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------I heart Woo (HimmyCat). Until we meet again, my beautiful little boy. I love you.
This topic has been moved from Sewing Machines to Sergers, Coverstitch and Blindhemmers
------"We don't see things as they are, we see them as we are." Anais Nin
"Attitude is the difference between an adventure and an ordeal." unknown
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Since the federal government deregulated natural gas prices in the 1980s, the prices of crude oil and natural gas have moved more or less in tandem.
But in the last three years, the prices have become unhinged. One reason is the dramatic increase in natural gas production from unconventional formations such as Pennsylvania's Marcellus Shale, which has driven down natural gas prices while crude oil prices have soared.
When the two fossil fuels are compared on the basis of energy equivalency, natural gas is a bargain compared with oil. A dollar spent on natural gas buys more than three times the energy that a dollar spent on crude oil buys.

subset: commoncrawl


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Adios Max containing fucus dry extract Adios is a natural herbal remedy traditionally used as an aid to slimming.
Adios Max contains natural, herbal ingredients from butternut, dandelion root, boldo and fucus. A combination that has been traditionally used to help people lose weight (as part of a calorie controlled diet) by gently speeding up their metabolism.
This product is for use by adults (16 years and above) and the elderly. Do not take Adios Max if you are allergic (hypersensitive) to fucus dry extract or any of the other ingredients. Do not take Adios Max if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
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Each Coated Tablet Contains Fucus Dry Extract 120Mg (Equivalent To 600Mg Fucus). Tablet Core: Lactose Monohydrate, Sodium Starch Glycollate, Calcium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihyrate (E341), Talc, Magnesium Stearate. Tablet Coating: Titanium Dioxide (E171), Talc, Kaolin Light, Sucrose, Acacia.
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Swallow one tablet 3 times a day, usually at mealtimes. Use Adios Max as part of a calorie controlled diet.
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Navigation App
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This will be a navigational app with speech similar to the one on the iphone but not so extensive . Some features wont be necessary . The speech needs to be able to support different languages . More details will be revealed when a freelancer is chosen . NDA is required .
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beautiful mountains, liked, best wishes from London, Fai
Magic in the mist, very lovely! Many smiles from Thailand! googoolar :):):):)
James Cameron who is director of Avatar has been inspired of this natural park of china for Pandorra. Thank you four yur shots.
Like very much ! Looks like a nice place forr a hike. Have a great day, Carl T. ( USA ).
Great shot!!
What a fantastic view! LIKE!
Greetings from Poland,
Wonderful landscape! Cheers to China, Andrey
Amazing view. like #28
Best wishes, JALLA
史詩般的場景,震撼啊! 喜歡
非常惊人的地方! 震撼!!! Like
Fantastic rock structures, nice landscape and capture ,,,
| Interesting shot !!!! !!!!
• Regards from Minsk ! ! ! ! ! ! zhsv
geologia fotogenica
Amazing Karst geology. Nice photograph. YSL. Greetings. Alende
Very nice photo and galery. YsL Friendly greetings from Serbia-Belgrade , Mijodrag
Nice view, beautiful nature! LIKE. Greetings, Petr
Photo taken in Wulingyuan, Zhangjiajie, Hunan, China


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Rent Tools & Techniques of Life Settlement Planning 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Stephan R. Leimberg. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Natl Underwriter Co.
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 15, 2011
|Filing date
|May 26, 2010
|Priority date
|Jul 27, 2007
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|David A. Fattal, Charles M. Santori, Raymond G. Beausoleil, Marco Fiorentino, Theodore I. Kamins
|Original Assignee
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (31), Referenced by (1), Classifications (12), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present application is a divisional application of application Ser. No. 11/881,679, filed Jul. 27, 2007 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,751,655, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.
Light beams or optical signals are frequently used to transmit digital data between electronic devices, both over long distances and between adjacent circuit boards or even between components on a single circuit board. An optical signal may also be used for other purposes including position or motion sensing, measurement, reading encoded data, etc.
Consequently, optical technology plays a significant role in modern electronics, and many electronic devices employ optical components. Examples of such optical components include, but are not limited to, optical or light sources such as light emitting diodes and lasers, waveguides, fiber optics, lenses and other optics, photo-detectors and other optical sensors, optically-sensitive semiconductors, and others.
Such systems making use of optical components often rely upon the precise manipulation of the optical energy or beam of light to accomplish a desired task. This is especially true in systems utilizing light for high-speed, low-energy communication of data. Such manipulation of an optical signal may include selectively encoding information in a light beam of the optical signal and directing the light beam of the optical signal to a sensor that detects the encoded light beam.
The accompanying drawings illustrate various embodiments of the principles described herein and are a part of the specification. The illustrated embodiments are merely examples and do not limit the scope of the claims.
Throughout the drawings, identical reference numbers designate similar, but not necessarily identical, elements.
As noted above, light or optical beams can be used for a variety of purposes, including the transmission of data. Applications for such optical data transmission include communication between circuit boards, between electrical components on the same circuit board or between components on a single chip using optical interconnects.
In many cases, interconnections between electrical components are made using metal wires that conduct electrical signals. As electronic components have become more integrated, the wires have become more numerous, narrower, and more closely spaced. This results in a higher resistance in the wires and higher capacitance and inductance between adjacent wires. This increased resistance and capacitance may degrade electrical signals traveling through the wires, reducing the performance of the integrated circuit chips and a computing device as a whole. Further, the bandwidth capability of a wire is directly proportional to the cross-sectional area of the wire. Therefore, as the wire becomes increasingly narrow, the rate at which information can be transmitted through the wire decreases.
One solution to these issues is using optical signals to communicate data between electrical components. In an optical interconnect system, the electrical signal from the integrated circuit (IC) chip or circuit component is converted into an optical signal emitted by a light source, the optical signal being modulate to represent data. The light then travels through free space or through a waveguide to a detector which converts the received optical signal back into an electrical data signal.
Optical interconnections can consume less power than traditional electrical interconnections as the distance traversed increases. Further, optical interconnections are not constrained by capacitance or electrical resistance, dissipate less power than their electrical counterparts, and have the capability to transmit a greater volume of data.
Optical interconnection between a modulator and a detector may be accomplished via free space transmission or through a waveguide. Optical fibers are one example of a waveguide.
Conventional optical interconnection systems generally produce light with an off-chip light source such as a vertical cavity light emitting laser. In such systems, the off-chip light source is normally directly modulated by the circuit on the chip to superimpose information on the optical beam emitted by the light source. Such off-chip light sources are typically packaged separately and aligned with a waveguide. This can create additional expense to separately produce and package the light source, as well as ensure proper alignment with the waveguide.
The present specification discloses systems and methods related to a semiconductor micro-ring suitable for use as both a modulator and a photo-detector. In one embodiment, the micro-ring is configured to be constructed using standard photolithography techniques on a silicon substrate.
The micro-ring consists of an annular optical cavity, an active optical layer, and two electrodes. The active optical layer refers to one or more thin stratums that convert a portion of the photons incident on the thin stratums into an electrical charge. By way of example and not limitation, the active optical layer may comprise a quantum well layer, a quantum dot layer, a bulk semiconductor layer or a combination or series of such layers.
The micro-ring is optically coupled to an adjacent waveguide in such a manner that the optical energy within the waveguide can be selectively directed into the annular optical cavity.
When the micro-ring is being used as a detector, a portion of the optical energy within the annular optical cavity is absorbed by the active optical layer. A subset of the absorbed photons generate electron/hole pairs which are collected by their respective electrodes, creating a voltage or current that can be sensed and is proportional to the number of photons absorbed by the quantum well layer. Thus, in this configuration, the micro-ring acts as a detector by converting the optical energy into an electrical signal.
In one exemplary embodiment, the micro-ring can be selectively coupled to a waveguide such that the optical energy traveling through the waveguide can be modulated. When the micro-ring is being used as a modulator, electrical voltages are applied across the two electrodes, which changes the photon absorption characteristics of the active optical layer. The photon absorption characteristics of the active optical layer directly affect the optical coupling between the micro-ring and the waveguide. As described in the figures below, variations in the coupling between the micro-ring and the waveguide allow the modulation of optical energy as it passes through the waveguide.
As used in the present specification and in the appended claims, the term "optical energy" refers to radiated energy having a wavelength generally between 10 nanometers and 500 microns. Optical energy as thus defined includes, but is not limited to, ultraviolet, visible, and infrared light. The term "optical source" refers to a device from which optical energy originates. Examples of optical sources as thus defined include, but are not limited to, light emitting diodes, lasers, light bulbs, and lamps.
As used in the present specification and in the appended claims, the terms "optical cavity" or "optical resonator" refer to a structure that sustains optical energy having a certain resonant wavelength or range of wavelengths, and that suppresses or attenuates other optical energy by destructive interference.
As used in the present specification and in the appended claims, the term "optically active" refers to a material that responds to incidence of a photon or optical energy by creating a charge that can be collected by an electrode.
As used in the present specification and in the appended claims, the term "quantum well" refers to a structure consisting of a thin layer of narrower band gap semiconductor sandwiched between thicker layers of a wider band gap material. By way of example and not limitation, a quantum well may be comprised of a thin germanium layer sandwiched between two layers of silicon or a thin layer of gallium arsenide sandwiched between aluminum gallium arsenide. The term "band gap" refers to the difference between a conduction band energy level and the valence band energy level for a given material. Thus, a wide variety of material combinations can be used to construct a quantum well.
