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Zero Copy I: User-Mode Perspective
By now almost everyone has heard of so-called zero-copy functionality under Linux, but I often run into people who don't have a full understanding of the subject. Because of this, I decided to write a few articles that dig into the matter a bit deeper, in the hope of unraveling this useful feature. In this article, we take a look at zero copy from a user-mode application point of view, so gory kernel-level details are omitted intentionally.
To better understand the solution to a problem, we first need to understand the problem itself. Let's look at what is involved in the simple procedure of a network server dæmon serving data stored in a file to a client over the network. Here's some sample code:
read(file, tmp_buf, len); write(socket, tmp_buf, len);
Looks simple enough; you would think there is not much overhead with only those two system calls. In reality, this couldn't be further from the truth. Behind those two calls, the data has been copied at least four times, and almost as many user/kernel context switches have been performed. (Actually this process is much more complicated, but I wanted to keep it simple). To get a better idea of the process involved, take a look at Figure 1. The top side shows context switches, and the bottom side shows copy operations.
Step one: the read system call causes a context switch from user mode to kernel mode. The first copy is performed by the DMA engine, which reads file contents from the disk and stores them into a kernel address space buffer.
Step two: data is copied from the kernel buffer into the user buffer, and the read system call returns. The return from the call caused a context switch from kernel back to user mode. Now the data is stored in the user address space buffer, and it can begin its way down again.
Step three: the write system call causes a context switch from user mode to kernel mode. A third copy is performed to put the data into a kernel address space buffer again. This time, though, the data is put into a different buffer, a buffer that is associated with sockets specifically.
Step four: the write system call returns, creating our fourth context switch. Independently and asynchronously, a fourth copy happens as the DMA engine passes the data from the kernel buffer to the protocol engine. You are probably asking yourself, "What do you mean independently and asynchronously? Wasn't the data transmitted before the call returned?" Call return, in fact, doesn't guarantee transmission; it doesn't even guarantee the start of the transmission. It simply means the Ethernet driver had free descriptors in its queue and has accepted our data for transmission. There could be numerous packets queued before ours. Unless the driver/hardware implements priority rings or queues, data is transmitted on a first-in-first-out basis. (The forked DMA copy in Figure 1 illustrates the fact that the last copy can be delayed).
As you can see, a lot of data duplication is not really necessary to hold things up. Some of the duplication could be eliminated to decrease overhead and increase performance. As a driver developer, I work with hardware that has some pretty advanced features. Some hardware can bypass the main memory altogether and transmit data directly to another device. This feature eliminates a copy in the system memory and is a nice thing to have, but not all hardware supports it. There is also the issue of the data from the disk having to be repackaged for the network, which introduces some complications. To eliminate overhead, we could start by eliminating some of the copying between the kernel and user buffers.
One way to eliminate a copy is to skip calling read and instead call mmap. For example:
tmp_buf = mmap(file, len); write(socket, tmp_buf, len);
To get a better idea of the process involved, take a look at Figure 2. Context switches remain the same.
Step one: the mmap system call causes the file contents to be copied into a kernel buffer by the DMA engine. The buffer is shared then with the user process, without any copy being performed between the kernel and user memory spaces.
Step two: the write system call causes the kernel to copy the data from the original kernel buffers into the kernel buffers associated with sockets.
Step three: the third copy happens as the DMA engine passes the data from the kernel socket buffers to the protocol engine.
By using mmap instead of read, we've cut in half the amount of data the kernel has to copy. This yields reasonably good results when a lot of data is being transmitted. However, this improvement doesn't come without a price; there are hidden pitfalls when using the mmap+write method. You will fall into one of them when you memory map a file and then call write while another process truncates the same file. Your write system call will be interrupted by the bus error signal SIGBUS, because you performed a bad memory access. The default behavior for that signal is to kill the process and dump core—not the most desirable operation for a network server. There are two ways to get around this problem.
The first way is to install a signal handler for the SIGBUS signal, and then simply call return in the handler. By doing this the write system call returns with the number of bytes it wrote before it got interrupted and the errno set to success. Let me point out that this would be a bad solution, one that treats the symptoms and not the cause of the problem. Because SIGBUS signals that something has gone seriously wrong with the process, I would discourage using this as a solution.
The second solution involves file leasing (which is called "opportunistic locking" in Microsoft Windows) from the kernel. This is the correct way to fix this problem. By using leasing on the file descriptor, you take a lease with the kernel on a particular file. You then can request a read/write lease from the kernel. When another process tries to truncate the file you are transmitting, the kernel sends you a real-time signal, the RT_SIGNAL_LEASE signal. It tells you the kernel is breaking your write or read lease on that file. Your write call is interrupted before your program accesses an invalid address and gets killed by the SIGBUS signal. The return value of the write call is the number of bytes written before the interruption, and the errno will be set to success. Here is some sample code that shows how to get a lease from the kernel:
if(fcntl(fd, F_SETSIG, RT_SIGNAL_LEASE) == -1) { perror("kernel lease set signal"); return -1; } /* l_type can be F_RDLCK F_WRLCK */ if(fcntl(fd, F_SETLEASE, l_type)){ perror("kernel lease set type"); return -1; }
You should get your lease before mmaping the file, and break your lease after you are done. This is achieved by calling fcntl F_SETLEASE with the lease type of F_UNLCK.
Nice article on ZeroCopy
Nice article on ZeroCopy
sendfile/sendfile64 on Solaris
It looks like it has been a while since this article was written. At least OpenSolaris (and perhaps earlier) supports sendfile on files larger than 2 GB when the application is compiled as 64-bit, otherwise sendfile64 must be used. The sendfile(3EXT) manpage has this description:
sendfile - send files over sockets or copy files to files
so sendfile has the ability to copy files/buffers to sockets as well as files.
sendfilev also exists and supports vector arguments as stated above.
In any case, great article! I like the progression of less and less copies.
This article is ok if we want to know about the theory.i want to know the implimentation side. i want to compare it with the copy command.so i would like to go through the code for this two. so if you include the code it will be more helpful for us to do.........so please the favour
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Peterson, Moore to produce Briggs comedy
"That '70s Show" alums Chris Peterson and Bryan Moore are behind "Dan's Detour of Life," a new online comedy from Briggs Digital Media.
Show, which just bowed on Briggs' Cinsay.com site, revolves around a man who's forced to move in with his son after his wife leaves him.
Michael Kostroff ("The Wire") stars as Dan Ford, who thinks he has the perfect life, until his wife (Gabrielle Carteris, "Beverly Hills 90210") asks for a separation. Matt Florida ("Days of Our Lives") plays his grown son, a recent Harvard grad. Show also stars Mandy Musgrave, Maurice Smith, Chane't Johnson, Ayesha Alexander and Alicia Ziegler.
"Dan's Detour of Life" joins several other online originals, including the dramatic entries "The Acquirer" and "Foul Play," that Briggs has shot in high definition for Cinsay.com.
Trifecta Entertainment is handling ad sales for the site. Trifecta partner (and former MGM TV prexy) Hank Cohen, whose company has partnered with Briggs on Cinsay, credited the site's technology in signing on to rep the content.
"They have a plan to make this a real entertainment destination site," he said. "We've been exposed to many sites, and this is one of the better ones."

subset: commoncrawl


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HSBC bonus deferrals12 Dec 2012
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HSBC defers bonuses for top bankers amid money laundering settlement
Many "code staff" at HSBC, who perform significant risk activities at the UK bank, will lose a portion of their annual bonuses and have a slice of their future payouts deferred over the next five years, as part of the lender's agreement with seven international regulators on Tuesday to settle money-laundering allegations for a record $1.9bn fine.
The move will impact HSBC chief executive Stuart Gulliver and several of his senior colleagues, as well as all of the firm's directors, including chairman Douglas Flint.


