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Supplier: Fluid Components Intl. (FCI)
Description: that vary up to ± 100° F. The FLT93B is easily field-configured, providing unparalleled flexibility, accuracy and stability for all multiple process sensing and switching requirements. Applications Pump protection Safety spray nozzle monitoring Cooling water/heat exchangers Oil well
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- Pipe Diameter: 0.7500 inch
- Mounting Type: Insertion Type
- End Fittings: Threaded
- Process Media Type: Gas, Liquid
Supplier: Sitron
Description: Sitron's Thermal Dispersion Flow Transmitters provides liquid flow monitoring and control with no moving parts. All models offer the user the ability to easily set the "zero" and "span" of the flow range so that the 4…20mA analog output corresponds to their
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- Pipe Diameter: 0.2500 to 40 inch
- Mounting Type: Insertion Type
- End Fittings: Clamp, Flanged, Threaded
- Process Media Type: Liquid, Steam
Supplier: KOBOLD Instruments, Inc.
Description: Product Features Flow Ranges 2-6.3 GPH to 8-26 GPM Oil All Metal Bodies in Brass Adjustable Switch Available Pressure 3600 PSIG Maximum Looking for a low cost, truly viscosity compensated flowmeter that won't break the company budget? Look no further than the KOBOLD VKA line of meters! The VKA
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- End Fittings: Threaded
- Process Media Type: Liquid
- Operating Pressure: 3600 psi
- Switch Type: Electro-Mechanical Switch, Solid-State Switch
Supplier: Gems Sensors & Controls
Description: viscosities are blended; or for use in lubrication systems where oil flow monitoring is critical at start-ups. Switch compensates for viscosity changes automatically. Each unit is factory preset, using 300 SSU oil, for actuation at specified flow rates. Applications: Electronic Equipment: Laser Heads
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- Pipe Diameter: 0.2500 inch
- Mounting Type: In-line
- End Fittings: Threaded
- Media Temperature: -20 to 300 F
Supplier: RS Components, Ltd.
Description: The FS-927 series of Gems Sensors compact switches are ideal for use where space is tight. Specially designed for use with water and oil, these switches are suitable for high volume OEM applications. All switches are perfect for coolant or lubricant flow monitoring in portable equipment and many
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- Pipe Diameter: 0.2500 inch
- Liquid Volumetric Flow Rate: 0.1000 GPM
- Operating Pressure: 1001 psi
- Operating Temperature: -20.2 to 200 F
Description: OMEGA ® in-line flowmeters offer high accuracy flow rate indication for oil or water and the ability to either control the flowrate or alarm on high or low flowrates. These units feature an SPDT switch which can be triggered at any point along the flow range.
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- Pipe Diameter: 0.5000 to 0.7500 inch
- Mounting Type: In-line
- End Fittings: Threaded
- Process Media Type: Gas
Supplier: Burger & Brown Engineering, Inc.
Description: Tracer Electronic Switching Flowmeter measures liquid flow rate and temperature while providing a selectable analog signal and programmable switch for low or high flow and temperature. 8 to 28VDC power source operates the flowmeter. Sealed pushbuttons configure the flowmeter and switching
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- Pipe Diameter: 0.3750 to 3 inch
- Media Temperature Range: 32 to 180 F
- Liquid Volumetric Flow Rate: 0.5000 to 110 GPM
- Operating Pressure: 150 psi
Supplier: Badger Meter
Description: : - .876 specific gravity for oil - 1.0 specific gravity for water EZ to install in any position No special piping or flow straighteners needed Direct reading indication Accuracy within ±5% Relatively insensitive to shock and vibration Includes: - Basic flow meter - Flow-Alert flow switch
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- Type: Variable Area
- Pipe Diameter: 1.5 to 2 inch
- Gas Volumetric Flow Rate: 13.37 SCFM
- Operating Pressure: 325 psi
Supplier: Brooks Instrument
Description: include needle valve, flow controllers and alarms Available with 4-20 mA flow signal transmitter, and/or reed switch alarm signals or inductive alarms for high/low-flow conditions Benefits Engineered for repeatable accuracy in low-flow rate applications with high-pressure or hazardous fluids
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- Type: Rotameter, Variable Area
- Gas Volumetric Flow Rate: 1.83 SCFM
- Operating Temperature: -20 to 250 F
- Operating Pressure: 1500 to 4000 psi
Supplier: Assured Automation
Description: The LM Series lube meters are positive displacement meters. They are compact in design and provide exceptional reliability. They are perfect for metering oil. They measure Batch, Restet Total, Non-reset Total and Flow Rate in either Gallons, Liters, Pints, or Quarts. These meters are designed
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- Type: Positive Displacement
- Pipe Diameter: 0.5000 inch
- Liquid Volumetric Flow Rate: 0.2600 to 8 GPM
- Operating Pressure: 1500 psi
Supplier: General Pump
Description: including Sewer Jetting, Oil and Gas, Mining, Misting and many more. Always striving to serve our customers better, General Pump's 54,000 square foot headquarters in Minnesota houses a large distribution center along with a manufacturing facility that adds a new level of service and technology. Our
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- Pipe Diameter: 0.3750 inch
- Mounting Type: In-line
- End Fittings: Threaded
- Media Temperature: 175 F
Description: turbine technology. The meter's solid construction and excellent dynamic response are well suited to the measurement of oil, grease, fuel, solvents, polyurethanes, brake fluid, skydrol as well as other nonabrasive lubricating fluids. Since there is no need for straight run piping upstream
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- Pipe Diameter: 0.2500 to 1.25 inch
- Mounting Type: In-line
- End Fittings: Threaded
- Media Temperature: 185 to 399 F
Supplier: Spire Metering Technology
Description: , and measurement of oil (crude/diesel/fuel flow), chemicals (alcohol, acids, etc.), beverages, and many other liquids.
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- Mounting Type: Non-Invasive
- End Fittings: Clamp
- Process Media Type: Liquid
- Velocity Flow Rate: -32 to 32 ft/sec
Ultrasonic Flow Meters - InnovaSonic® 205i Clamp-On Ultrasonic Flow Meter for High Accuracy Liquid MeteringSupplier: Sierra Instruments, Inc.
Description: for easy replacement or decomissioning of older technology flow devices. Common applications include: Cooling and heating fluid measurements Water and wastewater measurements Leak detection in piping systems Monitoring and controlling of HVAC systems Fuel and oil consumption measurements
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- Pipe Diameter: 2 to 236 inch
- Mounting Type: Non-Invasive
- End Fittings: Clamp
- Process Media Type: Liquid
Gas Flow Meters - Metal Tube Variable Area Flow Meter, MT3809 Series -- 3809G / 3809G ELF / 3809G TFE Lined / 3810GSupplier: Brooks Instrument
Description: Measurement of additives Monitoring gases for furnaces High-pressure flow on offshore oil platforms Chemical injection
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- Type: Rotameter, Variable Area
- Gas Volumetric Flow Rate: 750 SCFM
- Operating Temperature: -58 to 400 F
- Operating Pressure: 6000 psi
Supplier: KROHNE Group
Description: / heating jacket Compact envelope Optimised flow divider for minimum pressure loss Modular electronics concept: electronics and sensor are easy to replace Self draining when mounted vertically Industries Fresh and waste water Chemical Oil and gas Food and beverage Pharmaceutical General
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- Type: Coriolis Meter
- Process Media Type: Gas, Liquid, Suspended Solids / Slurries
- Mass Flow Rate: 22 to 36743 lbs/min
- Operating Temperature: -40 to 140 F
Supplier: KROHNE Group
Description: with smooth surface finish No periodic re-calibration or maintenance Insensitive to corrosive or abrasive products Excellent long-term stability and reliability Industries Chemicals Petrochemicals Oil & Gas Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning (HVAC) Power Plants Water Applications
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- Pipe Diameter: 1 to 80 inch
- Mounting Type: In-line
- End Fittings: Flanged, Socket Weld / Union
- Process Media Type: Liquid
Supplier: Siargo Ltd.