Similarly, the term "quantum dot" refers to a semiconductor nanostructure that confines the motion of charge carriers in all three spatial directions. The confinement can be due to electrical fields, the presence of an interface between different semiconductor materials, the presence of a free semiconductor surface, or a combination of the previously listed elements. Throughout this specification, a quantum dot layer can be substituted for a quantum well layer and both exhibit similar optical and electrical behavior. For example, the light absorption by the quantum dot layer is substantially similar to the quantum well layer in the context of the present specification.
As used in the present specification and in the appended claims, the term "dielectric" broadly refers to a material that provides electrical insulation. In the present embodiment, silicon dioxide is used as a dielectric. In alternative embodiments of the invention, the dielectric layer may be composed of different material.
As used in the present specification and in the appended claims, the term "p-type semiconductor" refers to any semiconductor layer to which impurity acceptor materials have been added such that electron holes are majority carriers, while electrons are minority carriers. Similarly, the term "n-type semiconductor" refers to any layer to which impurity electron donor materials have been added such that electrons are the majority carriers, while electron holes are minority carriers.
In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present systems and methods. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the present apparatus, systems and methods may be practiced without these specific details. Reference in the specification to "an embodiment," "an example" or similar language means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least that one embodiment, but not necessarily in other embodiments. The various instances of the phrase "in one embodiment" or similar phrases in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.
The principles disclosed herein will now be discussed with respect to exemplary micro-rings and exemplary systems and methods of utilizing the exemplary micro-rings. Throughout the specification, specific examples are used to more concisely convey the principles disclosed. For example, the active optical layer is discussed in the context of a germanium quantum well layer or a germanium quantum dot layer. However, the scope of the specification is not limited by the specific examples used to illustrate the principles of the specification. As previously discussed, quantum wells and quantum dots can be constructed using a wide variety of materials, provided that the materials are have different band gaps and appropriate geometries. Further, the active optical layer may be comprised of multiple quantum well layers or of a combination of quantum well layers that utilize different materials.
Above the first layer of silicon (120), an optically active layer (115) is substantially uniformly deposited. For example, the optically active layer (115) may be a thin germanium layer. On top of the optically active layer (115), a second silicon layer creates a second annular optical cavity (110) that is also part of the micro-ring. Above the second silicon layer (110) a p-doped layer of silicon is deposited, creating a top electrode (105). The top electrode (105) and the bottom electrode (125) are respectively connected to electrical contacts (130, 135).
It is understood that the specification is not limited to the specific geometry or materials of a particular embodiment. As indicated above, the quantum well could be formed of materials other than a thin layer of germanium sandwiched between silicon. Additionally, the electrodes could be formed with alternate doping and geometries. Various other possible configurations for a micro-ring will be illustrated and described below.
The annular optical cavities (110, 120) are transparent to particular wavelengths of light that are to be detected or modulated by the micro-ring (100). Typically, the optical cavities (110, 120) are surrounded by material with a different index of refraction, such as air or another solid. Thus configured, the annular optical cavities (110, 120) serve as optical resonators that sustain optical energy having a certain resonant wavelength or range of wavelengths, and suppress or attenuate other optical energy by destructive interference. The physical geometry of an optical cavity (110, 120) can be altered to resonant at specific wavelengths of light by changing the optical cavity's diameter, material, optical index, etc.
Where the optically active layer (115) is formed of germanium, a quantum well results. The depth of the germanium layer (115) is on the order of nanometers and is substantially uniform in thickness. Further, the germanium layer (115) has a lower band gap than the two silicon rings (110, 120) between which it is sandwiched. This combination of geometry and difference in material properties creates a quantum well. Additionally, the rotation invariant geometry of the optically active layer minimizes both coherent backscattering and incoherent free space scattering within the optical cavities (110, 120).
As noted above, the specification is not limited to a germanium quantum well geometry. As previously discussed, other materials and geometries that form an optically active layer could be used. For example, a quantum dot layer could form an optically active layer with the same rotation invariant geometry and similar optical and electrical properties.
The top and the bottom electrodes (105, 125) are formed by doping silicon with appropriate materials to create a high density of free charge carriers within the doped silicon region. Although one electrode is designated as being n-doped and the other is designated as being p-doped, the p-doped and n-doped layers can be interchanged without affecting the properties of the micro-ring.
The electrodes are electrically connected to respective contacts (130, 135). The contacts (130, 135) can be made out of a variety of materials, including an aluminum alloy. To make better ohmic contact between the doped silicon electrodes (105, 125) and the electrical contacts (130, 135) a thin layer of highly doped silicon (not shown) can be formed between the silicon electrode (105, 125) and the contact (130, 135, respectively).
The configuration of the contacts and electrodes shown in the figures was chosen for clarity of illustration. The metal contacts may have various alternative geometries and attachment locations to fulfill the design requirements of a specific application.
In one exemplary embodiment, the micro-ring diameter is between five and ten microns in diameter and about 200 nanometers in vertical height. This small geometric size leads to low capacitance of the exemplary micro-ring and correspondingly high speed capability to detect or modulate optical energy.
In the illustrated example, the difference in the index of refraction of silicon dioxide and the optical cavities (110, 120) of the silicon rings optically isolates the optical cavities (110, 120). Further, the silicon dioxide serves as a mechanical support for the micro-ring (100), making a more robust device.
In one embodiment, an off-chip light source (not shown), such as a diode laser or light emitting diode, directs optical energy into the waveguide (210). In another embodiment, the light source that directs optical energy into the waveguide (210) is integrated into the same IC chip as the micro-ring.
The optical energy within the waveguide can be comprised of a single frequency or a combination of optical frequencies within which the waveguide is optically transparent. For example, a silicon waveguide is capable of transmitting light with wavelengths from about 400 nm to 2 microns. A waveguide may be selected from a wide variety of optically transparent materials according as best suits a particular application.
As mentioned above, the micro-ring (100) may be used both as a photo-detector and optical modulator. In
The light energy enters the optical cavities (110, 120) from the waveguide and circulates around the interior of the optical cavities (110, 120). Light of the right wavelength or wavelengths resonates in the optical cavities (110, 120). Light of a wavelength to which a cavity is not tuned destructively interferes with itself and is extinguished.
A portion of the photons of light that is resonating within the optical cavities (110, 120) is incident on the germanium quantum well layer (115). Photons (300, 305, 310) can impact the germanium quantum well layer in a variety of locations and at various angles of incidence, as shown
In the presence of an electrical field that permeates the optical cavities and quantum well layer, the path (340) that any electron or hole travels to its respective electrode is substantially equal to the path of any other electron or hole generated within the germanium quantum well layer, regardless of where the originating photon (300, 305, 310) was incident on the quantum well layer. Further, because the quantum well layer is very thin, there is no substantial difference between the path of an electron that is generated by a photon incident on the upper surface of the quantum well (305, 310) and the path of an electron that is generated by a photon incident on the lower surface of the quantum well (300).
Because the electrons generated in the quantum well travel substantially the same distance, they arrive at the electrodes (105, 125) at substantially the same time. This avoids the issue frequently confronted by high speed electrical devices in which electrons are generated in a bulk material and travel varying distances to reach the collecting electrode. In such devices, the electrons that must travel the farthest arrive last, creating a "tail" in the signal. This distorts the electrical signal and limits the speed of the electrical device.
Returning to
The rate at which the micro-ring optical cavities (110, 120) can accept optical energy from the waveguide (210) is directly proportional to the amount of light that is internally dissipated by the micro-ring. "Critical coupling" occurs when the rate of energy transfer between the waveguide and the ring equals the rate of energy dissipation in the ring itself (either by absorption or by scattering).
Practically, critical coupling is achieved by controlling the size of the gap between the edge of the waveguide (210) and the perimeter of the micro-ring (110, 120). Note that the presence of a gap per se is not a requirement for critical coupling; any geometry of the junction between the ring and the waveguide providing the equivalent coupling rate for energy transfer might be used. Failure to achieve proper critical coupling will result in the degradation of the modulation ratio in the case of a modulator and of optical efficiency in the case of the detector.
As mentioned above, a waveguide and micro-ring are critically coupled when the following equation is satisfied: 1/Qcoup=1/Qabs+1/Qscat, where Qcoup represents the energy transfer rate from the waveguide to the micro-ring, Qabs represents the energy dissipation due to absorption within the micro-ring, and Qscat represents the energy that escapes the micro-ring due to scattering.
As shown by the equation above, when the micro-ring is critically coupled to the waveguide, the degree of coupling, or the energy transfer rate, between the waveguide and the micro-ring is directly related to the optical energy dissipation within the micro-ring. The micro-ring can receive light from the waveguide no faster than light is dissipated within the micro-ring. The optical energy dissipation rate within the micro-ring may be controlled by two factors: the absorption of light within the micro-ring, which is represented by the term Qabs in the equation above, and the light that escapes the micro-ring due to scattering, which is represented by the term Qscat.
Although there are many mechanisms that can lead to absorption and scattering of the light within the micro-ring, the micro-ring becomes more efficient in both detecting and modulating light when the quantum well is the primary means of absorption, and losses due to scattering are minimized. For example, scattering can be minimized by reducing the surface roughness of the optical elements and eliminating impurities within the material that makes up the optical cavities.
