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Brief Summary
Range Description
The subspecies Dicerorhinus sumatrensis lasiotis formerly occurred in India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar (Nowak, 1999). The subspecies is extinct in the three former countries, but there is a possibility that populations remain in northern Myanmar.
The subspecies Dicerorhinus sumatrensis harrissoni formerly occurred throughout the island of Borneo. Currently, the species occurs only in Sabah (Malaysia), although a few individuals may still survive in Sarawak (Malaysia) and Kalimantan (Indonesia) (Meyaard, 1986).
Dicerorhinus sumatrensis sumatrensis formerly occurred in Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, and Sumatra (Indonesia). Presently, the subspecies occurs only in parts of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia (Foose et al., 1997).
It occurs from sea level to over 2,500 m asl.
Dicerorhinus sumatrensis exists in the foothills of the Himalayas of Bhutan and throughout Burma, Thailand, Malaysia to Sumatra, and Borneo. Occurrence of the species in the Indochinese countries, including Vietnam and Indonesia, has not been confirmed (Nowak 1991).
Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native )
Bangladesh to Vietnam to Indonesia (Borneo)
Physical Description
Dicerorhinus sumatrensis is the smallest of the five living species of rhinoceros. It is thick-statured and short-bodied with a combined head and body length of 236-318 centimeters. The animal can reach a shoulder height of 112-145 centimeters. The species can be easily recognized by the two deep skin folds encircling the body between the legs and the trunk, and its thick pelage of short stiff hairs. Two horns decorate the snout, although the frontal horn is much more conspicuous than the nasal horn. An average of 16 millimeters thick, the skin of the Sumatran rhino is thick and leathery, causing it to wrinkle at the edges. The muzzle is rounded and unwrinkled. In adults, body color is generally dark gray or brown. Its dental formula is 1/0, 0/1, 3/3, 3/3.
(Nowak 1991, Strien 1986, Strien 1987)
Range mass: 800 to 2000 kg.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: ornamentation
Habitat and Ecology
Males are primarily solitary, but can have overlapping territories with females, which are commonly found with offspring (Nowak, 1999). The home range size of females is probably no more than 500 ha, while males wonder over larger areas, with likely limited dispersal distance. The species is generally solitary, except for mating pairs and mothers with young (Nowak, 1999). Its life history characteristics are not well known, with longevity estimated at about 35-40 years, gestation length of approximately 15-16 months, and age at sexual maturity estimated at 6-7 years for females and 10 years for males (Nowak, 1999; IRF website (www.rhinos-irf.org), 2007).
Home range: Males up to 5,000 ha, females 1,000 -1,500 ha. Daily movements between feeding sites and wallows are probably only a few kilometers per day. Longer treks are made when males and females go to saltlicks (5-10 km) and by males exploring their large ranges. Dispersal appears to be mainly by sub-adult animals (4-7 years) old. In this period they may be found rather far from the home grounds. Adults are very traditional in the use of their ranges and will not move away unless severely disturbed. Water is never very far away in the habitats occupied by the Sumatran rhino.
- Terrestrial
The species can live in a variety of habitats. It is mainly found in dense forests, mountain moss forests and hilly areas close to water beds. Margins of forests and areas with dense secondary vegetation also attract these animals. Sumatran rhinos also have been sighted in coastal swamps and in the sea.(Strein 1987)
Terrestrial Biomes: rainforest ; scrub forest
Trophic Strategy
Dicerorhinus sumatrensis is herbivorous, consuming young saplings, leaves, and plants in secondary growth. When feeding, the animal moves in a zig-zag fashion, sampling the potential food items in sight before it takes in mouthful quantities. Young saplings serve as the major food source and are systematically prepared for consumption; the young trees are bitten off, trampled upon, and then eaten. These rhinos take in fruits, twigs, and bark. Favored foods, such as wild mangoes, bamboos, and figs are preferred. Rhinos get minerals, mainly sodium and calcium, from drinking from salt springs. Daily food consumption in adults averages 50 kilograms.
(Strien 1986)
Plant Foods: leaves; wood, bark, or stems; seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit
Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore , Frugivore , Lignivore)
Life History and Behavior
Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical
Life Expectancy
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 32.0 years.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 35.0 years.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 32.7 years.
Lifespan, longevity, and ageing
Due to their private habits, the mating period of this species is not known. However, it is well known that most births occur from October to May, the months of heaviest rainfall. Gestation period is estimated to be 12-16 months. During the first few days after birth, the young is hidden in dense vegetation near salt licks while the mother browses. After two months, it can be found wandering with its mother. At birth, the newborn is 60 cm high and 90 cm long, weighing approximately 25 kg. The coat of neonates is short, crisp and black, but later becomes long and shaggy. During earlier stages of development, the young may associate with one another, but they eventually become solitary. Weaning takes place at 16-17 months. Interbirth intervals last at least 3-4 years. By 7-8 years of age, the calves have reached sexual maturity.
(Nowak 1991, Foose and Strein 1995)
Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual
Average birth mass: 23000 g.
Average gestation period: 236 days.
Average number of offspring: 1.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female: 2738 days.
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Barcode data: Dicerorhinus sumatrensis
The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.
There are 2 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank.
Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species.
See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
-- end --
Download FASTA File
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Dicerorhinus sumatrensis
Public Records: 2
Specimens with Barcodes: 2
Species With Barcodes: 1
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
Red List Criteria
Year Assessed
- 1996Critically Endangered (CR)
- 1994Endangered (E)
- 1990Endangered (E)
- 1988Endangered (E)
- 1986Endangered (E)
- 1965Very rare and believed to be decreasing in numbers
Dicerorhinus sumatrensis is classified as endangered by the IUCN and the USDI, and is on Appendix 1 of CITES. The original range of the species has drastically decreased due to habitat destruction by logging and clearing of land for agriculture. The species is also threatened by overhunting for the suppposedly aphrodisiac and medicinal products made from the horns and other body parts of the body. In addition, it is very sensitive to all forms of disturbances and is driven out by the slightest signs of intrusion. Strien (1986) claims the species is now one of the rarest and most threatened animals. Current efforts to preserve D. sumatrensis include protection of its habitat and laws prohibiting hunting of the species.
(Strein 1986, Strein 1987)
CITES: appendix i
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: critically endangered
Status: Endangered
Date Listed: 06/02/1970
Lead Region: Foreign (Region 10)
Where Listed: Bangladesh to Vietnam to Indonesia (Borneo)
Population detail:
Population location: Bangladesh to Vietnam to Indonesia (Borneo)
Listing status: E
For most current information and documents related to the conservation status and management of Dicerorhinus sumatrensis , see its USFWS Species Profile
In 2012, Dicerorhinus sumatrensis was included among the world's 100 most threatened species, in a report by the IUCN Species Survival Commission and the Zoological Society of London.
The subspecies Dicerorhinus sumatrensis sumatrensis now occurs mainly on Sumatra, where there are 170 to 230 individuals. It has its largest populations remaining in Bukit Barisan Selata, Way Kambas, and Gunung Leuser National Park (Foose et al., 1997). There are about 60 to 80 animals in Gunung Leuser, about 60 to 80 Bukit Barisan Selatan, and 15-25 in Way Kambas, with some local reports of rhinos occurring outside of protected areas in Aceh Province (Sectionov and Waladi pers. comm.). There are also a few small, non-viable populations, including no more than a few individuals in Kerinci-Seblat National Park. Some populations are decreasing due to poaching, with very steep decreases in some areas (Sectionov and Waladi pers. comm.). Poaching has ceased in Bukit Barisan Selata and Way Kambas National Parks recently (Sectionov and Waladi pers. comm.). Populations in Peninsular Malaysia are now very small, but the species possibly survives in Taman Negara National Park and in Tamon Besor/Belum area. It probably no longer survives in Endau Rompin National Park (Malaysia).
The majority of the few remaining individuals of the subspecies Dicerorhinus sumatrensis harrissoni occur in Tabin National Park in Sabah (Malaysia), with some also in the Danum Valley (also in Sabah). The total population in Sabah is likely to be about 50 individuals (Han pers. comm.). A two year survey from 2000-2002 indicated 6 known individuals, 10 probable individuals, and an additional 35 possible (Van Strien, 2005).
The population status of the subspecies Dicerorhinus sumatrensis lasiotis is unknown, with the very slight possibility that a small number of individuals survive in the Lassai Tract in Myanmar.
There are over 20 animals in captivity, mostly in Indonesia and Malaysia, with a few in the United States.
Population Trend
Conservation Actions
There are also ongoing efforts to develop managed breeding centers for the species in Indonesia and Malaysia. There have been recent advances in captive breeding techniques for this species, including a successful births at the Cincinnati Zoo in 2001 and 2004 (Khan et al., 2004). One of these offspring was transferred back to a breeding center in Sumatra.
There is a need for further surveys in northern Myanmar to determine the status of any remaining populations.
Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
The Sumatran rhinoceros sometimes tramples agricultural land and feeds on crops.
(Flynn and Tajuddin 1984)
Hunted for body parts that supposedly have medicinal properties.
Sumatran rhinoceros
The Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) is a rare member of the family Rhinocerotidae and one of five extant rhinoceroses. It is the only extant species of the genus Dicerorhinus. It is the smallest rhinoceros, although it is still a large mammal. This rhino stands 112–145 cm (3.67–4.76 ft) high at the shoulder, with a head-and-body length of 2.36–3.18 m (7.7–10.4 ft) and a tail of 35–70 cm (14–28 in). The weight is reported to range from 500 to 1,000 kg (1,100 to 2,200 lb), averaging 700–800 kg (1,500–1,800 lb), although there is a single record of a 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) specimen. Like both African species, it has two horns; the larger is the nasal horn, typically 15–25 cm (5.9–9.8 in), while the other horn is typically a stub. A coat of reddish-brown hair covers most of the Sumatran rhino's body.