Description: The FPX4008 proximity switch with mass flow sensing is manufactured using Siargo's proprietary MEMS sensor process that ensures reliability, performance and low cost. The sensors are specially designed for fast response to the air/oil lubricator applications. The surface of the sensor is passivated
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- Type: Other
- Process Media Type: Gas
- Pipe Diameter: 0.2500 inch
- Operating Temperature: 14 to 140 F
Supplier: KOBOLD Instruments, Inc.
Description: Product Features ±8% Full Scale Accuracy ±1% Full Scale Repeatability NPT Fittings Polysulfone Construction Compact Size Direct Reading Scale for Oil and Water KOBOLD's plastic VKP flowmeters and switches are used wherever inexpensive flow measurement of liquids (eg. domestic
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- Type: Differential Pressure Meter, Variable Area
- Media Temperature Range: 250 F
- Liquid Volumetric Flow Rate: 0.5000 to 26 GPM
- Operating Pressure: 230 psi
Supplier: Invotec Solutions Ltd.
Description: The Tracer Electronic Switching Flowmeter is designed for permanent installation to closely monitor water flow andtemperature conditions. Selectable analogue signal transmits 0 to 5 or 0 to 10 Volts; signal is scaleable for flow and temperature. The SPDT switch in the Tracer flow meter can be wired
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- Type: Differential Pressure Meter, Turbine Meter, Velocity Meter
- Liquid Volumetric Flow Rate: 2.11 to 20.06 GPM
- Operating Pressure: 150 psi
- Operating Temperature: -32 to 180 F
Supplier: Bijur Delimon International
Description: Application Individually calibrated and adjustable, Oil Flow Meters regulate and monitor oil flow. Features Regulate and monitor oil flow to bearings and gears. Individually calibrated and adjustable with out graphs and viscosity curves. Various flow rates available in single meters
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- Mounting Type: In-line
- End Fittings: Threaded
- Media Temperature: 200 F
- Liquid Volumetric Flow Rate Range: 0.0132 to 3.96 GPM
Supplier: Orange Research, Inc.
Description: selection of standard options; enough to satisfy any requirement. Switches and Relays A variety of reed switches and relays can accompany the meters or be supplied on their own, without a dial. SPST switches are offered normally open (N.O.) or normally closed (N.C.). SPDT reed switches are also
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- Media Temperature Range: 200 F
- Liquid Volumetric Flow Rate: 0.0 to 0.6667 GPM
- Operating Pressure: 3000 psi
- Operating Temperature: 32 to 200 F
Supplier: Orange Research, Inc.
Description: selection of standard options; enough to satisfy any requirement. Switches, Relays, Transmitters A variety of reed switches, relays and transmitters can accompany the gauges or be supplied on their own, without a dial. SPST switches are offered normally open (N.O.) or normally closed (N.C.). SPDT
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- Type: Variable Area
- Gas Volumetric Flow Rate: 1.5 to 10 SCFM
- Operating Temperature: 32 to 200 F
- Operating Pressure: 5000 psi
Supplier: Century Control Systems, Inc.
Description: Highly accurate. Non-invasive. Until now, you had to choose between these features. Now get both with the hybrid Fuji Electric Duosonics ultrasonic flow meter. The Fuji Electric Duosonics ultrasonic flow meter is the world's first ultrasonic flow meter that automatically switches between Pulse
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- Pipe Diameter: 2 to 40 inch
- Mounting Type: Non-Invasive
- Process Media Type: Liquid
- Suspended Solids / Slurries: Yes
Supplier: Endress+Hauser, Inc.
Description: Coriolis Mass Flow Measuring System Highly precise 4-tube technology for flow measurement of largest capacities in the oil and gas industry Your benefits The Promass measuring devices make it possible to simultaneously record several process variables (mass/density/temperature) for various
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- Type: Coriolis Meter
- Process Media Type: Gas, Liquid
- Pipe Diameter: 14 inch
- Mass Flow Rate: 0.0 to 4520 lbs/min
Lubricators and Lubrication Systems - Constant Level Lubricator With Safety Switch,Oil Level Sight -- B2444 SeriesSupplier: Oil-Rite Corp.
Description: Constant Level Lubricators with Low Level Safety Switch and Oil Level Sights automatically maintain a fixed liquid level in a bearing housing or gear box using the liquid seal principle. There is a large sight for viewing the liquid level and condition. The lubricators can be used on sleeve
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- Capacity: 0.5000 to 1 gallons
- Lubrication Media: Oil
- Operation: Gravity
- Delivery Method: Constant Level
Supplier: Radwell International, Inc.
Description: Searching for a great value on MRO industrial products? We list parts and equipment from thousands of brands and categories including WESTINGHOUSE OT1A, all at great prices. PLCCenter.com is your go-to source for Industrial Automation, MRO, Pneumatic, Motion, Electronic, Hydraulic, HVAC and
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- Pressure Reading: Gauge
Supplier: Radwell International, Inc.
Description: Are you looking for the best website to buy HONEYWELL MICROSWITCH LSZ7A5A? Then you have found exactly the industrial MRO outlet you need right here! PLCCenter.com is the leading industrial MRO supplier online today. We provide a wide array of in-stock products for companies and individuals
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- Device Type: Linear Limit Switch
Supplier: elobau sensor technology, Inc.
Description: The elobau float switch 298... monitors the fill levels in water, hydraulic oil and fuel tanks. Thanks to its sturdy construction, up to lengths of 1200 mm, one-sided mounting without end support is sufficient.
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- Media Type: Liquid
- Switch Type: Electromechanical Switch
- Configuration (Normal State): Normally Open (NO)
- Pole and Throw Specifications: Single Pole, Single Throw (SPST)
Supplier: Littelfuse, Inc.
Description: For applications to 36V DC. Off - On, Normally Off. On with button depressed, spring return to Off. Silver contacts. Chrome plated button and facenut. 35A at 12V, 20A at 24V DC. Same as 90030, except with brown oil-resistant cap 83280-05.Show More
Industrial Lubricants - Super Lube(R) Railroad Switch Plate High Viscosity Synthetic Oil - 1 gal bottle -- 082353-58010Supplier: R. S. Hughes Company, Inc.
Description: Super Lube(R) Railroad Switch Plate High Viscosity Synthetic Oil - 1 gal bottle.
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- Chemistry / Constituents: Synthetic / Semi-synthetic
Supplier: Littelfuse, Inc.
Description: Normally On, Off at: 2 - 6 psi (13.8 – 41.4 kPa). .250" blade terminal. 1/8" -27 mounting stem. Self-grounding SPST Contacts open at rising pressure, close at falling pressure. Heavy duty construction. Weather-resistant. Plated steel case. Molded moisture-repellent insulators. Conservative
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- Switch Point Range: 2 to 6 psi
- Pressure Reading: Gauge
- Material to Measure: Liquid
- Normally Open/Closed: Normally Closed
Keylock Switches - Selector Switches Heavy-Duty/Oil Tight -- OMPBD7-SS 22mm Series Selector Switches
Description: Omega's rugged OMPBD7 selector switches offer maximum flexibility and a wide choice for all applications. This 22 mm selector switch is aesthetically appealing and modularly designed to make assembly. The OMPBD7 Selector Switch operators are available in two different body styles to meet every
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- Mechanical Life: 1.00E7 cycles
- Maximum Current Rating: 10 amps
- Base Material: Plastic, Metallic
- Key Material: Plastic, Metallic
Find Suppliers by Category Top
Featured Products Top
Oil-Rite Corp.