The sum of the light energy that is absorbed within the optical cavities (Qabs) and the light that is lost from the optical cavities (Qscat) equals the optical energy dissipation of the micro-ring. Because the optical cavity dissipates optical energy, it is called a "lossy" resonator. When a waveguide is critically coupled to a lossy resonator, the energy transfer rate from the waveguide to the lossy resonator is equal to the energy loss within the resonator. If the lossy resonator dissipates optical energy at a rate equal to the amount of optical energy incident in the waveguide at the optical cavity's resonant frequency, then all the optical energy of that frequency in the waveguide will be transferred to and dissipated in the resonator.
Modulation of light energy conveyed through the waveguide is accomplished by means of this optical coupling effect. The term "modulation" refers to encoding information in the light transmitted through the waveguide by converting electrical signals into optical variations in the transmitted light.
To modulate the light contained within a waveguide, an electrical signal that represents the information to be encoded into the light is generated and conveyed to the micro-ring as a voltage difference across the top and bottom electrodes (105, 125). This voltage difference creates an electrical field that permeates the quantum well layer (115). As described below, the electrical field alters the light absorption characteristics of the quantum well layer, which changes total dissipation of optical energy within the micro-ring.
The "off" state of the modulator is realized by tuning the absorption of the quantum well to a value that insures critical coupling. In that state, all the incident light from the waveguide is absorbed in the ring, and no signal is transmitted. The "on" state is realized by tuning the absorption of the quantum well away from the critical coupling value. This can be done by increasing or decreasing the absorption of the quantum well. Thus, the quantum well micro-ring converts a voltage across the electrodes into a modulation of the amplitude of light within the waveguide.
The vertical axis of the diagram in
The graph contains two profiles, which represent the effective photon absorption of the germanium quantum well layer when it is permeated by two different electrical fields. The first profile (400) represents the effective absorption of the quantum well when a voltage V1 is applied across the micro-ring electrodes (105, 125;
As shown in the graph, the effective absorption of the germanium quantum well layer is dependent both on applied voltage and the energy level of the incident light. By changing the applied voltage, the electrical field is changed in the germanium quantum well layer to alter its light absorption characteristics. For example, at an applied voltage of V1, light of wavelength L is strongly absorbed by the quantum well layer. At an applied voltage of V2, the quantum well absorbs much less light of wavelength L.
The alteration of the light absorption in a quantum well layer as a result of an applied electrical field occurs because of the electrical field's effect on the energy bands of the quantum well. In the absence of an electrical field, the electrons are localized within the region of the quantum well and there is an overlap between electrons (or, more precisely, electron wave functions) and holes (or, more precisely, hole wave functions). If an electrical field is applied to the quantum well layer, however, valence band and conduction band "tilt" in response to the applied field. As the valence band and conduction band "tilt," a fraction of the electrons move outside of the quantum well layer. As the electrons (or electron wave functions) move outside of the germanium quantum well layer, there are fewer re-combinations of holes with the electrons.
The ability of the quantum well layer to absorb light is (approximately) proportional to the magnitude of re-combinations between the holes and the electrons occurring in a layer. In other words, the absorption coefficient of the germanium quantum well layer decreases as a fraction of the electrons moving outside the layer. This is called the Quantum Confined Stark Effect (QCSE). Thus, by varying the voltage across the micro-ring electrodes (105,125;
Other modulation mechanisms exist that could be utilized to alter the photon absorption within the optically active layer. By way of example and not limitation, for an optically active layer comprised of a bulk semiconductor material, the optical absorption of the optically active layer can be altered in response to a high voltage energy field. This is called the Franz-Keldysh effect.
In addition to the configuration shown in
For example, in
A p-doped silicon layer forming a first electrode (105) and an n-doped silicon layer forming a second electrode (125) are disposed on either side of the lower optical cavity (120) around the quantum well (115). Silicon oxide dielectric (200) surrounds the optical cavity (110, 120) and quantum well layer (115). In this configuration, an electrical field is generated by a voltage difference across the first electrode (105) and the second electrode (125).
A p-doped silicon layer forming a first electrode (105) and an n-doped silicon layer forming a second electrode (125) are disposed around the optical cavity (730). In this embodiment, the first electrode (105) is interposed between a silicon oxide dielectric layer (200) and the optical cavity (730) such that it covers at least a fraction of the outer periphery of the optical cavity. The second electrode (125) is formed on the opposite side of the optical cavity (730) and is similarly interposed between the silicon oxide dielectric layer (200) and optical cavity (700) such that it covers at least a fraction of the inner periphery of the optical cavity (700).
The germanium quantum well layer (720) is deposited on the top of the optical cavity (730). One manufacturing advantage to this embodiment is that the difficulty of epitaxially growing silicon on top of the germanium layer is avoided.
A thin layer of germanium is sandwiched between the two rings or intrinsic silicon layers (110, 120), forming a thin germanium quantum structure (800). In this embodiment, the germanium layer forms three-dimensional "quantum dots" (810), instead of remaining as a two-dimensional quantum well A thin wetting layer (800) of possibly intermediate concentration may extend between the quantum dots along the interface between the optical cavities (110, 120). Silicon oxide dielectric (200) surrounds the optical cavities (110, 120) and quantum well layer (810, 800).
In this embodiment germanium quantum dots (810) and the wetting layer are grown on the upper surface of the lower silicon optical cavity (120). Quantum dots form spontaneously during the deposition process when the germanium layer reaches a critical thickness of about four or more monolayers. A silicon layer (110) can be grown on the upper surface of the germanium quantum dot layer (810). In one embodiment, the germanium quantum dots (810) are fully strained through their entire height to facilitate the growth of the silicon layer above the quantum dot layer.
As discussed previously, the quantum dot configuration is interchangeable with the quantum well layer in many embodiments of the present invention. Thus, the quantum dot layer could be utilized to form the active optical layer in any of the previous embodiments.
As illustrated in the previous figures, there are a wide range of electrode geometries that can be effectively used in the micro-ring. By way of example and not limitation, the geometry of the electrodes can be altered to accommodate manufacturing considerations, to alter the electrical field characteristics, and to more efficiently collect the charges generated within the quantum well layer. Similarly, quantum well layer geometry and composition can be adapted to specific applications.
The micro-ring has several advantages including wavelength selectivity, high speed operation, and efficient manipulation of light. First, the micro-ring is wavelength selective. Because the micro-ring selectively interacts with light of specific wavelengths, it is less susceptible to interference from other optical frequencies and has lower noise characteristics. The wavelength selectivity of the micro-ring is desirable so that if more than one wavelength of light is traveling through the waveguide, each wavelength can be independently modulated without influencing the other wavelengths.
The micro-ring is wavelength selective in at least two ways: resonant selectivity (the optical cavity sustains optical energy having a certain resonant wavelength or range of wavelengths, and suppresses or attenuates other optical energy by destructive interference) and quantum well selectivity (the quantum well is selectively more sensitive to light at particular wavelengths).
The small physical size of the micro-ring leads to small electrode and conductor areas, which results in low electrical capacitance. In many devices the electrical capacitance limits the operational speed of the device. Because of the micro-ring's low capacitance and other characteristics, it is anticipated that micro-ring can operate at terahertz speeds.
The micro-ring efficiently detects and modulates light. The optical cavity confines the light that is coupled into the device until it can be absorbed by the quantum well. Further, the micro-ring has comparatively low power consumption as a result of effectively utilizing the QCSE to modulate light.
The preceding description has been presented only to illustrate and describe embodiments and examples of the principles described. This description is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit these principles to any precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings.
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|Oct 1, 2001
|May 16, 2006
|Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System
|Avalanche photodiodes with an impact-ionization-engineered multiplication region
|Mar 7, 2005
|May 20, 2008
|Joseph Reid Henrichs
|Optical phase conjugation laser diode
|Dec 21, 2001
|Jun 27, 2002
|Painter Oskar J.
|Resonant optical modulators
|Jan 10, 2002
|Nov 14, 2002
|Axel Scherer
|Compact electrically and optically pumped multi-wavelength nanocavity laser, modulator and detector arrays and method of making the same
|Oct 1, 2001
|Mar 13, 2003
|Campbell Joe C.
|Avalanche photodiodes with an impact-ionization-engineered multiplication region
|Jan 24, 2003
|Aug 28, 2003
|Henrichs Joseph Reid
|FCSEL that frequency doubles its output emissions using sum-frequency generation
|Sep 17, 2003
|Mar 25, 2004
|Atanackovic Peter B.
|Devices with optical gain in silicon
|Aug 19, 2003
|Jun 3, 2004
|Wasserbauer John G.
|Planar waveguide surface emitting laser and photonic integrated circuit
|Aug 2, 2002
|Jul 1, 2004
|Hoon Lee Howard Wing
|Optical devices with engineered nonlinear nanocomposite materials
|Jul 16, 2004
|Mar 17, 2005
|Lee Howard Wing Hoon
|Optical devices with engineered nonlinear nanocomposite materials
|Jul 16, 2004
|Mar 17, 2005
|Hoon Lee Howard Wing
|Optical devices with engineered nonlinear nanocomposite materials
|Oct 15, 2004
|May 26, 2005
|Paul Heremans
|High-efficiency radiating device
|Dec 31, 2003
|Jun 30, 2005
|Gardner Donald S.
