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WASHINGTON (AP) - President Bush urged Congress on Friday to approve at least $60 billion in fresh tax cuts to boost the staggering economy without resorting to the broad new government spending sought by many Democrats.
The announcement followed a Thursday night meeting on the White House's Truman Balcony during which House Republican leaders described for Bush a growing concern among conservatives that he appeared too open to Democratic spending proposals ranging from health insurance assistance to railroad construction.
At the meeting, which a senior White House official characterized as "brutally frank," GOP leaders said they believed Bush's statements were being misinterpreted by many in Congress and advised him to communicate his thinking on the stimulus plan more clearly, said one participant who spoke on condition of anonymity.
Bush, flanked by his top economic advisers in the White House Rose Garden, said Friday the government is already responding with about $60 billion in spending to the aftermath of the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks, including his proposal to extend unemployment benefits by 13 weeks.
The president called for additional tax cuts totaling about the same $60 billion.
"In order to stimulate the economy, Congress doesn't need to spend any more money. What they need to do is cut taxes," Bush said.
House Majority Leader Dick Armey, R-Texas, said the tax-writing Ways and Means Committee was given a green light to begin assembling a package of up to $75 billion without waiting for a negotiated agreement with Democrats and the Senate. The panel's chairman, GOP Rep. Bill Thomas of California, said work could begin as early as next week.
Democrats responded with dismay, saying that would virtually ensure a partisan outcome.
"These people have a hidden agenda," said Rep. Charles Rangel of New York, senior Democrat on the Ways and Means Committee. "They think they can dust off anything they want and wrap the American flag around it."
The president made his clearest statement yet on the components of his plan, which would include accelerating some or all of the income tax rate cuts now set to take effect in 2004 and 2006 as part of the 10-year, $1.35 trillion tax relief measure enacted earlier this year. Treasury Secretary Paul O'Neill has proposed moving the 1 percentage point reduction in the 27 percent income tax rate from 2004 to 2002, a Treasury official said.
Because the bottom 10 percent and 15 percent tax brackets would not be reduced, Bush said Congress should "make sure that low- and moderate-income workers get tax relief as well." The leading option is a new round of tax rebate checks, which could arrive in time for the critical holiday shopping season.
The president's list pointedly left out cuts in capital gains taxes on investment, which many Republicans are pressing for but Democrats fiercely oppose as benefiting the wealthy. House Republicans, however, still want to consider a measure that would reduce the long-term capital gains rate from 20 percent to 18 percent for investments made after the Sept. 11 attacks.
"Some of us just won't give that up," Armey said. "There's going to be a big fight over the capital gains tax reduction."
Democrats have gone far beyond tax cuts in their vision of a stimulus package, envisioning that half of up to $75 billion would go for spending.
Some Democrats want to give workers a 50 percent federal match for the COBRA health insurance plans available for the jobless. Others want to raise the $5.15-an-hour minimum wage, begin a broad new public works program and spend money on Amtrak, high-speed rail and highways.
A bipartisan group of senators and House members has been meeting regularly to talk over these items as well as the long-range budget implications of an economic stimulus plan. Senate Finance Committee Chairman Max Baucus, D-Mont., said continuing those talks was critical in reaching an agreement that could pass both the Democratic-led Senate and GOP-run House.
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Before beginning your self storage search in Dayton, there are a few things you should know. The pricing and availability of storage units in Dayton will depend on several factors such as the real estate climate, the number of people moving into or throughout the area, housing conditions in the city, and the general wealth and prosperity of the area. Using US Census data, we've pieced together a better picture of those factors as they relate to self storage in Dayton.
One way to get an idea of the demand for housing and storage space in Dayton is to look at housing occupancy and vacancy rates. If there's low vacancy rates in Dayton housing, there's likely low vacancy at Dayton storage facilities. This would allow storage facilities in Dayton to charge higher prices for their units. The US Census estimates that housing vacancy rates in Dayton are at 10.1%, while the occupancy rate is at 89.9%. That's a lower vacancy rate than the average for cities in the United States, and suggests that storage facility vacancy in Dayton may also be lower. Low vacancy allows storage facilities to charge higher rent, so a cheap storage unit could be trickier to find in Dayton than in other cities.
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Outdoor Research Wayward L/S Shirt
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Free Shipping. Outdoor Research Men's Wayward LS Shirt FEATURES of the Outdoor Research Men's Wayward Long Sleeve Shirt Breathable Lightweight Quick-Drying Wicking Movement-mirroring stretch UPF 50+ Button chest pockets Zip security chest pocket Logo placket label Contrast grosgrain in collar Curved hem 4 Hole logo button closures AirVent Inner back yoke Sleeve Roll Up Tabs
- Moosejaw
The breathable, quick-drying, and lightweight Outdoor Research Men's Wayward Shirt is ideal for travel and outdoor adventure. The shirt's muted coloration makes it a low-profile choice for travelers who don't want to stick out like a sore thumb when they're checking out the local attractions. The zippered Napoleon pocket securely holds a passport, cash, or ID, and a UPF 50 + rating helps block harmful rays when you're outside all day.
- Backcountry.com
Versatile enough to function on the trail and look great in town, the Outdoor Research Wayward Long Sleeve Shirt for men is great for traveling and all day adventures. It's made from lightweight, quick-drying nylon fabric, with front button closure for adjustable ventilation and style, and it has built-in UPF 50 protection to block out the harsh summer sun. Whether you're exploring the fickle coast of southern Iceland or sampling sweet treats at a bakery in Paris, the Wayward Long Sleeve Shirt will be ready for wherever your adventure may take you.
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Outdoor Research Mens Wayward Long Sleeve Shirt(TM) - Size XL - XL
All the benefits of a travel shirt without the tourist look. Outdoor Research's Wayward Long Sleeve Shirt is quick drying and fashionable to seamlessly take you from trail to town. UPF 50 sun protection keeps harmful rays off your skin while a zippered napoleon pocket holds your passport and some cash while you roam foreign streets.
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Outdoor Research Wayward L/S Shirt
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Newport Expands SA2 Aluminum Breadboard Product Line
Newport Corporation introduces an expanded product line of low-cost aluminum breadboards and accessories for basic photonics research and OEM optical assemblies.
The SA2 Series sizes include 4 in. x 6 in., 6 in. x 6 in., 8 in. x 8 in., 6 in. x 24 in., and 6 in. x 36 in. to offer more flexibility for optical experiments. A standard grid of tapped holes extends to within 0.5 inches of the plate edges, providing more mounting surface than competitive products. The SA2 also features "in-grid" counter-bored holes and generous edge chamfers that make lifting, aligning, and integrating the SA2 onto standard optical tables much easier than competitive models.
Newport's SA2 Series is available in custom sizes and shapes, upon request. The imperial standard models feature ¼-20 tapped holes on a 1-inch grid and metric models feature M6 tapped holes on a 25mm grid. All versions are deep black anodized to minimize surface reflections. Other surface finishes are available upon request.
According to Warren Booth, Vibration Control product line manager, "Customer feedback on the SA2 family has been very positive since its introduction last year. The unique design features have made the SA2 the most popular basic breadboard in the industry. We have received numerous requests to expand the offering and this latest release is a reflection of that customer feedback and our dedication to delivering what our customers need."
For more information on the ultra low cost, highly durable SA2 Aluminum Breadboards and other Newport vibration control solutions, please visit www.newport.com/
About Newport Corporation
Newport Corporation is a leading global supplier of advanced-technology products and systems to customers in the scientific research, microelectronics manufacturing, aerospace and defense/security, life and health sciences and precision industrial manufacturing markets. Newport'
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Report: Elin Impersonated Tiger via Text to Bust Mistress
More light has been potentially shed on that crazy night over Thanksgiving that led to the golf great's downfall.By Chris Rovzar
More light has been potentially shed on that crazy night over Thanksgiving that led to the golf great's downfall.By Chris Rovzar
Sources at a Mississippi sex-rehab clinic gave writer Benoit Denizet-Lewis a peek into what the disgraced golf great is going through.By Chris Rovzar
Hmmm. So are we!By Katie Goldsmith
Or so he says.By Katie Goldsmith
And more celebrity nonsense, in our daily gossip roundup.By Katie Goldsmith
Leaving your high-profile husband is practically unorthodox these days.By Sheelah Kolhatkar
Spurned wife of golf star in talks with Puma.By Gabriel Bell
But not to worry! He still has that big project in Dubai going for him.By Chris Rovzar
Tiger's "friend" has some advice.By Lindsay Robertson
Well! This moves the story forward!By Jessica Pressler
Today's news involves possible pimps, plastic surgery, and Pepsi!By Chris Rovzar
The perfect occasion for pleather!By Katie Goldsmith
And that's not all in today's roundup of news about the beleaguered golfer.By Chris Rovzar
This one says Tiger liked it rough.By Lindsay Robertson
It's never over.By Lindsay Robertson
More wisdom from Ashley Dupré.By Chris Rovzar
Elin will reportedly get $5 million to stay, plus an additional $55 million down the road.By Adam K. Raymond
The golfer releases a statement.By Chris Rovzar
And what is a VIP operations director?By Chris Rovzar
We have some theories about this.By Chris Rovzar


text:
Implement Sigital Signature on MS Office Documents
This project received 9 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $514 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
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Project Budget$250 - $750 USD
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Project Description
We need a web software which will take MS Office Documents i.e. word, Excel as inputs, open this document in a browser, ask user to attach their digital signature from USB dongle and get a Digitally signed MS office Document.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Oct 4, 2011
|Filing date
|Apr 2, 2004
|Priority date
|Apr 25, 2003
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Peter Gaal, Leonid Sheynblat, Christopher Patrick, Wyatt Thomas Riley
|Original Assignee
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (32), Non-Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (9), Classifications (16), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims priority to the U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/465,371, filed 25 Apr. 2003 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/467,258, filed 30 Apr. 2003, which are herein incorporated by reference.
