
- Signing replacements
Other rules include –
- It is a mandate for a franchise to have a minimum squad of 16 players, a physiotherapist and a coach.
- A franchisee can't own more than 11 international player in a squad out of which only 4 can be in the playing eleven.
- In the squad of 16, at least 14 should be Indian players. However, the team can buy as many players as they want.
- Al least 6 players should be in each squad form BCCI under 22 squad.
The minimum salary of a player has to be US$20,000 and US$50,000 for U-22 player and the rest of the players respectively.
Participating Franchise
- Chennai Super Kings– The franchise from south of India is owned by Indian cements CEO, Varun Manian. MS Dhoni is the captain of the team and New Zealand's ex-captain is the coach. Chennai Super Kings is one of the most successful team in the IPL, making it to all the semifinals till now and winning it twice in 2010 and 2011.
- Delhi Daredevils– The franchise is owned by Grandhi mallikarjuna Rao of GMR groups. The team is yet to announce the skipper for 2016 as the team went through complete revamp in recent auction. The ex-South African batsman and Indian cricket team coach Gary Kristen, is currently coaching Delhi Daredevils.
- Kings XI Punjab – KXIP's ownership is shared by Bollywood actress Preity Zinta, Bombay Dyeing owner Ness Wadia and Mohit Burman from Dabur Groups. The team was runner up last season, the closest they have got to win the league. The team is led by a 33 year old Australian cricketer George Bailey.
- Kolkata knight Riders– The team from the east of India shares its ownership between two Bollywood actors, Shahrukh Khan and Juhi Chawla. Knight Riders started their IPL journey on a very bad note being in bottom three in first three season. However, the team changed story later and is now one of the two team which has won the league twice. The captain of KKR is Gautam Gambhir.
- Mumbai Indians – The Mumbai Indians is owned by the richest man of the country, Mukesh Ambani of Relaince Group. Mumbai India stood champions in 2013 and 2015 and is currently led by Rohit Sharma.
- Rajasthan Royals – The franchise is owned by Lachlan Murdoch, Shilpa Shetty and Raj Kundra. Rajasthan won the debut season of IPL. Shane Watson of Australia is currently the captain of the league.
- Royal Challengers Bangalore– Kingfisher owner, Vijay Mallya owns the Bangaluru club. The team has never won the league but is one of the most looked after club. The young Indian batsman, Virat Kohli is the skipper currently.
- Sunrisers Hyderabad – Sunrisers Hyderabad made their debut in IPL in 2013. The club is owned by Kalanidhi Maran of Sun Group. The team is yet to announce its captain for 2015 sea


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The Road to Better Aid: An Emerging Bipartisan Consensus?
John Norris discusses whether there is an emerging bipartisan consensus on the importance of foreign aid programs.
The Ambassadors-as-CEOs Model
John Norris writes in Foreign Policy about how the State Department's Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review rethinks the career path and needed skill sets for America's top diplomats.
The Case for Just Jobs
Report Just jobs raise living standards for millions of people and serve as instruments for promoting global stability and security, write John Podesta and Sabina Dewan.
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John Norris lists five foreign policy ideas progressives and tea partiers can both get behindin Foreign Policy.
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John Norris digs at the roots of Haiti's longstanding poverty to see how the United States and international community can help create positive change in the country.
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John Norris writes in Foreign Policy that reforming our foreign aid system won't be easy.
Nigeria's Multifaceted Problems Challenge U.S. Policy
Nigeria's quickly changing demographics are playing host to challenges ranging from environmental degradation to internal conflict, write Andrew Sweet and Michael Werz.
Ask the Expert: Building a Better Security Budget
Video John Norris discusses why our current national security strategy unsustainable and how we can reform the defense budget while still keeping America safe.
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Sudan Is Still Up to No Good
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Long-term stability in Yemen must begin with an overhaul of its notoriously inadequate education system, writes Sarah Jacobs.
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It would be no exaggeration to say that before Jim McGuinness took over as manager of Donegal, their panel would have been considered too ill-disciplined, or too wild, to win an All Ireland…
As the recently-retired Rory Kavanagh puts it...they couldn't be trusted...
