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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 31, 2011
|Priority date
|Jan 28, 2005
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Tamara Colette Baynham
|Original Assignee
|Cadiac Pacemakers, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (17), Non-Patent Citations (25), Referenced by (2), Classifications (7), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/046,132, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,289,849, filed Jan. 28, 2005, the specification of which is herein incorporated by reference.
This invention pertains to cardiac devices such as pacemakers and other types of devices for treating cardiac dysfunction.
The tricuspid and mitral valves, also referred to as the atrioventricular valves, separate the atrium and ventricle on the right and left sides of heart, respectively. The function of the atrioventricular valves is to allow flow of blood between the atrium and ventricle during ventricular diastole and atrial systole but prevent the backflow of blood during ventricular systole. The mitral valve is composed of a fibrous ring called the mitral annulus located between the left atrium and the left ventricle, the anterior and posterior leaflets, the chordae tendineae, and the papillary muscles. The leaflets extend from the mitral annulus and are tethered by the chordae tendineae to the papillary muscles which are attached to the left ventricle. The function of the papillary muscles is to contract during ventricular systole and limit the travel of the valve leaflets back toward the left atrium. If the valve leaflets are allowed to bulge backward into the atrium during ventricular systole, called prolapse, leakage of blood through the valve can result. The structure and operation of the tricuspid valve is similar.
Mitral regurgitation (MR), also referred to as mitral insufficiency or mitral incompetence, is characterized by an abnormal reversal of blood flow from the left ventricle to the left atrium during ventricular systole. This occurs when the leaflets of the mitral valve fail to close properly as the left ventricle contracts, thus allowing retrograde flow of blood back into the left atrium. Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) occurs in a similar manner. MR and TR can be due to a variety of structural causes such as ruptured chordae tendineae, leaflet perforation, or papillary muscle dysfunction. Functional MR and TR may also occur in heart failure patients due to annular dilatation or myocardial dysfunction, both of which may prevent the valve leaflets from coapting properly.
In acute mitral valve regurgitation, the incompetent mitral valve allows part of the ventricular ejection fraction to reflux into the left atrium. Because the atrium and ventricle are not able to immediately dilate, the volume overload of the atrium and ventricle results in elevated left atrial and pulmonary venous pressures and acute pulmonary edema. The reduction in forward stroke volume due to the reflux through the regurgitant valve reduces systemic perfusion, which if extreme enough can lead to cardiogenic shock. In chronic mitral valve regurgitation, on the other hand, the left atrium and ventricle dilate over time in response to the volume overload which acts as a compensatory mechanism for maintaining adequate stroke volume. The left ventricular dilatation, however, may further prevent proper coaptation of the mitral valve leaflets during systolic ejection, leading to progression of the left ventricular dilatation and further volume overload. Patients with compensated MR may thus remain asymptomatic for years despite the presence of severe volume overload, but most people with MR decompensate over the long term and either die or undergo a corrective surgical procedure.
The most common method presently available for definitive treatment of MR is surgical intervention involving repair of the mitral valve or replacement with a mechanical or transplanted valve. In order to provide early and appropriate intervention, patients with MR may be identified by clinical examination and/or with specific imaging modalities such as echocardiography. The present disclosure deals with a method and apparatus for treating mitral (or tricuspid) regurgitation with electrical pacing therapy. Pacing therapy applied in this manner may be used to treat MR either in place of or in addition to the conventional surgical options.
As mentioned above, one mechanism responsible for the development of MR is dilation of the left ventricle which correspondingly dilates the mitral annulus and/or alters its position, thereby preventing proper coaptation of the valve leaflets. Such ventricular dilation occurs in patients suffering heart failure or subsequent to a myocardial infarction as a compensatory response to decreased cardiac output. Heart failure patients may also suffer from electrical conduction deficits which alter the normal activation patterns of the myocardium during systole. Such electrical conduction deficits may result in abnormal timing of papillary muscle contraction which also prevents proper leaflet coaptation.
It has been found that atrial pacing therapy may be applied in such a manner that mitral regurgitation is either prevented or lessened in degree in certain patients. In this technique, a pacing electrode is disposed so as to excite the left atrium, e.g., either epicardially or transvenously into the coronary sinus. If the pacing excitation is timed so as to excite the left atrium during ventricular systole, the resulting atrial contraction may cause adequate closure of an otherwise regurgitant mitral valve. One mechanism by which this may come about is the contraction of the region around the mitral valvular annulus during ventricular systole which then constricts the annulus and allows proper coaptation of the valve leaflets to occur. Another mechanism is that the increased atrial pressure during systole augments the tethering force of the papillary muscles and thereby prevents valve prolapse.
The timing of the pacing delivered to left atrium for treating MR should be such that the atrium is excited during ventricular systole. After an atrial contraction at the start of a cardiac cycle, repolarization of the atria normally occurs sometime during ventricular systole, and the atria are refractory to further excitation until this repolarization has taken place. In the presently described technique for treating MR, a left atrial pace is delivered during ventricular systole at a time after a preceding intrinsic or paced atrial contraction sufficient for the left atrium to have recovered from refractoriness. The atrial pace delivered during ventricular systole is referred to herein as a secondary atrial pace as distinguished from a primary atrial pace which, in certain cardiac pacing modes, may be delivered to excite the atrium during atrial systole and before ventricular systole. The timing of the secondary atrial pace may be established with reference to a right or left ventricular sense or pace such that the secondary atrial pace occurs synchronously with a ventricular contraction. A specified delay interval between a ventricular sense or pace and the secondary atrial pace, referred to herein as a secondary ventriculo-atrial (VA) interval, may then be specified so that the left atrium contracts during early ventricular systole. In a patient who is not receiving ventricular pacing therapy, the secondary VA interval is initiated by a ventricular sense. In a patient who is receiving ventricular pacing therapy, the secondary VA interval may be triggered by a ventricular sense or pace.
Alternatively, the timing of the secondary atrial pace may be referenced to an atrial sense and/or to an atrial pace if the patient is also receiving atrial pacing therapy. This may be desirable in certain patients where the optimal timing for the secondary atrial contraction in order to treat MR requires that the left atrium contract before the beginning of electrical ventricular systole as marked by a ventricular sense or pace. In this mode, an atrio-atrio (AA) interval is specified as the delay interval between an atrial sense or pace and delivery of the secondary atrial pace.
Described below is an exemplary device which may be used to deliver secondary atrial pacing therapy to the left and/or right atria. The device is configurable to also deliver conventional bradycardia or resynchronization pacing in addition to the secondary atrial pacing. It should be appreciated, however, that a device for delivering secondary atrial pacing may possess only those features or components necessary for a particular mode of delivery.
Conventional cardiac pacing with implanted pacemakers involves excitatory electrical stimulation of the heart by the delivery of pacing pulses to an electrode in electrical contact with the myocardium. As the term is used herein, a "pacemaker" should be taken to mean any cardiac device, such as an implantable cardioverter/defibrillator, with the capability of delivering pacing stimulation to the heart, including pre-excitation pacing to the mitral valve region as described herein. A pacemaker is usually implanted subcutaneously on the patient's chest, and is connected to electrodes by leads threaded through the vessels of the upper venous system into the heart. An electrode can be incorporated into a sensing channel that generates an electrogram signal representing cardiac electrical activity at the electrode site and/or incorporated into a pacing channel for delivering pacing pulses to the site.
A block diagram of an implantable multi-site pacemaker having multiple sensing and pacing channels is shown in
The embodiment shown in
The controller controls the overall operation of the device in accordance with programmed instructions stored in memory. The controller interprets electrogram signals from the sensing channels, implements timers for specified intervals, and controls the delivery of paces in accordance with a pacing mode. The sensing circuitry of the pacemaker generates atrial and ventricular electrogram signals from the voltages sensed by the electrodes of a particular channel. An electrogram indicates the time course and amplitude of cardiac depolarization and repolarization that occurs during either an intrinsic or paced beat. When an electrogram signal in an atrial or ventricular sensing channel exceeds a specified threshold, the controller detects an atrial or ventricular sense, respectively, which pacing algorithms may employ to trigger or inhibit pacing. An impedance sensor 95 is also interfaced to the controller for measuring transthoracic impedance. The transthoracic impedance measurement may be used to derive either respiratory minute ventilation for rate-adaptive pacing modes or, as described below, cardiac stroke volume for modulating the delivery of secondary atrial pacing.
In order to deliver secondary atrial pacing, one or more pacing channels are configured to secondarily pace the left atrium, each with an electrode disposed near the region to be excited. A sensing channel for the secondarily paced atrial site may or may not also be configured. The controller is then programmed to deliver the secondary left atrial pace during ventricular systole at a specified VA interval subsequent to a ventricular sense or pace or at a specified AA interval subsequent to an atrial sense or pace. The secondary pacing of the left atrium may also be delivered in conjunction with ventricular resynchronization therapy. Ventricular resynchronization therapy is most commonly applied in the treatment of patients with heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction which is either caused by or contributed to by left ventricular conduction abnormalities. In many such patients, the left ventricle or parts of the left ventricle contract later than normal during systole which thereby impairs pumping efficiency. In order to resynchronize ventricular contractions in these patients, pacing therapy may be applied such that the left ventricle or a portion of the left ventricle is pre-excited relative to when it would become depolarized in an intrinsic contraction. Optimal pre-excitation in a given patient may be obtained with biventricular pacing or with left ventricular-only pacing. In patients who are receiving ventricular resynchronization pacing therapy, the secondary VA interval may be triggered by a sense in either ventricle. The length of the secondary VA interval may be different depending upon which type of event triggered it. For example, if a patient is receiving left ventricular pacing therapy based upon right ventricular senses, a secondary VA interval of one duration may be initiated by a left ventricular pace while a secondary VA interval of another duration is triggered by a right ventricular sense.
Clinical testing (e.g., echocardiographic studies) may be employed to determine the optimal time after the beginning of ventricular systole or after an atrial contraction at which secondary atrial pacing should be delivered in order to best treat a patient's MR. In the embodiment of
A secondary pace delivered so soon after an atrial contraction that the atrium is still refractory will have no effect. It may be desirable, however, to provide a protective period following an atrial sense or pace during which an atrial secondary pace is inhibited in order to prevent pacing an atrium while it is refractory or during a vulnerable period. In the embodiment illustrated by
It may be desirable in certain patients to control the delivery of secondary left atrial pacing so that such pacing is delivered only when it is needed to lessen mitral regurgitation. One way in which the extent of mitral regurgitation may be monitored by an implantable device is via a transthoracic impedance measurement reflective of cardiac stroke volume. As mitral regurgitation produces volume overloading of both the left atrium and ventricle, such monitoring of stroke volume may be used to modulate the frequency or duration of the secondary left atrial pacing.
The description set forth above has dealt specifically with techniques and apparatus for treating mitral regurgitation with secondary pacing of the left atrium. It should be appreciated that the same techniques could be used to treat either mitral or tricuspid regurgitation with secondary pacing of the right or left atrium depending upon which of the atrio-ventricular valves is regurgitant. If both atrio-ventricular valves are regurgitant, both atria may be secondarily paced with the same or different secondary VA intervals.
Although the invention has been described in conjunction with the foregoing specific embodiments, many alternatives, variations, and modifications will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Other such alternatives, variations, and modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the following appended claims.
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|Quetzal Biomedical, Inc.
|Multi-electrode apparatus and method for treatment of congestive heart failure
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|Medtronic, Inc.
|Implantable medical device employing sonomicrometer output signals for detection and measurement of cardiac mechanical function
|Apr 22, 2002
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|Medtronic, Inc.
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|Medtronic, Inc.
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|Apr 22, 2002
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|Pierre Grandjean
|Cardiac resynchronization with adaptive A1-A2 and/or V1-V2 intervals
|Mar 11, 2003
|Jul 14, 2005
|Lidco Group Plc
|Method and apparatus for the setting or adjustment of a cardiac pacemaker
|May 20, 2004
|Nov 24, 2005
|Imad Libbus
|Combined remodeling control therapy and anti-remodeling therapy by implantable cardiac device
|Jan 28, 2005
|Aug 3, 2006
|Baynham Tamara C
|Linear electrode array to treat mitral regurgitation
|Jan 28, 2005
|Aug 3, 2006
|Qingsheng Zhu
|Electrical pacing therapy for treating mitral regurgitation
|Apr 28, 2005
|Aug 3, 2006
|Salo Rodney W
|Controlled delivery of electrical pacing therapy for treating mitral regurgitation
|Nov 11, 2010
|Tamara Colette Baynham
|Linear electrode array to treat mitral regurgitation
|Aug 8, 2002
|Oct 23, 2007
|Mirowski Family Ventures, L.L.C.
|Method and apparatus for treating hemodynamic disfunction
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|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 26, 2010
|Aug 18, 2015
|Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc.
|Linear electrode array to treat mitral regurgitation
|Nov 11, 2010
|Tamara Colette Baynham
|Linear electrode array to treat mitral regurgitation
|U.S. Classification
|607/9, 600/528, 607/15, 607/4
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 23, 2011
|Certificate of correction
|Oct 29, 2014
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Featured Artists Gallery
The Featured Artist Gallery (also known as the Fuller Galleries) in the Fran Hanson Discovery Center showcases a rotating collection of artwork by artisans inspired by the materials, nature and beauty of the Upstate. Up to six artists at a time, all connected to the Upstate area, showcase their work together. At least one new artist rotates into the collection each month, so there's always something new to see. Artwork ranging from paintings to ceramics, baskets to photography, are available for sale, with a portion of the proceeds benefiting the South Carolina Botanical Garden.
The Gallery encompasses two bedrooms and a hallway of the former Southern Living Wren House. Paintings are hung among windows overlooking the manicured lawns and sweeping meadows of the Botanical Garden, or around the oversized tiled fireplace.
The Gallery is open Monday through Saturday, 10am to 5pm and Sunday 1-5 (closed University holidays and home football Saturdays). Admission is free.
To be considered as a featured artist, send your name, photos of your work, artist's statement and bio to email@example.com. Preference will be given to artists living in or from Upstate South Carolina, and to work inspired by nature.
Current Visiting Artist - Mac Tippins
Opening Reception Saturday, March 5, 1pm - 4pm
Past Artists
Deana Chavis Baker - www.deanabaker.com
Carol Clarkson - www.carolclarksonpottery.com
Jan Galusza- www.watercolorsbyjan.com
Patti Connor-Greene - www.linvilleriverpottery.com
Jessica Erin Bowers
Suzanne Figliola
Rob Silance - photos
Deborah Pagano - collage
Sarah Johnson - pottery
Chris Troy - http://www.visitsoutherncomfort.com/potdecyetfun.html
Erin Carroll
J.P. Tousignant- collage
Keith Spencer - oil painting
Robbie Bell - oil painting
Marie Gruber - photography
Guy Stevens - oil painting
Del Kimbler - photography
Dale Cochran - oil painting
Bob Doster - sculpture
Lane Owen watercolor
Deana Chavis Baker - visual arts
Easton Selby - nature photography
David S McCurry, EdD, DS McCurry Fine Arts Studio
Tatjana Mai-Wyss - Illustrator watercolor and gouache
Patti Brady – Acrylics ("Loop de Loop" at right)
Kent Ambler – Woodcut and linocut prints
Denise Detrich - sculpture/pottery
Amy Holmes George - photographer
Terry Jarrard-Dimond - quiltmaker
Connie Lippert – Wedge-weave tapestries with hand-dyed yarn
Clay Bolt – Wildlife photography
Bruce Schlein – Digital nature photography
Lynn Greer – Watercolors
Warner Hyde – Living orchids in ceramic sculptures


