text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 4, 1994
|Filing date
|Dec 4, 1991
|Priority date
|Dec 20, 1990
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Rosario Drogo De Iacovo, Roberto Montagna, Daniele Sereno
|Original Assignee
|Sip - Societa Italiana Per L'esercizio Delle Telecomunicazioni P.A.
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|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Non-Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (78), Classifications (5), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to speech signal coding and, more particularly, to a digital coding system with embedded subcode using analysis by synthesis techniques.
The expression "digital coding with embedded subcode", or more simply "embedded coding", indicates that within a bit flow forming the coded signal, there is a slower flow which can be still decoded giving an approximate replica of the original signal. Said codes allow coping not only with accidental losses of part of the transmitted bit flow, but also the the necessity of temporarily limiting the amount of information transmitted. The latter situation can occur in case of overload in packet-switched networks, e.g. these based on the so-called "Asynchronous Transfer Mode" better known as ATM, where a rate limitation can be achieved by dropping a number of packets or of bits in each packet. By using an embedded code, at the destination node the original signal is recovered, although at the expenses of a certain degradation by comparison with reception of the whole bit or packet flow. This solution is simpler than using a set of coders/decoders with different structure, operating at suitable rates and driven by network signaling for the choice of the transmission rate.
Among the systems used for speech signal coding, PCM (and more particularly uniform PCM with sample sign and magnitude coding) is per se an embedded code, since the use of a greater or smaller number of bits in a codeword determines a more or less precise reconstruction of the sample value. Other systems, such as e.g. DPCM (differential PCM) and ADPCM (adaptive differential PCM), where the past information is exploited to decode the current information, or systems based on vector quantization, such as analysis-by-synthesis coding systems, are not in their basic form embedded codings, and actually the loss of a certain number of coding bits causes a dramatic degradation in the reconstructed signal quality.
Coding-decoding devices based on DPCM or ADPCM techniques modified so as to implement an embedded coding are described in the literature E.g., the paper entitled "Embedded DPCM for variable bit rate transmission" presented by D. J. Goodman at the Conference ICC-80, paper 42-2, describes a DPCM coder-decoder in which the signal to be coded is quantized with such a number of levels as to produce the nominal transmission rate envisaged on the line, while the inverse quantizers operate with a number of levels corresponding to the minimum transmission rate envisaged. The predicators in the coder and decoder operate consequently on identical signals, quantized with the same quanitzaiton step. The resulting quality degradation has proved less than that occurring in case of loss of the same number of bits in conventional DPCM coding transmission. The paper also suggests the use of the same concept for speech packet transmission, since bit dropping causes a much lower degradation than packet loss, which is the way in which usually a transmission rate is reduced under heavy traffic conditions.
In the paper entitled "Missing packet recovery of low-bit-rate coded speech using a novel packet-based embedded coder", presented by M. M. Lara-Barron and G. B. Lockhart at the Fifth European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO-90), Barcelona, Sep. 18-21, 1990, a speech signal embedded coding system is disclosed which is just studied for packet transmission in order to limit degradation in case of loss or dropping of entire packets instead of individual bits. The general coder structure basically reproduces that of the embedded DPCM coder described in the above-mentioned paper by D. J. Goodman. The system is based on a classification of packets as "essential" and "supplementary" and the network, in the case of overload, preferentially drops supplementary packets. For such a classification, a current packet is compared with its prediction to determine the degradation which would result from reconstruction at the receiver, the degradation being expressed by a "reconstruction index". The reconstruction index is then compared to a threshold. If the comparison indicates high degradation, i.e. a packet difficult to reconstruct, the packet is classified as "essential", otherwise it is classified as "supplementary". The two packet types are coded and transmitted normally through the network. The decision "essential packet" or "supplementary packet" determines the position of suitable switches in the transmitter and receiver in such a manner that, at the transmitter, after transmission of a supplementary packet, the predicted packet is coded instead of the original one, and the coded packet is also supplied to a local decoder and a local predictor in order to predict the subsequent packet. At the receiver, essential packets are decoded normally and supplied to the output. A local encoder is also provided for updating the decoder parameters in case of a missing packet, by using a packet predicted in a local predictor. A supplementary packet is decoded and emitted normally, but it is supplied also to the local predictor and encoder to keep the encoder parameters in alignment with the encoder parameters at the transmitter.
DPCM/ADPCM coding systems offer good performance for rates basically comprised in the interval 32 to 64 kbit/s, while at lower rates their performance strongly decreases as the rate decreases. At lower rates different coding techniques are used, more particularly analysis-by-synthesis techniques. Yet, also these techniques do not result in embedded codes, nor does the literature describe how an embedded code can be obtained. The paper by M. M. Lara-Barron and G. B. Lockhart states that the suggested method can also be applied to any low-bit rate encoder that utilises past information to decode current-frame samples, and hence theoretically such a method could be used also in case of analysis-by-synthesis coding techniques. However, even neglecting the fact that indications of performance are given only for 32 kbit/s ADPCM coding, the structure of transmitter and receiver is the typical structure of DPCM/ADPCM systems, comprising, in addition to the actual coding circuits at the transmitter and decoding circuits at the receiver, a decoder and a predictor at the transmitter and a predictor at the receiver. These devices are not provided for in the transmitters/receivers of a system exploiting analysis-by-synthesis techniques, and their addition, besides that of the circuits for determining the reconstruction-index, would greatly complicate the structure of said transmitters/receivers. Furthermore, since the coding/decoding circuits comprise a certain number of digital filters, the problem arises of correctly updating their memories.
The object of the present invention is to provide a method of and a device for speech signal coding, allowing attainment of an embedded coding when using analysis-by-synthesis techniques, while keeping the typical structure of the transmitters/receivers of such systems unchanged.
The method comprises a coding phase, in which at each frame a coded signal is generated which comprises information relevant to an excitation, chosen out of a set of possible excitation signals and submitted to a synthesis filtering to introduce into the excitation short-term and long-term spectral characteristics of the speech signal and to produce a synthesized signal. The excitation which is chosen is that which minimizes a perceptually-significant distortion measure, obtained by comparison of the original and synthesized signals and simultaneous spectral shaping of the compared signals, and a decoding phase wherein an excitation, chosen according to the information contained in a received coded signal out of a signal set identical to the one used for coding, is submitted to a synthesis filtering corresponding to that effected on the excitation during the coding phase. Embedded coding is generated for use in a network where the coded signals are organized into packets which are transmitted at a first bit rate and can be received at bit rates lower than the first rate but not lower than a predetermined minimum transmission rate. The various rates differ by discrete steps.
According to the invention, the sets of excitation signals for coding and decoding are split into a plurality of subsets, the first of which contributes to the respective excitation with such an amount of information as required for a transmission of the coded signals at the minimum transmission rate, while the other subsets provide contributions corresponding each to one of said discrete steps, the contributions of said other subsets being used in a predetermined succession and being added to the contributions of the first subset and of previous subsets in the succession;
during the coding phase the contributions supplied by all subsets of excitation signals are filtered in such a manner that, at each frame, the memory of the filtering results relevant to one or more preceding frames is taken into account only when filtering the excitation contribution of the first subset, while the excitation contributions of all other subsets are filtered without taking into account the results of the filtering relevant to preceding frames;
still during the coding phase, the contributions to the coded signal supplied by different subsets are inserted into different packets which can be distinguished from one another, the decrease from the first rate to one of the lower rates being achieved by first discarding packets containing the excitation contribution which has led to the attainment of the first rate and then packets containing the excitation contribution corresponding to preceding increase steps;
during the decoding phase, for each frame, the excitation contributions of the first subset are submitted to the synthesis filtering whatever the bit rate at which the coded signals are received and, if such a rate is higher than the minimum rate, even excitation contributions of the subsets corresponding to the steps which have led to such a rate, are filtered, the filtering of the excitation signals in the first subset being a filtering with memory and the filtering of the excitation signals in the other subsets being a filtering without memory.
A device for implementing the method comprises a coder including:
a first excitation source supplying a set of excitation signals wherein an excitation to be used for coding operations relevant to a frame of samples of the speech signal is chosen;
a first filtering system which imposes on the excitation signals the short-term and long-term spectral characteristics of the speech signal and supplies a synthesized signal;
means for carrying out a perceptually significant measurement of the distortion of the synthesized signal in comparison with the speech signal, for searching an optimum excitation which is the excitation which minimizes the distortion, and for generating coded signals comprising information relevant to the optimum excitation signal; and
means to organise a transmission of coded signals as a packet flow; and a decoder including:
means for extracting the coded signals from a received packet flow;
a second excitation source supplying a set of excitation signals corresponding to the set supplied by the first source, an excitation corresponding to the one used for coding during a frame being chosen in said set on the basis of the excitation information contained in the coded signal; and
a second filtering system, identical to the first one, which generates a synthesized signal during decoding.