Rory joined Sean in studio, having just launched his book 'Winning: How Donegal Changed the Game Forever', which recounts his time as a footballer, and the seismic changes McGuinness brought to Donegal, along with the Sam Maguire and 3 county titles.
This guest is perhaps one of the most prolific children's authors. His 1982 novel, Warhorse was adapted for the stage and screen. His books are staples of most classrooms and libraries.
His new book, An Eagle in the Snow is based on the true story of a young soldier who had a chance encounter with Hitler and he joined Claire this morning, that is author Michael Morpurgo.
With our eye on the centenary of 1916 next year, it's a good time to look at the state of Ireland before the Rising, and if we look at those decades, one of the key ideas to emerge was that the Irish had lost the ability to be cultural innovators and instead had become slavish imitators of all things British - the 'West Briton' syndrome diagnosed by Douglas Hyde. In many ways the Irish Cultural Revival was an attempt to address this and to promote new modes of thinking in Ireland.
In this moment new options presented themselves: either to turn to France with its radical republican politics and experimental art or to reconnect with the buried energies of the Irish language.
These are some of the themes explored in The Handbook of the Irish Revival, recently published by the Abbey Theatre Press and in the months leading up to the centenary we will talk to its authors Declan Kiberd and PJ Matthews about the changing political temperature in Ireland leading up to 1916...
Today, PJ Matthews one of the authors was joined by Barry Barnes and Cathy Belton to look at Ireland in the early phases of the Literary Revival.
As Easter 1916 neared thousands of Irish people were looking forward to what many called 'The Scrap' - the day when the military action replace marches, meetings and drills.
Survivors of the rising later gave researchers vivid accounts of what they had done and seen and heard during a week of fighting that left 450 people dead, thousands injured and the centre of Dublin in ruins.
Writer Gene Kerrigan has woven these accounts into a book called 'The Scrap' and he joined Sean this morning.
Two strangers meet on a flight; after a few drinks, one reveals that his wife is having an affair and he would like to kill her. The woman says she will help him do it and so begins a rollercoaster story of twists and coincidences that lead to revenge and murder, ..that's the premise of The Kind Worth Killing by Peter Swanson, our book club choice for this month.
To review our book choice this month we had Paul Williams, Best seller author and Crime journalist, Irish Independent, broadcaster Maxi, Natasha Fennell of Stillwater Communications and John O'Keeffe, Criminologist and Forensic Psychologist in studio.
And to coincide with the release of the movie, Brooklyn, we've decided to go back to the book that inspired the film, our book club choice for the month of November will be Brooklyn by Colm Toibin.
Eilis Lacey has grown up in a small town in Ireland, but when she gets the chance to go and live in a Brooklyn neighbourhood, she goes, leaving behind her mother and sister. But as she settles in to her new life, she receives devastating news from home that threatens her future in America.
So, If you've never read Brooklyn, now is your chance, we will be discussing the book at the end of November and we would love to hear from you then.
Almost 50 years since his pioneering book Ireland Since The Rising, historian and journalist Tim Pat Coogan casts his eye over our past century of nation-building against the backdrop of the forthcoming centenary in his new book 1916: The Mornings After - From the Courts Martial to the Tribunals. In it he tells the story of the traumatic aftermath of the Rising, and of the emergence of two Irish states from the embers of conflict. Taking a strongly personal perspective he charts the subsequent decades marked as much by complacency, corruption and institutional abuse, as they are by the sacrifices and achievements of the Republic's founding fathers.
Tim Pat Coogan's book is called 1916 – The Mornings After: From the Courts Martial to the Tribunals. It is published by Head of Zeus and priced at €22.50.
The Irish rugby squad is, as we speak, doing everything they can to make it to a World Cup final, but one Irish man has already been there and done that.I
In studio this morning was Alain Rolland, one of the most successful rugby referees of all time, who went from 40 Leinster appearances and 3 Ireland caps to a career holding the whistle, culminating in taking charge of the 2007 World Cup final in France.
His new book The Whistleblower, covering this fascinating career, and published by Hero Books, is out now.
Yeonmi is twenty three years old and in 2007, she escaped from North Korea with her mother and sister.
