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Here's my slides from my talk at WordCamp NYC!
On the FDA and E Cigarettes
DISCLAIMER: While I may enjoy a rare cigar or pipe of tobacco perhaps once or twice per year, I don't regularly consume tobacco products or nicotine. This post is more my musings on the bureaucracy and workings of the federal government.
Yesterday, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) expanded its regulation authority to include "Vaporizers, vape pens, hookah pens, electronic cigarettes (e-cigs), and e-pipes are some of the many types of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS)".
I have concerns.
According to their press release,
Examples of components and parts of ENDS include, but are not limited to:
- E-liquids
- A glass or plastic vial container of e-liquid
- Cartridges
- Atomizers
- Certain batteries
- Cartomizers and clearomizers
- Digital display or lights to adjust settings
- Tank systems
- Drip tips
- Flavorings for ENDS
- Programmable software
So, in short, it's regulating all of the paraphernalia associated with vaping, and not merely the nicotine itself.
This is concerning to me.
Back in my college days, I used to smoke a (tobacco) pipe and cigars on a weekly basis with other students. It was a communal event, and I learned to blow smoke rings. As I've grown in the decade since then, I've lost the inclination to smoke, and really have no desire for nicotine. I'll occasionally smoke a pipe socially with friends once or twice a year, but I do enjoy blowing smoke rings.
As such, I own an electronic cigarette, and I purchased a quart of food-grade USP Propylene Glycol — the base liquid that most suppliers use when making liquid for vaping — and I'll occasionally use it to blow smoke rings in my office. No nicotine, no flavorings.
By my understanding, the FDA's regulation of E-liquids has no limitation to "We only regulate E-liquids that contain nicotine" — in fact, they even state explicitly that:
If the tobacco product manufacturer submits a self-certification statement to FDA that the newly-regulated tobacco product does not contain nicotine (and that the manufacturer has data to support this assertion), then an alternate statement must be used on product packages and advertisements:
"This product is made from tobacco."
Keep in mind that they are also broadly defining "Tobacco Product" to include all ENDS including all E-liquids and cartridges, atomizers, and even certain batteries. They must be labeled (falsely) that it is made from tobacco?
This feels like a significant overreach.
It strikes me that a similar regulatory effect could be accomplished, simply by exclusively regulating exclusively substances that contain nicotine. What is gained by having the Food and Drug Administration regulating the batteries that power vaporizers? Regulate the nicotine. If someone's selling electronic cigarettes that come preloaded with nicotine? Sure, regulate that. But leave the rest alone.
Two Weddings, One Family
I attended two weddings in the family this past weekend. Two cousins, both on my mom's side, tied the knot.
Saturday was a beautiful outdoor wedding at a farm in the countryside. It was about a four hour drive away, which made it into a bit of an interesting day trip, but mostly uneventful.
Sunday was a much easier affair to make it to. A scant fourteen minute drive from our house, a "come as you are" ceremony. Much easier to pull off with a seven month and three year old in tow.
And yet some members of the family chose not to attend.
Some members of the family who just drove eight hours round trip to attend another cousin's wedding didn't attend.
It was a gay (or, more specifically, lesbian) wedding.
And it ranks up there in one of the most charming weddings I've ever attended. The schedule on the program was titled "The Gay Agenda," and they made jokes about "If this isn't your first gay wedding, please keep the Bernie chatter to a minimum," "Now that you're all attending a gay wedding, congratulations, you're all gay too," and even "By the authority vested in me by Obergefell v. Hodges…"
My mind is just utterly blown at trying to comprehend the mindset that feels it's more important to not attend a non-religious marriage ceremony. If you're Catholic, would you also refuse to attend the wedding of a cousin who was previously divorced and is now getting remarried? Or do you only attend religious wedding ceremonies presided over by your own church?
I mean — what's the thinking behind this? "If only I don't attend their wedding, they'll recognize the error of their ways, and abandon their sinful plan to marry the person that they want to spend the rest of their lives with?"
(btw, I'm pretty sure the bible doesn't say anything about gay marriage, all the verses deal with the consummation, and I'm pretty dang sure you're not invited to that part)
In the end, if I'm going to screw up in this life, I want it to be for loving and accepting people, not making them feel unwelcome or judged. That's my Pascal's Wager. And that's what I believe the message of the gospel is. The message of the Christ who dined with prostitutes.
Don't approve of gay marriage? That's cool, don't get gay married. 👍
But to not attend feels spiteful and unkind and wrong.
And I'm left feeling disappointed.
On Anti-Transgender Bathroom Bills
I've found myself now writing the same (or fundamentally similar, at least) responses to several individuals on Facebook. To save myself time and frustration in the future, I'm just stashing it here, so I can copypasta it out as needed.
This specific variant of the response was inspired by someone posting an article from thefederalist.com by a rape survivor.
Okay, so the impetus for the recent transgender bathroom legislation is the idea that without it, a cisgendered man could claim to be a transgendered woman and enter the women's restroom (or vice versa) for nefarious purposes, yeah? And this legislation will prevent it by assigning additional penalties for their entering that restroom, in addition to the already illegal 'nefarious purposes' they entered to conduct?
Well, post-legislation, what is to prevent that same cisgendered man from entering a women's restroom, asserting that they are in fact a transgendered man, having been born a woman (again, or vice versa) and are therefore compelled by law to use the women's restroom?
How exactly would you propose resolving that situation? Show ID to Pee? Must they also provide an original birth certificate, which you know everyone carries with them when they're out and about, because gender can be changed on your drivers license (and just hope that they didn't get their gender changed on their birth certificate)? And then, will you also make them wait to pee while you phone it in to the state to confirm their birth sex, because they could have photoshopped and printed a forged birth certificate?
For all the conservatives oppose new gun laws saying that they won't stop criminals and only impede the rights of legal gun owners, why are so many in favor of these bathroom bills, that — again — will not stop determined criminals, and just impede the rights of transgender individuals?
What, apart from making transgendered individuals lives a pure hell, does this legislation actually accomplish? Add on a second charge as a potential deterrent? What rape or assault would that possibly prevent?
Yes, the author of the article in question is a rape survivor. Okay. Was her rapist pretending to be transgendered to gain access to her? Was she raped in a public restroom? Because many Trans individuals are harassed and attacked in public restrooms. And this legislation increases that — as well as increasing the likelihood that they are going to be raped in turn.
Laws should be to secure the safety of the most vulnerable of society. And if you look at the statistics, those are transgendered individuals, who are raped and assaulted and killed at rates far exceeding the general population.
And this legislation makes it worse.
If anyone would like to offer suggestions or additions to "The Blurb" please feel free to leave a comment below. If anyone would like to use "The Blurb" on social media, please feel free.
I'm Learning the Core Media Modal.
Disclaimer: This is basically me stream-of-thought'ing things as I'm learning the Core Media Modal's codebase. It's my scratchpad, and I'm merely making it public in the hopes that it may be useful to someone else at some point in the future. Some things are probably very wrong. If I catch it, I'll likely come back and edit it later to be less wrong. If you see me doing or saying something stupid, please leave a comment, so I can be less stupid. Thanks!
The media is written in Backbone, using the `wp.template` wrapper around Underscore templates for rendering. If you want to really dive in depth, but don't yet have a really solid understanding of Backbone, I've had several people recommend Addy Osmani's book "Developing Backbone.js Applications" to me. As luck would have it, it's available for free online.
When exploring the code in WordPress, it looks like it's best to do the investigating in the develop.svn.wordpress.org repository's src directory (yes, develop.svn matches to core.trac — basically because legacy reasons and not wanting to change core.trac's url when they changed core.svn over to be the Grunt'd version), before the build tools such as Grunt have a chance to run Browserify on it #. If you try to read through the code on the GitHub mirror, you're gonna have a bad time, as that doesn't have the `wp-includes/js/media/` directory with the source files in it.
Oh, and all the actual templates that are parsed and rendered by the views are in `wp-includes/media-template.php`
Okay, time to dig in. (So that I'm not inadvertently writing a book, I'm going to split this into a series — but if you'd like to read them all, I'm dropping them in a tag. You can find them all here.)
On Core REST API Authentication
Having an API is well and good, but if there are no ways for third-party apps to actually authenticate and use the API, it's not very useful.
While the framework for the REST API was merged into WordPress Core with the 4.4 release, the only means of using any endpoints that currently require authentication are what is known as 'cookie authentication' — that is, piggybacking off of the authentication cookies (plus a nonce) that WordPress Core sets in the browser when you log in traditionally to your WordPress site. Unfortunately, that leaves the REST API as little more useful than the legacy `admin-ajax.php` file.
Fortunately, there are several authentication methods being worked on at the moment, in plugin form, for consideration of merging in to Core.
I'm heading up one of them, called Application Passwords. In short, it lets a user generate as many single-application passwords as desired — one for each phone, desktop app, or other integration desired — and later revoke any application password whenever desired without affecting other applications or the user's normal authentication. The passwords are then passed with each request as Basic Authentication, encoded in the header of each request, as per RFC2617.
