text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 11, 1983
|Filing date
|Jul 6, 1981
|Priority date
|Jul 6, 1981
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Charles S. Weaver, Constance T. Chittenden
|Original Assignee
|Sri International
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (2), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (47), Classifications (14), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The Government has rights to this invention pursuant to NIH Grant No. HL-17604-01A1.
Numerous means for obtaining blood pressure measurements are known including both invasive and noninvasive means. A number of noninvasive measuring means are disclosed in an article by C. S. Weaver, J. S. Eckerly, P. M. Newgard, C. T. Warnke, J. B. Angell, S. C. Terry, and J. Robinson, entitled "A Study of Non-Invasive Blood Pressure Measurement Techniques" presented at a conference held at Stanford University on September, 1978 and published by the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. Included in the article is a description of an algorithm for processing cuff pressure measurements and associated R-wave peak detector and Korotkov sound detector output signals for detecting artifact information in the output from the Korotkov sound detector and eliminating said artifacts from the blood pressure measurements. The present invention involves an improved Korotkov sound processing algorithm.
An object of this invention is the provision of an improved method of identifying false signals in the output from a Korotkov sound detector employed in apparatus for the measurement of blood pressure and/or systolic slope of blood pressure waves in an artery of a subject.
An object of this invention is the provision of an automatic computer-implemented technique for identifying and eliminating false outputs from a Korotkov sound detector included in a blood pressure measuring system, or the like, which technique is well adapted for use during stress testing, or in an operating room and intensive care units of hospitals where ECG signals normally are available.
The above and other objects and advantages of this invention are achieved by means of a system which includes an inflatable cuff which is inflatable to a pressure above systolic pressure and deflatable to a pressure below diastolic pressure. A pressure transducer connected to the inflatable cuff generates a signal which is a function of cuff pressure. A microphone picks up Korotkov sounds, and artifacts, during deflation of the cuff, and electrodes attached to the subject pick up electrocardiographic signals. The peak of the ECG R-wave is detected by R-wave peak detection techniques. Many, but not all artifacts, are removed from the microphone output by use of K-sound detection techniques. The pressure transducer output is converted to digital form for transfer to a digital computer and storage in the computer memory. The time of arrival of the peak R-wave signals and associated K-sound and artifact signals also is stored in the computer memory. RK intervals comprising the time interval between the time of arrival of an R-wave signal and the associated K-sound or artifact signal are determined which, together with the associated cuff pressure, establish a plurality of RK interval versus cuff pressure points, some of which are true points and others of which are artifact points. These points are stored in the computer memory. Certain RK interval values outside normal ranges are eliminated as probably resulting from artifacts. Remaining RK intervals are grouped in separate groups using a chaining operation which involves estimating from one point at a high cuff pressure, an RK interval value, RK, at a next lower cuff pressure at which there is a point. If the difference between the RK interval value at said lower cuff pressure and estimated interval value, RK, is within a selected range, the actual value is added to the group. Now, using the newly added point, an estimated RK interval value for the next lower cuff pressure at which there is another point, is calculated and the difference between the estimated value RK and actual RK interval value is determined. Again, the point is added to the group of points if the difference is within a predetermined range of RK interval values. If the difference is outside the range, the point is not added to the group of points, and the RK interval at the next lower cuff pressure containing a point is checked. After the point at the lowest cuff pressure has been checked, the process is repeated starting at the highest ungrouped point. When all of the points have been grouped, the group with the greatest number of RK interval vs cuff pressure points therein is selected as the group which includes the greatest number of valid, or true, RK interval versus cuff pressure points. A straight line using minimum mean-square fitting techniques is fitted to these points and, with further processing, some additional artifact points may be deleted from the group. With artifact points deleted, the cuff pressure at the maximum and minimum RK interval points provides a measure of the subject's systolic and diastolic blood pressures, respectively. Using the techniques of this invention, accurate blood pressure measurements may be obtained with ambulatory subjects in a noisy environment.
The invention will be better understood from the following description when considered with the accompanying drawings. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 shows peak R-wave detector, K-sound detector, and cuff pressure transducer output measurements obtained from a subject, plotted against time;
FIG. 2 is a plot of RK interval versus cuff pressure with no artifacts present;
FIG. 3 is a plot of RK interval versus cuff pressure which is similar to that of FIG. 2 but which results when artifacts are included in the output from the K-sound detector used in making the measurements;
FIG. 4 is a simplified block diagram of a system which may be employed in the practice of this invention for identifying and deleting K-sound artifacts fro the output of K-sound detector means;
FIGS. 5A and 5B, together, show a flow chart for use in explaining operation of this invention;
FIG. 6 is a plot of RK interval versus cuff pressure showing points thereof joined in separate groups;
FIG. 7 is a flow chart showing details of a chaining operation included in steps of the flow chart of FIGS. 5A and 5B, and
FIG. 8 is a plot of RK interval versus cuff pressure for use in explaining the chaining operation depicted in FIG. 7.
As is understood, electrocardiographic signals picked up by electrodes attached to a subject's body include a large R-wave component which is relatively easily detected. In FIG. 1, successive outputs from a peak R-wave detector included in the present system are identified by reference characters R1, R2-R20. At any given level of physical activity substantially periodic peak R-wave signals are produced by the subject, and, for simplicity, periodically occuring R-wave signals are shown in FIG. 1. An inflatable cuff attached to the upper arm of the subject is inflated and slowly deflated as shown by the plot of cuff pressure versus time included in FIG. 1. The cuff is inflated to a pressure, P, above systolic pressure, then is deflated through a pressure range at which Korotkov sounds are produced. A microphone at the inflatable cuff senses Korotkov sounds during deflation of the cuff. The microphone output is coupled to a Korotkov sound detector, the output from which includes true K-sounds identified by reference characters K8 through K20. In FIG. 1 the numerical suffixes 1 through 20 for the R-wave detector output identify the successive heartbeat periods, with corresponding suffixes being used for the K-sound detector and pressure transducer outputs K and P, respectively.
In FIG. 1, the Korotkov sound detector output is depicted on two lines, the upper one of which includes only artifact-free K-sounds, and the lower one of which includes only artifacts. The letter suffix A identifies those K sound detector outputs which are artifacts, and where more than one artifact output is produced during a given heartbeat period, a subsequent numerical suffix is included to separately identify the same. Thus, in FIG. 1, for heartbeat period 14, two K-sound artifact signals K14A1 and K14A2 are shown. For heart beat periods 3, 7 and 9, only one artifact per beat is shown, which are identified by reference characters K3A, K7A and K9A, respectively. In signal processing for the removal of artifacts from true K-sounds, use is made of the time interval between the occurrence of the R-wave and the subsequent occurrence of the associated K-sound detector output. Such RK intervals are identified by reference characters RK together with a numerical suffix for the associated heart beat periods. Where the K-sound detector output comprises an artifact, an additional suffix A is included, and if more than one artifact per heart beat period is produced, a subsequent numerical suffice distinguishes between the same. Thus, in FIG. 1, RK intervals for true Korotkov sounds are identified by reference characters RK8 through RK20 while RK intervals for artifacts are identified by the reference characters RK3A, RK7A, RK9A, RK14A1 and RK14A2.
Reference now is made to FIG. 2 of the drawings wherein a plot of RK interval measurements as a function of cuff pressure is shown. In FIG. 2, the plot includes RK interval measurements obtained using true K-sounds only, and not artifacts. Such RK interval versus cuff pressure points are identified as "true" points herein to distinguish the same from "artifact" points obtained using K-sound detector outputs which are artifacts. For the artifact-free plot shown in FIG. 2, a straight line 20 with a positive slope can be fitted through the series of points using minimum mean-squared fitting techniques. The slop, ΔRK interval/Δ pressure, of the line 20, is inversely proportional to the systolic slope of the blood pressure wave of the subject and, therefor, provides a measure of the systolic slope of the blood pressure wave. The systolic slope of the blood pressure wave, and hence the slope of line 20, varies in accordance with exercise, with the systolic slope generally slowly increasing with increasing exercise. At rest, before exercise, a slope of approximately 1 (one) for line 20 is typical. In the operation of this invention a "control slope" mc is computed using an estimated slope of, say, 1 for the line 20 with the subject is at rest, before exercise. Measurements of slope are described in detail below. Also, the maximum and minimum cuff pressures at which true Korotkov sounds are obtained provide a measure of the systolic and diastolic blood pressures, respectively, as seen in FIG. 2.
For an ambulatory subject, or one undergoing stress exercise, the K-sound detector output includes numerous artifacts. In FIG. 3, to which reference now is made, a plot of RK interval measurements as a function of cuff pressure is shown which includes not only true points but also includes artifact points. A straight line 22 is shown fitted to the points using minimum means-squared fitting techniques. Although the slope of the line 22 may approximate that of a curve fitting to only true points, artifact points must be substantially eliminated from the plot if a relatively true measure of systolic slope and/or of systolic or diastolic blood pressure is to be obtained from the detected R-waves and K-sounds and associated cuff pressure measurements. An algorithm using cuff pressure measurements and times of occurrence of R-wave and K-sound outputs for identifying artifacts in order that they may be deleted from the K-sound output is described below. First, however, a simplified showing of a system which may be used for implementing such an algorithm will be described, which system includes means for obtaining necessary measurements of cuff pressure along with measurements of the time of arrival of R-waves and K-sounds.
Reference now is made to FIG. 4 wherein a system which is suitable for use in the practice of this invention is shown comprising an inflatable cuff 30 for encircling a subject's limb, such as upper arm, and a pressure source 32 connected to the cuff through a pressure controller 34. Cuff pressure is sensed by a pressure transducer 36, the analog output from which is connected through an amplifier 38 to the input of an analog to digital converter 40 for conversion to digital signal form. The digitized cuff pressure signal is connected through a digital multiplexer 42 to a computer 44 which includes memory 44A where cuff pressure signals obtained during a cuff deflation temporarily are stored for use in computer systolic and diastolic blood pressure and/or the systolic slope of the blood pressure waves during said cuff deflation.