As we know, North Korea is a poor isolated country where people struggle to survive under a regime that feeds propaganda to its citizens instead of food.
Yeonmi has just published her autobiography entitled In Order to Live: A North Korean Girl's Journey to Freedom.
While her English is a little hard to understand initially, hers is an extraordinary story of courage.
One of the country's leading barristers, he has represented a diverse range of clients from gangland criminals like John Gilligan to politicians like Ivor Callely and top bankers like Sean Fitzpatrick.
And Senior Counsel, Michael O'Higgins has another side to him, he is an award-winning short story writer who has just published his first novel, Snapshots. Michael joined Sean in studio this morning.
Detective Chief Inspector - Jane Tennison was immortalised on the small screen by Helen Mirren in the awarding winning TV series, Prime Suspect.
But it was author Lynda La Plante who created the character of Tennison many years ago and while the TV character has disappeared from our screens battling alcoholism, ageism and faces retirement, La Plante has brought Tennison back in her new novel, simply called 'Tennison'.
Lynda La Plante joined Sean this morning.
Read More on Lynda here.
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Sibony, Patrick MD; Strachovsky, Matthew MD; Honkanen, Robert MD; Kupersmith, Mark J. MD
Department of Ophthalmology (PS, MS, RH), SUNY Eye Institute, State University New York at Stony Brook, UHMC, Stony Brook, New York; and INN at Roosevelt Hospital and New York Eye and Department of Neuro-ophthalmology, Ear Infirmary (MJK), New York, New York.
Address correspondence to Patrick Sibony, MD, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital and Medical Center, Health Sciences Center, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794; E-mail: email@example.com
The authors report no conflicts of interest.
Supported in part by National Eye Institute Grants U10 EY017281-01A1 and U10 EY017281-01A1S1 and departmental educational research grant from Davis Optical.
Background: Geometric morphometrics (GM) was used to compare the shape of the peripapillary retinal pigment epithelium–Bruch's membrane (ppRPE) layer imaged on spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) of patients with presumed optic nerve sheath meningiomas (pONSM) and normal subjects.
Methods: We compared 2 groups: 30 normals to 10 patients (11 eyes) with pONSM. We digitized 20 equidistant semi-landmarks on OCT images of the ppRPE-layer, spanning 2500 μm on each side of the neural canal opening (NCO). Data were analyzed using standard GM techniques including a generalized least squares Procrustes superimposition, principal component analysis (PCA), thin-plate spline, and permutation statistical analysis to evaluate differences in shape. We also analyzed other variables with respect to shape including tumor size-proximity to the globe, age, retinal nerve fiber layer, and optic disc height.
Results: All pONSM patients were female (age 37–66 years); 10 had unilateral and 1 had bilateral optic nerve involvement. Ten of the eyes had optic disc edema at presentation, 4 went on to develop shunt vessels, and 4 had optic atrophy. The ppRPE-layer bordering the NCO in normals is V-shaped pointing away from the vitreous; the ppRPE-layer in pONSM is indented causing an inverted-U shaped deformation skewed nasally toward the vitreous. PCA showed a significant difference between normals and pONSM (permutation, n = 10,000, P = 0.001). The size and proximity of the tumor to the globe correlates with the shape of the ppRPE-layer (r = 0.75, P = 0.04). Correlation between shape variables and RNFL thickening (r = 0.51), optic disc height (r = 0.67), and age (r = 0.67) were not statistically significant.
Conclusion: The shape of the RPE layer in pONSM is characterized by an inverted-U shape or indentation that differs significantly from normals. It is indistinguishable from the shape we previously reported in papilledema and is not caused by disc edema. The mechanism in pONSM is unknown but may involve a change in the compliance of the nerve and/or localized sequestration of cerebrospinal fluid in the distal optic nerve sheath.
Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is a useful way of imaging the surface of the optic disc and peripapillary retina in a variety of optic neuropathies. For example, the average thickness of the retinal nerve fiber can be used to assess the degree of optic disc edema (1–5). The SD-OCT can also image subsurface structures such as the peripapillary retinal pigment epithelium–Bruch's membrane (ppRPE) layer and choroid. Histomorphometric studies and in vivo imaging in animals and humans have shown that a chronic increase in the intraocular pressure can posteriorly displace the peripapillary sclera and lamina cribosa (6–13). Conversely, increased intracranial pressure can deform the sclera and ppRPE-layer anteriorly toward the vitreous (14,15). In extending this line of study, we analyzed the shape of the ppRPE-layer in patients with presumed meningiomas of the optical nerve sheath (pONSM) to characterize the shape deformation and identify tumor-related factors that might affect this deformation.
We used geometric morphometrics (GM) to quantitatively analyze the shape of the ppRPE-layer imaged on the SD-OCT raster. GM defines shape as the geometric property of a form that remains after filtering out variations in position, scale, and orientation. It is a well-established technique developed to quantify and statistically analyze variation in the shape of biological forms and their covariation with other variables using conventional multivariate statistical methods (16–19). It has been extensively used in the fields of biology, anthropology, and paleontology.
The analytic techniques used in GM are complex but accessible using a variety of software applications that are widely available. For those readers who wish to learn more, Sanfilippo et al (18,20) provide an overview of shape analysis that includes a discussion of GM and its application in assessing the shape of the optic cup in glaucoma. More detailed information can be found in the monograph by Zelditch et al (16) and a Web site published elsewhere (15) and described below. This study was approved by the SUNY Stony Brook Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects.
We analyzed 11 eyes from 10 patients with a diagnosis of pONSM. The presumptive diagnosis was based on both clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, which consisted of unilateral (9 cases) or bilateral (1 case) slowly progressive vision loss, signs of optic neuropathy (with optic disc edema or optic atrophy), and enlargement and enhancement of the prechiasmal optic nerve sheath on magnetic resonance imaging. None of the cases were confirmed pathologically. The demographics and key clinical findings are summarized in Figure 1. We compared these patients to 30 normal eyes. Among normals, we excluded any patients with abnormal acuity, color vision, a relative afferent pupillary defect, elevated intraocular pressure; abnormal visual fields, ophthalmoscopic findings or SD-OCT evidence of an optic neuropathy, optic atrophy, glaucoma, or congenital disc anomalies (e.g., drusen, hypoplasia, oblique insertion, tilting, high myopia, staphylomas, or otherwise dysplastic).
SD-OCT were acquired with a Cirrus SD-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc, Dublin, CA). Sharply focused uniformly illuminated images centered over the optic nerve head were obtained using 2 standard protocols: (1) optic disc cube 200 × 200 and (2) a 5-line horizontal high definition raster (9 mm long, 0.25 mm intervals). The raster scan was positioned through the central portion of the optic disc with signal strength of ≥7. Images were saved in the highest quality .jpeg format. To more accurately assess the image (shape), we converted the display aspect ratio from 3:2 (750 × 500 pixels) (Fig. 2A, C) to a true aspect ratio of 9:2 (750 × 167 pixels) (Fig. 2B, D), which has a uniform spatial scale along both vertical and horizontal dimensions.
Imaging software (Photoshop; Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA) was used to superimpose a transparent line grid spanning 2500 μm on either side of the neural canal opening (NCO). The grid was positioned parallel to the flattest portion of the ppRPE-layer on both sides of the NCO, with a starting reference point positioned at the innermost termination of the ppRPE-layer. The grid was used to position 10 semi-landmarks (slightly less than 278 μm apart) along the posterior border of the ppRPE-layer on the temporal and nasal side of the NCO. Points 1 to 10 were placed temporally and 11 to 20 nasally. Left eye images were flipped horizontally so that all shape figures depict the nasal RPE on the right side of the image; the temporal RPE is located on the left side (Fig. 2B).
We used GM tps software (19) to analyze the digitized semi-landmarks for each subject including tpsUtil, tpsDig2, tpsRegr, and tpsPLS. The software performs a generalized least squares Procrustes superimposition which normalizes the shapes by filtering out differences in location, size, and rotation; a thin-plate spline that uses an algorithm to depict shape differences as a smooth deformation of one shape into another and generates shape variables that can be analyzed with conventional multivariate statistical methods; and principal component analysis (PCA) to identify and display the main sources of shape variance between subjects.