According to the invention
the first source of excitation signals comprises a plurality of partial sources each arranged to supply a different subset of the excitation signals, the subset supplied by a first partial source contributing to the coded signal with a bit stream necessary to obtain a packet transmission at a minimum bit rate, while the subsets of the other partial sources contribute to the coded signal with bit streams that, successively added to the contribution supplied by the first partial source, originate an increase of the bit rate by discrete steps up to a maximum bit rate;
the second source of excitation signals comprises a plurality of partial sources supplying respective subsets of the excitation signals corresponding to the subsets supplied by the partial sources of the first excitation signals;
the first and second filtering systems comprise each a first filtering structure which is fed with the excitation signals belonging to the first subset and, during the filtering relevant to a frame, processes them exploiting the memory of the filterings relevant to preceding frames, and further filtering structures, which are each associated with one of the other subsets of excitation signals and which, during the filterings relevant to a frame, process the relevant signals without exploiting the memory of the filtering relevant to the preceding frames;
the means for measuring distortion and searching the optimum excitation supply the means generating the coded signal with an excitation comprising contributions from all subsets of excitation signals;
the means for organizing the transmission into packets introduce into different packets the excitation information originating form different subsets of excitation signals; and
the second filtering system supplies the signal synthesized during decoding by processing an excitation always comprising a contribution from the first subset of excitation signals, and comprising contributions from one or more further subsets only if the packet flow relevant to a frame of samples of speech signal is received at a higher rate than the minimum rate.
Coding systems using CELP (Codebook Excited Linear Prediction) technique, which is an analysis-by-synthesis technique, are also known, where the excitation codebook is subdivided into partial codebooks. An example is described by I. A. Gerson and M. A. Jasuk in the paper entitled: "Vector Sum Excited Linear Prediction (VSELP) Speech Coding at 8 kbps" presented at the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP 90), Albuquerque (USA), Apr. 3-6, 1990. However, these systems are employed in fixed rate networks, and hence also at the receiving side the excitation always comprises contributions of all partial codebooks and the problem of tuning the filters at the transmitter and at the receiver does not exist.
The invention also provides a method of transmitting signals coded by analysis-by-synthesis techniques with the coding method and the coding device according to the invention.
The invention will become more apparent with reference to the accompanying drawing, which shows the implementation of the invention using the CELP technique and in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a conventional CELP coder;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a coder according to the invention;
FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 are block diagrams of the filtering system of the receiver and transmitter of the system of FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is a functional diagram of the filtering system in the transmitter; and
FIG. 6 is a partial diagram of a variant.
Prior to describing the invention, we sill shortly disclose the structure of a speech-signal CELP coding/decoding system. As know, in such systems the excitation signal for the synthesis filter simulating the vocal tract consists of vectors, obtained e.g. from random sequences of Gaussian white noise, chosen out of a convenient codebook. During the coding phase, for a given block of speech signal samples, the vector is to be sought which, supplied to the synthesis filter, minimizes perceptually-significant distortion measure, obtained by comparing the synthesized samples and the corresponding samples of the original signal, and simultaneous weighting by a function which takes into account also how human perception evaluates the distortion introduced. This operation is typical of all systems based on analysis-by-synthesis techniques, which differ in the nature of the excitation signal.
With reference to FIG. 1, the transmitter of a CELP coding system can be seen to comprise:
a filtering system F1 (synthesis filter) simulating the vocal tract and comprising the cascade of long-term synthesis filter (predictor) LT1 and of a short-term synthesis filter (predictor) ST1, which introduce into the excitation signal the characteristics depending on the fine spectral structure of the signal (more particularly the periodicity of voiced sounds) and those depending on the spectral envelope of the signal, respectively. A typical transfer function of the long term filter is
B(z)=1/(1-βz-L) (1)
where z-1 is a delay by one sampling interval, β and L are the gain and the delay of the long-term synthesis (the latter being the pitch period or a multiple thereof in case of voiced sounds). A typical transfer function for the short-term filter is
A(z)=1/(1-Σαi z-i) (2)
where αi is a vector of linear prediction coefficients, determined from input signal s(n) using the well known linear prediction technique, and the summation extends to all samples in the block.
A read only memory ROM1 which contains the codebook of vectors (or words), which, weighted by a scale factor γ in a multiplier M, form the excitation signal e(n) to be filtered in F1; a same scale factor, previously determined, can be used for the whole search for an optimum vector (i.e. the vector minimizing the distortion for the block of samples being coded), or an optimum scale factor for each vector can be determined and used during the search.
An added SM1, which carries out the comparison between the original signal s(n) and the filtered signal s1(n) and supplies an error signal d(n) consisting of the difference between said two signals.
a filter SW for spectrally shaping the error signal, so as to render the differences between the original and the reconstructed signal less perceptible; typically SW has a transfer function of the type
W(z)=(1-Σαi z-i)/(1-Σαi λi z-i) (3)
where λ is an experimentally determined constant corrective factor (typically, of the order of 0.8-0.9) which determines the band increase around the formats; this filter could be located upstream SM1, on both inputs, so that SM1 directly gives the weighted error: in such case, the transfer function of ST1 becomes 1/(1-Σαi λi z-i).
A processing unit EL1 which carries out the operation necessary for searching the optimum excitation vector and possibly optimizing the scale factor and the long-term filter parameters.
The coded signal, for each block, consists of index i of the optimum vector chosen, scale factor γ, delay L and gain β of LT1, and coefficients αi of ST1, duly quantized in a coder C1. Clearly, the filters in F1 ought to be reset at each new block to be coded.
The receiver comprises a decoder D1, a second read-only memory ROM2, a multiplier M2, and a synthesis filter F2 comprising the cascade of a long-term synthesis filter LT2 and a short-term synthesis filter ST2, identical respectively to devices ROM1, M1, F1, LT1, ST1 in the transmitter. Memory ROM2, addressed by decoded index i, supplies F2 with the same vector as used at the transmitting side, and this vector is weighted in M2 and filtered in F2 by using scale factor γ and parameters α, β, L, of short term and long term synthesis corresponding to those used in the transmitter and reconstructed starting from the coded signal; output signal s(n) of filter F2, converted again if necessary into analog form, is supplied to utilizing devices.
In the particular case of use in an ATM network (or in general in a packet switched network) downstream of the encoder there are devices for organizing the information into packets to be transmitted, and upstream of the decoder there are devices for extracting from packets received the information to be decoded. These devices are well known to a worker skilled in the art, and their operation do not affect coding/decoding operations.
FIG. 2 shows the embedded coder of the Invention. By way of a non-limiting example, it will be supposed that such a coder is used in a packed switched network PSN (more particularly, an ATM network) where it is possible to drop a number of packets (independently of their nature) to reduce the transmission rate in case of overload. For simplicity and clarity of description, reference will be made to a speech coder capable of operating at 9.6, 8 or 6.4 kbit/s according to traffic conditions. Said rates lie within the range for which analysis-by-synthesis coders are typically used.
To implement the embedded coding, the excitation codebook is split into three partial codebooks. The first partial codebook contains such a number of vectors as to contribute to the coded signal with a bit stream that, added to the bit stream produced by the coding of the other parameters (scale factor and filtering system parameters), gives rise to the minimum transmission rate of 6.4 kbit/s; the second and third partial codebooks have such a size as to provide the contribution required by a transmission rate of 1.6 kbit/s. ROM11, ROM12, ROM13 denote the memories containing the partial codebooks; M11, M12, M13 denote the multipliers that weight the codevectors by the respective scale factors γ1 γ2, γ3, giving excitation signals e1, e2, e3. The transmitter always operates at 9.6 kbit/s, and hence the coded signal comprises, as far as the excitation is concerned, the contributions provided by the three above-mentioned signals. Advantageously, to keep the total number of bits to be transmitted limited, the filtering system will be identical (i.e. it will use the same weighting coefficients) for all excitations. Therefore the figure shows a single filter F3 connected to the outputs of multipliers M11, M12, M13 through a multiplexer MX. For drawing simplicity the two predictors in F3 have not been indicated. In the diagram it has also been supposed that spectral weighting is effected separately on input signal s(n) and on the excitation signals, so that adder SM2 (analogous to SM1, FIG. 1) directly gives weighted error dw. Filter SW is hence indicated only on the path of s(n), since its effect on the excitation is obtained by a suitable choice of short term synthesis filter F3, as already explained. EL2 denotes the processing unit which performs the search for the optimum vector within the partial codebooks and the operations required for optimizing the other parameters (in particular, scale factor and gain of long-term filter) according to any of the procedures known in the art. C2 denotes a device having the same functions as C1 in FIG. 1. Clearly, the coded signals will comprise indices i(j) (j=1, 2, 3) of the optimum vectors chosen in the three partial codebooks and the respective optimum scale factor. γ(j).
Quantizer C2 is followed by device PK packetizing the coded speech signal in the manner required by the particular packet switching network PSN. The excitation contribution of the different codebooks will be introduced by PK into different packets labeled so that they can be distinguished in the different networks nodes. This can be easily obtained by exploiting a suitable field in the packet header. Thus, in case of overload, a node can drop first the packets containing the excitation contribution from e3 and then the packets containing contribution from e2 ; the packets with the contrition from e1 are on the contrary always forwarded through the network, and form the minimum 6.4 kbit/s data flow guaranteed.