Members of the species once inhabited rainforests, swamps, and cloud forests in India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and China. In historical times, they lived in southwest China, particularly in Sichuan.[5][6] They are now critically endangered, with only six substantial populations in the wild: four on Sumatra, one on Borneo, and one in the Malay Peninsula. Their numbers are difficult to determine because they are solitary animals that are widely scattered across their range, but they are estimated to number fewer than 100. Survival of the Peninsular Malaysia population is in doubt, and one of the Sumatran populations may already be extinct. Total numbers today may be as low as 80.[7] The decline in the number of Sumatran rhinoceroses is attributed primarily to poaching for their horns, which are highly valued in traditional Chinese medicine, fetching as much as US$50,000 per kg on the black market.
The Sumatran rhino is a mostly solitary animal except for courtship and offspring-rearing. It is the most vocal rhino species and also communicates through marking soil with its feet, twisting saplings into patterns, and leaving excrement. The species is much better studied than the similarly reclusive Javan rhinoceros, in part because of a program that brought 40 Sumatran rhinos into captivity with the goal of preserving the species. The program was considered a disaster even by its initiator; most of the rhinos died and no offspring were produced for nearly 20 years, representing an even worse population decline than in the wild.
Taxonomy and naming[edit]
The first documented Sumatran rhinoceros was shot 16 km (9.9 mi) outside Fort Marlborough, near the west coast of Sumatra, in 1793. Drawings of the animal, and a written description, were sent to the naturalist Joseph Banks, then president of the Royal Society of London, who published a paper on the specimen that year. In 1814, the species was given a scientific name by Johann Fischer von Waldheim, a German scientist and curator of the State Darwin Museum in Moscow, Russia.[8][9]
The scientific name Dicerorhinus sumatrensis comes from the Greek terms di (δι, meaning "two"), cero (κέρας, meaning "horn"), and rhinos (ρινος, meaning "nose").[10] Sumatrensis signifies "of Sumatra", the Indonesian island where the rhinos were first discovered.[11] Carolus Linnaeus originally classified all rhinos in the genus, Rhinoceros; therefore, the species was originally identified as Rhinoceros sumatrensis. Joshua Brookes considered the Sumatran rhinoceros, with its two horns, a distinct genus from the one-horned Rhinoceros, and gave it the name Didermocerus in 1828. Constantin Wilhelm Lambert Gloger proposed the name Dicerorhinus in 1841. In 1868, John Edward Gray proposed the name Ceratorhinus. Normally, the oldest name would be used, but a 1977 ruling by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature established the proper genus name as Dicerorhinus.[3][12]
The three subspecies are:
D. s. sumatrensis, known as the western Sumatran rhinoceros, has only 75 to 85 rhinos remaining, mostly in the national parks of Bukit Barisan Selatan and Gunung Leuser in Sumatra, but also live in Way Kambas National Park in small numbers. [2] None remaining may live in Peninsular Malaysia.[13] The main threats against this subspecies are habitat loss and poaching. A slight genetic difference is noted between the western and eastern Sumatran rhinos.[2] The rhinos in Peninsular Malaysia were once known as D. s. niger, but were later recognized to be similar to the rhinos on western Sumatra.[3]
D. s. harrissoni, known as the eastern Sumatran rhinoceros or Bornean rhinoceros, was once common throughout Borneo; now, only about 10 individuals are estimated to survive.[2] The known population on Borneo lives in Sabah, while video evidence from camera traps have also confirmed their presence in East Kalimantan.[14] Reports of animals surviving in Sarawak are unconfirmed.[2] This subspecies is named after Tom Harrisson, who worked extensively with Bornean zoology and anthropology in the 1960s.[15] The Bornean subspecies is markedly smaller than the other two.[3]
D. s. lasiotis, known as the northern Sumatran rhinoceros, once roamed in India and Bangladesh, but has been declared extinct in these countries. Unconfirmed reports suggest a small population may still survive in Burma, but the political situation in the country has prevented verification.[2] The name lasiotis is derived from the Greek for "hairy-ears". Later studies showed their ear-hair was not longer than other Sumatran rhinos, but D. s. lasiotis remained a subspecies because it was significantly larger than the other subspecies.[3]
Ancestral rhinoceroses first diverged from other perissodactyls in the Early Eocene. Mitochondrial DNA comparison suggests the ancestors of modern rhinos split from the ancestors of Equidae around 50 million years ago.[16][17] The extant family, the Rhinocerotidae, first appeared in the Late Eocene in Eurasia, and the ancestors of the extant rhino species dispersed from Asia beginning in the Miocene.[18]
The Sumatran rhinoceros is considered the least derived of the extant species, as it shares more traits with its Miocene ancestors.[19]:13 Paleontological evidence in the fossil record dates the genus Dicerorhinus to the Early Miocene, 23–16 million years ago. Many fossils have been classified as members of Dicerorhinus, but no other recent species are in the genus.[20] Molecular dating suggests a split of Dicerorhinus from the four other extant species as far back as 25.9 ± 1.9 million years. Three hypotheses have been proposed for the relationship between the Sumatran rhinoceros and the other living species. One hypothesis suggests the Sumatran rhinoceros is closely related to the black and white rhinos in Africa, evidenced by the species having two horns, instead of one.[16] Other taxonomists regard the Sumatran rhinoceros as a sister taxon of the Indian and Javan rhinoceros because their ranges overlap so closely.[16][21] A third hypothesis, based on more recent analyses, however, suggests the two African rhinos, the two Asian rhinos, and the Sumatran rhinoceros represent three essentially separate lineages that split around 25.9 million years ago, and which group diverged first remains unclear.[16][22]
Because of morphological similarities, the Sumatran rhinoceros is believed to be closely related to the extinct woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis). The woolly rhinoceros, so named for the coat of hair it shares with the Sumatran rhinoceros, first appeared in China; by the Upper Pleistocene, it ranged across the Eurasian continent from Korea to Spain. The woolly rhinoceros survived the last Ice Age, but like the woolly mammoth, most or all became extinct around 10,000 years ago. Although some morphological studies questioned the relationship,[22] recent molecular analysis has supported the two species as sister taxa.[23]
A mature Sumatran rhino stands about 120–145 cm (3.94–4.76 ft) high at the shoulder, has a body length of around 250 cm (8.2 ft) and weighs 500–800 kg (1,100–1,800 lb),[24] though the largest individuals in zoos have been known to weigh as much as 2,000 kilograms (4,400 lb).[25] Like the African species, it has two horns. The larger is the nasal horn, typically only 15–25 cm (5.9–9.8 in), though the longest recorded specimen was much longer at 81 cm (32 in).[24] The posterior horn is much smaller, usually less than 10 cm (3.9 in) long, and often little more than a knob. The larger nasal horn is also known as the anterior horn; the smaller posterior horn as the frontal horn.[20] The horns are dark grey or black in color. The males have larger horns than the females, though the species is not otherwise sexually dimorphic. The Sumatran rhino lives an estimated 30–45 years in the wild, while the record time in captivity is a female D. lasiotis which lived for 32 years and 8 months before dying in the London Zoo in 1900.[20]
Two thick folds of skin encircle the body behind the front legs and before the hind legs. The rhino has a smaller fold of skin around its neck. The skin itself is thin, 10–16 mm (0.39–0.63 in), and in the wild, the rhino appears to have no subcutaneous fat. Hair can range from dense (the most dense hair in young calves) to scarce, and is usually a reddish-brown. In the wild, this hair is hard to observe because the rhinos are often covered in mud. In captivity, however, the hair grows out and becomes much shaggier, likely because of less abrasion from walking through vegetation. The rhino has a patch of long hair around its ears and a thick clump of hair at the end of its tail. Like all rhinos, they have very poor vision. The Sumatran rhinoceros is fast and agile; it climbs mountains easily and comfortably traverses steep slopes and riverbanks.[11][20][24]
Distribution and habitat[edit]
The Sumatran rhinoceros lives in both lowland and highland secondary rainforest, swamps, and cloud forests. It inhabits hilly areas close to water, particularly steep upper valleys with copious undergrowth. The Sumatran rhinoceros once inhabited a continuous range as far north as Burma, eastern India, and Bangladesh. Unconfirmed reports also placed it in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. All known living animals occur in Peninsular Malaysia, the island of Sumatra, and Sabah, Borneo. Some conservationists hope Sumatran rhinos may still survive in Burma, though it is considered unlikely. Political turmoil in Burma has prevented any assessment or study of possible survivors.[26] The last reports of stray animals from Indian limits were in 1990s.[27]
The Sumatran rhino is widely scattered across its range, much more so than the other Asian rhinos, which has made it difficult for conservationists to protect members of the species effectively.[26] Only five areas are known to contain Sumatran rhinoceros: Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Gunung Leuser National Park, and Way Kambas National Park on Sumatra; Danum Valley in Sabah, Malaysia, on the island of Borneo, and on Indonesian Borneo west of Samarindah.[28]
The Kerinci Seblat National Park, Sumatra's largest, was estimated to contain a population of around 500 rhinos in the 1980s,[29] but due to poaching, this population is now considered extinct. The survival of any animals in Peninsula Malaysia is extremely unlikely.[7]
Genetic analysis of Sumatran rhino populations has identified three distinct genetic lineages.[9] The channel between Sumatra and Malaysia was not as significant a barrier for the rhinos as the Barisan Mountains along the length of Sumatra, for rhinos in eastern Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia are more closely related than the rhinos on the other side of the mountains in western Sumatra. In fact, the eastern Sumatra and Malaysia rhinos show so little genetic variance, the populations were likely not separate during the Pleistocene, when sea levels were much lower and Sumatra formed part of the mainland. Both populations of Sumatra and Malaysia, however, are close enough genetically that interbreeding would not be problematic. The rhinos of Borneo are sufficiently distinct that conservation geneticists have advised against crossing their lineages with the other populations.[9] Conservation geneticists have recently begun to study the diversity of the gene pool within these populations by identifying microsatellite loci. The results of initial testing found levels of variability within Sumatran rhino populations comparable to those in the population of the less endangered African rhinos, but the genetic diversity of Sumatran rhinos is an area of continuing study.[30]