Circulating Oil Systems
can be equipped with tanks as small as 5 gallons or larger than 100 gallons. Common features include the motor, pump, piping, filtration system, pressure switch, relief valve, flow switch, check valve, thermometer, low level switch, and various gages. Systems can also be equipped with heater, heat exchanger, mixer, back up motor, scavenge pump, and a variety of other components. Oil-Rite works closely with the customer to provide a system that meets the customer 's... (read more)
Browse Lubricators and Lubrication Systems Datasheets for Oil-Rite Corp.
Oil-Rite Corp.
Constant Level Oilers
liquid transfer. A model with an adjustable oil level features a factory set liquid level (marked on the outside of the lubricator) that can be raised or lowered 1/4" up or down for a total adjustment range of 1/2". A tool and instructions are provided to adjust the liquid level. A Constant Level Oiler with a low level safety switch can be used to actuate warning devices or shut off a machine when lubricant levels become too low. Oil-Rite's Constant Level Lubricators provide vital protection... (read more)
Browse Lubricators and Lubrication Systems Datasheets for Oil-Rite Corp.
Barksdale Control Products
Barksdale for Oil & Gas Applications
Oil & Gas. You can relax, knowing your BOP control equipment is built with genuine Barksdale Control Products. Accept no substitute! Barksdale's Shear-Seal ® valve technology was developed to meet a need in the marketplace for robust valves with zero-leakage. Our Shear-Seal ® valves provide a high level of safety, quality and reliability for BOP control equipment world-wide. We also have a complete line of pressure, level and temperature instrumentation to meet your special... (read more)
Browse Hydraulic Valves Datasheets for Barksdale Control Products
Hilliard Corporation (The)
Hilco Quench Oil Reconditioning System
Heat Treating Operators are faced with mounting costs and tighter regulatory compliance issues when disposing of used quench oils. The HILCO Quench Oil Reconditioning Systems make it possible to safely and economically recondition and reuse quench oil. This dramatically reduces disposal costs and new oil purchases and forms an efficient fluids management system. The system removes moisture, dissolved gasses and particulate contamination from oil based quenching fluids. Water is removed, thus... (read more)
Browse Filtration Equipment Datasheets for Hilliard Corporation (The)
Emerson Process Management, Rosemount
Emerson Air Particle and Oil Mist Detector
industrial detectors. It's microcontroller provides fast, accurate and continuous monitoring in hazardous area environments. The compact controller with power disconnect switch simplifies maintenance, a scrolling LED simplifies calibration and configuration, meter jacks for easy current loop monitoring and optical self-test. The industrial micro-controller based circuits are conformally coated for mold and humidity protection. The Net Safety Millennium Air Particle and Oil Mist Detector is market proven... (read more)
Browse Smoke Detectors Datasheets for Emerson Process Management, Rosemount
Arjay Engineering Ltd.
FluoroCheck II - Benchtop ppm Oil in Water Monitor
The FluoroCheck offers a fast and east approach to the measurement of hydrocarbon oils in water. Filtered light energy targets the aromatic component of water sample and measures the hydrocarbon fluorescence. Through an Arjay or site specific calibration, this aromatic tag is correlated to a total oil reading of your sample. Arjay offers two test modes in one instrument; letting you determine the most suitable approach for your testing needs. You can choose from the factory preset calibrations... (read more)
Browse Oil in Water Monitors Datasheets for Arjay Engineering Ltd.
Oil-Rite Corp.
Liquid Level Switches
Oil-Rite Corporation has designed and manufactured lubrication equipment in it's U.S. plant since 1933. . Single Stage Liquid Level Switches are designed to shut down machinery or turn on warning devices when the liquid supply fails or recedes to a predetermined level. They can be wired to flash a warning light, sound a howler, shut down a machine, or signal a computer. This is especially helpful in unattended automated plants. The units can be used... (read more)
Browse Level Switches Datasheets for Oil-Rite Corp.
Vibrating Liquid Level Switch
available in a mini-version; The MVTK-DC (Mini V-Tork) is the most compact version of the V-Tork vibrating point level switches that is also designed to detect the level of several types of liquids and some fine solids. This model is fully encapsulated and can operate in "wet" environments. Standard probes are available with 3/4" up to 1" BSP or NPT process connection and insertion length L= 3 1/8" (L= 80mm). Technology Sitron's V-Tork is based on the vibrating tuning fork principle, using... (read more)
Browse Liquid Level Switches Datasheets for Sitron
Black Box
Switches and hubs for hazardous environments.
Hardened Ethernet Switches and USB Hubs. Ensure safe, reliable networking in hazardous Class 1, Div. 2 environments with Black Box's ISA 12.12.01 Certified Hardened Managed Ethernet Switches and Industrial-Grade USB Hubs. They are tested to be non-incendive in the presence of combustible vapors. They are all certified to be safe for use in areas such as: • Aircraft hangars. • Chemical plants. • Fuel servicing areas. • Gas plants. • Military applications. • Mining... (read more)
Browse Network Switches Datasheets for Black Box
Barksdale Control Products
Need Pressure Switch Help?
Learn About Pressure Switches and Pressure Sensors. Selecting the right pressure switch or pressure sensor for a new or existing application can be a bewildering affair. Download our whitepaper to become better informed and to help you make the right choices. Things You Will Learn: Understanding different types of pressure switches and sensors. Why one pressure switch should be selected over another. How a pressure switch works. Electromechanical vs. Solid State. Selection Criteria. Click here... (read more)
Browse Pressure Switches Datasheets for Barksdale Control Products
Conduct Research Top
Case Study 2.7: Boiler tubes cleaned to switch from oil to gas
Coating/Contaminant: Boiler tubes cleaned to switch from oil to gas; Substrate: 8" .50" ID copper tubing
Spectrum 2335 Series Pressure Switch
The Spectrum 2335 Series Pressure Switch has been designed specifically for use in aircraft fuel, air, oil and other systems which require accurate sensing of pressure in ranges from 4 to 400 p.s.i.g. while retaining rugged durability for enhanced MTBF rates. The unit is constructed of welded
Level Switch Detects Oil and Nitrogen Interface to Support Effective PIG System Operation
A major oil producer in Alaska's North Slope region operates miles of transit pipeline as part of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) within the U.S. National Petroleum Reserve - Alaska. The TAPS pipeline transports petroleum extracted from the North Slope southward to the port of Valdez
Case Study: Float Switch Technology Replacement with Electronic Sensor for Cost Reduction
Our customer was using a stainless steel electro mechanical float switch to measure high levels of oil in a tank. The float switch had an M18 stainless steel thread and was electrically specified at 240v AC or 24v DC (The customer was using the 24v DC option) and the customer stipulated
Options for clean, dry, oil-free compressed air
It takes more than point-of-use filters to remove dirt, oil, and water from compressed air. In-line desiccant dryers provide dew points to 40 F, but require regular maintenance. Heatless regenerative dryers, such as these units from Parker's Wilkerson Operations, automatically switch airflow
Flow Switches for Oil/Gas Refinery Water Treatment
, etc., that can be used in refinery wastewater treatment. They all, however, have one thing in common: liquid flow switches are necessary to monitor and control the flow of water and chemical additives throughout the wastewater treatment system. Flow switches are used at multiple points in water
Application Note: One Series: Seal Oil Skid Cost Reduction
The company needed to lower costs, reduce. maintenance and provide more reliable. hydrogen-cooled generators for their customers. worldwide. In order to monitor pressure. remotely, provide switch control and be able. to instantly view pressure readings, three. discrete instruments were needed
True or pHalse - Is Your Measurement Accurate?