1. Field
The disclosed method and apparatus relates to wireless communications, and more specifically to wireless systems that employ signal acquisition assistance data to assist a receiving station in acquiring selected signals.
2. Related Art
The wireless communications industry is developing services that generate accurate position information for wireless terminals. This development is partly motivated by the needs of public safety service providers in their efforts to promptly respond to emergency calls. In many instances, the calling party may be unwilling or unable to provide accurate position information. When such information is provided automatically, public safety officials are able to respond and render service quickly. In general, a location at which a public safety entity receives emergency '911' telephone calls is known as the Public Safety Answering Point (hereinafter 'PSAP').
The well-known Global Positioning System (GPS) offers one possible approach to providing wireless terminal position determination. Using GPS technology, wireless terminal position and velocity information can be determined within the accuracy requirements required by the FCC report and order. In addition to providing sufficiently accurate wireless terminal position information, new GPS features are easily integrated into a wireless telephone once GPS technology is added to the unit. The extra value features can be used to increase the market value of the wireless phone and to enhance revenues through the provision of additional services to the end users of such telephones.
As is well known, the GPS navigation system employs satellites that are in orbit around the earth. Any user of GPS, anywhere on earth, can derive precise navigation information including 3-dimensional position, velocity and time of day. The GPS system includes 24 satellites that are deployed in circular orbits with radii of 26,600 kilometers in three planes inclined at 55� with respect to the equator and spaced 120� with respect to one another. Eight satellites are equally spaced within each of the three orbit paths. Position measurements using GPS are based on measurements of propagation delay times of GPS signals broadcast from the orbiting satellites to a GPS receiver. Normally, reception of signals from 4 satellites is required for precise position determination in 4 dimensions (latitude, longitude, altitude, and time). After a receiver measures respective signal propagation delays, a range to each satellite is calculated by multiplying each delay by the speed of light. The location and time are found by solving a set of four equations with four unknowns incorporating the measured ranges and the known locations of the satellites. The precise capabilities of the GPS system are maintained using on-board atomic clocks for each satellite, in conjunction with tracking stations that continuously monitor and correct satellite clock and orbit parameters.
Each GPS satellite vehicle (SV) transmits two direct-sequence-coded spread spectrum signals in the L-band: an L1 signal at a carrier frequency of 1.57542 GHz, and an L2 signal at 1.2276 GHz. The L1 signal consists of two phase-shift keyed (PSK) spread spectrum signals modulated in phase quadrature: the P-code signal (P for "precise"), and the C/A-code signal (C/A for "coarse/acquisition"). The L2 signal contains only the P-code signal. The P and C/A codes are repetitive pseudo-random (also called pseudo-noise or "PN") sequences of bits (termed "chips" by those skilled in the telecommunication arts) that are modulated onto the carriers. The clock-like nature of these codes is utilized by the receiver in making time delay measurements. The PN codes for each SV are unique, allowing the receiver to distinguish which satellite transmits a given code, even though they are all transmitted at the same carrier frequency. A 50 bit/sec data stream containing system status information and satellite orbit parameters, useful for the navigation calculations, are also modulated onto each carrier. The P-code signals are encrypted, and are not generally available for commercial and private users. The C/A signal is available to all users.
The operations performed by GPS receivers are, for the most part, typical of those performed by direct-sequence spread spectrum receivers. The spreading effect of the PN code modulation must be removed from each signal by multiplying it by a time-aligned, locally generated copy of the code, in a process known as "despreading." Because the appropriate time alignment, or code delay, is unlikely to be known at receiver start-up, it must be determined by searching during the initial "acquisition" phase of GPS receiver operation.
After despreading is performed, each signal consists of a 50 bit/sec PSK signal at an intermediate carrier frequency. The exact frequency of this PSK signal is uncertain due to the Doppler effect caused by relative movement between the satellite and the terminal unit, and due to local receiver GPS clock reference errors. A search for the Doppler frequency must be performed during initial signal acquisition, because it is usually unknown prior to signal acquisition. Carrier demodulation can proceed once the Doppler frequency is approximately determined.
After performing carrier demodulation, data bit timing is derived using a bit synchronization loop, and the data stream is finally detected. A navigation calculation may be undertaken once the signals from four satellites have been acquired and locked onto, the time delay and Doppler measurements have been made, and a sufficient number of data bits (enough to determine the GPS timing reference and orbit parameters) are received.
One disadvantage of the GPS system for location determination is the relatively long time needed to perform signal acquisition. As noted above, SV signals cannot be tracked until they have first been located by searching in a two-dimensional search "space", whose dimensions are code-phase delay and Doppler frequency shift. Typically, if there is no prior knowledge of a signal's location within this search space, as would be the case after a receiver "cold start", a large number of code delays (about 2000) and Doppler frequencies (about 15) must be searched for each SV signal that is to be acquired and tracked. Thus, for each signal, up to 30,000 locations in the search space must be examined. Typically these locations are examined sequentially, one at a time, a process that can take as long as 5 to 10 minutes. The acquisition time is further lengthened if the identities (i.e., PN-codes) of the four satellites within view of the receiving antenna are unknown.
Signal acquisition is needed at least when a GPS receiver has lost the signals, which may occur, for example, after power down, or when the signal has been blocked from the receiver for some period of time. After acquiring the signals, they may be maintained or "tracked."
However, many devices such as cellular telephone mobile stations (MSs) possess GPS functionality as an additional feature or enhancement, rather than as a primary purpose of the device. For these devices, a need to continuously track GPS SV signals would increase the cost, decrease the battery life, or reduce the functionality of the primary device (e.g., primarily functioning as a cell phone). For example, because GPS SV signals are provided at frequencies that differ from cellular telephone signal frequencies, a single receiver cannot simultaneously monitor both frequencies. In order to do so, an MS would need an additional receiver unit, thereby adding to the cost of the device. Moreover, the processing capability of the system would need to be increased in order to concurrently monitor both signals, which would increase both cost and power consumption. Accordingly, many such systems rarely track GPS SV signals, but rather acquire the needed signals only upon demand.
All GPS-capable systems require acquisition of GPS SV signals. Some systems only occasionally require such acquisition, while others require acquisition of the GPS SV signals each time they are needed for a GPS function. The need for signal acquisition, unfortunately, does not prevent GPS functions from being needed urgently, such as when an MS location is required quickly to facilitate response to an emergency. In such situations, the time delay associated with a 5 to 10 minute GPS satellite signal acquisition cold-start by a GPS/wireless terminal unit before a position determination can be obtained is highly undesirable.
In order to reduce this delay, information may be provided to aid a receiver in acquiring a particular signal. Such acquisition assistance information permits a receiver to narrow the space that must be searched in order to locate a signal, by providing a "code window." The code window provides a reduced range within which the "code phase" (effectively, the signal time of arrival) should be found, or a predicted range of Doppler shift associated with the signal. Acquisition assistance may also include other information about the signal, such as its PN (pseudo-noise or pseudo-random) code, frequency, modulation, and content. The narrower the windows on the uncertainties of the signal are, the more quickly the receiver can acquire the signal. Narrowing these windows not only enables faster acquisition of signals, which shortens the delay before a location determination can be produced, but also reduces the processing burden on the receiver, which may reduce power consumption. Systems in which receivers locate ranging signals for position location (such as SV GPS signals) upon demand, with the assistance of information provided from another source within the system, are generally referred to as "wireless assisted position location" systems.