The other plugin is OAuth 1.0a authentication (spec). Most OAuth usage across the internet is actually OAuth 2.0 — however, OAuth 2.0 requires HTTPS on the server side. Ordinarily for most hosted services, this is not a problem. However, for a distributed platform like WordPress, this is untenable due to the majority of sites not supporting HTTPS. So an older, more complex specification — designed to not require HTTPS — had to be used.
For the record, I'm fully expecting to see an OAuth 2.0 plugin be built in the near future for use on sites that have a SSL certificate and support HTTPS. However, that may not be very useful for app developers that want a 'build once, run everywhere' authentication method that will always be available.
Limiting Permissions
One of the discussions that came up with regard to Application Passwords is whether a REST API request that uses Application Password authentication should be able to modify Application Password endpoints.
Now, this is a very interesting question, and it can lead to many more questions — such as if an Application Password shouldn't be usable to create or delete other Application Passwords, whether they should be allowed to do other user-administrative tasks (providing the relevant user has those permissions). After all, if we're preventing them from making a new Application Password, but they can just go and change the user's actual password or email address, it's a rather silly restriction.
So, there are several possiblilities.
First, you can just say "Any ways in to your account give full access to everything your account can do. Be careful what applications and websites you give access to." — the most basic, relatively easy to understand way. Honestly, this is my preference.
Secondly, when creating a new Application Password or connecting a new client via oAuth, you could do something like … selecting what 'role' you'd like to give that connection. For example, if your normal user account as an Administrator, but you're connecting an app that's intended just for writing blog posts, you may want to downscale your role for that authentication key to either an Author or perhaps an Editor. An advantage to this is that it would be more cross-API — that is, it would work just as well with the legacy XML-RPC API, as with the new REST API.
This 'role restriction' method may be somewhat fragile, as it would need to only filter `current_user_can` and `user_can` — but only when checking the current user's ID. However, that may goof up some cron tasks that may run on the same request as the REST API request or other incendtal things.
Thirdly, we could do something REST API specific — either whitelist or blacklist REST API endpoints based on authentication key. So, when either creating a new Application Password or authorizing a new OAuth connection, you would set rules as to what endpoints it can be used to hit. Perhaps you'd want to allow all `wp/v2` namespaced endpoints, but no endpoints added by plugins to custom namespaces. Or you want to only allow it to access core `posts` and `taxonomies` endpoints. Or even something like allowing it to access anything but `plugins`, `themes`, `users`, or `options` endpoints.
The downside of this is that it won't work with the legacy XML-RPC API and the user interface for it would likely be far more confusing for users. It also could get problematic as permissions may vary for who can read `options` endpoints and who can write to them — or the like. So then it may further complicate to allowing GET requests but not POST, PUT, DELETE requests to certain endpoints.
Your Thoughts?
In the end, I'm not sure what the best path forward is. Maybe I've missed something. But I am confident that we need to start paying more attention to authentication and permissions for the forthcoming REST API. If you have any thoughts or remarks, please leave them in the comments.
Dancing to a Calypso Beat
Sidenote: I wrote this article two months back, at WordCamp US, and am only now getting around to posting it. Sorry for the delay.
A few months ago, the culmination of nearly two years of internal work was open-sourced to the world. A new WordPress admin interface built by Automattic on top of Javascript technologies like Node.js and React, codenamed Calypso.
A lot of folks got excited and a few got scared. Some folks got a bit confused. But I haven't heard many folks drawing the parallel and writing the explanation that I've cobbled together, so here's my take on it:
For a while now, there's been a variety of WordPress apps — iOS, Android, and some defunct ones for Blackberry, Windows Phone, WebOS, and the like. They all interact with WordPress via the existing XML-RPC API. They're not really extensible for plugins — if someone installs "The Events Calendar," events don't start showing up in the app as they would in your traditionally PHP-generated WordPress Admin UI.
Calypso currently mirrors those mobile apps more than anything else, just shifted to a wholly different space. Instead of using the legacy XML-RPC API, which is meant primarily as a way to publish content and has a host of issues (sending user passwords in plaintext with every request, for one), it uses a REST API with far better authentication. Instead of running on mobile devices, it runs either in your web browser at WordPress.com or encapsulated in a Desktop app. But at its core, it's a self-contained administrative application for WordPress sites.
I feel that the biggest win in releasing the Calypso interface, though, is that it can remedy a situation that's festered for some time now. The current WordPress mobile apps are maintained by a crew of mobile developers that work for Automattic.
Development happens in the open, and community contributions are welcomed, but they are comparatively few and far between — largely due to the fact that the majority of folks who are really passionate about WordPress are primarily familiar with the languages that WordPress is written in — PHP, CSS, Javascript, MySQL, etc. Very few have much interest in leaping into App development. Likewise, most mobile developers have their own set of problems that they are passionate about solving, and volunteering their free time to build and maintain an administrative app for WordPress would ordinarily be low on their list of priorities.
So, it falls to someone to find and hire Mobile developers to maintain the assorted WordPress mobile apps.
With the release of Calypso, though, there is a bit of a paradigm shift. Calypso, being written in Javascript, is already in the skill set of many of the folks who are already passionate about building the core software, as well as those that leverage WordPress to build sites.
This, I think, will mean a significant renaissance of community interest in API-driven apps for maintaining a WordPress site. I also predict that we'll see a lot of folks passionate about WordPress forking Calypso and tweaking it to make customized apps and distributions for specific clients and use cases — which will only expand further once REST API endpoints ship in WordPress Core, and Calypso migrates to use those, instead of the WordPress.com REST API.


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The toy helicopter took flight in the bustling Phillies clubhouse and zipped around the room, past the millionaires tying their ties and adjusting their cuff links for the charter flight to Atlanta.
Less than an hour after pounding the Mets, 11-0, a smirking Roy Halladay sat in his locker chair. He was the one with the remote, making the helicopter go up, down, past a cameraman's face, and then into a crash landing at Cliff Lee's locker.
"Oh, man, you chipped it!" Cole Hamels said.
The players standing around laughed. A bemused Hamels grabbed it for another turn around the room and another smash into the floor.

subset: commoncrawl


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Made with care,
served fast and fresh daily.
Sons of Thunder opened in October 2015 and is located in New York City's Murray Hill neighborhood. Our food is West Coast inspired - what you might find on a sunny day at a beach shack.
We care deeply about the quality and freshness of our ingredients, and all of our food is made-to-order to bring that freshness to you with every bite.
The founders, James and John, are hosts at heart who love to serve good food and welcome you. We hope your experience at Sons of Thunder brings you to breezy Maui and sunny LA in midtown NY.


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Producer prices in November 2011
December 19, 2011
The Producer Price Index for finished goods advanced 0.3 percent in November, seasonally adjusted. Finished goods prices fell 0.3 percent in October and moved up 0.8 percent in September.
The index for finished consumer foods jumped 1.0 percent in November, the sixth consecutive monthly increase. Over half of the November advance can be attributed to the index for fresh and dry vegetables, which rose 11.5 percent.
The index for finished goods less foods and energy advanced 0.1 percent in November after no change a month earlier. Leading this rise, the index for pharmaceutical preparations jumped 0.9 percent.
The index for finished energy goods edged up 0.1 percent in November after declining 1.4 percent in the prior month. Leading this increase was a 9.4-percent advance in home heating oil prices.
These data are from the BLS Producer Price Index program. To learn more, see "Producer Price Indexes — November 2011" (HTML) (PDF), news release USDL-11-1747. All producer price indexes are routinely subject to revision once, 4 months after original publication, to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, The Economics Daily, Producer prices in November 2011 on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2011/ted_20111219.htm (visited September 27, 2016).
Recent editions of Spotlight on Statistics
A look at healthcare spending, employment, pay, benefits, and prices
As one of the largest U.S. industries, healthcare is steadily growing to meet the needs of an increasing population with an increasing life expectancy. This Spotlight looks at how much people spend on healthcare, current and projected employment in the industry, employer-provided healthcare benefits, healthcare prices, and pay for workers in healthcare occupations.
Employment and Wages in Healthcare Occupations
Healthcare occupations are a significant percentage of U.S. employment. Some of the largest and highest paying occupations are in healthcare. This Spotlight examines employment and wages for healthcare occupations.
Fifty years of looking at changes in peoples lives
Longitudinal surveys help us understand long-term changes, such as how events that happened when a person was in high school affect labor market success as an adult.


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Randy and Kim Wright of Claude announce the engagement of their daughter, Jami Renee, to Steven Bradley Boxwell.
Boxwell is the son of Mike and Vicky Boxwell of 5209 Berget Drive.
The couple plans to be wed April 24 at First Christian Church.
The bride-elect attended West Texas A&M University. She is the owner of The Flower Shop in Claude.
The prospective groom earned a bachelor of arts degree in history from the University of Texas at Austin, where he was a member of Phi Gamma Delta fraternity. He is a graduate of the Dallas Institute of Funeral Service, a member of Amarillo West Rotary, Claude Lions Club and Claude Masonic Lodge No. 719. He works for Boxwell Brothers Funeral Homes of Amarillo, Claude, Dumas and Vega.