Although the rhino had been thought to be extinct in Kalimantan since the 1990s, in March 2013 World Wildlife Fund (WWF) announced that the team when monitoring orangutan activity found in West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan, several fresh rhino foot trails, mud holes, traces of rhino-rubbed trees, traces of rhino horns on the walls of mud holes, and rhino bites on small branches. The team also identified that rhinos ate more than 30 species of plants.[31] On 2 October 2013 video images made with camera traps showing the Sumatran rhino in Kutai Barat, Kalimantan, were released by the World Wildlife Fund. Experts assume the videos show two different animals, but aren't quite certain. According to the Jakarta Post Indonesia's Minister of Forestry, Zulkifli Hasan called the video evidence "very important" and mentioned Indonesia's "target of rhino population growth by three percent per year".[32]
Sumatran rhinoceroses are solitary creatures except for pairing before mating and during offspring rearing. Individuals have home ranges; bulls have territories as large as 50 km2 (19 sq mi), whereas females' ranges are 10–15 km2 (3.9–5.8 sq mi).[11] The ranges of females appear to be spaced apart; males' ranges often overlap. No evidence indicates Sumatran rhinos defend their territories through fighting. Marking their territories is done by scraping soil with their feet, bending saplings into distinctive patterns, and leaving excrement. The Sumatran rhino is usually most active when eating, at dawn, and just after dusk. During the day, they wallow in mud baths to cool down and rest. In the rainy season, they move to higher elevations; in the cooler months, they return to lower areas in their range.[11] When mud holes are unavailable, the rhino will deepen puddles with its feet and horns. The wallowing behaviour helps the rhino maintain its body temperature and protect its skin from ectoparasites and other insects. Captive specimens, deprived of adequate wallowing, have quickly developed broken and inflamed skins, suppurations, eye problems, inflamed nails, and hair loss, and have eventually died. One 20-month study of wallowing behavior found they will visit no more than three wallows at any given time. After two to 12 weeks using a particular wallow, the rhino will abandon it. Typically, the rhino will wallow around midday for two to three hours at a time before venturing out for food. Although in zoos the Sumatran rhino has been observed wallowing less than 45 minutes a day, the study of wild animals found 80–300 minutes (an average of 166 minutes) per day spent in wallows.[34]
There has been little opportunity to study epidemiology in the Sumatran rhinoceros. Ticks and gyrostigma were reported to cause deaths in captive animals in the 19th century.[24] The rhino is also known to be vulnerable to the blood disease surra, which can be spread by horse-flies carrying parasitic trypanosomes; in 2004, all five rhinos at the Sumatran Rhinoceros Conservation Centre died over an 18-day period after becoming infected by the disease.[35] The Sumatran rhino has no known predators other than humans. Tigers and wild dogs may be capable of killing a calf, but calves stay close to their mothers, and the frequency of such killings is unknown. Although the rhino's range overlaps with elephants and tapirs, the species do not appear to compete for food or habitat. Elephants (Elephas maximus) and Sumatran rhinos are even known to share trails, and many smaller species such as deer, boars, and wild dogs will use the trails the rhinos and elephants create.[11][36]
The Sumatran rhino maintains trails across its range. The trails fall into two types. Main trails will be used by generations of rhinos to travel between important areas in the rhino's range, such as between salt licks, or in corridors through inhospitable terrain that separates ranges. In feeding areas, the rhinos will make smaller trails, still covered by vegetation, to areas containing food the rhino eats. Sumatran rhino trails have been found that cross rivers deeper than 1.5 m (5 ft) and about 50 m (165 ft) across. The currents of these rivers are known to be strong, but the rhino is a strong swimmer.[20][24] A relative absence of wallows near rivers in the range of the Sumatran rhinoceros indicates they may occasionally bathe in rivers in lieu of wallowing.[36]
|Clockwise from top left: Mallotus, mangosteens, Ardisia, and Eugenia.[36][37]
Most feeding occurs just before nightfall and in the morning. The Sumatran rhino is a browser, with a diet of young saplings, leaves, fruits, twigs, and shoots.[20] The rhinos usually consume up to 50 kg (110 lb) of food a day.[11] Primarily by measuring dung samples, researchers have identified more than 100 food species consumed by the Sumatran rhinoceros. The largest portion of the diet is tree saplings with a trunk diameter of 1–6 cm (0.4–2.4 in). The rhinoceros typically pushes these saplings over with its body, walking over the sapling without stepping on it, to eat the leaves. Many of the plant species the rhino consumes exist in only small portions, which indicates the rhino is frequently changing its diet and feeding in different locations.[36] Among the most common plants the rhino eats are many species from the Euphorbiaceae, Rubiaceae, and Melastomataceae families. The most common species the rhino consumes is Eugenia.[37]
The vegetal diet of the Sumatran rhinoceros is high in fiber and only moderate in protein.[38] Salt licks are very important to the nutrition of the rhino. These licks can be small hot springs, seepages of salty water, or mud-volcanoes. The salt licks also serve an important social purpose for the rhinos—males visit the licks to pick up the scent of females in oestrus. Some Sumatran rhinos, however, live in areas where salt licks are not readily available, or the rhinos have not been observed using the licks. These rhinos may get their necessary mineral requirements by consuming plants rich in minerals.[36][37]
The Sumatran rhinoceros is the most vocal of the rhinoceros species.[39] Observations of the species in zoos show the animal almost constantly vocalizing, and it is known to do so in the wild, as well.[24] The rhino makes three distinct noises: eeps, whales, and whistle-blows. The eep, a short, one-second-long yelp, is the most common sound. The whale, named for its similarity to vocalizations of the humpback whale, is the most song-like vocalization and the second-most common. The whale varies in pitch and lasts from four to seven seconds. The whistle-blow is named because it consists of a two-second-long whistling noise and a burst of air in immediate succession. The whistle-blow is the loudest of the vocalizations, loud enough to make the iron bars in the zoo enclosure where the rhinos were studied vibrate. The purpose of the vocalizations is unknown, though they are theorized to convey danger, sexual readiness, and location, as do other ungulate vocalizations. The whistle-blow could be heard at a great distance, even in the dense brush in which the Sumatran rhino lives. A vocalization of similar volume from elephants has been shown to carry 9.8 km (6.1 mi) and the whistle-blow may carry as far.[39] The Sumatran rhinoceros will sometimes twist the saplings they do not eat. This twisting behavior is believed to be used as a form of communication, frequently indicating a junction in a trail.[36]
Females become sexually mature at the age of six to seven years, while males become sexually mature at about 10 years old. The gestation period is around 15–16 months. The calf, which typically weighs 40–60 kg (88–132 lb), is weaned after about 15 months and stays with its mother for the first two to three years of its life. In the wild, the birth interval for this species is estimated to be four to five years; its natural offspring-rearing behavior is unstudied.[11]
The reproductive habits of the Sumatran rhinoceros have been studied in captivity. Sexual relationships begin with a courtship period characterized by increased vocalization, tail raising, urination, and increased physical contact, with both male and female using their snouts to bump the other in the head and genitals. The pattern of courtship is most similar to that of the black rhinoceros. Young Sumatran rhino males are often too aggressive with females, sometimes injuring and even killing them during the courtship. In the wild, the female could run away from an overly aggressive male, but in their smaller captive enclosures, they cannot; this inability to escape aggressive males may partly contribute to the low success rate of captive-breeding programs.[40][41][42]
The period of oestrus itself, when the female is receptive to the male, lasts about 24 hours, and observations have placed its recurrence between 21 an 25 days. Rhinos in the Cincinnati Zoo have been observed copulating for 30–50 minutes, similar in length to other rhinos; observations at the Sumatran Rhinoceros Conservation Centre in Malaysia have shown a briefer copulation cycle. As the Cincinnati Zoo has had successful pregnancies, and other rhinos also have lengthy copulatory periods, a lengthy rut may be the natural behavior.[40] Though researchers observed successful conceptions, all these pregnancies ended in failure for a variety of reasons until the first successful captive birth in 2001; studies of these failures at the Cincinnati Zoo discovered the Sumatran rhino's ovulation is induced by mating and it had unpredictable progesterone levels.[43] Breeding success was finally achieved in 2001, 2004, and 2007 by providing a pregnant rhino with supplementary progestin.[44] Recently, a calf was born in captivity of an endangered female in western Indonesia, only the fifth such birth in one and a quarter century.[45]
Sumatran rhinoceroses were once quite numerous throughout Southeast Asia. Fewer than 100 individuals are now estimated to remain.[2] The species is classed as critically endangered (primarily due to illegal poaching) while the last survey in 2008 estimated that around 250 individuals survived.[46][47] Until the early 1990s, the population decline was estimated at more than 50% per decade, and the small, scattered populations now face high risks of inbreeding depression.[2] Most remaining habitat is in relatively inaccessible mountainous areas of Indonesia.[48][49]
Poaching of Sumatran rhinoceros is a cause for concern, as the price of its horn has been estimated as high as US$30,000 per kilogram.[19]:31 This species has been overhunted for many centuries, leading to the current greatly reduced – and still declining – population.[2] The rhinos are difficult to observe and hunt directly (one field researcher spent seven weeks in a treehide near a salt lick without ever observing a rhino directly), so poachers make use of spear traps and pit traps. In the 1970s, uses of the rhinoceros's body parts among the local people of Sumatra were documented, such as the use of rhino horns in amulets and a folk belief that the horns offer some protection against poison. Dried rhinoceros meat was used as medicine for diarrhea, leprosy, and tuberculosis. "Rhino oil", a concoction made from leaving a rhino's skull in coconut oil for several weeks, may be used to treat skin diseases. The extent of use and belief in these practices is not known.[24][26][36] Rhinoceros horn was once believed to be widely used as an aphrodisiac; in fact traditional Chinese medicine never used it for this purpose.[19]:29 Nevertheless, hunting in this species has primarily been driven by a demand for rhino horns with supposedly medicinal properties.[2]