Endress+Hauser: suppliers of liquid and solid level measurement and limit detection (or limit switch) sensors for all types of industry - food & beverage, chemical, pharmaceutical, water & wastewater, environmental, oil & gas, pulp & paper, primaries or mining minerals and metals & bulk solids.
Switchyards and Substations
) are present. Gas and oil circuit breakers are used. The gas (e.g. sulfur hexaflouride) or oil is used to extinguish the arc caused when a breaker is opened, either by a control switch or due to a fault. Manually or motor operated disconnects are provided on either side of the breaker to allow
Limiting Factors of Mechanical Switches
From pharmaceutical to oil and petrochemical. industries and more, process control. applications rely in large part on the wellknown. physical variables of temperature and. pressure. To ensure that a chemical batch. doesn't exceed a certain setpoint, accuracy. and reliability are key. Important
More Information Top
The Northeast heating fuel market: Assessment and options
Because residual fuel oil is relatively cheap—often between 70 and 90 percent of the crude oil price—and readily accessible to the electricity genera- tion market, most of the switchable oil -steam units in the Northeast use residual fuel oil when they cannot …
Modern Engine Technology from A to Z
Pressure switch oil rLubrication ~Control and safety components .
Maintenance of distribution plant and mains on a.c. networks
Circuit and busbar isolator chambers with oil-immersed links: sample switch oil or heavy insulating oil (penetrol, etc.) for b.d. value, examine contacts and links Purify switch oil or heavy insulating oil in sealed chambers (i.e. current- transformer chambers, link …
Temperature Controlled Water/Oil Wettability of a Surface Fabricated by a Block Copolymer: Application as a Dual Water/Oil On–Off Switch
Zhang et al.[22] made pH-sensitive surfaces by grafting a block copolymer (BCP) of poly(2-vinylpyridine)-polydimethylsiloxane, which exhibited both switchable oil wettability by changing the media pH value, and switchable wettability of acidic water at various pH values.
Hand ti-ip Solenoid trip High back pressure trip Low lube oil pressure switch Oil purifier Couplings .
Discussion on ¿Air-blast circuit-breakers¿
With regard to maintenance, while it is desirable that switch oil should be tested and if need be filtered at least annually and mechanisms examined, the average equipment could be left without attention for much longer periods and still function satisfactorily.


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Ultralight Fly Fishing the USA
with Bill Byrd on-line
I have fly fished since 1968 making 2016 my 48th ultralight fly fishing season. Currently I have fished well over 5100 hours with light/ultralight fly tackle. I have more than 1200 hours fishing the Orvis 1 wt, plus thousands more hours on Ought, 2/0, and 3/0 Sage rods and most other available ultralight rods. I've been a freelance fly fishing writer since 1995, and was SE Regional Editor for Fly Fish America Magazine 2001 - 2002. My articles ran in Warmwater Fly Fishing, Saltwater Fly Fishing, Fly Fish America, and other publications. Then I created this website to make my information directly available to you. My writings have covered fly fishing warm waters, cold waters, salt waters, and rivers. My LIGHT / ULTRALIGHT articles have created a very comprehensive resource on the subject. Mostly I hope that you have enjoyed my website and learned from it as so many have over the years.
Everything and everyone has a life cycle. You may have wondered why my lack of new materials published here over the past 6 years. Some major events occurred in my life that pre-occupied me, so my writing stopped.
Now it is 2016 and I am saying thank you and I'm taking a real break. Because of emails I have received, I'm putting my articles back on the web for now. Thank you for your interest and comments over these 15 wonderful years. Even though these articles are dated, most carry a current message. Read them and enjoy them. I may be adding new articles as we move forward in the coming months.
It was my wife of 46 years who suggested that I pursue fly fishing fully, leading to this website, and my book. Before her death, my wife suggested that I quit working on this website and "just go fish". Mostly I'm following her sage advice. Now I will be spending my energies participating in my favorite sports: ul skeet shooting and bird hunting, scuba/cave diving, flying, travel, fly fishing, photography, amateur radio, and exploring new eateries. I'll pursue these things until I too am gone and am buried in my favorite lake with the guppies. Don't be surprised if a new article or two shows up in the future. ...Bill Byrd
Fly Fishing the USA with Bill Byrd is your fly fishing resource for fly fishing warm waters, cold waters, rivers, salt waters, Light/ultralight fly fishing, and destination articles. Copyright © Byrd Advertising/Productions 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016. All rights reserved. Website maintained by: William F. Byrd, Atlanta, Georgia, 30087.

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Seagate Business Storage Windows Server 4-Bay NAS Review - Intel Atom Powered
The system comes in a full retail package with some general information about the unit on the box. A sticker shows which model is inside of the package.
Inside, we found a well-packed unit with lots of foam padding to protect the NAS. The drives are preinstalled, and the drive sleds are toolless types with anti-vibration capabilities.
The accessory kit includes a key shaped flash drive with reinstallation / recovery software for the NAS operating system. We also found an Ethernet cable, power brick, quick install guide, two keys for locking the front door, and a power cable.
PRICING: You can find products similar to this one for sale below.
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Hijabi Monologues: Stories of the Women Under the Headscarves
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The Motherf**ker With the Hat: Acclaimed Comedy-Drama of Jealousy & Addiction
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Finding evidence of another lover in your partner's apartment is always a heated moment, and Jackie… More
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Excellent content, very entertaining and enjoyable. A view into a culture which is so strange and complicated for some. Very real monologues, educational and mind-opening.
Comedic with lots of pathos. I highly recommend it.
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Although the acting and writing are not quite professional, the work is specific and heartfelt. And the talkback afterwards was terrific.
Written by Sahar Ullah and others
Project founded by Sahar Ullah, Daniel Morrison and Zeenat Rahman
Directed by Lorraine Moller
Hijabi Monologues_ is about the power of storytelling, about creating a space for American Muslim women to share experiences; a space to breathe as they are; a space that does not claim to tell every story and speak for every voice. Through sharing stories, strangers touch and connect. Through stories, we are challenged. Through stories, we are humanized. Hijabi Monologues: Our stories. Our words.


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July 3, 2012
The HSUS Applauds the U.S. Department of Transportation for Barring Three Angels Farm from Transporting Animals
The HSUS thanks the U.S. Department of Transportation's Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration for ordering Lebanon, Tenn.-based Three Angels Farm to immediately cease all transportation services due to serious safety violations.
June 25, 2012
The Humane Society of the United States Applauds the New Jersey Senate for Passing Legislation to Ban Horse Slaughter
The Humane Society of the United States applauds the New Jersey Senate for passing A.2023/S.1976, legislation that prevents the slaughter of horses for human consumption. The bill was approved by an overwhelming, bi-partisan majority vote of 35 to 4.
June 19, 2012
House Appropriations Committee Votes to Strip Funds for Inspections of U.S. Horse Slaughter Plants
By a voice vote, the U.S. House Appropriations Committee today approved an amendment offered by Rep. Jim Moran, D-Va., to block spending by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to inspect U.S. horse slaughter plants in Fiscal Year 2013.
June 6, 2012
The Humane Society of the United States Offers Reward in Northwest Indiana Racehorse's Death
The HSUS is offering a reward of up to $2,500 for information leading to the identification, arrest and conviction of the person or persons responsible for killing a racehorse named Lady May Z in Northwest Indiana.
April 27, 2012
New Report on Human Health Risks from Consumption of American Horse Meat
The HSUS issued a report detailing the food safety risks associated with consuming meat that originates in American horses. Horses in the U.S. are primarily used for companionship or competition, therefore they are not treated in the same way as animals raised for human consumption. Horses are commonly given pharmaceuticals that have been banned for use in food-producing animals by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Commission's Food and Veterinary Office.