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Bienvenue dans le Manoir de Williamsburg, où nos invités profiter gracieux Accueil Sud dans un paramètre de frais et éclectique ! Les espaces intérieurs et des jardins de the Manor ont récemment été vivifia et mis à jour par les propriétaires de Craig et Laura Reeves pour combiner l'esprit du centre-ville de Williamsburg avec des équipements les plus modernes. Une courte marche forme le Manoir vous apporte aux boutiques uniques et innovantes restaurants de la place du marchand, ainsi que les attractions historiques de Colonial Williamsburg et le beau campus de college of William & Mary. Tous d'hébergement d'invité du Manoir fonction queen-sized lits avec draps de style européen, ainsi que des bains complète privée. Une courte promenade de the Manor vous amène à de Williamsburg plus excitant shopping et manger, place du marchand, où nos hôtes peuvent échantillon vins locaux, cuisine régionale passionnante et desserts décadent avant feuilletant boutiques uniques et de galeries d'art ou en prenant un film d'art ou un concert live. Le Manoir est aussi un parcours facile pour les attractions historiques ou Colonial Williamsburg et le beau campus du College of William et Mary, et moins d'une façon de bloquer des tavernes confortable et pubs qui offrent le meilleur Uitgaan de Williamsburg. Chaque matin, nos invités profiter un gourmet du petit déjeuner buffet, mettant en vedette pains de petit déjeuner fraîchement cuits et muffins, notre souffle d'oeuf 'mille haute' signature farcie aux légumes saisonniers et des fromages et notre Grits 'Nord-style', préparée avec crème lourd et épices sarriette. Faites votre réservation aujourd'hui à the Manor Williamsburg, où le charme colonial rencontre style moderne !
5 sur juillet 25, 2016
We spent three wonderful nights at the Williamsburg Manor. Our room was beautiful. The inn keeper did a lot of small things to make us feel special. There are no words to describe the breakfast that was served...we enjoyed everything that was made....we will definitely be back and gladly recommend this bed and breakfast to others.
5 sur février 11, 2016
I wanted to have a weekend trip to myself and found this small bed and breakfast online. I booked and drove over from Chesapeake and had my expectations blown away. It was a lovely little place and I enjoyed my stay.
5 sur septembre 25, 2015
My and my husband stayed there for our honeymoon. The manor was beautiful and we had so much privacy, music was playing when we arrived which I loved. So many rooms to sit and relax. Don't even let me get started on the kitchen, wonderful breakfast from a chef every morning and all the goodies and complimentary treats a fully stocked fridge with free drinks. A cool coffee maker, and I would spend my evenings having a hot cup of earl grey tea. They had everything you can ask for. We felt so welcome and you can walk around without someone breathing down your throat. Everything was available 24/7..I was up all night I'm a night owl due to my job but it didn't matter if I made some left overs popping popcorn and sitting outside at 3am you were free to do whatever you wanted. I love this B&B..and me and my husband will be back. Thank You for such a wonderful experience. Amy
4,4 sur septembre 08, 2014
The breakfast was phenomenal, the best breakfast I've ever had at a hotel/bed and breakfast. Maggie was incredibly friendly and a great way to start the day.
4,4 sur août 14, 2014
Maggie, the chef, is outstanding as a cook, maid and personality. The accommodations inside and outside were great. Snacks all day long, a breakfast to die for, easy access to Colonial Williamsburg, Jamestown and Yorktown. Real close to outlet mall shopping too. I would definitely stay here again.
5 sur juillet 07, 2014
The Manor is located just walking minutes from all the Williamsburg attractions. The house has a very welcoming atmosphere. Maggie made us feel very welcome and told us about the area attractions and suggested the best places for us to see the fife & drummers. Breakfast was also a treat. We enjoyed sitting in front of the house in the secluded sitting area. We only wish we could have stayed longer. We hope to come again this fall to enjoy the falling leaves and maybe a William & Mary Football Game.
4,0 sur mars 01, 2014
The house is within walking distance of the university and colonial Williamsburg. There is lots to keep you entertained in and around the house. The breakfasts were good and there is alway a great selection of snacks and drinks available all day. Lots of quiet places to sit or hang out. The only two complaints are the bed was a little hard for our tastes, and being an old house near a university it can get a little loud at night, but otjer than the weather it was a grea place to stay.
4,2 sur février 03, 2014
"Receiving" our visitor in the living room as if we were in our own home is such a treat.The ability to sit in a nice dining room with a very late supper instead of having to eat in our room and/or on the bed is great. We also love the "Breakfast Table" conversations with other guests. Such a relief from the anonymity of a hotel. Chasity is a jewel. The house is so comfortable and considerate of all your possible needs. Thanks Williamsburg Manor!
5 sur janvier 05, 2014
We really loved our stay at the Williamsburg Manor Bed & Breakfast. The house is warm, cozy and spacious all at the same time. We loved having multiple sitting areas throughout the house and garden. Breakfast each morning was well prepared and Annita and Chasity where easy to chat with and very interested in making our stay memorable. It was my wife's birthday and the put an Extraordinary Cupcake in our room so we could celebrate. Thank you. That was very thoughtful.
4,8 sur décembre 28, 2013
This was our first experience in a B&B. We loved it ! It's a very cozy, friendly place which was enhanced by the extraordinary Christmas decorations. Rooms were quite comfortable, staff was amazingly helpful,lots of goodies to tied you over between meals, and generally a 5 star place. We are looking forward to returning soon.
This guest room is the Innkeepers Favorite and faces the front of the house. The Blue Walls are Rich and Inviting. The Room Features a Rice Carved Four Poster Bed, 32' Flat Panel Television, Ipod Docking Station Clock Radio and Private Bath with Tub/Shower combo.
The Russell House Green Room is located in the back of the house, making it the quietest room in the house. This room has three windows and overlooks our beautiful garden and the surrounding colonial homes. The room features a Queen size rice carved bed, 32' flat panel television, glass tiled bathtub/shower and an ipod docking station.
The Palace Chambers Yellow Room is located on the first floor in the back of the house overlooking the garden area. This room features a 32' flat panel television, Ipod docking station clock radio, Rice Carved Four Poster Bed, Large Showered Bath.
The Benjamin Powell House Red Room features a Red Ceiling and the is attractively decorated with a Cherry Queen Size Bed. The room also features a 32' flat panel televsion & Ipod Docking Station. This room has a private bath. The Rich Red Color makes this a very romantic guest room.
The James Geddy Shared Suite is perfect for families traveling together. This two room suite features one room with a Queen Bed which shares a bath with a Room with Two Twin Size Beds. Each room has a 32' Flat Panel TV and an enterance from the hallway.
Call Directly to Book the Entire Inn. 757-220-8011 - 800-422-8011
Colonial Williamsburg, Centre ville, Petite ville
Newport News, VA (PHF-Newport News Williamsburg Intl.) 20 miles
Je-64 à quitter 238, 2ème feu porter à droite sur la route 60 Ouest. Suivez un mille et tourner à gauche sur la route de Richmond. Allez fo 6/10 un kilomètre. Le Manoir de Williamsburg est situé sur la droite (brique, colonial home), Parking rue est disponible à l'arrière de la maison.
Parc d'attractions, Antiquaires , Galeries d'art, Plage, Lieu de concert, Dîner gastronomique, Sites historiques, Lac, Concerts, Cinéma , Musée, Parcs nationaux/régionaux, Zone naturelle, James River Plantation Homes, Boutiques, Théâtre, Zone de pic-nic, Services religieux, Rivière, Vignoble, Entreprise vinicole
Historic Inn
Jeux de société, Ordinateur, Copieur, Bureau, Fax, Cheminée, Bibliothèque, Films, Equipé pour les mariages, Espace bar , Service de traiteur complet
Climatisation, Réveil, Panier d'agréments, Lecteur CD, Ventilateurs de plafond, Cafetière/Bouilloire, Lecteur DVD, Sèche-cheveux, Planche à repasser, Radio, Réception chaînes satellite, TV, Téléphone, Magnétoscope, Wi-Fi, Internet par câble
Location de vélos, Pistes cyclables, Vélos, Observation d'oiseau, Base nautique, Canoë, Pêche, Golf, Sentiers de randonnée , Promenade à cheval, Prise d'achat, Shopping, Terrain de tennis
Laura & Craig Reeves
Comme des aubergistes et traiteurs professionnels divertissants est notre passion. Nous truley profiter de créer une atmosphère relaxante et le great food.
Gastronomiques régionaux
Equilibré , Régime particulier , Végétarien Gluten libre
Muffins de maïs & Blueberry
Ces doux encore la sarriette muffins sont le moyen idéal de stat le jour.


