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A question of great recent interest is whether motor memory consolidates in a manner analogous to declarative memories, with the formation of a memory that progresses over time from a fragile state, susceptible to interference by a lesion or a conflicting motor task, to a stabilized state, resistant to such interference. Here, we first review studies that examine the anatomical basis for motor consolidation: evidence implicates cerebellar circuitry for two types of associative motor learning, eyelid conditioning and vestibulo-ocular reflex adaptation, and primary motor cortex for skilled finger movements. We then review evidence for and against a consolidation process for adaptation of arm movements. We propose that contradictions have arisen because consolidation can be masked by inhibition of memory retrieval.
It is clear from experience that the nervous system has the capacity to form multiple long-term (> 24 hours) motor memories, for example we apparently never forget how to swim, ride a bicycle or drive a car. However, despite the ubiquity of long-term motor memory in everyday life, experimental demonstration of how long-term motor memory is formed and retained has proven controversial. This review will focus on the specific issue of consolidation of motor memory, with consolidation defined as a set of processes whereby a long-term memory becomes more stable with the passage of time [1]. This definition implies that consolidation is proven by demonstration of a limited time-window of susceptibility of the memory to disruption by a competing memory or a focal lesion.
Motor memory differs from declarative memory in that it is demonstrated through savings in performance over several trials rather than through recall of a single item (single trial memory). Savings refers to a more rapid rate of re-learning compared to the rate of original learning. Thus a motor memory has consolidated when there is a limited time window within which savings can be disrupted. In this review, we first describe studies of simple associative motor learning for two well-characterized reflexes, where there is good evidence for consolidation and insight into its underlying neural circuitry. We then address consolidation of skilled sequential finger movements. Finally, we examine adaptation of arm movements to novel dynamics and new visuospatial mappings, two types of motor learning for which evidence for consolidation is more problematic.
Experimental investigation of Pavlovian eyelid conditioning (EC) and vestibular ocular reflex (VOR) adaptation in several species has provided valuable insights into the neural circuitry, specifically in the cerebellum, for savings [2] and consolidation of motor memory [3-5]. EC and VOR adaptation are similar in that they both involve associative learning in a reflex circuit [6], in which a conditioned stimulus (CS, tone or head motion) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US, air puff or retinal slip).
In EC, the CS is often a tone, which is followed after 100 to 1500ms by a puff of air, the US. After 100-200 trials, the CS elicits precisely timed eyelid closure that precedes the US [7]. This defensive conditioned response (CR) can persist for long periods in the absence of exposure to the CS but can be extinguished by relatively few trials of the CS without the US [8, 9]. Extinction does not erase the motor memory, however, as relearning of the CR shows savings [2, 10]. The degree of savings on reacquisition of the CR after extinction is strongly correlated with the amount of residual plasticity in the deep cerebellar nuclei. This is detected by eliciting fixed short-latency responses to the CS, after disconnection of cerebellar cortex by injection of a GABA antagonist into the cerebellar nucleus. Importantly, disconnection of the cerebellar cortex from the interpositus prevents extinction of EC [11]. This suggests a "cascade" model of adaptation where the CS and the error signals initially produce rapid plasticity in the cerebellar cortex, resulting in a change in the discharge of the Purkinje cells. Subsequently, the altered output of the Purkinje cells in combination with the CS signals produce gradual plasticity in the interpositus neurons [2, 3, 12]. Therefore, the learned behavior in EC may be due to a system that adapts quickly (cerebellar cortex) and then subsequently produces plasticity in another system (the cerebellar nuclei).
Passage of time affects the way that the cerebellar cortex contributes to retention of EC. Animals that receive muscimol infusion to the cerebellar cortex at 5 minutes or 45 minutes after acquisition of the CR show no savings of EC [4, 5]. In contrast, control animals and animals that receive muscimol after 90 minutes resume in a second acquisition phase where they left off in the first acquisition phase. This suggests that soon after completion of training, adapted behavior strongly depends on the plasticity in the cerebellar cortex. However, passage of time reduces or eliminates this dependence.
Work on retention of VOR adaptation in also compatible with the cascade model. Lesion of the flocculus prevents adaptation of the horizontal VOR [13] and reversible inactivation of the flocculus abolishes retention of a VOR gain acquired over 1-3 hours [14-16]. In contrast, flocculus inactivation fails to abolish a VOR gain acquired over days [16-19]. It seems plausible that learned behavior initially depends on the modified synapses in the cerebellar cortex, but that with time the location of the memory shifts. Eventually, certain adapted behaviors may become independent of the cerebellum entirely. For example, in fear conditioning, the ability of a rat to recall the importance of an acoustic cue depends on the integrity of the interpositus for about 96 hours after initial training [20]. After that interval, disruption of the interpositus has no effect on recall. Is there evidence for this time dependent role of the cerebellum in humans? A recent study examined cerebellar patients with cerebellar cortex lesions in two different kinds of EC tasks: one task that was novel (associating tone with an eye blink), and one task that the patients had learned before their cerebellar cortex injury (a kinesthetic threat eye blink response, called KTER) [21]. The patients could not learn the new conditioning task, which confirmed the idea that acquisition of the new eye blink task depended on cerebellar cortex. Surprisingly, they maintained the response for the old task. This suggested that in humans, the cerebellum was required for acquisition of a new conditioned response but not for its long-term retention. Overall, these results suggest that simple motor memories undergo changes in their anatomical storage site as they stabilize, with progression over time from cerebellar cortex to cerebellar nuclei, and then perhaps to locations outside the cerebellum [21, 22].
There are reasons to suppose that the cerebellar mechanisms elucidated for consolidation of EC and VOR adaptation are relevant to motor consolidation in general. First, the regularity of synaptic organization throughout the cerebellum suggests that it performs a similar computation for many types of motor learning. Second, current evidence suggests that both saccadic and reach adaptation, voluntary movements that are not simple reflexs, are critically dependent on the cerebellum [23-26]. For example, damage to the cerebellum but not damage to the basal ganglia can profoundly impair adaptation of reaching when novel forces act on the hand [27]. Third, patient studies [24-27], animal data [28], functional imaging studies [29-32], and recent computational models [33-35] suggest a role for the cerebellum in storage of internal models for reaching movements.
Repetitive 1Hz transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been used to investigate the role of primary motor cortex (M1) in the retention of a simple finger opposition task [36]. Subjects performed a metronome-paced (0.5Hz) ballistic pinch between the index finger and thumb of the non-dominant left hand. Performance measure was acceleration of the pinching movement, which was assessed across two practice sessions. Control subjects showed increases in peak pinch acceleration within a first practice session and subsequent savings in a second practice session performed 15 minutes later. Savings in the second session was eliminated if subjects received rTMS for the 15 minutes between the two practice sessions. The rTMS was applied over an area of right M1 selected by its capacity to elicit MEPs in the left flexor pollicis brevis, an area shown in previous studies to be associated with practice-induced changes in M1 excitability [37]. In contrast, when the 15 minutes of rTMS over M1 was given six hours after the first practice session, it had little or no effect on savings. The authors proposed that while acquisition of this skill depended on M1, its eventual retention depended on a different neural system. This is consistent with a recent observation that immediately after training in this task, it was much more difficult to produce LTP-like plasticity in human M1 than at 6 hours after completion of training [38]. Another group subsequently confirmed this result [39].
Further evidence of a consolidation window for skill learning was obtained from a study in which subjects performed a finger-tapping task in a four-digit sequence [40]. Performance was measured in two ways: speed (number of complete sequences achieved) and accuracy (number of errors made compared to the number of correct sequences). Subjects showed savings for the same sequence 24 hours later. However, if subjects learned a second sequence immediately after the first, then there was no savings (of the first sequence) at 24 hours. In contrast, subjects showed savings for both sequences if the second sequence was learned 6 hours after the first. These studies indicate that retention of certain forms of skills in humans may be initially susceptible to disruption but this susceptibility may be reduced with time. Although all these studies use a finger task, there is an important distinction to be made between studies that emphasize simple tapping or pinching skills, assessed by measuring acceleration and force, versus those studies that show an increase in accuracy and speed as a whole sequence is learned and anticipated (see Box 1). It is possible or even likely that consolidation of these two aspects of motor learning will have different anatomical substrates.