Since their introduction, wireless assisted position location systems have been gaining popularity as the preferred position location technology. They are applicable in any system where user terminals capable of measuring ranging signals from given signal sources can access a data base in order to obtain information facilitating quick acquisition of the ranging signals. Among others, one of the applications is use by position location capable wireless mobile stations (MSs) communicating with one or more base stations (BSs), where the BSs are connected to one or more data base servers, also called Position Determination Entities (PDEs), which can provide signal acquisition assistance data.
Signal acquisition assistance information transmitted to an MS may include description of the type of ranging signals available to the MS and characterization of those signals, such as frequency, PN offset, expected code phase, etc. Determination of some of these parameters is based on an approximate knowledge of the location and the internal state of the MS. A goal of such acquisition assistance information is to permit the MS to predict the time of arrival, or code phase, of a particular SV signal, and the Doppler shift of the SV signal if applicable, which may be referred to generally as code phase prediction. Considerations include the generation, conveyance, and use of code phase prediction information.
Code phase prediction is only as accurate as the parameters input for its calculation. Because the clock offset, position and movement of an MS relative to a source of a particular signal that is desired are generally not precisely known, the predicted code phase has some uncertainty, which can be expressed as an uncertainty window around a predicted code phase and an uncertainty window around a predicted Doppler shift of the signal.
Wireless assisted position location systems suffer from a drawback of latency due to their need to receive acquisition assistance information when, for instance, GPS functions are required. The latency is due not only to the time required to acquire the requisite signals, but also the time required to request acquisition assistance information, generally from another entity within the telecommunications system, for that entity to collect and provide the acquisition assistance, and for the acquisition assistance to be received. Moreover, communicating the acquisition assistance information burdens the communication system carrying capacity.
Therefore, a need exists for a system and method that enable accurate code phase prediction using acquisition assistance, while reducing processing and communications burdens on receivers in wireless assisted position location systems.
The system and method described herein includes features for conveying acquisition assistance information to a user terminal, and for determining acquisition assistance parameters in a network infrastructure and in the user terminal. Various aspects of the described system and method address the need identified above for enabling accurate code phase prediction using acquisition assistance, while reducing processing and communications burdens on receivers in wireless assisted position location systems. The skilled person will understand that various aspects of the described system and method also provide other advantages.
One aspect includes a method by which a mobile station (MS) in a cellular telecommunications system avoids a need to receive acquisition assistance information, when attempting to acquire a given signal, by determining that previously received acquisition information is still valid for use by the MS in acquiring the given signal.
Another aspect includes a method by which acquisition assistance may be utilized to acquire a plurality of signals. A first signal of the plurality may be acquired, and measurements of the first signal may be employed to improve the acquisition assistance data associated with other signals in the plurality sought.
Yet another aspect includes a method of acquiring a signal at a mobile station (MS). The method includes obtaining acquisition assistance when the MS is at a first location, and then compensating the obtained acquisition assistance data in accordance with the MS moving to a different new location.
An additional aspect includes a method of determining changes to an MS location in a cellular telecommunications system. The method utilizes a list of base stations (BSs) meeting selection criteria that are relevant to a location of the MS. The method includes a step of comparing BSs belonging to such a list at one time with BSs belonging to the "same" list (i.e., the list of BSs meeting the same selection criteria) at a later time.
Embodiments of the disclosed method and apparatus are shown in the following figures, in which like reference numbers and designations indicate like or similar parts.
The system and method described herein is applicable for systems, such as wireless assisted position location systems, that utilize acquisition assistance data to aid a receiver in acquiring a signal. Most wireless assisted position location systems are able to acquire and utilize global positioning system (GPS) satellite vehicle (SV) signals. Present GPS SV signals, as described above, transmit signals having a format that is closely related to CDMA telecommunications signals. Accordingly, an exemplary system described herein is based upon a CDMA cellular telecommunications system. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that any other communication air interface may be used as well.
For both signal acquisition and ranging purposes, information related to the timing of selected communication signals is useful. It is useful to ascertain when to expect the arrival of a recognizable feature of a given signal so that a search for the signal need only cover a limited time duration, and it is also useful to determine, as exactly as possible, the time of arrival of various signals with respect to each other. This latter information can be used for ranging purposes as is described below. Both of these timing issues involve "time of arrival" of a recognizable feature of a signal.
Persons skilled in regard to communication systems will understand that such time of arrival information is in most ways equivalent to a "code phase" of the signal. The "code phase" describes the timing of the arrived signal in terms of the phase offset between the received code and the same code beginning at a reference time. Thus, identifying the "code phase" of a signal effectively identifies the "time of arrival" of the signal, requiring only multiplication of the code phase by the frequency of the signal to obtain a time of arrival. These two are so closely and simply related that "time of arrival" is nearly interchangeable with "code phase." "Time of arrival" terminology is often used in position determining systems, particularly in systems that do not share the "code" aspects of communication systems.
The system and method described herein may be readily employed by all wireless systems. Signals that need to be acquired for ranging purposes are not limited to CDMA signals, but may include many other types. Ranging signals are also not limited to GPS SV signals. For example, base station (BS) signals are commonly used for ranging, and the ranging signals need not be communication. Nonetheless, an exemplary system described herein is a CDMA communication system, and "code phase" is more commonly used in regard to such systems. The skilled person will understand the related nature of these terms, and will have no difficulty employing concepts that are described using one of these terms in a system in which the other term is more often applied.
The following notations may be used throughout this description:
In current systems, acquisition assistance data for Global Positioning System (GPS) Space Vehicle (SV) signals are provided to the mobile station (MS). The exact procedures for providing this acquisition assistance data are defined in the various position location signaling standards such as, for example, TIA/EIA IS-801-1. At least some of these standards fail to provide methods for conveying similar acquisition assistance information pertaining to the cellular BSs. As is well known, signals other than GPS SV signals, for example cellular BS pilot signals, can also be used as ranging signal sources. To date, this deficiency has not been viewed as serious. This is because BS acquisition assistance information is typically provided to the MS via other wireless signaling methods, for example, in the form of a Neighbor List Message in TIA/EIA IS-2000. Such acquisition assistance, however, is tailored to facilitate seamless handoff in the wireless network, not to facilitate position location measurements. While the existing acquisition assistance techniques accordingly provide less than optimal performance, their effectiveness may be improved by adding explicit BS acquisition assistance in the position location messages. Further additional explicit acquisition assistance in position location messages also facilitates implementation of other improvements to wireless assisted position location systems.
Assisting Acquisition of Signal Doppler Shift
The following relatively simple method may be used to provide signal acquisition assistance. Because the predicted Doppler frequency does not need to be known with great precision by the MS, a search for a Doppler frequency offset of an SV signal can be narrowed using the following method.
The predicted Doppler, {circumflex over (D)}, can be derived as
{circumflex over (D)}=f SV −Δ{circumflex over (f)} MS, (1)
and the Doppler search window, WD, can be calculated as
W D =R�q 1 +Δf MS %, (2)
where q1 is a factor accounting for the location uncertainty. Typically, q1=10−3 Hz/m is used.
Simple Code Phase Assistance Method
The MS observes code phase P, which can be expressed as
The predicted code phase, {circumflex over (P)}, can be expressed as
and the window size, W, can be expressed as
The computed code phase prediction parameters, {circumflex over (P)} and W, may be transmitted to the MS from the BS using existing message formats for cellular communication signaling. Note that the line in
This simple method works well as long as the clock offset (clock bias) in the, MS and the SV are known. The SV clock offset (bias) can be determined from the Ephemeris parameters available to the Position Determination Entity (PDE) of the wireless system (not shown in
Extended Code Phase Assistance Method
Wireless systems, such as IS-95, IS-2000 or IS-856, in which the BSs are synchronized to GPS time, offer the advantage of having the MSs also approximately synchronized to GPS time. In these cases, the MS clock bias will be primarily due to the BS system time offset in combination with the BS-to-MS signal propagation delay. The code phase P observed by the MS can be expressed as follows:
A code phase assistance parameter set that can be used to produce a minimal code phase window size for a given set of available data is desirable, and can be obtained as follows. For every point in the MS location uncertainty area, compute the value P according to Equation (6), and determine the minimum and maximum of those values, denoted by {circumflex over (P)}min and {circumflex over (P)}max over all points in the uncertainty area. Then the code phase assistance parameters can be computed as
Note that W computed according to Equation (8) already accounts for a component of the MS clock bias uncertainty that is due to the BS-to-MS signal propagation delay. Accordingly, the additional margins bBS % and dMS % need only account for uncertainty in hardware delays of the BS and MS. For a well-calibrated MS, dMS % may often be considered to be zero. Uncertainty in the SV clock bias is also typically small, and for many purposes may be considered to be zero.