|System and method for an optical modulator having a quantum well
|Mar 7, 2005
|Sep 7, 2006
|Henrichs Joseph R
|Optical phase conjugation laser diode
|Jan 22, 2008
|Aug 28, 2008
|Henrichs Joseph R
|Optical phase conjugation laser diode
|Jun 13, 2000
|Dec 21, 2000
|Augusto Carlos J R P
|Stacked wavelength-selective opto-electronic device
|Dec 24, 2004
|Jul 7, 2005
|Intense Limited
|Generating multiple bandgaps using multiple epitaxial layers
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 24, 2012
|Oct 27, 2015
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
|Micro-ring optical resonators
|U.S. Classification
|385/2, 385/30, 385/27
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 28, 2012
|Certificate of correction
|Apr 28, 2015
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Nov 9, 2015
Owner name: HEWLETT PACKARD ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT LP, TEXAS
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Effective date: 20151027


text:
Plants vs. Zombies
how to find out version of your game
jkiejr posted on Nov 27, 2009 6:59:10 PM - Report post
ive downloaded both versions of the trainer and i have the steam version. they both dont work. ive diabled my auto protect and fire wall on norton IS 2009. i even added an exclusion to the auto protect for the trainer exe and still nothing
jkiejr posted on Nov 29, 2009 6:36:58 PM - Report post
anyone able to help
Telapicus_old posted on Nov 29, 2009 6:41:54 PM - Report post
what do you mean dont work explain
jkiejr posted on Nov 29, 2009 9:51:53 PM - Report post
i downloaded the newest version of the trainer and then started the trainer then the game. then i hit F1 and it says activated then i hit numpad 3 for the gold and nothing. i went to the shop and my money didnt change and it says i dont have enought gold. all i want is the gold. so then i tried the other version and the same thing happened. i even totally disabled my antivrus since it for some reason picked up the trojan for the newest version but not for any of my other trainers.
kaizer88 posted on Jan 15, 2010 9:19:15 PM - Report post
Are u sure u have the right version of the game for the trainer since apparently there is no trainer for ORIGINAL VERSION ?
Do u had patched your game?
Do u had patched your game?
And I know... sometimes its very weird when my AV don't detect any malware in trainer C but they detected it in trainer F...
Live For Game, Die For Game
Everyday is a Game !
Everyday is a Game !
Pheenix2550 posted on Jun 26, 2010 5:07:12 AM - Report post
check the game version again. It should be in read me.html in the game folder
Demonian posted on Dec 20, 2010 2:17:09 AM - Report post
did you buy the game from pop cap or somewhere else ? if its from pop cap then you need to read the read me file or after the installation remove the check from the box where its says launch the game and click on read me in the very first page up you will find the version .
If my Heart can be givin as present I would kill my self to make you live longer .
Page 1 of 1
All times are (GMT -06:00) Central Time (US & Canada). Current time is 4:52:07 PM
Latest Trainer
• 9999 Sunshine Credits
• Instant Seed Packages
• 99999 Money
• Instant Seed Packages
• 99999 Money


text:
The entitlement that goes with expensive seats
Opinion Where we sit no one yells at the players. Up here they don't throw beer, ice or folding chairs on professional athletes. We sit in the very last row at the Wachovia Center in Philadelphia where you'd have to have a voice like Whitney Houston or an arm like Donovan McNabb to have anything reach the court.
Religion, faith and communism
Opinion "The divisions of Christianity are no longer Protestant verses Catholic but conservative verses liberal." – Belief.net
Health activists urge Health care for all
WASHINGTON — During its annual conference here Nov. 12-14, the Universal Health Care Action Network (UHCAN) issued a clarion call to defend Medicaid and Medicare against the privatization threats of George W. Bush and step up the battle to provide health care for 45 million uninsured.
Bush policies threaten miners health
Four years ago, President Bush appointed Dave D. Lauriski to be assistant secretary of labor in charge of the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). This is the federal agency that is supposed to enforce federal regulations to protect miners.
Flight attendants OK strike action
PITTSBURGH (PAI) — By unanimous vote, the Association of Flight Attendants/CWA executive board decided Nov. 17 to authorize a strike at any bankrupt airline, if those carriers use the bankruptcy code to terminate union contracts.
Bushs four horsemen of economic policy
George W. Bush is an old-fashioned kind of ruler. He imagines himself divinely chosen to serve his tribe of economic royalists. "By the rich, for the rich" is his governing philosophy.
Erie County residents reject budget plans
BUFFALO, N.Y. — Residents here are shocked and angry with Erie County Executive Joel Giambra's proposed 2005 "red" and "green" budgets.
Youth wins victory over racist police violence
WORCESTER, Mass. — A major victory over police brutality was scored here Nov. 9 when a jury found Estevan Nembhard, an African American youth organizer from New York City who had been severely beaten by Worcester police officers, not guilty on charges of resisting arrest and disorderly conduct.
International notes
China: Mine disaster claims 166 lives / Venezuela: Coup prosecutor assassinated / Africa: Women hit hardest by AIDS / Philippines: Protest attack on strikers
Charges dropped against Methodist 3
Cuba News MILWAUKEE — All charges against the "Methodist 3" travelers to Cuba have been dropped. The three, Theron "Terry" Mills, Dollara Greene-Evans and William Ferguson Jr., each faced $7,500 fines stemming from their participation in a religious mission to Cuba in January 1999.


text:
Gill R said about: Orb Organic Hair
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Kate has been my financial advisor for the last 2 years. She is knowledgeable, and reliable....
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text:
Find a holiday market in NYC
Shop at a holiday market or craft fair in NYC to find gifts for everyone on your Christmas and Hanukkah lists
Fed up with mass-produced merchandise and stuffy, crowded stores (especially if department stores with their holiday windows aren't your bag)? Fortunately, in New York, you can attend a great holiday market like the Bank of America Winter Village at Bryant Park. These seasonal marts are just what you need to check things off of your holiday gift guide list—and for kindling a little holiday spirit in our hardened Gothamite hearts.
RECOMMENDED: Full guide to Christmas in New York
Holiday markets in NYC
Artists & Fleas at Chelsea Market
Brooklyn purveyors set up shop across the river at Artists & Fleas' seasonal pop-up bazaar, situated inside Chelsea Market. Expect to find trendy and noncommercial holiday-themed gifts vetted by husband-and-wife team Amy Abrams and Ronen Glimer, who ensure that every item is locally made and well crafted. Among the 30-plus vendors are bag designer Pamela Barsky, vinyl slinger Eat Records and vintage seller Brooklyn Bleu. Enter the building at the corner of Tenth Avenue and 15th Street.Read more
Bank of America Winter Village at Bryant Park
Not only is there free ice-skating on Bryant Park's 17,000-square-foot outdoor rink (bring your own skates!) but also 128 holiday shops, including a bunch of new kiosks and eateries—think Marty V's Burger and Super Mac + Cheez. And after you shop and skate, warm up at spacious rinkside restaurant Celsius. FYI: The vendors are only there until January 3, but if you want to practice your lutzes and axels with ample spinning room, try visiting during off-peak hours (open through March 6).Read more
Astoria Market Holiday Markets
On three Sundays before Christmas (Dec 6, 13, 20), Queens' classic Bohemian Hall and Beer Garden transforms into an NYC-centric artisan market chock-full of handmade and vintage merchandise. Standout vendors include handmade ceramics from Mayware and delicious gluten-free baked goods from WHOS bakery. Eggnog, hot cider and roasted chestnuts are available for the peckish, too.Read more
Columbus Circle Holiday Market
This annual holiday bazaar, run by the people behind the Union Square market, features handmade items from local artisans and snacks from vendors such as Mrs. Dorsey's Kitchen and Sigmund Pretzel Shop. Look for the market concierge to help you navigate your way through the approximately 100 booths.Read more
Union Square Holiday Market
If there's one alfresco shopping event worth braving the cold for, it's this one. This European-style winter market boasts more than 150 local and national vendors hawking an impressive selection of handcrafted gifts, ranging from jewelry and accessories to leather goods and artwork. Check out the brew-your-own beer kits from the Brooklyn Brew Shop ($40); handmade, monogrammed stuffed animals from Hazel Village ($39); and wooden puzzles and board games from Kubiya Games ($38). And with food vendors like Momofuku Milk Bar, Bar Suzette, Wafels & Dinges and No Chewing Allowed!, you could easily spend a whole day here.Read more
Winter Solstice Celebration & Holiday Marketplace
Enjoy nature, music, food and shopping for a full day at the Queens Botanical Garden's holiday marketplace. Children can participate in a variety of activities from storytelling to interactive crafts, and parents can impress the whole family with unique gifts come holiday season.Read more
I agree union square market is the best to compare prices n buy the best you want,i prefer staying at "http://unionsquareinn.com/extendedstay.php "
It was a great location for our purposes, close to the subway
Check out our Rolli "One Inch Printing Press" stamps at the Nuop Design booth at the Union Square Holiday Market this season!
Union Square Holiday Market is the best one!


text:
Rent Approaching Democracy National Value Edition 6th edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Larry Berman. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Longman.
Need help ASAP? We have you covered with 24/7 instant online tutoring. Connect with one of our tutors now.


text:
News By Tag
* Foreclosure Cleaning
* Foreclosure Cleanup
* Foreclosure Cleaning Business
* Clean Foreclosures
* Reo
* More Tags...