With the cuff attached to the upper arm of the subject, the cuff is inflated to a pressure above systolic pressure. Then, as the cuff pressure is decreased, by R-wave-triggered decrementation, the first Korotkov sound appears at the systolic pressure, and the last at the diastolic pressure. A microphone 46 picks up the Korotkov sound (K-sound) at a plurality of cuff pressures between systolic and diastolic pressures. The microphone also picks up noise; the amount of noise produced depending upon the physical activity of the subject. The microphone output signal is amplified by amplifier 48, and the amplifier output is supplied both to a signal converter 50 and a K-sound detector 52. The converter 50 simply may include a one-shot for generation of a pulse output in response to an amplified output signal from amplifier 48, which pulse output is connected to the multiplexer 42. The K-sound detector 52 distinguishes between true K-sounds and some artifacts, and produces an output in response to true K-sounds and artifacts which are not eliminated by the detector. The K-sound detector output is connected to an address input of the multiplexer 42. In the presence of an output from the K-sound detector, the output from converter 50 is connected through the multiplexer 42 to an interrupt input of the computer 44 to produce a K-sound, or artifact, timing signal which, together with an associated R-wave timing signal, provides a measure of the RK interval.
ECG electrodes 60 attached to the subject's body pick up ECG signals which are amplified by amplifier 62 and then supplied to a converter 64 and to an R-peak detector 66. As with the converter 50, the converter 64 also may include a one-shot for generation of a pulse output in response to the R-wave component of the amplified ECG signal. The pulse output from the converter 64 is connected to the multiplexer 42 for connection as an interrupt input to the computer 44. The R-peak detector detects the R-wave of the ECG signal while discriminating against noise and other ECG signal components, such as the P and T wave components. The R-peak detector output is supplied as an address input to the multiplexer 42 for connection of the output from the converter 64 to an interrupt input of the computer 44 when an R wave is detected. The difference in time between the arrival of an R wave input and associated true and/or artifact K-sound signal(s) at the interrupt inputs to the computer provides a measure of the RK and/or RKA interval, which interval value is temporarily stored in the computer memory 44A for use with other such true and artifact K-sound interval values obtained at different cuff pressures. A clock 44B is included in the system for use in making the above-described time interval measurements.
Another address input for the multiplexer 42 is obtained from the computer 44 through a control unit 70. Under control of unit 70, the multiplexer 42 is switched for connection of cuff pressure signals from the A/D converter 40 to the computer 44. Also, multiplexer address information is supplied to the computer 44 through the control unit 70 for use by the computer in controlling operation of the multiplexer. A keyboard 72 may be included for manual supply of information to the computer, such as the name of the subject being tested, etc. Data display and recording unit 74 may be used a display and/or record information output from the computer, such as systolic slope, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, or the like.
The computer 44 implements a novel process for identifying, and eliminating, artifacts included with true K-sound signals in order that accurate blood pressure and/or systolic slope measurements may be obtained using only true K-sounds. The process, in general, will be best understood with reference to the flow chart of FIGS. 5A and 5B. It will here be noted that one or more programming steps may be involved in the actual implementation of the indicated operation. Since the programming of such steps for the indicated operations is well within the skill of the average programmer, a complete program listing is not required and is not included herein.
With the cuff 30 and transducers 36 and 60 properly secured to the subject, the test is started as indicated by START step 100, at which time system power is turned on or a reset operation is performed, by means not shown. Initialization step 102 includes initial settings of counters, registers and the like, in the computer 44. A control slope mc is used by the algorithm for identifying, and discarding, artifacts. For the first activity, R-peak, K-sound and cuff pressure measurements are obtained while the subject is at rest. Measurements obtained during this resting activity are used for computing an initial control slope mc. As noted above, the K-sound detector output is relatively free of artifacts while the subject is at rest, thereby ensuring that a relatively accurate value of control slope mc is computed.
With the subject at rest, before exercise, cuff inflation step 108 is entered wherein the cuff 30 is inflated under control of the computer to a pressure above systolic blood pressure through operation of the cuff pressure controller 34 to occlude blood flow in the brachial artery. Next, at step 110, the cuff pressure is reduced to a pressure at which true Korotkov, or artifact, sounds are first detected which, for true Korotkov sounds, is the systolic blood pressure. At this point, the cuff pressure is entered into the computer memory 44A through use of the transducer 36, amplifier 38, A/D converter 40 and digital multiplexer 42, as indicated by step 112.
Next, at step 114, an R-peak wave is detected and its time of arrival is entered into the computer memory. The time of arrival of an associated Korotkov sound also is entered into the computer memory, as is the time of arrival of artifacts, if any, in the K-sound detector output. As seen in FIG. 1 and described above, for any given R-peak wave, the time of arrival of the true K-sound and that of one or more artifacts may be stored.
At step 116 the RK interval is calculated, and the RK interval value, or values, are stored (step 118) with the associated cuff pressure. The cuff pressure, at step 120, is then reduced an incremental amount of, say, 4 mmHg. The decision step 122 next is performed to determine whether or not cuff pressure remains above diastolic pressure. If the decision is affirmative, step 112 is again entered, whereupon the new reduced cuff pressure value is stored, together with new associated RK interval values.
When the cuff pressure is reduced below diastolic pressure, decision step 122 is negative, and step 124 is entered and the process of eliminating artifacts from the K-sound detector output begins. At step 124, RK intervals calculated at step 116 are checked for the presence of an interval which is more than a predetermined number, A, of heartbeats from an adjacent RK interval. Any RK interval which is more than, say, 3 heartbeats from an adjacent interval is deleted from the list of RK intervals stored at step 118. In FIG. 1, RK interval RK3A (occurring at heartbeat period 3) is more than three heartbeats from the nearest RK interval (here, RK7A at heartbeat period R7) and, in accordance with step 124 is deleted from the store of RK intervals obtained during the illustrated cuff deflation. Generally, such isolated RK intervals result from artifacts and should not be included in subsequent computations.
For any subject under any exercise condition, RK intervals are practically never less than 100 ms and rarely are greater than 400 ms. At step 126, the store of RK intervals is checked and those intervals equal to or less than B, say, 100 ms or equal to or greater than C, say, 400 ms, are deleted from the list. Minimum values employed in this test may range, for example, from 25 to 150 ms, and maximum values from 350 to 600 ms.
Under certain conditions during a cuff deflation, the cuff pressure may rise, due, for example, to physical pressure exerted thereon during exercise. At step 128, the cuff pressure is checked for any rise therein which may have occured during a cuff deflation. If there has been a pressure rise during a heartbeat period, only the first-occuring RK interval is accepted, and any subsequent RK intervals which may occur during the period are deleted. K-sound detector outputs which occur during the pressure increase often are produced by sounds generated by such increase and are assumed to be artifacts.
At decision step 130, the total number of RK intervals remaining following steps 124 through 128 is checked. If the number is less than, D, the RK intervals for the deflation are not processed, and operation returns to step 108 for the start of another cycle of operation. With 4 mmHg steps during cuff deflation, a plurality of true K-sounds normally are produced. For this test, a value of D in the range of between 4 and 10 typically is employed. It will be apparent that steps 124 through 128 may be performed in any desired order.
If a sufficient number of RK interval points remain after step 130, another decision step 132 is entered at which a determination is made whether or not a control cycle is being processed. As noted above, once a control slope mc has been determined, such a control slope, or some function thereof, may be used in subsequent chaining operations. Chaining involves grouping together RK interval points, in a manner described below, to eliminate those points which fail to fit the group which includes the most points. If a control slope has been determined during a prior cycle, or cycles, operation, such control slope is used in the chaining operation which follows, as indicated at step 134. If no such control slope has been established, an estimated slope is used for the chaining operation, as indicated at step 136. In FIG. 6, a plot of RK interval versus cuff pressure is shown wherein three groups, or chains, of RK interval points have been established using the chaining process of this invention, the groups being identified by reference characters C1 through C3. Details involved in the chaining steps 134 and 136 are included in the flow chart of FIG. 7, described below following completion of the description of the flow chart of FIGS. 5A and 5B.
The chain which includes the greatest number of RK interval points established at step 134, or at step 136, is selected for the next step 138 where a straight line is fitted to the chain using a minimum mean-squared algorithm. In FIG. 6, straight line 140 is shown fitted to chain C2 in accordance with step 138 of the flow chart. At step 142, the distance of the RK interval points in the chain from the straight line 140 is determined, and all points more than a specified distance therefrom are deleted from the chain. For example, RK interval points more than, say, 20 ms from the line 140 may be deleted. In FIG. 6, RK interval point identified by reference character 144 is eliminated by operation of step 142.
At step 146, a check of RK interval points adjacent the diastolic end of the chain is made to determine whether or not the RK interval of the end point is less than that of its neighboring point. An end point (such as point 145 shown in FIG. 6) having an RK interval greater than the neighboring point is deleted from the chain. When an end point is deleted, the above test is repeated until an end point having an RK interval which is less than the neighboring point is located. In this manner, a point in the chain adjacent diastolic pressure at which there is an upward deflection of the chain is selected as an end point.
Next, at step 148, another check of points adjacent the diastolic end of the chain is made for any point, or group of, say, two points which is more than E heartbeats from an adjacent point, where E is, say, 3. Such point, or group of points, is deleted from the chain as likely being artifacts.
At the following step 150, a straight line is fitted to the remaining points of the selected chain using the minimum mean-squared algorithm in the manner of step 138. Steps 152, 154 and 156 which follow are similar to the above-described steps 142, 146 and 148 respectively, except the operations now are performed on the chain of RK interval points and straight line fitted thereto at step 150. At step 158, another straight line is fitted to the points which remain. The cuff pressures at the shortest and longest RK intervals included in the chain are a measure of the respective diastolic and systolic blood pressure of the subject, which pressure measurements may be displayed, stored, recorded or the like, as indicated at step 160. The slope of the straight line fitted at step 158 is determined at step 162, which slope provides a measure of the systolic slope of the blood pressure waves during the cuff deflation. This value may be stored, recorded, displayed, or the like, as desired. At decision step 164, step 108 is reentered if the test is to be continued. If not, the test is ended at step 166.