At the receiver, a device DPK extracts from the packets received the coded speech signals and sends them to decoding circuit D2, analogous to D1 (FIG. 1), which is connected to three sources of reconstructed excitation E11, E12, E13. Each source comprises a read-only-memory, addressed by a respective decoded index i1, i2,i3 and containing the same codebook as ROM11, ROM12, ROM13, respectively, and a multiplier, analogous to multiplier M2 (FIG. 1) and fed with a respective decoder scale factor γ1, γ2, γ3. Depending on the rate at which the speech signal is received, synthesis filter F4, analogous to filter F2 of FIG. 1, will receive the only excitation supplied by E11 (in case 6.4 Kbit/s are received) or the excitation from E11 and E12 (8 kbit/s) or the excitations supplied by E11, E12, E13 (9.6 kbit/s). This is schematized by adder S3, which directly receives the signals from E11 and receives the output signals of E12, E13 through AND gates A12, A13 enabled e.g. by DPK when necessary.
For drawing simplicity neither the various timing signals for the transmitter and receiver components, nor the devices generating them are indicated; on the other hand timing aspects are not affected by the invention.
To keep a good quality of the reconstructed signal, the filter operation at the transmitter and the receiver must be as uniform as possible. In accordance with the invention, taking into account that at least the data flow at minimum speed is guaranteed by the network, the coder has been optimised for such minimum speed. This corresponds to carrying out coding/decoding in a frame by exploiting the memory contribution of filters F3, F4 relevant to the only first excitation, whilst the second and the third excitations are submitted to a filtering without memory. In other terms, the optimization procedure is carried out by taking into account the filterings carried out in the preceding frames for the search of a vector in ROM11, and by taking into account the only current frame for the search in ROM12, ROM13. As a consequence, even at the receiver, only the filtering of excitation signals e1 will take into account the results of the previous filterings.
The basic diagrams of the receiver and the transmitter under these conditions are represented in FIGS. 3 and 4. For a better understanding of those diagrams and of the following one it is to be taking into account that a digital filter with memory can be schematized by the parallel connection of two filters having the same transfer function as the one considered. The first filter is a zero input filter, and hence its output represents the contribution of the memory of the preceding filterings, while the second filter actually processes the signal to be filtered, but it is initialized at each frame by resetting its memory (supposing for simplicity that the vector length coincides with the frame length). Furthermore, a filtering without memory is a linear operation, and hence the superposition of effects applies. In other terms, with reference to FIG. 2, in case of reception at a rate exceeding the minimum, filtering without memory the signal resulting from the sum of e1, e2, and possible e3 corresponds to summing the same signals filtered separately without memory.
In FIG. 3 filtering system F4 of FIG. 2 is represented as subdivided into three subsystems F41, F42, F43 for processing excitations e1, e2, e3, respectively. Subsystem F41 carries out a filtering with memory, and hence it has been represented as comprising zero-input element F41a and element F41b filtering excitation e1 without memory. The outputs of elements F41a, F41b are combined in added SM31, whose output u1 conveys the reconstructed digital speech signal in case of 6.4 kbit/s transmission. Subsystems F42, F43 filter e2, e3 without memory and hence are analogous to F41b. The output signal of filter F42 is combined with the signal on u1 in an adder SM32, whose output u2 conveys the reconstructed digital speech signal in case 8 kbit/s are received. Finally, the output signal of filter F43 is combined with the signal present on u2 in an adder SM33, whose output u3 conveys the reconstructed digital speech signal in case of 9.6 kbit/s transmission.
The diagram of FIG. 4 is quite similar: F31 (F31a, F31b), F32, F33 are the subsystems forming F3, and SM21, SM22, SM23, SM24 is a chain of adders generating signal dw of FIG. 2. More particularly, the output signal of F31a, i.e. the contribution of the memories of filtering of excitation e1, is subtracted from weighted input signal sw(n) in SM21, yielding a first partial error dw1; the output signal of F31b, i.e. the result of the filtering without memory of e1, is subtracted from dw1 in SM22 yielding a second partial error signal dw2; the contribution due to filtering without memory of e2 is subtracted from dw2 in SM3, yielding a signal dw3, from which the contribution due to the filtering without memory of e3 is subtracted in SM24. For a better understanding of the following diagrams the cascade of long-term and short-term predictors LT31a, ST31a and LT31b, ST31b is explicitly indicated in F31a, F31b. All predictors in the various elements have transfer functions given by (1) or (2), as the case may be.
FIG. 5 shows the structure of filtering system F3, under the hypothesis that the length of a frame coincides with the length of the vectors in the excitation codebook and that delay L of long-term predictors is greater than the vector length. This choice for the delay is usual in CELP coders. Corresponding devices are denoted by the same reference characters used in FIGS. 4 and 5.
Element F31a simply comprises tow short-term filters ST311, ST312 and multiplier M3, in series with ST312, which carries out the multiplication by factor β which appears in (1). Filter ST311 is a zero input filter, whilst ST312 is fed, for processing the n-th sample of a frame, with output signal PIT(n-L), relevant to L preceding sampling instants, of a long-term synthesis filter LT3' which receives the sample of e1 (FIG. 2) and, with a short-term synthesis filter ST3', forms a fictitious synthesizer SIN3 serving to create the memories for element F31a.
This structure has the same functions as the cascade of LT31a and ST31a in FIG. 4. In fact, at instant n, a filter such as LT31a (with zero input) would supply ST31a with the filtered signal relevant to instant n-31 L, weighted by factor β. This same signal can be obtained by delaying the output signal of LT3' by L sampling instants in a delay element DL1, so that LT31a can be eliminated. ST31a, as disclosed above, can be split into two filters ST311, ST312 with zero input and memory and with input PIT(n-L) and without memory, respectively. The memory for ST311 will consist of output signal ZER(n) of ST3'. The output signal of ST311 is fed to the input of an added SM211, where it is subtracted from signal sw(n), and the output signal of the cascade of ST312 and M3 is connected to an adder SM212, where it is subtracted from the output signal of SM211; the two adders carry out the functions of adder SM21 in FIG. 5.
Element F31b without memory comprises only short-term synthesis filter ST31b: in fact, with the hypothesis made for delay L, long-term synthesis filter LT31b would let through the input signal unchanged, since the output sample to be used for processing an input sample would be relevant to the preceding frames. For the same reasons, filters F32, F33 of FIG. 4 only comprise short-term synthesis filters, here denoted by ST32, ST33.
As stated, the circuit of FIG. 5 is based on the assumption that the frame length coincide with the length of the codebook vectors. Usually however the frames have a duration of the order of 20 ms (160 samples of speech signals at a sampling frequency of 8 kHz), and the use of vectors of such a length would require very big memories and give rise to high computing complexity for minimizing the error. Generally it it preferred to use shorter vectors (e.g. vectors with length 1/4 of the frame duration) and subdivide the frames into subframes of the same length as a codebook vector, so that an excitation vector per each subframe is used for the coding. Thus, during a frame, the search for the optimum vector in each partial codebook is repeated as many times as the subframes are. In an ATM network, packet dropping for limiting the transmission rate takes place when passing from one frame to the next, whilst within the frame the rate is constant. Within a frame it is then possible to optimise the coder for the rate actually used in that frame, i.e. to take also into account the memories of filters F32, F33. The long-term prediction delay will still be greater than vector duration. Under these conditions also filters F32, F33 would have the structure shown for F31 in FIG. 5, with the only difference that at the end of each frame signals PIT and ZER relevant to e2, e3 will have to be reset, since only the memory of F31 is taken into account.
The structure can be simplified if long-term characteristics are not taken into account for filtering excitations e2, e3 (and hence e2, e3): in this case in fact the fictitious synthesizer relevant to each one of said excitations comprises only a short-term synthesis filter and the branch which receives signal PIT is missing. As shown in FIG. 6, under these conditions filtering subsystems F32, F33 comprise the three filters ST32a, ST32b, ST32' and ST33a, ST33b, ST33' respectively, analogous to ST311, ST31b and ST3' (FIG. 5), and adders SM231, SM232 and SM241, SM242 forming adders S23 and S24, respectively. ZER2, ZER3 denote signals corresponding to ZER (FIG. 5), i.e. signals representing the memory contribution for filtering in F32, F33; finally, RSM denotes the reset signal of the memories of ST32', ST33', which is generated at the beginning of each new frame by the conventional devices timing the operations of the coding system.
It is clear that the above description has been given only by way of a non limiting example, variations and modifications being possible without going out of the scope of the invention. More particularly, even through reference has been made to a CELP coding scheme, the invention can apply to whatever analysis-by-synthesis coding system, since the invention is per se independent of excitation signal nature. More particularly, in case of multipulse coding, which with CELP coding is the most widely used, a first number of pulses will be used to obtain 6.4 kbit/s transmission rate, and two other pulse sets will provide the rate increase required to achieve the other envisaged speeds.
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|U.S. Classification
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Owner name: SIP- SOCIETA ITALIANA PER 1 ESERCIZIO DELLE TELEC
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:DROGO DE IACOVO, ROSARIO;MONTAGNA, ROBERTO;SERENO, DANIELE;REEL/FRAME:006486/0721
Effective date: 19911124
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Owner name: TELECOM ITALIA MOBILE S.P.A., ITALY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:SIP SOCIETA ITALIANA PER L ESERCIZIO DELLE TELECOMUNICAZIONI P.A., A.K.A. TELECOM ITALIA S.P.A.;REEL/FRAME:008639/0524
Effective date: 19970430
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text:
Solutions for Chapter 24
Physically, a lattice phonon does not carry any momentum, but it interacts with other particles and fields as if it has a momentum, where K represents the wave vector of the phonon. Also from the de Broglie relation,
It is apparent that a phonon of wavelength carries a momentum. The quantity is sometimes called the crystal momentum. The physical significance of is provided by the momentum conservation laws in crystals.