The rainforests of Indonesia and Malaysia, which the Sumatran rhino inhabits, are also targets for legal and illegal logging because of the desirability of their hardwoods. Rare woods such as merbau, meranti and semaram are valuable on the international markets, fetching as much as $1,800 per m3 ($1,375 per cu yd). Enforcement of illegal-logging laws is difficult because humans live within or near many of the same forests as the rhino. The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake has been used to justify new logging. Although the hardwoods in the rainforests of the Sumatran rhino are destined for international markets and not widely used in domestic construction, the number of logging permits for these woods has increased dramatically because of the tsunami.[28] However, while this species has been suggested to be highly sensitive to habitat disturbance, apparently it is of little importance compared to hunting, as it can withstand more or less any forest condition.[2]
In captivity[edit]
Though rare, Sumatran rhinoceroses have occasionally been exhibited in zoos for nearly a century and a half. The London Zoo acquired two Sumatran rhinoceros in 1872. One of these, a female named "Begum", was captured in Chittagong in 1868 and survived at the London Zoo until 1900, the record lifetime in captivity for a Sumatran rhino.[50] Begum was also the type of the extinct subspecies D. s. lasiotis. At the time of their acquisition, Philip Sclater, the secretary of the Zoological Society of London, claimed the first Sumatran rhinoceros in zoos had been in the collection of the Zoological Garden of Hamburg since 1868. Before the extinction of the subspecies Dicerorhinus sumatrensis lasiotis, at least seven specimens were held in zoos and circuses.[24] Sumatran rhinos, however, did not thrive outside their native habitats. A rhino in the Calcutta Zoo successfully gave birth in 1889, but for the entire 20th century, not one Sumatran rhino was born in a zoo. In 1972, Subur, the only Sumatran rhino remaining in captivity, died at the Copenhagen Zoo.[24]
Despite the species' persistent lack of reproductive success, in the early 1980s, some conservation organizations began a captive-breeding program for the Sumatran rhinoceros. Between 1984 and 1996, this ex situ conservation program transported 40 Sumatran rhinos from their native habitats to zoos and reserves across the world. While hopes were initially high, and much research was conducted on the captive specimens, by the late 1990s, not a single rhino had been born in the program, and most of its proponents agreed the program had been a failure. In 1997, the IUCN's Asian rhino specialist group, which once endorsed the program, declared it had failed "even maintaining the species within acceptable limits of mortality", noting that, in addition to the lack of births, 20 of the captured rhinos had died.[26] In 2004, a surra outbreak at the Sumatran Rhinoceros Conservation Centre killed all the captive rhinos in Peninsular Malaysia, reducing the population of captive rhinos to eight.[35][49]
Seven of these captive rhinos were sent to the United States (the other was kept in Southeast Asia), but by 1997, their numbers had dwindled to three: a female in the Los Angeles Zoo, a male in the Cincinnati Zoo, and a female in the Bronx Zoo. In a final effort, the three rhinos were united in Cincinnati. After years of failed attempts, the female from Los Angeles, Emi, became pregnant for the sixth time, with the zoo's male Ipuh. All five of her previous pregnancies ended in failure. Researchers at the zoo had learned from previous failures, though, and with the aid of special hormone treatments, Emi gave birth to a healthy male calf named Andalas (an Indonesian literary word for Sumatra) in September 2001.[51] Andalas's birth was the first successful captive birth of a Sumatran rhino in 112 years. A female calf, named "Suci" (Indonesian for "pure"), followed on 30 July 2004.[52] On 29 April 2007, Emi gave birth a third time, to her second male calf, named Harapan (Indonesian for "hope") or Harry.[44][53] In 2007, Andalas, who had been living at the Los Angeles Zoo, was returned to Sumatra to take part in breeding programs with healthy females,[42][54] leading to the siring and 23 June 2012 birth of male calf Andatu, the fourth captive-born calf of the era; Andalas had been mated with Ratu, a wild-born female living in the Rhino Sanctuary at Way Kambas National Park.[55]
Despite the recent successes in Cincinnati, the captive-breeding program has remained controversial. Proponents argue the zoos have aided the conservation effort by studying the reproductive habits, raising public awareness and education about the rhinos, and helping raise financial resources for conservation efforts in Sumatra. Opponents of the captive breeding program argue the losses are too great; the program is too expensive; removing rhinos from their habitat, even temporarily, alters their ecological role; and captive populations cannot match the rate of recovery seen in well-protected native habitats.[42]
Cultural depictions[edit]
Aside from those few individuals kept in zoos and pictured in books, the Sumatran rhinoceros has remained little known, overshadowed by the more common Indian, black and white rhinos. Recently, however, video footage of the Sumatran rhinoceros in its native habitat and in breeding centers has been featured in several nature documentaries. Extensive footage can be found in an Asia Geographic documentary The Littlest Rhino. Natural History New Zealand showed footage of a Sumatran rhino, shot by freelance Indonesian-based cameraman Alain Compost, in the 2001 documentary The Forgotten Rhino, which featured mainly Javan and Indian rhinos.[56][57]
Though they were documented by droppings and tracks, pictures of the Bornean rhinoceros were first taken and widely distributed by modern conservationists in April 2006, when camera traps photographed a healthy adult in the jungles of Sabah in Malaysian Borneo.[58] On 24 April 2007 it was announced that cameras had captured the first-ever video footage of a wild Bornean rhino. The night-time footage showed the rhino eating, peering through jungle foliage, and sniffing the film equipment. The World Wildlife Fund, which took the video, has used it in efforts to convince local governments to turn the area into a rhino conservation zone.[59][60] Monitoring has continued; 50 new cameras have been set up, and in February 2010, what appeared to be a pregnant rhino was filmed.[61]
A number of folk tales about the Sumatran rhino were collected by colonial naturalists and hunters from the mid-19th century to early 20th century. In Burma, the belief was once widespread that the Sumatran rhino ate fire. Tales described the fire-eating rhino following smoke to its source, especially campfires, and then attacking the camp. There was also a Burmese belief that the best time to hunt was every July, when the Sumatran rhinos would congregate beneath the full moon. In Malaya, it was said that the rhino's horn was hollow and could be used as a sort of hose for breathing air and squirting water. In Malaya and Sumatra, it was once believed that the rhino shed its horn every year and buried it under the ground. In Borneo, the rhino was said to have a strange carnivorous practice: after defecating in a stream, it would turn around and eat fish that had been stupefied by the excrement.[24]
- ^ Grubb, P. (2005). "Order Perissodactyla". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 635. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k van Strien, N.J., Manullang, B., Sectionov, Isnan, W., Khan, M.K.M, Sumardja, E., Ellis, S., Han, K.H., Boeadi, Payne, J. & Bradley Martin, E. (2008). Dicerorhinus sumatrensis. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 28 November 2008.
- ^ a b c d e Rookmaaker, L. C. (1984). "The taxonomic history of the recent forms of Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis)". Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 57 (1): 12–25. JSTOR 41492969.
- ^ Derived from range maps in:
- Foose, Thomas J. and van Strien, Nico (1997). Asian Rhinos – Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK. ISBN 2-8317-0336-0.
- Dinerstein, Eric (2003). The Return of the Unicorns; The Natural History and Conservation of the Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-08450-1.
This map does not include unconfirmed historical sightings in Laos and Vietnam or possible remaining populations in Burma.
- Foose, Thomas J. and van Strien, Nico (1997). Asian Rhinos – Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK. ISBN 2-8317-0336-0.
- ^ Chapman, Jan (1999) The Art of Rhinoceros Horn Carving in China. Christie's Books, London. ISBN 0-903432-57-9. p. 27
- ^ Schafer, Edward H. (1963) The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A study of T'ang Exotics. University of California Press. Berkeley and Los Angeles. p. 83
- ^ a b "Sumatran rhino numbers revised downwards". Save The Rhino. 18 March 2012.
- ^ Rookmaaker, Kees (2005). "First sightings of Asian rhinos". In Fulconis, R. Save the rhinos: EAZA Rhino Campaign 2005/6. London: European Association of Zoos and Aquaria. p. 52.
- ^ a b c Morales, Juan Carlos; Andau, Patrick Mahedi; Supriatna, Jatna; Zainal-Zahari, Zainuddin; Melnick, Don J. (April 1997). "Mitochondrial DNA Variability and Conservation Genetics of the Sumatran Rhinoceros". Conservation Biology 11 (2): 539–543. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.96171.x.
- ^ Liddell, Henry G.; Scott, Robert (1980). Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-910207-4.
- ^ a b c d e f g van Strien, Nico (2005). "Sumatran rhinoceros". In Fulconis, R. Save the rhinos: EAZA Rhino Campaign 2005/6. London: European Association of Zoos and Aquaria. pp. 70–74.
- ^ International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1977). "Opinion 1080. Didermocerus Brookes, 1828 (Mammalia) suppressed under the plenary powers". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 34:21–24.
- ^ van Strien, Nico. "Sumatran rhinoceros" (PDF). Rhino Resource Center. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
- ^ Camera traps produce first ever hard evidence of Sumatran rhino population in Kalimantan forests. WWF-Indonesia. 2 October 2013.
- ^ Groves, C. P. (1965). "Description of a new subspecies of Rhinoceros, from Borneo, Didermocerus sumatrensis harrissoni". Saugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 13 (3): 128–131.
- ^ a b c d Tougard, C.; T. Delefosse; C. Hoenni; C. Montgelard (2001). "Phylogenetic relationships of the five extant rhinoceros species (Rhinocerotidae, Perissodactyla) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12s rRNA genes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 19 (1): 34–44. doi:10.1006/mpev.2000.0903. PMID 11286489.
- ^ Xu, Xiufeng; Axel Janke; Ulfur Arnason (1 November 1996). "The Complete Mitochondrial DNA Sequence of the Greater Indian Rhinoceros, Rhinoceros unicornis, and the Phylogenetic Relationship Among Carnivora, Perissodactyla, and Artiodactyla (+ Cetacea)". Molecular Biology and Evolution 13 (9): 1167–1173. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025681. PMID 8896369.