Reference now is made to the flow chart of FIG. 7 which includes details of the chaining operation shown at step 134 of FIG. 6A. As noted above, chaining involves the dividing of RK interval versus cuff pressure points obtained during a cuff deflation into groups. At step 170, a check is made for any ungrouped points. Of any remaining points, that point at the highest cuff pressure is stored in a first group of points at step 172. Referring to the RK interval versus cuff pressure plot of FIG. 8, at the beginning of the chaining operation, point (RKn-1, Cn-1), which is the highest upgrouped cuff pressure point, is stored in group, or chain, 1 (one) of points at this step. Next, at step 174, another check is made for any ungrouped points and, if any points remain, an estimate of the RK interval for the next lower cuff pressure point is made at step 176. In FIG. 8, the point at the next lower cuff pressure is point (RKn, Cn). An estimated RK interval RKn for cuff pressure Cn is computed by projecting a line with a control slope mc from point (RKn-1, Cn-1) to Cn. The difference between the estimated and actual RK values is determined at step 178. In FIG. 8, this difference is identified as ΔRKn =RKn -RKn. If an artifact is present, the absolute difference ΔRKn almost always falls outside the 40 ms, range, and at step 180ΔRKn is compared to, say, 40 ms to determine whether or not it is within the 40 ms range. If it is within this range, the point (RKn, Cn) is stored in a group with point (RKn-1, Cn-1) at step 182, and decision step 184 is entered. If not within range, decision step 184 is entered without storing, or grouping the point. For the plot of FIG. 8, point (RKn, Cn) is outside the range whereby point (RKn, Cn) is not stored with the group 1 points.
At step 184, a check for additional points at lower cuff pressures is made. If it is determined that one or more such points remain, step 176 is reentered, wherein an estimated RK interval for the next lower cuff pressure point is made. In FIG. 8, the next lower cuff pressure point is (RKn+1, Cn+1), and the estimated point is (RKn+1, Cn+1). Again, the difference in RK interval between the actual and estimated points exceeds 40 ms, whereby this point also is not included with the group 1 points.
The next lower cuff pressure point (RKn+2, Cn+2) is checked and the ΔRKn is determined to be within the 40 ms range. Now, the result of decision step 180 is negative, whereupon step 182 is entered for storage of point (RKn+2, Cn+2) with the group 1 points.
In accordance with the present invention, when a new RK interval vs cuff pressure point is added to the group, a line with the control slope mc is projected from the newly added point to the next lower cuff pressure which includes an ungrouped point. As seen in FIG. 8, a new line with slope mc is shown projected from point (RKn+2, Cn+2) newly added to the list. This method of chaining provides for much more accurate grouping of points than is provided in the arrangement disclosed in the above mentioned article, "A Study of Noninvasive Blood Pressure Measurement Techniques" wherein the line is projected from the highest cuff pressure points to the lowest, and not from newly added points.
In FIG. 8, it will be seen that (RKn+5, Cn-5) is the last point to be added to chain 1. At this point in the operation, decision step 184 is negative, whereupon the group number is incremented at step 186, and decision step 170 is reentered. If more ungrouped points exist, the chaining operation is repeated starting with the point at the highest cuff pressure not yet included in a chain, or group. In FIG. 8, point (RKn, Cn) is selected at step 172 for storage with points of a second group. After point (RKn+1, Cn+1) has been identified as a group 2 point, at step 180, and stored at step 182, no more ungrouped points at a lower cuff pressure remain, and the operation loops back through step 186 to step 170. Now, since there are no remaining ungrouped points, decision step 170 is negative, and step 138 (FIG. 5A) is entered for fitting of a straight line to the group which includes the greatest number of points in the manner described above.
Step 136 involves essentially the same operations as above-described step 134 except that an estimated slope rather than a control slope is used in projecting a line from one point to a next lower cuff pressure which includes a point. As noted above, the estimated slope is used during a control cycle during which the subject is stationary, and artifacts are at a minimum. The slope of the straight line fitted to points at step 158 and calculated at step 162 during a control cycle is employed in step 134 on subsequent cuff deflations during which the subject is active. If desired, a plurality of control cycles may be performed, and the average slope obtained therefrom may be used as the control slope.
The slope of the line fitted at step 158 normally changes during exercise. For any given cuff deflation, the slope obtained during one or more preceeding cuff deflations, or some function thereof, may be used in step 134 as the control slope. The cuff deflation cycles may be repeated often enough such that the change in slope between cycles is minimal. Thus, the slope obtained during one cuff deflation may provide an accurate control slope for use in a next cycle. In an alternative arrangement, an estimated stope of, say, 1 may be employed in all chaining operations, without establishment of a control slope.
The invention having been described in detail in accordance with requirements of the Patent Statutes various other changes and modifications will suggest themselves to those skilled in this art. For example, the novel method is not limited to use with apparatus illustrated in FIG. 4. Instead of using R-wave and K-sound detectors, the ECG signal and/or Korotkov sound waveforms may be digitized, and the digital signals supplied to the computer for software R-wave and/or K-sound detection, with the time of arrival of the software R-wave and/or K-sounds being stored in the computer memory. Also, a recording of the necessary inputs may be made, and the recorded signals/played back to provide the computer inputs. Such recording of signals for processing is particularly useful for long term monitoring of blood pressure of ambulatory subjects. Portable equipment for automatic cuff inflation and deflation, and K-sound, ECG and cuff pressure recording is well known. Obviously, high speed playback of the recorded signals is possible, so long as compensation is made for any time differences, if any, which may result therefrom. It is intended that the above and other such changes and modifications shall fall within the spirit and scope of the invention defined in the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 10, 1976
|Sep 26, 1978
|Gorelick Donald E
|Blood pressure cuff automatic deflation device
|May 16, 1977
|Aug 12, 1980
|Del Mar Avionics
|Blood pressure monitoring system
|Weaver, C. S. et al., "A Study of Non-Invasive BP Measurements", Non-Invasive Cardiovascular Measurements, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, 1978, vol. 167, pp. 89-105.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 15, 1982
|Feb 26, 1985
|Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha
|Electronic sphygmomanometer
|Jun 18, 1984
|Oct 15, 1985
|Critikon, Inc.
|Detection of blood pressure complexes in automated vital signs monitors
|Dec 20, 1984
|Sep 2, 1986
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Physiological monitoring system
|Oct 21, 1985
|Mar 17, 1987
|Gms Engineering Corporation
|Noise-immune blood pressure measurement technique and system
|Feb 17, 1984
|Jun 2, 1987
|Cortronic Corporation
|Apparatus and method for continuous non-invasive cardiovascular monitoring
|Sep 24, 1984
|Jul 7, 1987
|Bomed Medical Manufacturing, Ltd.
|Calibrated arterial pressure measurement device
|Nov 13, 1986
|Oct 6, 1987
|Baxter Travenol Laboratories, Inc.
|Techniques for obtaining information associated with an individual's blood pressure including specifically a stat mode technique
|Nov 13, 1986
|Oct 13, 1987
|Baxter Travenol Laboratories, Inc.
|Techniques for obtaining information associated with an individual's blood pressure including specifically a stat mode technique
|Jan 22, 1987
|Jan 12, 1988
|Cortronic Corporation
|Method for determining diastolic arterial blood pressure in a subject
|Jan 22, 1987
|Jan 12, 1988
|Cortronic Corporation
|Method for determining systolic arterial blood pressure in a subject
|Jan 22, 1987
|Jan 12, 1988
|Cortronic Corporation
|Method for determining diastolic arterial blood pressure in a subject
|Nov 6, 1986
|Jan 24, 1989
|Sri International
|Blood pressure monitoring method and apparatus
|May 11, 1988
|Oct 3, 1989
|Omron Tateisi Electronics Co.
|Electronic blood pressure meter having means for detecting artifacts
|Feb 2, 1983
|Oct 9, 1990
|Kuo Wei Chang
|Diastolic pressure sensor
|Jul 30, 1992
|Aug 16, 1994
|Spacelabs Medical, Inc.
|Automatic blood pressure monitor employing artifact rejection method and apparatus
|Apr 16, 1991
|Feb 28, 1995
|Cardiodyne, Incorporated
|Blood pressure monitoring in noisy environments
|Apr 19, 1993
|Sep 5, 1995
|Terumo Kabushiki Kaisha
|Electronic sphygmomanometer
|Jun 17, 1996
|Oct 28, 1997
|Bpsure, L.L.C.
|Method and apparatus for detecting blood pressure by blood pressure sounds in the presence of significant noise
|Dec 4, 1996
|Apr 14, 1998
|Colin Corporation
|Exercise apparatus having exercise-load changing function
|Dec 17, 1996
|May 19, 1998
|Johnson & Johnson Medical, Inc.
|Mitigation of respiratory artifact in blood pressure signal using line segment smoothing
|Jun 17, 1996
|Jun 30, 1998
|B.P. Sure, L.L.C.
|Coherent pattern identification in non-stationary periodic data and blood pressure measurement using same
|Jul 9, 1997
|Feb 23, 1999
|Bp Sure, Llc
|Blood pressure monitoring with improved noise rejection
|Oct 1, 1997
|Nov 16, 1999
|Boston Medical Technologies, Inc.
|Methods and apparatus for R-wave detection
|Oct 1, 1997
|Aug 22, 2000
|Boston Medical Technologies, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for enhancing patient compliance during inspiration measurements
|Oct 26, 1999
|Dec 12, 2000
|Boston Medical Technologies, Inc.
|Methods and apparatus for R-wave detection
|Jun 25, 1999
|Jul 10, 2001
|Cardiodyne Division Of Luxtec Corporation
|Measuring blood pressure in noisy environments
|Feb 18, 2000
|Aug 20, 2002
|Boston Medical Technologies, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for enhancing patient compliance during inspiration measurements
|Jul 16, 2002
|May 25, 2004
|Boston Medical Technologies, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for enhancing patient compliance during inspiration measurements
|Sep 13, 2011
|Ramsey Medical Inc.
|Integrated manual mechanical and electronic sphygmomanometer within a single enclosure
|Jan 9, 2006
|Jul 13, 2006
|Maynard Ramsey
|Integrated manual mechanical and electronic sphygmomanometer within a single enclosure
|Jun 30, 2006
|Jan 18, 2007
|Voith Paul R
|Method for acquisition and display of non-invasive blood pressure
|Jul 11, 2007
|Feb 7, 2008
|Yu Meng-Su
|Method and apparatus for arterial blood pressure measurement and individualized rectifying technology using this method
|Dec 7, 2007
|Jun 11, 2009
|Roche Diagnostics Operations, Inc.
|Method and system for graphically indicating multiple data values
|Oct 26, 1982
|May 18, 1983
|Asulab S.A.
|Method of measuring the blood pressure of a person
|Aug 19, 1986
|Feb 24, 1988
|Colin Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Method and system for monitoring blood pressure
|Sep 16, 1987
|Mar 30, 1988
|Spacelabs, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for indirect blood pressure measurement
|Jul 30, 1993
|Feb 2, 1994
|Spacelabs Medical, Inc.
|Automatic blood pressure monitor employing artifact rejection method and apparatus
|Jun 29, 1983
|Jan 17, 1985
|Sri International
|Blood pressure measurement with korotkov sound artifact information detection and rejection
|Jun 17, 1985
|Jan 16, 1986
|Norse Instruments, Inc.
|Waveform information obtaining techniques associated with an individual's blood pressure
|Jun 17, 1985
|Jan 16, 1986
|Norse Instruments, Inc.
|Techniques for obtaining waveform information associated with an individual's blood pressure
|Sep 13, 1985
|Mar 27, 1986
|Bomed Medical Manufacturing Ltd.
|Calibrated arterial pressure measurement device
|Oct 1, 1986
|Apr 23, 1987
|Gms Engineering Corporation
|Noise-immune blood pressure measurement technique and system
|Mar 31, 1992
|Oct 29, 1992
|Cardiodyne, Inc.
|Blood pressure monitoring in noisy environments
|Mar 31, 1992
|Feb 4, 1993
|Cardiodyne Inc
|Blood pressure monitoring in noisy environments
|Jun 10, 1997
|Dec 24, 1997
|Bpsure, L.L.C.
|Coherent pattern identification in non-stationary periodic data and blood pressure measurement using same
|Nov 21, 2008
|Jun 11, 2009
|Roche Diagniostics Gmbh
|Method and system for graphically indicating multiple data values
|Jan 27, 2011
|Aug 2, 2012
|Labtech Kft.
|Single-unit ecg and blood pressure measuring device for cardiological stress tests
|U.S. Classification
|600/493, 428/682, 428/683
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 6, 1981
Owner name: SRI INTERNATIONAL, MENLO PARK, CA., A CORP. OF CA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:WEAVER, CHARLES S.;CHITTENDEN, CONSTANCE T.;REEL/FRAME:003900/0109
Effective date: 19810622
|Nov 17, 1986
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|May 14, 1991
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Oct 7, 1991
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Oct 7, 1991
|Surcharge for late payment
|May 16, 1995
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Oct 8, 1995
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Dec 19, 1995
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19951011