Producing an optimized acquisition assistance parameter set by searching for the maximum and minimum over all points in the uncertainty area is computationally inconvenient, but simplifications may be used with little loss of accuracy. For example, although P is a continuous function of the MS position, a practical search is limited to finite step size by factors such as chip length and sampling resolution. Accordingly, the search may be restricted to points of a grid in which neighboring grid points are separated by
where q2 is an appropriately chosen constant, for example, q2=4. Another approach to reducing the computational burden is to employ an iterative search algorithm, such as Newton iterations.
The search space can be reduced by considering the following observation. It can be shown that the minimal and maximal values, {circumflex over (P)}min and {circumflex over (P)}max will occur somewhere on the perimeter of the MS location uncertainty region. Accordingly, a search for the external values may be expedited by restricting the search to the perimeter. Note that, in general, the uncertainty region is a 3-D object, and thus the search should be conducted over a 'surface'.
Graphic understanding of one manner in which the foregoing method may be used to reduce the calculated code phase window size may be gained by considering an extreme case. The vectors rBS
Although W is reduced to zero only along a line extending from the BS antenna directly away from the SV whose signal is sought, the principle yields a reduction in W for all MS locations except those positioned along a line between the BS and the SV. Accordingly, the enhanced code phase assistance method is preferable to the simple method described previously because, in general, it gives smaller search window sizes. Note that this technique may be extended to another BS, other than the serving BS (which determines the MS clock bias), if such other BS happens to be substantially in line with a SV whose signal is sought. For this purpose, measurement of the pilot of such other BS provides a measurement that may be used to offset the MS clock bias. Effectively, the other BS may be used as a clock source for purposes of the particular SV acquisition.
Improving Estimates with Partial Measurements
In practical systems, acquisition of a number of SV signals is sought concurrently. However, measurements for all desired SV signals are not usually attempted simultaneously because of finite hardware resources. Even if searches for multiple signals were simultaneously initiated, some SVs would be found earlier than others because their position in the code phase window is scheduled for search earlier, or because they require shorter integration time, or both. This fact may be exploited, when seeking to acquire a plurality of signals, by progressively tightening search windows for as-yet unacquired signals on the basis of measurements of one or more signals that have already been acquired as a consequence of the search.
A good approximation of the MS clock bias may be reached after taking a single SV measurement, if the SV is approximately at α=90� elevation angle, and the altitude of the MS and the BS are known. Note that the altitude of the BS (more precisely the altitude of the BS antenna) is typically known, and the altitude of the MS can be well approximated from altitude aiding assistance data. An overhead satellite is also likely to have a relatively strong signal that is readily distinguished by the MS, and accordingly it may be useful to endeavor acquiring the signal from such a SV first when a group of SV signals is sought.
When the SV is approximately at α=90� elevation angle, we have
|r MS
where hMS is the altitude of the MS and ĥMS is the estimated altitude of the MS. (Note that in rBS
Once the MS clock bias is determined, the additional margin, fc�bMS %, that was previously included in W, can be removed, or at least reduced, as long as the MS clock bias uncertainty value is explicitly known. Accordingly, the search time for the remaining SV signals can be reduced. In order to effect such progressive reduction in W at the MS, the margin bMS % should be transmitted from the PDE to the MS as a separate value, rather than folded into the total search window size as suggested by Equation (5). This requires a small change to the existing message formats as presently specified by current standards.
Progressively reducing the search windows at the MS, based on partial SV measurements, works best if the clock bias estimate {circumflex over (b)}MS used by the PDE is also available to the MS. In the above example, this was achieved by setting {circumflex over (b)}MS=0. Transmitting the value of {circumflex over (b)}MS explicitly to the MS is a good solution for arbitrary {circumflex over (b)}MS values, but requires another small change to the existing signaling message.
Thus, partial acquisition of a list of signals may be used to reduce the MS clock uncertainty component of a code phase estimate or uncertainty window. This may be particularly useful, on the one hand, if the data available to the computing entity (such as the MS) explicitly includes the MS clock uncertainty component, and when the already-acquired signal from the search list is from a SV that is nearly directly overhead. On the other hand, geometric considerations may substantially reduce W for SV signals transmitted by SVs that are at low elevations when the MS and the SV are on opposite sides of a BS received by the MS. As noted previously, any measurable BS may be used for this purpose if the MS calculations are adjusted to be as if based upon such measurable BS's pilot signal. In addition to these techniques, other appropriate navigational techniques may be employed with partial measurements to improve acquisition assistance for subsequent signal acquisitions.
Minimizing Code Phase Window Size
Additional Acquisition Information Elements
A MS may be programmed to compute predicted code phase parameters, rather than to merely receive them via a BS from another entity in the system such as a PDE. For this purpose, the acquisition assistance provided to the MS may advantageously include information elements describing the geometry of the BS and SV constellation relative to an estimated location of the MS. Some of these information elements are not included in BS-to-MS acquisition assistance messages specified by at least some current standards. Transmitting such additional data may be at least partially offset by omitting explicit code phase search window size and Doppler search window size information as part of the assistance data, such that the net effect on signaling overhead will be minor.
Useful information elements that are not included in some cellular telecommunications acquisition assistance standards fall into several categories. Any combination of the information elements set forth below may be used in a particular implementation, according to ordinary engineering considerations, in order to help reduce calculated code phase window sizes. A first such category is labeled "SV signal acquisition assistance information" that is to be received from a serving BS by a receiving MS. This category may include, for example, the following information:
A second category of information elements that may be usefully incorporated into acquisition assistance request messages, if not present, is labeled "BS signal acquisition assistance information" that is to be received by the serving BS from the MS. This category of information may include, for example:
"MS location uncertainty" is a third category of useful information elements, describing an area around the estimated location of the MS. Elements of information in this category may be received from the BS or computed within the MS. These elements may include, for example:
These two elements would typically be used in the alternative, rather than concurrently.
"Estimated MS clock information" is a fourth category of useful information elements that may be usefully incorporated into acquisition assistance request messages, if not present, and may be received by the MS from the BS, or computed within the MS. This category of information may include, for example:
"MS calibration information" is a fifth category of useful information elements that may be incorporated into acquisition assistance request messages, if not present, to facilitate code phase and window calculations. These elements may be stored within the MS. This category of information may include, for example:
One example of information messages and protocols that may be employed in conjunction with the method and apparatus set forth herein is described in detail in the attached Appendix A (entitled "General acquisition assistance message"). The attached General acquisition assistance message describes specific messages, formats, and protocols that are included in the CDMA standard IS-801-A, and shows changes to such messages, formats and protocols that are proposed in order to facilitate improved wireless assisted position determination, in accordance with the further teachings herein.
Acquisition Assistance Data Computation Method for MS
After receiving appropriate information such as set forth above, an MS may calculate code phase estimates and uncertainty windows according to the method set forth hereinbelow. The method uses the term "SV signal" for signals that are to be acquired or measured, because this is a common practice and is geometrically straightforward. However, any signal whose acquisition is sought may be treated as set forth for a "SV signal" of the set that is to be measured in the method below. All procedures for other signals that are to be measured, such as untracked BS signals, are substantially similar or identical to those referenced below, such that the skilled person will readily modify the calculations for such other signals without a need for explicit instructions herein. Accordingly, acquisition assistance (e.g., code phase estimates and windows) may readily be calculated for other signals, such as BS signals, that may then be more easily acquired. Such other signals may serve many of the same purposes as SV signals, for example for ranging and location determination, and indeed may entirely supplant SV signals if necessary.
The following is an exemplary algorithm of steps that may be taken by an MS to obtain and update acquisition assistance data needed to acquire a set of (typically SV) signals. The algorithm primarily involves time-sensitive data—time insensitive parameters are also needed for signal acquisition, such as the PN code and signal frequency, but these parameters are generally not addressed by this algorithm. The assistance that is ultimately needed for acquiring a particular signal includes a code phase (or time of arrival) estimate, and an uncertainty window size around that estimate, along with a Doppler frequency estimate and uncertainty window, for the particular signal. The following algorithm generally indicates steps that are taken by the MS, although the steps could alternatively be performed by other entities. The MS typically calculates the "ultimate" acquisition assistance data (code phase, Doppler and corresponding uncertainty windows). Such calculation is performed on the basis of acquisition assistance data parameters received from a remote entity (such as a PDE), as well as upon acquisition assistance data parameters that may have been previously obtained by computation within the MS, and in some cases based further upon measurements made by the MS. The MS may also calculate intermediate parameters, and may recalculate them to reflect changes, for example in time or in position. Details of the "obtain and update acquisition assistance" algorithm are set forth below:
If SV signals remain to be measured, then modify the set of SV signals that is to be measured to reflect only those not already measured, and return to Step 1 as described above.