Industry News
News By Place
Industry News
Foreclosure Cleaning -- Perfect Business for Families in 2013
With trillions in risky loans taking a toll, the foreclosure crisis is in full swing. When homes go into foreclosure, lenders need small companies for cleaning, securing, and maintaining of homes -- a perfect small business opportunity for families.
Foreclosure cleaning is a ripe business opportunity for those seeking to strike out on their own; and it's the perfect start-up company for families seeking to combine forces and start a successful company together.
Foreclosure cleaning services can offer everything from interior cleaning, to debris removal, yard maintenance, gutter cleaning and repair, to pressure washing, winterization, painting, property securing (changing locks and boarding windows and doors) to inspections, and more.
As a family, if you have one person good at administrative and recordkeeping tasks, another versed in overseeing and participating in manual labor, and a couple of hands with free time to do yard work, cleaning, and debris pickup, you have an excellent mix of talent for the start of a family-run foreclosure cleaning company.
Added Bonus: If you have an uncle or cousin skilled in minor repairs or painting, or who have locksmith skills, you have an ideal group of business participants perfectly poised to compete in this burgeoning industry.
Picture It: "Brown Family Foreclosure Cleanup"
In your new family enterprise, much of the work can be scheduled to take place during the weekends, when the whole family may have more time to participate. For example, if your family consists of a stay-at-home parent, he or she can answer the business phone during the day while the children are at school.
The parent at home can handle the scheduling of estimate appointments for early evenings when the other spouse is home from work so they can both go out on estimate appointments together.
Family Businesses are Cropping Up Again
In an economy rogue with job layoffs and cutbacks, family businesses are cropping up at incredible rates. In the old days, family businesses were the norm, out of sheer necessity (i.e., farming, family stores, etc.); but over the years, families separated and started going in separate ways.
However, as economic times change, families are living together again, commuting to school and work together, economically traveling together (car trips), and starting businesses together again.
Have a Family Discussion about Your New Company
Consider sitting down with your family this weekend and roughing out a draft start-up plan for your new, family-run foreclosure cleaning business. Visit http://www.e-
Free Start-up HelpYou and your family can get small business guidance by visiting websites like that of the Small Business Administration's ("SBA") at sba.gov.
In the Small Business Act of 1953, Congress created the SBA, a federal organization whose primary function is to aid, counsel, assist and protect the interests of small businesses.
A great deal of information (i.e., business plan templates, marketing strategies and ideas, financial guidance and more) is available on the SBA's website for new and established entrepreneurs.
Another invaluable resource for families starting foreclosure cleaning enterprises is the Counselors of America's Small Business Owners, also known as SCORE (the Service Corp of Retired Executives).
This SBA partner organization has a network of thousands of savvy volunteers, with impressive entrepreneurial backgrounds. Their primary goal is to guide new start-ups to success.
With hundreds of offices throughout the United States, SCORE provides mentoring, workshops, one-on-one counseling, and start-up guidance on all levels. Visit them online at score.org.
Plan to sit down this weekend with your family, discuss your goals for your new company. Do some internet research and schedule a date by which you and your family would like to open your foreclosure cleaning doors.Tools to Start Your Foreclosure Cleanup Business
Many wishes of great success in your family's new foreclosure cleaning enterprise!
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text:
MAYWOOD, Ill. - The young couple sat in the small room, waiting for a click on the computer that would transform their lives.
An audiologist adjusted the sound levels, then said, "Go live," activating a microphone on a device hooked around the man's left ear.
On cue, the man's wife spoke.
"I love you," she said softly, her face glowing with an encouraging smile.
"Wow," he exclaimed as he heard a flood of muffled, yet magical sounds.
In six years together, Jenni and Russ Ewald had never communicated this way.
The deaf couple had just taken a giant step into a new world of hearing. They can now enjoy the sound of each other's voices - and the squeal of their daughter's laughter.
World Without Sound
Russ and Jenni Ewald grew up without the soundtrack of everyday life.
There were no computers beeping, no sirens shrieking, no babies crying.
Both have been profoundly deaf since childhood because of meningitis. But both learned to speak as children and also communicated with sign language, lip reading and hearing aids, which amplify sounds but don't distinguish speech. Most of what they heard was low-pitched, meaningless noise.
"It took a long time ... to say, 'I'm going to be deaf until I die, there is nothing I can do, I'm going to learn to face it ... and make it a part of my life,"' Russ said.
The Ewalds built a good life: They had friends, they had careers, and they had each other.
After their daughter, Camille, was born nearly two years ago, Jenni worried about missing important cues from her baby. She decided on a life-altering change: a cochlear implant.
The implant, which has been around since the 1970s, is an electronic device surgically placed under the skin, behind and in the ear. It activates the hearing nerves, allowing sound to be transmitted to the brain.
Hearing with implants isn't perfect nor instantaneous. Voices sound robotic, at first. For many people, it takes patience and practice to understand words.
"The brain has to figure out what to do with all these new sounds," said Candace Blank, an audiologist who works with the Ewalds at Loyola University Medical Center, where the surgery was performed. "It's like hearing a foreign language and having to learn it."
Jenni's Journey
Jenni Ewald was just beginning to talk when she lost her hearing.
Her mother confirmed her suspicions with a test: She crashed two metal pan lids together over her Jenni's crib. Her baby didn't budge.
After Jenni, now 30, married Russ four years ago, they began considering cochlear implants. Their research became more serious after Camille's birth.
Jenni recalls one worrisome night when she slept sitting up, rather than stretch out because feedback from her hearing aids could muffle sounds from her newborn baby.
"I became more and more concerned - What kind of communication was I going to have with her growing up?" Jenni said.
In April, Jenni had the cochlear implant. Six months later, it was Russ' turn.
Russ Takes a Turn
Russ Ewald - unlike his wife - has vivid memories of sound.
He remembers being a little boy talking on the phone and listening to his mom's records: the Monkees, Glen Campbell, Three Dog Night.
But he also remembers a succession of hearing aids and doctor visits, his mother's somber words - "hope for the best" - and the growing realization he would be deaf.
"I hated it," he said, his dark eyes flashing. "It had bothered me all my life when I look back at all the things I could do and no longer can do."
This year, Russ and Jenni are marking their first Valentine's Day navigating new territory.
Perhaps no day was as momentous as the first time Jenni heard her daughter's clear, high-pitched voice.
"I was so excited that I could finally grasp what Camille is saying," she said. "I could hear so many things - her footsteps, her falling down on the floor, throwing toys, her laughter, her fussy sounds."
The learning curve will be continuous, said Dr. John Leonetti, the Loyola specialist who performed the surgery on both Ewalds. "They'll get out in the real world and ... hear a bird chirping, an alarm clock, a siren. The brain stores this new data. It's just like a baby learning to use his own voice."
Russ, now 31, already is absorbing a catalog of new sounds.
"Right now," he said, "I can hear everything and I mean EVERYTHING. People at work love to test me and tease me and realize I am hearing."
The Ewalds, however, are still in the early stages of recognizing words and sentences and help each other when one doesn't understand what someone else is saying.
Jenni also isn't ready to give up sign language, saying that for now, she still finds it an easier way to express herself. But Russ, who speaks freely, is encouraging her to speak.
"She will say her voice isn't perfect," he said. "I tell her there are a lot of people learning English."
The Ewalds' future, says audiologist Candace Blank, depends on their motivation; the couple will still rely somewhat on lip reading - along with their new hearing.
Already, they've seen how that hearing has changed their daily rituals.
For years, Russ had grown accustomed to speaking loudly because he couldn't hear himself. Now he can, but Jenni still has to remind him some nights to lower his voice so he won't wake their daughter.
Russ is more than happy to oblige.
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Create a float full of spirit and fun!
Our White Pomps Tissue Squares will help you add a brightness your parade float needs and deserves. Just poke the 5 1/2 inch square flame-resistant and bleed-proof White Tissue Squares through chicken wire featuring 1 inch openings (available at most hardware stores). Each package of White Pomps Tissue Squares contain 300 sheets that cover 4 square feet if you poke into every other square.
Find more information and documentation for Flame Retardant materials here: Flame Retardant Documentation
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text:
Anne Basting wins $40,000 for "Islands of Milwaukee"
Anne Basting, a scholar in theater and aging at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, has won a prestigious, $40,000 award for a project that seeks to reconnect isolated seniors with the community in Milwaukee.
Basting won the Map Fund award from Creative Capital along with Sojourn Theater. Their "Islands of Milwaukee" project will address "decades of structural segregation" by using media, visual art installation and performance to engage Milwaukeeans with the city's homebound seniors. »Read Full Blog Post
Milwaukee designer Bree Rose puts blankets to good use
It's that time of the year when we're running for cover, huddling beneath the bright geometric shapes that have been knitted or crocheted by our matriarchs (and the occasional patriarch) and tucked into trunks and closets.
How great would it be if the blankets that keep us cozy on cold days could go with us out in to the world? Is there such a thing as comfy, cuddly couture? »Read Full Article
Downtown Milwaukee's Holiday Lights Festival lights up Thursday
Cue the cold weather. Now hit the lights. Downtown Milwaukee will flip the switch on the sparkly season Thursday evening for the opening night of the 15th annual Holiday Lights Festival.