text:
A great Halloween favor!
The exclusive Black Raven Candy Jar features a black raven sitting on a fence peering at the full moon. Each of the Black Raven Candy Jars measures approximately 3 inches high x 2 1/2 inches wide with a 1 3/4 inch opening and made of glass. These personalized candy jars are great for nuts, candy and all your Halloween treats! Minimum order of 12.
Please allow ample time for delivery. Our ship date for this product is noted in your shopping cart. Many items are shipped separately, so please allow extra time for these items to arrive. Shipping charges are based on the value of the merchandise and not the number of shipments. For additional shipping information, please contact our Customer Service Department at (email@example.com or 1-800-314-8794).

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Articles About Community Solutions
Antioch Eco-Village— 'Pioneers' share vision, plans
the Eco-Village Pioneers are organizing an event on Sunday, May 1, from 2 to 4 p.m. at the Senior Center for all villagers curious about cohousing and interested in learning about Yellow Springs' cohousing group.
Groups striving for a local economy of resilience, equity
A time bank. A worker-owned cooperative food hub. A cooperative entrepreneurial hub with shared services and support. Community-supported industries. Local financing and investing.
Building for resiliency, community in Yellow Springs
How exactly do you make your home more energy efficient? Are there inexpensive ways to do so? What does it mean to live in a tiny house?
A local energy channel on YouTube
When it comes to people fighting climate change, Yellow Springs has a lot of stories to tell.
Community Solutions evolves— New director for nonprofit
Global warming. Climate change. Peak Oil.
News about environmental concerns is frequently grim and overwhelming. What can a single person do?
The Passive House solution
Keeping up on the latest climate change projections can be downright depressing. But a local nonprofit offers a dose of hope with its new film on how to build homes that emit 80 percent less carbon dioxide. "Passive House Revolution" tells the story of this aggressive new building standard from the perspective of the Germans […]
Murphy examines cars, consumption
Electric cars may not be the answer to reducing our dependence on fossil fuels, says local author Pat Murphy in his recently-released book, Spinning Our Wheels. Instead, Murphy proposes, we should share rides to increase transportation's efficiency and reduce the number of total cars on the road.
Village seeks energy grant
In the interest of supporting energy conservation measures, Village Council members agreed at a special meeting on Friday, Dec. 11, to sign the Village on as a municipal sponsor of a grant proposal to develop an affordable home retrofit process for energy efficiency. The Village will support Community Solutions and an area business in the application for federal stimulus grant money, which if awarded, will need further action by Council to participate in the program.
Take a tour of the village greens
Can a home be built to absorb enough of the sun's heat so that it requires no heat source — other than the presence of people and the heat they produce by inhabiting space and cooking? Can an old home be retrofitted or remodeled with the hopes of realizing the cost of investment through monthly energy savings? Does making more sustainable decisions about energy use have to mean being less comfortable?
Agraria picks five-acre site
The model, low-energy development Community Solution calls Agraria became a little more real late last fall when organizers of the project purchased a 5.1-acre parcel of land on the north end of town.