© 2016. All Rights Reserved. | Contact Us


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Aphiradi Lee General ManagerAphiradi "Aom" Leee is an experienced bar manager, award-winning bartender and certified sommelier operating in the San Francisco Bay Area for many years; some of the restaurant she managed include the popular Embarcadero eatery La Mar Cecicheria and Hakkasan in the Financial District. Her dedication and passion for what she does are one of the keys of the success of the restaurant and especially our well crafted bar program.
Gary Rulli Owner, Master Pastry ChefGary Rulli has earned national attention as one of America's finest pastry chefs, turning out a remarkable array of classic Northern Italian creations at his famed Emporio Rulli in Larkspur. Since its opening in 1988, Gary and Jeannie Rulli's pasticceria (pastry shop) - known to regulars simply as "Rulli" - has garnered a loyal and ever-growing audience, a devoted mail-order clientele, and universal critical acclaim. At the age of 19, Rulli apprenticed under master pastry chefs in Milan and Torino to learn the time-honored traditions of Northern Italian pastry making. Rulli returned from Italy to his home base in Marin and opened his downtown Larkspur pasticceria, with his wife, Jeannie. Greeted with overwhelming success, the Rullis expanded their pastry shop into two neighboring store fronts in the 90's and reintroduced themselves as Emporio Rulli, Inc. - Caffeteria, Pasticceria, Torrefazione, Enoteca (wine bar) and Emporio. In 2009, Rulli was invited to join Italy's Accademia Maestri Pasticceri (Academy of Master Pastry Chefs), during his annual pilgrimage to the international pastry show in Rimini, which he has attended every year for the past two decades. Rulli journeyed to Naples for his formal induction in November 2009, making him the first U.S. born pastry chef of Italian descent to receive an invitation to join this prestigious group of Italy's top pastry chefs. Rulli also served as a judge for the 2009 competition, which was the first time a U.S. born pastry chef was bestowed with the honor to judge Italian bakers. Rulli remains extremely active in community service. A member of the Larkspur Chamber of Commerce and Larkspur Community Association, Rulli has been honored as "Larkspur Citizen of the Year" for his contributions to the community. Other beneficiaries of Rulli's philanthropic zeal include the Marin Association for Retarded Citizens, Hospice of Marin, San Francisco's St. Anthony's Dining Room, Taste of the Nation and local schools, including Redwood High School, Marin Catholic High School, and St. Patrick's School. Rulli is equally devoted to the Italian community at large. He is a member of the National Italian American Foundation and the Amici Dell'Italia Foundation, in addition to supporting the Museo ItaloAmericano at Fort Mason.
Aphiradi Lee General Manager
Gary Rulli Owner, Master Pastry Chef


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In celebration of Nintendo's birthday, NIWA is holding a Cross-Wiki Weekend! You can participate for a chance to win a $20 Nintendo eShop Gift Card!
Pokémon GO has been released for Android and iOS in most countries! Need help learning Pokémon GO? Take a look at our Pokémon GO Player's Guides!
Check BNN and Bulbanews for up-to-date Pokémon news and discuss it on the forums or in our IRC channel #bulbagarden on irc.systemnet.info.
User:Garyplusash/Jenna Chance
Jenna Chance not a real character. She is merely fanfiction.
|Jenna Chance
| [[File:{{{image}}}|{{{size}}}]]
Jenna Chance
|Eye color
|Hair color
|Jacob Chance (dead twin brother)
|Trainer class
|Trainer, thief
Jenna Chance is a thief in Heartthome city. She was once a trainer in Hoenn, but decided that wasn't her correct path and returned to Heartthome. When she returned, she found out her twin brother, Jacob Chance, told the police that she was in Team Galactic, even though she wasn't, she killed him. She then became a thief, stealing what she needed to survive.
Interactions with others
Sometimes when Jenna stole something, she would be caught. Gary - Jenna wanted a pokedex. Gary was the one she decided to steal from, so she followed him around until he was alone, then challenged him to a battle. She disguised her pokemon as very rare pokemon, knowing he'd use his pokedex. Then, she had her pokemon stand right in front of her, then whenever his pokemon used a move like Water gun her pokemon would dodge it, making the move hit Jenna instead. When Gary used Thunderpunch, she mad it hit her so he would freak out and get close enough for her to grab his pokedex. When she tried, Gary laughed at her for thinking he would be dumb enough to fall for it. Jenna was annoyed at him for calling her plan stupid. That was when one of the electric attacks Gary had used hadn't hit Jenna, either. Instead, it hit a lamppost. The fire from the lamppost started burning a building. Jenna screamed and managed to fall in Gary's arms. She reached into his pocket and felt around for the pokedex. Gary sent out blastoise to put the fire out just as Jenna stole his pokedex. She then looked into his eyes for a moment, and ran away. Gary wanted to recheck the pokemon she "had" and couldn't find his pokedex. He was annoyed at himself for a second, then angry at Jenna. He followed the direction she went. Finally he cought her. Jenna sighed and handed him his pokedex. Then Gary said this. "You have a lot of honour for a thief." and walked away. Jenna never forgot it.
Fantina - Jacob Chance lied to Fantina and said Jenna was in team galactic first. Jenna ran to Fantina's gym. Fantina tried to call the police, but Jenna destroyed the phone. Jenna tried to convinve her that she wasn't in team galactic, but couldn't. Finally Jenna tried to kill her. Fantina stayed alive, but forgot Jenna existed.
Jenna always had the same four pokemon. She has caught: Rapidash, Psyduck, Espeon, and Mightyena
This article is still being edited.


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The Glorious perform in two days time -
Acoustic Set
The Drunken Poet
65 Peel Street
West Melbourne
-- Thurs, Dec 12th
The Drunken Poet 65 Peel Street West Melbourne
Thurs, Dec 12th 9-10pm
Some Velvet Morning
123 Queens Parade
Clifton Hill
Thursday, September 12th 8pm
The Drunken Poet
65 Peel Street
West Melbourne
Thurs, Dec 12th 9-10pm
The Glorious
The Retreat Hotel
280 Sydney Road Brunswick
Sunday, Sept 1st 8.30pm
The Glorious was founded in Melbourne in 2004 by longtime friends and collaborators Dave Mather and Dan Gard'ner. Initially a vehicle for Mather's songwriting, the band has slowly evolved into something more complete, enlisting a series of like-minded allies before solidifying a line-up with the addition of Joel Loukes on bass and Danny Stain on lead guitar. The band released a self-titled EP before recruiting renowned producer Julian Mendelsohn (Paul McCartney, Belle and Sebastian) to helm their debut album. Showcasing classic songcraft, transcendent melody and a raw, clean sound, the record was released in the USA and Canada in late 2010. The band has just completed a follow-up, with Mendelsohn again handling production duties with Mather. The album was released in November 2012 by Laughing Outlaw Records.
You can purchase "Sweetwater" here- "Sweetwater" album, The Glorious


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Horticulture Programs
Master Gardeners in Nevada
Master Gardeners provide free, research-based horticulture information to Nevadans. They are volunteers who learn advanced plant science skills from at least 50 hours of classroom instruction by University of Nevada Cooperative Extension (UNCE) professionals. After training, Master Gardeners volunteer a minimum of at least 50 hours a year to pass along their newly acquired knowledge through the media, talks and workshops. They answer phone calls, send out informational materials and develop community gardens.
Many new residents in Nevada do not know how to garden in our arid conditions, variable growing seasons and thin, rocky soils.. Experienced and novice gardeners alike around the state have trouble growing plants and vegetables in Nevada, and this creates a big demand for plant science knowledge.
What Has Been Done:
Master Gardeners educate through the media, talks and workshops. They answer phone calls, respond to emails, send out free informational materials to the public and develop community gardens. They also teach in the schools and at garden clubs, senior centers, hospitals, child-care centers, nurseries and farmers markets.
More than 1,000 Master Gardeners have been trained in the Southern Area of University of Nevada Cooperative Extension since the program started in the 1990s, and dozens more are added to the count every year. In 2010 alone, 300 certified master gardeners in Clark County taught classes, answered consumer questions over the phone and in person, supported community gardens and horticulture events, and acted as docents at public parks, among other activities. Each master gardener in the South Area completes a 72-hour course, passes a comprehensive final, and contributes at least 35 hours annually to one of over 30 approved projects in addition to obtaining at least 15 hours of continuing education.
Master gardeners in the Las Vegas area contributed a total of 38,104 hours (worth $794,472 at the national standard of $20.85 per hour) in 32 different community programs such as staffing Desert Green landscape professional training, guiding community gardens, assisting at schools, and operating the Master Gardener orchard. The 2010 average contribution was 125 hours per person.
In the Western Area that includes Washoe, Storey, Douglas and Carson counties, Master Gardeners volunteered over 9,000 hours (the equivalent of 5 full-time employees), had face-to-face conversations with nearly 14,000 people and answered nearly 13,000 phone calls and emails.
See Also: For additional information, please visit our Master Gardener website.