Examples of appropriate navigation algorithms may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,353,412.
The following is an example illustrating Step 3 of the method described above, assuming that an MS clock bias estimate is known. A code phase P for a SV signal has been measured, and the MS may be determined to be enclosed in a space V between two spheres co-centered on the SV location. The sphere radii are given by the following equation:
c[(P+b MS +b SV)+/−(|bMS % |+|P uncertainty|)],
The MS location may be updated because it is limited to an intersection of the space V and the most valid previously estimated MS location uncertainty area. If the intersection is smaller than the previously estimated MS location uncertainty area, then it may be possible to reduce MS clock bias uncertainty (after allowing for measurement uncertainty of P). As an example of reducing MS clock bias uncertainty, consider the case in which the SV is at α=90� elevation angle. In this case, V is approximately defined by two parallel horizontal planes. The MS clock bias uncertainty can therefore be reduced to a level that is equivalent to the uncertainty in altitude location, allowing for measurement uncertainty.
The following example illustrates a second implementation of Step 3 of the present method. This implementation should be used when an estimate of the MS clock bias is not available, and when it is known that the MS derives its time reference from a serving BS pilot signal. The MS is located in a space V between the surfaces of two hyperboloids, each having one focal point at the SV and the other focal point at the serving BS. The characteristic distance differences of the two hyperboloids are based upon the measured code phase corrected by fc�({circumflex over (b)}BS+{circumflex over (d)}MS) (multiplied by c), where {circumflex over (b)}BS is the estimated BS clock bias and {circumflex over (d)}MS is the estimated time delay difference between the GPS and CDMA receive chains in the MS. The two hyperboloids are separated by a distance reflecting uncertainties in the measured code phase, and in {circumflex over (b)}BS and {circumflex over (d)}MS. The updated MS location is given by the intersection of V and the previously estimated MS location uncertainty area. If the intersection is smaller than the previously estimated MS location uncertainty area, the location uncertainty may be reduced.
Note that the second implementation of Step 3 set forth above may be modified for use with any secondary signal source tracked by the MS (so that the code phase measurement to such source is available at the MS), in place of the serving BS. To do so, the P measured for the SV may be recalculated from a reference time that the MS would use if such a secondary source provided the time reference, i.e. the measurements may be offset by the relative arrival time of the secondary source signal. Using corresponding information relative to such a secondary source, the calculation otherwise proceeds as described above with respect to a serving BS.
Extending Acquisition Assistance Data Validity—Time Considerations
Validity duration of the acquisition assistance data may be defined as the length of the time period during which the assistance data can accurately describe the distance of the BSs and SVs from the MS. The validity duration depends on the degree of movements of the SVs and the MS, assuming that the BSs can be considered stationary. For a stationary MS, the validity duration of the SV acquisition assistance data ranges from 30 seconds to one hour, depending on the availability and precision of coefficients that are provided for higher order terms in an equation describing SV Doppler shifts.
It is beneficial to utilize the (possibly substantial) validity time of assistance data, both to reduce the time needed to acquire a signal, and to preserve communication resources by reducing the need for frequent assistance data updates. Effective utilization of the assistance data, however, is impeded by present system features related to MS clock synchronization and MS location.
First, for example, an MS often changes its time reference due to base station handoffs (or other changes in the serving BS) which may result from signal fading, traffic conditions, or other causes. When a change in the pilot signal used as a time reference occurs, the observed code phase of the signal (from a SV or a BS) whose acquisition is sought may be offset by such a large value that the original code phase assistance becomes useless. In such a case, the MS may update the rBS
Extending Acquisition Assistance Data Validity—Movement Considerations
A second impediment to effective utilization of assistance data arises from the fact that an MS that is not stationary may be displaced by a distance that is sufficient to invalidate previous code phase assistance data. If the MS has moved since the reception of the acquisition assistance data, and the MS can obtain an estimate of its new location, then the MS may simply use the new location estimate for calculating the acquisition assistance data, based on other acquisition assistance information that was previously received (assuming it is still valid). The MS may obtain a new location estimate by any available convenient means. For example, the MS may carry out Advanced Forward Link Trilateration (AFLT) measurements in order to derive a relatively narrow position estimate. An estimate of location may be established based upon the serving sector of a new serving BS alone. A serving sector estimate may be further limited by means of partial measurements, such as a code phase to a second BS that is tracked by the mobile station. Such a partial measurement may define an uncertainty area limited to an intersection of the serving sector and an uncertainty area around a hyperboloid defined by foci at the serving BS and (for example) a second BS. In this example, the hyperboloid has a characteristic distance determined by the relative code phase of the second BS with respect to the serving BS. The uncertainty value, or range on either side of the nominal hyperboloid, includes a sum of clock uncertainties for the two BSs, and a sum of uncertainties of measurements of the code phase to each (multiplied by c). By updating MS location information as needed, the valid life of much acquisition assistance data may be extended up to time limits imposed by the ability to extrapolate into the future, which, as described above, is limited by the accuracy and availability of coefficients for higher orders of the equation describing Doppler shifts of a signal source (SV).
Another technique that may be used for determining whether the MS has moved is "BS list comparison," BSs are selected for membership in a list according to criteria that are particular to the list. As conditions change, these particular criteria will identify a different set of BSs, which will constitute the membership of the updated list. Accordingly, the "same list," as that term is used herein, will refer to a list arrived at by consistent criteria and procedures, and the membership of such list will be expected to change over time to reflect changing conditions.
A BS list may be appropriate for determining MS movement if the criteria for membership in the list significantly reflect MS location. Examples of appropriate lists for this purpose include a "Neighbor List," an "Active Set," or a serving BS. Other lists may, of course, be appropriate, particularly in non-CDMA implementations, which may not use these particular lists at all. A "serving" BS is the BS in primary communication with an MS being served. A "Neighbor List" is provided by a serving BS to a served MS, and identifies BSs that are relatively nearby, but generally does not include BSs that are in the "Active Set" of the MS. An "Active Set" is a list or group of (typically 1-6) BSs having strong pilot signals that are actively tracked by an MS.
The BS list comparison technique may be used to determine whether to recalculate MS location and to compensate acquisition assistance data for the new location. Alternatively, this technique can be used merely as an indicator of whether previous acquisition assistance data (or other data) is, or is not, still valid, based on the current MS position. For some purposes, this technique does not require an MS to obtain any information that is not ordinarily made available to the MS in accordance with existing wireless communication standards, and thus, the technique may be implemented without regard to changes in requirements set forth in such standards. Moreover, a determination as to whether an MS has been moved may be useful not only in deciding whether acquisition information remains valid, but also in regard to other location-sensitive issues. For example, a determination of substantial MS movement may be used in some circumstances to trigger a new position location session. A determination of MS movement may also trigger an update of location-sensitive data, such as a BS almanac, a repeater almanac, etc.
Possible movement of an MS may be presumed any time there is a change in any item between past and present versions of (a) a Neighbor List of BSs for the MS, (b) an Active Set of BSs for the MS, or (c) a serving BS for the MS. Thus, in the absence of any changes, it may be presumed that no movement occurred. This result may, for example, avoid a need to update MS location estimates, and may indicate that previously obtained acquisition information (or other MS position-sensitive information) remains valid. If some part of this combination of comparisons changes, then, in the simplest case, the data whose validity is at issue may be assumed invalid. However, a more detailed analysis may be needed to determine, without excessive conclusions of invalidity, whether sufficient MS movement has actually occurred that would jeopardize the accuracy, and hence the validity, of existing location-sensitive information.
A more detailed analysis as to whether the MS has moved significantly may be triggered, for example, by any small change in a relevant BS list. An analysis may be simple, or it may be complex, with the appropriate complexity depending upon the purposes for which movement is being detected. For example, if the purpose of detecting movement is merely to determine whether to update a list of local repeaters, or SVs, then the analysis may be as simple as merely testing whether a serving BS has changed, and the Active Set has also changed. However, for E911 emergency location purposes, a highly sensitive analysis may be desired. The sensitivity and complexity of the analysis will be selected in accordance with ordinary engineering considerations, for example balancing processing effort versus speed to acquisition.
Consider a plurality of BSs disposed about a region as shown in
The minor change of BS6 replacing BS4 in the MS Active Set may be interpreted (by itself) as not indicating substantial movement. Given the same initial Active Set (BS2, BS3 and BS4), however, a change to BS3, BS5 and BS7 suggests that significant MS movement has occurred, even if the serving BS remains the same (BS3). Accordingly, after such a change in the Active Set, location information and acquisition assistance may be assumed to be invalid if it indicates a location uncertainty that is narrower than the cell of the serving BS. (Of course, if the serving BS remains the same, then very coarse information indicating location within the serving cell boundaries may remain valid). If the information appears to be invalid, then a need for acquisition assistance at the MS would warrant a request for new acquisition assistance from the serving BS.