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Over the past few years, it seems like flowing lines, lights, swoops, swooshes-- whatever you want to call it-- it seems like they've sort of taken over the airwaves. Well, of course, I couldn't resist. I hardly think one can do a motion graphics course without having to create some kind of swoops or swooshes. Now, I'm going to show you two techniques that I like to use. I kind of think of them as the old- school way of doing swoops and swooshes, because these swoops and solutions don't technically live in a 3D environment.
These will be flat in 2D space. But we will fake the look so they will appear as though they are in three-dimensional space. Now, if you are looking for the ability to actually create a stroke that lives in a truly 3D environment, you want to check out a filter by Red Giant Software. It's called 3D Stroke. It's been around for a while. It used to be trap code, 3D stroke, but it's Red Giant Software 3D Stroke. It's pretty darn awesome. But if you want to kick it old school with me, you might want to check this out, because this is a really, really neat way of creating some interesting animated lines, swoops, and swooshes-- again, whatever you'd like to call it.
So let's get started by double-clicking the Strokes comp, and as you can see, I don't have anything in this comp yet. So let's go up under layer, and create a new solid. Now instead of black, I'm just going to create kind of a light gray solid, just so I know where the edges of the solid are. You can choose whatever color you like, because when we apply this effect--by going up under Effect > Generate, and choosing Stroke-- there is an option at the bottom for the Paint Style, so we can switch that from Original to On Transparent.
Now I'm not seeing anything yet, because I haven't added a mask to my solid. So go ahead and select your layer and grab the Pen tool and just click anywhere in the canvas. So I'm going to have a stroke sort of coming from the left of the screen and then work its way across to the right. So let's go ahead and just click here. If you click and drag as you are creating the pen strokes, you will open up the control handles, so you can create some kind of smooth interesting-looking shapes. So it's going to leave right across the screen, and let's go ahead and press Enter to set that stroke.
Now since I pressed Enter on the keypad, it opened up that layer, so let's just go ahead and close that. I want to add one more stroke, because the Path option gives us the ability to stroke more than one mask at a time. So let's go ahead and just make sure our mask is deselected by grabbing our Move tool and clicking anywhere in the canvas. Now, when we grab the Pen tool again, we should be able to create a brand-new stroke. There we go. I'll just have this sort of mimic the previous one but overlap a little bit.
If you want to tweak your stroke, go ahead and grab the Convert Vertex tool and click and drag on any of the anchor points. Okay, so now with the paths created, let's go ahead and change the Path options from None to actually All Masks. If you go ahead and select All Masks right underneath the pulldown, I'll have the option of stroking every single mask. Now I'm having a hard time seeing the stroke, because I can still see the masks in my comp. So let's turn off the Mask options by going up under View Options, and turning off the mask visibility.
When I click OK, now we can see just the strokes. Don't panic if it looks a little jagged. If we go ahead and zoom in to 100%, you can see it's pretty smooth. There may still be some little jaggies, but when it renders out, it'll look perfectly fine. Now when you are creating graphics for video, you want to make sure that your brush size is a little bit larger than 2, because you don't want any ringing. Now since the color of the stroke is bright white, that's kind of problematic. But don't worry; we're not going to use the color that the stroke generates.
Let's adjust the softness of these strokes by adjusting the brush hardness. If we go ahead and drag to bring that number down--let's go ahead and bring it down to somewhere in the low 20s-- it still looks pretty harsh. But that's okay, because we can add yet another adjustment. The Spacing, if you click and drag Spacing to the left or to the right, what it's doing is creating a bunch of different dots that end up creating the stroke. So adjusting the spacing, you notice as I get out, I can get to these specific dots.
So let's go ahead and just bring the spacing back up a little bit. Okay, so I know this doesn't look particularly exciting right now. If we want to add some animation, all we have to do is just keyframe this End parameter. Since I have Stroke Sequentially set up, it's going to stroke through my first mask and then stroke through my second mask. If we deselect Stroke Sequentially, it's going to go ahead and stroke through both at the same time. Now if you've been using After Effects for any amount of time, I'm sure you are kind of thinking to yourself, wow, I've known how to do this since day one.
Yes, I get that, but what we're actually going to do is fake the 3D look. The way we're going to do that is by adjusting the Brush Size, but also animating the Start parameter at the same time we animate the End parameter. So I want both of these strokes kind of draw across the screen at the same time, and disappear roughly at the same time. So let's get started by creating our animation. Make sure your playhead is back at the beginning of your Timeline. We want to make sure that the strokes have not yet appeared on the page.
So let's make sure it's off the page. I'll go ahead and keyframes the End right there at 2%. In order to make these strokes move kind of fast, let's move out to about one second here and get the end of the stroke all the way across our canvas here. There we go. So it's going to move all the way across the canvas in one second. The next thing we want to do is actually keyframe the start point. So if we move our playhead back, we can kind of preview the animation. I'd say right about here, I want the tails of the strokes to start appearing.
So let's keyframe the start, and move our playhead down to when the strokes finish, and we could keyframe the start all the way through. Now this is going to be kind of neat, because the lengths of the stroke will change as they're animating, getting smaller as they go off the side of the page. That's part of the illusion that I want to create on this swoosh stroke kind of exercise. So let's move our playhead so we can see the strokes here. What we need to do is increase the Brush Size.
Okay, so notice when I increase the Brush Size here, I have Spacing so low that we can actually see the dots. So let's go ahead and adjust the Spacing till it's down around 50. Okay, so we can now keyframe the Brush Size. Let's keyframe the Brush Size right here at the start, so we'll go ahead and choose 49. Then as we move our strokes along through the path here, what we want to do is change the Brush Size down. So we can go ahead and drag it right down to around 4.
So press U to open up all the keyframes, and let's make sure this last keyframe actually exists right here off the end of our animation. So as you can see, I've got two strokes appearing on the screen. As they're going off to the left, it looks like they're starting kind of close to the camera and then making their way off kind of far away from the camera. So this looks relatively okay, but I still want to tweak things a little bit more, because you know, what is a graphic without a little more tweaking? So first thing, let's go ahead and colorize these strokes.
We can do that using, you guessed it, the Tint effect. Go up under Effect > Color Correction, and choose Tint. Now let's adjust the white setting to something around blue here, and I still want to soften things up, so let's add a glow. Go up under Effect > Stylize and Glow. So as we add the Glow, notice the color kind of shifted, and that's because of the Add blend mode. Now we want to change the Radius a little bit here, so it's softer. There we go.
That's kind of cool. We can adjust the Glow Intensity down a little bit. There we go. Let's set that around 0.9. Okay, this is looking pretty cool. Now if we want to keep tweaking, we could definitely change the colors of this as the animation is happening. But I think you get the general idea how to create a swoop and a swoosh using stroke with a tint and the glow. Let's go ahead and just do a RAM preview really quick. I think that looks pretty darn cool. I don't know about you, but for something that we did here in just a few minutes, I think it looks pretty darn great.
Now there is one other step you can do to tweak this even more, because right now if you notice this stroke is kind of even all the way across. What you want to do to magnify this is actually pre-render this stroke. Now in order to pre-render this, go ahead and just press Command+M or Ctrl+M to make a movie. We'll render this to the PreRenders folder under chapter 9 in our exercise files. I'll call this StrokesPre and click Save.
Now let's jump back to the Strokes project here for a second and expand our layer. As you can see, this stroke only exists for the first second. So there really is no reason to render all the rest of this. So let's position our playhead here at the end of our animation and press N, and that'll change our work space or our work area duration. So now when we go back to the Render Queue and click on the words Best Settings, notice by default, it's automatically going to just render to our current work area, which is that one second.
So the comp will be a render of one second and one frame. Now we can go ahead and render this at full quality, best settings. But under the Lossless settings for the Output module, what we want to do is choose RGB and Alpha. We can leave it at Premultiplied. That's perfectly fine. If we click under Format, you'd notice Animation is the compressor that we're using. So it's just an uncompressed compression. Also, if we click on the Output Module, you want to make sure that the Post-Render Action is set up for Import.
So after it renders, it's automatically going to reimport into the project. So let's click OK. Now when we click Render, we'll see our strokes go across the page and import back into our composition. Now in our composition, let's go back to Strokes, and we'll turn off our Gray Solid and grab our pre-rendered QuickTime and drag it right into the canvas. So with our QuickTime now in the Timeline, what we want to use is an effect that can only be used on video, and that effect is called Echo.
So go up to Effect and go down to Time and choose Echo, and check this out. When you choose Echo, you can choose the Echo Time, and basically, what this is doing is just blending frames during the animation. So you can adjust the Echo Time as far as how far ahead or how far back you want it to actually blend things. But notice as it's blending, it's giving me kind of a different blend mode here. We can increase the Number Of Echoes, so let's make this number something more like 5.
There we go, and let's adjust the offset here. 0.05. There we go. If you adjust the Decay, now it's looking cool. Actually, we want -.05, so we can have the decay go the other way. You can increase the Number Of Echoes if you want to kind of accentuate things. Now the Echo Operator is where you can choose the blend mode between the different frames that we're actually overlapping. So now if we move our playhead back to the beginning here and press Play, we've got kind of a cool effect that's happened just by adjusting the Echo parameter.
Now I could sit here and tweak this little more by adding some motion blur or some more blur on the effects, but I think you get the general idea as far as how to use Echo to accentuate your strokes and swooshes that we generated using the Strokes Filter.
- Converting type from Photoshop and Illustrator
- Creating shapes from text
- Using markers in animation
- Editing techniques for graphics
- Using type presets
- Animating type
- Exploring color correction tools
- Building animated textures
- Creating custom vignettes
- Understanding Lights and Material settings
- Adding dynamic transitions
- Rigging cameras for animation
- Working efficiently in 3D space


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Wednesday, February 12, 2014
The Summerville-Oakbrook Rotary Club is sponsoring a series of patriotic holiday celebrations in conjunction with the Summerville Branch of the Dorchester County Library.
The second in the series of school-age childrens programs will be a Presidents Day celebration on Wednesday, Feb. 12 at 3 p.m. in the meeting room of the Summerville Library. Come and join local storyteller Becky Dingle for a fun and informative storytelling session. This program is best suited for children between the ages of 6 and 11 and their families.
For questions, please call Childrens Services in Summerville at 871-5075.
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Registration on or use of this site constitutes acceptance of our Terms of Service, Privacy Policy and Parental Consent Form.