It is useful to distinguish between skill and sequence learning as these two types of learning are often confused in the literature. In a recent review on consolidation of "procedural memory", it was stated "..the evidence for sequence learning tasks requiring stabilization is mixed" [53]. This statement is based on the finger tapping study by Walker et al. [40] (mentioned in the section on skilled finger movements) and a recent serial reaction time (SRT) study, which found no evidence for consolidation of sequence learning [51]. However, the statement is debatable for two reasons. First, it compares skill learning with sequence learning. Second, the SRT study of consolidation is open to question. We will briefly deal with each of these issues in turn. Finger tasks in which the sequence is short are best considered skill tasks because the performance measures of interest relate to speed of execution of the sequence not the rate of acquisition of the sequence order per se. In contrast, finger tasks in which the sequence is long and embedded (e.g a 12 element sequence with only four buttons) are based on the much-studied SRT and the measure of interest, the reaction time (RT), captures learning of the embedded sequence order itself [65]. These two aspects to sequence learning are almost certainly cognitively distinct as one is effector-specific and the other is effector-independent [66, 67]. The inter-play of these two forms of skill learning is apparent in the SRT study that purported to show no evidence of consolidation for sequence learning. All subjects learned sequence A on day 1 and then returned 48 hours later in session 2 to be re-tested on sequence A. Unlike the control group, four other groups learned a second interfering sequence B, either 5 minutes, one hour, five hours or 24 hours after sequence A. The learning measure was the difference between the RT at the end of sequence learning and the RT for a random sequence. Savings was quantified by subtraction of the learning measure for sequence A from the learning measure for re-test of sequence A. This measure was positive only for the control group and negative for the other four groups. Unfortunately, this apparent persistence of interference could be an artifact caused by increased skill in the random sequence, attributable perhaps to more practice overall because of additional training with sequence B. This is suggested by the fact that for the four interference groups, the RT for a random sequence at the beginning of session 2 was actually lower than the RT for sequence A at the end of session 1. This indicates that savings for non-specific skill component of the task led to a greater reduction in RT than learning of the sequence order itself. The presence of an interference effect may therefore have been due to the choice of learning measure, which could be affected equally by savings in non-specific skill learning or by interference with the specific sequence. The authors would have a stronger claim if they had shown that subjects, with extra training on sequence A, could lower their RT below that shown for the four interference groups i.e. show the absence of an RT floor effect for their particular task. Without showing this, the results remain ambiguous.
In the last 20 years, a computational framework has been developed to characterize behavioral and neural basis of planning and execution of reaching (for an extended treatment see [41]). It appears that the CNS plans reaching movements in extrinsic space [42-44], with target and hand location initially coded as vectors with respect to fixation that are then subtracted to produce an intended movement vector in a hand-centered coordinate system. The transformation of this vector into motor commands depends on maps or internal models. The computation that allows the CNS to predict the sensory consequences of motor commands (in both visual and proprioceptive coordinates) is termed a "forward model". For example, when one tries to reach while looking at the hand through a mirror, one observes a mismatch between the visually observed consequences of the motor command and its proprioceptive feedback. This error can produce adaptation in a forward model of the arm. The term "inverse model" labels the computation that allows the CNS to plan motor commands in order to achieve a goal defined in sensory coordinates. For example, lifting up an apparently a cup full of liquid relies on an inverse model that predicts the motor commands necessary to accelerate the cup upwards. Finding out that the cup was actually empty results in an error that modifies the internal model associated with that action. Motor learning likely involves adaptation of both kinds of maps [45], although in principle it is difficult to tease apart contribution of forward and inverse models to adapted behavior [46]. Here, we will use the term internal models to refer to both kinds of computations.
Many studies have shown that after an internal model is learned, it can be recalled at a later date. This is apparent as "savings": relearning is more rapid and complete than original learning. The first experiment to show consolidation of motor learning examined the formation of two competing inverse models using a well-characterized force field adaptation paradigm. Subjects who adapted to a clockwise force field (B1) during reaching showed savings when they were re-exposed to the same field after an interval of hours or days. However, savings on relearning was prevented if after learning the first field, subjects adapted to a counter-clockwise field (B2). Crucially, B2 no longer interfered with savings for B1 if the time interval between training with the two force fields was greater than about 4-6 hours [47, 48]. These results demonstrated for the first time that motor learning showed a retrograde gradient of susceptibility to an interfering task consistent with a consolidation process. Interestingly, the ability to learn B2 became progressively better as the interval from learning B1 lengthened. Indeed, there was no significant difference between learning of B2 six hours after B1 and initial learning of B1. The time course of this improvement was attributable to fading of after-effects from B1. The similarity in the time courses of susceptibility of B2 to anterograde interference by B1 and susceptibility of B1 to retrograde interference by B2 suggested a possible obligatory relationship between anterograde and retrograde effects. This was addressed with an experiment in which subjects were trained with B1 on day 1 and then returned the next day to train again on B1 followed by B2. The degree of anterograde interference of B1 on B2 was not significantly different from the initial experiment. However, when B1 was re-tested on day 3, retrograde interference was not seen. This result is supportive but not conclusive evidence for the notion that retrograde and anterograde interference are independent non-reciprocal processes during learning of dynamics. It is not fully conclusive because if learning on day 3 had been compared to a control group who learned B1 over three days without B2 on day 2, then an interference effect might have been apparent.
Since the publication of the aforementioned study and its initial evidence for consolidation, attempts to replicate the result [49] or reproduce it [49-51] have, with one exception [52], failed. Up until very recently, visuomotor adaptation experiments have consistently shown a flat gradient of interference: task B prevented savings in task A regardless of the interval between A and B. The first experiment to show a flat gradient employed a joystick-tracking task, in which the screen cursor was either inverted up-down or left-right [50]. Subjects showed savings when they repeated either task but the tasks interfered with each other even with a one-month interval between them. Similarly, interference between opposite lateral-displacing prisms, used in a ball-throwing task, persisted with intervals of 5 minutes, 1 hour, 5 hours and 24 hours [51]. If anything, interference increased as the interval increased; the opposite of what would be expected for a consolidation process. The presence of a flat gradient has led investigators to conclude that consolidation may not occur for visuomotor learning [49, 53]. However, this conclusion is likely to be incorrect. As stated by Dudai [1], "Monotonous effectiveness of a blocking agent over time suggests that this agent impairs maintenance, retrieval or expression of memory, not its consolidation."
A recent study addressed this issue by hypothesizing that anterograde effects prevented retrieval and thus masked consolidation [52]. The prediction was that "washout" of anterograde effects by returning subjects to baseline performance would unmask a consolidation process. The motor adaptation task was a 30° rotation on the usual relationship between cursor and hand movements during reaching --- a visuomotor perturbation that showed robust savings and interference [54, 55]. In the first experiment, a 30° rotation that was followed by a 30° counter-rotation prevented savings even when the two training intervals were separated by 24 hours. This result was consistent with the flat gradient of susceptibility shown in previous studies [49-51]. In the second experiment, however, introduction of baseline blocks (washout) between rotations led to interference by a counter-rotation at 5 minutes but not at 24 hours, consistent with a consolidation process. In a third experiment, when the amount of rotation training was doubled, the counter-rotation did not interfere even at 5 minutes. Thus consolidation occurred for visuomotor adaptation both through a graded effect of time interval and with increased initial training. The key factor appeared to be the washout trials. In the absence of washout, the counter-rotation prevented retrieval of the internal model for the initial rotation. A similar inhibition of retrieval effect is described in the declarative memory literature for paired-associates word learning [56].