- ^ Lacombat, Frédéric (2005). "The evolution of the rhinoceros". In Fulconis, R. Save the rhinos: EAZA Rhino Campaign 2005/6. London: European Association of Zoos and Aquaria. pp. 46–49.
- ^ a b c Dinerstein, Eric (2003). The Return of the Unicorns; The Natural History and Conservation of the Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-08450-1.
- ^ a b c d e f Groves, Colin P.; Kurt, Fred (1972). "Dicerorhinus sumatrensis" (PDF). Mammalian Species (American Society of Mammalogists) (21): 1–6. doi:10.2307/3503818. JSTOR 3503818.
- ^ Groves, C. P. (1983). "Phylogeny of the living species of rhinoceros" (PDF). Zeitschrift fuer Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 21: 293–313.
- ^ a b Cerdeño, Esperanza (1995). "Cladistic Analysis of the Family Rhinocerotidae (Perissodactyla)" (PDF). Novitates (American Museum of Natural History) (3143). ISSN 0003-0082.
- ^ Orlando, Ludovic; Leonard, Jennifer A.; Thenot, Aurélie; Laudet, Vincent; Guerin, Claude; Hänni, Catherine (September 2003). "Ancient DNA analysis reveals woolly rhino evolutionary relationships" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28 (2): 485–499. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00023-X. PMID 12927133.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j van Strien, N. J. (1974). "Dicerorhinus sumatrensis (Fischer), the Sumatran or two-horned rhinoceros: a study of literature". Mededelingen Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 74 (16): 1–82.
- ^ Groves, C. P.; Kurt, F. (1972). "Dicerorhinus sumatrenis" (PDF). Mammalian Species 21: 1–6. doi:10.2307/3503818.
- ^ a b c d Foose, Thomas J.; van Strien, Nico (1997). Asian Rhinos – Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK. ISBN 2-8317-0336-0.
- ^ Choudhury, A. U. (1997). "The status of the Sumatran rhinoceros in north-eastern India" (PDF). Oryx 31 (2): 151–152. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3008.1997.d01-9.x.
- ^ a b Dean, Cathy; Tom Foose (2005). "Habitat loss". In Fulconis, R. Save the rhinos: EAZA Rhino Campaign 2005/6. London: European Association of Zoos and Aquaria. pp. 96–98.
- ^ "Rhino population at Indonesian reserve drops by 90 percent in 14 years". SOS Rhino. 18 March 2012
- ^ Scott, C.; Foose, T.; Morales, J. C.; Fernando, P.; Melnick, D. J.; Boag, P. T.; Davila, J. A.; Van Coeverden de Groot, P. J. (2004). "Optimization of novel polymorphic microsatellites in the endangered Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis)" (PDF). Molecular Ecology Notes (Blackwell Publishing Ltd) 4 (2): 194–196. doi:10.1111/j.1471-8286.2004.00611.x.
- ^ "Traces of Sumatran rhino found in Kalimantan". 29 March 2013.
- ^ Squatters (2 October 2013). "Sumatran Rhino Caught on Camera in East Kalimantan". The Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
- ^ Rookmaaker; L. C. (1998). The rhinoceros in captivity: a list of 2439 rhinoceroses kept from Roman times to 1994. Kugler Publications. pp. 125–. ISBN 978-90-5103-134-8.
- ^ Julia Ng, S.C.; Z. Zainal-Zahari; Adam Nordin (2001). "Wallows and Wallow Utilization of the Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus Sumatrensis) in a Natural Enclosure in Sungai Dusun Wildlife Reserve, Selangor, Malaysia". Journal of Wildlife and Parks 19: 7–12.
- ^ a b Mohamad, Aidi; Vellayan, S.; Radcliffe, Robin W.; Lowenstine, Linda J.; Epstein, Jon; Reid, Simon A.; Paglia, Donald E.; Radcliffe, Rolfe M.; Roth, Terri L.; Foose, Thomas J.; Mohamad Khan bin Momin Khan (2006). "Trypanosomiasis (surra) in the captive Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis sumatrensis) in Peninsular Malaysia" (PDF). Proceedings of the Fourth Rhino Keepers workshop 2005 at Columbus, Ohio.
- ^ a b c d e f g Borner, Markus (1979). A field study of the Sumatran rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis Fischer, 1814: Ecology and behaviour conservation situation in Sumatra. Zurich: Juris Druck & Verlag. ISBN 3-260-04600-3.
- ^ a b c Lee, Yook Heng; Stuebing, Robert B.; Ahmad, Abdul Hamid (1993). "The Mineral Content of Food Plants of the Sumatran Rhino (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) in Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia" (PDF). Biotropica (The Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation) 3 (5): 352–355. doi:10.2307/2388795. JSTOR 2388795.
- ^ Dierenfeld, E. S.; Kilbourn, A.; Karesh, W.; Bosi, E.; Andau, M.; Alsisto, S. (2006). "Intake, utilization, and composition of browses consumed by the Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis harissoni) in captivity in Sabah, Malaysia". Zoo Biology 25 (5): 417–431. doi:10.1002/zoo.20107.
- ^ a b c von Muggenthaler, Elizabeth; Paul Reinhart; Brad Limpany; R. Barton Craft (2003). "Songlike vocalizations from the Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis)". Acoustics Research Letters Online 4 (3): 83. doi:10.1121/1.1588271.
- ^ a b Zainal Zahari, Z.; Rosnina, Y.; Wahid, H.; Yap, K. C.; Jainudeen, M. R. (2005). "Reproductive behaviour of captive Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis)" (PDF). Animal Reproduction Science 85 (3–4): 327–335. doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2004.04.041. PMID 15581515.
- ^ Zainal-Zahari, Z.; Rosnina, Y.; Wahid, H.; Jainudeen, M. R. (2002). "Gross Anatomy and Ultrasonographic Images of the Reproductive System of the Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis)". Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia: Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series C 31 (6): 350–354. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0264.2002.00416.x. PMID 12693754.
- ^ a b c Roth, Terri L.; Radcliffem, Robin W.; van Strien, Nico J. (2006). "New hope for Sumatran rhino conservation" (PDF). International Zoo News (abridged from Communiqué ed.) 53 (6): 352–353.
- ^ Roth, T. L.; O'Brien, J. K.; McRae, M. A.; Bellem, A. C.; Romo, S. J.; Kroll, J. L.; Brown, J. L. (2001). "Ultrasound and endocrine evaluation of the ovarian cycle and early pregnancy in the Sumatran rhinoceros, Dicerorhinus sumatrensis" (PDF). Reproduction 121 (1): 139–149. doi:10.1530/rep.0.1210139. PMID 11226037. hdl:10088/324.
- ^ a b Roth, T.L. (2003). "Breeding the Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) in captivity: behavioral challenges, hormonal solutions". Hormones and Behavior 44: 31.
- ^ "Endangered Sumatran rhino gives birth in Indonesia". Times of India. 24 June 2012.
- ^ "Last chance for the Sumatran rhino". IUCN. 4 April 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
- ^ "Sumatran rhino population plunges, down to 100 animals". News.mongabay.com. 8 April 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
- ^ Rabinowitz, Alan (1995). "Helping a Species Go Extinct: The Sumatran Rhino in Borneo". Conservation Biology 9 (3): 482–488. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09030482.x.
- ^ a b van Strien, Nico J. (2001). "Conservation Programs for Sumatran and Javan Rhino in Indonesia and Malaysia". Proceedings of the International Elephant and Rhino Research Symposium, Vienna, June 7–11, 2001 (Scientific Progress Reports).
- ^ Lydekker, Richard (1900). The great and small game of India, Burma, and Tibet. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-1162-7.
- ^ "Andalas – A Living Legacy". Cincinnati Zoo. Archived from the original on 17 November 2007. Retrieved 4 November 2007.
- ^ "It's a Girl! Cincinnati Zoo's Sumatran Rhino Makes History with Second Calf". Cincinnati Zoo. Archived from the original on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 4 November 2007.
- ^ "Meet "Harry" the Sumatran Rhino!". Cincinnati Zoo. Archived from the original on 17 November 2007. Retrieved 4 November 2007.
- ^ Watson, Paul (26 April 2007). "Come into my mud pool". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
- ^ "Rare baby Sumatra rhinoceros named a 'gift from God'". Jakarta Globe. Agence France-Presse. 26 June 2012.
- ^ "The Littlest Rhino". Asia Geographic. Archived from the original on 9 October 2007. Retrieved 6 December 2007.
- ^ "The Forgotten Rhino". NHNZ. Retrieved 6 December 2007.
- ^ "Rhinos alive and well in the final frontier". New Straits Times (Malaysia). 2 July 2006.
- ^ "Rhino on camera was rare sub-species: wildlife group". Agence France Presse. 25 April 2007.
- ^ Video of the Sumatran rhinoceros is available at "Asian rhinos". World Wildlife Fund.
- ^ "Endangered pregnant Borneo rhino caught on camera". The Telegraph. 21 April 2010.
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Art Space Gallery invites you to the first opening reception of this season on Friday May 6th from 5 to 8pm. This reception will introduce the six new Maine artists in our front room, Obrianna Cornelius, Nancy Tang, Michelle Walker, … Continue reading
Category Archives: openings
Landing Gallery Seasonal Invitational this Friday
"October Surf, View to Monhegn from Marshall Point, Port Clyde, Maine" oil/linen, 16" x 24", $950, by Sarah Faragher
Please join us in the gallery for fun and refreshments at our first, artists' reception opening of the year, this Friday, from 5-8PM. Our new location is on Main St. in Rockland and we look forward to seeing you soon.
Landing Gallery, 409 Main St in Rockland is pleased to announce the opening of the "2016 SEASON INVITATIONAL", May 6 – May 21. New works by Scott Baltz, Andrew Anderson-Bell, Roberta Baumann, Bruce Busko, Daniel Corey, Sarah Faragher, Brian Krebs, Monique Lazard, Paul Noel, Björn Runquist, Marni Sinclair, Robert Stebleton, Liliana Thelander & J.M. Wilde are included in the exhibition. The Artists' Opening Reception will be held on Friday, May 6th from 5-8 PM during Rockland's first Friday art walk for 2016.