text:
17 Homework Answers That Were So Bad They Were Actually AMAZING!!
Texas Teacher Is In Hot Water After Drawing Male Private Parts All Over A Student's Homework
14-Year-Old Girl Suspended For Her Colorful Answers On Her Sex Ed Homework
Teacher Doodles On Students' Homework, And It's AmazingThis teacher gets an A+ for creativity.
New App Makes Math Homework Obsolete
Hailey's Dream Vacation


text:
Whats the best American Made Gun?
Social Situations
General Gun Discussions
> Whats the best American Made Gun?
February 1, 2007, 01:52 AM
Are you American?
What gun do you think is the best made ever that you can say proudly 100% American?
If you enjoyed reading about "Whats the best American Made Gun?" here in TheHighRoad.org archive, you'll LOVE our community. Come join
today for the full version!
February 1, 2007, 01:57 AM
February 1, 2007, 02:01 AM
I know what you are getting at, but my firearm choices are not what makes me an American.
If I had to take a gander at it, and am working from the assumption that were are talking about military oriented rifles, I'd say that Garand, M1A, and AR-15 would be the top of the list.
February 1, 2007, 02:03 AM
100%? What "made in America" over the last couple decades doesn't have foreign parts or metal in them?
February 1, 2007, 02:05 AM
So most of you would said COLT I think.
God made men and women; Sam Colt made em equal
What about Ruger etc?
February 1, 2007, 02:08 AM
Its a little early to tally up the count.
As for Ruger, they supported the Clinton Assault Weapons Ban, and can therefore kiss my @$$. I'll never support them after selling out the Bill of Rights.
February 1, 2007, 02:19 AM
I bought a new Ruger sometime ago. New in box. I sold it after a month. It sucks. It was a .22. I tried it with Philippine ammo and it jammed every 3 shoots. Thats the difference for me between a good and a bad gun. A good gun spits any kind of ammunition, the bad ones, are very dedicated and only want first class ammo.
February 1, 2007, 02:21 AM
If your talking the famous, iconic American wepaons (but not nesecarily of 100% American stell, parts etc), I'd say Colt SAA (or similar models), M1 Garand, M16 (and variants thereof), and BAR, and the 1911.
February 1, 2007, 02:34 AM
February 1, 2007, 02:57 AM
The BAR and the Thompson submachine gun
February 1, 2007, 03:06 AM
Beretta, Marlin, H&K, CZ, Sako, Kel-Tec...
Yes, they are from other countries. But we're their number one market... and without 'em we'd be in a lot of trouble. :) Most guns out there have some heritage, or strong tie with America... too strong to be easily swept aside. From Remington Mosin-Nagants and Savage Enfields to every handgun based on Browning's designs, to countries that never fielded the .45 ACP round yet make millions of dollars selling guns in that caliber...
The world makes guns. We (firearms enthusiasts) keep 'em in business. :D
-Dionysusigma (Welsh, Scottish, French/German, Russian, and a li'l Native American in there too).
February 1, 2007, 05:53 AM
And this affects the quality of their guns, how?
I'll vote for Ruger DA revolvers. They represent the only advancement in DA revolver design, as long as there have been DA revolvers.
However, I don't like the idea of any gun manufacturer supporting ANY gun control, either. We have enough trouble with the antis.
As far as the .22 that jams. I have a Mark II that jams with everything I've tried, except CCI ammo. It NEVER jams with CCI. Weird, ain't it. :confused:
February 1, 2007, 06:08 AM
I must walk a diffrent path than others...
Sharps...ORIGINAL Sharps...not the Spaghetti Sharps. Those are nice, though. :)
Second...hmmm...Winchester Model of 1894 30 WCF.
Ala Dan
February 1, 2007, 07:04 AM
February 1, 2007, 07:18 AM
well, the galazan over and under is by far the highest quality gun ever made in the US, and is in current production. nothing else is even close. (just my opinion!) this is not to say this gun is the most important, or historical, or won WW2, or anything like that. just absolute best quality. equal to any gun on earth.
God Bless
El Tejon
February 1, 2007, 08:21 AM
I think it's a tie between Cooper rifles and a couple of high end over under makers.
USMC - Retired
February 1, 2007, 08:33 AM
I think this is too vague a question. You need to be more specific. Best pistol? Revolver? Rifle? Shotgun? For what purpose? What ranges. Etc...
February 1, 2007, 08:42 AM
Sig Sauer (aka Sigarms) P-Series out of NH
February 1, 2007, 08:44 AM
I've heard the rumours about Ruger supporting the AWB as well so they could get more business as imports would be imposed under restrictions.
As for American companys, wikipedia lists a few but I'm not sure how "American" most of the companys are as it lists Beretta and H&K as American companys, I thought Beretta was Italian and H&K was German? H&K doesn't have a factory in the US either but they do have a repair center in Alabama. Personally I own a USP however even though it is listed as an American corporation according to wikipedia, the firearm is completely imported.
Heres what is listed for American companys
Kimber Manufacturing
Marlin Firearms
North American Arms
Olympic Arms
Panther Arms
Smith & Wesson
Savage Arms
Springfield Armory
I guess anything made by those companys would be considered a quality firearm made in America at least to my knowledge?
February 1, 2007, 08:54 AM
Link on Ruger and gun ban.
My vote Colt. I also believe Remington and Winchester have made some guns that are awesome.
February 1, 2007, 09:01 AM
Ed Browns products. No one said "production" so any of the top notch pistol/gun smiths building on USA made parts would take cake.
February 1, 2007, 09:21 AM
Intratec :D
February 1, 2007, 09:21 AM
Mike101 wrote:
As for Ruger, they supported the Clinton Assault Weapons Ban
And this affects the quality of their guns, how?
Based on the manner of the original question, it was implyed that there was a component of American idealism and/or patriotism to the question as pasted below:
nibb wrote:
Are you American?
What gun do you think is the best made ever that you can say proudly 100% American?
I seriously hope that what Ruger pulled is not an ideal of America. Maybe it is-- selling out the rights of American citizens for the opportunity to gain market share.
So, no. Thier support of the AWB does not intrinsicly affect the quality of the firearm-- but the original poster worded his question in a way that he wasn't simply seeking quality, but also character. Ruger firearms represent the manufacturer's lack of character in my eyes now.
I was told my a good friend once that our dollar are really the most powerful vote we have in a capitalist economy. Every day you "vote" for people or organizations. I choose not to ever "vote" for my enemies and the enemies of our rights.
February 1, 2007, 09:23 AM
Depends on what you want to do with it determins the best.
February 1, 2007, 10:25 AM
just recently, Kel tec has really made a couple of great strides, in their new weapons.
February 1, 2007, 10:27 AM
Kahr is N. American, but Canadian i think.
February 1, 2007, 12:33 PM
Best American Manufacturer:
Handgun - S&W
Longgun - tough call - toss up between Remington and Savage
February 1, 2007, 01:21 PM
Colt. Bwahahahahahahahah! They're lucky they are still in business.
Kel-Tec? Fluff and Buff anyone?
Smith and Wesson is my guess, or Ruger.
February 1, 2007, 01:24 PM
My Walther P38 is a darn good pistol..
But I'll add a vote for COLT...
February 1, 2007, 01:26 PM
100% american? its hard to say. said gun could be 99.9% american made and built but have a couple springs or pins purchased from china.
and there is nothing wrong with buying a firearm or anything for that matter with foreign parts! it tooke me awhile to get used to it but the good ol USA does not have all the greatest stuff in the world :D some countries can just build stuff better and cheaper (not always a good thing) than us.
February 1, 2007, 03:29 PM
Kahr is N. American, but Canadian i think. Kahr is made in Peoples Republic Of Massachusettes... My pick next to Kahr and Kel-tec...
February 2, 2007, 06:56 PM
First and foremost, best American made and a representation of America.
They improve 1911's to a greater degree than any other practical gun maker around.
Also I saw post number 19 about Wikipedia. Wikipedia can be edited by anyone and is not considered a verifiable source. Also my understanding that H&K is building guns in the U.S. Glock is as well. They have all built some form of factory to allow them better support by the military for pistol contracts.
February 2, 2007, 07:01 PM
The best all American gun would be the Remington 870 shotgun. Nothing else like it anywhere that does the job it does as well as it does it.
Next, maybe the Marlin 336 in any caliber.
Thats it from me.:)
February 2, 2007, 07:23 PM
February 2, 2007, 07:33 PM
I think every type of gun has it's own "best make"!!
For a shotgun: Remington 870
Small bore pistol(22lr) Ruger MKII
Big bore rev.: S&W
Auto pistols in general: Glock
Semi rifle: Colt
You get the picture. No one company can make the best
of "ALL WORLDS"
February 2, 2007, 07:55 PM
I hear that Freedom Arms makes some nice stuff.
Seven High
February 2, 2007, 08:00 PM
Smith & Wesson :)
February 2, 2007, 08:15 PM
Remington new army cap and ball. No question. My favorite gun, period. :D Too bad mine was made in Italy. :rolleyes:
February 2, 2007, 09:30 PM
Undoubtedly the Parker shotgun. Ithaca 37 not bad either.
February 2, 2007, 09:57 PM
Smiths 'N Colts for me please...for my money the best to be had anywhere
Car Knocker
February 2, 2007, 10:24 PM
Beretta, Marlin, H&K, CZ, Sako, Kel-Tec...
Yes, they are from other countries.
What countries are Marlin and Kel-Tec made in?
February 2, 2007, 10:39 PM
whoops didnt read the post right :D
February 2, 2007, 11:33 PM
I bought a new Ruger sometime ago. New in box. I sold it after a month. It sucks. It was a .22. I tried it with Philippine ammo and it jammed every 3 shoots. Thats the difference for me between a good and a bad gun. A good gun spits any kind of ammunition, the bad ones, are very dedicated and only want first class ammo.
why didn't you try some american made ammo in it!:rolleyes:
i love my ruger .22 pistol it eats 550rd packs of .22lr like it is going out of style.
February 2, 2007, 11:39 PM
Just my opinion, and also based on development/contribution to the world of firearms as much as quality. Regrettably, Browning the man and Browning the company are worlds apart in terms of deserving recognition.
If you have to ask "why Barrett?" for the 21st century, better look through a gun rag.;)
February 2, 2007, 11:44 PM
Take a look a Cooper Firearms of Montana, Inc Stevensville, MT www.cooperfirearms.com
February 2, 2007, 11:49 PM
...most of the good guns these days are foreign made.
Heck, even when it comes to cars, does "Dodge" spell class or does "BMW" or "Lexus?" Al Bundy comes to mind now.
I don't know about you, but I'd rather drive a Ferrari!
February 2, 2007, 11:51 PM
...notice that most (90%?) guns are made by Yankees!
Damn Yankees!!!!!!!
February 3, 2007, 12:26 AM
For American made guns, I like Colt, Rock River Arms & Bushmaster :D Lately, some of my favorite guns are made in the US that were traditionally made elsewhere but IMO, the best ones are the ones made in their originally factories :D
February 3, 2007, 12:42 AM
It is amazing how many firearms companies are located in states with very anti-gun laws. IL and MA in particular. These states don't like their citizens to own guns but they sure love the tax $$$ that comes from manufacturing and selling tons of 'em.
Boys and girls, can you say hypocrisy?
February 3, 2007, 01:08 AM
Look, Colt makes a great gun sometimes.
I love the fact that you can get a model P.
Why on G-d's green earth can't they make an actual non-stupid proof 1911 or 1911a1 automatic with a non-70 series firing pin?
And Lord help you if you ever needed one of their lowest-bidder BS m16a2's built after their employee troubles in the 1980's to ACTUALLY WORK.
But I digress. I love the old ones and the new ones look very nice.
My final answer: Jennings.
February 3, 2007, 02:31 AM
I would probrobly say something like the kentucky rifle. Hand crafted wonders that where considered so good not much could match them for well over 70 years.
February 3, 2007, 06:19 AM
US Rifle, Caliber .30, M1. (Even though it was designed by a transplanted Canadian)
February 3, 2007, 10:57 AM
browning beltfed machinegun would be my number 1 choice, others are:
Colt SA army,S&W target masterpiece,Thompson annihilator submachinegun,Ruger gp100.I like the springfield 03a3 for its accuracy.
Try some winchester wildcats in that ruger 22 semiauto, mine loves them for plinking.It is the cheapest stuff around at 12 bucks a brick of 550 rounds.Its an excellent gun but the release levers(slide and magazine) are either too small or in the wrong place.
Wesson Smith
February 3, 2007, 11:32 AM
I suppose it doesn't hurt to answer from a personal perspective?
I'd have to go with my S&W 686. I've never owned a more rugged, reliable
and relatively maintenance-free weapon. I guess it also helps that
when I have it in my hand, I'm 110% confident that a well-placed shot
will always be lethal. :D
Derby FALs
February 4, 2007, 01:12 PM
I hear that Freedom Arms makes some nice stuff.
I have never handled a gun as well made as a Freedom Arms.
February 4, 2007, 04:44 PM
most of the good guns these days are foreign made..
This assertion is based on what, exactly? The best AK's are made here. The best 1911's. The best revolvers.
........Heck, even when it comes to cars, does "Dodge" spell class or does "BMW" or "Lexus?" Al Bundy comes to mind now.
Dodge spells working class. Compare with Toyota or Honda.
If you want to compare BMW or Lexus with a domestic, Use Cadillac or Chrysler (after all, Chrysler/Dodge=Toyota/Lexus).
And believe me, the imports are not superior. Consider the county I work in: Nearly 3/4 of vehicle registrations are Domestic. Slightly less than half the cars that we fix are imports. Jap cars cost about 40% more to repair on average. European is about 3x the repair cost when compared to domestics. When you break it down, 3/4 of the vehicles on the road account for roughly 48% of the shop's revenue. The other 1/4 make up 52%. A standard brake job (pads and rotors) on a VW Toureg is ~$1,400. Same thing on a Trailblazer or Durango is about $350. And the Trailblazer will go twice as far on original brakes as the Toureg.
The Argument for imported guns has no more basis in fact than the one for cars. You do, in fact, get more for your money with domestic goods and you support the American worker. The only reason to buy an imported product is because no domestic equivalent is available.
February 4, 2007, 05:11 PM
Sadly the majority of firearms mentioned are a far cry from being the "Best made ever".....most of the people suggesting them wouldn't know which end of a micrometer or caliper to use let alone what precision tolerances are. (And we won't get into wood-to metal fit)
If there is an American made handgun with tighter tolerances and a more precision fit than Freedom Arms, let's hear about it. Otherwise the rest are sloppy fitting sad imitations of the "Best ever made". On the rifle side, nothing compares to the Cooper or Dakota Arms.
If you enjoyed reading about "Whats the best American Made Gun?" here in TheHighRoad.org archive, you'll LOVE our community. Come join
today for the full version!
vBulletin® v3.8.6, Copyright ©2000-2016, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.