text:
The Braise Culinary School at Braise Restaurant, 1101 S. 2nd St., launches its Braise Basics classes with instruction on proper knife handling.
The knife class, scheduled for Nov.1, begins with a 6 p.m. reception featuring a cocktail and appetizer, followed by the class at 6:30.
Participants are asked to bring their own knife; or, Fein Bros. will be on hand with a range of knives for purchase. Students will learn which knives are really needed, how to properly sharpen and hold the knife, and techniques to be more efficient and safe. Chef Dave Swanson also will demonstrate how to make kohlrabi curry.
The class fee is $40. To register, call (414) 212-8842, email email@example.com or click here.
Fein Brothers restaurant supply store at 2007 N. Martin Luther King Drive is free knife sharpening on Monday, July 2--just in time for all that slicing and dicing of 4th of July foods.
The store is open from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m. More info: (414) 562-0220, www.feinbrothers.com.
Kohl's has teamed up with the Food Network for a special collection of Kohl's Cares merchandise: common kitchen items, in cheery pink, and costing $5 or $10 each -- just right for a child's budget.
The collection includes servingware, a variety of kitchen towels and scrubbers, reusable market bags, aprons, measuring cups and spoons and more, all in various shades of pink and white.
These measuring spoons and cups are $5 each.
The cutest of the bunch? Quite possibly the tea-for-one teapot, available in a pink polka dot or pink stripe pattern for $10.
The collection is available at the 40 Wisconsin Kohl's stores and online at the website. Net profits from all sales go to support the fight against breast cancer.
For your convenience, the same email address and password can now be used to:


text:
This video, from the US Department of Energy, shows the basics of how a PV panel converts light radiated from the sun into usable power, whether on the electric grid or off, and without emissions or the use of fossil fuels.
In this activity, students explore energy production and consumption by contrasting regional energy production in five different US regions.
This video introduces phytoplankton - the base of the marine food web, the source of half of the oxygen on Earth, and an important remover of CO2 from the atmosphere. The video also explains how satellites are used to monitor phytoplankton and how warming waters and acidification negatively affect phytoplankton.
Students consider why the observed atmospheric CO2 increase rate is only ~60% of the CO2 loading rate due to fossil fuel combustion. They develop a box-model to simulate the atmospheric CO2 increase during the industrial era and compare it to the historic observations of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The model is then used to forecast future concentrations of atmospheric CO2 during the next century.
This video examines the thawing of permafrost due to changes in climate and shows examples of the impacts that warming temperatures have on permafrost in the Arctic, including the release of the greenhouse gas methane. Dramatic results are shown, including sink holes forming on the landscape and beneath buildings, roads, and other infrastructure, causing some communities to relocate.
In this lab activity, students use brine shrimp as a proxy for krill to study how environmental factors impact behavioral responses of krill in the unique environment of Antarctica.
This Motions of the Sun Lab is an interactive applet from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Astronomy Applet project.
This simulation allows the user to project CO2 sources and sinks by adjusting the points on a graph and then running the simulation to see projections for the impact on atmospheric CO2 and global temperatures.
In this activity, students explore how, in New England, the timing of color change and leaf drop of deciduous trees is changing.
This animation demonstrates the changing declination of the sun with a time-lapse animation. It shows how the shadow of a building changes over the course of a year as the declination of the sun changes.