Neighbor lists may be used in a manner similar to the use of Active Sets set forth above. For example, an original Neighbor List that includes BS1, BS2 and BS5 (with BS3, BS4 and BS6 in the Active Set), and which changes to omit BS5 and add BS7, may not indicate substantial MS movement, particularly if BS6 remains the serving BS. However, if the Neighbor List changes instead to omit BS13 and BS2, while adding BS7 and BS8 (thus including only BS5, BS7 and BS8), while the Active Set continues to include BS3, BS4 and BS6, then MS movement may be inferred even if BS6 remains the serving BS.
A decision as to whether or not particular changes (in a combination of any or all of the server BS, Active Set and Neighbor List) should be taken to imply substantial movement may be quantified. Any appropriate technique may be used, and indeed different techniques may be used for different purposes (e.g., with respect to different data) or with respect to different sets of BSs (e.g., all visible BSs, Active Set BSs, or serving BSs).
One technique that may be employed to quantify a decision as to whether "significant" or "data validity jeopardizing" MS movement has occurred is to determine an "apparent change" vector between a first point, representing a list of BSs at an earlier time, and a second point that represents the same list of BSs at a later time. A point may be considered to represent a particular list of BSs if it is located such that a sum of the squares of its distance to each of the BSs on the list is minimized. A vector from the first point to the second point may be called an "apparent change" vector. An "apparent change" vector may be calculated for any relevant set of BSs (e.g., Neighbor List, Active Set, combined list, etc.) Each "apparent change" vector may be considered independently, or alternatively vectors produced from different lists may be vectorially combined (other combinations are, of course, also possible). The resulting vector may be compared (individually, or after combination) to an appropriately selected threshold value. A result exceeding the selected threshold may be interpreted as indicating substantial, data-jeopardizing movement of the MS, while differences below such a threshold may be interpreted to be inconsequential.
A simple example of calculating an "apparent change" is illustrated with reference again to
Thus, a method of evaluating MS movement based upon a comparison of some combination of present and previous server BSs, Neighbor List BSs, and Active Set BSs may be developed. The method may be as simple or as intricate as desired, depending upon engineering considerations and other factors. Such considerations may include the availability of BS location information, the methods by which Neighbor Lists and Active Sets are selected, and the location sensitivity of the issue for which such evaluation is undertaken.
For purposes of evaluating whether a selected MS has moved, changes to groups of BSs may be examined as set forth above. However, the groups may vary widely, and need not be restricted to BSs but may include any useful signal sources. A group will likely be relevant if criteria for inclusion in the group (or list) are predominantly based upon proximity to an MS. The value and significance of changes in the membership of various groups will depend upon unique characteristics of such a group, and results from different groups may need to be weighted before combining with the results of other groups. The name of any group is of no concern, and the particular names Active Set, Neighbor List and Serving BS are used herein only because they provide convenient reference to groups known in CDMA systems that are relevant to MS location determination. In other systems, different groups may be relevant even if the criteria for inclusion is significantly different from the criteria for these specific BS groups. Distinctions between the relevance and significance of the membership in various groups must be considered on a case-by-case basis, and weighting may need to be imposed when combining MS movement indications derived from changes to groups of differing significance or sensitivity.
Call Flow for Acquisition Assistance Messages in CDMA Telecommunications Systems
In addition to preparing and transmitting the acquisition assistance request message 306, during the time period 304, the MS may also begin acquiring information about BS signals that may be useful. This may include acquiring BS signals that the MS has not been tracking, and measuring BS signals that may provide useful ranging information. During this time, the MS may also endeavor to improve the location information that it has, such as by means of advanced forward link trilateration (AFLT) using the BS measurements that it has made in addition to almanac information available about such BSs. Note that it may be useful to determine whether any BS pilot signals appear to have arrived via a repeater, so that such signal may be appropriately processed and not treated as having been transmitted directly from the serving BS. If these tasks are completed before acquisition assistance information is forthcoming from the PDE via the BS, the MS may attempt to acquire any signals that it needs, in advance of receiving such acquisition assistance information.
After the PDE transmits the acquisition assistance information signal 308 to the MS via the BS, during a time 310, the MS computes acquisition assistance parameters in accordance with the acquisition assistance information provided from the PDE, as well as in accordance with the measurements of local BS code phases. Various techniques for such computations are set forth above.
During a time 312 after the MS has computed acquisition assistance information for at least a first signal to be acquired, the MS employs the resulting estimated code phase and window, and the characteristics of the signal, to actually acquire the signal. It may be advantageous to begin with a SV that is nearly overhead, in order to be able to reduce MS clock bias uncertainty, and thereafter to reduce a computed acquisition window for subsequent signals in accordance with a sequential "tightening" of the code phase uncertainties based upon measurement of only part of a list of desired signals. During this time the MS will generally complete acquiring the ranging signals as required. If it is within the purview of the MS, the MS may also compute its location, or otherwise interpret the raw ranging information that it measures. After completing these tasks, the MS transmits a message 314 back to the appropriate entity or entities. The message 314 will generally contain the results of the ranging signal measurements and location, if these are determined. The message may be a standard message entitled "Provide General Measurement Message."
After receiving the message 402, the MS may proceed similarly as described above with respect to
The MS may proceed to compute acquisition parameters during a time period 408, after measuring useful BSs. These activities may in fact overlap between the indicated periods. During a time period 410 the MS may use the acquisition assistance obtained from computation in period 408, or from the request message 402, and additionally from measurements made at the MS, to actually acquire and measure the signals of interest. After acquisition is complete, the MS may simply return the measurement data to the requesting entity via the BS in a message 412. If desired, the MS may compute actual ranging and location values to be included in the message 412.
Additional Messages in Telecommunications Systems
In accordance with one embodiment of the disclosed method and apparatus, the MS receives a "Send All Measurements" (SAM) flag within one of the messages transmitted to the MS from the BS. The SAM flag indicates that the MS should provide measurements for all of the communication signals for which the MS has measured the relative time of arrival (or alternatively, the actual time of arrival in cases in which the MS is capable of measuring the time of arrival in actual time). It should be noted that under conventional circumstances, the MS will select measurements of particular signals received by the MS from among all of the possible measurements that the MS might be capable of making.
The reason for limiting the number of measurements sent in a conventional system is that it is assumed that only the earliest arriving signal from each BS will be provide value to the device tasked with calculating the location of the MS. This is because later arriving signals transmitted to the MS from the same BS as an earlier arriving signal received by the MS are assumed to be reflections (also commonly referrer to as "multipath signals"). Such multipath signals have taken an indirect path from the BS to the MS. As can be understood by noting that the fastest route between the BS and the MS is the most direct route, the earlier arriving signal will have traveled the most direct route. The distance along the most direct route is most accurate indication of the distance between the BS and the MS. Accordingly, measurements of other less direct routes between the BS and the MS are assumed to be of little value. In addition, in some cases, the power of the received signals must be above a desired power threshold or the MS will not report the measurement of that signal, even if that signal is the earliest arriving signal from among the signals received from the same source.
However, signals that are either below the power threshold or that have traversed an indirect route can provide additional information to the device that will ultimately calculate the location of the MS. Accordingly, the presently disclosed method and apparatus allows the BS to transmit the SAM flag and allows for the MS to respond to the message that includes the SAM flag by sending all of the measurements that the MS is capable of making. Alternatively, upon receiving the SAM flag, the MS sends a subset of all possible measurements, the subset being greater than the subset of measurements that would otherwise be sent if the SAM flag were not received by the MS.
The foregoing description illustrates exemplary implementations, and novel features, of a method and system for obtaining acquisition assistance information for use in wireless communications. There are many aspects to this method and system, because it may involve interaction between numerous components of a communications system. Different aspects of the method and system may involve, for example, obtaining original acquisition assistance data, extending the life of such data, obtaining some acquisition data by calculation using previously obtained acquisition assistance data, or by updating previous acquisition information to reflect changes in circumstances, and evaluating a validity of previously obtained acquisition assistance data. While some suggestions are provided for alternative uses and implementations of the method and apparatus, it is of course not practical to exhaustively list or describe such alternatives. Accordingly, the scope of the presented invention should be determined only by reference to the appended claims, and should not otherwise be limited by features illustrated herein except insofar as such limitation is recited in an appended claim.