Southern Area: Clark County, Las Vegas
Angela O`Callaghan, Social Horticulture Specialist, 702-222-3130
Antoinette Edmunds, Master Gardener Coordinator, 702-257-5587
Northern Area: Washoe, Storey, Pershing, Humboldt, Lander, Elko, Douglas and Carson
Heidi Kratsch, State Horticulture Specialist, 775-784-4848
Wendy Hanson Mazet, Master Gardener Coordinator, 775-784-4848
Central Area:
Lyon County: Marcia Moffitt, 775- 463-6541
Mineral County: Kellie Zuniga, 775-945-3444
No. Nye County: Debby Woodland, 775-727-5532
Horticulture Programs
|Program Information
Carson City Community Garden
The Community Garden began in 2001 and allows community members who don't have room for a vegetable garden to rent a 4-by-16-foot garden bed for $20 a season at a 25-bed garden complex on Beverly Drive east of the cemetery. The price includes water, soil preparation, some seeds and fertilizer.
Community Beautification through Horticulture
Desert Green, Commercial Water Conservation Training
Desert Green is in its eleventh year and is designed to educate commercial clientele in the Green Industry as well as others who have an interest in water conservation issues. A committee representing the industry implements the training. Desert Green is chaired by one industry representative and one UNCE representative. The program is presented once a year, with 36 classes taught in a two-day period. A committee of industry representative reviews evaluations from the previous year to decide future educational direction and topics. During the evaluation process, the program is reviewed, modified and revised according to the needs of the clientele. As part of the marketing of this program, two articles citing the importance of Desert Green appear in regional trade publications.
Food for Thoughts, School Garden
University of Nevada Cooperative Extension's Food for Thoughts program was established in 2004 and built on the school gardens program. It offers children an alternative site for learning, promotes awareness of the desert environment, demonstrates the geographic sources of their food and encourages healthy eating and activities.
Green Industry Training Programs of Northern Nevada
Green Industry Training (GIT) and Green Industry Continuing Education Series (GICES) are cost- and time-efficient approaches to serving the Green Industries of northern Nevada, including nursery workers, landscapers, arborists, irrigation and lawn care professionals. The Green Industry Training program begins in late winter with eight three-hour sessions of entry-level training for new industry workers, for those desiring to work in the industry and for existing industry professionals desiring a skills "tune-up." After "basic training," industry members are invited to monthly continuing education opportunities — one hour per month over the noon hour — to hone and improve their skills.
Grow Your Own, Nevada
Grow Your Own, Nevada is a statewide University of Nevada Cooperative Extension program designed to help people discover the secrets to gardening in our high-desert climate. The program includes eight two-hour weekly sessions. Classes are held live in Reno in the spring, summer and fall, and are provided by video conference to Cooperative Extension offices across the state.
Growing Fruit in the Mojave Desert
The UNCE Orchard is a one-acre facility, located at UNLV's Center for Urban Horticulture and Water Conservation in North Las Vegas. The facility is used for researching and demonstrating fruit production under our desert climate. The Orchard is testing and demonstrating many varieties of tree fruits, table grapes, wine grapes, blackberries, strawberries and nopales. The Orchard, managed by Master Gardener volunteers under the supervision of Robert Morris' advisement, developed the Orchard mission statement, "To create an environmentally sensitive demonstration fruit orchard to provide the greater Las Vegas community with educational information." Research and educational activities are under Morris' direction, with assistance from volunteers, and aimed at backyard and small-scale organic fruit production under desert conditions. In a pedagogical approach, Morris utilizes university fruit production specialists in different disciplines from surrounding states to conduct classes for the Master Gardener volunteers and the community at the Orchard. Morris combines this with experiential learning as problems are discovered in the Orchard and have to be resolved. Currently he conducts the majority of public education programs at the Orchard but Master Gardeners will eventually be used to educate the general public through demonstrations, lectures, one-on-one instruction and workshops. New information developed from research and demonstrations will be published in university fact sheets and distributed to the general public through mass media programs.
Healing gardens in Las Vegas
A new elementary school opens every month in Las Vegas, with pupils from many cultural and economic backgrounds. University of Nevada Cooperative Extension school gardens, community gardens and healing gardens essentially become outdoor classrooms and also build community spirit.
Master Gardeners in Nevada
Master Gardeners provide free, research-based horticulture information to Nevadans. They are volunteers who learn advanced plant science skills from at least 50 hours of classroom instruction by University of Nevada Cooperative Extension (UNCE) professionals. After training, Master Gardeners volunteer a minimum of at least 50 hours a year to pass along their newly acquired knowledge through the media, talks and workshops. They answer phone calls, send out informational materials and develop community gardens.
Nevada Desert Bioscape
University of Nevada Cooperative Extension's Desert Bioscape program takes a holistic approach to conserving natural resources in an urban setting. The goal of this program is to teach homeowners and commercial clientele to conserve water and energy, reduce pesticide and chemical fertilizer use, and promote wildlife habitat in a sustainable manner. Components include wildlife and conservation landscaping, constructed home wetlands for water recycling, a research project to find and determine water-efficient plants for the southern Nevada area and a research project to determine the use and benefit of natural organic mulches in the Mojave Desert.
Producer to Chef
University of Nevada Cooperative Extension's Producer to Chef program introduces small farms within 120 miles of Las Vegas to high-end Las Vegas restaurants which will pay top dollar for fresh, locally grown agricultural products.
The Greenhouse Project
The Carson City Greenhouse Project was conceptualized in November 2008 in partnership between UNCE; the Carson City Cultural Commission; The Greenhouse Project Committee, a grassroots, community organization; the Carson City School District; Nevada State Parks; and numerous volunteers.
Veggies by the Season
Veggies by the Season is a Northeast Clark County University of Nevada Cooperative Extension program designed to educate people on producing timely vegetables in their gardens. The program includes two-hour sessions twice a month that incorporate both classroom education and hands-on learning opportunities. Classes are held in person in Logandale in the spring, summer and fall.
Weed Warriors Invasive Weed Training
The Weed Warriors Invasive Weed Training Program is held several times a year, usually in late winter or spring. This eight-hour, two-day introductory-level training introduces participants to the principles of Integrated Weed Management and focuses on improving ability to identify noxious weeds of local importance. A small fee is charged for program materials, and the class can be videoconferenced to other locations upon request. Each year, several dozen people go through the training and become certified Weed Warriors. Pesticide applicators receive six Continuing Education Credits for attending this course. Each year in May during a community event in the Truckee Meadows, Weed Warrior volunteers help rid parks and riverfront areas of invasive thistles.


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Keary Colbert (6-1.5, 207), Mike Williams (6-4.75, 230), Greig Carlson (5-10, 195), Jason Mitchell (6-0.5, 199), Chris McFoy (6-1, 188), Sandy Fletcher (6-0.5, 192), D Hale (6-1, 183), Justin Wyatt (5-9, 180)
Incoming players
Whitney Lewis, Steve Smith
Key losses
Kareem Kelly, Grant Mattos
Position breakdown
Keary Colbert and Mike Williams will need to set the tone for the offense early in the season as the Trojans break in new starters at QB and RB. The way they handle that role will be as important as anything they do on the field and that's saying a lot considering this might be the finest pair of receivers in the country. Colbert is the steadying senior, the consummate professional who does all the right things and has the respect of his teammates. He's improved every season at USC and is poised to get a shot at the career reception mark (204) set last year by Kareem Kelly. Keary has terrific game speed and has developed into a dependable ball catcher. Williams is the man-child, a young player who will naturally be looked to as a leader due to the sheer scope of his talent. Whoever wins the quarterback job will be wise to throw the ball in his direction a lot. One key this season will be to see how Williams adjusts to being a primary target for opposing defenses. Mike shattered NCAA freshman receiving records and if he stays healthy and continues to mature, both on and off the field, it's easy to think that his assault on the record books has only just begun.
The Trojans needed a third receiving option to step up during spring ball and it was preferred that it be a player with speed. Pete Carroll took a shot by moving Justin Wyatt over from corner (a move that Justin had long desired) and Wyatt responded with an impressive performance which left little doubt that he can be an exciting playmaker. He showed the best moves we've seen since R. Jay Soward and has a dazzling element to his game. Justin put the ball on the ground a few times, a common problem with players adjusting to a new position, but if that situation can be rectified the coaches have found another gem for Norm Chow to utilize in a variety of ways.
With three options ahead of them on the depth chart the Trojan coaches will have the luxury of easing the talented freshmen into the line-up but don't expect it to take long for either player to make an impact. Whitney Lewis is an athletic marvel. He was measured recently at 227 lbs while running a 4.35 on grass. He's already that size despite the fact that he hasn't even graduated high school yet and with that speed he'll enter fall camp as the fastest player on the team. He brings the speed that will stretch the defense, a critical need in the Chow offense after the graduation of Kelly, but he is also versatile enough to see action at some point as a kick returner or possibly even at tailback if needed. Steve Smith is smooth as silk and has the experience of starring as the primary receiving option in a high-powered passing offense. Steve is ready to step in and contribute immediately after setting the California record for career receptions.
There won't be many balls left to go around for the remaining receivers but we've got some capable players waiting for a shot. Greig Carlson impressed a lot of Trojan fans last year with his sure hands and toughness as a punt returner even though speed will never be his greatest asset. Greig runs terrific routes and can be an effective weapon within this offense. Jason Mitchell has speed and is a good blocker but he need to show that be can be a playmaker. A player to watch for the future is Chris McFoy. He's probably a year away from really contributing but Chris has a great frame, long arms and is a very good blocker. D Hale has the ability to play and simply needs to put it all together. Look for Sandy Fletcher to see action on special teams.