text:
Featured Peekapoo Puppies
Building Families, One Puppy At A Time
For most Peekapoo dog owners in Georgia, the toughest challenge has been to find a good Peekapoo breeder. This is why at Georgia Peekapoo Puppies, we have done the running around for you. We screen our Peekapoo breeders and only work with those who follow our policies. Our trained Peekapoo puppy counselors help you in finding the right breed and puppy. Our Peekapoo puppies are thoroughly examined for health concerns before they join your family. We do all this because we believe you don't just bring home a puppy—you bring home a relationship!
We place Peekapoo puppies in caring lifelong homes in Georgia and across the US. All of the puppies available on this website are from our exclusive national network of the finest Peekapoo breeders and may not necessarily be located in Georgia. Shipping is available. View all puppies >>
(866) 592-5322
Our Health Guarantee
We take pride in the fact that our relationship with you does not end when you take home a Peekapoo puppy from us. As die-hard puppy lovers ourselves, we'd like to believe nothing can ever go wrong with our Peekapoo puppies. However, certain things are beyond our control. A Peekapoo puppy's health is dependent on a lot of factors like genetics, exercise, food, and nourishment.
What families are saying about their new puppies!View all testimonials >>
"Just wanted to drop you a quick note to say Josie arrived, safe and sound. She's just absolutely adorable! And smart too. I already have her walking on a leash and obeying sit command on each corner. I'm simply amazed. Anyway, thank you so much f...Read More"
"We got our new puppy last Friday evening. Our daughter named her "Sweet Pea". What a beautiful little dog. She has added joy to our family. Amy's parents, family, and friends have all met her. They all fell in love with her. I would like to th...Read More"
"Thanks a lot for all your help. The experience was very enjoyable. You guys do a great job and appreciate all the quick follow up. I'll recommend your service. Have a good weekend!"
"I wanted you to know how impressed I am with Purebred Breeders and the people who work with you. Everyone was so delightful and made me feel very calm about Alex and his flight. Thanks again for all your help."


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A philosophy of life
Over nearly 60 years we have evolved in tune with the times, offering the practical solutions and aesthetic that people around the world demand. We have achieved this thanks to a flexible but consistent philosophy. Flexible with regard to the needs of users in that we are constantly seeking to improve our work, and consistent to our values and respecting the tradition of the craftsmanship in equilibrium with the …
About Andreu World
A philosophy of life
Andreu World collections
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english, español
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Material Tendencies: Jasper Morrison
Anita Hackethal
Fresh back from Milan Design Week, with pockets full of news and valuable insights, we start off with this exclusive interview with Jasper Morrison. Continuing our series of articles on Material Tendencies, we spoke to the British designer who has