The fun begins at 6 p.m. in Pere Marquette Park, as the night air fills with music by Spider George & the Web and the Tempters. Other entertainment includes dancing by Studio VIA and Danceworks, skits from the Milwaukee Rep and First Stage, ice sculpting by Art Below Zero and a visit from Santa. »Read Full Article
Meet Sanford founder D'Amato on Nov. 23 at Milwaukee Public Market
Journal Sentinel photo »Read Full Blog Post


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I understand why Governor Scott Walker of Wisconsin is couching the Left's tantrum (H/T: Instapundit) over the Wisconsin budget bill in terms of having public sector employees contribute more of their fair share to health care and restricting harmful collective bargaining practices; both sides of the issue are publicly and politely pretending that this were the central issues. Only, they were not. Oh, sure, limiting collective bargaining via statute (which makes it harder to reverse) is a clear and present danger to the ability of organized labor to keep its leadership fat and happy; nobody's debating that, although some (dumb) people would dispute my depiction of said leadership. But the real problem with the bill for the Democrats is much simpler:
The ending of automatic dues checkoff for public sector unions in Wisconsin.
Mickey Kaus - a Democrat who hates organized labor in a way that I, the son and grandson of good union men, simply cannot - called this provision "arguably the change unions fear the most" - and he's right, except for the "arguably" part. Simply put, what automatic checkoff does is make it trivially easy for unions to collect dues: the employer (in this case, the state government) simply deducts the money from an union member's pay and sends it along. No fuss, no muss, no debate... it's just one more thing that the government takes from your paycheck. This turns the collection of union dues into a guaranteed revenue stream (instead of the colossal pain in the neck that such things usually are); most people don't even notice, frankly. And it's from union dues that unions get the money that they use for political advocacy*.
And it's something that public sector unions will not voluntarily give up. If you look at the way that the situation in Wisconsin resolved, the triggering mechanism was when the Democrats announced that there would be no further negotiations, and the Republicans shrugged and passed the bill in response. Given the concessions actually being offered, this might seem surprising on the Democrats' part - after all, at this point any concession by Wisconsin Republicans would have met at least moderate hostility from the Right - until you realize that the concessions did not address structural changes on the level of making the unions collect their own [mild expletive deleted] dues, and it's not the government's problem if they can't. The Republicans refused to make any concessions there at all - and when it comes right down to it, they obviously didn't have to. Which is something that Wisconsin Democrats abruptly learned last night.
Moe Lane (crosspost)
*Which is, by the way, mostly being used on the behalf of Democrats, at a ratio far out of sync with how their members vote.


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Michael Herb
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Michael Herb
|October 7, 1966
|United States
|Political science
|Georgia State University
|Alma mater
University of Washington
|Doctoral advisor
|Leonard Binder
|Known for
|All in the Family: Absolutism, Revolution, and Democracy in the Middle Eastern Monarchies
Michael Herb (born October 7, 1966) is an American political scientist who gained prominence through his All in the Family thesis of Arab monarchies.
Biographical details[edit]
Herb graduated from University of Washington in 1987, earned his master's degree from UCLA in 1992, and completed his doctorate at UCLA in 1997. He joined the faculty of the Georgia State Political Science Department in 1998.[1]
All in the Family[edit]
In 1999, Herb published All in the Family: Absolutism, Revolution, and Democracy in the Middle Eastern Monarchies. The book's central thesis is that the main reason for the resilience of Arab monarchies is not oil wealth or the lack of a middle class, but because numerous members of the royal family hold key positions in government.
- "No Representation without Taxation? Rents, Development, and Democracy." 2005. Comparative Politics 37, no. 3 (April): 297-316.
- "Princes and Parliaments in the Arab World." 2004. Middle East Journal 58, no. 3 (Summer): 367-384.
- "Taxation and Representation." 2003. Studies in Comparative International Development. 38, no. 3 (Fall): 3-31.
- "Subordinate Communities and the Utility of Ethnic Ties to a Neighboring Regime: Iran and the Shi'a of the Arab States of the Gulf." 1999. In Ethnic Conflict and International Politics of the Middle East. Ed. Leonard Binder. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 155-180.
|This Washington-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
- 1966 births
- Living people
- University of California, Los Angeles alumni
- University of Washington alumni
- Harvard University alumni
- Georgia State University faculty
- American political scientists
- Islam and politics
- Middle Eastern studies in the United States
- Revolution theorists
- International relations scholars
- Washington (state) stubs


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Meet Susie Chisholm – Adelong, NSW
A Southern NSW Angus breeder says the success of the Certified Australian Angus Beef program has provided a strong foundation for the momentum seen in Angus cattle production across Australia.
Susie Chisholm, who runs about 700 straightbred Angus breeders on her property, Gwalia, near Adelong, was invited to speak at last Thursday's Sydney function celebrating 15 years of operation for CAAB (See yesterday's story "Pioneering CAAB beef brand stands the test of time").
See more about Susie Chisholm on the following video links about sourcing and cooking the beef (produced by The Perfect Steak Company).
Part 1:
Part 2:
Gwalia has supplied cattle for the CAAB program since its inception, and was one of the first winners of the CAAB supplier awards, based on compliance against the brand's carcase and livestock specifications.
"Firstly through founding chief executive Michael Pointer and now his successor, Phil Morley, CAAB has opened up all sorts of markets worldwide for CAAB product, from Japan and Korea to more recently, China and the Middle East," she said.
"That ground-work, together with what has happened in the restaurant and hotel sector in Australia, has really driven the program's success," she said.
Delegations of Japanese, Korean and Chinese customers visiting Australia as guests of CAAB have often paid a visit to Gwalia over the years, getting a taste of local cattle production, how the supply chain works, the degree of integrity in the licensing and verification systems that are applied, and the importance of the application of MSA systems in delivering consistent eating quality.
"It's that pull-through demand effect that has provided the greatest benefit to Angus cattle suppliers," Ms Chisholm said.
As a progeny test herd for the Team Te Mania program, the Gwalia herd is recording big progress in its genetic gain in important traits like marbling and growth rate.
"Our long-fed index, for example, has now come up to 115, on a breed average of 90," she said.
"The marbling index for our heifer portion that we artificially inseminated this year was 2.3, and their longfed index was 123. The whole herd is now 2.0 for marbling, so we are making rapid progress, which is being reflected also in the carcase performance seen within the CAAB program."
Ms Chisholm said her breeding program had become much more objectively oriented over the past 15 years, now weighing all calves at birth, and again at weaning and feedlot entry to build up a solid picture of growth performance. All calves are also scanned for intramuscular fat, rib and rump fat cover and eye muscle area.
Together with the feedback from the abattoir, that information all went to ABRI as part of Breedplan recording, helping drive genetic improvement efficiency both through the herd, and into commercial beef programs like CAAB.
"We are now using a program called Total Genetic Resource Management, which helps match complementary genetics within my cow herd, and the bulls which I have been allocated under the Team Te Mania program. The same applies with our AI program," she said.
"This year, Greg Poppelwell from TGRM sent me the suggested genetic matches online, which I then downloaded onto a Sapien Technology tablet (small portable laptop computer), allowing us to make mating calls, crush-side."
"The tablet actually calls out (using a synthetic voice), as a heifer is read as she comes up the race, who she is to be mated to for maximum genetic gain. There was no need to paw over records – all the decisions were done via the TGRM software, live. It's amazing," Ms Chisholm said.
Two AI technicians used in Gwalia's AI program this year had also had great success using a new product called Gonnabreed, which aided conception rates and management during the insemination work.
Ms Chisholm told the CAAB anniversary gathering last Thursday that families that stuck together and worked together could achieve great things, and there was a sense of 'family' within the CAAB Angus supply network.
"If they stick together and market their product collectively and effectively, I think it can have a lot more commercial and marketing impact than producers going off individually and having their own cottage industry approach," she said.
Meet John Dettmann – Kyneton, VIC
(L-R : John Dwyer, The Land Newspaper Linley & John Dettmann; Phil Morley, CAAB; Brett Tindal, The Land Newspaper)
John is an Angus grower from Kyneton Victoria, he runs a large commercial herd of quality Angus cows which produce wonderful Angus cattle for branded beef programs such as Certified Australian Angus Beef.
Please click on the following link to view winning producer, John Dettmann's interview with CAAB CEO, Phil Morley http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a4rbYax0V7w
John has entered pens of Angus cattle in the Beef Spectacular Feedlot Trial over the last three years 2012, 2013, 2014 with John's Angus cattle awarded the 'CAAB Champion Pen' in each of those three years.
In 2012 and 2013 he was awarded the 'Reserve Champion pen of 5 Steers' leading to 2014 when he scooped the prize pool winning both the 'Champion Pen of 5 Steers' and the 'CAAB Champion Pen'.
Great Angus cattle growers produce great beef like Certified Australian Angus Beef, the brand owned by Aussie Angus Farmers.
Bongongo Angus Stud – Bill and Shauna Graham
Bill and Shauna Graham together with their son Tom run Bongongo Angus Stud situated on the banks of the Murrumbidgee River between Coolac and Jugiong. The Graham's live on their property Riverview and working together with two other properties, Luff's located at Adjungbilly and Briardale situated near Tumblong they run 800 registered Angus breeders and 500 Angus for the commercial market.