April 25, 2012
Celebrities, School Children, Citizen Advocates Gather at Capitol to Lobby for Permanent Ban on Horse Slaughter
As part of the "Horses on the Hill" event, celebrities, school children and citizen advocates joined Sen. Mary Landrieu, D-La., sponsor of the American Horse Slaughter Prevention Act (S. 1176 / H.R. 2966), at the Capitol to urge legislators to permanently protect our nation's horses from inhumane slaughter.
April 13, 2012
State Officials, Humane Groups Oppose Proposed Horse Slaughter Plant in New Mexico
The Humane Society of the United States, the ASPCA (American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals), Front Range Equine Rescue and Animal Protection of New Mexico condemn plans to open a horse slaughter plant in Roswell, N.M.
April 9, 2012
Humane Groups Petition USDA to Block Companion, Working and Show Horses from Being Slaughtered for Human Consumption
Front Range Equine Rescue and The HSUS filed a legal petition with the U.S. Department of Agriculture to prevent former companion, working, competition and wild horses from being used as human food.
March 27, 2012
Humane Groups Petition FDA to Block Companion, Working and Show Horses from Being Slaughtered for Human Consumption
Front Range Equine Rescue and The HSUS filed a legal petition with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to prevent former companion, working, competition and wild horses from being used as human food.
February 29, 2012
Home Is Where the Herd Is
Duchess Sanctuary ranch manager Jennifer Kunz on the dramatic history of the special Oregon sanctuary for horses,


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|61 Reviews
|Half Baths
|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|3 nights
When you book through the HomeAway checkout, your booking is backed by our Book with Confidence Guarantee™ offering comprehensive payment protection.Learn more
After a day of fun in the sun, relax in this beautiful Spanish style home in a quiet East Mesa neighborhood. This home away from home features an open floor plan with 3 bedrooms, 2 1/2 baths, living room/dining room, large eat-in kitchen, spacious family room, and laundry room.
All bedrooms are upstairs and are equipped with flat screen TVs with DirecTV service. The Master suite includes a king size bed, club chair, two dressers, full bath and walk-in closet. There is also a terrace with a bistro set off of the Master suite.
In the second bedroom, there is a queen size bed, dresser and walk-in closet.
The third bedroom includes two twin beds, dresser and closet. All bedrooms have ceiling fans.
There is a second, full bathroom in the hall upstairs. There are hairdryers in both upstairs baths as well as body wash, shampoo and conditioner.
The family room is 2 steps down right off the kitchen, and includes a La-Z-Boy queen size sofa bed, a recliner, a club chair, a 42' HD flat screen TV, a Playstation II with games, as well as a DVD player and movies. There is a desk to use with your own laptop computer, along with a WiFi printer to print boarding passes and such. High speed wireless Internet service is included. We recently added an Schwinn Aerodyne exercise bike. You will also find a 1/2 bathroom off the family room.
The kitchen is fully equipped with appliances (coffee pot, blender, microwave, fridge, dishwasher, stove), cookware and serve ware, rice cooker and slow cooker.
Iron and ironing board are located in the master bedroom closet. Laundry detergent and dryer sheets are provided in the laundry room.
The backyard is very private, with block fencing. There is a Weber propane gas grill available for your use. The pool has a new, self-close fence to keep the little ones safe. Pool towels are available in the laundry room. Pool is *NOT* heated.
We hope all your needs are met. We will continue to add items we may have missed and appreciate your suggestions.
Keywords: Two story, 1,830 square ft., Spanish style home, gated, child-safe pool, quiet neighborhood, close to shopping and freeways, 25 mins. from Sky Harbor Airport, near freeways, close to Spring Training, ASU, Scottsdale, Superstition Mountains
We have been living in the San Francisco Bay Area since 1986 when we relocated from New York for Alan's job. He is the general manager of a lighting wholesale company.
I am a 'stay-at-home daughter,' and have been my mother's caregiver since 2008.
We have two beautiful adult daughters, Melissa & Jennifer, who often travel with us. The youngest still lives at home and will be applying to grad schools. Alan and I will be married 34 years in August!
It has been 3 years since we bought the house. Our guests have been wonderful. They have enjoyed their stay in our home and taken very good care of it. The experience has been very rewarding. We continue to add items, some folks have done so too and we appreciate it. We have also made some improvements such as painting, refinishing the patio floor and the upstairs balcony.
On a more personal note, Alan and I will be married 37 years in August! Our oldest daughter, Melissa, got married July 2013. The youngest, Jennifer, is now in DPT school. She is on her first internship at a hospital in Las Vegas. We just visited her last weekend.
Stella & Alan Ginsberg purchased this house in 2012
We have friends in the area (Chandler, Gilbert, Peoria), and have been visiting frequently. It's both a short plane ride, and a driveable distance from our home in California.
We just purchased this home in March 2012, and went back to get it ready. We were surrounded by handymen, installers and painters for a week, and had to do a lot of shopping. It was tiring but also lots of fun.
We are thinking of eventually retiring here. In the meantime, we will use the home as a vacation home. When we're not enjoying it, we would like to make it available for others to enjoy as if they were at home.
We love the desert landscape, the beautiful weather, the views of Superstition Mountains and the fact that spring training is nearby. There are also lots of golf courses, shopping and nature. The neighborhood has a children's (tot) playground, walking trails, and a park with picnic area, basketball courts, and large playground. It is close to the 202 and 60 freeways.
On a recent visit to check things out at the house, I found a sweet little note written by a child. It was in the nightstand of the twin room. There were young children staying in April and in May, so I am not sure who left it, but I wanted to share it. It says:
Have fun here.
It is awesome.
Thank you, whoever wrote the note. We are glad you thought our home was awesome. Hope you had a lot of fun!
Please come back again! Stella & Alan
Our family rented this home for a long weekend getaway. It is located in a great residential area and the neighborhood was very quiet. This house had everything! And it was nice and clean. The pool was our main attraction so we spent many hours relaxing and barbequing outside. We have stayed at many HomeAway/VRBO rentals but this is one of our favorites. The owners were extremely easy to work with and we hope to do business with them again soon.
We stayed at the Parkwood Ranch home with 3 adults and 3 children. The home was clean and spacious. We were treated with a touch of home around every corner from the library of best selling novelists to the Weber grill that we used extensively. One of the biggest hits with the family was the swimming pool. It was clean and the perfect way to spend the hot summer days. I have never stayed in a vacation home with as many towels for the pool. Little things like that made the stay perfect.The neighborhood was quiet and peaceful with residents always ready with a smile and welcoming nod. A park was within walking distance and any amenity was within a couple minutes drive. The home's owner had a folder full of brochures about local attractions that made planning our time in Arizona fun and full of memories. This is a home I'd love to stay in again. My thanks to the owners for providing a wonderful place for my family to stay.
We had a wonderful stay in this awesome property. We had to arrange this from overseas and found the property owners very helpful and communicated straight away. The property is very well located close to main highway but very quiet which suited our purposes really well. It is a very spacious home with everything there that we required. We accommodated 7 people and had plenty of room.The pool was an added bonus which we all enjoyed. We really enjoyed our vacation at this property and would highly recommend We will have great memories of our trip
This was our second time in this home and once again were very happy with the cleanliness and conveniences provided by this property owner. The only drawback is that the pool is not heated and we were not able to go swimming again this year. Home is very conveniently located and in a very nice, quiet, clean neighborhood. Would highly recommend!!