The wave vector conservation law for elastic scattering or the Bragg's diffraction of X-ray photons from crystals is given by,
Here and k represent the wave vectors for the scattered and incident photons respectively and G is the reciprocal lattice vector. The conservation of momentum and energy gives,
The below figure shows some possible emission and absorption two-phonon process in which a neutron enters with momentum p and leaves with momentum.
In realistic, it is very difficult to draw the three-phonon process, because we have no idea about the conservation principle for three phonon system.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Lake Land College holds 2014 GED Graduation Ceremony
June 11, 2012
This year, 75 students from the Lake Land College Adult Education and Pathways programs passed the GED exam. To honor their accomplishments, a cap and gown ceremony was recently held in the college theater located in the Robert K. Luther Student Center.
Lake Land College President Josh Bullock presented the keynote address, and described the great accomplishment the graduates had achieved.
"Earning a GED can be more difficult than receiving a traditional high school diploma," explained Bullock. "Often, students have a more difficult path leading them down this route, but it makes earning the diploma all the more rewarding."
For the class of 2014, seven students received high honors, which is designated for students who score 3,000 or above on the GED exam. Special honors went to valedictorian Amanda Bailey, Mattoon, who was also awarded the Talented Student Award, and salutatorian Delpha Starr, Kansas.
Additionally, this year, the LLC Adult Education GED Scholarship Award was presented to Araya Sidwell, Casey. The Adult Education GED Scholarship is based on the student's essay and application in addition to GED exam scores. Sidwell, who took English as a Second Language courses before earning her GED, plans to major in accounting at Lake Land.
A cake and punch reception was held after the ceremony for dignitaries, students, family and friends.
This year's GED graduates include:
Amanda Bailey, Mattoon, high honors
Scott Baldwin, Effingham
Jadlin Ballinger, Herrick, high honors
Kurtis Black, Ashmore, high honors
Jonathan Bonilla, Sullivan
Ryan Burdick, Arthur
Justin Cable, Paris
Colleen Carpenter, Charleston
Dillon Conner, Paris
Matt Cook, Mattoon
Cedric Crawford, Mattoon
Amber Daniels, Charleston
Kayla De Jesus, Chrisman
Rebekah Dossett, Toledo
Nicole Elder, Charleston
Dayton Ellison, Mattoon
Susie Fleshner, Effingham
Ryan Fonner, Marshall
Jeremiah Fudge, Paris
Chelsea Gard, Mattoon
Donna Gordon, Shelbyville
Micah Guenther, Montrose
Laura Gutierrez, Arcola
Tayor Hancock, Paris
Jared Heitman, Knimundy
Anna Hershberger, Arthur
Luke Hershberger, Tuscola
Cassie Hesleton, Shelbyville, high honors
Miranda Holland, Charleston
Charles Horn, St. Elmo
Chris Hunter, Windsor
Daniel Ingram, Sullivan
James LayCoax, Watson
Lisa LayCoax, Neoga, high honors
Ashley LeLoup, Paris
James Lucas, Charleston
Jeremy Luster, Sullivan
Charles McKinzie, Mattoon, high honors
Cody McVaigh, Charleston
Jacob Miller, Herrick
Samuel Miller, Arthur
Tonya Montz, Charleston
JoJunia Mosley, Charleston
Ashley Osborn, Sullivan, IL
Karen Otto, Arthur
Jeffrey Packard, Neoga
Cody Pedigo, Charleston
Otha Phillips, Sullivan
Jennifer Pitts, Paris
Edward Plank, Humboldt
Erlinda Polendo, Windsor
Alisha Quast, Mattoon
Maura Quezada, Arthur
Tim Quick, Oakland
Nicky Ramos, Paris
Austin Redmon, Kansas
Daniel Ross, Humboldt
Geneva Schrock, Arthur
Jacob Scott, Cowden
Jacob Shepard, Charleston
Araya Sidwell, Casey
Porcha Smith, Charleston
Louann Solomon, Paris
Delpha Starr, Kansas, high honors
Luke Stodden, Trilla
Jessica Sutton, Lovington
Haley Teer, Paris
Daniel Tipsword, Mattoon
Kennie Tuttle, Humboldt
Caitlyn Watson, Shelbyville
Zachary Wells, Paris
Bryce Werling, Effingham
Ashley Whitley, Paris
Billie Wilken, Kansas
Drew Wishard, Paris
GED classes are offered in Arthur, Charleston, Cowden, Effingham, Marshall, Mattoon, Paris and Shelbyville. The classes are free and have open enrollment at the beginning of each six week session. GED classes offered in six-week modules will begin in August. For more information on the GED program, call 217-235-0361 or 1-800-210-5541 or visit the LLC Adult Education Center located at 305 Richmond Ave. East, Mattoon.
Media Contacts
Kelly Allee
Director of Marketing and Public Relations
Paula Rosine
Marketing Design Coordinator
Megan Nelson
Marketing Production Specialist
Jenny Osborn
Marketing Design Coordinator


text:
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Founded in 1957, Dexter Shoe Company has been the brand of choice for millions of customers seeking classic style, fine leathers, and expert craftsmanship – the pinnacle of fine shoemaking.
Review by: ray, warrington pa, 10/3/2011 4:32:18 PM
Overall rating: starstarstarstarstar
The shoe is of good quality with a comfortable fit.
Review by: Steven, Clinton MD, 11/25/2008 8:21:08 AM
Excellent shoe.
Review by: Nick, Wyomissing PA, 12/26/2011 1:10:46 PM
Very good
Review by: Mike, Henderson NC, 9/15/2008 7:48:59 AM
Great feeling shoe I hope it lasts as long as my last pair of Dexter shoes.
Review by: Barney Rubble, CA, 4/16/2009 3:38:41 PM
These shoes fit are very comfortable on the first wear and are made in the USA What''s not to like? Sadly it appears that Dexter is discontinuing these I hope they continue to use craftsmen in the USA to build these shoes.
Review by: John, Richland center/WI, 5/10/2011 6:34:24 AM
Excellent feeling and fitting pair of shoes.
Review by: John, Syracuse NY, 12/28/2010 6:56:25 PM
Very pleased. The order was received in excellent time. I am more than pleased with the product and will do more business with this fine firm.
Review by: John G. Cash, Lynchburg VA, 3/6/2006 7:33:33 AM
I was very pleased with the service price and how the shoes looked compared to the pictures on the net. They shine nicely when polished therefore I am pleased with the type of leather. I plan to uese my discount to buy a black pair like the ones previously purchased.
Review by: jessie, culver city, 1/30/2006 11:44:29 AM
this is a hand crafted boot very nicely made. Seems like it they will last forever. I haven''t worn them much yet and I''m hoping they will soften up nicely. Also I wish the color wasn''t so light. A little deeper and richer in tone would be nice.
Review by: Frank, Cleveland OH, 11/19/2007 2:03:23 PM
Love them.
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Welcome to Northstar Horse Rescue!
THANK YOU DONORS for helping us get Touch a Prince home!
We had several generous donations from our friends to help us get our old friend home. We'd like to mention Avis and Richard Winchester, who donated in honor of their friend, Tom Sawyer.
We also had a donation in honor of Barbaro, the 2006 Derby winner who broke down in the subsequent Preakness, and was finally euthanized after a heroic recovery effort.
Many of our friends helped- we're not sure you want to be mentioned publicly by name, so we've kept it to the mentions that our donors wanted us specifically to acknowledge. If you would ever like to donate in honor of a friend and be mentioned or mention your friend, we are always honored.If you'd like to donate to Northstar Horse Rescue: We always need help with the next load of hay, or a vet bill, or...
For Donations over $25, we send out a handmade tote bag made out of recycled grain sacks!
We run entirely on volunteer power, donations, and grants. And- we thank you!
Big news! We can now take CAR DONATIONS! Got a car you don't want to deal with fixing, selling, or junking? Whether it runs or not, we can help you convert your clunker to a charitable donation that supports Northstar! Just click the button to find out more!
Formerly located in Rockland, Maine, and now at our own "Forever Home" in Pagosa Springs, Colorado, we are a 501(c)(3) devoted to rehabilitating, retraining, retiring, re-having fun with, and rehoming horses. We currently have five Thoroughbred residents at our rescue, and we have helped dozens of horses find their new homes through our work with other rescues and equine advocates.
We are powered entirely by volunteers, and if you love horses, we would be delighted to have you jump in for anything from mucking a stall to helping with a fundraiser.
"Our mission is to prevent cruelty to horses, to educate the public on equine issues, and to assist or facilitate equine rescue efforts."
Do you think you would like to foster or adopt? We have a pre-approval form available here, and also available by clicking the "Documents" menu item. We have several horses we are networking, around the country, and once we have approved you, we can help you find the right horse.
Our organization is run by a volunteer board of directors and an executive director.
We have a web shop where you can buy our tote bags made out of recycled grain sacks. We occasionally have other handmade items on the shop for sale, and we run auctions periodically. These sales help us enormously, and we appreciate your purchase! Just think, when you buy a bag, you are helping us to buy another one that's full of grain. And they make great gifts: when you buy one of our bags, you are directly, 100%, helping a horse.