Shauna is based in the office at Riverview, with fourth generation farmer Bill and son Tom, alongside one other full time employee running the three properties. Bill and Shauna's daughter, Jess, is also involved in the family business doing the graphic design for all advertising activities and sale catalogues.
Contractor labour is used for all fencing, spraying, pasture work such as silage, hay making and sowing of pastures for forage or hay and silage.
The Bongongo Angus Stud is one of the oldest registered herds in Australia with the first registration dating back to 1926. There are two on property bull sales per year held at Riverview. On property sales are held in Autumn and Spring. The graham Family sells approximately 180 bulls per year, including paddock sales outside their two on property sales. There is always a complimentary BBQ at the sales serving CAAB – Certified Australian Angus Beef. Steak sandwiches keep the punters happy and the Grahams purchase the beef, Cube Roll.
Bill Graham says, 'We believe that the most important aspect of raising beef cattle is is to be profitable firstly. We love the feedback we get from our clients and the Bongongo Angus genetics are highly sought after.' Shauna added, 'Bill and Tom do several sessions of ET a year on our herd and we do a lot of AI to keep improving our genetics so our client's herds do the same!'
'We love living on the land because of the lifestyle, the space and the magnificent view we have of the banks of the Murrumbidgee River. Bill has a fierce love of cattle, cattle genetics and the beef industry. We are both passionate about the land and everything it has to offer!' Shauna proudly states.
Boonaroo Angus Stud – Shane and Jodie Foster
Shane and Jodie Foster and their children Tom and Claire, own and run Boonaroo Angus Stud, which is located 12 km northwest of Casterton in the South West of Victoria. Jodie's grandfather was a First World War soldier settler, taking up 202 hectares at "Lindsay" about 40 km from Boonaroo. Jodie's family continue to farm "Lindsay" and have built it to an impressive 1821 hectares.
Shane's father was the son of a dairy farmer and went on to buy the first 121 hectares of Boonaroo in 1967.
Shane, Jodie and their children live on Boonaroo and farm 1477 hectares. Shane and Jodie this year will join 380 Angus females and further trading 150 heifers joined on Boonaroo and sold as Pregnancy Tested in Calf (PTIC) in the same year. In addition to their Angus herd, Shane and Jodie also run a wool and lamb operation focused on export weight lambs and further improve pastures for grazing.
The Foster's very much work their farm together and put in the hours to ensure the operation runs smoothly. They also employ a full time stockman to assist. Contract labour is used throughout the year during intensive periods including lamb marking and shearing.
The cattle operation is a solely a pasture fed operation with pasture fed steers turned off at around 450kg- 550kg to supply programs such as Angus Pure with quality pasture fed cattle.
Registered bulls are produced and sold annually at an on property auction held in February of each year. Surplus bred females are sold primarily for live export to China or Russia to increase herd number in both countries.
'As producers and custodians of the land, we pride ourselves on having a healthy herd and farm, maintaining a balance of prosperity within our business and for the businesses of our bull buying clients. In other words we don't over stock, we keep the land in good order for the generations to follow, and we breed animals which are sound, quiet, with optimal ability to produce muscle while still being able to both fatten and fall in calf pasture within a pasture fed grazing system.'
Shane and Jodie add 'these types of animals make raising beef cattle both economical and practical. As a breeder of Angus seed-stock, producing bulls which will create cow herds to fit clients specific farming environments is the most important and rewarding aspect of our beef cattle business.'
'Living on the land is a privilege, we enjoy all the season's first hand, enjoy the breeding season and the highs and lows of it all make us stronger more resilient people. It is a great stage on which to raise a family and teach the children responsibilities of having land and livestock. It makes children broadminded and well educated from an early age.' says Shane.


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Long story short.
I broke up, then my ex, what an *******...after brokeup, went on "announcing" on facebook saying "its over". Not just that, posting on defaming me, saying I'm the one creating stories and all the friends there were like "shame on your ex!" things goin on.
Anyway, do you ever like need to announce even you're going to breaking up with someone on facebook -.-?
Guess you made the right decision by breaking up with her/him. Now you know how big her/his ego really is.
actually yeah, because thats where you change your status back to single
Not really, I mean there were times that I would drop hints on my relationship then my ex will just bash at me for posting something from the past.
I never really bother with relationships status on FB.
Facebook is quite double edged, when used properly it really does make some people's lives easier - keeping in touch, organise things etc. But it could easily go the other way and become something that accelerates the rate of degradation within society. One who starts and/or sustains his/her Facebook must prepare for its flaws as much as he/she enjoy the benefits.
is about the Reason you Breakup with her/him
sometimes its hurt.. he/her could say that to closer friends not to all!
anyway you should be happy he/she make you famous !! Remmber who talk about you bad or good to all its making you famous even if you dont want be famous!! still you should be happy!!that mean he/her Waste time in you !! you are important!!!!!!!!
yeah, 'cause if he posted how she has STI or about if she is a horrible person, other guys will want to go near her -.-
"famous good or bad" is ridiculous. It's BAD if she's famous for lies that he makes.
I know Miyuki isn't a bad person, and I'm sure a lot of people know this too. The only real thing you can do is say, "Good thing I'm not with that ******* anymore." =/ *hugs* things like that really bother me too.. I don't think I'd be able to keep quiet and watch that go. -.-; Breakups bring out the jerk in people... =/
Some people will be an attention whale to cope with hurt feelings. The average "nice person" will say comforting things to them; usually in agreement.
Miyuki, you are not the weakest link.
Weakest Link (US) - Anne Robinson meets her match - YouTube
I didn't knew it will become like that afterward, I got depressed after the broke up since most of his friends were like "eww this ****", I got blamed by something I didn't do thanks to some of the *****es.
But, at the end, screw that... I'm not an attention horse to post something like that on facebook, although my family knew about this as well. As I mentioned to him before we prefer to keep it just us, whatever you don't like about me, just between me and you..but no..went ahead, and declare about it on facebook, and inviting others to see and commenting, defaming on me.
Seriously, I wish karma will slap you in your life soon... I've enough of you already. :'(
don't be sad or worry and everything he did in his life from bad and good will back to him !! krama is True !! life like Circle !! everything we do it is back to us from bad and good!
if he still write about you bad leave him don't even say to him stop!!
he stupid!!! and u lucky he waste time in you!!
Smile what ever happen what he did only want people hate you .. its just stupid drama things will show up in the end!!
who sell you sell it!!! don't even look back c:
Every person has their faults and it's normal to be butthurt about it (within reason). But this guy is defying reason by putting all the blame on you and complaining about it to everything and every person in existence. Those actions are irresponsible, disrespectful and stupid since it makes him seem like he can't do anything himself to change his life.
Miyuki I'm proud of you because you're being the bigger person in this situation.
Fun Facts: people who demonstrate this kind of negative behaviour often find difficulty in getting a job/being promoted at their work because of an inability or difficulty learning from/overcoming situations of failure.
Be the better person, ignore what the 'commenting FBers' are saying since there's no reason why you should care (if you knew them as friends, then they should be backing you up, if they aren't your friends, then why care what they think?) and move on with life.
I guess you're adding to my thoughts about facebook.
"I am not missing out on much."
On a more serious note, it seems that now there is facebook, people think it's appropriate to behave antisocially on the internet as it's a different environment to real life. In the end however, what happens on facebook deeply affects real life. "Unfriending" has become an issue to get angry about. I think people have the right to clear their friendslist due to not speaking to some people on them.
It appears people on facebook tend to friend each other not to be friends but instead to brag about how many people they apparently are friends with. (We some friends are actually friends).
Anyways, I hope your ex appologizes for what they have done as you obviously shared some nice memories. Please try and remember them and don't let them be tainted by the bad memories of break up. Life's too short to be filled with negativity.
I don't like bringing attention to my facebook when I change my relationship status to single.
I just quickly delete the feed before anyone bothers to notice.
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How to Achieve and Maintain a Healthy Weight
The dreaded weight issue. Almost everyone at some point in their lives will inevitably wake up one morning, put on a pair of pants, and come to one of two conclusions: Either someone has broken into your house and replaced your entire dresser drawer with size 29 pants, or it's time to reevaluate your lifestyle. Weight gain is sneaky like that. Since we generally surround ourselves with the same people, and go about our daily routine without thinking, neither them nor you notice the gradual gain of weight…until a button flies off in the middle of dinner.
Whether you're categorized as "overweight" or "obese," there is no quick-fix solution to shedding those pounds. It's a long process that could take months, if not more, depending on where you currently stand on the weight scale, and its distance from your goal. So even though everybody is different, and everybody has different goals and different amounts of weight to lose, there are a set of uniform steps and guidelines that will get you started along the path to reaching a healthy weight, and keeping it.
First and foremost, get better sleep! Sleeping is actually one of the main determining factors of our level of health, both physical and mental. In this case, I'm talking good sleep, between 6 and 8 hours a night at a cool temperature, with no, and I repeat no television playing in the background. This silence will allow you hit deeper levels of sleep faster, allowing you to fully recharge and wake up feeling great, and not groggy.
Second, formulate a regular schedule, including your sleep time. This can be difficult, because of work, kids' schedules, etc., etc. But maintaining a routine is important in setting the ground work for your body to succeed at anything, especially weight loss. This includes eating at regular times as well…speaking of eating…create a healthy diet! Fruits, vegetables, lean meats, and fish are nutrient rich sources of energy that will fuel your workouts as well as drastically reduce the amount of saturated fats in your current diet.