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Most Cited Journal of Visual Languages and Computing Articles
The most cited articles published since 2011, extracted from Scopus.
Visually specifying compliance rules and explaining their violations for business processesAhmed Awad | Matthias Weidlich | Mathias Weske
Volume 22, Issue 1, February 2011, Pages 30-55
A business process is a set of steps designed to be executed in a certain order to achieve a business value. Such processes are often driven by and documented using process models. Nowadays, process models are also applied to drive process execution. Thus, correctness of business process models is a must. Much of the work has been devoted to check general, domain-independent correctness criteria, such as soundness. However, business processes must also adhere to and show compliance with various regulations and constraints, the so-called compliance requirements. These are domain-dependent requirements. In many situations, verifying compliance on a model level is of great value, since violations can be resolved in an early stage prior to execution. However, this calls for using formal verification techniques, e.g., model checking, that are too complex for business experts to apply. In this paper, we utilize a visual language, BPMN-Q, to express compliance requirements visually in a way similar to that used by business experts to build process models. Still, using a pattern based approach, each BPMN-Q graph has a formal temporal logic expression in computational tree logic (CTL). Moreover, the user is able to express constraints, i.e., compliance rules, regarding control flow and data flow aspects. In order to provide valuable feedback to a user in case of violations, we depend on temporal logic querying approaches as well as BPMN-Q to visually highlight paths in a process model whose execution causes violations. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
A conceptual framework and taxonomy of techniques for analyzing movementG. Andrienko | N. Andrienko | P. Bak | D. Keim | S. Kisilevich | S. Wrobel
Volume 22, Issue 3, June 2011, Pages 213-232
Movement data link together space, time, and objects positioned in space and time. They hold valuable and multifaceted information about moving objects, properties of space and time as well as events and processes occurring in space and time. We present a conceptual framework that describes in a systematic and comprehensive way the possible types of information that can be extracted from movement data and on this basis defines the respective types of analytical tasks. Tasks are distinguished according to the type of information they target and according to the level of analysis, which may be elementary (i.e. addressing specific elements of a set) or synoptic (i.e. addressing a set or subsets). We also present a taxonomy of generic analytic techniques, in which the types of tasks are linked to the corresponding classes of techniques that can support fulfilling them. We include techniques from several research fields: visualization and visual analytics, geographic information science, database technology, and data mining. We expect the taxonomy to be valuable for analysts and researchers. Analysts will receive guidance in choosing suitable analytic techniques for their data and tasks. Researchers will learn what approaches exist in different fields and compare or relate them to the approaches they are going to undertake. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Challenging problems of geospatial visual analyticsGennady Andrienko | Natalia Andrienko | Daniel Keim | Alan M. MacEachren | Stefan Wrobel
Volume 22, Issue 4, August 2011, Pages 251-256
A decade of research and development on program animation: The Jeliot experienceMordechai Ben-Ari | Roman Bednarik | Ronit Ben-Bassat Levy | Gil Ebel | Andrés Moreno | Niko Myller | Erkki Sutinen
Volume 22, Issue 5, October 2011, Pages 375-384
Jeliot is a program animation system for teaching and learning elementary programming that has been developed over the past decade, building on the Eliot animation system developed several years before. Extensive pedagogical research has been done on various aspects of the use of Jeliot including improvements in learning, effects on attention, and acceptance by teachers. This paper surveys this research and development, and summarizes the experience and the lessons learned. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
VMQL: A visual language for ad-hoc model queryingHarald Störrle
Volume 22, Issue 1, February 2011, Pages 3-29
In large scale model based development, analysis level models are more like knowledge bases than engineering artifacts. Their effectiveness depends, to a large degree, on the ability of domain experts to retrieve information from them ad-hoc. For large scale models, however, existing query facilities are inadequate. The visual model query language (VMQL) is a novel approach that uses the respective modeling language of the source model as the query language, too. The semantics of VMQL is defined formally based on graphs, so that query execution can be defined as graph matching. VMQL has been applied to several visual modeling languages, implemented, and validated in small case studies, and several controlled experiments. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
A visual language for the creation of narrative educational gamesEugenio J. Marchiori | Ángel del Blanco | Javier Torrente | Iván Martinez-Ortiz | Baltasar Fernández-Manjón
Volume 22, Issue 6, December 2011, Pages 443-452
This paper presents a DSVL that simplifies educational video game development for educators, who do not have programming backgrounds. Other solutions that reduce the cost and complexity of educational video game development have been proposed, but simple to use approaches tailored to the specific needs of educators are still needed. We use a multidisciplinary approach based on visual language and narrative theory concepts to create an easy to understand and maintain description of games. This language specifically targets games of the adventure . point-and-click genre. The resulting DVSL uses an explicit flow representation to help educational game authors (i.e. educators) to design the story-flow of adventure games, while providing specific features for the integration of educational characteristics (e.g. student assessment and content adaptation). These highly visual descriptions can then be automatically transformed into playable educational video games. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
End users as co-designers of their own tools and productsCarmelo Ardito | Paolo Buono | Maria Francesca Costabile | Rosa Lanzilotti | Antonio Piccinno
Volume 23, Issue 2, April 2012, Pages 78-90
In our Age of exponential technological advance, recent developments are determining an evolution of end users from passive information consumers into information producers. Users are increasingly willing and, indeed, determined to shape the software they use to tailor it to their own needs. Based on a brief review of research activities we performed in the last decade, this paper analyzes some challenges that software designers face to comply with the new roles of end users in the software life cycle, and discusses how to provide end users with software environments that empower them to become co-designers of their own tools and products. The examples reported in the paper show why and how end users are involved in design activities in various application domains. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
A meta-design approach to the development of e-government servicesDaniela Fogli | Loredana Parasiliti Provenza
Volume 23, Issue 2, April 2012, Pages 47-62
This paper describes a meta-design approach to the development of online services for citizens of a government agency. The goal is to transfer the development of government-to-citizen services from professional software developers to administrative employees, without forcing employees to acquire any programming skills. The approach encompasses two main phases. The first phase analyzes the different perspectives of the stakeholders involved in service creation and usage - employees, citizens, software developers and human-computer interaction specialists - in order to derive a meta-model of e-government services. The latter applies the meta-model to design and develop an end-user development environment that properly supports employees in creating an instance of the service meta-model, which is then automatically interpreted to generate the service pages for citizens. A pilot application of the proposed approach is illustrated with reference to a specific class of e-government services offered by the Brescia Municipality, even though the approach is general enough to be applied to different kinds of e-government services and application domains. The results of the evaluation with a group of municipality employees provide initial feedback from the government field and show how to proceed along this research direction. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Smarter universities: A vision for the fast changing digital eraMauro Coccoli | Angela Guercio | Paolo Maresca | Lidia Stanganelli
Volume 25, Issue 6, January 2014, Pages 1003-1011
© 2014 Elsevier Ltd.In this paper we analyze the current situation of education in universities, with particular reference to the European scenario. Specifically, we observe that recent evolutions, such as pervasive networking and other enabling technologies, have been dramatically changing human life, knowledge acquisition, and the way works are performed and people learn. In this societal change, universities must maintain their leading role. Historically, they set trends primarily in education but now they are called to drive the change in other aspects too, such as management, safety, and environment protection. The availability of newer and newer technology reflects on how the relevant processes should be performed in the current fast changing digital era. This leads to the adoption of a variety of smart solutions in university environments to enhance the quality of life and to improve the performances of both teachers and students. Nevertheless, we argue that being smart is not enough for a modern university. In fact, universities should better become smarter. By "smarter university" we mean a place where knowledge is shared between employees, teachers, students, and all stakeholders in a seamless way. In this paper we propose, and discuss a smarter university model, derived from the one designed for the development of smart cities.
Automatically drawing Euler diagrams with circlesGem Stapleton | Jean Flower | Peter Rodgers | John Howse
Volume 23, Issue 3, June 2012, Pages 163-193
Euler diagrams are used for visualizing categorized data. These categories, together with information about when categories share some datum, can be turned into a succinct diagram description from which an Euler diagram can be generated. Closed curves represent the categories and the relationships between the curves (such as containment) correspond to relationships between the categories (such as subset). A range of automated Euler diagram drawing methods have been proposed but they often produce diagrams that are aesthetically unpleasing, can be computationally complex and most of them cannot draw a diagram for some (often many) given collections of categories. One such method is capable of drawing aesthetically pleasing Euler diagrams, using only circles, and is computationally efficient (being of polynomial time complexity) but it applies to a very restricted subset of collections of categorized data. This paper substantially extends that method so it can always draw an Euler diagram, that is it applies to all collections of categorized data. In particular, we identify a class of diagram descriptions that can be drawn with circles, generalizing previous work. For diagram descriptions outside of this class, we define transformations that can be used to turn them into descriptions inside the 'drawable with circles' class. We demonstrate how such transformations can be done in a general, a process during which many choices must be made. Further, we provide strategies for making particular choices which ensure desirable properties, such as curve containment, are preserved. We have provided a software implementation of the drawing method, which is freely available from . www.eulerdiagrams.com/inductivecircles.htm. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
A graph mining approach for detecting unknown malwaresMojtaba Eskandari | Sattar Hashemi
Volume 23, Issue 3, June 2012, Pages 154-162
Nowadays malware is one of the serious problems in the modern societies. Although the signature based malicious code detection is the standard technique in all commercial antivirus softwares, it can only achieve detection once the virus has already caused damage and it is registered. Therefore, it fails to detect new malwares (unknown malwares). Since most of malwares have similar behavior, a behavior based method can detect unknown malwares. The behavior of a program can be represented by a set of called API's (application programming interface). Therefore, a classifier can be employed to construct a learning model with a set of programs' API calls. Finally, an intelligent malware detection system is developed to detect unknown malwares automatically. On the other hand, we have an appealing representation model to visualize the executable files structure which is control flow graph (CFG). This model represents another semantic aspect of programs. This paper presents a robust semantic based method to detect unknown malwares based on combination of a visualize model (CFG) and called API's. The main contribution of this paper is extracting CFG from programs and combining it with extracted API calls to have more information about executable files. This new representation model is called API-CFG. In addition, to have fast learning and classification process, the control flow graphs are converted to a set of feature vectors by a nice trick. Our approach is capable of classifying unseen benign and malicious code with high accuracy. The results show a statistically significant improvement over . n-grams based detection method. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Constructing a bidirectional transformation between BPMN and BPEL with a functional logic programming languageSteffen Mazanek | Michael Hanus
Volume 22, Issue 1, February 2011, Pages 66-89
In this article we show how functional logic programming techniques can be used to construct a bidirectional transformation between structured process models of the business process modeling notation (BPMN) and executable models of the business process execution language (BPEL). We specify the abstract syntax of structured process models by a context-free hypergraph grammar. This grammar can be subsequently transformed into a graph parser using our previously developed G. rappa framework of functional logic GRAPh PArser combinators. The G. rappa framework has been implemented using the functional logic programming language Curry. Furthermore, we show how the constructed parsers can be enriched with semantic computations as required for the synthesis of BPEL from BPMN. Since our parser is a function implemented in a functional logic language, it can be applied in both directions. Thus, given a BPEL model, a corresponding BPMN graph can be constructed with the very same parser. Finally, logic-based parsers can be used for model completion and language generation in a straightforward way. In order to be self-contained, this article also surveys context-free hypergraph grammars, the concepts of the programming language Curry, the example languages BPMN and BPEL, and the ideas of the G. rappa framework. Actually, this article is a literate Curry program and, as such, directly executable. Thus, it contains the complete concise source code of our application. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
User-driven visual composition of service-based interactive spacesCarmelo Ardito | Maria Francesca Costabile | Giuseppe Desolda | Rosa Lanzilotti | Maristella Matera | Antonio Piccinno | Matteo Picozzi
Volume 25, Issue 4, August 2014, Pages 278-296
Objective: The overall objective of the research work presented in this paper is to investigate models, methods and architectures to replace fixed, pre-packaged applications with flexible composition environments that make interactive environments "emerge" at run-time, based on composition actions performed by non-technical users. The approach aims at the lightweight construction of integrated, situational workspaces pervasively accessible and sharable through a variety of devices. Methods: Based on a meta-design approach, we designed and implemented a platform that allows end users, not necessarily experts of technologies, to extract contents from heterogeneous sources and compose Personal Information Spaces (PISs) that satisfy their information needs. Specific emphasis is posed on the adoption of a composition paradigm that abstracts from technical details and can thus be used by non-technical users. Results: The platform for service composition that supports the activity of the different involved stakeholders is described in details. Thanks to the separation of concerns on which the composition paradigm is based, the overall approach and its enabling platform are also amenable to customization with respect to the requirements of specific domains. Conclusion: We present an approach where a composition platform enables the extraction of content from heterogeneous services and its integration into situational applications where content presentation is flexibly managed through different visual templates. We also discuss the advantages offered by this approach to the stakeholders of a specific community of users in the Cultural Heritage domain. Practice: The developed prototypes were evaluated in laboratories and field studies: the former aimed at investigating the ease of use and the users satisfaction of the functionality and the user interface of the environment for domain customization, the latter aimed instead at observing real users (e.g., guides of an archeological park) in action, to assess the validity of the proposed composition paradigm as an EUD practice. Implications: The user studies described in this paper provided hints for refining the prototypes, and laid the basis for future work related to the identification of design principles that can make service-based composition technologies in general more useful and usable for end users. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.
A pandemic influenza modeling and visualization toolRoss Maciejewski | Philip Livengood | Stephen Rudolph | Timothy F. Collins | David S. Ebert | Robert T. Brigantic | Courtney D. Corley | George A. Muller | Stephen W. Sanders
Volume 22, Issue 4, August 2011, Pages 268-278
The National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza outlines a plan for community response to a potential pandemic. In this outline, state and local communities are charged with enhancing their preparedness. In order to help public health officials better understand these charges, we have developed a visual analytics toolkit (PanViz) for analyzing the effect of decision measures implemented during a simulated pandemic influenza scenario. Spread vectors based on the point of origin and distance traveled over time are calculated and the factors of age distribution and population density are taken into effect. Healthcare officials are able to explore the effects of the pandemic on the population through a geographical spatiotemporal view, moving forward and backward through time and inserting decision points at various days to determine the impact. Linked statistical displays are also shown, providing county level summaries of data in terms of the number of sick, hospitalized and dead as a result of the outbreak. Currently, this tool has been deployed in Indiana State Department of Health planning and preparedness exercises, and as an educational tool for demonstrating the impact of social distancing strategies during the recent H1N1 (swine flu) outbreak. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Visual suggestions for improvements in business process diagramsRalf Laue | Ahmed Awad
Volume 22, Issue 5, October 2011, Pages 385-399
Business processes are commonly modeled using a graphical modeling language. The most widespread notation for this purpose is business process diagrams in the Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN). In this article, we use the visual query language BPMN-Q for expressing patterns that are related to possible problems in such business process diagrams. We discuss two classes of problems that can be found frequently in real-world models: sequence flow errors and model fragments that can make the model difficult to understand.By using a query processor, a business process modeler is able to identify possible errors in business process diagrams. Moreover, the erroneous parts of the business process diagram can be highlighted when an instance of an error pattern is found. This way, the modeler gets an easy-to-understand feedback in the visual modeling language he or she is familiar with. This is an advantage over current validation methods, which usually lack this kind of intuitive feedback. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Exploiting clustering approaches for image re-rankingDaniel Carlos Guimarães Pedronette | Ricardo da S Torres
Volume 22, Issue 6, December 2011, Pages 453-466
This paper presents the . Distance Optimization Algorithm (DOA), a re-ranking method aiming to improve the effectiveness of Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) systems. DOA considers an iterative clustering approach based on distances correlation and on the similarity of ranked lists. The algorithm explores the fact that if two images are similar, their distances to other images and therefore their ranked lists should be similar as well. We also describe how DOA can be used to combine different descriptors and then improve the quality of results of CBIR systems. Conducted experiments involving shape, color, and texture descriptors demonstrate the effectiveness of our method, when compared with state-of-the-art approaches. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Improving multiple aesthetics produces better graph drawingsWeidong Huang | Peter Eades | Seok Hee Hong | Chun Cheng Lin
Volume 24, Issue 4, August 2013, Pages 262-272
Many automatic graph drawing algorithms implement only one or two aesthetic criteria since most aesthetics conflict with each other. Empirical research has shown that although those algorithms are based on different aesthetics, drawings produced by them have comparable effectiveness.The comparable effectiveness raises a question about the necessity of choosing one algorithm against another for drawing graphs when human performance is a main concern. In this paper, we argue that effectiveness can be improved when algorithms are designed by making compromises between aesthetics, rather than trying to satisfy one or two of them to the fullest. We therefore introduce a new algorithm: BIGANGLE. This algorithm produces drawings with multiple aesthetics being improved at the same time, compared to a classical spring algorithm. A user study comparing these two algorithms indicates that BIGANGLE induces a significantly better task performance and a lower cognitive load, therefore resulting in better graph drawings in terms of human cognitive efficiency.Our study indicates that aesthetics should not be considered separately. Improving multiple aesthetics at the same time, even to small extents, will have a better chance to make resultant drawings more effective. Although this finding is based on a study of algorithms, it also applies in general graph visualization and evaluation. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Creation and use of service-based distributed interactive workspacesCarmelo Ardito | Paolo Bottoni | Maria Francesca Costabile | Giuseppe Desolda | Maristella Matera | Matteo Picozzi
Volume 25, Issue 6, January 2014, Pages 717-726
© 2014 Elsevier Ltd.Distributed InteractiveWorkspaces (DIWs) are interactive environments, accessible through different devices, where end users create new content by exploring and aggregating data retrieved from distributed resources in the Web, tailor this content to their own personal needs, use it on different devices, and possibly share and co-create it with others. The need for collaborating with other people by means of DIWs is an important requirement that emerged in field studies conducted in different domains. This paper shows the extension of a platform for mashup composition to support collaboration through DIWs. In particular, it considers the possibility of producing annotated versions of DIWs, to add specific informa-tion and make it available to others without corrupting the original resources. It also investigates techniques for synchronous collaboration that enable a distributed creation and execution of the interactive workspaces on different devices and by different users.
A conceptual framework for geographic knowledge engineeringRobert Laurini
Volume 25, Issue 1, February 2014, Pages 2-19
In many applications, the management of geographic knowledge is very important especially not only for urban and environmental planning, but also for any application in territorial intelligence. However there are several practical problems hindering the efficiency, some of them being technical and other being more conceptual. The goal of this paper is to present a tentative conceptual framework for managing practical geographic knowledge taking account of accuracy, rotundity of earth, the mobility of objects, multiple-representation, multi-scale, existence of sliver polygons, differences in classifying real features (ontologies), the many-to-many relationship of place names (gazetteers) and the necessity of interoperability. In other words, this framework must be robust against scaling, generalization and small measurement errors. Therefore, geographic objects must be distinguished into several classes of objects with different properties, namely geodetic objects, administrative objects, manmade objects and natural objects. Regarding spatial relations, in addition to conventional topological and projective relations, other relations including tessellations and ribbon topology relations are presented in order to help model geographic objects by integrating more practical semantics. Any conceptual framework is based on principles which are overall guidelines and rules; moreover, principles allow at making predictions and drawing implications and are finally the basic building blocks of theoretical models. But before identifying the principles, one needs some preliminary considerations named prolegomena. In our case, principles will be essentially rules for transforming geographic knowledge whereas prolegomena will be assertions regarding more the foundations of geographic science. Based on those considerations, 12 principles are given, preceded by 12 prolegomena. For instance, some principles deal with the transformation of spatial relationships based on visual acuity and granularity of interest, with the influence of neighboring information and cross-boundary interoperability. New categories of geographic knowledge types are presented, spatial facts, cluster of areas, flows of persons, goods, etc., topological constraints and co-location rules. To represent knowledge chunks, three styles are presented, based respectively on descriptive logics, XML and visual languages. To conclude this paper, after having defined contexts of interpretation, an example of visual language to manage geographic knowledge is proposed. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
Fostering participation and co-evolution in sentient multimedia systemsFederico Cabitza | Daniela Fogli | Antonio Piccinno
Volume 25, Issue 6, January 2014, Pages 684-694
© 2014 Elsevier Ltd.User diversity and co-evolution of users and systems are two important phenomena usually observed in the design and use of IT artifacts. In recent years, End-User Development (EUD) has been proposed to take into account these phenomena, by providing mechanisms that support people, who are not software professionals, to modify, adapt, and even create IT artifacts according to their specific evolving needs. This is particularly true in the case of sentient multimedia systems, in which the system is called on to interact with multiple sensors and multiple human actors. However, to motivate and sustain these people, a culture of participation is necessary, as well as proper metadesign activities that may promote and maintain it. To this aim, this article first proposes a model for describing interaction and co-evolution in sentient multimedia systems enhanced by EUD features. Then it presents four main roles involved in interaction and co-evolution, including that of maieuta designer, as the " social counter-part" of the metadesigner. Finally, it describes how the maieuta designer is in charge of carrying out all those activities that are necessary to cultivate a culture of participation, by means of proper ways that are briefly introduced in the article.
An alternative map of the United States based on an n-dimensional model of geographic spaceAndré Skupin | Aude Esperbé
Volume 22, Issue 4, August 2011, Pages 290-304
Geographic features have traditionally been visualized with fairly high amount of geometric detail, while relationships among these features in attribute space have been represented at a much coarser resolution. This limits our ability to understand complex high-dimensional relationships and structures existing in attribute space. In this paper, we present an alternative approach aimed at creating a high-resolution representation of geographic features with the help of a self-organizing map (SOM) consisting of a large number of neurons. In a proof-of-concept implementation, we spatialize 200,000+ U.S. Census block groups using a SOM consisting of 250,000 neurons. The geographic attributes considered in this study reflect a more holistic representation of geographic reality than in previous studies. The study includes 69 attributes regarding population statistics, land use/land cover, climate, geology, topography, and soils. This diversity of attributes is informed by our desire to build a comprehensive two-dimensional base map of n-dimensional geographic space. The paper discusses how standard GIS methods and neural network processing are combined towards the creation of an alternative map of the United States. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
User-centric adaptation of Web information for small screensHamed Ahmadi | Jun Kong
Volume 23, Issue 1, February 2012, Pages 13-28
A global increase in PDA and cell phone ownership and a rise in the use of wireless services lead mobile browsing to become an important means of Internet access. However, mobile devices have a small screen, which limits the usability of mobile browsing. This paper presents a novel method that automatically adapts a desktop presentation to a mobile presentation, proceeding in two steps: detecting boundaries among different information blocks (i.e., page segmentation) and then generating a user preferred adaptive layout. Distinct from other approaches, our approach analyzes both the DOM structure and the visual layout to detect closely related contents. In the process of page segmentation, our approach first divides a Web page into several common areas (such as top, bottom, and main content), and then further identifies different topics in the main content based on the visual and structural analysis. The page segmentation produces a block tree, which represents the information organization underlying a Web page. Based on the block tree, an adaptive layout, which places closely related information in proximity and minimizes scrolling, is automatically generated. All current approaches support only one fixed style (e.g., a narrow-page style) to render an adaptive layout for a diverse range of users, Websites, and devices. This "one size fits all" strategy could not offer universal usability. Our approach supports a user to flexibly specify the style of an adaptive layout according to his/her personal preferences. The theoretical foundation of such a user-centric adaptive layout is a feature space, which specifies an adaptive layout from different aspects, such as the location and presentation of navigation options. A user can visually manipulate those features to create a personalized style in a graphical user interface, and then an adaptive layout consistent with the personalized style is automatically generated. The user study based on a prototype shows the usability and efficiency of mobile browsing are significantly improved. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
A chorem-based approach for visually analyzing spatial dataDavide De Chiara | Vincenzo Del Fatto | Robert Laurini | Monica Sebillo | Giuliana Vitiello
Volume 22, Issue 3, June 2011, Pages 173-193
The need to support the activities of decision makers through highly interactive visual environments has motivated the growing interest in the area of GeoVisual Analytics. New interactive visualization tools are being envisaged to deal with large datasets in order to synthesize information and perform complex analytical tasks. Along this line, our research efforts have been focusing on new cartographic approaches which could support daily analysts' work by producing synthesis and presentation of discovered patterns in a concise and understandable way. As a result, we have proposed the adoption of chorems as an innovative method to visually summarize information from spatial databases and we have implemented an XML-based language, named ChorML, able to both specify chorems characterizing a map and store the information useful to their manipulation. The goal of the present paper is to enhance the role that chorems may play in geographic domains, by exploiting them also for querying and accessing data associated with a phenomenon under investigation. To develop this idea, we first extend the semantics associated with the chorem concept and define a set of operators useful for the rapid analysis of spatio-temporal phenomena. Then, starting from an initial prototype, we present a chorem-based visual environment that integrates traditional interactive visualization and analysis techniques. The environment is specifically conceived so that each visual interaction task has a context-sensitive behavior, which allows users to acquire specific information from the underlying spatial database. Finally, we present an enhanced version of ChorML language, able to support the new analysis functionalities on chorems. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Puzzle: A mobile application development environment using a jigsaw metaphorJose Danado | Fabio Paternò
Volume 25, Issue 4, January 2014, Pages 297-315
Objective: Create a visual mobile end user development framework, named Puzzle, which allows end users without IT background to create, modify and execute applications, and provides support for interaction with smart things, phone functions and web services. Methods: Design of an intuitive visual metaphor and associated interaction techniques for supporting end user development in mobile devices with iterative empirical validation. Results: Our results show that the jigsaw is an intuitive metaphor for development in a mobile environment and our interaction techniques required a limited cognitive effort to use and learn the framework. Integration of different modalities and usage of smart things was relevant for users. Conclusion: Puzzle has addressed the main objective. The framework further contributes to the research on mobile end user development in order to create an incentive for users to go beyond consuming content and applications to start creating their own applications. Practice: Usage of a mobile end user development environment has the potential to create a shift from the conventional few-to-many distribution model of software to a many-to-many distribution model. Users will be able to create applications that fit their requirements and share their achievements with peers. Implications: This study has indicated that the Puzzle visual environment has the potential to enable users to easily create applications and stimulate exploration of innovative scenarios through smartphones. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.
A new force-directed graph drawing method based on edge-edge repulsionChun Cheng Lin | Hsu Chun Yen
Volume 23, Issue 1, February 2012, Pages 29-42
The conventional force-directed methods for drawing undirected graphs are based on either vertex-vertex repulsion or vertex-edge repulsion. In this paper, we propose a new force-directed method based on edge-edge repulsion to draw graphs. In our framework, edges are modelled as charged springs, and a final drawing can be generated by adjusting positions of vertices according to spring forces and the repulsive forces, derived from potential fields, among edges. Different from the previous methods, our new framework has the advantage of overcoming the problem of zero angular resolution, guaranteeing the absence of any overlapping of edges incident to the common vertex. Given graph layouts probably generated by previous algorithms as the inputs to our algorithm, experimental results reveal that our approach produces promising drawings not only preserving the original properties of a high degree of symmetry and uniform edge length, but also preventing zero angular resolution and usually having larger average angular resolution. However, it should be noted that exhibiting a higher degree of symmetry and larger average angular resolution does not come without a price, as the new approach might result in the increase in undesirable overlapping of vertices as some of our experimental results indicate. To ease the problem of node overlapping, we also consider a hybrid approach which takes into account both edge-edge and vertex-vertex repulsive forces in drawing a graph. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.