A final point about the washout experiment is that it provides evidence that visuomotor adaptation tasks can undergo another form of consolidation called off-line learning. Off-line learning represents improvements in motor skill without practice, i.e. between training sessions. Although this review is about consolidation as memory stabilization rather than as off-line learning, the issue is raised here for two reasons. First, to make readers aware that there are two distinct definitions of motor consolidation in the literature, and second, as a response to a recent statement that off-line improvement has not been convincingly demonstrated for visuomotor, or kinematic, adaptation tasks [53]. The reason for this statement is that better performance at re-learning cannot be taken as evidence for off-line improvement because the improvement might simply be the result of practice, i.e. resuming on the learning curve from the point reached on the previous day. However, in the washout study described above, subjects started at the same point on the curve in the re-learning session as they did at initial learning but still learned at a faster rate. This is convincing evidence for off-line learning. Thus visuomotor adaptation tasks can undergo both types of consolidation.
Experiments have not yet been done that directly address anatomical sites of consolidation for reach adaptation. However, an important clue with regard to storage and retention of internal models has been provided by single-unit recording experiments in M1 [57]. Activity in M1 neurons was averaged from just before movement onset to movement end while monkeys adapted and then de-adapted through washout in force fields. One group of neurons rotated their preferred direction (PD) in the direction of the field during adaptation and then rotated back during washout. This is similar to the behavior of muscles [58] and may merely indicate that motor commands are changing in response to the movement errors. However, two other groups of neurons showed a much more interesting response: one group showed a change in PD during field training and maintained this change despite a long stretch of washout trials. Another group did not change its PD during field training but rotated in a direction opposite to the field during washout. Therefore, if one measures the change in motor output as the sum of changes in PD, then during washout this sum was zero despite the fact the individual components were not at baseline. It can be conjectured that the presence of a population of neurons that do not return to baseline might form the basis for savings because they can be recruited when subjects return to the force-field condition.
In bimanual movements, one hand often serves a supportive role by holding an object that is manipulated by the other hand. For example, when one hand holds a PDA (personal digital assistant device) while the other hand writes on it, the supporting hand shows compensatory adjustments to counteract the anticipated forces arising from the writing hand. A similar situation occurs when one hand holds a book while the other hand lifts it: the postural hand reduces the upward forces precisely at the moment when the lift starts. In this way, the postural hand shows little displacement as the object is lifted. In contrast, if another person were to lift the object, the postural hand would show large upward displacements [59, 60] .
These types of adjustments demonstrate that when we perform an action with one arm, the brain anticipates its consequences on other body parts (an example of a forward model). For lifting an object, the skill is acquired in late childhood [61]. A recent study examined acquisition and retention of this skill in cerebellar patients [22]. They used a robot to simulate the load held by the postural hand. Surprisingly, cerebellar patients showed normal anticipatory adjustments by the postural hand as the object was lifted by the other hand. Long-term retention of the skill appeared intact in these patients. To measure acquisition of a new response, the study [22] considered a novel condition. They introduced catch trials where the normal behavior of the load was unexpectedly altered. In healthy individuals, the resulting error in the catch trial produced a robust change in the behavior of the postural hand in the subsequent trial. This trial-to-trial compensation was absent in the cerebellar patients. The results challenge the idea that the cerebellum may be the site of long-term storage of internal models that compensate for the consequence of our own actions. Rather, the results suggest that while the cerebellum is crucial for acquisition of these internal models, long-term retention may be independent of this structure.
There is evidence for motor consolidation in a number of experimental systems: the behavioral correlates of the memory suggest that under certain conditions, the neural substrate becomes resistant to disruption within hours or days. In certain tasks, the cerebellar cortex appears to play a crucial role in the initial storage of the memory but with time, the memory may be represented elsewhere. Because motor learning is made up of a number of distinct processes (planning of sequences of action, adaptation of internal models, etc.), they may consolidate with different time courses and at different anatomical locations. There is a precedent for this with declarative memory: semantic memories become hippocampus-independent whereas episodic memories do not [62].
Important challenges remain. First, computational models of motor control have focused mainly on the adaptation process, with little or no attempt to consider questions of time-dependent memory processes. Key experiments that consistently show savings after washout are now largely unexplained [52, 63]. Second, motor learning is about associating knowledge to specific contextual cues. Yet, attempts to learn cue-dependent internal models in the laboratory have suffered from large interference between opposing motor tasks with explicit contextual cues. A recent report shows that passage of time may be a key element that was missing in the earlier works [64]. It is also possible that there are as of yet unidentified implicit contextual cues that facilitate or inhibit recall of consolidated memories. Identification of those cues that prevent retrieval of consolidated memories and those that allow switching between consolidated memories are critical to understanding how animals are capable of forming long-term, context addressable motor memories.
This work was supported by National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Grants K23-NS02138 (JWK) and R01-NS037422 (RS). We thank Javier Medina and Michael Mauk for insightful discussions. Thanks to Toni Pearson for critical comments on the manuscript.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Karen Finney: It's time to reframe the conversation about guns to focus on how we address the realities of human behavior to more effectively prevent gun violence and protect our safety.
Obama and Leftists Survey — Question 4
Occupy and Democrats: dating, marriage, just friends?
Herman Cain No More
Steve Hochstadt: Palin and Cain are not foolish. They recognized that the elemental ideas of the Tea Party supporters could be exploited by slick slogans and political gimmicks.
Flat Tax a Flat-Out Fraud
Robert Reich: All flat-tax proposals benefit the rich more than the poor for one simple reason: Today's tax code is still at least moderately progressive. The rich usually pay a higher percent of their incomes in income taxes than do the poor. A flat tax would eliminate that slight progressivity.
Raising Per Country Immigration Caps
Michele Waslin: H.R. 3012 would make small but significant changes to the way green cards are distributed by eliminating per country numerical limits on employment-based green cards and raising the limits on family-based green cards which go to immigrants from each country.
Rick Perry's War on Higher Ed in Texas
John Willingham: Rick Perry is waging a quiet war against our current system of higher education, which makes him a lot like some previous governors. He may win, but we'll lose.
Mandatory E-Verify Will Not Magically Solve Immigration Woes
Michele Waslin: Immigration restrictionists argue that imposing a mandatory employment verification system will ensure that unauthorized workers are not able to get jobs in the U.S. and will choose to leave, leaving millions of jobs wide open for unemployed U.S. citizens. Of course, this ignores the facts.
Right To Work Laws Bad For Everybody, Including the Boss
Berry Craig: A big reason the South's white political and business elite hated and feared unions was that in a union everybody is equal. Thus, they played the race card to divide white and African American workers and keep unions at bay.
Harry Reid and What Happened to the Public Option
I'm still not giving up. I want every Senator who's not in the pocket of the private insurers or Big Pharma to introduce and vote for a "Ted Kennedy Medicare for All" amendment to whatever bill Reid takes to the floor. And if this fails, a "Ted Kennedy Real Public Option for All" amendment. Let every Senate Democratic who doesn't have the guts to vote for either of them be known and counted.
Private Postsecondary Institutions Need Oversight Now
Absent constructive and reasonable suggestions, this heels-dug-in approach to government gives the appearance that these groups would prefer the "wild west" environment currently in place to the structure provided by AB 48.
Washing Dishes for Change
The companies too big to fail have grown larger. The financial companies still run under the same model and free of much regulation like before.
Can We Fight the Healthcare Industry
According to the experts in this video, you can't have a healthcare system that works if it's modeled after the one used by the medical insurance industry today in the United States. They contend that the current system in the U.S. is a system that is guaranteed to waste money and ensures that the sickest […]
Changing California's Initiative Process
he Initiative Reform Task Force met during the Democratic Party's November E-Board meeting in Anaheim to propose changes in California's initiative process. Chief among them is the immediate creation of a statewide "watch network" to analyze proposed initiatives as soon as they appear — BEFORE they are released for signatures. Click here for the November […]