text:
Newegg.com - A great place to buy computers, computer parts, electronics, software, accessories, and DVDs online. With great prices, fast shipping, and top-rated customer service - once you know, you Newegg.
If you are reading this message, Please click this link to reload this page.(Do not use your browser's "Refresh" button). Please email us if you're running the latest version of your browser and you still see this message.
Newegg.com - Computer Parts, Laptops, Electronics, HDTVs, Digital Cameras and More!
Sold and Shipped by Newegg
Let the beauty of your iPhone shine through with the stunning Alton case, only from The Joy Factory.
Clearly Better
The Alton case for iPhone 5 is a beautiful way to protect your expensive phone without adding bulk in the process. Let the beauty of your case shine through, with your choice of either classic Clear or the intriguing Smoke finish.
Excellent Protection
The sleek Alton case utilizes polycarbonate material for a hardshell case that is strong yet super-thin. And the outer lip of the case even protects your touchscreen from scratches when laid facedown.
Full Access
Without compromising its strength, the Alton leaves all the ports and buttons open for use. Now you can talk, text, or listen to tunes worry-free, when you snap on a classy Alton case.
Our Gift to You
Included with every Alton case are a Prism Crystal Screen Protector and a BubbleShield Water-resistant Sleeve. The included Prism offers added protection for your touchscreen, an improved feel for your touch gestures, and a super-clear finish so you don't miss any details on your Retina screen. And the BubbleShield protective sleeve will protect your phone from the water, mud, sand, and kitchen messes that can easily damage your expensive phone.
Simply Green
The Joy Factory maintains a strong commitment to provide the best mobile device companions while giving back to our community and protecting the environment. All our iPhone 5 cases come in packaging that's 100% recyclable, and they are carefully designed to utilize the least material possible.
Your request will be processed within the next 24 hours.
Please add "email@example.com" to your address book to ensure delivery.See Today's E-Blast Promo
Some manufacturers place restrictions on how details of their products may be communicated.
Some manufacturers place restrictions on how details of their products may be communicated.
Some manufacturers place restrictions on how details of their products may be communicated.


text:
Skip to comments.House OKs 90 Percent Tax on Bonuses
Posted on 03/19/2009 12:05:53 PM PDT by DakotaRed
Breaking news alert from Fox News, the House has approved the 90% tax on bonuses given out by firms that accepted bailout funds.
(Excerpt) Read more at foxnews.com ...
I wonder if they get to claim this on their taxes next year.
They had it, then lost do to taxes, seems to be me would be mighty big tax deduction next year, since most if not all will be unemployed
That certainly worked out well for McCain-Feingold.
None of it matters.
Those who can read at grade level know that this entire uproar is a farce, and that the legislation itself is unconstitutional. It will be challenged in court a long time from now, when no one is interested any longer, and when other "crises" have arisen.
The illiterate masses (roughly 52% of the U.S. population, as of November 2008) will celebrate the fact that "something" was done, that Congress "fixed" the problem and struck a blow for justice by punishing those "greedy, fat-cat" Wall Street bankers. They will then turn to American Idol and waste no more energy on the matter.
In 2010, 90% of incumbents will be re-elected to office, partially on passage of "successful" legislation such as this.
All is well in the People's Democracy.
This is not a "bill of attainder", not technically. It's tax law and not criminal law, so it's not a violation of that clause in the Constitution. It's evil. It's stealing. It's grandstanding for the looters on the far left socialist wing of the democrat party. It's not unconstitutional except as a violation of the 9th and 10th Amendments, which are routinely ignored.
Amendment IX: The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
Amendment X: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.
When did Marxist tyrants start concerning themselves with their actions being unconstitutional or illegal?
In any event, Congress can pass a law tomorrow confiscating all your wealth, or all wealth of all parties in any class they find ideologically displeasing. And it wouldn't be unconstitutional.
Obama's speech on the White House lawn yesterday re AIG was unabashadly Marxist. With the news media echoing his communist viewpoints, middle America is solidly on his side regarding AIG, going right along with their own doom.
Damages will be doubled. What losers
Hope you don't mind, I just quoted that in my email to my rep (Paul Hodes)
Nice job on the AIG bonus bill today. I thought you studied law:
A bill of attainder (also known as an act or writ of attainder) is an act of legislature declaring a person or group of persons guilty of some crime and punishing them without benefit of a trial. Bills of attainder are forbidden by Article I, section 9, clause 3 of the United States Constitution.
Maybe you should read the constitution instead of just betraying it blindly time after time.
Carl Cameron just admitted he was confused.
Still no response from the ACLU. Insert cricket noise here.
I see. Thanks.
It's much more than that. Barney Frank wants them to be outed so the peasants with pitchforks can hunt them down.
Why not propose and put to a congressional vote a bill that taxes all income above $500K at 100%. That is all income >$500 for every profession; lobbyists, actors, athletes, lawyers, professors, coaches, pundits, etc. As well as income derived from retired politicians speeches.
Not because I think it is a good idea, but because these idiots think taxes are a good thing. Or let's just find out once and for all what the "patriotic" amount of money we are allowed to earn.
Obama, Reid, and Pelosi will not be stopped until the MSM is crushed. Middle America is behind Obama/Congress' blatant Marxist tyrannies because Middle American gets its viewpoint from the MSM.
This ain't gonna change, folks, by ranting and raving about it on Hannity, Rush, or Free Republic.
The MSM is much more powerful.
It's only a bill of attainder if you consider paying a tax a "punishment". SCOTUS could flop either way on this. If they declare a tax is a punishment it would open the doors to many other actions. I'll bet they let it stand.
Just for the record: Alcee Hastings and Charlie Rangel voted for it, LOL!
Seriously though, what's Cantor doing voting for this piece of legislation???
Good for Cynthia Lummis (R-WY) !
I'm so glad Fox addressed this because I saw the same report and was totally confused.
ping to this discussion. What say you as to the constitutionality of this bill? Is it a bill of attainder?
How about a 110% tax against all campaign contibutions received from said companies ????
Heath Shuler has fumbled twice for NC today and It's only afternoon..
Not Surprised...
Thanks for the roll call. This will help us know whom we should need to support — and defeat — in the next elections.
This makes me about as angry as the Kelo decision. Every day I'm glad I'm "old"; can't bear to see what Amerika will look like in 20 years.
Now that is a question I would love to see posed to some of these politicians. Good one!
AIG CEO Edward Liddy should now walk into Congress, hand them a dollar, tell them to shove it, and then sit back and watch the entire thing come falling down around the necks of these corrupt politicians.
Congress and Obama allowed these bonuses to be paid by their own laws and incompetence. All of the money should be taken from their own wealth and retirement guarantees. Many should also be bussed off o prison for the scam and damage they have brought on all of us.
This will be found to be unconstitutional.
Rush mentioned a Libertarian proposing that every one vote for this bill.
1) It will dissuade businesses running hat in hand to the government for a hand out.
2) (My point) It will teach business to donate/vote Democrat at risk of being shanghaied after the check clears.
The Fed is printing money to buy T-bills from the Treasury dept. Think about it, how will this affect the value of the dollar?
How is this not an ex-post facto law?
Also heard this is clearly unconstitutional. Morons!
Thank goodness my rep voted no...
You make the assumption that the constitution still means something to the bureaucrats and politicians. People like Obama and Biden wipe their a$$e$ on it every day.
Just look at what has happened to this country. Are there no decent people left to stand up?
Every day the Constitution is crapped on as we sit and watch.
yeah it is called ex post facto and it is SPECIFICALLY prohibited in the Constitution.
Not that the jerks in Congress give a DAMN about that document any more.
very scary.
as fast as this went through with no thoughtful deliberation, just "feeling angry" - who's next? who will they tax at 90% next? I'm angry about these bailouts, but I am furious that these people (and I use the term loosely) in Washington who pass these kinds of things - taxing people at 90% is a very dangerous precedent.
The next election will tell for sure if they have made the right call. If so, America has reached a turning point.
"All of Your Bonuses are belong to US"....
Congress has officially become an enemy to the People of this country.
I wonder if there is any hope left?
And Roy Blunt and Eric Cantor voted for this.
If the Whip can't be counted on to do the right thing, what good is he? This will isn't just unconstitutional, it's also stupid and not productive.
For one, Barack Obama got over $100K in donations from AIG that HE HAS NOT RETURNED.
Also, how can the people who bash the bonuses only support 90%. Are the bonuses only 90% bad?
And the fact is that the bonuses were protected in a bill that every Democrat in congress voted for. It's their problem. And there's not much that can be done about it now other than either re-privatizing these businesses or declaring bankruptcy for them.
Having the Government own businesses is not constitutional. Re-privatize them or dissolve them.
It's called a "Bill of Attainder". This is a special tax that has created a special class of citizens and subverted contractual obligations.
Passing the Mandatory National Service bill which includes Obama's new "SS" (officially to be known as the "National Civilian Community Corps"). See this thread: http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/2210006/posts
Our Constitution is dead unless SCOTUS is still with us...
One aspect they may not be able to overlook is the effect this will have on Employer/Employee contracts. Even if they don't see the tax as some sort of punishment, if they don't honor our system of contracts we have NOTHING.
THAT is scary, and that is exactly what we are up against. These aides are the folks that read these bills and tell the reps what is in it. If they don't even know what a bill of attainder is what hope do we have that they have any clue about what is Constitutional and what is not?
I may not have been able to name the offense specifically when I first read of this bill, but I had enough knowledge to know it was Unconstitutional as it creates a special class of citizens subject to laws the rest of us are not subject to. What business do these people have working in our government if they have no clue about the law?
Um, the point is, Democrats don't give a damn what the Constitution says, especially when affirmative action is the issue. That's how we have this affirmative action poseur in teh White HOuse. Democrat voters lack principles necessary for the health of a Constitutional Republic. And now, it's too late to save what these democrap voters have tossed into the shitter to get their chosen one.
Are they going to send the individuals a special tax return with 90% rates are will the IRS simply seize the money? You can't take folks' money without due process.
Were it me I would cash that check, pay the normal quarterly taxes and tell them to pack sand
Not sure what affirmative action has to do with this particular bill itself, but I don't disagree with anything you've said in your post. The Democrat politicians and their supporters (and it appears a lot of Republican politicians as well) have NO loyalty to our Constitution, whatsoever.
I'm alternating between shock, anger, sadness, resignation (because I knew this was coming, but hoped against hope it wouldn't) as well as waves of disbelief today with the passage of these two bills in the House...
I just can't WAIT to see what's next on their agenda... /s
Stupid people running the country. Wait till most of us see our tax rates next year.
Hmmm, the 1040 packet shows no 90% rate. They must get a "special" packet.
The top federal tax rate is 38%. 90% is a punishmnt if others making similar amounts are not taxed at the higher rate.
But is it legal? That's the question.
I guess it's that old standby—we'll have to "punish" them at the polls.
The trouble is, as the general population gets stupider and stupider, that gets harder and harder to do.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