We have a paypal account where you can make donations, too. All donations to our rescue are fully deductible to the full extent of the law. Our paypal email is firstname.lastname@example.com
Our phone number is 207-317-7565 cell, 970-264-0421 ranch.
Thank you for stopping by our website!


text:
Don't miss a story. Like us on Facebook. Like Dallas News' Facebook Page
Updated at 10:21 p.m.: Revised to reflect comments from Mayor Mike Rawlings and Council member Adam Medrano.
By NAHEED RAJWANI and TRISTAN HALLMAN
Staff writers
Dallas police have assigned a special task force to Oak Lawn after a mugger beat up a bartender walking in the area Thursday night — the latest in a rash of recent attacks in the neighborhood.
Geoffrey Hubbard was leaving work at the Tap House bar on Cedar Springs Road when someone struck him on the head about 11:15 p.m. in the 3200 block of Knight Street, police said. He rolled under a parked vehicle to protect himself.
"He grabbed my pocket and was trying to grab my wallet, and I kicked him off and just yelled for help," he told WFAA-TV (Channel 8) from his hospital room at Baylor University Medical Center.
An off-duty police officer happened to be driving nearby and helped Hubbard, who suffered a skull fracture.
Rafael McDonnell, a spokesman for the Resource Center in Dallas, said Hubbard was lucky he was able to ward off the robbery attempt and prevent further injury.
"He chose a novel approach of literally getting under an SUV so they couldn't grab his stuff," McDonnell said. "It's not something everybody can do."
Tap House general manager Matt Dunafon said Hubbard's colleagues would help him financially until he's able to return to work.
"He's been wonderful," Dunafon said. "Never missed a shift."
Meanwhile, the attacker remains at large. Police ask that anyone with information about the case call 214-671-3584.
Hours after the assault, two other robberies were reported early Friday on Maple Avenue. And Oak Lawn's LGBT community was already on edge after at least 10 other attacks since September.
In one attack, four robbers beat a man with a baseball bat after a gay pride parade Sept. 20. Police were investigating that attack as a hate crime because the muggers made slurs "referencing the victim's perceived sexual orientation."
Dallas police have increased patrols and created a task force of detectives and undercover officers who will work in Oak Lawn. City officials plan to install cameras in the area in the coming months.
Mayor Mike Rawlings walked around Oak Lawn with City Council member Adam Medrano to help quell fears in the area.
"I'm proud of our Dallas police," Rawlings said. "They've really dialed it up on a couple of different levels."
He said he hopes the new task force will "send a signal to people that we're serious about this issue."
Patrol cars swarmed around the bustling bars and restaurants at Cedar Springs Road and Throckmorton Street, where Rawlings spoke to reporters.
Medrano, who represents the area on the City Council, said patrol and undercover officers will maintain a heavy presence in the area late at night as long as necessary.
Dal Perio, 48, and his friends say they had never seen police in the area before Friday night.
Perio said he was at the Tap House on Thursday night and saw Hubbard before he was attacked.
He said a friend insisted on driving him home to his apartment, which is within walking distance. Now he realizes he could have been the victim instead of Hubbard if he had refused the ride.
"It makes me feel vulnerable," he said.
He said he is angry more hasn't been done about the attacks.
The Dallas Library's Oak Lawn branch hosted a community forum this week to discuss safety measures.
But McDonnell said Thursday's attack was "like a bunch of cold water — it's a such a shock."
"Why do the criminals always seem to be one step ahead? Is there something else we should be doing?" he asked.
Dunafon said he hopes something does change. He believes the attacks are all on young men who are leaving bars late at night and look as though they won't fight back.
He said Dallas police have been "wonderful," but the status quo needs to change. "The proof is in the pudding with the recent attacks," he said.
Others agree. A group called Citizens for a Safer Oak Lawn has announced it plans to stage a rally at 7 p.m. Sunday in front of Jack Evans Dallas Police Headquarters near downtown Dallas.
Until then, Oak Lawn bars and community leaders are reiterating safety tips.
Dunafon said he has taken some measures, including ensuring that his employees do not leave work alone on foot at night.
McDonnell said he hopes others will take safety more seriously.
"Some of it also is this shared responsibility to make sure that not only you make it home safe, but that the guy you were walking with a block or two ago is safe," he said. "We are our brothers' and sisters' keepers."


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The clip deacon finding out information about girl and mariner from Waterworld (1995) with Dennis Hopper S...
The clip deacon finding out information about girl and mariner from Waterworld (1995) with Dennis Hopper She's here somewhere. Keep lookin'. Stop it! What you got? Couple of heartbeats over there. Aren't sayin' much. If you'll notice the arterial nature of the blood comin' from the hole in my head, you can assume that we're all havin' a real lousy day. So here it is: I need to know about that tattooed girl. First one that tells me lives. I saw a girl. I saw, I saw It was Sh-She had a big tattoo on her. You won. Start over. I saw a girl. I'm not sure, but I think she got on that boat with three hulls. The boat that cost me a thousand G's of go-juice? Yeah, the mute-o's boat. Mute-o? Yeah. He got these slits here. Like- Like fish gills. He wasn't really a man. A fluke of evolution. Oh, I'm sorry. A fluke of, uh- Evolution. I know! No! No, you said you wouldn't kill me! Did I say that? Witnesses, anybody, did I? Yes, yes, yes! You said- You said it. Oh, I may have. I may have. We get to the 'Deez, tank up that sky boat; send it out on patrol. We gotta keep an eye out... for that ichthy-freak.


text:
safety equipment Companies serving Bolivia
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IMR Environmental Equipment, Inc.
based in St. Petersburg, FLORIDA (USA)
IMR Environmental Equipment, Inc. is one of the leading manufacturers worldwide for portable flue-gas analyzers and stationary flue-gas analyzers using electro-chemical and NDIR technology. Furthermore, the product range includes leak detectors (HC, refrigerant), thermometers, manometers and anemometers. IMR has almost 30 years of experience designing, manufacturing and ...
based in St. Petersburg, FLORIDA (USA)
Industrial and Environmental Health and Safety Instrumentation: Air Sampling Pumps, Calibrators, Equipment, and Accessories. Colorimetric Gas Detector Tubes. Point Gas Monitors. Open Path Gas Detection. Sound, Noise, and Vibration Measurement Instruments. Real-time Dust Monitors. Flame Detectors.
Elmac Technologies - KnitMesh Technologies
based in North Wales, UNITED KINGDOM
Originally known as Elmac Engineering, the company developed its first flame arrester in 1948, for use with town gas, and rapidly established a global reputation for the design, manufacture and supply of products to enhance process safety in a broad range of industrial sectors. These sectors include the global oil, gas and petrochemical industries; bio-fuels, mining, ...
Seetru Limited
based in Bristol, UNITED KINGDOM
Seetru Limited are manufacturers of Safety Relief Valves and Liquid Level Gauges. Our products carry many internationally recognised approvals and are supplied worldwide. Founded in 1949, the company's initial focus was engineering high quality Liquid Level Contents Gauges for the shipbuilding industry. Our philosophy of 'making the finest through innovation' continued ...
Guangzhou Hopesun Solar
based in Guangzhou, CHINA
Solar Manufacture scope:1.solar water heater:solar geyser,solar hot water,solar home,solar heater,solar heat,solar heating,solar,solar energy,solar system,solar products,solar water,solar hot;2.Three series of solar collector(black chrome,blue sputtering and anode-oxidation):soalr thermal,solar thermal collector,flat solar collector,flat solar panel,solat thermal ...
based in Fuengirola, SPAIN
Geotranslations delivers document translation and proofreading services to companies, organizations, institutions and professionals involved in the fields of Geoscience, Environment, Health & Safety, Renewable Energy, Carbon Markets and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Reduction Projects and Climate Change.We translate and proofread a wide variety of materials of varying nature and ...
PCE Instruments UK Ltd
based in Southampton, UNITED KINGDOM
PCE Instruments offers the most extensive and detailed range of precision measuring instruments. In our catalog we provide about 500 different types and models of high quality measuring equipment and test equipment to do tests and analysis of various physical, electrical, chemical and other parameters. You`ll find lots of equipment for monitoring, analysis, detection, ...
Ashtead Technology Ltd
based in Letchworth, UNITED KINGDOM
Ashtead Technology was formed in 1985 when Ashtead Group plc acquired SubSpek Limited, which at the time provided underwater positioning, survey and inspection equipment rental from a base in Aberdeen. In 1994 the Singapore base was opened, focussing on the offshore oil and gas industry and the subsea telecommunications cable market in Asia Pacific. The first US ...
Pelrine & Buchanan's Maritime Trading Worldwide Ltd
based in Halifax, NOVA SCOTIA (CANADA)
Pelrine & Buchanan's Maritime Trading Worldwide Ltd. is located in beautiful Nova Scotia, Canada. We have been supplying used and surplus power generation equipment to customers worldwide for over 23 years. We offer diesel generator set, natural gas generators, gas turbines, coal fired power plants, steam turbines and cogeneration power plants. We offer equipment by world ...
based in Coimbatore, INDIA
Mevadhashma, Indian based ISO 9001 - 2008 certified company and eminent supplier for major industries plant spares and equipment. We are recognized and specialized as a Manufacturer, Exporter, Trader and Supplier of quality products. We offer a wide range of products which includes Electrostatic Precipitator Spares of BHEL, Thermax, Alstom Flsmidth, ACC make Esp spares ...