subset: commoncrawl


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Saturday open thread
Talk about whatever strikes your fancy.
Some things that have caught my eye:
Is the Obama administration trying to unionize the government procurement process?
Speaking of unions, what is SEIU's president, Andy Stern, doing on a Obama's "deficit reduction" panel. Does that say "I'm serious about this" to you?
Anyone else see the irony in the Hillary Clinton claim that domestic political infighting is hurting America's image abroad?
Brits aren't buying the "January was the warmest month ever" nonsense.
Speaking of the Brits, is there a reason we won't back their claim to the Falklands in a drilling-rights dispute?
Apparently some Dems are calling for Charles Rangel to step down from his House committee chairmanship because of ethics violations. Why isn't Nancy "the most ethical Congress in history" Pelosi doing the same?
Paul Ryan was the rock star in the health care summit. To date no one has refuted his fiscal points.
The Obama administration has consistently talked about the Bush administration not counting the cost of war in its deficits. Well, it isn't a war, but the Obama administration continues to nrefuse to cout the hundreds of billions going to Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae – primarily because it would bump this year's 1.4 trillion deficit by another 300 billion.
And finally there's some relatively good news. Jeremy Lott says there have been quite a few "quiet libertarian victories" here lately.
26 Responses to Saturday open thread
what is SEIU's president, Andy Stern, doing on a Obama's "deficit reduction" panel.
LOL {chuckle} As I've tried and tried to tell you dense righties, everyone needs to sit down at the table and put aside their partisan differences and come to an agreement about what we need to do. That certainly includes someone who represents so many workers, especially since those workers deliver essential services to the public every day.
You thick righties have a totally wrong idea about our virtuous public sector workers. Like me, toiling away teaching young minds to shun the nonsense constantly spewed by far-right people like Limbaugh, and not to be taken in by the full lips and ample bosom of Sarah Palin. LOL.
We are public servants. We should have a strong voice in what happens to our government and what the level of taxation, spending and debt are going to be. And that's not either a conflict of interest because we might subvert the process to gain at the expense of the common citizen, so stop saying that! We're virtuous, I said! We would never do that!
Anyone else see the irony in the Hillary Clinton claim that domestic political infighting is hurting America's image abroad?
What irony? It's true. Hillary is experienced and smart, and she has her finger on the pulse of world opinion. I'm an expert in foreign affairs, you know, with a book that really ought to be higher than two million on Amazon's book selling list because it has so much distilled wisdom from my godlike powers of political science. And it's not either from a vanity press that suckers social science academics! I don't know why you stupid righties keep thinking that! It's a serious work of scholarship, and it's just too bad none of you are in a position to read and understand it.
Anyway, other nations look at us, and just laugh and laugh. Their people understand that political elites have trained their entire lives to run society, and there just isn't any real doubt anymore about the best way to do it, which is with wise, pragmatic leftism. The Europeans, who we ought to be more like, figured this out long ago. They're even moving further in this wise direction by setting up a European Commission that is completely insulated from any vulgar voting by the proles. You'll see. America is in decline because of Ronald Reagan, and we should start imitating Europe if we are to have any chance of staying relevant. I decree it.
Why isn't Nancy "the most ethical Congress in history" Pelosi doing the same?
Nancy understands the need to protect people like Rangel from mean-spirited partisan attacks. She is very experienced and wise, and she certainly does not have any full lips or ample bosom, so she's an example of what our female politicians ought to be. I do wish I understood why she has that surprised look on her face all the time, but it's probably because she is perpetually surprised by the partisan behavior of Republicans, who simply won't sit down and work things out in a reasonably fashion, which means doing pretty much what we were going to do anyway but more slowly so the Republicans have a chance to get over their ridiculous opposition to it. It's really a compromise that's best for everyone if we do it that way.
People like Rangle need a seat at that table, because he represents underprivledged members of society. He understands them intuitively, and it doesn't matter in the least that he owns all those properties or breaks New Yorks rent control laws or flouts tax laws. He's far too busy to worry about such things, because he has a higher calling to represent his underprivledged constituents.
Paul Ryan was the rock star in the health care summit.
{chuckle} You dense righties really think that don't you? As if someone could be a rock star by rambling on about "evidence" and "facts" and droning about how Obama's brilliant plans might cost more than estimates. Who cares about that? Health care is a right, and you engineer type grunts need to just pony up the money for it. And that doesn't either violate your rights! It just doesn't! I decree it!
Well, I hope that has cleared up some of your questions. You know I'm always happy to come here and
lecture down toinform you dense righties on the fine points of how the world really works, from someone with godlike powers of political science and total understanding of the holy writ of postmodernism. Oh, by the way, do you realize you guys are post-modernists too? That's one of my multiple truths, so you can't dispute it. Suck on it. {chuckle} LOL {eyes rolling}
I knew that was coming … so thanks for the relief.
I know you're being sarcastic, but I'm waiting for some idiot liberal (sorry; redundant) to make that exact claim.
"Emergency shipment of condoms headed to Olympic athletes"
Film at eleven?
Has a new event been added?
Perhaps they are reverting to an older definition of 'sport', as in 'sporting house'; "Obsolete Amorous dalliance; lovemaking."
I have not watched the Olympics, so perhaps I missed something interesting, but I am looking forward to the summer games, when the weather is much more conducive to sporting.
I would bet a lot of those condoms were not used, but taken as souvenirs.
Speaking of the Brits, is there a reason we won't back their claim to the Falklands in a drilling-rights dispute?
For some reason Obama seems to hate the Brits. He has gone out of his way to slight them, and insult Gordon Brown. Even though Brown is an ideological tax and spend soul mate. I don't understand the animus there.
It must be gonna get worse .. why the $1 billion new embassy with a moat to keep the Brits out ?
They are the wrong kind of Ally for us. We should be strengthening ties with Cuba and Venezuela.
I'm curious about the reconciliation process … first, they pass the "Senate Bill," then, they pass the "reconciliation."
Exactly what happens if they pass the "Senate Bill" but "reconciliation" fails ?
Doesn't this possibility open the door for all kinds of "backroom deals" ?
Wouldn't this make the election even worse for Democrats ?
San Fran Nan doesn't care about the election. She's not going to lose her seat. She wants to go down in history as the Speaker that brought about universal healthcare. The fact that it's not universal, and doesn't do anything tangible to increase delivery of healthcare, is beside the point. As a good post-modern leftist, she cares a lot more about perception and consensus opinion than she does facts and truth.
On a semi-related subject, I saw Erb's idiotic comments accusing people here of being post-modernists. He claims to understand post-modernism and says that it's "proven" (in the same sense all the other claptrap he posits is proven, I suppose), but that comment indicated that he's as woefully ignorant of what post-modernism really means as I suspected all along. Basically he doesn't know Derrida from his derriere.
Having endured seminars reading Derrida, Foucault, and numerous other post-modernists, I daresay your insult is ill informed. Like so much of what you write when you throw insults, you give no rationale for your claim. What about post-modernism don't I understand? It is complex, especially Derrida's efforts to avoid any center (I read him as mostly playing a game — and he plays it better than most), but your accusation was so vague as to be meaningless.
As for climate change — read what I wrote. Given the evidence there is overwhelming belief that it is very likely that human induced climate change is occurring, and if so the consequences could be dire. I said nothing was "proven" for certain — science doesn't work that way.
So I'm not sure what you were drinking when you read my post, Billy. I hope it was a good scotch.
Okay, what definition of post-modernism defines it as "choosing data to fit your preconceived notion,…"
"I said nothing was "proven" for certain — science doesn't work that way."
The standards of proof for climate 'science' seem to be as rigorous as those for political 'science'. In real science the standards are a little different.
I said nothing was "proven" for certain — science doesn't work that way.
You're a liar, I get that. But you gotta try to be a bit more subtle. This one is just laughable.
Otto: "Apes don't read philosophy."
Wanda: "Yes they do, Otto. They just don't understand it."
In case the message isn't clear, to move to another realm, I don't care how many books on calculus someone says they've read or how many seminars they've sat it on. If they claim that calculus is the same as algebra, they didn't understand what they read or heard.
No philosopher (post-modern or otherwise) defines post-modernism as cherry picking to support a position. Cherry picking is a variety of logical fallacy, and has zilch to do with post-modernism. The fact that you would assert what you did is strong evidence that you understood little or nothing from whatever amounts of study you've invested in the subject.
And I hate scotch. It tastes like grease solvent to me.
Macallen 12 – good man!!
Next time you swing into Arizona, Ill share my stock of Talisker and Dalwinnie with you!
"Given the evidence there is overwhelming belief that it is very likely that human induced climate change is occurring…"
Overwhelming belief? Very likely?
So something like this then?
E, based on overwhelming belief, is very likely to = MC^2
Yeah, he knows all the big words, he just doesn't know what they mean.
Kim Priestap at Wizbang has a good take on this.
Cast your mind. Imagine that you're a Congressional democrat (I know, I know: you have to imagine that you're a corrupt, dishonest, America-hating plutocrat, but work with me). You know that you're facing an up-hill battle in the midterms, and even if you get reelected, it's likely that your party will be in the minority after the dust settles. So, does it make sense to try the time-honored tactic of desperately tacking to the center by voting against your party leadership?
For one thing, taking over the health care system has been your party's dream for decades. You know that, once you control health care, you will control the voting public as surely as if you held a gun to the heads of their children, parents and grandparents.
For another, you know that this new, huge bureacracy will need lots of people to run it. People who will get nice salaries, big offices, and great health care benefits (courtesy of the government unions). It will also be a lobbyist's dream: EVERYBODY will be looking for lobbyists to help them shape this new system to their benefit. Lobbyists who have connections on the Hill. Lobbyists who know how Congress works.
In short, you don't need to worry about selling your condo in Georgetown, 'cuz no matter how the mid-terms turn out, you're not going anywhere.
Yes, it may be that quite a few dems (and some Republicans) will lose the privilege of being called "senator" or "congressman" after the mid-terms, but if they play ball with the democrat leadership, they'll land on their feet.
So, it's really not much of a choice, is it?
What's post modern is the idea there is no central truth. If there is no central truth, you just de-construct others' narratives and construct your own. I wasn't saying you guys were philosophical post-modernists, but in response to me being called post-modern I noted that such an approach I detect here — there is no truth except what fits our narrative — is a lot more post-modern than my more traditional approach. I think there is truth and reality out there, not just memes and narratives.
Shark, you didn't read the comment I made — I said "what's settled is this…" (and went on with what I have above that a vast majority believe it's most likely that human climate change is happening, etc.) I was very specific in what I wrote, I even clearly said that nothing is certain, that science doesn't work that way. Settled science is NOT proven science, that is NOT how science works. Settled science can be overturned by new evidence.
And to the scotch haters out there I have one word: Lagavulin.
"…such an approach I detect here — there is no truth except what fits our narrative …"
Such an approach I detect in your comment-"the science is settled"
I surmise you have studied under the noted Prof. Irwin Corey.
People who throw around the term "settled science" when discussing global warming (even if they think they are being careful to qualify it) are nearly always ignorant or dishonest. There has been warming in the past century and human industry produces gases which probably contribute to the increase, even if just a tiny percentage. However, most of the hype and terror are easily debunked. Warming will not turn into any crazy "runaway" syndrome if we pass some fictional "tipping point", or that would have happened in the past in a similar manner. (It didn't.)
The fact is, most people with a political motive (including a certain Professor of Political "Science") who are pushing this hysteria are wearing red under their new green costumes. If it wasn't "global warming" it would be some other excuse to punish productive industry to force a "redistribution" of wealth.
Scotch is OK. But I'd rather pay for a pint of Guiness than drink a free shot.