Generalized least squares Procrustes superimposition is the iterative process of estimating a mean shape and then superimposing all of the objects onto this mean shape. This is performed in 3 steps (16). First, the set of points for each subject is adjusted so that their centroid (mean of all of the x coordinates, mean of all the y coordinates) is translated to the origin. This is done by subtracting centroid coordinates from the coordinates of each landmark. Second, each configuration is scaled by dividing by the centroid size (the square root of the summed squared distances of each landmark from the centroid of its landmark configuration). Third, rotational differences are removed by iteratively minimizing the summed squared distances between corresponding landmarks.
The thin-plate spline has 2 important functions. First, it is used to depict shape differences as a smooth deformation of one shape into another using an algorithm that interpolates potential changes between landmarks of a reference shape (the mean shape) and the shape it is being compared with. These same shape differences can also be visualized using vectors at each landmark showing the magnitude and direction of the differences at each landmark.
The thin-plate spline is also used to define a set of shape variables, partial warps, that capture the shape differences among the objects being compared. The partial warp scores provide data matrices that can be analyzed with conventional multivariate statistical methods.
Because shape variation is multidimensional, PCA was used to express as much of the variation as possible in just a few dimensions that are linear combinations of the partial warps. This allows one to identify and display most of the variation in shape between subjects. The relative contribution of each dimension is proportional to its variance. The tpsRelW software was used for these computations.
A test statistic adapted to assessing shape differences was proposed by Goodall (16,21). It compares sums of squared Procrustes differences between and within the samples being compared and expresses it as an F-ratio. Valid statistical tests can be made by comparing the observed F value to an empirical distribution based on a large number (10,000 in this study) of random permutations of the assignments of individuals to the groups being compared. The proportion of Goodall's F statistics from permuted data sets that are equal to or larger than the observed Goodall's statistic is interpreted as the probability value for the test. Goodall's F test only considers the total amount of shape variation and does not display the nature of the differences.
For traditional morphometric measurements, for example, disc elevation, average RNFL, and NCO diameters, we used Student t test and analysis of variance where appropriate. We analyzed how shape variables might covary with a variety of factors including age, refractive error, RNFL thickness, elevation of the optic disc, overall length of the tumor (size), and its proximity to the globe. Correlation between shape variables and RNFL, disc height, age, and tumor size and proximity to the globe were assessed using a Partial least squares analysis (using J Rohlf's tpsPLS software). MRI was used to measure the (1) length of the tumor and (2) proximity to the globe (measured as the distal leading edge of tumor to the posterior wall of the globe in millimeters). We also used an algorithm that combined the length of the tumor with a weighted score that was based on its proximity to the globe. For example, tumors <2 mm from the globe received 20 points in addition to the length of the tumor, <5 mm received 10 additional points, <10 mm received 5 additional points, and so on.
Ten women with presumed ONSM between the ages of 37–66 years (mean, 48.7 years) were followed over an average of 58 months (range, 32–141 months). Nine of the patients had a unilateral lesion, 1 patient had bilateral involvement, with 7 right eyes and 3 left eyes (Fig. 1). At presentation, 10 of the eyes had optic disc edema, 1 had optic atrophy. Four of the eyes went on to develop optic atrophy. Four went on to develop retinochoroidal venous collaterals (optociliary shunt vessels). The pONSM of 2 patients showed calcification on computed tomography (CT). The MRI in all cases showed thickening or enlargement of the optic nerve with enhancement, usually along the optic nerve sheath. The greatest deformation was associated with meningiomas abutting the globe, although shape deformation was also observed among patients with tumors remote from the globe. There was one exception with a normal shape in a patient where the tumor was distant from the globe located at the orbital apex and optic canal.
OCT data at presentation were not available in 4 of the cases. However, after a mean follow-up of 58 months, data from the most recent visit showed that the mean RNFL thickness was distributed bimodally. Those with chronic disc edema averaged 156 μm (±44 μm), and those with optic atrophy averaged 67.4 μm (±6.5 μm). The unaffected eye averaged 92.6 μm (±8.9 μm) compared with normal subjects with a mean of 92.2 μm (±9.6 μm).