Projected depth chart
SE – Williams, Lewis, Hale, Fletcher
FL - Colbert, Wyatt, Smith, Carlson, McFoy, Mitchell
Colbert (2002 – 71 catches, 1,029 yards, 5 td's CAREER – 138 catches, 10 td's)
Williams (2002 – 81 catches, 1,265 yards, 14 td's)
Carlson (2002 – 27 punt returns, 177 yards (6.6 average)
Hale (CAREER – 7 catches, 106 yards)
Fletcher (CAREER – 2 catches, 11 yards)


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So that probably answers the question why the stock isn't at 76$ today. If you want to make 3% on a 9 month investment, hold till then. If you're too impatient, you should probably sell now. I think I'd personally like to split the capital gains between this year and next, so I might sell half of my stock this year.
the big question is what will the price of thermo fisher be when the deal closes. might be higher than the 3%


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ARTIST OF THE MONTH: Thad Trubakoff is "carving out" a career as a kinetic-wood sculptor. His display this month at R. Pela Contemporary Art contains several automated artworks, including a vintage phonograph that's both exquisitely beautiful and surprisingly functional.
"Great Grandpa's" – as the piece pictured on the left is aptly titled – pays homage to Trubakoff's grandfather and his penchant for turntable tinkering. The piece features salvaged parts from old record players and a gramophone horn made from intricately laser-etched, steam-bent, laminated and hand-stitched maple sections. The framework and hand crank are cast from bronze and iron. "It's really cool. You wind it up, put the needle on and out comes the crackling noises," the Tempe-based artist says.
"Mandala" is a three-dimensional configuration of geometric shapes that doubles as a modern meditation tool. The mandala is made from birch and cocobolo wood. A gyroscope, which Trubakoff describes as a microcosm of universal bodies, is placed in the center. The mandala, like the meditator, stays balanced despite outside forces acting upon it.
Trubakoff, 28, was born in Flagstaff and grew up disassembling whatever he could get his hands on. He fell in love with woodworking in middle-school shop class and later snuck into woodworking classes at Arizona State University as a student of architecture and industrial design. He will complete his master's degree in fine arts in December. His assortment of studies combines to make him a master of many disciplines. "The lines between artist, architect, designer, engineer, inventor and scientist have become very blurry for me," Trubakoff says.
Check out his creations Sept. 5-30 at R. Pela Contemporary Art, 335 W. McDowell Rd. in
Phoenix, or visit thadt.com.
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Shooters Ridge Rock Mount Bipod Review
Shooters Ridge makes a variety of accessories for shooting enthusiasts and hunters. Among their long lineup of accessories is a series of bipods that attach to the swivel stud on the forend of any rifle with a rounded stock. For this review we'll take a look at the Rock Mount bipod in 9"-13" adjustable height.
The Rock Mount line of bipods offers pivoting and non-pivoting models. Pivoting means that the bipod can swivel along the axis of the barrel, not from side to side. As we've noted in other bipod reviews (link to vanguard bipod review), being able to pivot or swivel along the axis of the bore allows the shooter to level out the reticle when taking a long shot on an uneven surface. Shooters Ridge offers four different bipods in various heights: 6"-9" (best for bench work), 9"-13" (best for prone shooting), 13.5"-23" (best for kneeling/seated shooting), and 14.5"-29" (for those that just want a taller bipod). All of these lengths are available in either a pivoting model or non-pivoting. Our review model is a non-pivoting 9"-13" model number 40853.
The Shooters Ridge Rock Mount Bipod
The Rock Mount design is very similar to the original Harris Engineering design and features a similar operation. Each leg can be extended separately and set to any length by using the quick lock down lever. Once fully extended, each spring loaded leg can be quickly retracted by pushing the release button.
The feet of the bipod are made of hard rubber and not the best on slick surfaces.
It would be nice to see retractable spiked feet for loose dirt situations as well.
It's worth noting that this bipod will only fit forends that have a typical rounded curvature seen on most hunting rifles. Stocks with a bench rest style flat bottom will not be able to attach to the Rock Mount bipods.
Hand tightening the screw pulls the bipod snug against the rifle stock. Note that a sling can still
be used by looping the sling swivel through the eyelets on the bottom of the stud attachment.
Extending the leg and rotating the clamp allows any leg position to be set.
Each leg has a quick release button and quick clamp lever.
The bipod clamps over a standard sling swivel stud.
Bipods are one of those gun accessories that shooters either love or hate. Most shooters love them because they make for a stable rest nearly anywhere, while some hate them because they add some weight to the forend of the rifle. The Rock Mount bipod is very lightweight and doesn't detract from shooting a rifle from the freehand position. Those that don't like much extra weight, might be surprised with the light weight of the Rock Mount.
The street price on our review model is around $40-$50 while a similar Harris Engineering model is $75-$100. It's important to note that the Rock Mount, while similar, is made overseas while the Harris Engineering models are made in the USA. Certain Harris models also tend to have advanced features such as notched legs that allow the shooter to select between a few predetermined leg lengths rather than having to individually set each leg length with the quick lock down lever.
Overall the Rock Mount is a good economical choice for an entry level bipod. It's lightweight, attaches easily to most hunting rifles, and has a relatively low cost for a bipod. If you're looking for more advanced features or want to support the original design of this genre of bipods, look for a Harris Engineering bipod, but be prepared to spend considerably more.
For more information visit Shooters Ridge.
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I definately fall into the
Submitted by hunter25 on Sun, 2011-11-13 22:08.
I definately fall into the category of hunter that loves the use of a bipod and am rarely seen without one. I have not tried the shooters ridge brand as some one told me they were far inferior to the original Harris brand. After reading the review I'm not so sure and may have to try one out. I could use a couple more as it's a pain to be switching them or trying to share. They look exactly like the Harris in the photos. Although I don't like the extra weight I will always carry it. I agree that there are many times where it is unusable but when you really need it you won't care at all. I killed my bull at 529 yards this year while using a bipod and there is no way I could have taken the shot without one unless I wanted to shoot off hand. And of course that would never happen at that distance.
I think walmart carries some of these so I will have to go look at some soon. I don't think they carry all sizes though so I will ahve to be careful as I like the taller ones. And getting the rotatring feature is the only way to go. They are super useful when antelope hunting also.
A great product review as
Submitted by Retired2hunt on Thu, 2011-11-10 12:22.
A great product review as it not only details the better capabilities of this Shooters Ridge Rock Mount bipod it also provides details of what other aspects may be needed when picking out a bipod - example is the height adjustment based on shooting style or need. I think I will need a bipod or tripod for some of my planned future hunting - antelope for one. I am not fully educated on this accessory but the product review has provided an excellent beginning to my research.
I too think the pivoting model would be most desired in order to allow the best coordination with the rifle scope. I don't think trying to use your scope's provisions at large distances would be acceptable with a non-pivoting model. I could be wrong and will further research this aspect.
I picked up a competitor's bipod just this week. It was very heavy. I already shoot with a heavier rifle so adding the poundage to the front end of the rifle really does not appeal to me. Needless to say I returned the bipod back to the shelf.
Overall a great gear review and information on this accessory and other things to look for in a bipod. Thanks for a great review!
Thanks for the product review.
Submitted by groovy mike on Tue, 2011-11-01 06:12.
Thanks for the product review. Like Numbnutz, I have considered a bipod periodically, but don't normally carry one.
There's no reason to expect that the Shooters Ridge bipods are anything less than they claim them to be. I would think that a pivoting bipod would be in every way superior to a non-pivoting model. I'm not sure why anyone would want a non-pivoting bipod. But I have to admit that I don't have a lot of experience with bipods. I have owned a few and done a little shooting from shooting sticks, but most of the hunting that I do is at fairly close range and I have never thought that the disadvantage of carrying more weight is offset by the advantage offered by a system that needs time to set up and deploy before using.
If the Rock Mount bipod is indeed lightweight and not so cumbersome that it detracts from shooting a rifle Fifty dollars is not an unreasonable retail cost for a system that can deliver more accuracy in your shooting. This is especially true if you find yourself hunting in an area where you will be sitting fairly stationary and have a potentially long field of fire to shoot in. If I were going back to eastern Washington State again soon, I might consider adding a bipod, and probably a sling to my gear…..
I have thaught many times
Submitted by numbnutz on Sun, 2011-10-30 23:26.
I have thaught many times about putting a bipod on my rifle. I just haven't. My buddy who I took hunting with me a few years ago had one and it was kind of heavy. That was the only draw back to it. I think it would make for a nice solid rest when trying to shoot at a deer or elk. I like how you can still get a sling on the rifle as well. If I could find a very light weight bipod I would probably get one. I wonder if there are any companies that make a carbon bipod or a light weight metal. Anyways great review thanks for the great information.
I have always thought about
Submitted by Ca_Vermonster on Sun, 2011-10-30 22:23.
I have always thought about getting a bipod for my 30-06. It would fit nicely, and I like the look and functionality. However, where I hunt out here, it's very brushy, and I need to be at least 3 feet off the ground or so. Not many chances to prone out.