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OEM Chrome Horizontal Grille Inserts Installed
View Single Post
Dodge Ram Forum Senior Member
Join Date: Feb 2013
Location: Abbotsford, BC, Canada
Age: 24
Posts: 7,387
Gender: Male
Vehicle: 2012 Dodge Ram 3500 CCSB 4x4
Trim Level: Laramie Limited
Color: Mineral Grey Metallic
Rep Power:
OEM Chrome Horizontal Grille Inserts Installed
Replaced the stock OEM black honeycomb grille inserts with OEM chrome horizontal inserts on my truck. I've always loved the look of a billet style grille and for mods like this I'm definitely a fan of keeping OEM parts that fit correctly and properly. I definitely didn't want to add the cheep inserts that you can attached to your existing grille. Really half assed if you ask me....
Got these inserts off Amazon for around $160 plus shipping (which was around $20 I believe? Not sure as I ordered few other things at the same time) Here's the link if anyone is interested:
As far as the install goes it was fairly simple. Remove the plastic cover on top of the radiator. Remove the 4 bolts along the top of the grille. Then tilt it slightly forward and pull outwards. It's a little nerve wracking as it seems as if you're going to break something but they will come, don't worry. Also you don't have to tilt the grille very far forwards. I read a few threads saying it had to be at about 45 degrees... not true at all. It only has to be about 10 degrees in order to clear the plastic "locks" on the bottom clips.
From there I placed the grille face down on a soft surface and slowly undid all the clips holding the insert onto the grille shell. A few of them were definitely a pain to get off. I found the best way was to have two small flat head screw drivers and try to get at the clips from both sides. It also helps to have someone available to hold the grille if needed.
Once all the clips were off the inserts just pull right out and the new ones can go back on. Then it's just the reverse steps to attach it back to the truck. Definitely an easy mod even if you don't have much mechanical experience. It just takes some patience with the removing the clips.
And because I know what people would say if I didn't show these, here are the pictures!
Stock OEM black honeycomb grille:
No grille (big gaping hole):
New OEM chrome horizontal grille:
Also on a side note.... because of my busy schedule and wanting to get this mod done before a road trip this weekend I took the grille out Wednesday night and left it out Thursday until I could install the new one. I drove about 160 kms (100 miles) Thursday for work and definitely noticed that I wasn't getting as good of fuel economy. I could feel it and my Bully Dog verified with numbers (about a 1-2 MPG drop). It was also a very rainy day so that might have played into it a bit. I'm assuming it was the combination of changing the front end aerodynamics and allowing much more air into the engine compartment aka more wind resistance. Who knew a grille could make the much of a difference.
2012 Ram 3500 Laramie Limited Cummins Build Thread
Far from stock. Full mods list in my build thread
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Hotels in Cusago, Italy
Search & Compare Cusago Hotels
Trending now in Cusago
Hotels in Cusago
- Most bookedHotel Le Moran
26 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"The staff is so kind and advise me how to book the ticket for the museum of " last supper". As a result, I can get it easily."
A Traveller, Jan 2016, US
Hotels within 5 miles of Cusago
155 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Staff on the desk very helpful .. printed AC Milan tickets and Boarding passes"
N, May 2016, GB
60 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Really liked this Best West. About 20 mins by taxi/Uber from city center (there is a nearby Metro). Both Metro & Fairs accessable by free & frequent hotel shuttle. Place is modern & clean-- the best BW I've ever stayed at, of many. Only issue-- A/C is not on until May (like many hotels) but can b..."
A Traveller, Apr 2016, US
43 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
" Check in and check out is a breeze. Staff is more than accommodating. Room was excellent and so was the food in the hotel restaurant. "
A Traveller, Sep 2016, CA
40 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Rooms are small but have everything you should need. Lobby always has an unpleasant smell but the hotel is well decorated with modern style. Breakfast is an amazing spread worth the extra cost. Rates are ridiculous during the Milan Expo."
A Traveller, Apr 2015, US
31 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
- Eur Hotel Milano FieraNo Guest Reviews yet
30 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
27 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
24 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"This hotel exceeded my expectation. I was pleasantly surprised with my overall experience. It was a little bit expensive for a motel"
A Traveller, Sep 2015, US
- House Expo 2015No Guest Reviews yet
4 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Best hotels in Cusago
If you are looking for Cusago hotels in a particular area, you can use the search feature at the top of the page to search by neighborhood, landmark, address or zip code, or you can search by using the built-in map feature. You can also browse hotels in Cusago by type, amenities, and star-rating so that you can find the best hotel. Currently, top rated hotels in Cusago are:
- Hotel Le Moran
- Best Western Plus Hotel Le Favaglie
- Corte Certosina
- Hotel Silver
- Best Western Hotel Goldenmile Milan
The location of your Cusago hotel is important. If you are traveling to Cusago, &StateorCountry for business, you may want to consider getting a hotel close to the airport or near your meeting venue. By doing so, you can really cut down on transportation costs and time. You may also want to book a hotel that offers free wifi just in case you need to get some work done.
If you are traveling for vacation, figure out which attractions or landmarks you want to see and book a hotel that is within close proximity. Although hotels near attractions might cost a little more, you may find that spending those extra few dollars is worth the convenience. You can even find hotels that align with your interests. For example, if you are looking for a relaxing vacation, a spa hotel may be the perfect choice for you.
You'll also want to determine which type of accommodations will suit your needs before booking a hotel in Cusago. If you're traveling with the kiddos, a family friendly hotel will offer larger rooms and more sleeping arrangements. For those traveling for an extended period of time, booking a hotel suite with a kitchenette is a smart move and will feel a little more like home. If you are budget conscience and just need a place to rest your head, a hostel or motel may be all you need.
If you are looking to score the best discounts and deals, use the filter to sort by price from low to high. You can book a hotel in Cusago for as low as $79 per night. If you are looking to cut down on expenses, look for hotels that include free breakfast and parking. Some hotels even offer free shuttle service to and from nearby places. You can also sort by star rating, proximity, and guest rating.
Before you book, check out user reviews. Hotels.com has 25 reviews in Cusago. We show reviews from Expedia and TripAdvisor so you know that you are reading genuine, reliable reviews. Be sure to download the Hotels.com app so you can book your reservations on the go, view amenities, and save the hotels you want to view and compare later.


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Get ready for an airstrike!
Accent your party with our Fighter Pilot Life Size Standee. This cardboard stand up is printed on one side and measures 72 inches high x 19 inches wide. Easy assembly is required to make this Fighter Pilot Life Size Standee freestanding with the included brace.
Please allow ample time for delivery. Our ship date for this product is noted in your shopping cart. Many items are shipped separately, so please allow extra time for these items to arrive. Shipping charges are based on the value of the merchandise and not the number of shipments. For additional shipping information, please contact our Customer Service Department at (email@example.com or 1-800-314-8794).


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Steel on leather strap
Each of OMEGA's elegant De Ville timepieces is characterized by a unique and classic design. This model features a two-zone silver dial with Roman numeral hour indexes, and month and date windows located at the 3 o'clock position.
A scratch-resistant sapphire crystal protects this impressive dial. The bezel is mounted on a 41 mm stainless steel case and is presented on a black leather strap. Powering this exquisite wristwatch is the OMEGA Co-Axial calibre 8601, visible through the transparent caseback.
Annual calendar
Annual calendar
Watch which automatically recognizes months with 30 and 31 days and needs to be manually corrected only once a year, on the first of March.
Label given to a watch which has undergone precision tests and received a certificate from an official body (COSC).
Transparent case back
Transparent case back
A transparent case back - frequently made of sapphire - makes it possible to see the movement inside the watch.
The day of the month, displayed in a window on a watch dial typically at the 3 o'clock or 6 o'clock position.
Technical data
Domed scratch-resistant sapphire crystal with anti-reflective treatment on both sides
Water resistance
10 bar (100 metres / 330 feet)
Case Diameter: 41 mm
Calibre: Omega 8601
Self-winding movement with Co-Axial escapement. Annual calendar with instantaneous jump. Silicon balance-spring on free sprung-balance, 2 barrels mounted in series, automatic winding in both directions. Rhodium plated finish with exclusive Geneva waves in arabesque.
Power reserve: 55 hours
Type: Self winding
The esteemed OMEGA De Ville Co-Axial Gents collection celebrates classic watch design and OMEGA's reputation of innovative mechanical watchmaking.See more


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magento expert (Design + Coding)
This project received 57 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $702 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
Project Budget$250 - $750 USD
Total Bids57
Project Description
hello, I need a magento expert able to begin with custom templating + provide advise on the best way to configure some products.
The candidate should be able to begin immediately, details will be provide through private communication and the bid for the project should be finalized after you have understood what we need.
You have to have strong communication skills, and be willing to run the extra mile for this project.
We are waiting for your shown interest.
Looking to make some money?
- Set your budget and the timeframe
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CALGARY, Alberta - When star defenseman Chris Pronger went down with a season-ending concussion in November, it seemed logical that the Flyers would not replace him with an interim captain. "Leadership by committee" became their mantra.
By not handing the "C" to anyone else, it was a way to honor Pronger, insinuating he was irreplaceable. The Flyers would play the season for their injured captain and, besides, there were enough veterans who could band together and help keep the team in step.
Whenever general manager Paul Holmgren was asked about having someone else wear the "C," he downplayed the idea and said it wasn't necessary. Understandably.