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Reload the page and try again.
Drug Safety:
ACU police presents helps enforce policy
Drug Safety:
Drugs aren't really kept on campus.
Drug Safety:
You can find some of you know the right people
Drug Safety:
I know students who do drink, but they have never pressured me into doing so.
Drug Safety:
There's nothing really that occurs on campus, although there was a student arrested for a DUI on the street around campus. I've heard of a lot of off campus parties. But on campus, you won't see any of this.
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Development plan will generate jobsApril 21,2013
Development plan
will create Vt. jobs
NEWPORT Vermont education and labor officials are helping to prepare the Northeast Kingdom for an influx of what officials hope could eventually be 10,000 jobs.
Those jobs would come through a development initiative run by Bill Stenger, president of Jay Peak Resort, and his partner Ariel Quiros.
Officials say the first wave of jobs created in the region by the Northeast Kingdom Economic Development Initiative are already being created in the construction and tourism industries and if people wait too long for training and additional education they could miss out.
We really need trained, qualified people, said Patricia Sears of the Newport City Renaissance Corp., who is helping to prepare the community for the NEK Initiative.
A team of labor and education specialists is focusing on the jobs that they will create and the training that will be needed to get those jobs. A report expected to be finished soon will be shared in the community, said team-member Cindy Robillard.
Stenger andl Quiros are expanding the Jay Peak and Burke Mountain resorts, bringing Menck Windows USA and AnC Bio Vermont to the city of Newport, rebuilding a downtown block and building a waterfront hotel in Newport City. The project will also include expanding the Newport State Airport.MORE IN Vermont NewsMONTPELIER More than 2,000 young adults might have wrongly stayed on the states health... Full StoryMONTPELIER More than 2,000 young adults might have wrongly stayed on the states health... Full StoryIf this hasnt been the worst year ever for truth in politics, I cant think of what was. Full Story
- Most Popular
- Most Emailed


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KHOZ & KHOZ FM - Party Line telephone number is (870) 741-2303.
Telefax: No fax number available
Website: No web address available
Biz owner? Moderate reviews or edit listing.
Search entire category for Television Stations & Broadcasting Cooperatives
Television Stations and Broadcasting Cooperatives, in Harrison, are broadcasting centers for television programs, standards of which are set by the government. They need to be licensed to operate, and usually have limitations imposed upon them by the government which require them to broadcast only selected programs.
PSEG Long Island Helps Customers Go Green and Save Green
Energy Efficiency Programs Save Customers Millions of Dollars (Long Island, NY) PSEG Long Island announced today that customers participating in energy efficiency programs in 2015 will save more than $60 million and 307,582,000 kilowatt hours (kWh) per year. The amount of energy saved is good for the environment, too, as it results in the elimination of the carbon dioxide..


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I work at Arizona State University and we're having awful trouble
installing Red Hat Linux 7.3 in one of our Dell computers for research.
We run a MonteCarlo simulation based on GEANT3, and this only works on
RHL 7.3 for unknown reasons.
We have two other Dell computers that are slightly older (but they are
pretty much the same thing) and 7.3 works just fine.
The computer is brand new, just straight from the box, with the
following specs:
Dual 3.4 GHz processors, XEON IRWINDALE
Dual in-line memory module, total of 4GB
Basically, the installation runs flawlessly, but when the computer
boots and Linux starts (where the system is putting all this green
"OK"), the system gives an error:
CPU 0: Machine check exception
Kernel Panic
In idle task: Not syncing
Can anybody tell me if they've had trouble with this before, and if so,
how to solve it? Our research is pretty much stopped until we solve
this problem.
Thank you.


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What James' role will be, whether he'll get a crack at the nickel job or will simply be fighting for a roster spot during training camp, is unclear. He started 14 of 16 games last season for the Lions and had 73 tackles and an interception. Over his career he's started 60 of 92 games and come up with eight picks.
With Shantae Spencer, Nate Clements and Tarell Brown already on the roster in addition to Paymah, Keith Smith and a host of undrafted free agent signings, the Niners have a lot of options in the secondary and it should make for an intense August on their Santa Clara practice fields.


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Newegg.com - A great place to buy computers, computer parts, electronics, software, accessories, and DVDs online. With great prices, fast shipping, and top-rated customer service - once you know, you Newegg.
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Showing Results: Most Recent
This review is from: Canon PowerShot S95 Black 10.0 MP 3.0" 461k LCD 3.8X Optical Zoom 28mm Wide Angle Digital Camera
Pros: I'm a photographer and sometimes U cant carry ur SLRS everywhere because of their size so this baby is great super compact ! and the image quality WOW it has to be Canon is all I use I love it remember every moment counts and with this baby U cant miss the shoot !!!!!!!!
Cons: IS NOT FREE ;0) jajajaja just kidding worth every penny ;)
Other Thoughts: Canon makes great products and this is just another one of them ;)READ FULL REVIEW
This review is from: SmithMicro Checkit Diagnostics for System Builders
Pros: NONE
Cons: EVERYTHING YOU COULD FIND SIMILAR PROGRAMS FOR LESS MONEY OR FREE
Other Thoughts: DONT WASTE UR MONEYREAD FULL REVIEW
This review is from: SAMSUNG STORY Station 1TB USB 2.0 3.5" External Hard Drive HX-DU010EB
Pros: Everything about it is a Pro, Easy to use, to format,every is just Perfect and the Price WOW incredible another great Product from Samsung !!!!!!!
Cons: Is not FREE
Other Thoughts: If you need storage this is the Hardrive to get !!!! I will be back for more of them !!!!!!!!!!!!!READ FULL REVIEW


text:
MMA Forum - UFC Forums - UFC Results - MMA Videos (http://www.mmaforum.com/forumindex.php)
- UFC (http://www.mmaforum.com/ufc/)
- - Did Sylvia show us he's no joke on the ground? (http://www.mmaforum.com/ufc/5458-did-sylvia-show-us-hes-no-joke-ground.html)
Did Sylvia show us he's no joke on the ground?
I actually was impressed with Tim Sylvia and Jeff Monson last night. We don't get to see a lot of Sylvia's ground game but I thought he did very well against a very strong and experienced Monson. The attempted chokes, leg triangles ... for everyone that hates the Maniac, he showed something last night
I don't think he looked that impressive on the ground at all, he looked better than I thought he would look, he was far from a master grappler. He just used his size to his advantge. He did get a few armbar attempts and triangle attempts in though, which was impressive against a submission wrestler.
I just hope he gets KTFO soon so we don't have to look at him anymore.
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The Gains from Privatization in Transition Economies: Is "Change of Ownership" Enough?
This paper seeks to clarify what factors contributed to the macroeconomic gains and losses from privatization in transition economies over the past decade. In contrast to the original "Washington Consensus," which had a tendency to equate change-of-title with privatization, we find that economic performance gains come only from "deep" privatization, that is, when change-of-title reforms occur once key institutional and "agency"-related reforms have exceeded certain threshold levels. We also find that as a result of different initial conditions the economic performance responses of countries to the same policies are different. Copyright 2002, International Monetary Fund
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Volume (Year): 48 (2001)
Issue (Month): 4 ()
Pages: 7
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Nine-year-old Louis Drax lies in a coma in a hospital bed, re-living the events that led to his near-fatal fall into a ravine. Despite being attracted to the boy's mother Natalie Drax, Louis' doctor, Pascal Dannachet, begins reluctantly to question her version of Louis' accident and the apparent culpability of her missing husband.
As the boy struggles to communicate from within his coma, the chilling truth emerges....
©2004 Liz Jensen (P)2005 W F Howes Ltd
"Intriguing, but easy to figure out"
The content was intriguing, but the mystery was easily solved in my opinion. It's a nice short piece to read on a plane ride or something. Easy to listen to.
"Decent suspense story but..."
Slightly turgid prose and poor narration just didn't do it justice. Always difficult having an adult do a child's voice but this one also had an Australia twang. The main adult voice was flat and did nothing to engage the listener.
"Not bad"
Liz Jensen writes some unusual thrillers, with compelling characters. This story is well narrated and so easy to listen, it's an ideal listen for a long flight. Quite gripping and probably more meaningful than most thrillers out there.
Report Inappropriate Content
If you find this review inappropriate and think it should be removed from our site, let us know. This report will be reviewed by Audible and we will take appropriate action.


text:
Together we have built an amazing Awesome network of over 500 libraries, but we are sad to say that awesomebox.io will be shutting down on June 1, 2016.
We are sincerely grateful to every library that ever scanned an item into our system. The idea has always belonged to the community and we hope to see Awesome Box live on in other forms and via other platforms.
Thank you.Export your Awesome items


text:
NJ Magazine
By Nation Multimedia Group Public Co., Ltd.
Open iTunes to buy and download apps.
The power of English is now at your fingertips. NJ – Thailand's coolest "Easy English' magazine for teens – is now available as one of Thailand's smartest iPad applications. Stay in touch and keep up-to-date with a direct connection to NJ's creative content: celebrity interviews, fantastic features, news, travel, gossip, gadgets, music, movies and much, much more.
- Improve your pronunciation with VDO and sound clips
- Exercise your English with interactive games and challenges
- Expand your vocabulary with customizable dictionary with pop-up definitions
What's New in Version 1.1
- Fixed Small bug
iPad Screenshots
- Free
- Category: Books
- Updated: 17 November 2010
- Version: 1.1
- Size: 1.7 MB
- Language: English
- Developer: Nation Multimedia Group Public Co., Ltd.
- © Nation Multimedia Group Co., Ltd.
Compatibility: Requires iOS 3.2 or later. Compatible with iPad.