While the above description has pointed out novel features of the disclosed method and apparatus as applied to various embodiments, the skilled person will understand that various omissions, substitutions, and changes in the form and details of the methods and systems illustrated may be made without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, the skilled person will be able to adapt the details described herein to communications systems having a wide range of modulation techniques, transmitter and receiver architectures, and generally any number of different formats. In particular, any system transmitter may function as a base station for purposes of this disclosure, and need not utilize CDMA technology, nor even be a cellular telecommunications base station. Any transmitter may be treated similarly as SVs are treated herein, with acquisition assistance information deduced, obtained and employed to aid in the acquisition of a signal from such transmitter.
Each practical and novel combination of the elements described hereinabove, and each practical combination of equivalents to such elements, is contemplated as an embodiment of the invention. Partly because many more element combinations are contemplated as embodiments of the invention than can reasonably be explicitly enumerated herein, the scope of the invention is properly defined by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. Furthermore, any operable possible combination of features described above should be considered as having been expressly and explicitly disclosed herein. All variations coming within the meaning and range of equivalency of the various claim elements are embraced within the scope of the corresponding claim. To this end, each described element in each claim should be construed as broadly as possible, and moreover should be understood to encompass any equivalent to such element insofar as possible without also encompassing the prior art.
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Owner name: QUALCOMM INCORPORATED, CALIFORNIA
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|May 27, 2009
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|Mar 25, 2015
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The purpose of National University s Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) Program of Studies in Nursing Administration or Nursing Informatics is to prepare post-Master's degree nurses for leadership in developing, implementing, and evaluating evidence-based practices designed to improve the quality of healthcare systems and healthcare safety. The DNP is the advanced specialty practice degree for nurses.
The DNP Program of Studies prepares nurses to advance practice by improving the effectiveness, quality, and safety of patient care and healthcare systems that support care in hospitals and other clinical settings. The DNP graduate accomplishes these improvements by developing, implementing, and evaluating new nursing practices, protocols, systems, and administrative programs, and by teaching these skills to the next generation of nurses in clinical or academic settings. The DNP is the advanced practice degree identified by the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) as appropriate for teaching advanced specialty practice.
The practice doctorate prepares nurses to function as leaders who have advanced clinical scholarship and practice skills in Nursing Administration (NA) or Nursing Informatics (NI) that enable them to: identify sources of error in systems and sub-optimally performing systems; and to design and evaluate improvements that reduce the incidence and impact of clinical errors.
To be eligible for admission to the Doctor of Nursing Practice Program of Studies at National University, applicants must:
Meet the University requirements for doctoral study, listed in the National University General Catalog under admission requirements.
Meet one of the following: Hold a Master's Degree in NA or NI, or a post-masters certificate in one of these two specialties from an accredited school of nursing (NLNAC or CCNE), within a regionally accredit,ed University (e.g., WASC, North Central, etc.); Hold a Master s Degree in a clinical nursing specialty from an accredited school of nursing (NLNAC or CCNE), within a regionally accredited University (e.g., WASC, North Central, etc.), and as part of the DNP program, complete 4 graduate nursing courses in either NI or NA, as determined by the DNP specialty selected; Hold a Master s Degree from a regionally accredited University in a discipline related to the DNP area of study, and complete NSG620 (Theory in Advanced Practice) as part of the DNP program; Hold a Master s Degree from a regionally accredited University in a discipline not related to the DNP area of study, and complete NSG620 and 4 specialty NI or NA courses (as determined by the DNP specialty) as part of the DNP program.
Submit a detailed current professional curriculum vita.
Provide proof of a current, active, and unencumbered RN license in the State in which the DNP mentored clinical immersion will be pursued or if in the military, a license accepted by the military.
Provide proof of: the total number of precepted clinical hours in the applicant's chosen DNP specialty (e.g. NI or NA) during their Master's Degree or Post Master's Certificate program.
Have completed the following prerequisite courses with a grade of B or higher, or their equivalent: a) A graduate-level Statistics course within the past 5 years, b) A graduate-level Research Methods course (which included content on quantitative and qualitative methods, and evidence-based practice), c) A graduate-level Informatics course, d) A course in Quality Improvement at either the undergraduate or graduate level.
Have a minimum GPA of 3.0 on a 4.0 scale at the graduate level.
Have completed National University s application for DNP/Graduate Admissions, including a sample of scholarly writing and personal goal statement in which the ,applicant identifies a focus in either NA or NI (instructions located in the admission packet).
The DNP Specialty chosen must match the focus on the Master's or Post-Master's Certificate.
Provide one official transcript from each post-secondary school attended.
Submit two letters of professional reference, including one from a recent employment supervisor, and one from a colleague who can attest to the quality of your professional work and values. References from family members and personal friends are not acceptable.
Provide evidence of current, active professional liability and malpractice insurance coverage, and maintain coverage throughout the program.
Admission is competitive and determined by the NU DNP Admissions Committee, which will review all application materials and hold an interview with each eligible candidate (either in person or via telecommunications media).
Provide evidence of acceptable TOEFL scores, if requested by the University.
Program Learning Outcomes
- Identify sources of variations in health care outcomes through analysis and integration of research findings, empirical evidence, and/or practitioner reflections on practice.
- Generate innovative practices, systems, and prevention programs at the patient, family, organization, community, and population levels for the purpose of improving health care outcomes.
- Lead healthcare systems in the delivery of high quality, safe, patient-centered care.
- Establish and lead collaborative, multidisciplinary teams that provide the range of expertise required in healthcare systems delivering care to complex, multi-need patients, families and communities.
- Advocate for culturally sensitive health care systems and policies that meet ethical and legal standards in order to reduce health disparities.
- Base decisions on synthesis of information from meta-analysis and other research reports, benchmark data, best practices reports, and other credible information sources.
- Analyze the impact of national and global health policy on the cost, quality, and accessibility of health care for diverse patient populations.
- DNP 801 Doctor of Nurs. Practice Role
- DNP 803 Decision Support Systems
- DNP 805 EBP: Theory & Inquiry
- DNP 807A QI & Project Management
- DNP 809 Advanced Data Analytics I
- DNP 811 Advanced Data Analytics II
- DNP 813 Healthcare Financial Mgmt
- DNP 815 Population Health
- DNP 817 Policy Analysis, Advocacy
- DNP 807B Quality Improvement Practicum
- DNP 840A Informatics Practicum I
- DNP 840B Informatics Practicum II
- DNP 842A Administration Practicum I
- DNP 842B Administration Practicum II
- DNP 870 Capstone


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Chris Martin on Eating Diamond Croissants with Jay Z and BeyonceMartin joked around when asked about what it's like to hang out with music royalty like Jay Z and Beyonce.
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GQ's Most Stylish Men Alive List Is Here & None of Them Will Surprise YouIt's literally the same guys who are on every best dressed list, because there are only so many well dressed men in the world.
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The 10 Best Sketches of 'Saturday Night Live' Season 40From jabs at ISIS to a Blake Shelton video and a very odd retelling of Jay Z's life, here are our favorites from the 40th season.
Dear President Obama: Please Invite Madonna to the White HouseMadonna really, really wants to meet President Obama. She'll even become one of Beyoncé's sister-wives to do it.
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12 Musicians Who Really, Really Love SportsFrom Harry Styles fandom for the Green Bay Packers to Eddie Vedder's love for the Chicago Cubs , here's a few musicians whose love for their teams knows no bounds.
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Big Jeff is one tough hombre; i would not be talking bad about him, cuz he will slice you up with precision verbiage if he cares to. Your head will spin faster than Regan the girl from the Exorcist. Your health must come first.
no worries and it is actually quite logical. nice buy here at sub 1.7
only paid less than 9 grand for my shares. about 5k shares, mean price this week was excellent, even some at 1.70.