Clean Combustion Technologies AB
based in Atvidaberg, SWEDEN
The technology and thinking about energy efficient combustion has been developed over 25 years of field studies and by gathering knowledge for our customers. The basic ideas and a passion for the perfect is at the same time our drive motor to continue the technical development of fuel Injection systems for industrial- and process burners and control systems and equipment ...
Green Fuels LTD
based in Cheltenham, UNITED KINGDOM
Green Fuels is the world's leading and longest established manufacturer of biodiesel production equipment. Biodiesel is a key source of renewable, alternative energy. With 25 major bio-refineries already installed around the world, along with thousands of decentralised biodiesel processors, every day our customer base is saving 2,500 tonnes of CO2 as it produces over 350 ...
Anti-Slip Anywhere
based in Surrey, BRITISH COLUMBIA (CANADA)
At ANTI-SLIP Anywhere, we have taken floor Safety to the next level, not only do we make your walking surfaces safe, we can do this task unlike most other single and even multi product companies around the world. We supply and install a variety of industry unique Anti-Slip coatings and related products for a wide variety of virtually all common walking surfaces such as ...
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based in Chiusi della Verna, ITALY
The Company Poggi was founded in 1945 by Alberto and Giuliano Poggi. The initial activity of the company focuses on the preparation of public transport vehicoles, afterwards, the property anticipating times, understands that the interested sector at the moment will suffer changes, then takes a new way, the sector of mechanical construction. The conduction/management, in ...
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Certification Europe
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Certification Europe is an accredited certification body which provides International Organization for Standardization (ISO) management system certification and inspection services to organisations globally. ISO Standards provide a recognised framework to achieve best practice management. Certification Europe can certify your organisation to Quality (ISO 9001), ...
CEMS Experts - a division of GK Associates, Inc.
based in Simi Valley, CALIFORNIA (USA)
For over 20 years, CEMS Experts has been providing turn-key CEMS solutions, consulting, and technical support services for the emissions compliance and process monitoring needs of our clients. Our customer base spans many industries including power generation, petro-chemical, cement, glass, forest products, landfills, municipal utilities, waste-energy, and many others. We ...
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Founded in 1993, Combustion Research Associates (ISO 9001:2008 & ISO 14001:2004) is a multi-faceted engineering company that is managed by experienced scientists and engineers. We focus on providing clean, green and innovative solutions to a wide array of industries including Oil & Gas, Petrochemicals, Defence, Biomass, Waste Water Treatment, etc. Our solutions span world ...
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based in Pittsburgh, PENNSYLVANIA (USA)
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Michelle Hobson, 32, of Amarillo, died Thursday, Sept. 13, 2001.
Services will be at 4 p.m. today in the chapel of First Baptist Church with Dr. Howard Batson, senior minister, officiating. Private burial will be in Memorial Park Cemetery by Boxwell Brothers Funeral Directors, 2820 Virginia Circle.
Ms. Hobson was born in Amarillo and had been a lifetime resident. She graduated from Amarillo High School and attended the University of Texas at Arlington. She graduated from West Texas State University in 1992 with a bachelor of arts degree with a certificate of interdisciplinary studies.
She was a preschool teacher at First Christian Church and later was an instrumental music instructor for many of the elementary schools in the Amarillo Independent School District.
Most recently, she was the instrumental music instructor at Sam Houston Middle School and the school's orchestra director. She was also the assistant orchestra director for Tascosa High School. She was a member of First Baptist Church and the Texas Music Educators Association.
Survivors include her mother and stepfather, Sandy and Mort Sain of Dodson; a brother, Matthew Hobson of New York City; and a stepbrother, Danny Sain of Dodson.
The family suggests memorials be to the Michelle Hobson Orchestra Scholarship Fund, AISD Music Department, 7200 Interstate 40 W., Amarillo, TX 79106.
The family will be at 1612 S. Van Buren.
Amarillo Globe-News, Sept. 18, 2001
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High school football championships
Photo: John F. Rhodes/Special Contributor
A Stephenville fan shakes a can noisemaker, as the team runs on to the field before the start of the UIL high school Class 3A Division I State Championship football game against El Campo High on Saturday, December 14, 2012 in Arlington at Cowboys Stadium.
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Best budget destinations for 2013. Hotel rates in Ko Phi Phi, Thailand, have dropped by 27 percent.
(Photo: Steve Allen / Dreamstime.com) Year after year, friends and family of the Budget Travel staff inevitably ask us the same question: "Where's the coolest and most affordable place to go next? " Luckily, we work hard to get at the right answers for them. Each year before the holidays, the BT team combs through piles of data regarding new flight destinations, airline prices, places aggressively building new hotels, cities experiencing cultural booms, currency charts, and other statistics to compile our list of the 10 best Budget Destinations for the upcoming year.
Some destinations were more interesting to us because they were so full of new and unique attractions (Northern Ireland!) Ko Phi Phi, Thailand An archipelago comprised of two main islands, Ko Phi Phi was on the rise as a holiday destination when it was devastated by the tsunami of 2004. (Photo: Valentino Visentini / Dreamstime.com) Toronto Palm Springs, Calif. 10 Travel Web Sites Worth Bookmarking. People managed to travel quite well before the Internet came along, although how they did it is now shrouded in mystery.
There are so many Web sites to help you plan trips and book trips and fantasize about trips and (best of all) save money on trips that the difficulty is not finding a site that will help you but choosing from among the bounty. It's been a while since I updated the bookmarks you'll find next to the articles on the Frugal Traveler blog page, so I've decided to add a bunch more, ranging from the indispensable to the just-for-fun. Here is a selection of 10 that you should consider bookmarking. 1. Dishtip.com Though if I had to pick just one site to help with restaurant recommendations around the globe, it would be Chowhound, DishTip organizes the world of eating out in the United States a whole new way: By clam chowder. 2. More than 40 free city audio guides for Europe's main cities in English, French, German and Italian. Yapta: Track flight prices and check for airline refunds. Global Greeter Network: Home.
iPod Tour – Audissey Guides. The Frequent Flyer Authority. Roadside America - Guide to Uniquely Odd Tourist Attractions. Travel Community, Travel Stories, Cheap Tickets, Youth Hostels and all your travel needs. RoadTrip America - Road Trip Planning for North America. How to Get Cheap Flights ( 8 pgs. 3 illus.) - Art of Travel - European and World Backpacking.
Chapter 4 Booking Strategies Large Internet Sites Student and Budget Specialists Domestic Bucket Shops Ethnic and Foreign Bucket Shops Courier Flying Round-the-World Tickets Charters Bumping To Gateways Glossary TWO HUNDRED YEARS ago the cost was seven years to a lifetime of servitude for average people making a one-way crossing of the Atlantic.
Now it can be funded by a few days of waiting tables. When booking through an agent, always specify you want the "lowest possible fare," as there may be specials which do not fall under "economy" or "APEX. " Moreover, not every agent--even with the budget specialists listed below--will be equally competent or motivated to find the cheapest ticket. Often the best deals are offered directly by airline websites. Large Internet Travel Sites All listings are the result of experience, general budget travel knowledge, or research. Student and Budget Specialists While a few tickets require student or youth status, most do not.
The 20 Best Travel Websites on the Internet - Golden Book Traveler. Update: Visit the 2012 version of The 20 Best Travel Websites on the Internet I hope that everyone who attended my SXSW Core Conversation panel on How to Make Money Traveling Around the World enjoyed the presentation.
As promised, I have a listing of my top 20 favorite travel websites (in no particular order). I'm still working on my eBook "70 Vacations in 7 Months". The project has consumed most of my time of late. If you attended the presentation with myself and Tynan, shoot me over an email (if you haven't already) and I'll make sure you receive a free copy upon completion The Top 20!
Wandering Earl. Budget Travel - Frugal Traveler Blog. /svc/timestopic/v1/topic.json?
Frommer's Travel Guides: The Best Trips Start Here!
Dubious tips & essential ephemera for today's curious traveler. The Road Forks. Airfare Deals - Cheap Flights. Lonely Planet Travel Guides and Travel Information. The Man in Seat Sixty-One... Cheap Vacations, Cheap Flights - Open Travel. Hostels Worldwide - Online Hostel Bookings, Ratings and Reviews. - Living Bueno. Fluent in 3 months. 6 Ways to Travel Endlessly. Traveling the way most people do it isn't enough.
Saving all year long at a job for just two weeks a year won't let you see the world the way you want to see it. So you find someone to take care of your stuff while you travel the world. You're all set to see everything you ever wanted for as long as you want. Then you realize something: you don't have enough money to do it. So what should you do? 1. Couch surfers are a huge network of hospitable people who open up their home to fellow travelers and let them stay on their couches (or floor) for free . In turn, the site lets you open up your home to travelers who want to use your couch. Most programs take safety seriously. Sites include: Couchsurfing, Servas, Hospitality Club, BeWelcome 2. All over the world there are amazing houses that people want you to take care of and live in for free. .
Caretaker's Gazette, Mind My House, House Carers 3. (Work Exchange) WWOOF is short for World Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms. . 4.