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Free skate rental in Red Arrow Park
Milwaukee County Park officials have decided to dub Wednesday "Appreciation Day for Park Patrons," celebrated with a day of free skate rentals at Slice of Ice rink in Red Arrow Park, 920 N. Water St., from 2 to 8 p.m.
But wait - more freebies: Parks staff members will be giving away cans of the new Pepsi Next at the park, too. »Read Full Article
Milwaukee designer Bree Rose puts blankets to good use
It's that time of the year when we're running for cover, huddling beneath the bright geometric shapes that have been knitted or crocheted by our matriarchs (and the occasional patriarch) and tucked into trunks and closets.
How great would it be if the blankets that keep us cozy on cold days could go with us out in to the world? Is there such a thing as comfy, cuddly couture? »Read Full Article
Downtown Milwaukee's Holiday Lights Festival lights up Thursday
Cue the cold weather. Now hit the lights. Downtown Milwaukee will flip the switch on the sparkly season Thursday evening for the opening night of the 15th annual Holiday Lights Festival.
The fun begins at 6 p.m. in Pere Marquette Park, as the night air fills with music by Spider George & the Web and the Tempters. Other entertainment includes dancing by Studio VIA and Danceworks, skits from the Milwaukee Rep and First Stage, ice sculpting by Art Below Zero and a visit from Santa. »Read Full Article
Meet Sanford founder D'Amato on Nov. 23 at Milwaukee Public Market
Journal Sentinel photo »Read Full Blog Post


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Stina Svensson
I have a niece that just turned 6 months. I have so far crocheted 3 dresses for her of different styles but now I thought it was time to come up with a pattern of my own. It is not difficult at all, and I'm sure there are others who have come up with the same pattern themselves, but since I haven't seen it posted somewhere I thought I might as well share it here. When the dress/skirt was almost finished I started looking for buttons, but I couldn't find any. I used my imagination and took two buttons of the same size although they had different colors and then I used a glittery yarn to crochet over the buttons and they actually look kind of cool, like insect eyes or something.
***SORRY, THIS AWESOME CONTENT IS FOR SITE MEMBERS ONLY! But, it's never too late to join us! Come on in and we'll show you how.***


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The Weekend Rant: 'Gravity,' Miley Cyrus, 'Before Midnight'
Welcome to the first installment of a new HitFix feature, The Weekend Rant. Each week, different staffers will voice their opinions on various current pop culture happenings. This week, we look at the backlash against "Gravity's" screenplay, the media's concern for Miley Cyrus, and the HFPA's odd classification of "Before Midnight." Be sure to let us know what has you ranting (or raving) this week in the comments section.
It's screenwriting, not dialogue
Since "Gravity" became a bona fide phenomenon, it was inevitable that dissenters would become more vocal in the past week. And while the film is by no means beyond reproach, one specific, recurring criticism is beginning to irritate me: that the film uses its visual wonders to patch over a "terrible" original screenplay. Certainly, the film isn't a triumph of literate wordcraft -- it's spare by necessity, immersing the audience in experience and sensation rather than articulating it for them -- but that's not to say it isn't tightly, even artfully constructed. Is the backstory of Bullock's character rather on-the-nose? Yes, but it's a feeling-driven piece. Is the arc familiar? Yes, it's a hero's journey steeped in the tradition of Joseph Campbell. It's bluntly elemental, but it works. "Gravity" isn't captivating audiences in spite of its screenplay, but because Alfonso Cuaron knows how to tell a story: the film's visual storytelling is masterful, yes, but it's working in conjuction with a script smart enough to let it lead. With even the terse, efficiently constructed "Captain Phillips" getting accused in some quarters of thinness in the writing department, it frustrates me that even some top critics continue to confuse effective screenwriting with nifty dialogue.
-Guy Lodge
HFPA dubs "Before Midnight" a comedy
In just the latest example of the HFPA's counter-intuitive classification system, Richard Linklater's marriage-in-crisis threequel "Before Midnight" will be competing in the Comedy/Musical category at next year's Golden Globes, while Woody Allen's "Blue Jasmine" has been pegged as a drama. Not only do the classifications make zero sense - if anything, the positions should be reversed - pigeonholing a film like "Midnight" (an emotionally-wrenching drama) into the Comedy/Musical category only further crowds out actual comedies, which are typically all but ignored come awards season. Which begs the question: when critically-acclaimed, mostly straight-ahead laffers like "This Is the End," "The Way, Way Back" and "The World's End are routinely pushed out of a category that's supposed to represent them, why even bother having the category at all?
-Chris Eggertsen
Please stop policing Miley Cyrus
-Katie Hasty
What do you think of our rants this week? Share your thoughts below.


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Manchester Lawyer, New Hampshire
John F. Skinner✓ VERIFIED
Attorney John F. Skinner, III is the founding Member and Manager of Skinner Law PLLC. A Massachusetts... (more)
Carl D Olson✓ VERIFIED
An experienced and successful criminal defense attorney since 1990. After graduating from the University of... (more)
Robert J. Bartis✓ VERIFIED
If your case is going to court or has the potential to go to court, contact our firm as our three... (more)
Philip M. Kalil✓ VERIFIED
Philip Kalil focuses his practice in criminal defense matters, particularly representation of clients... (more)
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Attorney Rauseo's work is concentrated on civil litigation with a particular focus on Divorce; Car... (more)
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Lawyer.com Member Questionnaire How did you build a successful practice? The most important way to... (more)
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Earle "Sandy" Wingate is a lawyer with 28 years of experience, former NH Department of Safety Hearings... (more)
Robert M. Moore
Attorney Robert M. Moore practices in the areas of bankruptcy, family law, estate planning, probate and... (more)
James J. Tenn
James J. Tenn, Jr. is a founding member of Tenn And Tenn, P.A. His practice includes personal injury,... (more)
Mary Elizabeth Tenn
Mary Elizabeth Tenn joined Tenn And Tenn, P.A. in 2001. Her practice includes personal injury and medical... (more)


text:
Acid Neutralizer, 3.5 lb. Bottle
- Item# 8A988
- Mfr. Model# 8A988
- Catalog Page# N/A
Using 360° Viewing:
- Rotate: Use top-to-bottom, side-to-side by use of mouse arrow.
- Zoom In: Double click on image.
- Zoom Out/Reset: Put photo at full zoom & then double click.
- Shipping Weight 3.31 lbs.
Technical Specs
- Item Acid Neutralizer
- Neutralizes Acids (Not for Hydrofluoric Acid, Peroxy Organic Acids, Fuming or other Highly Reactive Acids)
- Form Granular
- Container Size 3.5 lb.
- Container Type Bottle
- Volume Absorbed Per Pkg. 1.2L
Compliance and Restrictions
Alternate Search Terms
Chemical Neutralizers (142)
Acid Neutralizers (85)
Customer Reviews
Product Reviews Disclaimer:
Grainger is neither responsible for, nor does it endorse, the content of any product review or statement posted. Any statements posted constitute the statements of the poster and are not the statements of Grainger. The statements posted by Grainger employees with the Grainger employee badge represent the views of such employees and are not the statements of Grainger. Grainger makes no representations as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness, currentness, suitability, or validity of any product review or statements posted, including those posted by employees with the Grainger employee badge, and is not liable for any losses, injuries or damages which may result from any such product review or statements. Use of any linked web site provided in a product review or post is at the user's own risk.


text:
Home »
Giving »
College of Pharmacy Golf SLAM
You may use your MasterCard, Visa or Discover card to register/payonline. Please enter the information below as directed. Your address and phone number are required. Upon pressing Submit, you will be taken to a second form that allows you to enter your credit card information. Be assured that your transaction via credit card is secured by Thawte.
Please fill out the following information about the person who will receive credit for this gift.
Please fill out the following information to place your reservations for the golf scramble and/or to purchase a sponsorship. If you are unable to be a sponsor or participate in the scramble but would like to support the College of Pharmacy, please enter the $ amount you wish to give in the Donation Amount field. YOU MUST CHOOSE AT LEAST ONE.
The Diamond, Platinum and Gold Sponsorship Levels include registration benefits as indicated. If you would prefer to make a sponsorship gift with no benefits—a fully tax deductible gift—choose the appropriate designation.
A portion of the registration fee and sponsorship packages are tax
deductible gifts to Lipscomb University and are tax deductible to the
extent allowed by law. An official charitable gift receipt will be mailed to you separately. Lipscomb takes data security seriously; all transactions through this site are secured by Thawte. If you have technical problems with this form, contact Web Communications at 615.966.6495 or email@example.com.


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Sep 11, 2016From Seller: draytonklammer
Great buyer, would deal again!
Apr 8, 2016From Buyer: kubo
Received item pretty quickly. Great seller, would do business with again!
Mar 20, 2016From Buyer: mmarkovich
Excellent transaction, fast shipping, grate communications, I am very happy by this purchase and like this cable lot more than the OEM provided by Philips for X2, that was driving me nut. Thanks Erick! Misha
Mar 18, 2016From Buyer: Cloudtastrophe
Fantastic seller, very responsive and super communicative. Item came in perfect condition, better than expected. Would buy from again! Fast shipping, provided tracking, awesome person in general.
Dec 3, 2015From Buyer: Hungry Eyes
Great purchasing experience. Fair price. Seller took time and effort to detail and photo all cosmetic damage in the classified, but the unit was not as bad in reality. Shipping was quick. DAC worked perfectly. Would purchase from blankdisc again.
Nov 29, 2015From Buyer: nk126
Great seller (trader). Good communication, prompt shipping, accurate description.
Nov 2, 2015From Buyer: nassq8
Very good seller! Fast shipping, accurate package!
Oct 22, 2015From Buyer: chillaxing
Great guy to deal with, great transaction, fast shipping, recommended
Aug 12, 2015From Buyer: anupong
I received the baby hifiman hm901with dock-1 from blackdisc and I was very pleased with the transaction. The babies arrived in excellent condition and plays flawlessly. Both the shipping and communication with him were very fast. Definitely recommended!
Jul 28, 2015From Buyer: bclark8923
Fast shipping! Product in good working order.
Jul 20, 2015From Buyer: m0reilly
as new item packaged professionally and shipped quickly. thank you very much!
Jan 14, 2014From Buyer: NZtechfreak
Absolutely top notch to deal with, literally could not ask for better. Many thanks.
Jan 13, 2014From Buyer: head8k
Speedy, hassle-free sale with shipping from the US to the UK. Recommended trader!
Dec 12, 2013From Buyer: vitok33
Great transaction with Blankdisc; responds fast and the item arrived in like new condition, as described Thanks!
Nov 27, 2013From Buyer: pullmyfanger
Fast shipping! Great seller to work with. Happy with purchase.
Feb 20, 2013From Buyer: khaine1711
Superb packaging, prompt communication, item as described; highly recommended!
Feb 16, 2013From Buyer: roadcykler
Very communicative, and easy to deal with. Shipped ASAP and item was well packed and made it from NYC to the west coast with no problems. Great seller and would do business with again.
Feb 15, 2013From Buyer: itshot
blankdisc is a very trustworthy headfier. He'll answer the endless questions you may have in a timely fashion and the transaction will be smoother than silk. I highly recommend that do you business with this guy if the occasion arises.
Jan 25, 2013From Buyer: jckp919
Nice guy. Everything was very smooth..good to do business with him~
Nov 9, 2012From Buyer: fray92
The communication was responsiveness and quick as the shipping. Highly recommend :)