40 in a 2 years. how about that!
what i am doing. There is a conference in a couple days in New England and CTIX will be presenting behind closed doors to potential investors and companies that may have an interest in partnering Brilacidin. This is not a dog and pony show put on by the brokerage industry, which invariably results in the stock getting smacked down a tad. Still, my expectations are little if any coming from this conference. Maybe in several months there is a material event and combination due to contacts made at the conference, which event jumps the share price. For the time being, this industry get together will do nothing whatsoever for the price. On the other hand, 2014 should show real payback from the work done this past year. The K trial is purring along and at some point information that is released will put the world of cancer on its ear. The numbers are out of sight as we all know. I was looking on the website at Kevetrin plus radiation effectiveness. Incredible chart as regards effectiveness. That alone, which nobody talks about, is worth many multiples of the current share price. I also think that dosing right now is probably Far PAST the effective dose needed to reproduce the graph in humans. In other words, we are already there !!, but the lid is on the trial as we are just finishing cohort 6 110 mg., so nobody knows. Strongly encourage anybody to check this data on the website. Dosing also 2x per week will probably significantly enhance effectiveness at 110 mg (3x per week?) because the body jets the drug out of the system in a day and a half. So this is another way of saying at current dosing the drug at THIS VERY MOMENT, has huge financial implications. And these are just 2 " value add ons." Should give some idea of the magnitude of Kevetrin. Triple ! And don't get me started on Prurisol, which retail strangely thinks, irrationally (psychotically?), ain't worth squat. If P can reproduce a portion of its cure for Psoriasis, forgetabout it
marbleminer, I will buy this great pipe dream if you will lend me 1.2 BILLION DOLLARS.....1 billion to build a mine for a product nobody wants, and that we will produce at a loss, plus 1.5 million for the current owners, to take them out so they hit the road, and plus 50 grand for me and my hot chick girlfriend to do Vegas for about 3 months or so....how the heck is it afloat? Heavens, this is a dreams die hard scenario....and the only one who benefits is Bruce, and his crew, and they are gonna start dumping or they are like us, retail people, looking from a window inside to Nirvana. Bruce gonna be like us. So he and his group must sell. Race you to the bottom.
what is holding this company up? It has two deposits that nobody cares are worth jackawaoliesofgyas, at current Moly prices. Not a huge burn rate, but management now is wildly over paid, and they will never, EVER EVER EVER, TAKE A PAY CUT. Not in your lifetime or mine. So they sucked this money out of the gamblers about a year or less ago, but the stuff they are selling nobody wants in this lifetime. Seems like a bad joke. How can it be worth squat, let alone 145 million dollar market cap. To me, with the collapse of steel, the company is worth its money in the bank, provided only that they ax all management, or cut the salaries by 95%, and the company goes into a half decade hibernation mode. Many silver and gold companies are being decimated, but this is the only way, and then baby, you hope, you hope and hope, and get a job in the local bar, but hope. I suspect Bruce will keep bleeding his dream, together with his engineer buddies, so they bleed it dry inside of a year, and bankruptcy. Let's watch it collapse, Marbleminer. me and you, let us pull up a chair together here. By next summer the cap will be under 50 million. WRITE THIS DOWN, UNDER 50 MIL
and see no reason on earth not to think this is a wonderful opportunity to add to CTIX. All systems are good, but the financing of this small juggernaut will hurt from time to time. We are like Hep and Boggie, in those reeds, trapped, exhausted, ready to die on the deck of the Louisa, and unknowning the next pages...... This is the way it always is in the stock market. I am thrilled to buy another 3k Here today.........................
In chapter XIII of Leviathan,[12] Hobbes explains the concept with these words:
Hereby it is manifest that during the time men live without a common Power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called War; and such a war as is of every man against every man.[13] [...] In such condition there is no place for Industry, because the fruit thereof is uncertain: and consequently no Culture of the Earth; no Navigation, nor use of the commodities that may be imported by Sea; no commodious Building; no Instruments of moving and removing such things as require much force; no Knowledge of the face of the Earth; no account of Time; no Arts; no Letters; no Society; and which is worst of all, continual Fear, and danger of violent death; And the life of man solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.[14]
on the other hand, if you have about as much money,money access as the casino, plus if you have any sort of edge, you will beat them at some point, grinding them down like Ming the Merciless. Lot of other math thingies get relevant blah blah blah. Ctix is far different, it is kill or be killed, against the ravages of the diseases.
Regarding the larger issue of "gaming," you will lose even if the odds are in your favor. the secret as you say is compulsiveness, but really it is streaks. The Casino has unlimited money, the player extremely limited in money and time. Streaks are mathematical facts. So, even if the odds are well in your favor, say...53.5 to 46.5, you think the longer you stay at the table, the more you will beat the house's brains out. In fact, it is just the opposite: REGARDLESS of your odds, you will indeed get a streak wherein, despite your odds, the 46.5 money beats you time and time and time again, seemingly forever, and you get wiped out. The house on the other hand, can withstand losing to an irrationality for a very very very long time, until the odds turn, and they will. The player cannot keep playing when a mindless, insane, "crooked" streak runs against him, even if he has the odds in his favor, because..............................the streak seems to never end, and he must walk away from the table, out of time or money.
govorchin Wednesday, 11/06/13 10:45:30 AM
Re: None
Post # of 45638
this friday ends third week of dosing of kevetrin for cohort 6.
if results were so gratifying for cohorts 1, 2, & 3 and we completed cohort 4 & 5 at escalated doses followed by escalation of cohort 6 then news soon to be released should set the scientific community on its ear.
at a very low dosage 20/30 mm/m2 kevetrin achieved "stablization".that is not the lowest benefit but the middle desired result.
does anyone think the eminent dr shapiro would be wasting his time pursuing neglible results or that dr menon would be excited about pfttt?
pfizer achieved slowed growth with sunitib and wants to partner with CTIX in a spore financed trial because in pre clinical mouse trial for the first time shrinkage was achieved.
imo we get spectacular news by hanukah. if i spelled that wrong chalk it up to a shiska.
have repurchased each time avg price 1.71 The previous year, I had sold my entire lot 6X at 91 cents avg price, and rebought at 58 cents avg price. I swear.
On a less humorous note, if giz is exuding pessimism, probably a very good time to add.
picked up 2500 today at 1.71; grabbed 1500 late last week. just accumulating away here. Don't look back lee, something may be gaining on you. - satchel paige.
Charley, here is a question you need to answer, to understand. The games at AC provide the player with a minimal to significant disadvantage. Players think this is why they lose. If the odds are in your favor, you will still lose all your money. Why is that? ps: put it all in ctix. In 3/4 months you will get the action, promise.
of course you can attend. I will bring some broads to keep things light and fun. I strongly encourge everybody to load up now as the stock is "basing.' John Q public loves a hot stock; 95% of people want the hot stock. I have people I have told about this stock and they will not buy it; they are horrible investors, if you look at their investing records. Can you be worse than horrible? They want a hot stock, a moving stock, yes, dumb as bricks, dumber actually. My advice, load up now. When the stock is at 4 you will say to yourself, why did I not buy more. I will set the party in philly up later but please load up. Do not be a dumb investor, a hot stock investor.
I think the stock is rip raring to go any week now...................adding this week
150 million market cap, 50 million in the bank; low burn rate, but still, the commodity has collapsed, plus this company has no ability to get a billion to build it. A hole in the ground with a liar on top. I think the price over the next year must and will move to its cash in the bank.
lee, just posted something on another board that you will like, given your intrinsic rapaciousness. etc........
Or how about this one, Golden Minerals, David's latest haunt, see its chart, from 30 bucks to 50 cents, which builds a mine that issues a product nobody can afford to buy, and the company cannot afford to build: like building a toyota camry and having to price it at 65 grand per vehicle, Good luck with that.
And if this isn't enough, the much more crooked, if possible, governments all trying to get their beaks wet, and now Lenic's Mothership of motherships, the honest country of Mexico jumping in for a helping handful.
What a way to go.
The sector as a whole needs de-lousing....
The Romans used to put a christian in a burlap bag, tie him up inside it, and then throw in a large bird of prey, a large snake and leopard, tie the whole bundle up, and roll it into a fast moving river. What a way to go, but not the worst way. The worst way is to get lost in the amazon jungle. You can have all sorts of knives or guns with you, but they will not help you at night. As night begins to fall they come from everywhere, Insects, the ground seems like it is a moving carpet. There are more insects per square acre in the deep amazon than than in 500 square acres of the thickest forest of the continental united states, a staggering thought. And they sting you and then eat you alive, slowly in the blackness. A piece of sugary human cake. They smell you from a hundred yards away and you cannot keep them off you as the little poisons seep in while you try to scratch them away.
I have these thoughts when I think of in any way investing in the mining sector: To be clawed and strangled and bitten and pecked to death in a sack in a raging river, or to be slowly stung and bitten to death with a thousand small killers crawling all over you in the blackness of night? To meet your Maker quickly and violently, or to go agonizingly slow. It really is so much worse than Mark Twain's famous expression about a mine being a hole with a liar on top. Look at this den of thieves as a small sample: Colossus Minerals, see the chart, the top new mine in Brazil, or how about Pretium Resources, see chart, the top new deposit in north america, with Liars and Crooks at the helm, or look at Lenic's Carnival here, where he looks you right in the eye and tells the lies over and over again, in the tradition of Himmler or Geobbels, the Minister of Propaganda. "....You Senior' there in the back, step right up, let me introduce myself, my name is Senior' Lenic, at Aurcana we will soon be a Senior Silver Producer....."