That was our second stay there (in 2013 and 2016). Both times, the owner was more than trusty and very helpful, staying in touch on a regular basis to ensure that we don't miss a thing. The house is very well maintained and equiped. The garden and the pool provide a lot of space and intimacy. The location is quite central, close to the services, the highways and from Phoenix City. Our rating is 5 out of 5.
This was everything we were expecting and more. Pictures didn't fully prepare us for how nice this house was. My husband and I brought our Moms as an early Christmas gift. The bedrooms were nice, the terrace off the Master was great and gave us some good views of the mountains. Plenty of seating for all of us, between kitchen and dining room tables you can seat 10 for dinner. Double oven was a great bonus. Definitely recommend this rental and will try to book again on my next trip to Mesa.
|Rate Period
|Weekend Night
|Monthly *
Sep 6 2016 - Oct 31 2016
3 night minimum stay
Nov 1 2016 - Dec 31 2016
3 night minimum stay
Jan 1 2017 - Mar 31 2017
3 night minimum stay
Apr 1 2017 - May 31 2017
3 night minimum stay
Jun 1 2017 - Sep 4 2017
3 night minimum stay
My Standard Rate
3 night minimum stay
|Refundable damage deposit
|Non-refundable cleaning
|$170 + Tax
|Tax Rate
Tax rate is 8% on rentals over 30 days, 14.02% on rentals less than 30 days.
Until confirmed, rates subject to change
* Approximate monthly rate. Actual rate will depend on the days of the month you stay.


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Showing 1 - 1 of 1 Results
2009 Audi S8 Ratings, Reviews and Analysis
Pricing Trends
The average listing price for a 2009 Audi S8:
- LemonFree $45,187
- In Illinois $49,597
Pricing difference by year:
- 2008 $36,010 - $9,177 vs national average
Average price by trim:
- quattro $43,500
Safety Ratings and Recalls
Recall Notices
2009 Audi S8 (6/9/2016)
Campaign Number: 16V415000
Component Name: VISIBILITY:SUN ROOF ASSEMBLY
Manufacturer: Volkswagen Group of America, Inc.
Description: Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (Volkswagen) is recalling certain model year 2007-2009 Audi A8 and S8 vehicles. The sunroof glass on the affected vehicles may not be properly secured to the sunroof frame. As a result, the sunroof glass may detach from the car while driving.
Defect: If the glass detaches from the sunroof frame it could be come a road hazard, increasing the risk of a crash.
Corrective Action: Volkswagen will notify owners, and dealers will install additional adhesive between the sunroof glass and frame, free of charge. The recall is expected to begin in August 4, 2016. Owners may contact Audi customer service at 1-800-253-2834. Volkswagen's number for this recall is 60C3.


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Clojure and Rails - the Secret Sauce Behind FlightCaster
FlightCaster, a realtime flight delay site, is built on Clojure and Hadoop for the statistical analysis. The web frontend is built with Ruby on Rails and hosted on Heroku. We talked to Bradford Cross about Clojure, functional programming and tips for OOP developers interested in making the jump.
WebSphere vs. .NET: IBM and Microsoft Go Head to Head
After carrying out a number of benchmarks, Microsoft concluded that .NET offers better performance and cost-performance ratio than WebSphere. IBM rebutted Microsoft's findings and carried out other tests proving that WebSphere is superior to .NET. Microsoft responded by rejecting some of IBM's claims as false and repeating the tests on different hardware with different results.
Performance Analysis and Monitoring with Perf4J
In this article Alex Devine explains how Java developers can take advantage of Perf4J, an open source toolset for adding code timing statements and for logging, analyzing and monitoring the results. Alex introduces several aspects of Perf4J like integration with Log4J, use of annotations, pitfalls and good practices.
Eight Isolation Levels Every Web Developer Should Know
James Leigh looks at eight isolation levels that can be used within a web app, and explores the pros and cons of each level of isolation, ranging from read uncommitted to serializable consistency.
SharePoint Object Model Performance Considerations
In this article, Andreas Grabner analyzes the performance implication of using the SharePoint Object Model, specifically displaying and editing lists, one of the most used SharePoint objects. 9
Using the Concurrency and Coordination Runtime
Nick Gunn provides a practical introduction CCR for .NET. CCR radically changes the way multi-threaded applications are written in .NET, shifting the focus from threads to asynchronous tasks. 5
Performance Anti-Patterns in Database-Driven Applications
Alois Reitbauer specifies several architectural anti-patterns that one should stay away from and which can downgrade an application's performance. 28
A Formal Performance Tuning Methodology: Wait-Based Tuning
Steven Haines talks about tackling web application performance tuning by proposing a method called wait-based tuning. 4
Using Ruby Fibers for Async I/O: NeverBlock and Revactor
Ruby 1.9's Fibers and non-blocking I/O are getting more attention - we talked to Mohammad A. Ali of the NeverBlock project and Tony Arcieri of the Revactor project. 1
Scalability Worst Practices
This article discusses scalability worst pratices including The Golden Hammer, Resource Abuse, Big Ball of Mud, Dependency Management, Timeouts, Hero Pattern, Not Automating, and Monitoring. 5
Building Scalability and Achieving Performance: A Virtual Panel
Our panel of leading experts explores some of the challenges and thought processes that go into making their apps as scalable and performant as possible. 1
Do Java 6 threading optimizations actually work? - Part II
Jeroen Borgers examines if biased locking, lock coarsening, lock elision by escape analysis and adaptive spin locking techniques in the latest JVMs actually work in highly-concurrent apps. 3


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How did 'Downton' finale fare in Milwaukee?
Though I spent three hours watching "Downton Abbey" last night, I still haven't watched the finale so please stop talking about it on Facebook and Twitter. Thanks.
I had two episodes of "Downton" to watch - one of which was two hours long - just to catch up to the two hour finale and I wasn't man enough to sit through five straight hours of "Masterpiece Theater. »Read Full Blog Post(2)
Katy Perry; Motorhead; Trivium; Toad the Wet Sprocket; Brett Dennen; Brandy Clark
Katy Perry »Read Full Article
Candy Chang's 'Before I Die...' comes to Milwaukee
There is something about a death that can be focusing. For New Orleans artist Candy Chang, the loss of a dear friend, initially lead to a long period of grief and depression that eventually turned to gratitude and clarity.
She wanted to know what was important, to her and to those in her around her. So the artist, known for her placemaking projects and urban planning ideas, painted the side of an abandoned building with chalkboard paint and stenciled the words, "Before I die I want to..." onto it. »Read Full Blog Post(1)
On Tap Today: Ben Sollee at Shank Hall
Cellist Ben Sollee takes his "Ditch the Van" tour to Shank Hall tonight. Photo provided by Shank Hall. »Read Full Blog Post


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Most Cited Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics Articles
The most cited articles published since 2011, extracted from Scopus.
Stratospheric warmings: The atmosphere-ionosphere coupling paradigmDora Pancheva | Plamen Mukhtarov
Volume 73, Issue 13, August 2011, Pages 1697-1702
The paper presents for the first time the global spatial (latitude and altitude) structure of the mean ionospheric response to sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events in winters of 2007/2008 and 2008/2009. To elucidate the effect of the SSWs on the ionosphere the COSMIC foF2, hmF2, and electron density data at fixed altitudes are analyzed. Both the mean foF2 and hmF2 parameters and the mean electron density at fixed heights indicate regular negative responses to the SSW temperature pulses at high latitudes. Similar response is found for the diurnal variability of the COSMIC electron density. The response is confined mainly to low and middle latitudes. A possible mechanism causing the observed negative ionospheric response is suggested. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Towards a long-term record of solar total and spectral irradianceN. A. Krivova | S. K. Solanki | Y. C. Unruh
Volume 73, Issues 2-3, February 2011, Pages 223-234
The variation of total solar irradiance (TSI) has been measured since 1978 and that of the spectral irradiance for an even shorter amount of time. Semi-empirical models are now available that reproduce over 80% of the measured irradiance variations. An extension of these models into the more distant past is needed in order to serve as input to climate simulations. Here we review our most recent efforts to model solar total and spectral irradiance on time scales from days to centuries and even longer. Solar spectral irradiance has been reconstructed since 1947. Reconstruction of solar total irradiance goes back to 1610 and suggests a value of about 1-1.5W/m2 for the increase in the cycle-averaged TSI since the end of the Maunder minimum, which is significantly lower than previously assumed but agrees with other modern models. First steps have also been made towards reconstructions of solar total and spectral irradiance on time scales of millennia. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd.