text:
Welcome to Hamilton Maps
The City of Hamilton is launching a
new online mapping site
to replace the old Find IT and iMapper applications. This mapping site will allow you to view general mapping features that you are familiar with including addresses, streets, city parks and aerial photography.
What's next?
Over the next few months, we will begin to add additional mapping sites that focus on key city services such as:
Looking up the zoning of your property
Finding a municipal car park
Finding social services near you
Viewing your waste collection zone
What's happening to iMapper?
The current
is still available to use for a limited time. We will be phasing it out and it will be decommissioned later this year.
© 2016 City of Hamilton - Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Site Requirements
GIS Disclaimer
Find IT
Map Gallery
Contact Us


text:
Modeling of a 3D Inductor
Application ID: 10299
Inductors are used in many applications for low pass filtering or for impedance matching of predominantly capacitive loads. They are used in a wide frequency range from near static up to several MHz. An inductor usually has a magnetic core to increase the inductance, while keeping its size small. The magnetic core also reduces the electromagnetic interference with other devices as the magnetic flux tends to stay within it. Because there are only crude analytical or empirical formulas available for calculating impedances, computer simulations or measurements are necessary in the design of inductors. Inductor modeling is in general more complex than the modeling of resistors and capacitors, but similar principles apply. This introductory model uses a design drawn in an external CAD software and is imported for static and frequency domain analysis in the AC/DC Module. In this tutorial, we perform the AC analysis up to computing the frequency dependent impedance.
This application was built using the following:AC/DCモジュール
The combination of COMSOL® products required to model your application depends on the physics interfaces that define it. Particular physics interfaces may be common to several products (see the Specification Chart for more details). To determine the right combination of products for your project, you should evaluate all of your needs in light of each product's capabilities, consultation with the COMSOL Sales and Support teams, and the use of an evaluation license.


text:
Suzie Grogan - Writing
Dandelions and Bad Hair Days: A collection of poetry and prose on the subject of mental health by those who have had to deal with emotional ill-health, their carers or professionals in the field. All profits go to SANE and OCD Action mental health charities.
' ...interesting, inspiring, and enlightening'
'a collection of wise, honest and hopeful accounts on the difficult subject of mental health'
Find out more here...
Shell Shocked Britain: The First World war's legacy for Britain's mental health: Published by Pen and Sword Books in 2014, Shell Shocked Britain looks at the effect of the First World War on the mental health of the troops and the families they came home to. It also examines how attitudes to psychological trauma changed and the impact of the trauma on subsequent generations.
'....a compassionate and comprehensive study of post-traumatic stress disorder that makes compelling and, at times, shocking reading'
'An excellent introduction to the subject of shell shock and its legacy for Britain's mental health'
Find out more here...


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Kirk Cameron's Outdated Views On Marriage Don't Deserve Attention
Kirk Cameron believes (drum roll please) that, "Wives are to honour and respect and follow their husband's lead, not to tell their husband how he ought to be a better husband." WHAT DOES THAT EVEN MEAN? I'm so serious. Partners, PARTNERS are supposed to honour each other and treat each other with respect.