However, if I take a trip to Colorado next year, I could foresee maybe needing one. This bipod by Shooters Ridge may be worth a look!


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 29, 2007
|Filing date
|Aug 29, 2006
|Priority date
|Jul 3, 2003
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Darin Evans, Melvin Guiles
|Original Assignee
|Netshape Energy Management Llc
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (100), Referenced by (47), Classifications (11), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of patent application Ser. No. 10/975,743, filed Oct. 28, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,131,674 entitled BUMPER SYSTEM INCORPORATING THERMOFORMED ENERGY ABSORBER, which is a continuation-in-part of co-assigned PCT application Ser. No. PCT/US03/39803, filed Dec. 15, 2003, entitled BUMPER SYSTEM INCORPORATING THERMOFORMED ENERGY ABSORBER, which in turn claims benefit of provisional application Ser. No. 60/484,712, filed Jul. 3, 2003, entitled BUMPER SYSTEM INCORPORATING THERMOFORMED ENERGY ABSORBER. This application is further a continuation-in-part of and claims benefit of provisional application Ser. No. 60/610,492, filed Sep. 16, 2004, entitled BUMPER SYSTEM HAVING THERMOFORMED ENERGY ABSORBER. The entire contents of all aforementioned applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
The present invention relates to methods of constructing vehicle bumper systems, and in particular relates to methods of constructing bumper systems for passenger vehicles incorporating a thermoformed energy absorber.
Modern bumper systems are designed to absorb a maximum of impact energy over a given stroke. At the same time, they are designed to minimize load spikes, and to distribute energy in a manner promoting uniform and predictable collapse upon undergoing a vehicle crash. Every millimeter of space is important to energy absorption, even spaces of 10 mm or less. Further, the individual components of an energy absorbing system must combine well with other energy absorbing components, e.g. metal tubular beams and non-tubular channels, injection-molded "honeycomb" energy absorbers, foam "block" energy absorbers, hydraulic shock absorbers, crush towers and mounts, and various combinations thereof. At the same time, light weight must be maintained. Also, it is desirable to maintain an ability to customize energy absorption at selected impact zones (e.g. at a corner of the vehicle or at a center impact, such as with a post impact). Concurrently, all components of a bumper system must be flexible, and able to conform to an aerodynamic sweeping curvature of a vehicle front.
Notably, thermoformed parts have not been used much on exterior bumper systems for modern passenger vehicles, since it is generally accepted in the bumper industry that energy absorbers must be relatively deep parts (such as about 40 mm or more deep) and include significant wall thickness (e.g. 3 mm or greater wall thickness) in order to provide a good crush stroke and energy absorption during impact. Further, most injection-molded energy absorbers made of solid polymer are relatively complex parts with undulating surfaces, varied wall thicknesses, and different wall spacings to provide optimal energy absorption in different regions of the energy absorbers. This is directly in opposition to thermoformed parts, which are basically limited to relatively short depths, relatively thin wall thicknesses (or at least reduced wall thicknesses in stretched areas), and no undercut/blind surfaces. Thus, for years, original equipment manufacturers of passenger vehicles have avoided using thermoformed parts, despite the fact that thermoformed molds generally cost less, require shorter lead times, provide faster cycle times, have lower thermal energy use, generate less waste, and are more environmentally friendly processes. Skilled artisans in bumper design have apparently not fully realized the unexpected added benefits that thermoformed parts can offer when combined with other energy absorbing systems and components.
Modern vehicle bumper systems often incorporate an injection-molded polymeric energy absorber on a face of a metal reinforcement beam, and thereafter cover the energy absorber and beam with a fascia. The cost of energy absorbers and also the cost of tooling and machine time can be significant. It is desirable to use a single energy absorber on different vehicle models, even when a shape of the fascia for the vehicles is slightly different in order to achieve higher part volumes. Sometimes a single energy absorber can be designed to work for two different fascia shapes, but this usually results in some undesirable gap(s) between the energy absorber and the fascia that it is supporting. This can result in sagging and drooping of the fascia in the area of the gaps due to lack of support, potentially leading to consumer complaints and/or the appearance of poor quality in the bumper system. It is desirable to provide a system where similar bumper systems can use the same energy absorber, even when a shape of the reinforcement beam and the associated fascia are slightly different in shape.
Another requirement of bumper systems is that they be able to provide a desired optimal energy absorption profile (i.e. energy absorption force vs displacement upon impact). As vehicles become smaller, the "package" space available for the bumper system also becomes smaller. It is important that every portion of the bumper stroke be used to absorb impact energy, even when the space is as little as 10 mm to 20 mm. Also, it is important that the energy absorber crush flat when impacted, so that it does not take up unnecessary space as the bumper system nears an end of its crush stroke. It is also important that the energy absorber be tunable to "adjust" energy absorption profile, which can be done in thermoformed parts by changing materials or by changing a thickness of the sheet being thermoformed.
Accordingly, a bumper system is desired having the aforementioned advantages and solving the aforementioned problems.
In one aspect of the present invention, a method of constructing a bumper system comprises steps of providing a structural beam, and providing a polymeric energy absorber constructed to fit against a face of the structural beam. The method further includes thermoforming first and second energy absorbers each constructed to interchangeably fit against a face of the polymeric energy absorber but each defining a differently-shaped front surface adapted to support differently-shaped fascia for a vehicle, whereby the first and second energy absorbers can be selectively attached or left off as part of constructing different bumper systems for a vehicle front end assembly.
In another aspect of the present invention, a method of constructing a bumper system includes steps of providing a structural beam, and providing a first energy absorber constructed to fit against a face of the structural beam and adapted to support a first-shaped fascia for a vehicle. The method further includes thermoforming a second energy absorber constructed to matably fit against a face of the first energy absorber, the second energy absorber including a front surface shaped differently from a face of the first energy absorber such that the second energy absorber is adapted to support a second differently-shaped fascia for a vehicle, whereby the second energy absorber can be selectively attached or left off as part of constructing different bumper systems for a vehicle front end assembly.
In another aspect of the present invention, a method of constructing a bumper system includes steps of providing a structural beam, and thermoforming first and second energy absorbers each constructed to interchangeably fit against a face of the structural beam but each defining a differently-shaped front surface adapted to support differently-shaped fascia for a vehicle. By this arrangement, the first and second energy absorbers can be selectively attached or left off as part of constructing a different bumper system for a vehicle front end assembly.
In still another aspect of the present invention, a method of tuning an impact-absorbing system to have optimized energy absorption properties upon impact, includes steps of providing a beam assembly including a structural beam, and providing a first sheet of material having known first properties and a first thickness. The method further includes thermoforming a first energy absorber from the first sheet of material, the first energy absorber being constructed to fit against a face of the beam assembly and being configured to support an aesthetic cover. The method further includes providing a second sheet of material different from the first sheet of material in at least one of properties or thickness, and thermoforming a second energy absorber from the second sheet of material, the second energy absorber having different energy absorption characteristics. The method still further includes assembling the first and second energy absorbers at separate times to a beam assembly as part of tuning the system to have a desired rate of energy absorption, whereby the energy absorption of the system can be quickly and easily tuned late in a vehicle development program.
These and other features, objects, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to a person of ordinary skill upon reading the following description and claims together with reference to the accompanying drawings.
A bumper system 20 (
The walls 25-29 of the crush boxes 23 can have wall thicknesses of any thickness, such as about 1 mm to 3 mm, but preferably have a wall thickness of about 2.0 mm or less, or more preferably a wall thickness of about 1.5 mm or less, and potentially have a wall thickness of about 1.0 mm or less. In particular, the thickness of the walls that are stretched during the thermoform vacuum-assisted process can be reduced significantly, especially at sharp radii. Notably, the depth and wall thicknesses are somewhat enlarged in the views of
The thermoformed energy absorber 22 can be formed from any thermoformable material, but is preferably formed from polyethylene polymer, such as high density polyethylene ("HDPE"), which has memory and will recover and flex back toward an original thermoformed shape after being crushed during a vehicle impact. It is also conceived that a shape similar to the illustrated energy absorber 22 can be injection-molded, although the cost of tooling for such may be significantly more expensive than for a thermoformed part. The base flange 24 has thermoformed features 32′ (
The bumper beam 21 can be a variety of different shapes and profiles. The illustrated beam 21 is "B" shaped, but it is conceived that it could be "D" shaped, "C" shaped, or other shapes. The illustrated beam is rollformed and tubular, which is a preferred mode based on its strength and relatively lower cost.
The energy absorber 22 (
The crush boxes 23 can be varied in length, height, and size to optimize crush strength in selected regions of the bumper system. For example, the illustrated crush boxes 23 near the ends of beam 21 in
Additional modified bumper systems and energy absorbers are shown in
Bumper system 20A (
The bumper system 20B (
It is contemplated that a thermoformed energy absorber can be constructed that replicates a majority of the front surface of the illustrated energy absorber 22B while also replicating a substantial part of the rear surface of the foam blocks 41B, such that it mates with the molded component 38B (such that the need for foam blocks 41B is eliminated) while also providing adequate support to fascia.