text:
Free Algebra
Systems of Linear Equations and Problem Solving
Solving Quadratic Equations
Solve Absolute Value Inequalities
Solving Quadratic Equations
Solving Quadratic Inequalities
Solving Systems of Equations Row Reduction
Solving Systems of Linear Equations by Graphing
Solving Quadratic Equations
Solving Systems of Linear Equations
Solving Linear Equations - Part II
Solving Equations I
Summative Assessment of Problem-solving and Skills Outcomes
Math-Problem Solving:Long Division Face
Solving Linear Equations
Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables
Solving a System of Linear Equations by Graphing
Ti-89 Solving Simultaneous Equations
Systems of Linear Equations in Three Variables and Matrix Operations
Solving Rational Equations
Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring
Solving Quadratic Equations
Solving Systems of Linear Equations
Systems of Equations in Two Variables
Solving Quadratic Equations
Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations
Solving Systems of Linear Equations
Solving Quadratic Equations
Math Logic & Problem Solving Honors
Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring
Solving Literal Equations and Formulas
Solving Quadratic Equations by Completing the Square
Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations
Solving Equations with Fractions
Solving Equations
Solving Linear Equations
Solving Linear Equations in One Variable
Solving Linear Equations
integer simplify calculator
Related topics:
worksheet on word problems on application of perfect square and difference of perfect square
ratio formula
online simplify calculator free
algebric expressions
printable pre algebra worksheets
free college algebra cheats
inequality riddles
Registered: 27.10.2003
From: Manchester, UK
Posted: Friday 29th of Dec 10:01
Guys , I need some help with my math homework. It's a really long one having almost 30 questions and it covers topics such as integer simplify calculator, integer simplify calculator and integer simplify calculator. I've been trying to solve those questions since the past 4 days now and still haven't been able to solve even a single one of them. Our instructor gave us this assignment and went on a vacation, so basically we are all on our own now. Can anyone show me the way? Can anyone solve some sample questions for me based on those topics; such solutions would help me solve my own questions as well.
Back to top
Registered: 25.10.2006
From: Siberia, Russian Federation
Posted: Saturday 30th of Dec 12:05
I understand your situation because I had the same issues when I went to high school. I was very weak in math, especially in integer simplify calculator and my grades were terrible . I started using Algebrator to help me solve problems as well as with my homework and eventually I started getting A's in math. This is an exceptionally good product because it explains the problems in a step-by-step manner so we understand them well. I am absolutely sure that you will find it useful too.
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Registered: 10.03.2002
From: Notts, UK.
Posted: Sunday 31st of Dec 09:36
Yeah, I agree with what has just been said. Algebrator explains everything in such great detail that even a beginner can learn the tricks of the trade, and solve some of the most difficult mathematical problems. It elaborates on each and every intermediate step that it took to reach a certain answer with such finesse that you'll learn a lot from it.
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Registered: 27.09.2001
From: Germany
Posted: Monday 01st of Jan 10:45
I recommend trying out Algebrator. It not only assists you with your math problems, but also gives all the required steps in detail so that you can enhance the understanding of the subject.
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Registered: 03.12.2005
Posted: Wednesday 03rd of Jan 09:23
Thank you, I would be very relieved to all of you if this software can help me. I really am very worried about my grades. Can someone give me the link to it?
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Registered: 05.07.2001
From: Toronto, Ontario
Posted: Friday 05th of Jan 09:18
The software is a piece of cake. Just give it 15 minutes and you will be a professional at it. You can find the software here,
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Attention Student:
To improve the efficiency of our petitions processes, all petitions must be submitted to the Admissions & Records Office by 5:00 pm on each Monday of the week for committee review and a same week response in most cases.
Miramar College Counselors are available to meet with you in a variety of ways to assist in achieving your academic goals.
Before scheduling an appointment you must have the following:
Have your official transcript(s) for your previous college(s) mailed to:San Diego Community College District Attn: Records 3375 Camino del Rio South San Diego, CA 92108-3883
Appointments are made one week in advance by calling or visiting the Counseling Department.
Theme by Miramar College. Based on the Danland Theme by Danetsoft and Danang Probo Sayekti inspired by Maksimer


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excessive or normal.
Comments (9)
with my first, I started at 165, was at 235 when I delivered.... this time I started at 177 and am currently at 228. Doc isn't being too mean to me-- she knows I grow big babies (my first was 9 lbs 9 oz... and she also knows a good bit is water weight (i'm crazy swollen)
Two angel babies
Gary James 10/26/10
Christopher Michael due 10/14/13
oh, and i'm 5 ft....
Two angel babies
Gary James 10/26/10
Christopher Michael due 10/14/13
I think you just have to listen to your body. It'll tell you when to put the cheeseburger down or pick up the cinnamon roll :)
I'm a shorty but I have gained 35 pounds at almost 36 weeks. My doctor hasnt been on me or anything. She said most women gain at least 25-30. I'd say at this point, don't worry too much about it. Youre in the home stretch!
I strongly believe doctors need to get off women when it comes to their weight during pregnancy. Unless your considered obese you don't have any issues. You're growing a human, gain all the weight you have to but try to be healthy about it.
Michael Paul Moore Jr. born 10/2/13
Oh and I'm 5'2", started out at 140lbs and I'm 175lbs now.
Michael Paul Moore Jr. born 10/2/13
My docs never mention weight gain. When I ask they say I am fine and not to worry about it as long as I am not going crazy with food every day.
Learn more
Look how far your child has come.
Review your child's growth milestones.
Read about 34 months : Week 3.
Your growing child
Your 34-month-old: Potty mouth
Your 35-month-old: Preferring one parent
Your 35-month-old: Why preschoolers lie
Your 35-month-old: Riding a bike
Your 35-month-old: Collecting
Learn more
What's next for your growing child?
Get a glimpse of what's to come.
Read about 3 years.


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Sutherland's Phono Block
"I made this for myself," explained the genial Ron Sutherland, as he showed me the interior of his new monophonic phono preamplifier ($9800/pair). The power supply on the right, which uses both choke and RC smoothing, feeds DC to the active circuitry on the left via a ribbon cable running in a channel machined in the front panel. Plug-in daughterboards are used to change loading and gain and three chassis grounding options allow for the lowest noisefloor: floating, grounded directly, and grounded via a 50 ohm resistor. Ron has used 1/8"-thick circuit boards to lower dielectric effects. There are two outputs to allow a mono cartridge to to be fed to both left and right inputs of the phono preamplifier.


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I am BFing, exclusively pumping, and have had some spotting a few times and felt like my period was starting, but it hasn't shown up yet. Just wondering when I should expect it back... For now, I'm enjoying not having to deal with it!
Anyone get their period back yet?
I am exclusively bf and pumping with two servings of cereal a day for my LO. She was born March 7th. I had a period in May which was about 9 weeks pp, but I haven't had any since. Think it is different for everyone even when bf.
Me (33) DH (32) Married 9/12/2010
DD - 3/12 (6 lbs 3 oz / 18 1/2 in long)
DS - 3/14 (6 lbs 7 oz/ 19 1/2 in long)
No period yet. Am I happy or what! :)
My son was born 3/9/12 and I have not had my period come back yet. If EBF really prevents periods from coming back, I wish I could breastfeed forever! :)
R & D - married 6/25/04
welcomed first baby - Noah 3/9/12
I got mine six weeks postpartum. I literally bled for five weeks after giving birth, stopped bleeding for a few days, became "crampy" and then got my period. The same thing happened to my mother, and women in my family have a history of having babies very close together, which means they all got their periods pretty quickly too. I've been regular since. It can take over a year for some women to get their period. Just count yourself lucky.
I got the IUD and not only do I have a month long period that stops for 1 week, my hormones are outragous. I am so snappy at my husband I wouldn't blame him if he left (yes I would, but you know). I miss being pregnant, I just wish I didn't have to have the baby at 9 months.
No period HERE!!! I BF LO and she was born March 2nd .Did I say I love it.