text:
Power Electronics and Energy Conversion Systems is a definitive five–volume reference spanning classical theory through practical applications and consolidating the latest advancements in energy conversion technology. Comprehensive yet highly accessible, each volume is organised in a basic–to–sophisticated crescendo, providing a single–source reference for undergraduate and graduate students, researchers and designers.
Volume 1 Fundamentals and Hard–switching Converters introduces the key challenges in power electronics from basic components to operation principles and presents classical hard– and soft–switching, DC to DC converters, rectifiers and inverters. At a more advanced level, it provides comprehensive analysis of DC and AC models comparing the available approaches for their derivation and results. A full treatment of DC to DC hard–switching converters is given, from fundamentals to modern industrial solutions and practical engineering insight. The author elucidates various contradictions and misunderstandings in the literature, for example, in the treatment of the discontinuous conduction operation or in deriving AC small–signal models of converters.
Other key features:
- Consolidates the latest advancements in hard switching converters including discontinuous capacitor voltage mode and true discontinuous inductor current mode in Æuk , SEPIC or Zeta converters and its use in power–factor–correction applications, modern core reset strategies for forward converter, current and voltage multiplier rectifiers, quadratic , KY and Z–source buck–boost converters, tapped–inductor buck for VRMs for microprocessors
- Includes fully worked design examples, exercises to be solved, and case studies, with discussion of the practical consequences of each choice made during the design
- Explains all topics in detail with step–by–step derivation of formulas appropriate for energy conversion courses
- End–of–section review of the learned material
- Includes topics treated in recent journal, conference and industry application coverage on solutions, theory and practical concerns
With emphasis on clear explanation, the text offers both a thorough understanding of DC to DC converters for undergraduate and graduate students in power electronics, and more detailed material suitable for researchers, designers and practising engineers working on the development and design of power electronics. This is an accessible reference for engineering and procurement managers from industries such as consumer electronics, integrated circuits, aerospace and renewable energy. SHOW LESS READ MORE >
Preface xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Why Energy Conversion Electronics Circuits? 1
1.1.1 Applications in the Information and Telecommunication Industry 2
1.1.2 Applications in Renewable Energy Conversion 4
1.1.3 Future Energy Conversion Fuel Cells 6
1.1.4 Electric Vehicles 6
1.1.5 Applications in Electronic Display Devices 8
1.1.6 Audio Amplifiers 9
1.1.7 Applications in Portable Electronic Devices 9
1.1.8 Applications in High Voltage Physics Experiments and Atomic Accelerators 10
1.1.9 Lighting Technology 11
1.1.10 Aerospace Applications 11
1.1.11 Power System Conditioning 12
1.1.12 Energy Recycling in Manufacturing Industry 12
1.1.13 Applications in Space Exploration 12
1.1.14 Defense Applications 14
1.1.15 Drives and High–Power Industrial Applications 15
1.1.16 Classification of Power Electronic Circuits 15
1.2 Basic Principles of Operation of a Power Electronics Circuit 17
1.3 Basic Components of the Power Circuit: Power Semiconductor Switches and Passive Reactive Elements 28
1.3.1 Uncontrollable Switches Power Diodes 28
1.3.2 Semicontrollable Switches (Thyristors) 32
1.3.3 Controllable Switches 35
1.3.4 Gallium Nitride (GaN) Switch Technology 51
1.3.5 Energy Losses Associated with Power Switches 52
1.3.6 Passive Reactive Elements 65
1.3.7 Ultracapacitors 80
1.4 Basic Steady–State Analysis of Duty Cycle Controlled Converters with Constant Switching Frequency 81
1.4.1 Input–to–Output Voltage Ratio for Basic DC–DC Converters 81
1.4.2 Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction Operation Modes 85
1.4.3 Design of the Elements of the Basic Converters 85
1.4.4 Controller for Duty Cycle Control (PWM) 88
1.4.5 Conversion Efficiency, Hard–switching and Soft–switching 92
1.5 Introduction to Switched–Capacitor (SC) Converters 96
1.6 Frequency–Controlled Converters 101
1.6.1 Resonant Converters 101
1.6.2 Quasi–Resonant Converters (QRC) 110
1.7 Overview on AC–DC Rectifiers and DC–AC Inverters 119
1.7.1 Rectifiers 119
1.7.2 Inverters 132
1.8 Case Studies 140
1.8.1 Case Study 1 140
1.8.2 Case Study 2 146
1.8.3 Case Study 3 150
1.9 Highlights of the Chapter 154
Problems 155
Bibliography 157
2 Modeling DC–DC Converters 161
2.1 What is the Purpose of Modeling the Power Stage? 162
2.2 Average State–Space Equations, Small–Ripple Approximation (Time–Linearization) 164
2.3 DC Voltage Gain and AC Small–Signal Open–Loop Transfer Functions Based on Average State–Space Equations for Converters Operating in Continuous Conduction Mode 169
2.3.1 DC Voltage Gain and AC Open–Loop Line–to–Load Voltage Transfer Function 169
2.3.2 Duty Cycle–to–Output Voltage AC Transfer Function. Small–Signal Approximation 171
2.3.3 DC Gain and AC Small–Signal Open–Loop Transfer Functions of the Boost, Buck and Buck–Boost Converters Operating in CCM 173
2.3.4* Graphical Averaged Models of the Boost, Buck and Buck–Boost Converters Operating in CCM 191
2.3.5* Canonical Graphical Averaged Models of DC–DC Converters Operating in CCM 211
2.4 DC Voltage Gain and AC Small–Signal Open–Loop Transfer Functions Based on Average State–Space Equations for Converters Operating in Discontinuous Conduction Mode 217
2.4.1 Reduced–Order Averaged Models 217
2.4.2* Full–Order Averaged Models 237
2.5* Average PWM Switch Model 253
2.5.1 Average PWM Switch Model for Converters Operating in Continuous Conduction Mode 253
2.5.2 Average PWM Switch Model for Converters Operating in Discontinuous Conduction Mode 263
2.6 Average Model of the Switches Resistances and Diode Forward Voltage. Average Model of the PWM 288
2.6.1 Average Model of the Switches DC Resistances and Diode Forward Voltage 288
2.6.2 Average Model of the PWM 291
2.7* Average Resonant Switch Model for the DC and Small–Signal Analysis of QRC Converters 292
2.7.1 Average Model of the Zero–Current (ZC) Resonant Switch 293
2.7.2 Average Model of the Zero–Voltage (ZV) Resonant Switch 300
2.7.3 DC Analysis and Open–Loop Small–Signal Transfer Functions of ZCS Quasi–Resonant Converters 305
2.7.4 DC Analysis and Open–Loop Small–Signal Transfer Functions of ZVS Quasi–Resonant Converters 325
2.8 Simulation and Computer–Aided Design of Power Electronics Circuits 339
2.9 Case Study 355
2.10 Highlights of the Chapter 362
Problems 365
Bibliography 368
3 Classical DC–DC PWM Hard–switching Converters 369
3.1 Buck DC–DC PWM Hard–switching Converter 369
3.1.1 Influence of the DC Resistance of the Inductor 369
3.1.2 Boundary Control 375
3.1.3 Calculation of Losses in a Buck Converter Operating in CCM by Considering the Inductor Current Ripple and the ESR of the Capacitor 377
3.1.4 Design of a Buck Converter in CCM Operation 382
3.1.5 Buck Converter with Input Filter 386
3.1.6 Review of the Steady–State Analysis of the Buck Converter in DCM Operation 390
3.1.7 Design of a Buck Converter in DCM Operation 395
3.1.8* Aspects of Dynamic Response of Buck Converter 399
3.2 Boost DC–DC PWM Hard–switching Converter 402
3.2.1 Boost Converter in Steady–State CCM Operation 402
3.2.2 Boost Converter in Steady–State DCM Operation 410
3.2.3* Aspects of Dynamic Response of Boost Converter 417
3.3 Buck–Boost DC–DC PWM Hard–switching Converter 420
3.3.1 Buck–Boost Converter in Steady–State CCM Operation 421
3.3.2 Buck–Boost Converter in Steady–State DCM Operation 429
3.3.3* Aspects of Dynamic Response of Buck–Boost Converter 437
3.4 Cuk (Boost–Buck) PWM Hard–switching Converter 437
3.4.1 Derivation and Switching Operation of the Cuk Converter 438
3.4.2 Steady–State Analysis of Cuk Converter in CCM Operation and its Design 438
3.4.3* DC Voltage Gain and AC Small–Signal Characteristics of theCuk Converter in the Presence of Parasitic Resistances 447
3.4.4 Design Example and Commercially Available Cuk Converters 455
3.4.5* Discontinuous Conduction Mode for the Cuk Converter 456
3.4.6* Cuk Converter with Coupled Inductor 468
3.5 SEPIC PWM Hard–switching Converter 470
3.5.1 SEPIC Converter in CCM Operation 471
3.5.2 Steady–State Analysis of SEPIC Converter in CCM Operation 473
3.5.3* Small–Signal Analysis of the SEPIC Converter in CCM Operation 479
3.5.4 Commercially Available SEPIC Converters: Case Studies 483
3.5.5* SEPIC Converter in DCM Operation 489
3.5.6* AC Analysis of SEPIC Converter in DICM 500
3.5.7* Isolated SEPIC Converter 503
3.6 Zeta (Inverse SEPIC) PWM Hard–switching Converter 503
3.6.1 Zeta Converter in CCM Operation 504
3.6.2 Steady–State Analysis of a Zeta Converter in CCM Operation 505
3.6.3* Small–Signal Analysis of the Zeta Converter in CCM Operation 514
3.6.4 Design Example and Case Study 515
3.6.5* Zeta Converter in DCM Operation 520
3.6.6* Isolated Zeta Converter 529
3.7 Forward Converter 530
3.7.1 The Role of a High–Frequency Transformer in the Structure of DC–DC Converters 530
3.7.2 Derivation of Forward Converter 531
3.7.3 Operation of Forward Converter in CCM 534
3.7.4 Operation of a Forward Converter in DCM and Design Considerations for CCM and DCM 545
3.7.5* Multiple–Output Forward Converter 551
3.7.6* Other Core Reset Strategies 551
3.7.7 Examples of Practical Designs: Case Studies 564
3.8* Isolated Cuk Converter 568
3.9 Flyback Converter 574
3.9.1 Derivation of the Flyback Converter 574
3.9.2 Operation of Flyback Converter in CCM and DCM 577
3.9.3 Effects of the Coupled Inductor Leakage Inductance 587
3.9.4* Small–Signal Model of the Flyback Converter 598
3.9.5 Designs of the Flyback Converter: Case Studies Practical Considerations 600
3.10 Push Pull Converter 607
3.10.1 Push Pull Converter of Buck Type (Voltage Driven) 607
3.10.2 CCM Operation of the Push Pull Converter 608
3.10.3 Non–Idealities in the Push Pull Converter 616
3.10.4 DCM Operation 619
3.10.5* Push Pull Converter of the Boost Type (Current Driven) 625
3.10.6 Design Example 631
3.11 Half–Bridge Converter 634
3.11.1 The Buck–Type Half–Bridge Topology 634
3.11.2 CCM Operation 636
3.11.3 Input–to–Output Voltage Conversion Ratio and Design of a Half–Bridge Converter in CCM Operation 645
3.11.4 Practical Aspects 647
3.11.5 DCM Operation 648
3.11.6* Current–Driven Half–Bridge Converter 652
3.12 Full–Bridge Converter 657
3.12.1 Full–Bridge Topology 657
3.12.2 CCM Operation of the Buck–Type Full–Bridge Converter 660
3.12.3 Input–to–Output Voltage Conversion Ratio and Design of a Buck–Type Full–Bridge Converter in CCM Operation 672
3.12.4 Practical Aspects 676
3.12.5* Other Transistor Control Schemes: Phase–Shift Control 676
3.12.6* Current–Driven Full–Bridge Converter 680
3.13 Highlights of the Chapter 687
Problems 696
Bibliography 702
4 Derived Structures of DC–DC Converters 705
4.1 Current Doubler Rectifier (CDR) for Push Pull, Half–Bridge and Full–Bridge Converters 705
4.1.1 Cyclical Operation of Current Doubler Rectifier 706
4.1.2 Voltage Conversion Ratio of Converters with CDR 711
4.1.3 Ripple Cancellation in the Output Current 711
4.1.4* Other Structures of CDR 713
4.1.5 Penalties of CDR 719
4.1.6* Current Tripler and Current Multiplier 719
4.2 Voltage Doubler and Voltage Multiplier Rectifier 721
4.2.1 Full–Wave Bridge Voltage Doubler 721
4.2.2 Greinacher Multiplier 723
4.2.3 Voltage Tripler and General Cockcroft Walton Multiplier 727
4.2.4* Voltage Doubler with One Capacitor 729
4.2.5 Fibonacci Voltage Multiplier 730
4.2.6 Voltage Dividers 735
4.2.7* Economy Power Supply and the 48 Power Supply 736
4.3 Quadratic Converters 742
4.3.1 Quadratic Buck Converters 743
4.3.2* Buck–Boost Quadratic Converters (D<0.5) 746
4.4* Two–Switch Buck–Boost Converter 748
4.4.1 Buck–Boost Converters Obtained by Interleaving a Boost and a Buck Switching Cell 749
4.4.2 Z–Source Buck–Boost Converter with Positive Output Voltage 753
4.5* Switched–Capacitor/Switched–Inductor Integrated Basic Converters 757
4.5.1 Family of Converters Based on Switched–Capacitor/Switched–Inductor Structures 757
4.5.2 KY Converter 776
4.5.3 Watkins Johnson Converter 782
4.6* The Sheppard Taylor Converter 783
4.6.1 CCM Operation 783
4.6.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode Operation 785
4.6.3 Isolated Sheppard Taylor Converter 791
4.7* Converters with Low Voltage Stress on the Active Switches 793
4.7.1 Four–Switch Full–Bridge–Type Converter with Vin/2 Primary–Side Switches Voltage Stress 794
4.7.2 Converter with Vin/3 Voltage Stress on the Primary–Side Switches 797
4.7.3 Three–Level Boost Converter 797
4.8* Tapped Inductor–Based Converters 805
4.8.1 Tapped Inductor Buck Converter and VRMs (Voltage Regulator Module) 805
4.8.2 Tapped Inductor Boost Converter 812
4.9* Current–Driven Dual–Bridge Converter with Center–Tapped Inductor 812
4.10 Highlights of the Chapter 824
Problems 829
Bibliography 830
Index 833
Professor Adrian Ioinovici, Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Holon Institute of Technology, Israel Professor Adrian Ioinovici joined the Holon Institute of Technology in 1982; prior to this he was a Professor in the Electrical Engineering Department at Hong Kong Polytechnic University. He has been Chairman of the Technical Committee on Power Systems and Power Electronics of the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society. He has served as an Associate Editor of the IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems–I, and of the Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers. He was co–chairman of the Tutorial Committee at ISCAs 06 and designed co–chair, Special Session Committee at ISCAS 10 in Paris.
Professor Ioinovici is the author of the book Computer–Aided Analysis of Active Circuits (New York: Marcel Dekker, 1990) and of the chapter "Power Electronics" in the Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology (Acad. Press, 2001). He has published more than 150 papers in circuit theory and power electronics, his research intersts being in simulation of power electronics circuits, switched–capacitor–based converters and inverters, soft–switching DC power supplies, and three–level converters.