Hours: Wed – Sat 11-5, Closed Sun, Mon, Tue. FMI 207 239-1223 or LandingArt.com
Home Grown: an exhibit about Farming Families at MFT Gallery
Maine Farmland Trust Gallery is exhibiting black and white photographs, paintings, mixed media works and an artist book which all tie together around the common theme of farming families in Maine., through May 30.
On the ground floor is a photographic documentary by Collin Howell who, over the course of three years, became a frequent guest at Winterberry Farm. Her photo series, "Sage," shows us life on a family farm through the eyes of a young girl, whose only home has been this land that sustains her. "What makes this body of work so successful is the palpable intimacy that the photographer developed with this family," says MFT Gallery curator Anna Abaldo. "She was able to be present without being intrusive, giving us a very close look into the family's daily life. It's as if we ourselves are standing in the kitchen while the bread is being kneaded; as if we ourselves are trailing behind Sage as she does her farm chores."
The second floor showcases three different painters – Leslie Harris, Maxwell Nolin and Pat Wheeler – along with book artist Abbie Read.
Leslie Harris, from Abraham's Goat Farm in Newport, is showing a new body of work consisting of portraits of family members past and present, which string together like a veritable farm-family tree. Great grandmothers standing proudly in front of a lush vegetable garden are represented alongside the artist's own grandchildren, gathered together in the living room on a sunny afternoon on the farm.
Maxwell Nolin, new on the Belfast art scene and new to MFT Gallery, is also a farmer: he and his partner Hannah grow vegetables for the Belfast Coop on Harrow Down Farm in Brooks. Like Leslie Harris, he paints other farming family and friends in his environment, yet with a surrealistic, dreamlike twist.
Pat Wheeler is not a farmer, but very connected to her farming community in the Blue Hill and Deer Isle area, which she portrays in her mixed media works. She titled this recent body of work "The Hunger for Connection," showing that farmers in her area are meeting two needs simultaneously, by growing food and community. Many of her larger works incorporate what she refers to as "bundles " – gathered bits and pieces of nature that she wraps, stitches, glues and waxes together. "They are something sacred," says Wheeler, "each bundle like a kernel of the whole land."
Abbie Read created a large artist book in honor of her niece Morgan, who farmed on Matinicus Island last year, from April until November. She shares: "The pages of the book are the grain bags that accumulated as my niece Morgan fed her pigs, hens and ducks. She is the fifth generation to farm in our family, in some way, beginning with my grandmother's father."
The artists will be present for an artist talk on Friday May 27, from 4:30-5:30pm, followed by a reception during Belfast's first art walk this season, from 5:30-8pm. All are welcome. For more information please visit www.mainefarmlandtrustgallery.org.
Prescott Hill Pottery's Annual Holiday Open House
Prescott Hill Pottery's Annual Holiday Open House is this weekend, December 5 & 6, from 10 to 4 each day. The soda kiln will just be unloaded. New pots will be available from this warm kiln, as well as brand new pots from the fall anagama firing. All are welcome, and there will be great snacks as always.
Directions: From Rt. 173 in Liberty village, go 3 miles, turn right onto Prescott Hill Rd.
From Searsmont, go 5 miles on Rt 173, turn left on Prescott Hill Rd. 1.5 miles to pottery at 261 Prescott Hill Rd.. FMI 589-3399.
Philippe Guillerm Gallery presents Pascale Queval
Homeless Series by Pascale Queval
Philippe Guillerm Gallery iin Waldoboro is pleased to announce its last opening of the season with an exhibition of works on paper and mixed media by Pascale Queval, with an Opening Artist Reception: Saturday, 12th September, from 5:00 to 7:00pm
Pascale Queval was born and raised in Paris, France where she started building simple cardboard wind-up people in elementary school, and went on transforming her bedroom into a city with its inhabitants, history and legends by the time she was in high school. She graduated from l'ENSAD, l'Ecole Nationale Superieure des Arts Decoratifs in Paris with a specialization in set design, the perfect extension of her imaginary world to a larger scale on stage. She has been teaching studio art in the Marblehead High School for the past 20 years. Her teaching experience has broadened her expression to a wide range of media, from classic pencil drawing and oil painting to the use of unconventional natural elements and found objects. The exhibition will include as yet unseen paintings and sculptures from the 2015 collection.
Geoff Bladon at Tidemark Gallery
"Winter" '15, oil on panel, by Geoff Bladon
Saturday, September 12, from 5 to 7pm, is opening night for a delightful collection of new work by Geoff Bladon, a long-time member of Plein Air Painters of Maine. His classic line drawing of upper Main Street is the familiar logo for Paint the Town, Waldoboro's highly successful plain air painting festival which recently celebrated its tenth year.
Bladon began painting as a small boy in Montreal, Quebec, in a program established by Arthur Lismer, one of Canada's Group of Seven. More recently, he has studied with T. M. Nicholas, Connie Hayes and Colin Page. His artist's statement tells the story: "For me, like many Maine painters, it's all about the light. And the challenge to capture it outdoors, on site, quickly before it changes."
This show on September 12 is part of the new ArtWalk Waldoboro collaborative with both Philippe Guillerm and Anne Heywood galleries.
Tidemark Gallery hours are Wednesday through Saturday, from 10am to 5pm. FMI: 832-5109.
Kingman Gallery shows new work by Susan Davis
Kingman Gallery in Deer Isle is showing new work by Northport photographer Susan Davis. The show "Resonance will be exhibited Sept 2 -30 with an artist's reception Sunday, Sept. 6 from 2 to 5. "Seeing sharp movement in the winter landscapes blurs the image into an unusual rendering of the natural word. The images invoke music and visual rhythm." The Kingman Gallery is located at 117 Center Distric Crossroads, Deer Island, 348-9333 kingmangallery.com
Whitney Galleries shows 'My World'
The Whitney Galleries continues its 2015 season with two events for the month of August. The first, our sixth show for the season is called 'My World'. It is the first show for Dianna Anderson.
I am very excited to present 'My World', a unique view into the world of Dianna Anderson. Dianna uses her perspective of life based on its many facets of color, light and subject, and all of its own unique characteristics to take you on a trip through her world. This well known area artist is adept in depicting the images of her work in multiple medias, and, in so doing, brings them to life creating her perspective of the world around her. You won't want to miss the unique mix of subjects that make up what she refers to as 'Too many paintings, not enough time'.
The show will run during normal open hours (see below) for three weeks, from Thursday, August 6 – Sunday, August 23, 2015. You won't want to miss it. The artist reception will be held on:
Date: Friday, August 7, 2015
Time: 5:00PM until 8:00PM
Place: The Whitney Galleries – 1810 Post Road, Wells, ME
I would love to have you join us for the Artist reception for our sixth show of the 2015 season, so please put the following in your iPhone, iPad, Droid, Blackberry, Smart Phone, or other calendaring device. Please see the attached flyer for details for the show, and let all of your friends know.
As usual, additional parking is available along the right side of Sylvan Way, at the Forest Village North Condominium Clubhouse, and adjacent to the gallery on the South end, at the Cattails Antique Center and Reed's Antiques across the street (Rte #1).
"Luminous Maine" opens at Archipelago Gallery
"Luminous Evening" by Louis W. Cabot
Photographer Louis W. Cabot is exhibiting canvas prints of his photographs of the Maine coast at Archipelago Fine Arts Gallery from August 15th through September 7th, with an opening reception with the photographer on August 15th from 5:00 to 7:00 pm. All proceeds from the exhibition will benefit the Island Institute's Island Fellows program.
Louis W. Cabot has been a prolific amateur photographer for over 75 years. He first came to Maine as a young boy with his father, Tom Cabot. Like his father, Louis is a devoted sailor and has been deeply attached to the islands of Maine all his life. Although he has created award-winning photographs all over the world, Louis retains his deep love of New England and especially the Maine Coast. The Cabots live in Thomaston, Maine and Sarasota, Florida.
The images in Luminous Maine are captivating and beautiful, placing the viewer in the landscape amongst the seals and waterfowl, fisherman and sailors. Cabot's perspective as an artist shows a clear admiration and love of Maine's coastline, its beauty, and its inhabitants. His vision brings the viewer around on his boat to special harbors and quiet coves from dawn to dusk, sharing the many moods of Maine from dramatic to serene.
As a founding supporter and trustee emeritus of the Island Institute, Cabot is committed to the cause of sustaining Maine's island communities and the islander's way of life, particularly the Island Fellows program. Since 1999, the Island Fellows program has placed more than 100 recent college graduates in Maine's coastal and year-round island communities to work on community identified projects ranging from historical society research to after school programming to town planning. Fellows stay in these positions for one to two years, after which many continue to live and work in Maine.
The Archipelago gallery and retail store are a program of the nonprofit Island Institute, providing a mainland, Main Street venue and income to island and coastal artists. Revenue from art sales supports the mission of the Island Institute. In this case, proceeds are directed to the Island Fellows program, a longtime interest of Cabot's. For more, contact Lisa Mossel Vietze, Archipelago director at firstname.lastname@example.com or 207) 596-0701.
Ocean House Gallery opens "Lynne Drexler: In Shore"
Ocean House Gallery in Cape Elizabeth is showing "Lynne Drexler: In Shore," with an opening reception Thurs. Aug. 6 from 5 to 8 pm. The show runs through August 26, 2015. Selected paintings and works on paper including early works from 1957. Lynne Mapp Drexler (1928 – 1999) was an American artist who studied with Robert Motherwell and Hans Hoffman. Like many other women artists living and working in New York in the late 1950s, Drexler work was often overlooked. In 1971 she and then husband, John Hultberg bought a house on Monhegan Island. In 1981 Drexler moved to Monhegan to live there year round.For more information visit oceanhousegallery.com.
America Martin returns to Carver Hill Gallery
"Barefoot Woman & Wallpaper," by America Martin
Artist America Martin returns to Carver Hill Gallery, 338 Main Street in Rockland, for her fourth solo show, opening on First Friday, August 7, 2015, from 5 – 8 PM. Her last solo show was two years ago.