Specifically, it is potentially a tremendous advantage to use a common injection-molded part and/or beam on different vehicle platforms or models. The thermoformed energy absorber 22E is used to fill varying sized gaps along the different fascia to address different styling surfaces. The thermoformed energy absorber is particularly advantageous to fill this need, since the tooling is relatively low-cost and can be made relatively quickly, and further the thermoformed energy absorber itself can have a much lower cost and weight, depending on the design and other criteria. It is contemplated that the thermoformed energy absorber 22E can be held in place on a face of the intermediate energy absorber 37E by the front fascia 43E. Alternatively, it is contemplated that various attachment mechanisms can be used to attach the thermoformed energy absorber 22E to the injection-molded intermediate energy absorber 37E, such as by placing hooks 37E′ on the intermediate energy absorber 37E that engage apertures or surface features on the thermoformed energy absorber 22E, and/or other male and female connections such as detents and frictional engagement on nesting surfaces, heat staked attachment arrangements, bonding arrangements, and other attachment systems. It is noted that the bumper system 20E of
Bumper system 20F (
It is contemplated that the sheet 51F will maintain its shape and function as follows when the bumper system 20F is impacted. During the initial phase of impact, the crush boxes 23F on sheet 22F affected by the impact begin to collapse, causing air to pressurize within the cavities 52F. As pressure increases, the air begins to escape through vent holes 54F. As the front wall 29F of the sheet 22F reaches a front surface of the pillow-shaped regions 53F, the sides of the pillow-shaped regions 53F have expanded and engage and support the walls of the crush boxes on sheet 22F. Upon further crushing, the sheets 22F and 51F collapse together. Notably, during this later phase of collapse, the walls of the sheets 22F and 51F support each other and increase an overall strength of the crush boxes 23F. Optimally, the sheets 22F and 51F are made from material having a memory, so that they recover their shape after impact.
Energy absorber 22F′ (
A variety of different shapes and arrangements are contemplated for the concept of trapping air within and between thermoformed sheets. Not only can the material and thicknesses of the two sheets be varied, but also the shapes of the crush boxes, the shapes of the pillow-shaped areas, and the shapes, size and number of vent holes. It is also contemplated that different fillers can be put into the cavities, other than air. However, the light weight and low cost of air is difficult to match while still maintaining a competitive, low weight system.
The illustrated arrangement includes a front end 119 (
As noted above, it is envisioned that a variety of different shapes, arrangements, and configurations can be constructed using the present concepts. Accordingly, although every single possible combination is not explicitly described herein, all such combinations and variations are intended to be covered by the present description, as may be reasonably understood from this description. Keeping this in mind, the following descriptions are organized to describe several different single thermoformed sheets; and then to describe two inter-engaging sheets with energy-absorbing crush boxes that interfit and interact upon impact; and to describe two sheets bonded together to define air-trapping crush boxes. By the different arrangements, a wide variety of different force-versus-deflection curves can be achieved, including stepped energy absorption curves, and energy absorption curves where substantial energy is absorbed upon impact.
The energy absorber subassembly 123 (
Each crush box 127 of sheet 125 (
The energy absorber sheet 125A (
A backing sheet 128 (
The sheets 125, 125A and 128 can be any material or thickness. In the illustrated arrangement of
Sheets 125B-125H can be interchanged with sheets 125 or 125A. Identical or similar features are identified with the same numbers to simplify the discussion.
The sheet 125B (
Sheet 125C (
Sheet 125H (
To summarize, a thermoformed energy absorber can be made from a single sheet, with crush boxes being formed by vacuum forming, or other thermoforming techniques. It is contemplated that the crush boxes can be any shape, including a "cupcake pan" pattern, or other more complicated cup or box shapes. It is contemplated that the crush boxes will be made of material that will recover after impact, although that is not required. The energy absorbers can be made from other processing methods other than thermoforming, such as injection-molding. The energy absorber can be made to provide a single step energy absorption curve (force-versus-deflection curve), or can provide a stepped energy absorption. The sheet can be made to bend to match a swept curvature across a face of reinforcement (metal) beam (or primary energy absorber), and can be configured with flanges such as hooked flanges 160 (
The energy absorber sheet can be modified by adding a backing sheet to entrap air, such that the sheet provides an air cushion upon impact. Alternatively, the backing sheet can be eliminated by attaching the sheet directly to a beam (or to a fascia) with the crush boxes being held in a sealed arrangement. Orifices and/or channels can be provided to control airflow out of crush boxes during impact, and to communicate the exhausting air to other crush boxes.
Two opposing sheets with inter-engaging and inter-supporting crush boxes can be used as a laminated subassembly. The crush boxes may be identical in shape, or different but matingly shaped. Additional layers of sheets can be added, in addition to just two sheets. The sheets will preferably be made of a material that recovers after impact, and yet that is easily formed.
A bumper system 220 (
By substituting (or removing) the thermoformed energy absorber 223, the same beam 221 and primary energy absorber 222 can be used with different fascia (224). Also, the rate of energy absorption upon impact can be advantageously affected. Still further, by substituting a thermoformed energy absorber (223) made of a different modulus material or different sheet thickness, the overall energy absorption curve can be tuned to a desired rate of energy absorption. Notably, the tooling for thermoforming is low-cost and has relatively short lead times for dies. Thus, the bumper system 220 provides for an optimal energy absorption, yet provides flexibility and tuning of the bumper system late in a bumper development program. It is noted that in some applications, the primary energy absorber 222 can be eliminated, and the thermoformed energy absorber 223 used directly on a face of the reinforcement beam 221.
The focus of the present disclosure is on the thermoformed energy absorber 223 and variations thereof. The details of the reinforcement beam (221) and primary energy absorber (222) are not discussed in great detail. Nonetheless, it should be understood that the present thermoformed energy absorber (223) can be used with a variety of different reinforcement beams and primary energy absorbers, including beams with cross sections that are "B" shaped, "D" shaped, and "C" shaped beams, which beams and primary (injection-molded) energy absorbers are well known in the art of vehicle bumper systems.
The thermoformed energy absorber 223 has crush boxes of varying size and shape, each particularly shaped and located for specific regional impact strength and crush characteristics. The illustrated energy absorber 223 includes four "O" shaped crush boxes 226 spaced along the reinforcement beam 221, with sets of the crush boxes 227 being therebetween. Specifically, four crush boxes 227 are located in a center of the energy absorber 223 and three crush boxes 227 are located in the right and left areas of the energy absorber 223. The crush boxes 226 are "O" shaped and are elongated horizontally/longitudinally, and the crush boxes 227 are "I" shaped and are elongated vertically. Nonetheless, as will become apparent below, the crush boxes can be a variety of different shapes and sizes. Notably, the front and top walls 232 and 233 are shaped to support the fascia 224 to prevent sagging of the fascia 224.
Each crush box 226 has opposing side and front walls 230, 231, and 232 that define orthogonally-related planes. The crush box 226 also has top and bottom walls 233 and 234 that are undulating in a longitudinal direction with alternating convex and concave regions 235 and 236. This "box shape" causes the crush box to have good impact stiffness, and causes the walls 230-234 to provide a high initial resistance to crush and then to absorb substantial energy upon impact. Also, the undulations 235/236 in the walls 233-234 further add to stability of the crush boxes, and to the predictability of their energy absorption and ultimate collapse, both of which are important to vehicle bumper systems. Also, the energy absorber 223 is made from a single sheet of material, which allows it to crush flat and take up minimal space after impact. The crush boxes 226 have an open rear area 237 (adjacent the primary energy absorber) to facilitate in-line molding by thermoforming processes. Specifically, the energy absorber defines forward-facing and rearward-facing surfaces, each being open and unobstructed in a linear direction parallel a fore-aft direction and not having undercut surfaces. This allows thermoform tooling to pass linearly through the base flange linearly into the rearwardly facing openings so that the crush boxes can be formed without slides and moving cams on the thermoforming tooling. The side walls 230 and 231 of the illustrated crush boxes 226 are extended longitudinally at their top and bottom corners to define a concavity 238 therebetween at each end of the "O" shape. The overall size of the illustrated crush boxes 226 are elongated about 2:1 in length to width ratio, and more preferably at least one is elongated about 3:1. This also adds to their impact stability. Nonetheless, it is noted that the elongation can be as long as desired, such as up to half of a length of the energy absorber (see
As apparent to a person of ordinary skill upon studying the
Where the thermoformed energy absorber is given a deeper section (such as 3 inches or more) and thicker walls (such as about 4 mm or more), or where the material of the thermoformed energy absorber is relatively stiff (such as by using Xenoy™ material, a material made by GE Corporation for use in energy absorbers), it is contemplated that the walls (230-234) can be designed for spreading the impact load via the following mechanism. In energy absorber 250′ (
It is noted that crush boxes are illustrated having the following shapes: short "O", elongated "O", "I", "C", and elongated line equally about half of the energy absorber. It is also contemplated that the crush boxes can be the following additional shapes: "L", "T", "X", "Z", "H", and "+", or variations and combinations thereof. It is preferable that the crush boxes have walls that are generally planar, but that have undulations for increased stability. Also, the walls may have laterally-facing concavities, such as in a "C" shaped crush box. Where the base sheet between the crush boxes is relatively flat, the energy absorber will flex and bend to conform to the reinforcement beam (or primary energy absorber) that is supporting it.