Third, walk. Yes, it's that simple, walk. Don't just go on walks in the evening twice a week, but walk everywhere! Take the stairs, park farther away from your office, walk around your house…anything! Studies have shown that walking for just ten minutes each day will have positive effects on your metabolism, as well as help begin the process of your body's transformation. In this case, you literally have to walk before you can run.
Now as you go along, your body will gradually acclimate to your new lifestyle, and you'll be able to increase your workouts in order to reach your ultimate goal. But once there, you simply cannot stop and go back to shoving potato chips down the ol' throat by the handful and expect the weight to stay off. The best way of maintaining your weight is to do the exact same thing that got you there.
Maybe keep around a pair of pants or a shirt that you used to have to wear as reminder of how far you've come so that you'll never become complacent, because you must always be actively working toward your goal, whether it's working toward it, or to keep it, always remember this: The work may seem easier, but it never ends.
Posted: December 11th, 2014 under health.
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Top Definition
To make love to a woman with such baggy, loose lady parts you barely touch the sides
Man, she was hot but it was like waving a stick in the Albert Hall down there. Honestly, it was like opening a window and shagging the night.
додав TheCreviceDotcom 14 Лютого 2006
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text: Beyonce Joins Jay-Z During Final Barclays Performance Live Performances October 8, 2012 During Jay-Z's 8th and final Barclay's Center performance, Beyonce joined her husband on stage, and in support performed "Diva", "Crazy In Love", and aided in Jigga's performance of "Young Forever". Tags: BeyonceJay-Z 0 0 Miss Dimplez Miss Dimplez doesn't believe in vacations, laziness or getting tired. As one of the industry's most sought after digital mavens, Dimplez keeps her spear sharp by editorializing the news and media she handles, encounters, or creates with her clients on a daily basis. Website


text: The brighter the color the better for Saturday's Steeplechase.This year, eye-popping colors like canary yellow, fuchsia and tangerine are proving popular with customers as they pick out the shoes, dresses, hats, shirts and slacks to wear to the second jewel in Aiken's Triple Crown of racing, according to local clothiers."Color is king right now," said Paula Moore, co-owner of Return Engagement, an upscale consignment store in the Holley Building on Laurens Street."As always, bright, bright, bright," said Lionel Smith Ltd. Manager Danny Minolfo. "Lots of color. It's almost like Easter. It gives people an opportunity to think outside the box. If the item works that day, then they think about incorporating it into their weekend wardrobe."Each leg of Aiken's Triple Crown, particularly Steeplechase, has traditionally been seen as fashion-forward social events where women don elaborate hats and vibrant dresses and men their most dapper sports coats, slacks and firmly-pressed seersucker suits.Steeplechase could very well be a rite of spring."It's like the coming out for spring," Moore said. "People look really together."Even if their clothing is monochromatic, people are still looking for that pop of color in their footwear.Shoetopia owner Stacey Manney said espadrilles and wedges in yellows and fuschias are quickly leaving the shelves."It's all about the bright colors, stripes and wedges," she said. "Not only are they popular, they're great for Steeplechase."Daniel Lunn, 16, said Steeplechase gives people a chance to dress to the nines.However, everyone else can keep their bright colors. He prefers the classic look."I'm going with a polo shirt and slacks," he said of his Steeplechase outfit. "I usually stick with the polos."Gates for Steeplechase open at 9:30 a.m. Saturday. The Village of Shops opens at 10 a.m., and the Guarantor Tent Party is slated to begin at 11 a.m.The call to post for the first race is 1 p.m., with the carriage parade scheduled between the first and second race at 1:15 p.m., with each race slated to start on the half-hour after the first race (post time for the second race is 1:30 p.m.). The sixth and final race beings at 3:30 p.m.General admission tickets are $15 in advance and $20 at the gate. Children 6 and younger are admitted free.Tickets can be purchased at Aiken Drug, Aiken Saddlery, Floyd & Green Jewelers, Ingate Professional Pharmacy, J.M. Greene Fine Jewelry, Lominick Pharmacy, North Augusta Chamber of Commerce, Plum Pudding, Southern Bank & Trust, Southern Saddlery, Stoplight Deli and Unique Expressions.Subscriber admission tickets are $20 in advance and $25 at the gate. Those planning on join someone in a subscriber area (1-88, 401-470 or 920-945) need a subscriber ticket to gain admission to that area. Subscriber tickets are sold exclusively at the Steeplechase office, 528 Two Notch Road S.E.There will be no drive-in race day parking.Guarantor tent party tickets are $125 each and includes admission into the guarantor tent enclosure. The tent party hosts a buffet luncheon, open bar, musical entertainment and parking adjacent to the tent. Children ages 6 to 12 are $60 each.The Aiken Spring Steeplechase dates back to 1930, when it was first run in the Hitchcock Woods. The event was revived in 1966. The Steeplechase has both flat and jump events over grass.Click on an image below to see the Steeplechase fashion focusonyou gallery:Haley Hughes is the Aiken County government reporter and has been with the Aiken Standard since February 2007. Hughes, a graduate of Middle Tennessee State University, hails from Knoxville, Tenn.


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Judge orders former Milwaukee voucher school operator to repay $300,000
But court's process servers can't locate Corey Daniels
A Milwaukee County judge has ordered the operator of a defunct private voucher school to repay about $300,000 in taxpayer money, after the state sued him for falsifying documents and forging his college diploma to get into the Milwaukee Parental Choice Program, court records show.
But Wisconsin may not be seeing that money anytime soon from Corey C. Reed Daniels, who operated the disastrous Milwaukee Institute of Academic Achievement in 2011-'12 before reports of student endangerment prompted the Department of Public Instruction to terminate it from the choice program.
Process servers were unable to find Daniels, 41, to serve him with the summons and complaint in early 2013.
He has no lawyer on record and has not answered phone calls.
A DPI spokesperson said Thursday that Daniels is now on a disqualified persons list for operating voucher schools.
His institute, which enrolled between 100 and 180 students in kindergarten through eighth grade at 4920 N. Sherman Blvd., is not the first private voucher school to get shut down by the state. But it remains one of the most recent examples of how quickly an operator — given the right circumstances — could start a private school, enroll students and receive hundreds of thousands of public dollars before being cut off after allegations of impropriety.
As private-school voucher programs expand in Wisconsin, there has been more discussion about how to make sure schools that join the program are legitimate operations, and how to hold them accountable for their performance.
State legislation offered by two GOP lawmakers this week would eventually bring private voucher schools into the statewide school-rating system.
And schools joining the new statewide voucher program this fall had to be previously existing private schools, a change aimed at thwarting anybody from immediately throwing together an unstable program and accepting students and public money.
Milwaukee County Circuit Judge Richard Sankovitz issued a default judgment on Daniels last month in the amount the state was requesting: $294,721.50, plus another $795 in court costs, court records show.
A hearing is set for Sept. 24, but it may be attended only by another party: Syronia Williams Clark, a woman whose signature appears on many of the documents submitted to the state and approved, which allowed Daniels to join the voucher program and accept $6,442 for each qualifying student.
Clark's attorney, Nick Padway, said in an interview this week that the signatures were forgeries and inserted into the documents without his client's knowledge or permission.
"What the forger didn't realize is that my client is left-handed," Padway said. "I submitted documentation showing that."
Padway said Daniels has not responded to their cross-claim.
About 25,000 students are educated in private schools with the help of publicly subsidized vouchers in the 23-year-old Milwaukee Parental Choice Program.
Daniels' institute was terminated from the voucher program in spring 2012 after the DPI investigated complaints that Daniels hit a pupil with a belt in school, drove students in unregistered school buses without a proper license, and educated students in his own home while he worked on other business.
The state claims the private school was never eligible for the taxpayer money it received, because documents it was required to submit to the DPI for review to join the program were a sham.
Forgeries alleged
The complaint alleges that Daniels:
■ Forged the signatures of board members who did not agree to serve the school.
■ Made up financial figures.
■ Faked a promissory note.
■ Forged a college diploma, a requirement of the state for teachers in voucher schools. Daniels submitted a diploma-looking document that said he received a "bachelor of business administration" in 1993 from "MBTI," written out long-form as the Business Training Institute.
Daniels also was able to join the taxpayer-funded voucher program because of a loophole created by Republican-led rule changes in the 2011 budget cycle.
That legislation allowed new voucher schools to get preapproved by accrediting entities outside of Wisconsin.
When the Journal Sentinel investigated in May 2012 how and why the Illinois-based Association for Christian Teachers and Schools approved Daniels' school for preaccreditation, a consultant for the group said he did not give such approval.
When shown the approval document obtained by the Journal Sentinel, the consultant said it had been altered.
Republican-led law changes in the 2013-'15 state budget again expanded the reach of voucher programs in Wisconsin.
But to limit fly-by-night voucher-school operators, the newest changes allow only previously existing private schools to join the new statewide voucher program and educate low-income students with the help of taxpayer dollars.
Legislators also have worked with pro-voucher group School Choice Wisconsin to make sure that only Wisconsin-based accrediting agencies that know the state's school choice landscape are allowed to give a green light to brand-new voucher schools.
The idea is to make sure new private schools trying to join the statewide voucher program are sustainable operations, before they are given public funding.
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