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Longer Life: Browning Hi-Power or SIG P226
Tools and Technologies
Handguns: Autoloaders
> Longer Life: Browning Hi-Power or SIG P226
March 28, 2010, 11:13 AM
I would like to know your opinions on which of these two fine pistols in 9mm would have a longer service life (round counts).
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March 28, 2010, 11:33 AM
The P226 has an aluminum alloy frame. The Browning Hi Power has a steel frame and in its MK III guise is very strong. I vote BHP.
March 28, 2010, 02:32 PM
The Hi Power although a fine weapon has been known as not being the most sturdy design. One of the reasons the SAS said they switched to the 228/226
was the durability of the pistols. Probably with the small amount of shooting we do compared to what SEAL, SAS, and so on the Hi Power would be fine. I prefer the Sigs pull, point, and shoot ability. I don't want to be worried about safties when things go bad.
March 28, 2010, 03:44 PM
...you mean the SAS used the Browning Hi Power for over 40 years and then decided that durability of the design wasn't there???...I do agree that the SiG Sauer P226 is a robust pistol but so is the Browning Hi Power...different ways of getting to a destination...I vote the current Mk III because of the steel frame and it's improvements but I have never felt shorted by the P226 either...
March 28, 2010, 05:22 PM
I wonder if they were shooting machinegun rounds through their pistols? I was always told to not shoot +P or +P+ through my hipower. I think a better question would be how they stack up to each other shooting SMG ammo and compare in their average round count to part failure.
March 28, 2010, 06:25 PM
I agree with the HP, due to the steel frame factor. However, unless you are going to fire 50,000 or more rounds of +P and above ammo and not think much about cleaning or spring maintenance, both pistols will probably outlast your children.
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A message board or forum user who pretends he is black; usually a white kid.
Wow, that's a real Cornbread of a move you've made there... Why pretend?
od uživatele GS999 10. říjen 2006
A more yellow in colour version of crack-cocaine, noted for being more potent, and generally a better high.
Barty's crack is usually piss-poor, but last night he had some cornbread!
od uživatele Frooty McAss 28. březen 2005
one who has been rastalantized
Gumby looks like a bubble lipped cornbread.
od uživatele Gaffers 06. červen 2004
Gold. Money. Good luck. Sex.
Man, if I only had some cornbread I could get out of this dump.
With a little cornbread, my horse should win this time!
I'm gonna have me some cornbread tonight!
With a little cornbread, my horse should win this time!
I'm gonna have me some cornbread tonight!
od uživatele blubber glaze 24. duben 2004
the act of cupping one's hands around the anus when a fart is released, upon release the person transfers the cupcaked flatulence and puts it in someone's face.
You want some Cornbread?
od uživatele Paul 23. březen 2004
light skinneded(like undercooked cornbread)black guys that are plump
Hey Cornbread, you want some more cornbread?
od uživatele bungle bunny 03 26. říjen 2003
Ghetto pastry.
YO,you gots some cornbread?
od uživatele Anonymous 25. červenec 2003