EIT wave observations and modeling in the STEREO eraAndrei N. Zhukov
Volume 73, Issue 10, June 2011, Pages 1096-1116
"EIT waves" are large-scale bright fronts observed propagating in the solar corona in association with coronal mass ejections (CMEs). An overview of the observed properties of large-scale wave-like fronts in the solar atmosphere (Moreton waves, EIT waves and similar phenomena observed in other wavelengths) is presented. The models proposed to explain these phenomena are reviewed. A particular emphasis is put on the recent EIT wave observations made by the STEREO (Solar-TErrestrial RElations Observatory) mission launched in October 2006. New key observational results and their implications for EIT wave models are discussed. It is concluded that no single model can account for the large variety of observed EIT wave properties. Prospects for future investigations of this complex phenomenon are outlined. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Multi-scale harmonic model for solar and climate cyclical variation throughout the Holocene based on Jupiter-Saturn tidal frequencies plus the 11-year solar dynamo cycleNicola Scafetta
Volume 80, Issue , May 2012, Pages 296-311
The Schwabe frequency band of the Zurich sunspot record since 1749 is found to be made of three major cycles with periods of about 9.98, 10.9 and 11.86 years. The side frequencies appear to be closely related to the spring tidal period of Jupiter and Saturn (range between 9.5 and 10.5 years, and median 9.93 years) and to the tidal sidereal period of Jupiter (about 11.86 years). The central cycle may be associated to a quasi-11-year solar dynamo cycle that appears to be approximately synchronized to the average of the two planetary frequencies. A simplified harmonic constituent model based on the above two planetary tidal frequencies and on the exact dates of Jupiter and Saturn planetary tidal phases, plus a theoretically deduced 10.87-year central cycle reveals complex quasi-periodic interference/beat patterns. The major beat periods occur at about 115, 61 and 130 years, plus a quasi-millennial large beat cycle around 983 years. We show that equivalent synchronized cycles are found in cosmogenic records used to reconstruct solar activity and in proxy climate records throughout the Holocene (last 12,000 years) up to now. The quasi-secular beat oscillations hindcast reasonably well the known prolonged periods of low solar activity during the last millennium such as the Oort, Wolf, Spörer, Maunder and Dalton minima, as well as the 17 115-year long oscillations found in a detailed temperature reconstruction of the Northern Hemisphere covering the last 2000 years. The millennial three-frequency beat cycle hindcasts equivalent solar and climate cycles for 12,000 years. Finally, the harmonic model herein proposed reconstructs the prolonged solar minima that occurred during 1900-1920 and 1960-1980 and the secular solar maxima around 1870-1890, 1940-1950 and 1995-2005 and a secular upward trending during the 20th century: this modulated trending agrees well with some solar proxy model, with the ACRIM TSI satellite composite and with the global surface temperature modulation since 1850. The model forecasts a new prolonged solar minimum during 2020-2045, which would be produced by the minima of both the 61 and 115-year reconstructed cycles. Finally, the model predicts that during low solar activity periods, the solar cycle length tends to be longer, as some researchers have claimed. These results clearly indicate that both solar and climate oscillations are linked to planetary motion and, furthermore, their timing can be reasonably hindcast and forecast for decades, centuries and millennia. The demonstrated geometrical synchronicity between solar and climate data patterns with the proposed solar/planetary harmonic model rebuts a major critique (by Smythe and Eddy, 1977) of the theory of planetary tidal influence on the Sun. Other qualitative discussions are added about the plausibility of a planetary influence on solar activity. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Evolution of erythemal and total shortwave solar radiation in Valladolid, Spain: Effects of atmospheric factorsA. de Miguel | R. Román | J. Bilbao | D. Mateos
Volume 73, Issues 5-6, April 2011, Pages 578-586
Erythemal ultraviolet (UVER; 280-400. nm) and total shortwave (SW; 305-2800. nm) solar irradiances were recorded from 2000 to 2009 in Valladolid, Spain. UVER and SW values under cloudless conditions are simulated by radiative transfer (TUV 4.6) and empirical models. These model estimations are tested with experimental measurements showing a great agreement (root mean square error around 7%). The aerosol effect on UVER irradiance is determined through a model study. UVER radiation and total ozone column (TOC) temporal evolutions show a negative relationship. TOC accounts for 80% of UVER variance and its radiation amplification factor is 1.1 at zenith of 65°. Cloud effects on solar radiation are shown and quantified by the cloud modification factor. Moreover the enhancement effect cases are analysed. SW radiation proves more sensitive to clouds than UVER. Clouds are seen to attenuate and enhance solar radiation by up to 93% and 22% in the UVER range, respectively. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Rolling motion in erupting prominences observed by STEREOO. Panasenco | Sara Martin | Anand D. Joshi | Nandita Srivastava
Volume 73, Issue 10, June 2011, Pages 1129-1137
We analyze the large-scale dynamical forms of three erupting prominences (filaments) observed by at least one of the two STEREO spacecraft and which reveal evidence of sideways rolling motion beginning at the crest of the erupting filament. We find that all three events were also highly non-radial and occurred adjacent to large coronal holes. For each event, the rolling motion and the average non-radial outward motion of the erupting filament and associated CME were away from a neighboring coronal hole. The location of each coronal hole was adjacent to the outer boundary of the arcade of loops overlying the filaments. The erupting filaments were all more non-radial than the CMEs but in the same general direction. From these associations, we make the hypothesis that the degree of the roll effect depends on the level of force imbalances inside the filament arcade related to the coronal hole and the relative amount of magnetic flux on each side of the filament, while the non-radial motion of the CME is related to global magnetic configuration force imbalances. Our analyses of the prominence eruption best observed from both STEREO-A and STEREO-B shows that its spine retained the thin ribbon-like topology that it had prior to the eruption. This topology allows bending, rolling, and twisting during the early phase of the eruption. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Solar UV variations during the decline of Cycle 23Matthew T. DeLand | Richard P. Cebula
Volume 77, Issue , March 2012, Pages 225-234
Previous satellite measurements of solar UV variability show consistent solar cycle irradiance changes within instrumental uncertainties, and also show consistent spectral dependence for both rotational and solar cycle variations. Empirical solar irradiance models produce solar UV variations that agree well with observational data. Recent UV irradiance data from the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SIM) and Solar Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE) instruments longward of 170. nm covering the declining phase of Cycle 23 show solar variations that greatly exceed both previous measurements and predicted irradiance changes over this period. The spectral dependence of the SIM and SOLSTICE variations differs from previous results. However, short-term solar variability derived from SIM and SOLSTICE UV irradiance data agrees with other concurrent solar UV measurements and previous results, suggesting no change in solar physics. The SORCE long-term UV results can be explained by undercorrection of instrument response changes during early on-orbit measurements. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
The roles of planetary and gravity waves during a major stratospheric sudden warming as characterized in WACCMVaravut Limpasuvan | Jadwiga H. Richter | Yvan J. Orsolini | Frode Stordal | Ole Kristian Kvissel
Volume 78-79, Issue , April 2012, Pages 84-98