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Dustin "The Beast" Neace Related Articles
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Woman charged in purse snatching case
BURLINGTON A 37-year-old woman is facing charges stemming from a purse snatching incident at a Burlington store and police say she is a suspect in a number of similar cases.
Burlington police say Amanda Downing was arrested Monday after a Sunday incident in which she allegedly took a purse from a patron in a Burlington store. The victim alerted store employees and another patron retrieved the purse.
The investigation led to Downing and she was arrested Monday.
Burlington police say Downing was also being investigated by other area police departments for similar thefts. The Waterbury, Winooski, Essex, and Colchester police departments assisted in the investigation.
Downing is being held for lack of $10,000 bail.MORE IN This Just InMONTPELIER Goalie Emily Bashara stopped 44 shots but the Green Knights still had a field day... Full StoryTHETFORD Alex McVeigh scored twice for the Panthers during Tuesdays runaway victory. Full StoryLYNDON The Marauders entered Wednesdays match with a clear game plan and executed it well... Full Story
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People wanting to visit our national forests and grassland will soon have a new app available to make trip planning easier. The Forest Service is currently working on the first phase of a website redesign. It's expected to debut early in 2014. The web site is a map-based tool for planning trips.Additionally, P-D-F Maps Mobile App, developed by Avenza Systems Inc. will be available free from I-...
- Clear sky
- Temperature: 77 °F
Sun, 09/25/2016 - 16:53
- Clear sky
- Temperature: 80 °F
Sun, 09/25/2016 - 16:50
Crescent City
- Clear sky
- Temperature: 66 °F
Sun, 09/25/2016 - 15:56


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Join FREE | Login
+ Celebrations
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Crescent Dogs
Crescent Mummy Dogs
Ham and Cheese Crescent Sandwiches
Pizza in a Crescent
Bacon-Wrapped Crescent Dogs
Chicken in a Sleeping Bag
Food on a stick is fun! Take a classic Crescent Dog -- a cheesy hot dog wrapped in a Crescent -- and add a wooden stick for a quick and easy meal sure to bring a smile to the table.
Substitution: If using Pillsbury® Big & Flaky large refrigerated crescent dinner rolls, use large hot dogs and bake at 350°F. for 16 to 20 minutes.
© 2016 ®/TM General Mills All Rights Reserved


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Hold down Control (PC) or Command (Mac) key + mouseclick to select more than one option
Posted by Great food on 2015-06-24
The food is good but they keep upping their prices. La Tara de Oro is another great rapier to Rican restaurant and their prices stay just as great.
Posted by Liz on 2015-02-17
Ordered these twice by friend recommendation, although very delicious, hot on the outside, cold on the inside. The woman there are very shady and don't know how to smile and say thank you.
Posted by Anonymous on 2015-01-26
I have had food delivered in the past with no problem, but tonight the man who took my order tried to add a $3 delivery fee on a $9 order when I live 5 blocks away, because that's how the delivery guy gets paid. This will definitely be the last time I or
Posted by Sean on 2012-02-20
I want to pass along to you a dining gem I was in earlier tonight - Casa Adela on Avenue C between 4th and 5th Street. It's a little dive of a place, straight out of the Bronx, 1950/60. Mostly a take out. Outstanding Puerto Rican food cooked by Puerto
Posted by Gora on 2010-06-04
The prices are amazing and the food is the real thing: PR fare like it has always been done. The chicken soup fixes everything that may be going on wrong in your life :) Be patient with the service, this place is like going to your PR's friend parents ho
Posted by Anonymous on 2010-06-01
Could not wait to go to this restaurant, however i was very disappointed. ordered the pernil. very small portion came to the table cold half of the portion was fat. i must say what ever meat was there was tasty. i recommend putting all the items on one p
Posted by CiCi on 2009-12-29
Went to eat at Casa Adela on Christmas eve night (12/24/09) around 5:00PM for dinner. It was my first time going there. I took the recommendation from listening to a Spanish Chef that was recently on Foodnetwork. He raved about Casa Adela having the best
Posted by Maria V. on 2009-09-08
This is place is the real deal. It's almost like it was pulled off a street in Old San Juan, is run by your favorite Titi and Abuelita is in the kitchen. Worth the wait, worth the price, and worth working around their hours.


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Our panel looks at the big stories in the news.
Mass. Senate President Wants State To Help Fund Body Camera Program
Massachusetts Senate President Stan Rosenberg says the state should provide money to help local police departments try out body cameras on officers.
Northampton Swears In First Female Police Chief
Jody Kasper has been with the Northampton police department for 19 years, rising through the ranks. In her office Tuesday, she talked about how things have changed for women on the force.
Hampden DA-Elect Gulluni Plans To Start A Community Dialogue
Anthony Gulluni takes office as relations between communities of color and law enforcement have gained national attention.
At Conference On Western Mass. Heroin 'Crisis,' Officials Call For New Funding
An overflow crowd at Greenfield Community College packed a conference on opiate abuse and addiction in western Massachusetts Monday. The gathering included several calls for new state funding for addiction treatment.


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If you're reading this it's because you've heard about fat loss factor by Dr Charles Livingston and you have questions about the fat loss factor program so let me give you my honest opinion after a thorough review the fat loss factor book by Dr. Charles Livingston where collected years of experience and treatments of his patients in USA and around the world both men and women.
Fat Loss factor book is a product that differs from the other weight loss programs mainly by the particular way it has to address the problem of overweight focusing on solving the imbalance in the production of bile by the liver and this poses a number of foods that detoxify this vital organ.
But to give you an overview of what's offered by Fat Loss Factor here I bring you the pros and cons of the fat loss factor book, so you can see for yourself what fat loss factor really is.
Fat Loss Factor diet Pros
– Its author is a licensed physician with many years of experience treating overweight people effectively.
– The fat loss factor program works for men and women, no matter the condition, only care about being determined to have a healthier body.
– If you take the advice and explain habits you can maintain an ideal weight for lifetime.
– You can choose from 4 different programs to find the one that best suits you.
– The proposed fat loss factor system is easy to implement and does not require great sacrifices for the exercises and it can be performed at home and with the right foods which are among everyday purchases.
– If a period of 60 days you did not observe a change you can apply 100% of all your money back with no problems.
– Fat loss factor diet contains explanatory videos which show you in detail step by step plan, so you can lose those extra pounds.
– You can even lose weight eating the foods you love without resorting to extreme diets or spend hours in the gym.
Fat Loss Factor Progam Cons
– Before starting the fat loss factor program you should consult your doctor to avoid complications and to make sure there are no health problems.
– For pregnant women with overweight Fat Loss Factor is not recommended, if you walk into this category you should consult other products.
– You need to do your part as long as dedication in order to eliminate all the accumulated fat. link
– The first 2 weeks may be somewhat stronger with diets and fasting.
Fat Loss Factor is an excellent solution for people with weight problems because in just 12 weeks you'll burn the unwanted fat and you will have your ideal body. Also your friends will ask you how you've done it and therefore you earn the respect you deserve.
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Describe the main requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
Solutions for Chapter 29.5
Describe the main requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
Requirements of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 :
The regulations enacted from time to time aim at safeguarding the interest of all the parties associated with the firms. While various measures have been taken to monitor the processes, one of the most challenging one is ensuring the availability of accurate information.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act is an attempt to improve the flow and accuracy of information by addressing each aspect that influences the dispersal of wrong details.
The Act seeks to address this through the fulfillment of the following requirements:
Independent audit process:
The act ensures the disposal of correct financial information by limiting the amount of non audit fees that an audit firm can get from the same firm it audits. It also requires that that the audit partners rotate every five years so that the long term relations are not returned by favors to the firms.
SOX (Sarbanes-Oxley Act ) also make it mandatory to have at least one outside director with the financial background where the audit committee is dominated by outside directors.
Strict penalties for false information:
SOX requires the CEO and CFO of the company to personally attest each document to be presented to the shareholders for its accuracy. There is a strict punishment of fine upto $ 5 million and imprisonment of upto 20 years for providing false and misleading information.
Validation of the internal financial process:
The act puts the onus on the board and the management of the public corporations to monitor and validate the internal functioning of the financial process extensively.
Section 404 of the act says that the people listed in this regard should be willing to attest any document regarding the fund allocation and control of the firm.
The act aims to achieve the dispersal of accurate information and improving the quality of disclosure by setting the standards within which the public firms need to operate to ensure more transparency.


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Nineteen Eighty-four movie
Some segments are not appropriate for younger viewers.
Fabian Socialist Society (Associate of, dates uncertain) | Google
• Orwell was introduced to the Fabian Society by his French teacher and lifelong friend Aldous Huxley. However, he later became disenchanted with the Fabian Society and it is now thought his book 1984 (a title chosen to mark the 100th anniversary of the Fabians) was really a satirical polemic describing the kind of world he believed the Fabians would achieve. The Fabian Society acquired and sealed the archives of Orwell when his second wife Sonia died some years ago. According to representatives of the publishing company Harper Collins, the Fabians will be in control of the "1984" copyright and name through the year 2025, and they have done their best to block unauthorized investigative research about Orwell's anti-socialist works. Even rights to Orwell's estate fell under control of the Fabian Society.
The Fabian Socialist Society was founded in 1884.
At their founding, they made a prediction that they could accomplish their objectives within 100 years.
When Eric Blair defected from the Fabian Socialist Society, and THEN he wrote "1984".
"1984" was written as an EXPOSE of what the Fabian Socialist Society was trying to do. It is an INSIDER's expose' of reality. It is not a fantasy.Everything in "1984" is coming to pass.Remember the slogan: "War is peace"?
Now we have a United Nations "peace" army that is
out waging peace on almost a dozen nations.
Remember the slogan: "Freedom is Slavery"?
"Be it thy policy to busy giddy minds with foreign quarrels."
I remember thinking that the Party's slogan "War is Peace" was too ridiculous to actually be believed by anyone.
Inside the United Nations (Paperback) by Steve Bonta
Imagine the same things that The United Nations is doing, in other countries,