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The member of The String Doll Gang that ensures that reminds you that everyone deserves our compassion and aid.
Colors – Blue Cape
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#47 - coolex
Reply +15(02/28/2010) [-]
When i was younger(10 years ago) i would be like "i choose you....pikachu card.........i win!!" my friend would be like "HOW!!"and i just say " ITS Pikachu......he never loses" i was sad the day pikachu lost :'(
Morale of the story; Cupcakes are good
Morale of the story; Cupcakes are good
#57 to #47 - killerhobo
Reply +3(02/28/2010) [-]
sir u just made my day


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|Home Decor
Welcome to The Perfect Knot Crochet & More!
Thank you for visiting my Craftsy site!
Happy Crafting & God Bless!
I do a lot of charity work for one particular organization & we use 6x6 inch squares for our projects.
I am always looking for cute patterns or ideas & in the process I decided to come up with a few on my own. ;)
This pattern is for a 6x6 Textured stripes square.
It can be made in any colors you like as well as any number of stripes you like. The possibilities are endless! It only takes just a little while to work up the pattern & it has a lovely textured feel to it. You can use any scrap amounts of yarn you like & change colors as often as you wish to design your own stripes.
This is a digital transaction & you will receive a PDF file in your pattern library as soon as your payment clears.
Enjoy your new pattern & thank you for stopping by The Perfect Knot Crochet & More!
Michelle K.
4 stitches per inch


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On Friday morning, RBC Capital Markets media analyst Drew McReynolds lowered his target price and earnings estimates on Astral Media Inc. (OTC:AAIAF) following "disappointing" third quarter results.
While he made the changes to reflect lower revenue growth assumptions in the company's core radio operations, he also noted that the stock is trading near its historical trough.
Relief in the form of a bottoming advertising cycle may be a few quarters away, but Mr. McReynolds expects improvements in both radio and the company's pay television properties next year.
In a note to clients, he wrote:
For longer-term investors with a positive macro outlook, we believe these levels represent an attractive entry point.
Mr. McReynolds bumped down his 2008 and 2009 earnings estimates by 5% and 4%, respectively, and lowered his target to C$39 from C$41.