text:
Alternative Products
What are notebooks for? To take notes! And when you need a no-nonsense notebook that will get the job done, turn to the Bare Essentials Journal from Quality Logo Products. These promotional journals might not be as fancy as others, but they have everything you and your clients need to do some serious writing.Bare Essentials Journals are great for any brand or budget!* Your choice of red or blue accent colors* Giant imprint area on the front* Made of recyclable materials* Contains 100 pages of white lined paper* Please note: does not include penThe Bare Essentials Journal isn't as big as a standard spiral notebook, so that makes it perfectly sized for purses, briefcases, and backpacks. They work great for your employees or clients who find inspiration on the go and need to jot down an idea before it's gone. Call and order from Quality Logo Products today!
724 North Highland Avenue Aurora, Illinois 60506
P: (866) 312-5646 F: (866) 314-5646 firstname.lastname@example.com
Quality Logo Products, Inc. is your number one source for stress balls and promotional items.
Copyright 2003 - 2016 Quality Logo Products, Inc., Registration No. TX7-524-201. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Zimbabwe's strong recovery from the 2000-2008 hyperinflation and economic contraction period gives hope for its return to the strong socio-economic performance and middle-income prospects, of the 1990s. However, growth has slowed sharply since 2012 as the economy's vulnerability to climate change and terms of trade shocks resurfaced. In 2013, Zimbabwe adopted a new constitution and a new development plan, the Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation (ZimASSET). With a relatively well-educated workforce, abundant natural resources and developed infrastructure (albeit aging), the fundamentals for growth and poverty reduction are strong, provided the country can tackle its political fragilities, and build a consensus around inclusive and competitive investment policies.
The political and economic crises that characterized the economy between 2000 and 2008 contributed to the nearly halving of its gross domestic product (GDP), the sharpest contraction of its kind in a peacetime economy) and raising poverty rates of more than 72%, with a fifth of the population in extreme poverty. Health, education and other basic services, once regional models, largely collapsed and Zimbabwe's Human Development Index (HDI) in 2011 stood at 173 out of 187 countries. A lengthy isolation from the international community had restricted aid flows and resulted in build-up of arrears to multilateral and bilateral partners.
In 2009, the country adopted a multicurrency regime (dollarization) that ushered in macroeconomic stability and positive economic growth. During 2009-12, the economy rebounded, with growth rates averaging around 8.7% per year. Inflation stabilized; revenues and bank deposits recovered sharply. The country also embarked on its first Staff Monitored Program with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and began making 'token' payments on arrears to multilateral institutions.
Social services are recovering amid resurgent public and donor spending. Many social institutions are regaining their 1980s levels of sophistication. Zimbabwe's HDI ranking recovered to 155 in 2015, and a Multi-Indicator Cluster Survey in 2014 revealed that in several key areas, Zimbabwe has regained outcome levels of the early 1990s. Underpinning this is also a reduction in HIV prevalence to around 15% since 2014 down from more than 40% in 1998. Life expectancy recovered from a low of 43.1 in 2003 to 53.3 in 2012 (compared with a high of 61.6 years in 1986, before the full extent of the AIDS pandemic). The maternal mortality rate declined from 960 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2010-2011 to an estimated 614 deaths in 2014; under-five mortality fell from 94 per 1,000 in 2009 to 75 in 2014. Despite this, Zimbabwe missed a significant number of the Millennium Development Goals.
Zimbabwe has enormous potential for sustained growth and poverty reduction given its generous endowment of natural resources, existing stock of public infrastructure and comparatively skilled human resources. Realizing this potential requires a further renewal of institutional and operational capacity in the public sector, further improvements in basic services delivery as well as deep reforms in economic policies and investment climate complimented by arrears clearance to international lenders.
Last Updated: Apr 07, 2016


text: Bivens looking for successor to step up By: Jeremy Duda November 23, 2010 , 12:29 pm After four years as head of the Arizona Democratic Party, Don Bivens is ready to move on. But he's not stepping aside unless he's comfortable with his successor. RELATED: UpClose with Don Bivens: 2010 losses were inevitable despite high-caliber candidates Complete access to news articles on azcapitoltimes.com is available to Arizona Capitol Times' subscribers who are logged in. Subscribers may login at the login tab below. Others may join our audience of successful Arizonans with a subscription today. Subscribe Login Email Address: Password: Already a paid subscriber but not registered for online access yet? For instructions on how to get premium web access, click here. Forgot your password? Share this:EmailPrintFacebookLinkedInTwitterGoogle Andrei Cherny Arizona Democratic Party Don Bivens Felecia Rotellini 12:29 pm Tue, November 23, 2010 Arizona Capitol Times Jeremy Duda tweet


text:
Rock art of the Chumash people
Chumash rock art is a genre of paintings on caves, mountains, cliffs, or other living rock surfaces, created by the Chumash people of southern California. Pictographs and petroglyphs are common through interior California, the rock painting tradition thrived until the 19th century. Chumash rock art is considered to be some of the most elaborate rock art tradition in the region.[1]
The Chumash are probably best known for the pictographs. Which were brightly colored paintings of humans, animals, and abstract circles. They were thought to be part of a religious ritual.
Chumash people[edit]
The Chumash lived in the present-day counties of Santa Barbara, Ventura, and San Luis Obispo in southern California during the late period of history (ca. 1300 to 1804 CE). They were a maritime, hunter-gatherer society whose livelihood was based on the sea. They developed excellent skills for catching fish, shellfish, and other marine mammals. Beyond fishing, however, they were also skilled in creating rock art. Hudson and Blackburn define rock art as "an aesthetic, symbolic representation of significant concepts and entities that is painted on or carved into a rock surface." Rock art may have been created by shamans during vision quests, most commonly in the form of pictographs (paintings on rock), but sometimes petroglyphs (engravings on rock) as well. No one is absolutely certain about the meaning of the Chumash Rock art, but scholars generally agree that it is connected with religion and astronomy.
Chumash rock art is almost invariably found in caves or on cliffs in the mountains, although some small, portable painted rocks have been recorded by Campbell Grant. The rock art sites are always found near streams, springs, or some other source of permanent water. In his research of southern California rock art, Grant recorded numerous sites from different areas that were all close to a water source. He found twelve painted sites in the highest parts of the mountainous Chumash territory, the Ventureño area. The Ventura and Santa Clara Rivers and several coastal streams flow through this area. He also recorded forty-one painted rock art sites in the Cuyama Valley region (north of the Ventureño area), where the Sisquoc River flows between the San Rafael Mountains and the Sierra Madre Mountains. The most easily accessible example is at Painted Cave State Historic Park, which is located in canyons above Santa Barbara.[1]
Painted Rock is a free-standing rock on the Carrizo Plain near the Sierra Madre Mountains at the southern tip of the Great Central Valley.[1] The interior alcove of the horseshoe-shaped rock features pictographs by Chumash, neighboring tribes, and non-Native Americans.
The Burro Flats Painted Cave petroglyphs are located in the Simi Hills in Ventura County. They are on the private land of Rocketdyne's Santa Susana Field Laboratory-SSFL, which has protected them from public harm since 1947. The SSFL is closed and in the initial stage of a significant toxins and radionuclides site investigation and cleanup. Boeing, U.S. DOE, and NASA (current property owners and responsible parties) and the California Department of Toxic Substances Control-DTSC are responsible to protect Chumash and other historical elements during the extensive SSFL work.[2]
Religious aspects of art[edit]
Chumash traditional narratives in oral history say that religious specialists, known as 'alchuklash created the rock art.[1] Non-Chumash people call these practitioners medicine men or shamans.[3] According to David Whitley, shamanism is "a form of worship based on direct, personal interaction between a shaman (or medicine man) and the supernatural (or sacred realm and its spirits)." In Chumash territory, the sites for the vision quests were usually located near the shaman's village. The Chumash considered caves, rocks, and water sources quite powerful, and the shamans saw them as a "portal to the sacred realm...where they could enter the supernatural." The way a shaman interacted with the supernatural was by entering a hallucinogenic trance, or altered state of consciousness. In this altered state, brought on either by surprisingly potent native tobacco or jimsonweed, shamans received visions and supernatural power from spirit helpers often in the forms of dangerous and powerful animals like rattlesnakes and grizzly bears. Spirit helpers almost never took the form of an animal that was an important source of food, because it was 'taboo for a shaman to eat meat from the species of his helper.'
Subject matter and materials[edit]
Chumash rock art depicts images like humans, animals, celestial bodies, and other (at times ambiguous) shapes and patterns. These depictions vary considerably and appear to be in no particular order or arrangement. The colors of the paintings vary as well, from red or black monochromes (different shades of a single color) to elaborate polychromes (many various colors). The Chumash made paint from a mixture of mineralized soil, stone mortar, and some kind of liquid binder like blood or oil from animals or mashed seeds. The addition of an oil binder helped to make the paint permanent and waterproof. Orange and red paint contained hematite or iron oxide, while yellow came from limonite, blue and green from copper or serpentine, white from kaolin clays or gypsum, and black from manganese or charcoal. Paint was applied with a person's finger or a brush. Grant organized the types of images depicted in the paintings into two categories: representational and abstract. Representational images include squares, circles and triangles, zigzags, crisscrosses, parallel lines, and pinwheels. Grant noted that in settled villages, abstract paintings were prominent, while the areas occupied by bands of hunting people reveal representational images.
In the early 20th century, non-Natives began studying California rock art, including a number of archaeologists, such as Julian Steward and Alfred Kroeber. Because of some commonly occurring symbols in paintings, it was believed that at least portions of the rock art depicted themes of fertility, water, and rain; however, the Native California Indians are very reluctant to talk to anyone about the rock art and some deny any knowledge of it altogether. The natives' hesitancy to discuss the art led archaeologists to believe that they had no idea of the origin of the pictographs. Kroeber recorded some of his thoughts on the origins of the rock art in 1925.
"The cave paintings of [Southern California]...represent a particular art, or local style or cult. This can be connected,in all probability, with the technological art of the Chumash. [An] association with...religion is also to be considered, although nothing positive is known in the matter. Many of the pictures may have been made by shamans; and it is quite possible that medicine men were not connected with the making of any."[4]
Kroeber was unsure about what specific associations could be made between the paintings and the artists. Julian Steward researched California rock art as well, and in 1929 he deduced that the only way to understand the meanings of the petroglyphs and pictographs was to compare them with the art and symbolism of the different Indian groups and their respective culture areas. In his book "Petroglyphs of California," Steward wrote: "It has frequently been stated that the petroglyphs and pictrographs are meaningless figures made in idle moments by some primitive artist. The facts of distribution, however, show that this cannot be true. Since design elements and style are grouped in limited areas, the primitive artist must have made the inscriptions with something in mind...He executed, not random drawings, but figures similar to those made in other parts of the same area."[5]
At Painted Cave, a circle enclosing five spokes surrounded by other circles–some spoked, some rayed–is thought to represent the solar eclipse of November 24, 1677. Pinwheel shapes, dots, and concentric circles are believed to be celestial bodies. Figures combining human and animal features represent states of transformation the 'alchuklash experienced. Certain animals, such as rattlesnakes and frogs, are believed to represent spirit helpers.[3]
In 2006, an arborglyph on an oak tree in the Santa Lucia Range in San Luis Obispo County was discovered to be Chumash art. The tree, locally known as the "scorpion tree," was originally believed to have been the work of cowboys. However, paleontologists believe it to be the only known Native American arborglyph in the western United States. The work on the tree is theorized to be correlated to the movement of celestial bodies. If true, it would demonstrate that Chumash art was likely used as astronomical calendars.[6]
Concerning the age of the paintings, Grant says "a radiocarbon test on pigment from a Santa Barbara area pictograph site showed that the sample was 'not over 2,000 years old.'"[7]
See also[edit]
- Grant, Campbell. "The Rock Paintings of the Chumash: A Study of the California Indian Culture." Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1965.
- Penny, David W. North American Indian Art. London: Thames and Hudson, 2004. ISBN 0-500-20377-6.
- Steward, Julian Haynes. "Petroglyphs of California and Adjoining States." University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. Volume 24, Number 2, 1929: 47-238.
- Saint Onge, Rex, John Johnson and Joseph Talaugon. "Archaeological Implications of a Northern Chumash Arborglyph." California and Great Basin Anthropology. Volume 29, Number 1, 2009.
Further reading[edit]
- Fagan, Brian. "Ancient North America," 4th ed. London: Thames and Hudson, 2005.
- Hudson, Travis and Thomas C. Blackburn. "The Material Culture of the Chumash Interaction Sphere." 4th ed. Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press, 1986.
- Whitley, David S. "A Guide to Rock Art Sites: Southern California and Southern Nevada." Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Publishing Company, 1996.
- Whitley, David S. "The Art of the Shaman: Rock Art of California." Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2000.