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http://www.ledger-enquirer.com/news/business/article66726997.html Spring and summer brings events, reunion, meetings Last year brought 35,000 paying rafters to river Visitors to include runners, archers and double-reed players
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Click here to view or print the entire September report compliments of the ACRE Corporate Cabinet. Sales: According to the Phenix City Board of Realtors Multiple Listing Service, Phenix City area residential sales totaled 93 units in September, an increase...
New This Year - Blue Heron Adventure Zip Line and Aerial Course Video - http://youtu.be/FARUKKN078E
COLUMBUS, Ga., April 28, 2015 /PRNewswire/ -- Named one of the Top Man-Made Adventures on the Planet by USA Today, Columbus GA Whitewater's...
COLUMBUS, Ga., Dec. 12, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- Adventure seekers can paddle their way to even more fun in Columbus thanks to a new package being offered by the Courtyard Columbus.
The Columbus,...


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WELCOME to the home of branding
For over 22 years we've helped businesses large and small, in local and international markets build strong robust profitable brands across FMCG, corporate, retail and digital. While much has changed in those 22 years the fundamentals of building enduring profitable brands remains… vision, insight, passion and smart creativity.
With much of the value of modern businesses locked up in their brands potential… we love nothing more than to unlock that potential and see our brands flourish.


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Despite weather, holiday and head-cold related setbacks to my 10-week training plan, I successfully finished the Hilton Head Island Half-Marathon on Feb. 9.
Area motorcyclists gathered Saturday for a "Riding for Morgan" charity run to help raise funds for a seriously ill Hinesville native, Morgan Smith Rogers. Despite overcast skies and blustery conditions, the ride brought around 50 riders and raised $1,000 to assist Rogers's family with mounting medical costs.
The owners of Farmers Natural Foods in Hinesville believe that good health starts in the blood.
In between technically difficult ankle surgeries and dermatology-heavy diabetic wound care, podiatrists spend a lot of time talking about shoes. Most people take them for granted; they're just another part of your morning routine - something you slip on as you leave the house without realizing they could seriously affect your feet.
Science long has known that potassium is needed for muscle control.
The Liberty County School System central-office staff recently wore red for National Wear Red Day, which is part of the National Heart Association's "Go Red for Women" campaign.
AUGUSTA - The Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Health Care Organizations has designated Georgia Regents Medical Center as an Advanced Comprehensive Stroke Center, making it the only hospital in Georgia and one of fewer than 20 hospitals nationwide to achieve this designation.
With shrinking education budgets, it often can be difficult to get the latest technological gadgets and equipment into the classroom. This especially is true when that technology is not widely used in schools and doesn't really conform to the traditional classroom environment, in which students most often are seated at desks for the day.
When I'm running on Saturday, I won't just be running for appearance's sake - I'll be running for what's inside.
Q: Our 17-year-old is a highly spoiled underachiever. As a junior in high school, he's failing two classes and borderline in the rest. We know that his problems are largely due to our parenting style. We read your book on teens and have made some progress, but we're feeling a sense of urgency. We're ready to do some drastic things. Where do you think we should start?
Fifteen physicians with SouthCoast Medical Group, which provides services in Hinesville, Savannah, Pooler, Richmond Hill and Rincon, have been ranked among the top physicians in the nation by Patients' Choice.
AUGUSTA - A $2.5 million grant from the U.S. Health Resources and Services Administration will help Georgia Regents University continue its efforts to diversify Georgia's health-care workforce.
Endodontics is a dental speciality that deals with treating the pain associated with tooth infection and/or injury. Since Liberty County is a rural community, certain dental specialities are not always widely available. Due to high demand at its Richmond Hill location, Coastal Endodontics, the office of Dr. Christopher S. Lea, DDS, is opening a second office in Hinesville at the end of this month.
SAVANNAH - Armstrong Atlantic State University has been selected by the Medical Association of Georgia as the Savannah area's year-round prescription-drug drop-off location.
ATLANTA - The Kroger Co. Atlanta Division is recalling select in-store made Bakery Mardi Gras King Cake Cinnamon because it may contain pecans not listed on the label.
An early bedtime for young children does more than preserve parents' sanity. It can lead to better health for your children, even when they're ...
Loading your brain with a foreign language or two appears to make you a better thinker, giving parents another reason to study French or Spanish ...
We can all agree that makeup is not an easy thing to master. No one person can compare to the hired team of makeup professionals ...
It's beautiful that the female body has the ability to create life. Or at least that's what we ladies repeat over and over ...
Knives everywhere, heavy cookware, raw foods, old bacteria...the list of reasons why the kitchen can be harmful goes on and on.
Everyone knows that when you get older your body changes, but less known facts are the small but significant changes a woman in her 20s ...
Sugar seems to be the most delicious evil on the planet.
It started with an itch. It ended with a long soak in some nasty smelling shampoo.
I remember it like it was yesterday. It was a warm summer night in 1987, and my nearly 5-year-old self was sitting on the back ...
The human body is a remarkable piece of equipment. It can stand a great deal of abuse, but not indefinitely. Like all machinery, it will ...
While not showering would be the worst mistake of all, here are six ways to have a better (and cleaner) shower:
On days when you feel like you're going to explode, or there isn't enough air to breath or enough time in a day ...
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Women's Basketball
Feb. 2, 2013
SAN FRANCISCO, Calif. - The University of San Francisco (9-13, 2-7 WCC) launched a last second shot that fell short, which allowed the University of San Diego women's basketball team (15-7, 7-3 WCC) to win its fourth consecutive game with a 63-61 West Coast Conference win Saturday afternoon at War Memorial Gym.
After USF's Mel Khlok hit a basket with 52 seconds left to pull the Dons to within two at 63-61, USD would miss a jumper and give the ball back to the home team with just 18 seconds left. The Dons then inbounded the ball from their own baseline, went he length of the court and with just a few ticks left on the clock, Taj Winston launched a jumper that hit the rim and bounced out of bounds as time expired to allow USD to claim the win.
Maya Hood, Amy Kame and Katelyn McDaniel all scored a team-high 13 points, while the fourth Torero in double figures was Klara Wischer, who had 12. As a team, the Toreros shot .385 from the field and they outrebounded USF 44-34.
In the first half, the Toreros came out of the gates on fire, as they hit the first basket of the game on a Wischer jumper, and they never trailed for the rest of the game. USD would presume to open the frame on a 23-4 run over the first 11:59 of action. Three minutes later with USD still up 19 at 30-11, a Winston free throw then sparked a 13-3 Dons run that pulled USF to within nine at 33-24 with 2:26 to go.
A Hood put-back would then give USD back a double-digit lead at 35-25, but the Dons would score the final three points of the half, putting the Toreros in the lead by eight at the break.
In the second half, again USD was able to get their mojo working early, as they raced out to a 6-2 run over the first 2:15 of action, which forced the Dons into a timeout. Out of the break, USD kept the pedal to the medal and used a 10-3 run over the next thee minutes of play to regain a 19-point lead at 51-32 on a pair of Kame free throws with 14:02 to go.
The Dons then once again began to chip away at the lead and went on a 28-8 run over the next 12 minutes to pull to within two at 60-58. Wischer then hit one of two free throws, and Wischer scored a lay-up to give USD back a five-point edge with 1:05 to go, setting up the exciting end of the game.
The Toreros will return to action on Thursday, when they head to Provo, Utah to take on the Cougars of Brigham Young University. Top off is scheduled for 5 p.m. and the game will be aired live on BYUTV.
USD Wins Big Conference Game Against Dayton
Toreros beat Dayton 34-22
Volleyball Plays USF for First WCC Play
Kristen Gengenbacher & Kaity Edwards talk about excitement for WCC play
USD Hosts Dayton in PFL Opener
Co-Captain Brian Riley & Coach Lindsey talk about the challenges of the Saturday's game
Volleyball Highlights from Wins Over UCSB and LBSU
Volleyball up to no. 7 after dominant weekend
Meet The Toreros: Ana Ramos
Freshman guard from Portugal
Cross Country Shows Speed on Home Course
The women finished second overall & the men finished fourth overall
Meet the Toreros: Kaity Edwards
6-2 MH From Playa Del Rey, CA
Second Home Tournament Preview
Lauren Schad & Jayden Kennedy talk about new ranking and preview upcoming games
Home Cross Country Race Preview
Head Coach Guarino and seniors Benster & Smith talk about the new team
Volleyball Highlights from Home Tournament Sweep
Volleyball beats UCI, CU and UCLA at their first home tournament
Sixth Man Night
Head Coach Smith talks about upcoming annual fundraiser
Volleyball's First Home Tournament of the Season
Kramer & Jennings recap last game and share excitement for upcoming tournament
Football Plays Cal Poly After 27-0 Opening Week Win
Giorgi and Lindsey recap game against WNM and preview Cal Poly
Men's Soccer Home Opener Preview
Price & McFadden preview UCD & Sac State
WNMU recap
Postgame Highlights & Interviews
Who's Next?
Western New Mexico Preview
Jamal Agnew & Anthony Lawrence break down WNMU.
USD vs. Stanford Volleyball UPSET
Torero women win 3 of 5 sets against #11 Stanford.
Meet the Toreros: Isaiah Pineiro
Versatile 6'6" forward will redshirt 2016-17 season.
Men's Soccer Kicks Off Season In NC
Coach McFadden & Michael Turner Preview Matches vs Duke & Elon.