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In the heat of summer – especially in
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Best route map between Jonesboro, AR and Newport, AR. This route take about 44 Miles.
The distance and estimated time is placed on the right depending on the status of the road.
, 01:42
* You can see Jonesboro, AR and Newport, AR photos above. We provide this photos from Google Panoramio service.
* Jonesboro, AR weather as celsius: °C
* Newport, AR weather as celsius: °C
* Weather information on route, provide by Open Weather Map.
All Rights Reserved. © 2010 - 2016 About Feedback


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November is Diabetes Awareness Month
How can you get involved?
The Diabetes Institute at Ohio University is committed to help raise awareness about diabetes. Take a step to help raise awareness by joining us in the events planned for the month of November!
High School Participation
Area high schools joined the Diabetes Institute in promoting awareness by decorating a high traffic area of their school such as an entry way, display case, or cafeteria wall with supplies given to them by the institute. Click here to view the results of their participation!
Blue Circle Challenge
Photo Credit: Katelyn Vancouver BS '17
Clubs and organizations inside and outside of Ohio University are encouraged to take the Blue Circle Challenge! Be creative and create a human blue circle, take a picture and submit it to firstname.lastname@example.com. To view submitted photos click here.
By submitting your photo, you are consenting and authorizing the use of photographs for promotion on our website and social media forums.
Diabetes Coalition
Continuing education resource for diabetes educators.
Wednesday, November 4, 2014, 9:00 AM to 2:30 PM
For more information or to register contact Jody Van Bibber at firstname.lastname@example.com
Diabetes Free Clinic
Physicians and fellows, specializing in diabetes, offer free services to patients who qualify.
Tuesday, November 10, 2014 2:00 PM to 7:30 PM
Heritage Community Clinic, Grosvenor Ground Floor
For more information call 1-800-844-2654
World Diabetes Day
Global diabetes communities unite to produce a powerful voice for diabetes awareness and advocacy.
Saturday, November 14, 2015 All Day
Walk with a Doc
National walking program to help individuals learn from physicians for a healthier lifestyle.
Saturday, November 14, 2015, 8:30 AM
The Athens Community Center, 701 E. State Street, Athens, Ohio 45701
Click here for more information about Walk with a Doc.
Diabetes Expo
Diabetes resource fair, open to the public.
Saturday, November 14, 2015, 9:00 AM to 12:00 Noon
The Athens Community Center, 701 E. State Street, Athens, Ohio 45701
Click here to see the promotional flyer.
5K - Ohio University College Diabetes Network Chapter
Saturday, November 14, 2015, 11:00 AM
The Athens Community Center, 701 E. State Street, Athens, Ohio 45701
Click here for more information and to register.
MCB Retreat and Banquet 2015
A day of scientific talks for Molecular and Cellular Biology (MCB) students, faculty, alumni and friends.
Saturday, November 14, 2015, 12:00 PM
Ohio University Nelson Commons
Keynote Speaker: Darrell Neufer, PhD, Director, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute
Click here for more information.
Diabetes Research Seminar
This month's guest is Katie Weinger, EdD, FAADE, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School
Friday, November 20, 2015 3:00 PM to 5:00 PM
Grover Center E205.
Dr. Weinger's visit is supported by the Endocrine Society's Visiting Professor Program, supported by Eisai Inc.
Click here to see the program flyer.
Why is diabetes awareness important?
Get the facts: 2014 National Diabetes Statistic Report


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To embed, copy and paste the code into your website or blog:
Table of Contents
Inhale, Inc. v. Starbuzz Tobacco, Inc., USCA, Ninth Circuit, January 9, 2014
Click here for a copy of the full decision.
In this case, the Ninth Circuit considered whether the shape of plaintiff's hookah water container was entitled to copyright protection. The court held that it was not, as plaintiff only sought to copyright the shape of the container, a "useful article" with features that could not be separated from its function.
A hookah is a water pipe typically used to smoke flavored tobacco. The water container forms the base of the hookah. The plaintiff, a seller of hookahs, claimed copyright protection in the particular water container shape that it registered with the Copyright Office. Plaintiff sued defendants, rival hookah sellers, claiming that they were selling a hookah with a water container that infringed on plaintiff's copyright. Plaintiff's hookah included skull-and-crossbones images, whereas defendants' did not.
The district court granted summary judgment in favor of the defendants, finding that the shape of the water container is not copyrightable, and awarded attorneys' fees. The Ninth Circuit affirmed both the summary judgment and the award of fees.
At the outset, the court noted the parties' agreement that the plaintiff's hookah water container is a "useful article" and that the item's shape would only be copyrightable under the Copyright Act "if [it] incorporates . . . sculptural features that can be identified separately from, and are capable of existing independently of, the utilitarian aspects of the" container.
Plaintiff argued that the shape of its water container was conceptually separable because it was distinct. The court disagreed. Finding it persuasive, the appellate court adopted the determination by the Copyright Office that the distinctiveness of an item's shape does not affect separability. Although plaintiff's water container has a distinctive shape, the court concluded that because the shape of the hookah water container was not independent from the container's utilitarian function—to hold water within the container—the district court properly found that the shape was not copyrightable.
The panel further affirmed the district court's award of attorneys' fees to the defendants based on the defendants' total success on the merits and the frivolousness of plaintiff's claim and also awarded the defendants its fees for the appeal.
Westlaw decisions are reprinted with permission of Thomson/West. If you wish to check the currency of these cases, you may do so using KeyCite on Westlaw by visiting http://www.westlaw.com/.
Circular 230 Disclosure: To assure compliance with Treasury Department rules governing tax practice, we inform you that any advice (including in any attachment) (1) was not written and is not intended to be used, and cannot be used, for the purpose of avoiding any federal tax penalty that may be imposed on the taxpayer, and (2) may not be used in connection with promoting, marketing or recommending to another person any transaction or matter addressed herein.
See more
DISCLAIMER: Because of the generality of this update, the information provided herein may not be applicable in all situations and should not be acted upon without specific legal advice based on particular situations.
© Loeb & Loeb LLP
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Created in this Craftsy class
Become part of a long-standing decorating tradition and learn the storied Lambeth Method.
Other projects made as part of this class:
Offer some kudos...
Join the conversation...
Ask a question...
Add your comment...
|Here are some details about my project:
|Cake Decorating
|Any Occasion
|Royal Icing
|Elegant, Classic
For those of you who've asked to see my sample boards from this class, here are 2 of them. I'll check with Craftsy to see if they can post their "more professional" photos of all 3 boards I created for the class.
Thanks for posting these boards, Wendy - it will be SUPER helpful for practicing. Any chance you might also list out the tips you used for each step? I was also wondering if you knew of any good books that show other Lambeth borders (other than the actual $200 Lambeth book)? I am hooked after watching your class and trying some of it out and want to learn more! :) Thanks!
Thank you. I asked for these also, but hadn't looked here first. Thanks!
Thanks, this is helpful.
Thank you so much! I'm very excited to try!


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Are you a start-up or an established business looking to manage your cash and payments better? We offer payment and cash management solutions that will help you take control over your entire processes of cash collections and payments.
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We offer various payment solutions to suit any business in need of making payments, be it to suppliers, employees or any other individual.
I need to manage collection of payments effectively
Our payment acceptance solutions will help you manage collections, giving you the business owner peace of mind and more time to grow your business.
Need more help?
Let one of our consultants assist you.
Call us on:
0860 111 222
E-mail us at:


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Touch of Europe Café& Deli
- 940 W. Hallandale Beach Blvd.
Hallandale Beach, FL 33009
- 954-458-2961
- 11 a.m.-7 p.m. Tuesday-Friday, 11 a.m.-5 p.m. Saturday and Sunday
- $, $10 and under
- European
Touch of Europe moved 2 blocks closer to I-95 in the I-Hop Plaza along Hallandale Beach Boulevard and added a café and expanded the menu (the old place was just takeout). Here is where to get Polish and Eastern European imports (spreads, pickles, dried mushrooms, juices, jams) plus deli cold cuts, sausages and cheeses. After shopping, be seated at one of the tables and enjoy the homemade soup, a salad platter or sandwich. There are also hearty entrees, including stuffed cabbage, pierogi, Salisbury steak with potatoes and beet relish, Polish sausage with grilled onions and blintzes (savory or with fruit preserves). Quick and friendly service makes this ideal for lunch.
- Yes
- Yes
- Yes
- Yes
- European
- Indoor
- Lunch, Dinner
- Hushed
- Yes


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THERE were four directors on the set of "The Wolf of Wall Street," but it wasn't a case of too many cooks.
Martin Scorsese was the lone chef. Among his chosen ingredients - a supporting cast of actors that included Jon Favreau, Spike Jonze and Rob Reiner, the latter with a substantial role as the bean-counting father of the movie's free-spending title character, an investment swindler played by Leonardo DiCaprio.
Reiner was there to perform, not to kibbitz, but he did have a chance to commiserate with Scorsese about a subject common to all of them - how hard it is, even for big-name directors, to get grown-up material made by risk-averse studios.