text:
Double Edged Pull Saw, 10 In, Graduated
- Item# 3NWE3
- Mfr. Model# 56930
- Catalog Page# N/A
Using 360° Viewing:
- Rotate: Use top-to-bottom, side-to-side by use of mouse arrow.
- Zoom In: Double click on image.
- Zoom Out/Reset: Put photo at full zoom & then double click.
- Shipping Weight 0.6 lbs.
Technical Specs
- Item Double Edged Pull Saw
- Length 23"
- Blade Length 10"
- Tether Capable Standard Tool (Accessory Needed for Tethering)
- Teeth per Inch Graduated
- Handle Design Interchangeable Tube Grip
- Function Cuts Dovetails, Molding Flush Cuts, Plywood and Particle Board
- Characteristics Induction Hardened Tri-Edged Teeth, Thin Flexible Blade
- Manufacturers Warranty Length Limited Lifetime
Compliance and Restrictions
Alternate Products
Alternate Products may not be identical in style or function to original selection. Please compare below for more information.
Alternate Search Terms
Hand Saws (141)
Customer Reviews
Product Reviews Disclaimer:
Grainger is neither responsible for, nor does it endorse, the content of any product review or statement posted. Any statements posted constitute the statements of the poster and are not the statements of Grainger. The statements posted by Grainger employees with the Grainger employee badge represent the views of such employees and are not the statements of Grainger. Grainger makes no representations as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness, currentness, suitability, or validity of any product review or statements posted, including those posted by employees with the Grainger employee badge, and is not liable for any losses, injuries or damages which may result from any such product review or statements. Use of any linked web site provided in a product review or post is at the user's own risk.


text:
The EU comes to the aid of fragile marine ecosystems
The European Commission published on the 17th of October 2007 a Communication aiming to protect the fragile ecosystems of the deep sea. Some of those ecosystems are indeed threatened by deep-water fishing, which has developed significantly during the two last decades.
The Commission has already taken measures to protect the ecosystems, which have been identified in Community waters. It now wishes to act and protect those witnesses of the rich marine biodiversity in the whole world.
It proposes to limit and better regulate some destructive fishing practices on those fragile ecosystems, mainly on coral reefs and sea mounts.


text:
Support Center
Have a Question? Ask or enter a search term here.
Browse by Topic
Frequently Asked Questions
16 Articles
View All
What is a Lexile measure?
What can I do with my Lexile measure?
How is the Lexile measure of a text dete...
What are the letters in front of the...
What does the BR code mean?
Recent Q&A
View All
Average or Median Lexile Scores
Lexile testing
The Call of the Wild
Book levels
list of commercial reading programs that...
Find a Book
Recent Q&A
View All
How do I find books for students using t...
Lexile Code:RA &BA
do you have e-books already added to rea...
lexile book search
Lexile Analyzer
1 Article
View All
How do I gain access to the Professional...
Recent Q&A
View All
lexile analysis for French
Adult Literacy TABE Correlation
How can I measure an article?
Lexile level conversion chart
Lexile Titles Database
1 Article
View All
How to Lexile a School Library
Recent Q&A
View All
short nonfiction titles with exiles
recommended texts
Lexile number clarification
confusing Lexile scores
How many books have a Lexile code?
Lexile Store
Recent Q&A
View All
User Profiles
Recent Q&A
View All
How do I add books to a reading list?
Lexile measure in my profile
lexile planner on profile page
Powered by Desk.com
Contact Us
Post a Public Question
Email Us
seconds ago
a minute ago
minutes ago
an hour ago
hours ago
a day ago
days ago
Invalid characters found


text:
Specify up to 2 lines, up to 15 characters each.
Choose from:
Specify name, up to 10 characters.
WARNING: Choking Hazard – small parts. Not for Children under 3 years.
Specify name, up to 12 characters
See-through plastic cases (yellow, pink, blue) with clasp closures stores and protects file folders, magazines, office supplies, and more. 7/8" x 9-1/4" x 12". Set of 3.
Specify 1 line of personalization, up to 8 characters.
Specify up to 10 characters for each name.
CHOKING HAZARD Small parts.Keep out of reach of children under 3 years.
Color choices are:
Specify up to 8 characters of personalization
Specify 1 line of personalization, up to 12 characters.
Who says giving a thoughtful gift needs to be expensive to be appreciated? Lillian Vernon has tons of great gifts for under 10 dollars. We have gifts on sale for girls, boys, moms and dads, not to mention a wide selection of trendy and practical gifts. Don't break the bank this season! Instead be a smart shopper by purchasing a great gift for a fraction of the cost! Be sure to check out our other big sales too!


text:
All Results for Hamna
258 matches in 29 collections
Birth, Marriage and Death(11) see all
Family Trees(119) see all
- MyHeritage Family Trees (119)
Census and Voter Lists(95) see all
Military Records(1) see all
- Revolutionary War Pension Records (1) Free!
Immigration and Travel(3) see all
- US Naturalization Records (2) Free!
- Passenger and Immigration Index (1)
Directories(18) see all
Church Records(5) see all
Miscellaneous(6) see all
Book Results
Search Again
Try this: With soundex on the surname


text:
---> Nursing Neurological Exam 26-30
21. The nurse is caring for a client who requires intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. The nurse should be alert for what major complication of ICP monitoring?
a. Coma
b. Infection
c. High blood pressure
d. Apnea
22. After a plane crash, a client is brought to the emergency department with severe burns and respiratory difficulty. The nurse helps to secure a patent airway and attends to the client's immediate needs, then prepares to perform a neurologic assessment. Because the client is unstable and in critical condition, this examination must be brief but should include:
a. evaluation of the corneal reflex response.
b. examination of the fundus of the eye.
c. assessment of the client's gait.
d. evaluation of bowel and bladder functions.
23. A client who recently experienced a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) tells the nurse that he has double vision. Which nursing intervention is the most appropriate?
a. Encourage the client to close his eyes.
b. Alternatively patch one eye every 2 hours.
c. Turn out the lights in the room.
d. Instill artificial tears.
24. A client complains of vertigo. The nurse anticipates that the client may have a problem with which portion of the ear?
a. External ear
b. Middle ear
c. Inner ear
d. Tympanic membrane
25. The nurse is assessing a geriatric client with senile dementia. Which neurotransmitter condition is most likely to contribute to this client's cognitive changes?
a. Decreased acetylcholine level
b. Increased acetylcholine level
c. Increased norepinephrine level
d. Decreased norepinephrine level
---> Answers and Rationale
---> Nursing Neurological Exam 16-20
Bed Positioning Blood Transfusion Cardiovascular Answers Cardiovascular Questions Endocrine and Metabolic (Answers) Endocrine and Metabolic (Questions) Fundamentals Answers Fundamentals Questions Gastrointestinal Answers Gastrointestinal Questions Immune and Hematologic Answers Immune and Hematologic Questions Integumentary Answers Integumentary Questions Link Main Page Maternity Musculoskeletal Answers Musculoskeletal Questions NCLEX Cardiovascular NCLEX Child Health NCLEX Delegation and Prioritization NCLEX Ear Diseases NCLEX EENT NCLEX Endocrine NCLEX Fundamentals NCLEX Geriatric NCLEX Immune System NCLEX Integumentary NCLEX Med Surg NCLEX Neurological NCLEX Obstetric NCLEX Oncology NCLEX Psychiatric NCLEX Renal NCLEX Respiratory Neurosensory Answers Neurosensory Questions Oncology Answers Oncology Questions Pediatric Answers Pediatric Questions Psychiatric Answers Psychiatric Questions Renal Answers Renal Questions
Nursing Neurological Exam (Questions 21-25)
Labels: Neurosensory Questions
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)
Popular Posts
---> Musculoskeletal Exam (26-30) 21. A client is admitted with severe pain in the knees. Which form of arthritis is character...
---> Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Test Bank (21-25) 16. The nurse has been caring for a client with chronic paranoid schi...
---> Foundations of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing (41-45) 36. A client doesn't make eye contact with the nurse during ...
---> Pediatric Nursing Quiz (41-45) 36. For the last 6 days, a 7-month-old infant has been receiving amoxicillin trihydrate (Amoxi...