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Thursday's boys basketball highlights, Jan. 24
- Strong Vincent 64, Corry 23: At Corry, Zhamar McAdory scored a game-high 19 points and led a 3-point barrage as the Colonels rolled to a Region 6 win.
Strong Vincent (8-5 overall, 7-1 Region 6) connected on four 3-pointers in each of the first two quarters while opening a 46-12 halftime lead. The Colonels hit 10 3-pointers, with McAdory and Joey Otto each contributing four.
Otto finished with 12 points, while DeMarcus Cleckley had 10.
Corry dropped to 3-10, 0-6.
- East 69, Harbor Creek 66 (OT): At Harborcreek, Avery Kirskey scored five points in overtime and Jauwan Ford added four to help the Warriors edge the Huskies in a Region 6 game.
East (6-8, 4-3) was down 43-36 after three quarters, but Melvin Henderson scored 11 of his 15 points in the final 8 minutes to help the Warriors send the game into overtime.
Kirksey scored a game-high 18 points, while teammate Kyree Kirkland scored 10 and Ford had nine. Jacob Stanopiewicz led the Huskies (3-10, 1-5) with 17 points, while Joe Zoltowski added 15. Harbor Creek's Zachary Mattson recorded a double-double with 12 points and 10 rebounds.
- Northwestern, 75, Mercer 54: At Mercer, Kyle McKeen torched the Mustangs for 28 points and Northwestern used a big first half to win a non-region game.
Northwestern outscored Mercer 34-22 in the first half.
Corey Shinko contributed 20 points for Northwestern (8-7), which connected on six 3-pointers.
Logan Clarke scored 14 points to lead Mercer (5-9). Jonathon Scheidhauer and Trenton Fowler each added 12 points for the Mustangs.
-- from staff reports


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The Marina Inn on San Francisco Bay
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SF Tour
... swung by the ocean and saw some sea lions and three paragliders. They were taking off from a cliff about a 2 miles up the coast from our campground. We also saw ducks in the Golden Gate Park pond.
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... not the nicest of dinners but my top seemed to enjoy it. Game was amazing. Brilliant atmosphere and just what a sporting event should be. It's not just a baseball game, it's all the entertainment that goes with it. Fair play, Americans know how to do it. Oakland lost but didn't matter really, everyone was allowed on the pitch after the game and they had a 90s firework display! Perfect way to end the day via a night cap in ...
We Left Our Hearts (and Money) In San Francisco
... and more impressive than the one down on the wharf. The Academy of Sciences had a cool sphere-shaped, three-story rain forest habitat and a lot of good exhibits on evolution and other science principles. But it's a good thing our Go pass got us in, as tickets would have $35 each, so over $100 for a couple hours of exploration...a little steep if you ask me.
As the bus leaves Golden Gate Park, you have the option to stop off near the Bridge for some close up photos. ...
San Fransisco - Lifestyles of the rich + homeless
... on the homelessness issue and aggression that can come with it. Tomorrow we hire a campervan and blow the burbs for nature is calling (and for once I'm not talking about poop) - National Parks for the next 5days - we are ready!!!! *Sleep walking diaries of Pete: One night he asked me to turn the lights on and look for stuff in the bed and smashed his leg into the edge of the bed (haha .... This was pretty funny even if it was 1am and woke me up!) ** We miss Kara ...
The de Young and Walnut Creek
... say the aromas are different in this part of town. Seems nothing much has changed in 48 years.
After the tour we drove downtown and then to our new Hosts of Tom and Sarah-Lee Herz. There house overlooks the city and the area has magnificent views of San Francisco. We could not help but return to the Tuba Restaurant for another great Turkish meal.


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Mc Cluskey Hdwe & Supply - Chestertown, NY - Phone: (518) 494-4618
Wallpaper in Chestertown is a kind of material used to cover and decorate the interior walls of homes, offices, and other buildings; it is one aspect of interior decoration. It is usually sold in rolls in the city, and is put onto a wall using wallpaper paste. Wallpapers can come plain (so that it can be painted), textured, or with patterned graphics. Wallpaper printing techniques include surface printing, silk screen-printing, rotary printing and digital printing. There are seventeen basic patterns, described as wallpaper groups, which can be used to tile an infinite plain. All manufactured wallpaper patterns are based on these groups. A single pattern can be issued in several different ways.
Alliance for Green Heat and NYSERDA Announce Seven Finalists in International Pellet Stove Competition
Two New York teams are among the finalists (Long Island, NY) Alliance for Green Heat and the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) today announced that seven pellet stoves have been chosen as finalists in the Pellet Stove Design Challenge. This international competition, administered by the Alliance for Green Heat, identifies innovative low emissions and high efficiency..


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300: Rise Of An Empire Photo Gallery
Greek general Themistokles (Sullivan Stapleton) leads the charge against invading Persian forces led by mortal-turned-god Xerxes (Rodrigo Santoro) and Artemisia (Eva Green), vengeful commander of the Persian navy. View photos…
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Nothing beats the sublime beauty of a desert lake, its azure waters shimmering dreamily against the golden hues around it, green grasses waving invitingly in the breeze, beckoning to thirsty animals and weary travelers.
Loch Laurel, Georgia
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Dearest Clients,
I want to let you know that I am moving out of the area and thus will not be accepting any new clients at my home office. I am available for phone/Skype consultations as usual. I will be relocating to Rehoboth Beach, DE. Thank you all for you love and support.
Blessings, Jayne
Welcome to Providence Health and Healing where your journey to good health, the natural way, begins. My practice is rooted in the ancient philosophy of vitalism as practiced by Hippocrates, Aristotle, Galen and Avicenna. Vitalism says that there is in each of us, a vital force, when in balance, creates harmony for both the body and the mind. As a holistic practitioner, my goal is to work with this vital force to gently help the body back into balance. I believe in the innate wisdom of the body and its ability to take care of itself when given the proper inputs. Symptoms exist for a reason, giving clues as to what it wants or needs. And although symptom relief is important, we should seek to understand why the symptom/s are there in the first place. This differs from conventional medicine, which is about treating a symptom or set of symptoms, sometimes for life, with a drug. This is called "managed" care.
My goal is to support you in your journey to optimum health. I will take the time to listen to what you have to say and work with you to help your body help itself. I do not diagnose "diseases" (this is for physicians only) but rather listen to you and your body to determine a plan. I do, however, recommend that you have a complete check up with your physician before making an appointment and will be happy to work with your physician on your journey to good health.
Tools of the Trade
Nutrition is the basis of all healing. However, what is right for one person is not always right for another. There is no ONE perfect diet for everyone no matter what your friends or the press tell you. Whether you are vegetarian or an omnivore, we work together to determine what is best for you. I am a licensed nutritionist (LDN) in the state of Pennsylvania and a Certified Nutritional Specialist (CNS), accredited by the American College of Nutrition.
Herbal Medicine
Herbal medicine has been used for thousands of years and is still the main source of healing and nutrition for most indigenous people today. As a clinical herbalist, you will receive from me, completely customized herbal teas, tinctures or powders, based on a thorough assessment. Many practitioners and even doctors recommend herbal supplements; however, they rarely have any extensive training in herbal medicine. This is why seeing a clinical herbalist, who has both the depth and breath of knowledge is important. I have studied herbal medicine, full time, for 3 years earning an MS in Herbal Medicine from Maryland University of Integrative Health (formerly known as Tai Sophia).
Homeopathic Medicine
Homeopathic medicine is the concept of "like treating like" in its most simplistic form. But homeopathy is far from simple. It has been used all over Europe by physicians as a gentle way to help the body reset itself. I have studied with the CEDH (Center for Education and Development of Homeopathy) and have passed its qualifying exam in 2010.
Nutritional Response Testing
I offer Nutritional Response Testing (NRT) with all evaluations or as a separate evaluation. For those not familiar with NRT, it is a great tool developed by Dr. Freddie Ulan. NRT is a form of "muscle testing", a non-invasive system of analyzing the body to determine the underlying causes of ill or non-optimum health which is actually testing neurological reflexes.
Hair Mineral Analysis
The vast majority of people are mineral deficient–both macro (like magnesium) and micro (like zinc) to name just two. Hair mineral analysis can tell what minerals are lacking, and just as importantly, what heavy metals might be stored in the body. The test is easy (just needing a sample of your hair) and very helpful.
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- Anxiety/depression
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I will work with you, wherever you are in your path to healing, but in order to change, you need to challenge yourself to do what is necessary, whether it be dietary or lifestyle. And this may not be easy! But if you are committed, know that I will walk with you on your journey to good health.
Blessings in health and happiness,
Jayne Tamburello, MS, CNS