America Martin is 35 years old, and widely collected internationally. After early success as a Hollywood actor, a precocious Martin declared that "she was an artist" before she hit two digits old. At age 9, she discovered a book on Van Gogh at a yard sale and the creative floodgates opened. Her bedroom was transformed into an artist's studio, and she began devouring the paints in school like life support. Major creative forces around her were responding to her work, and art collectors and big names in show business were supporting it. Martin has not disappointed. She has a fierce work ethic and unquenchable thirst for learning. She can be found listening to everything from contemporary music to Winston Churchill lectures while she paints. All of it makes its way into the work in one form or another.
"America Martin's work, past and present, is a welcome assault on our senses, and with each new piece she seems determined to raise the stakes, blitzkrieging any assumptions we might impose or any containment we might devise. Not one who glares or gloats or rails… her greatest tool is reflection, and through intense observation she finds enrichment in the common, fulfillment in the flawed and joy in complexity – all of which is transmuted onto canvas and paper where it lives in human figure and form."
Art critic Stacy Davies
The work in this show has quiet complexity. Though the colors are frequently bold and the line-work strong, the paintings have a way of calling attention to themselves without breathing all of the air out of a room. The figures are not necessarily identifiable, but even without knowing who they are, America absolutely captures something in their gaze and gesture that one might assume is the essence of who they are. Portraits and figure paintings can feel un-actualized, but there is an undeniable intention in America Martin's work to connect on a human level.
"In this show I will be exhibiting large works in oil & acrylic on canvas – using bold colors and line to communicate the essence of the subject, but always leaving enough room for the viewer to engage, and allowing the piece to be discovered. I look forward to attending the show to rediscover friends, more hikes and low tide magical moments that this part of the country has to offer."
The gallery will also feature several new works on paper in this show, from smaller works to paintings as large as 7 feet. Show runs through September 1, but Martin is a represented artist at Carver Hill and will be on exhibit upstairs through the fall.
Courthouse Gallery presents three solo exhibitions
Jeffery Becton, Pilot House, digital montage, 20 x 30 inches
Courthouse Gallery Fine Art is pleased to present three solo exhibitions: Jeffery Becton: Border World; Rosie Moore: Maine, Mexico, and More; and Judy Belasco: Near and Far, as well as new work by Janice Anthony, Philip Frey, Jessica Ives, Linda Packard, and Robert Shillady. There will be an artist's reception on Wednesday, August 12 from 5–7pm. The event is free and open to the public.
Jeffery Becton: Border World Inspired by the tidal reaches and atmospheric weather near his Deer Isle home and the summer homes on the Blue Hill Peninsula, photographer Jeffery Becton creates provocative photo-based digital montages, often playing with the borders between dream and reality, interior and exterior, abstraction and representation. His montages frequently contain architectural elements and objects from these vintage New England houses, many of which are part of his personal history. The show will run in conjunction with the launch of Jeffery Becton: The Farthest House, a new book on his work and career. The gallery will host the book launch, and a book signing and talk with Jeffery Becton with an introduction by Carl Little. The event will take place at the gallery on August 20 from 4:30-6:30pm.
Becton is pioneer in the field of fine-art photography. Beginning in the early 1990s, the new digital tools allowed Becton to experiment with the layering of visual information. Using scans of his photography and other materials, Becton merged and manipulated these elements to create surreal scenarios evocative of that in-between milieu one inhabits when living by the sea. The layering of these elements offers form to visual ambiguities, reexamines the boundaries of mixed media, and creates altered realities that merge into images rich in symbolism both personal and archetypal.
Writer Deborah Weisgall offers a beautiful description on Becton's work in the book's foreword: "Becton's works are meditations on ambivalence: digital montages, beautiful and unsettling mashups, altered realities. . . .Walls, floors, and ceilings open to the elements—and to the imagination. They provide a framework but no shelter; they are lit with the clarity of memory. What we see depends on what we bring to the act of seeing: what memories, what desires, what emotions. Becton is really exploring our own permeability."
Becton's work has been in numerous solo, group, and juried exhibitions, featured in national and international publications, and is included in many private and museum collections, including Bates College of Art, Farnsworth Museum of Art, and Portland Museum of Art, among others.
Rosie Moore: Maine, Mexico, and More This solo exhibition of Moore's recent work brings together her love of Maine and Mexico, two divergent sources of inspiration for her lively oil paintings. Mexico offers another rich source of vibrant color and intricate pattern, which dominate Moore's harmonious scenes of harbors and interiors.
Judy Belasco: Near and Far Judy Belasco, who is best known for her sublime seascapes of Maine's coastline and estuaries, continues to explore Maine's coastline and estuaries, as well as oceans, seas, ponds, lakes, and canals from her recent travels to Italy, Canada, and Australia. Belasco's mature flower garden in Maine also provides new inspiration and sources of color.
Courthouse Gallery is located at 6 Court Street, Ellsworth. For more information on hours or upcoming shows call 207-667-6611, or visit www.courthousegallery.com.
Art Space Gallery First Friday Opening Reception
Art Space Gallery invites you to the July opening reception on Friday, August 7th from 5 to 8pm. This reception will feature four member artists in the front room, Jean Byrd, Lara Max, Charlene (Sea) Vanderslice, Janalee Welch.
Jean Byrd is a traditional oil painter who captures her love for the New England coast in her work. For Lara Max working with sheet metals has become a fascination, as she creates forms inspired by nature. She enjoys the way light, shadow and reflection are just as much apart of the sculpture as the characteristics of the metals and the design.
Charlene Vanderslice (nicknamed "Sea") is a lifelong Ocean Advocate after two trips round the world on water in her 20's. She paints beach scenes and detailed portraits of the endangered creatures beneath the waves. "I am the voice of the voiceless denizens of the deep." Every year Sea donates 30% of her proceeds to help save the oceans. Janalee Welch's newest work consists of images depicting scenic views, both inland and along the shore. Using a soft palette of blues and sharp contrasting light, Janalee has created an atmoshere of senenity and calm.
Art Space Gallery is located at 342 Main Street across from the Strand Theater in Rockland. The gallery features works by nineteen artists who work in various media and genres. August hours are 11am to 6 pm, Monday through Saturday, 1 pm to 6 pm on Sundays. Visit our website for more information at www.artspacemaine.com.
Black Bear Fine Art Gallery showing Nudelman & Duffy
Prolepsis by Stuart Nudelman. 16" x 20″
Don Gorvett's Black Bear Fine Art Gallery is opening an exhibition with the works of two artists, July 19th 1-4pm, "Homage to a Photographer: Stuart Nudelman" and "Recent Works of Sculptor William Duffy."
Homage to Stuart Nudelman regards a nationally recognized abstract photographer along with William F. Duffy, a nationally recognized sculptor presenting new works along with an artist's talk on July 19th 1-4pm. The show will run three weeks. Refreshments will be served.
Stuart Nudelman, Oct. 6, 1931 – March 28, 2014, is recognized for realizing pure shape, form and color of common objects around us and presenting these images as abstractions through color photography. Nudelman's work inspires introspective thinking, creativity and is still, as throughout the artist's life, promoting photography as a fine art. A lifelong photographer, Nudelman was the Ogunquit Art Association's first juried photographer, and whose career(s) revolved around the art world as an education administrator in New York, photojournalist and an arts columnist for the York County Coast Star in York Maine. This show coincides with the Maine Photo Project, a statewide collaboration between museums and galleries.
Emerging Figures by William F. Duffy
William Duffy, a sculptor from the mid-Atlantic region, who's large-scale public work explores the universality of the human form and its relationship to the environment will exhibit his new work. Over the past fifteen years, Duffy has been exploring the underlying forms in nature and exposing the intrinsic elegant geometries through abstract mathematical concepts. Mr. Duffy will be giving a talk about his new work. "Both artists are extremely visionary in their points of view and are masters of their mediums. The works in this show represent a lifelong exploration of the abstract one observes in recognizable imagery," explains Mr. Gorvett.
Black Bear Fine Art Gallery features the large reduction woodcuts, drawings and paintings of Don Gorvett as well as significant historic and contemporary artists. Black Bear Fine Art Gallery is holding exhibitions throughout the summer and into November. Don Gorvett conducts workshops, residencies and internships throughout the year. We are open daily and welcome appointments. The gallery is located at 100B Perkins Cove Rd, Ogunquit, ME. For more information about Don's work or gallery activities. Please email or call Vivienne at email@example.com, or 603.436.7278
Finch Gallery opens in Belfast
Sylvan Gallery Celebrates 15 Years of Art at New Wiscasset Location
"Dockside Arrival" by Tina Ingraham, oil on muslin panel, 14″ x 19″
This year marks Sylvan Gallery's fifteenth anniversary with a move to a
larger commercial space in Wiscasset. The gallery's new location, at the
northeast corner of Water and Main Street (Rt. 1), is right next to Red's
Eats and provides over 1,000 square feet of viewing space for the eighteen
represented artists. The celebration of the new location coincides with
the first Wiscasset Art Walk of the season on June 25th from 5-8 pm.
Please join co-owners Ann and Rick Scanlan for light refreshments and to
celebrate the start of their 15th year.
Represented in the gallery's ongoing group exhibition includes a diverse
group of exceptional contemporary New England artists. Featured work by
Maine artists include a selection of oil paintings by Wiscasset's Susannah
"Sukey" Haney. "Island Light Study" is exquisitely detailed and is an
excellent example of Haney's ability to skillfully compose and bring a
fresh eye to the well-loved and the often painted subject of the Monhegan
A resident of Bath, Tina Ingraham blends representational subject matter
with elements of abstraction in her newest painting, "Dockside Arrival."