In the foregoing description, it will be readily appreciated by persons skilled in the art that modifications may be made to the invention without departing from the concepts disclosed herein. Such modifications are to be considered as included in the following claims, unless these claims by their language expressly state otherwise.
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|Cons Vultee Aircraft Corp
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|Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft
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|Mitsubishi Jidosha Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
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|Yves Bonnetain
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|Isaac Rinkewich
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|Mar 20, 1990
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|Oct 18, 1994
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|Jun 20, 1995
|General Motors Corporation
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|Apr 13, 1994
|Mar 19, 1996
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|Apr 21, 1994
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|Cushioning structure
|May 16, 1995
|Aug 27, 1996
|Lignotock Gmbh
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|Mar 28, 1995
|Oct 15, 1996
|United States Of America
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|Oct 20, 1995
|Jan 28, 1997
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|Sep 19, 1995
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|Oct 18, 1995
|Jul 29, 1997
|Molnar; Steve
|Inflatable bumper system
|Nov 4, 1996
|Aug 26, 1997
|Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha
|Structure of absorbing impact energy using interior material of automobile
|May 31, 1995
|Dec 23, 1997
|The Oakwood Group
|Energy absorbing structure
|Jun 24, 1996
|Mar 10, 1998
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|Nov 19, 1996
|Mar 17, 1998
|Alusuisse Technology & Management Ltd.
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|Oct 28, 2004
|Nov 7, 2006
|Netshape International, Llc
|Bumper system incorporating thermoformed energy absorber
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 12, 2007
|May 19, 2009
|Ford Global Technologies, Llc
|Hybrid energy absorber for automobile bumper
|Nov 4, 2008
|Oct 5, 2010
|Sabic Innovative Plastics Ip B.V.
|Vehicle bumper system with energy absorber
|Jul 22, 2008
|Oct 12, 2010
|Ford Global Technologies, Llc
|Hybrid energy absorber for automobile bumper
|Feb 2, 2009
|Dec 28, 2010
|Safetynet Energy Management, Llc
|Apparatus making thermoformed component with integral coined structure
|Apr 7, 2009
|Jan 11, 2011
|Flex-N-Gate Corporation
|Energy absorber for vehicle
|Jul 22, 2008
|Jun 7, 2011
|Ford Global Technologies, Llc
|Hybrid energy absorber for automobile bumper
|Sep 29, 2009
|Aug 9, 2011
|Safetynet Energy Management, Llc
|Thermoformed product with coined region
|Feb 11, 2009
|Sep 13, 2011
|Shape Corp.
|Energy absorber with sidewall stabilizer ribs
|Jun 12, 2012
|Shape Corp.
|Energy absorber with lobes providing uniform pedestrian impact
|Jul 10, 2012
|Sabic Innovative Plastics Ip B.V.
|Fascia energy absorber, bumper system and process
|Mar 4, 2011
|Jan 22, 2013
|Shape Corp.
|Hood pedestrian energy absorber
|Nov 22, 2010
|Apr 2, 2013
|Asteer Co., Ltd.
|Bumper reinforcement member
|Apr 23, 2013
|Shape Corp.
|Vehicle energy absorber for pedestrian's upper leg
|May 14, 2013
|Magna International Inc.
|Bumper beam with integrated energy absorber
|Dec 10, 2010
|Jul 9, 2013
|Ford Global Technologies, Llc
|Energy absorbing structure for vehicle bumper
|Nov 16, 2010
|Aug 6, 2013
|Honda Motor Co., Ltd.
|Bumper structure for vehicle
|Jun 24, 2010
|Dec 10, 2013
|Shape Corp.
|Energy absorber with double-acting crush lobes
|Jul 20, 2011
|Feb 11, 2014
|Shape Corp.
|Integrated energy absorber and air flow management structure
|Aug 27, 2007
|Mar 4, 2014
|Mazda Motor Corporation
|Vehicle bumper structure
|Mar 15, 2011
|Jan 20, 2015
|Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha
|Bumper structure
|Apr 4, 2014
|Mar 10, 2015
|Shape Corp.
|Bumper energy absorber with sensor and configured lobes
|Oct 24, 2013
|Mar 24, 2015
|Mazda Motor Corporation
|Vehicle-body structure of vehicle
|Apr 4, 2013
|Mar 31, 2015
|Hyundai Motor Company
|External airbag apparatus
|Mar 14, 2012
|Jul 14, 2015
|Kyoraku Co., Ltd.
|Impact energy absorber for vehicle and method for forming the same
|Sep 5, 2014
|Aug 23, 2016
|Giang Huynh
|Vehicle bumper protection device
|Aug 27, 2007
|Mar 6, 2008
|Mazda Motor Corporation
|Vehicle bumper structure
|Jun 12, 2007
|Dec 18, 2008
|Frederick Gregory S
|Hybrid energy absorber for automobile bumper
|Jul 22, 2008
|Feb 12, 2009
|Frederick Gregory S
|Hybrid energy absorber for automobile bumper
|Jul 22, 2008
|Feb 12, 2009
|Frederick Gregory S
|Hybrid energy absorber for automobile bumper
|Dec 31, 2007
|Jul 2, 2009
|Brian Joseph Czopek
|Fascia energy absorber, bumper system and process
|Feb 11, 2009
|Aug 20, 2009
|Ralston Daniel D
|Energy absorber with sidewall stabilizer ribs
|Feb 2, 2009
|Sep 17, 2009
|Rossi Michael A
|Thermoformed component with integral attachment structure and method
|Jan 21, 2010
|Rossi Michael A
|Thermoformed product with coined region
|Oct 19, 2009
|Apr 29, 2010
|Brooks Ryan J
|Energy absorber with differentiating angled walls
|Nov 4, 2008
|May 6, 2010
|Sabic Innovative Plastics Ip B.V.
|Vehicle bumper system with energy absorber
|Jun 24, 2010
|Dec 30, 2010
|Vandenberge Thomas C
|Energy Absorber With Double-Acting Crush Lobes
|May 12, 2011
|Daniel Ralston
|Energy absorber with lobes providing uniform pedestrian impact
|Jun 2, 2011
|Asteer Co., Ltd.
|Bumper Reinforcement Member
|Sep 8, 2011
|Daniel Ralston
|Hood pedestrian energy absorber
|Jan 26, 2012
|Darin Evans
|Integrated energy absorber and air flow management structure
|Jan 17, 2012
|May 10, 2012
|Callaghan Craig M
|Gas turbine engine auxiliary component mount
|Jun 14, 2012
|Ford Global Technologies, Llc
|Energy Absorbing Structure for Vehicle Bumper
|Mar 14, 2012
|Sep 20, 2012
|Kyoraku Co., Ltd.
|Impact energy absorber for vehicle and method for forming the same
|Mar 15, 2011
|Jan 2, 2014
|Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha
|Bumper structure
|Oct 24, 2013
|May 1, 2014
|Mazda Motor Corporation
|Vehicle-body structure of vehicle
|Apr 4, 2013
|Jun 5, 2014
|Hyundai Motor Company
|External airbag apparatus
|Feb 7, 2013
|Aug 7, 2014
|GM Global Technology Operations LLC
|Impact resistant article
|U.S. Classification
|293/120, 293/121
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 12, 2007
Owner name: NETSHAPE ENERGY MANAGEMENT LLC, MICHIGAN
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNORS:NETSHAPE INTERNATIONAL LLC;NETSHAPE ENERGY MANAGEMENT LLC;REEL/FRAME:019153/0421
Effective date: 20060821
|Oct 26, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jan 9, 2015
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|May 29, 2015
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jul 21, 2015
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20150529


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Dezeen Wire: this week architecture critics have been discussing A Room For London, a boat-like apartment on the roof of the Southbank Centre that will accomodate temporary overnight guests throughout 2012. More »
Tag: Fiona Banner
Critics' reactions to
A Room for London by David Kohn
and Fiona Banner
A boat-like structure temporarily anchored to the roof of London's Southbank Centre is in fact a rentable one-bedroom apartment by London architect David Kohn and artist Fiona Banner. More »
A Room for London by David Kohn
and Fiona Banner
London studio David Kohn Architects and artist Fiona Banner have won the A Room For London competition to design a temporary one-bedroom apartment on top of London's Southbank Centre. More »
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Created in this Craftsy class
Color Play for Quilters taught by Joen Wolfrom
Learn how prize-winning quilters and top fabric designers create beautiful color combinations, movement, depth and luminosity through fabric.
Other projects made as part of this class:
QuiltingKaleidoscope, #WorksInProgress
QuiltingRainbow bag
Quiltingcolor strata on index cards
Offer some kudos...
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Great colors and patterns!
08/20/2014 Flag
It looks as if you've had a great time playing with paint and fabrics. It's a good grouping of colors that shows clearly how fabrics with little or no grayness catch our eyes easily. Fabrics that are quite toned (grayed) settle to the back. Strong design elements in really toned fabrics can attract the eye. You can see that here with your very toned, yet strongly designed fabrics. So glad you shared your fabrics.
09/12/2014 Flag