A generalized Procrustes superimposition of 20 semi-landmarks for 41 patients (30 normal optic discs and 11 pONSM eyes) is shown in the scatter plot (Fig. 3A). The consensus or mean shapes of the Procrustes transformed semi-landmarks for each group are shown in Figure 3B demonstrating the differences in the shape of the ppRPE-layer in normals vs pONSM. Note that these shapes were obtained from images with an aspect ratio 9:2. However, the horizontal raster images shown in Figure 1 are displayed as they are generated by the Cirrus SD-OCT with a 3:2 aspect ratio.
Our results demonstrate that the mean ppRPE-layer in normals has a V-shaped configuration sloped outwardly (away from the vitreous) as it approaches its central margin at the NCO. In contrast, the consensus (mean) shape for subjects with pONSM have an inverted-U shaped ppRPE-layer that is anteriorly displaced toward the vitreous. There is slight nasal skew in the inverted-U shape compared with the relatively symmetrical V-shape in normals. The difference between the 2 groups was highly significant at P = 0.001 (permutation statistics). Two examples of a normal V-shaped RPE layer and an inverted U-shape RPE layer are illustrated both in the uncorrected (3:2 aspect ratio) and corrected (9:2 aspect ratio) forms in Figure 2. Figure 1 displays each of the uncorrected raster scans (3:2 aspect ratio) from both the affected and the contralateral unaffected eye for comparison. The deformations vary from an obvious inverted U-shape indentation of the globe (e.g., 1–5) to mild relative flattening of the globe compared with the normal side (e.g., 6–10). There is no apparent deformation in patient 11 who had the smallest tumor furthest from the globe.
A variance—covariance matrix of the shape variables derived from both groups of patients was used to perform a PCA (using tpsRelW software (19)). The first 2 principal components together account for 81% of the variance; 62% from PC1 alone. Figure 4 shows the distribution of principal component scores from each subject along the first 2 PC axes. The shape implied along the PC1 axis depicts a continuum of shapes that ranges from an inverted-U (on the negative side of the abscissa) to a V-shape (on the positive side of the abscissa). The PC2 along the ordinate describes a shape change that goes from NCO contraction (up-in) on the negative side to NCO expansion (down-out) on the positive side (Fig. 4). The intersection of PC1 and PC2 represents the consensus shape of the ppRPE-layer semi-landmarks for all specimens. The PC plot shows 2 distinct clusters (pONSM and normals) that segregate along PC 1. With one notable exception (patient 11), nearly all subjects with pONSM exhibit some degree of the inverted-U shape deformation to relative flattening compared with the normals. There was no obvious segregation of the 2 groups along PC2. The probability that this difference in shape between pONSM and normal subjects could have arisen by chance was 1 in 10,000 permuted data or P = 0.0001.
There was no statistically significant correlation between shape variables and the age of the subject (r = 0.67), disc height (r = 0.67), mean RNFL (0.51), length of the tumor (r = 0.61), proximity of the tumor to the globe (0.66), or length + proximity (r = 0.71). An algorithm that assigned points based on proximity to the globe plus tumor length (in millimeters) did show a moderate correlation (r = 0.75, P = 0.037) with shape.
This study shows that shape of the ppRPE-layer in patients with pONSM differs from normals, and this difference was statistically significant. It is characterized by an inward deformation of the ppRPE-layer toward the vitreous that presumably reflects the shape of the underlying load bearing peripapillary sclera (15) and correlates with both the size and proximity of the tumor to the globe. Larger tumors contiguous to the sclera are associated with greater amounts of deformation. The shape of the ppRPE-layer in 1 patient with a small tumor, most distant from the globe, showed no deformation and was otherwise normal.
The peripapillary shape deformation demonstrated on the SD-OCT can, at times, be seen on an MRI, CT, or B-scan echography as flattening of the globe in some cases associated with acquired hyperopia and choroidal folds (22–28). The SD-OCT however is more sensitive and provides greater detail than the MRI and CT. The application of GM to these images can statistically distinguish shape differences from normals even when differences appear normal by gross inspection (15).