Washes of paint, juxtapositions of warm and cool colors, and textural
scumbling, exemplify Ingraham's enjoyment of the painting process. The end
result is a striking painting of a Portland Pier – its aged and weathered
essence is revealed in a very personal and engaging way. Ingraham lived,
painted and studied in Italy for three years from 1999 – 2002 after
receiving a Fellowship from The John Simon Guggenheim Foundation in 1999,
followed by a grant from The Pollock-Krasner Foundation for research in
painting. Her study of the Renaissance portrait, fresco and landscape
painting is evident in her warm palette, fascination with surface and
vivid perception of nature.
A master plein air painter, Stan Moeller of York, offers a series of cafe
and street scenes from recent painting trips to Paris and Italy. Moeller
creates visual excitement by using strong lights and darks in his
paintings with strategic spots of color. Moeller's paintings evoke a sense
of mood and familiarity – of favorite trips abroad and the sense of having
stood there and seen that.
Wiscasset artist and gallery owner, Ann Scanlan, exhibits oil paintings of
animals in the farmscape. "Autumn at Chewonki" is a long panoramic view of
farm out buildings with a trio of sheep grazing in the foreground. The
soft, diffused light and subtle tones of color lend the painting a strong
sense of mood, which typifies Scanlan's work.
Maine subject matter is the inspiration for other work in the gallery
including "Port Clyde Mist" by artist Neal Hughes who captures the
atmospheric mood of a working harbor; "Coastal Storm" by Charles Kolnik
who, through a technique of layering numerous glazes of oil colors, evokes
the turbulent ocean surf. A lively acrylic painting titled "Seaside Cafe"
by Robert Noreika was the winner of the Stobart Foundation Award at the
Maritime Gallery at Mystic Seaport's 34th Annual International Marine Art
Exhibition. A series of luminous ocean moonscapes are presented by artist
Al Barker; pastels and oils of women and children at the water's edge by
Joann Ballinger, Shirley Cean Youngs and Trenton Forster Youngs. New and
dynamic oil paintings by Angelo Franco capture the character of New
England's distinct seasons.
Sylvan Gallery is open Monday through Saturday from 10:30 a.m. to 6:00
p.m. and Sunday, from 11:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. The gallery is located at 49
Water Street (at the corner of Route One) in Wiscasset Village. For more
information, call 882-8290. The art in the exhibition may be viewed online
at www.sylvangallery.com.
Bridge Gallery opening "Take Flight"
Bridge Gallery in Portland is proud to announce the opening of "Take Flight" on June 5th, 4-6 pm. The theme "Take Flight" is interpreted by New England artists, including Kevin Beers, Valerie Birnhak, Ruth Claff, Pauline Delin, Dick Eaton, Alison Hill, Khat Mirzan, Judy Odonnell, Jane Parsons, Rhonda Pearle, Gary Perlmutter, Amy Williams. Each artist has their own unique vision and style. The show will be on display from June 5th – 30th, at Bridge Gallery, located at 568 Congress St. in the arts district of Portland. For more information visit BridgeGalleryPortland.com or call 207-712-9499. Join Bridge Gallery as we "Take Flight"!
Stephen Pace + Sarah McRae Morton open at Dowling Walsh Gallery
"Restocking Bait at the Coop" by Stephen Pace
Dowling Walsh Gallery is hosting two blockbuster shows for the month of June: an inaugural show of paintings from the Estate of Stephen Pace (1918-2010) and the second show of Sarah McRae Morton's old world paintings. Stephen Pace is known for his abstract expressionist paintings, which over time evolved into an exuberant broad-brush representational style of scenes from his surroundings in Maine. Sarah McRae Morton's paintings are imagined portraits and scenes inspired by Faulkner's famous saying, "the past is not dead, it is not even past." The public is invited to an Opening Reception for the show Friday, June 5 from 5-8 pm. "Stephen Pace Estate / Sarah McRae Morton" runs through June 27.
Stephen Pace's first fame as a painter came from his abstractions. Pace had studied with Hans Hofmann in the late 1940s and found the renowned German-born painter-teacher's exuberant attitude toward making art inspiring. "You could do whatever you wanted to do," the artist recalled in the 2008 film profile Stephen Pace: Maine Master. iIn that same profile Pace admitted that from the beginning of his life as a painter he "always liked big brushes and splashing paint."
Caught up in the vibrant New York City art scene of the 1950s, hobnobbing with the likes of Kline and de Kooning, he became a major figure in the second wave of Abstract Expressionism. He could, as one critic put it, "gesture with the best of them." His work appeared in numerous annuals at the Whitney, and he had solo shows in some of the most respected galleries of the day.
According to art historian Martica Sawin, author of the definitive book on the painter, Pace first came to Maine in 1953, to visit Monhegan. On that trip he happened upon Deer Isle. It was "love at first sight" he told Bruce Brown, curator of Maine Coast Artists, on the occasion of his exhibition there in 1993. Stonington, that magnet to an amazing array of artists stretching from John Marin and the Zorachs to Jon Imber and Jill Hoy, became the center of his artistic universe. He and his wife and muse, Pam, camped there nearly every summer before buying a house in 1973 and becoming part of the community.
Drawing on the gestural energy of his abstract work, Pace set about rendering his coastal surroundings. His paintings of Stonington fishermen represent a remarkable chronicle of one of Maine's most active working waterfronts. This painter born and raised in the Midwest was fascinated by their activities: digging clams, setting lobster traps, restocking bait.
In a scene in "Stephen Pace: Maine Master," filmed in his barn loft studio in Stonington, the elderly artist approaches a blank canvas and inscribes several strokes of paint, fearlessly, like a conductor bringing down the baton to start the first bars of a Beethoven symphony. He lived to paint—and his paintings live on.
"Portrait of Edna St. Vincent Millay" by Sarah McRae Morton
"The past is not dead, it is not even past" – William Faulkner
Sarah McRae Morton's paintings are invented portraits of her ancestors and historical figures – people from her own life, from books and paintings, and from her travels and stories learned. The events and people illustrated are not bound by time or fact, but are imbued with ghosts and artifacts from cross sections of history. Sarah's work is wildly romantic, with an earthy palate and energetic movement around the canvas that quiets on key moments – detailed renderings of the face of a bear, the lips of a lover, the fox stole around a poet's neck. The paintings seem to flicker to life with her spirited brush strokes.
This show brings together a collection of Sarah's imagined portraits inspired by Faulkner's famous saying, "the past is not dead, it is not even past."
Sarah draws on her own family history across the ages. In "Flight" and "The Crown Carved of Graphite and Gallows Under Beeches", Morton delves into the story of her ancestor, William Bankes, an affluent and notable explorer who was exiled from his home in England for his homosexuality in 1841. In "The Pequod Captain's Son", she places Ernesto Tamayo, the child prodigy Cuban guitarist who was the son of one of Castro's guards, in a metaphor with Moby Dick. Ernesto is shown performing on the back of a whale in an opera house. Tamayo lived with Morton's family for a time in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where he died in 2014, and during which time he wrote the second half of Mozart's requiem, from whom he believed he was reincarnate.
Several paintings in the show also pair artists with their subjects in invented memories, linking their artistic expression with childhood experience to tell us something new about their work. Sarah's painting, "Girlhood Portrait of Edna St Vincent Millay as the Waste-Man's Little Daughter", attaches the poet St Vincent Milay, to the subject of her own poem, The Pear Tree. Sarah's painting, "A Day Behind the Wolf Trapper, Tussa and Evelyn", is of the frontier photographer, Evelyn Cameron, who took pictures of daily life in Montana in the early 1900s. The painting uses Evelyn's frequent subject of wolf trappers, and echoes the stance of Evelyn's famous self portrait, to tell the imaginary story that as a girl, Evelyn freed the wolves as they were trapped.
Dowling Walsh Gallery is located at 365 Main Street in Rockland Maine, directly across from the Farnsworth Art Museum. We are open Tuesday through Saturday from 10am – 5pm, and by appointment on Sunday and Monday. For more information, visit us online at www.dowlingwalsh.com or call 207-596-0084.
Archipelago shows "Alison Hill: Castaways"
Archipelago welcomes Alison Hill! The public is also invited to see her latest work "Castaways," and for wine and goodies and meet Alison Hill at a reception for the artist Friday, May 1st from 5 – 8 p.m. in the Gallery, at 386 Main Street, Rockland. The online gallery can be seen at www.thearchipelago.net.
Alison shares thoughts about her work: "Painting has become my way of moving through this world, responding to and expressing what I see and feel. It is my interpretation, using color, stroke, and line, to evoke the mood I am receiving, whether it is a landscape, a person, or a still life, I want to recreate what I am receiving.
Through some fortunate circumstances, I am now living on Monhegan island, Maine. In the summer I run a studio gallery, and off season I spend painting, traveling, doing portraits, and other art related endeavors. Monhegan offers endless inspiration, no matter what the season, and I feel very fortunate to call this home."
Alison has painted with Caleb Stone, Don Stone, Guy Corriera, Dean Keller, Bonald Sher, Mary Beth Mackenzie, Dan Gheno, Jack Farragasso, Joseph Peller, Sharon Sprung.
Alison's paintings are inspired by the people and landscapes of Monhegan, where she lives year round. The exhibit runs through Friday, June 19. For more information on this show, please contact Lisa Mossel Vietze, Archipelago Store and Gallery Director, at 207-596-0701.
"Spring Tonic" Opening at Caldbeck Gallery
The Caldbeck Gallery, 12 Elm Street in Rockland, will hold an Open House on First Friday, May 1st. On exhibit is "Spring Tonic", a group show of paintings and sculpture by selected gallery artists. These artists include Cicely Aikman (Am.1923-2013) late of Friendship, Lois Dodd of Cushing and NYC, Lise Becu of Tenants Harbor, Nancy Glassman of Searsmont, Kayla Mohammadi of South Bristol and Boston, Elizabeth O'Reilly of Brooklyn NY, Dennis Pinette of Belfast, Barbara Sullivan of Solon, Dan West of Friendship, and Nancy Wissemann-Widrig of Cushing and Southold NY. The exhibit runs through May 30. Gallery hours are Wednesday – Friday, 12-4. For further information please call the gallery at 594 5935.