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Jim Heid updates The Macintosh iLife book
Author Jim Heid has has released a new edition of "The Macintosh iLife '04. "The ground-breaking, best-selling book/DVD dedicated to helping you take control of your iLife is back
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Kate Moss Gossip
Kate Moss gossip, latest news, photos, and video.
In Kate's living room
FameFlynet, Pascal Le Segretain/ David M. Benett/ Getty
The December issue of British VOGUE is all Kate Moss. There are two covers and she was a contributing editor. At one point she's able to convince her friends, the Count and Countess von Bismarck, to let them shoot inside their home because that's where all the good parties are, naturally. Full Story
Fashion Week Best Friends
Wenn, FameFlynet
London Fashion Week is happening right now. The centerpiece of LFW: Burberry, always Burberry. One of the most iconic London faces: Kate Moss, always Kate Moss. And the hottest model to come out of London the last few years: Cara Delevingne. Will Cara stay like Kate? I think so. Full Story
Prince William and the celebrities
Pool/ Getty
Prince William hosted an event last night for the Royal Marsden and all kinds of celebrities were there, including Cate Blanchett, Kate Moss, Ralph Lauren and family, and Benedict Cumberbatch. At one point Kate Moss asked him about Kate Middleton. He told her she wasn't coming and Moss's reply was, "Such a shame". Full Story
Moss for Bowie
Wenn, Ian Gavan/ Getty
Brit Awards last night. David Bowie was named Best Male. But, as Noel Gallagher explained, "You maniacs didn't think David Bowie was actually going to be here? David Bowie's too cool for that - he doesn't do this sh-t." True. Instead, Kate Moss, wearing Ziggy Stardust's Woodland Creatures, accepted the award on his behalf. Full Story
The Kates and Alexander McQueen
Alexander McQueen has released new ad shot by Steven Klein and featuring Kate Moss. Watch it. And if that was the only exposure you'd ever had to the label, would you ever guess that that was where Katy Cambridge's wedding dress came from? A reader called Tania just emailed suggesting that there's a lot of Tilda Swinton happening here in Kate's styling. Full Story
Catching up with the Depp exes
MK/ AKM-GSI/ Splash, Valerie Macon/ Getty
While Johnny Depp may or may not be marrying Amber Heard, who had to make it SO OBVIOUS that she didn't want you to see her ring – click here for a refresher -- let's catch up with his exes. It's Kate Moss's 40th birthday today. Full Story
Kate Moss for Playboy
The Kate Moss cover to commemorate the 60th anniversary of Playboy has been released. Is anyone surprised it's not Pamela Anderson? Not that I don't think Kate Moss is a better choice. Kate Moss is a model yes. She's also, almost improbably, become a business woman. Full Story
McCartney & Meryl
How could they say no? It's Paul McCartney shooting a video at Abbey Road Studios. No one could say no. So here's the video for Queenie Eye featuring Johnny Depp and Kate Moss (not shot together) and all kinds of other famous people I'm not listing for you because part of the fun is picking them out one by one but I will say I don't think that's Sienna Miller although a lot of people think it is… Johnny Depp hasn't been this NOT annoying in a long time except – why is it skeeving me when he mouths the words? Question: who's cooler Johnny Depp or Jeremy Irons? Answer: MERYL STREEP. Full Story
Dear Gossips,
Let's start the day with some Gossip Nostalgia: when Johnny loved Kate. Paul McCartney has confirmed Read Full Intro
Kate Moss art
Kate Moss The Collection is on sale today at Christie's. A selection of artwork featuring Moss including photos and sculptures will be auctioned off. The value of it all is estimated at $1.5 million. Would you buy Kate Moss art? Some of her photos are indeed spectacular, iconic, even. Full Story
INTERVIEW: The Models
I grew up in the 80s. It was the era of the Supermodel. The REAL Supermodel. Heidi Klum is NOT a Real Supermodel, sorry. Back then, every issue of VOGUE and ELLE was a proper event. Back then, it wasn't Victoria's Secret, it was runway. It was Linda and Christy and Naomi and Cindy and Stephanie and Karen and Tatiana and Helena and Claudia and Gianni Versace had them all on ONE RUNWAY. Full Story


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Doctor insights on:
Vitamins To Increase Blood Oxygen Level
A blood test showed that i'm B12 deficient. Serum B12 level of 186 pg/ml, should I take vitamin B12 supplements?
B12: this low will likely cause dementia, spinal cord degeneration and peripheral neuropathy. Keep your level above 550 for the rest of your life. Recovery takes about a year in a young person. I suggest you take liquid sublingual weekly for 3 months then bi weekly thereafter. Its important to check a level after you cut back to twice a month. Use 1 1/2 dropper and hold it under the tongue for 30 sec. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Oxygen (Definition)
Oxygen is a gas that the cells in your body need to work properly. The air we breathe normally has 21% oxygen. A maximum of 100% oxygen can be given. Babies with heart or lung problems may need ...Read more
What do you think, could methylcobol increase vitamin B12 levels in the blood?
Not available in US: In us we use vitb12 injectable, nasal spray or orally to correct vit B12 deficiency. ...Read more
My vitamin D level is 13 out of 30 after blood test. I was prescribed D2, which made me sick and doctor said not to take anymore. How do I increase?
Get some sun!: Docs will often prescribe 2000 IU of Vitamin D daily to patients that are deficient or 50,000 IU once a month. They may prescribe more for severe deficiency. If you cannot tolerate the pills, a little sun will do the trick. Too much sun we worry about skin cancer, but if you are fair skinned 10 minutes in the mid-day sun will provide you with 10,000 IU. This would not be a great risk skin cancer. ...Read more
I take 2 (1000iu)vitamin d3 tablets daily. My recent blood work has vitamin d levels at 44. Normal range is 75-250. Insight? Nutrition to help raise?
Vitamin D: 1000 units of vitamin D taken once a day is what you need. I don't understand why a doctor would prescribe 2000 units. Normal range for vitamin D is not 75-250, and levels of 30+ with once daily vitamin D is what you should end up with. ...Read more
Is a blood level of vitamin B12 of 951pg/ml in a 10 months old child dangerous?
No: That's the serum level of cyanocobalamin. What's more important is looking at the intracellular levels. Having lower values is more dangerous than having higher values. Cyanocobalamin is the B vitamin that helps attach the oxygen molecule to the hemoglobin in red blood cells to deliver oxygen to tissues. So it's very important! ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Do i have to fast before i take a vitamin level blood test?
No! Fasting of?Value: Fasting for most issues not only of low value but often misleading. Ex.: people commonly told to fast before blood glucose test; yet Diabetes Mellitus=elevated blood glucose & glucose most commonly elevated after eating. Thus fasting glucose routinely misses Diabetes Mellitus. Fasting is promoted for only a few issues because how databases were done or because the values are calculated/estimated. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
What vitamins can be prescribed to help lower blood cholesterol levels?
Niacin.: Supplementing with 2000-3000mg of flush free Niacin daily can help to control your cholesterol levels quite nicely, even increasing your HDL and converting your LDL to a less harmful subtype. As a negative, Niacin can cause facial flushing and redness so get the flush free variety. And have your liver enzyme values monitored, as they can be affected by Niacin use. ...Read more
I am wondering what herbs or vitamins are good to increase the blood flow?
They say...: Gingko helps with this but.. I think many studies ahve been done and none show any measureable result. ...Read more
I couldn't donate blood as i was told my level is 11. What vitamins or medicines to use to bring the haemoglobin level up to a normal standard?
Options: A multivitamin w/iron, or prenatal vitamin w/iron can help. Can also increase your red meat until #s up. Best option is to increase your dark greens (like spinach). Should take 2-4 weeks to improve if no ongoing bleeding. Good luck! ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
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text:
Originally Posted by Leida
On a more serious note, Grok did not have access to almond. The sweet almonds had to be selected and cultivated before they became safe to eat c. 30002000 BC. Wild almonds are toxic and Grok who'd eat a few would have died, even if he could get over bitter taste. I can see soaking seeds as a normal practice to remove bitterness for other nuts.
Yaeh, it seems like a lot of food is only eatable because of cultivation and selection these days.
Oh nuts! Maybe I should just eat marzipan :P
Take a walk on the wild side.
Forum Rules
Ⓒ2016 Mark's Daily Apple