Pathologically, ONSM may infiltrate the optic nerve head and the adjacent choroid (29–31). Shape deformation in such instances probably is due to direct compression of the optic nerve with axonal flow blockade and proximal swelling, in much the same way that an intraconal orbital tumor will compress the globe and induce choroidal folds and hyperopia. However, the mass effect on the globe with most pONSM, even those contiguous to the globe, is mild by comparison. Moreover, in 5 of 11 eyes (patients 4, 7, 8, 9, and 10) the deformation was evident even when the tumor did not appear (based on MRI) to directly compress the globe. Taban et al (28) have described a patient with remote parasellar meningioma involving the optic canal and orbital apex, who exhibited choroidal folds and flattening of the globe by B-scan ultrasound.
The mechanism by which an ONSM can deform the globe is unknown. It is noteworthy that the shape deformation in pONSM is indistinguishable from the shape of the ppRPE-layer in patients with intracranial hypertension and papilledema. Eight eyes of our patient cohort had optic disc edema at presentation. However, disc edema alone does not explain these shape deformations because we have previously shown that there is no shape deformation in patients with disc edema due to anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (15). In an animal model, Morgan et al (7) have shown that displacements of the optic disc surface is probably the result of translaminar pressure differences between the subarachnoid and intraocular fluid compartments. This is the likely explanation of the subsurface deformations at the level of the ppRPE-layer in patients with papilledema (15,32).
There are a number of similarities in the clinical signs of both chronic papilledema and pONSM. Patients with papilledema initially present with bilateral or asymmetric disc edema, normal acuity and color vision, and enlargement of the blind spot on visual fields. Likewise, patients with meningiomas of the optic nerve sheath present early on with isolated unilateral optic disc edema, normal acuity, and enlargement of the blind spot, and then slowly progress with loss of peripheral visual field, and eventual optic atrophy and shunt vessels on the disc surface (33–36). In the absence of a large intracranial tumor component, patients with isolated intraorbital pONSM do not have intracranial hypertension. The clinical similarities in their effects on the nerve head between chronic papilledema and pONSM may be a consequence of the underlying biomechanics common to both of these entities.
Some investigators (37–43) have suggested that the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the perioptic subarachnoid space (poSAS) may not freely communicate with the intracranial subarachnoid space based on measurable concentration gradients of CSF proteins and contrast along the optic nerve sheath. This concentration gradient has similarly been demonstrated in a patient with an ONSM (38). It is possible that the shape differences in pONSM are the result of localized increased pressure within the poSAS because the tumor effectively functions as a one-way hydraulic valve.
The biomechanical effects of the meningioma on the optic nerve sheath may also play a role. Strain is a measure of local deformation of a material or tissue induced by stress (applied force per cross-sectional area). The amount of strain is also influenced by the material properties of the tissue; that is, its ability to resist deformation (stiffness or compliance). Normally, the intraorbital segment of the optic nerve is slack and compliant; the ends fixed within the neural canal and the annulus. Eye movements stress and strain the nerve and the peripapillary eye wall. Thickening, calcification, and increased pressure in the poSAS in patients with meningiomas presumably stiffen the optic nerve sheath. This decrease in compliance may also contribute, if not cause, the deformation observed on OCT.
The functional significance of this deformation is unknown. Burgoyne et al (13) have suggested that distortions of the laminar pores and surrounding sclera, in glaucoma at least, may impede axoplasmic transport and blood flow that ultimately affects axonal and glial function within the optic nerve head. This may play an important role in papilledema and pONSM with disc edema because the magnitudes of shape differences are substantially greater than they are in glaucoma (15).
Regardless of the underlying mechanism, recognition of peripapillary deformation of the ppRPE-layer on the SD-OCT may be helpful in selected cases. Examples include distinguishing pseudopapilledema from true disc edema, detection of infiltration optic nerve sheath tumors in patients with disc edema or retinal vein occlusions, and assisting to identify shunt failure particularly in patients with optic atrophy.
© 2014 by North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society
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August 10, 2004, 01:33 AM
Would you consider a glock 23 with 1 in the pipe, CCed in a invisible holster/smart holster/etc to be safe? I know the holster covers the trigger, but does it cover it well enough? Anyone use this setup? Do you still have all of your guy parts?