Softball Golf Tournament Promo
September 17th at Bernardo Heights CC.
Meet the Toreros: Isaiah Wright
Former Utah Ute will redshirt the 2016-17 season.
Training Camp Update
Team prepares for Saturday scrimmage.
Meet the Toreros: Patricia Brossmann
6'0" freshman forward from Berlin, Germany.
Meet the Toreros: Mark Carbone
6'2" freshman guard from Wethersfield, CT.
Meet the Toreros: Madison Pollock
6'1" freshman guard from Snohomish, Wash.
Women's Soccer In the Community
Toreros host soccer skills clinic at Linda Vista Elementary.
Meet the Toreros: Juwan Gray
6'8" freshman forward from Dover, Delaware.
Toreros Open Training Camp
The USD women's soccer team began training camp today.
Meet the Toreros: Nassir Barrino
6'0" freshman guard from Newark, New Jersey.
Meet the Toreros: José Martinez
6'10" freshman forward from Cayey, Puerto Rico.
Meet the Toreros: Frank Ryder
6'10" freshman forward from Boulder, Colo.
2015-16 Highlight Video
All the top plays from 2015-16
Jordan Angus - Male Torero of the Year
Angus reflects on his time at USD
Malina Hood - Female Torero of the Year
Malina Hood looks back at her USD career
NCAA Tournament Preview
San Diego faces Vanderbilt in first round
2016 Celebration of Excellence
Behind the Scenes at the COE
Toreros Participate in Linda Vista Parade
Toreros Participate in Linda Vista Parade
Men's Tennis senior Day
The Toreros host LMU and Pepperdine Saturday and Sunday
Softball WCC Preview
The Toreros host Saint Mary's Saturday and Sunday
2016 San Diego Crew Classic
The Toreros show speed against the nation's top crews
The Torero Baseball Experience
Kris Bryant & Brian Matusz reflect on their time at USD
MBB Senior Night
Jito Kok and Duda Sanadze prepare for the final home game
USD Baseball Season Preview
Season starts at No. 3 Vanderbilt February 19
USD Softball Season Preview
Season starts February 12
UCLA Preview
USD travels to No. 9 UCLA Friday
Toreros Host Kentucky Saturday
USD looks to defend home court against No. 22 Kentucky
Toreros Host Pepperdine & LMU
USD returns home after four-game road trip
Toreros Team Up with PYBL
Men's Basketball hosts annual clinic for Challenged Division
Men's Tennis 2016
USD opens at home vs UC Irvine and UCSD Saturday
BYU Preview
Preview of USD women's basketball WCC opener vs. BYU.
City Championship Highlights
Relive the Toreros' Upset over SDSU at Petco Park
Toreros to Host Hope International
The 9-1 Toreros will host Hope International in their final game before WCC play
Toreros Stun Aztecs at Petco
Postgame reaction and press conferences
Toreros Return Home
USD will host Bethesda before Sunday's City Championship at Petco Park
Men's Basketball Season Tickets
Starting as Low as $99
Butler Preview
Pono Keni and Coach Lindsey talk about Saturday's Senior Day game against Butler
CSUN Preview
Coach Fisher and forward Maya Hood talk about Tuesday's home-opener against CSUN
USC Preview
Coach Smith and Brett Bailey preview the season opener at USC
Davidson Preview
Jonah Hodges and Dale Lindsey talk about Jonah's return and preview Davidson game
San Diego Fall Classic Preview
Coach Dagman previews the San Diego Fall Classic
Nevada Preview
USD's Women's Basketball team will start their season at Nevada this weekend
USD Men's Basketball - The Origins (1955-1973)
A Glance at the Beginnings of Torero Hoops
Campbell Preview
Coach Lindsey and Jeff Starr preview Campbell
Stetson Preview
Coach Lindsey and Jereke Armstrong talk about the season so far
WCC Media Day
Behind the scenes with Men's and Women's Basketball at WCC media day
Warner Recap
Dale Lindsey and Anthony Lawrence on USD's 45-14 win
Warner Preview
Anthony Lawrence and Coach Lindsey preview game vs. Warner
Torero Community Service
USD Athletics helps out at Father Joe's Village in downtown San Diego
Men's Basketball Camp Update
Kok and Carter talk about the upcoming season
Drake Preview
Toreros host Bulldogs for Homecoming game
Dayton Preview
Toreros look for 4th straight win
LMU Preview
Pack the Stadium Night
ITA All-American's Preview
Petronijevic, Angus, & Vittek Prepare
Marist Preview
USD Looks to Extend Home Win Streak
Valparaiso Preview
Toreros First True Road Game of 2015
CSUN and UCSB Preview
Toreros Look to Extend Win Streak
Aztec Invite Recap
Both Squads Finish Second
SDSU Preview
Toreros Take on Cross-town Rival
WNMU Recap
Highlights from 45-21 win
2015 Home Opener
Previewing Western New Mexico
Volleyball Tournament Preview
A preview of the USD Tournament
Men's Soccer Season Opener
Previewing No. 16 Cal
Training Camp Update
Coach Lindsey Recaps the First Two Weeks
2015 WSOC Preview
A brief preview of the 2015 Toreros.


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International Policy Forum on Literacy and Life Skills Education for Vulnerable Youth through Community Learning Centres (Jakarta, 20-22 August 2013)
Jakarta, 20 August 2013 - The "International Policy Forum on Literacy and Life Skills Education for Vulnerable Youth through Community Learning Centres" was organized by the Ministry of Education and Culture together the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning (UIL), UNESCO Office, Jakarta, and UNESCO Bangkok - Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education, and in partnership with the Asia South Pacific Association for Basic and Adult Education (ASPBAE).
Ms. Ella Yulaelawati, PhD (Director of Community Education Development), on behalf of the Steering Committee, reported that this Policy Forum was held to tackle the issues and challenges of how policies and educational services could promote literacy and life skills for vulnerable youth. A particular focus was made on the role of Community Learning Centres in reaching out of vulnerable youth. This event provided an opportunity for the participants to share experiences and learn from each other.
A keynote speech was given by Prof. Dr. Lydia Freyani Hawadi, Psychologist, Director-General of Early Childhood, Non-Formal and Informal Education. Prof. Hawadi explained that in 2012, the percentage of illiterate population aged 15-59 years was 4.21%, equivalent to 6,401,522 people. The progress in 2013 is targeted to be 4.03%. To achieve the target, the Directorate of Early Childhood, Non-Formal and Informal Education provides multi-literacy services integrated with entrepreneurship literacy programme, reading culture development, gender mainstreaming in education, women empowerment, and parenting education. Challenges encountered in achieving adult literacy are caused by poverty, powerlessness, age, ethnicity, gender disparities, language, and disparities among provinces and cities/districts. Indonesia also has a commitment to achieve a Gross Enrolment Rate (GER) of early childhood education by 75%.
In his welcome address, Prof. Hubert J. Gijzen highlighted the importance of equipping vulnerable youth with the literacy, life skills, and capacity needed to secure decent work, as this will positively promote social inclusion and cohesion, peace and security, poverty reduction, and sustainable development. Endeavors need to be made to improve educational quality provided in CLCs to be more responsive to the needs of vulnerable youth and to be of recognized quality. Access to CLCs need to be expanded to be on a large enough scale to reach the many vulnerable youths needing them.
Ms. Carolyn Medel-Añonuevo, Deputy Director of the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning, introduced and for the first time officially launched the Second Global Report on Adult Learning and Education (GRALE II) on the theme of Rethinking Literacy for the Asia and Pacific region. The report was developed by the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning (UIL) based on Member States' country progress reports. Findings from the report underlined the need to strengthen the adult education sector by clarifying concepts, sharpening frameworks, integrating into development strategies and plans, culling lessons from existing measurement practices, and building capacities.
Opening remarks were presented by Prof. Dr. Ir. H. Musliar Kasim, M.S., Vice Minister of Education and Culture for Education of the Republic of Indonesia, who subsequently officially opened the event. Basic literacy programmes are prioritized for disadvantaged groups who live in remote, border and poor areas, notably in Papua which has a low literacy rate of 66% (2011). The 2013 target for youth life skills education and training programmes is to reach 134,101 people, with a budget of USD21.2 million. To improve the quality and relevance of adult literacy and life skills programmes, literacy standards, evaluation and accreditation system of Community Learning Centres have been developed. In terms of life skills, a national quality framework has been applied to meet the national standard of education and required standards by industries and professionals. The GER of higher education is considerably low, reaching only approximately 27%. In this regard, higher education is supported by the provision of Community Academy.
The event brought together approximately 120 senior education policy makers, experts, academicians, lifelong learning practitioners, civil society practitioners, and youth representatives from 19 countries from Southeast Asia, South Asia, Arab, Africa, Europe and Australia, as well as from UNESCO Bangkok, UNESCO Dhaka and UNESCO Jakarta.
For further information please contact: Dr. Anwar Al-Said (Head of the Education Unit, UNESCO Office, Jakarta, email@example.com).
Related link: Welcome Address by Prof. Hubert J. Gijzen, PhD (Director and Representative of UNESCO Office, Jakarta) on the occasion of the "International Policy Forum on Literacy and Life Skills Education for Vulnerable Youth through Community Learning Centres" (Jakarta, 20-22 August 2013)
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