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Important delivery notice
The products on this site are only delivered to UK addresses. If you require delivery to another country please visit one of our other sites below.
You'll find a wide range of seeds here, including sweetcorn, turnips, swede, aubergines, salsify and scorzonera, each with comprehensive sowing and growing information to help you get the best from your vegetable crops.
Celeriac 'Monarch'
Apium graveolens var. rapaceumMore info
Aubergine 'Patio Mixed' F1 Hybrid
Solanum melongena, Egg PlantWell-branched, virtually spineless plants that produce an average of 15-20 fruits per plant. This colourful mix contains an attractive colour combination of shiny white, purple with white stripes, and deep purple fruits. The 'baby' aubergines will grow to tennis ball-size fruits if left to mature. This compact mix is perfect for growing in containers on a sunny patio. Height: 75cm (30"). Spread: 60cm (24"). More info
Aubergine 'Moneymaker' F1 Hybrid
Solanum melongena, Egg PlantTry this early cropping aubergine for reliable yields of long, slender, matt purple fruits, with an excellent flavour. Aubergine 'Moneymaker' produces good crop yields whether it is grown in the greenhouse or in patio containers outdoors. Height and spread: 60cm (24"). More info
Aubergine 'Listada de Gandia'
Solanum melongena, Egg PlantEarly to ripen, Aubergine 'Listada de Gandia' produces a large crop of stunning, white streaked, purple skinned, oval fruits up to 15cm (6") in length with an excellent flavour. The eye-catching fruits of this compact variety make it ideal for growing in a container on the patio. Height and spread: 60cm (24"). More info
Aubergine 'Bonica' F1 Hybrid - RHS endorsed vegetable seeds
Solanum melongena, Egg Plant
These vegetable seeds are endorsed by the RHS. More info
Aubergine 'Ophelia' F1 Hybrid
Solanum molengena, Egg PlantThroughout the summer this compact Aubergine produces an abundance of golf ball sized, baby aubergines. The bite sized fruits of Aubergine 'Ophelia' have no bitter aftertaste and hold their flavour, quality and colour well after picking. These dwarf plants are ideal for growing in containers on the patio. Height and spread: 60cm (24"). More info
Asparagus officinalis 'Martha Washington'A very strong growing and productive variety. Asparagus 'Martha Washington' produces long, thick spears in May and early June that are delicious eaten fresh from the garden and are also suitable for freezing. Although asparagus beds take several years to establish, each asparagus crown can produce up to 25 spears per year and will continue cropping for 25 years. Height: 150cm (59"). Spread: 45cm (18"). More info
Aubergine 'Black Enorma' F1 Hybrid
Solanum melongena, Egg Plant
Early to crop with prolific yields of huge jet-black fruit up to 680g (1½lb). Just three plants of this delicious F1 variety will keep a family of four well supplied with aubergines from mid summer to late autumn. Aubergine 'Black Enorma' is ideal for the vegetable plot, patio or greenhouse and the virtually spine-free stalks make for easy harvesting. Stake plants and pick fruit regularly.Height: 75cm (30"). Spread: 60cm (24").More info


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August 15th, 2011
The detailed paintings are hilarious, amazing job!
Oh my gosh. SUPERB.
AWESOME JOB! Very well done! HAAHAHHAHA At the end!
I'd hate to see what happens when they try to collect his mortgage payment
Awesome work dude. Really impressive and funny.
Fucking amazing.
Holy Crap-a-Doodle that was f-f-funny! You musta had a great time making this 🙂
I see Jack made an appearance! haha
that was AWESOME, i loved all the gags and the twist at the end. Great job!
love it !!!
Amazing – loved the band-aid and the "cameos" (yours and Jack's) !!
that was the greatest.
dude…I swear … I will NEVER ask you for MONEY … EVER.
wowza! thanks for all the kind words, toonheads 🙂
Can't wait to start working on the next one!!
i died when he went super saiyan hahaha
love it!
You are so talented and brilliant! <3
LOL – amazing
WOW!!! LOVE IT!!!! Love the Fox News bit, the ass-wiping bit, omg, love it ALL!
[…] leave the Toonhole guys your comments HERE. Recommend on Facebook share via Reddit Tweet about […]
Me encantan las expresiones, muy muy bueno.
Fucking Awesome!
That was the world greatest beatdown ever
That was incredible. Simple awesome.
Amazing cartoon. I never knew tight wad old men were so protective of their money. Hilarious.
WOW, impressive creativity! I love that the guy wasn't even slightly interrupted when the guy's head crashed through the wall! 2 ply tongue.
The man needed paper. And when you gotta go, you gotta go.
I lol'd.
One of the funniest videos I've seen in a long time! I absolutely love the combination of quality art and insanity!
these are fucking amazing! funny as shit! except shit isn't funny.
Badass. Simply badass.
when life gives you lemons, dont make lemonade. get mad!
He made him watch fox news.
That´s fucking cruel man
I stopped watching after 1:26. I will not be visiting this site any longer.
I'm late to the party, just started reading your comics from the beginning and will definitely keep up with them, but would be fantastic if you had a series going with this fellow. Absolutely hysterical! Definitely disturbed my neighbors laughing as hard as I did.
haha, righteous! We've got some new animation coming down the pipes early 2016! Stay tooned.


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Please click on the link below to download the latest version. Thanks!
The idea of a Palestinian state has been put forward as a possible path to peace in the Middle East. But a new survey finds that most Palestinians don't like the plan. According to the poll, 61 percent reject the idea of a Palestinian state alongside Israel. Only 34 percent accept it.
Sixty-six percent believe the Palestinians should start off with their own state beside Israel, but then move to just one Palestinian state.
And 92 percent believe Jerusalem should be their capital.
The survey of 1,010 Palestinians -- 656 in the West Bank and 353 in the Gaza Strip -- was conducted by U.S. pollster Stanley Greenberg, along with the Palestinian Center for Public Opinion.
Glenn Beck: 'Restoring Courage' to Stand with IsraelIsrael to U.N.: State Declaration Won't Bring Peace
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A caring friend will be there to pray with you in your time of need.
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The Terrorists Funded by the WestBassam Tawil
The New Israel Fund and those who support it are helping terroristsRonn Torossian
Column one: Fighting fire with fireCaroline B. Glick
Op-Ed: There is no 'radical Islam' and there is no 'moderate Islam'Dr. Mordechai Kedar
'Narrow' escapesRuthie Blum
Why Palestinians Do Not Want Cameras on the Temple MountKhaled Abu Toameh
Social Media Killed My FatherYoni Kempinski and Ari Soffer
Iran's New Palestinian Terror Group: Al SabireenKhaled Abu Toameh


text:
TRENTON, N.J. — Under the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection's Diesel Risk Reduction Program, diesel-powered school buses in the state will have to be retrofitted with closed crankcase ventilation systems (CCVS).
The department announced earlier this month that it will provide funds to reimburse the cost of CCVS purchase and installation.
School bus owners have until July 7, 2010, to complete the retrofits. Owners must submit cost estimates to the department in advance of installation. The CCVS must be obtained from and installed by a state-authorized installer.
Buses that have a 2007 or newer engine, chassis model years 1998 and older with a 12-year retirement, and chassis model years 1990 and older with a 20-year retirement are exempt from the requirement.
For more information go to www.stopthesoot.org.
Get the latest news and most popular articles from SBF delivered straight to your inbox. Stay on top of the school bus industry and don't miss a thing!


text:
Valentino Rossi had just come off a relative high from Mugello having finished fifth at the Italian GP and less than twelve seconds behind race winner Jorge Lorenzo. Toss in the [admittedly somewhat cryptic] "let's stick together" theme of his helmet and the seemingly positive talks with Audi, it appeared that the Italian legend just might be happy with where he was at Ducati Corse.
Fast-forward to the Thursday at Laguna Seca, where the pre-race press conference had just ended, the riders had all scattered about the room to answer additional questions. The small band of journalists crowded around Valentino were mostly speaking in Italian so I wasn't able to understand much of what was being talked about but the number 46 was indeed mostly smiles, which I attempted to capture in my press room photos.


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Consumer prices increase 0.3 percent in August
September 17, 2003
On a seasonally adjusted basis, the Consumer Price Index for all Urban Consumers (CPI-U) rose 0.3 percent in August, following a 0.2-percent increase in July.
In August, energy costs registered their largest advance since March, increasing 2.7 percent. Within energy, the index for petroleum-based energy rose 5.6 percent, while the index for energy services decreased 0.1 percent.
The index for food rose 0.3 percent with the index for food at home up 0.4 percent. Increases in the indexes for dairy products and for meats, poultry, fish, and eggs accounted for nearly 90 percent of the August rise in grocery store food prices.
The index for all items less food and energy, which increased 0.2 percent in July, rose 0.1 percent in August. Smaller increases in the indexes for shelter and medical care accounted for most of the deceleration in the all items less food and energy index.
For the 12-month period ended in August, the CPI-U increased 2.2 percent (as shown in the chart).
These data are from the BLS Consumer Price Index program. Find out more in "Consumer Price Index: August 2003" (PDF) (TXT), news release USDL 03-486.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, The Economics Daily, Consumer prices increase 0.3 percent in August on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2003/sept/wk3/art03.htm (visited October 01, 2016).
Recent editions of Spotlight on Statistics
A look at healthcare spending, employment, pay, benefits, and prices
As one of the largest U.S. industries, healthcare is steadily growing to meet the needs of an increasing population with an increasing life expectancy. This Spotlight looks at how much people spend on healthcare, current and projected employment in the industry, employer-provided healthcare benefits, healthcare prices, and pay for workers in healthcare occupations.
Employment and Wages in Healthcare Occupations
Healthcare occupations are a significant percentage of U.S. employment. Some of the largest and highest paying occupations are in healthcare. This Spotlight examines employment and wages for healthcare occupations.
Fifty years of looking at changes in peoples lives
Longitudinal surveys help us understand long-term changes, such as how events that happened when a person was in high school affect labor market success as an adult.