The roles of planetary waves (PWs) and gravity waves (GWs) are examined during a realistic major stratospheric sudden warming (SSW), simulated in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). This major SSW event is characterized by a well-separated polar stratopause during a wind-reversal period. Formed by adiabatic warming induced by westward GW drag, the early-winter stratopause layer appears at its climatological level. With the incipient wind reversal and SSW onset, this layer plunges ~20. km in time, as the amplified PW interacts with the mean flow. The SSW recovery starts in the upper mesosphere as GW drag becomes eastward due to the filtering effects of the underlying wind. During this recovery, the stratopause reforms at an elevated altitude due to adiabatic warming induced by strong upper mesospheric PW forcing. Intensified downward motion from the mesosphere then ensues as the stratopause descends toward its climatological position. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Modeling for precipitation loss of ring current protons by electromagnetic ion cyclotron wavesFuliang Xiao | Liangxu Chen | Yihua He | Zhenpeng Su | Huinan Zheng
Volume 73, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 106-111
We examine the precipitation loss of ring current protons produced by the electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves at the location L=3.5 where the symmetrical ring current primarily occurs. Using a recently introduced hybrid finite difference (HFD) method, we solve the standard Fokker-Planck diffusion equation with incorporation of the cross diffusion terms that were often ignored in the previous work. We show that EMIC waves can produce efficient pitch angle scattering of energetic (tens of keV) protons, yielding a rapid decrement in the flux with a time scale of a few hours, consistent with observational data. We also demonstrate that omission of the cross diffusion terms generally overestimates the decrement in the flux, typically by a factor of ~2 after a few hours at lower pitch angles, suggesting that the cross terms also play an important role in precipitation loss of ring current protons. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Recent advances in global electric circuit coupling between the space environment and the troposphereMichael J. Rycroft | Keri A. Nicoll | Karen L. Aplin | R. Giles Harrison
Volume 90-91, Issue 1, May 2012, Pages 198-211
The global atmospheric electric circuit is driven by thunderstorms and electrified rain/shower clouds and is also influenced by energetic charged particles from space. The global circuit maintains the ionosphere as an equipotential at~+250 kV with respect to the good conducting Earth (both land and oceans). Its "load"is the fair weather atmosphere and semi-fair weather atmosphere at large distances from the disturbed weather "generator"regions. The main solar-terrestrial (or space weather) influence on the global circuit arises from spatially and temporally varying fluxes of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) and energetic electrons precipitating from the magnetosphere. All components of the circuit exhibit much variability in both space and time. Global circuit variations between solar maximum and solar minimum are considered together with Forbush decrease and solar flare effects. The variability in ion concentration and vertical current flow are considered in terms of radiative effects in the troposphere, through infra-red absorption, and cloud effects, in particular possible cloud microphysical effects from charging at layer cloud edges. The paper identifies future research areas in relation to Task Group 4 of the Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES-II) programme. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Measurements and IRI model predictions during the recent solar minimumDieter Bilitza | Steven A. Brown | Mathew Y. Wang | Jonas R. Souza | Patrick A. Roddy
Volume 86, Issue , September 2012, Pages 99-106
Cycle 23 was exceptional in that it lasted almost two years longer than its predecessors and in that it ended in an extended minimum period that proved all predictions wrong. Comparisons of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) with CHAMP and GRACE in-situ measurements of electron density during the minimum have revealed significant discrepancies at 400-500. km altitude (Lühr and Xiong, 2010). Our study investigates the causes for these discrepancies with the help of ionosonde and Planar Langmuir Probe (PLP) data from the Communications/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite. Our C/NOFS comparisons confirm the earlier CHAMP and GRACE results. But the ionosonde measurements of the F-peak plasma frequency (foF2) show generally good agreement throughout the whole solar cycle. At mid-latitude stations yearly averages of the data-model difference are within 10% and at low latitudes stations within 20%. The 60-70% differences found at 400-500. km altitude are not seen at the F peak. We will discuss how these seemingly contradicting results from the ionosonde and insitu data-model comparisons can be explained and which parameters need to be corrected in the IRI model. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
The GUMICS-4 global MHD magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling simulationP. Janhunen | M. Palmroth | T. Laitinen | I. Honkonen | L. Juusola | G. Facskó | T. I. Pulkkinen
Volume 80, Issue , May 2012, Pages 48-59
GUMICS-4 is a global magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling simulation based on global MHD magnetosphere and an electrostatic ionosphere. Here we review the development history, design and technical features of GUMICS-4 as well as a number of its postprocessing tools. We also compare GUMICS-4 predictions with observations for magnetopause distance, interplantary magnetic field penetration in the magnetotail, ionospheric field-aligned current pattern and other quantities. Based on the comparisons we can conclude that to a useful extent and with certain limitations, GUMICS-4 can reveal the detailed spatiotemporal behaviour of the magnetosphere-ionosphere system under given solar wind forcing. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Testing an astronomically based decadal-scale empirical harmonic climate model versus the IPCC (2007) general circulation climate modelsNicola Scafetta
Volume 80, Issue , May 2012, Pages 124-137
We compare the performance of a recently proposed empirical climate model based on astronomical harmonics against all CMIP3 available general circulation climate models (GCM) used by the IPCC (2007) to interpret the 20th century global surface temperature. The proposed astronomical empirical climate model assumes that the climate is resonating with, or synchronized to a set of natural harmonics that, in previous works (Scafetta, 2010b, 2011b), have been associated to the solar system planetary motion, which is mostly determined by Jupiter and Saturn. We show that the GCMs fail to reproduce the major decadal and multidecadal oscillations found in the global surface temperature record from 1850 to 2011. On the contrary, the proposed harmonic model (which herein uses cycles with 9.1, 10-10.5, 20-21, 60-62 year periods) is found to well reconstruct the observed climate oscillations from 1850 to 2011, and it is shown to be able to forecast the climate oscillations from 1950 to 2011 using the data covering the period 1850-1950, and vice versa. The 9.1-year cycle is shown to be likely related to a decadal Soli/Lunar tidal oscillation, while the 10-10.5, 20-21 and 60-62 year cycles are synchronous to solar and heliospheric planetary oscillations. We show that the IPCC GCM's claim that all warming observed from 1970 to 2000 has been anthropogenically induced is erroneous because of the GCM failure in reconstructing the quasi 20-year and 60-year climatic cycles. Finally, we show how the presence of these large natural cycles can be used to correct the IPCC projected anthropogenic warming trend for the 21st century. By combining this corrected trend with the natural cycles, we show that the temperature may not significantly increase during the next 30 years mostly because of the negative phase of the 60-year cycle. If multisecular natural cycles (which according to some authors have significantly contributed to the observed 1700-2010 warming and may contribute to an additional natural cooling by 2100) are ignored, the same IPCC projected anthropogenic emissions would imply a global warming by about 0.3-1.2 °C by 2100, contrary to the IPCC 1.0-3.6 °C projected warming. The results of this paper reinforce previous claims that the relevant physical mechanisms that explain the detected climatic cycles are still missing in the current GCMs and that climate variations at the multidecadal scales are astronomically induced and, in first approximation, can be forecast. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
The content and composition of meteoric smoke in mesospheric ice particles from SOFIE observationsMark E. Hervig | Lance E. Deaver | Charles G. Bardeen | James M. Russell | Scott M. Bailey | Larry L. Gordley
Volume 84-85, Issue , August 2012, Pages 1-6
This work provides the first observational evidence that ice particles comprising polar mesospheric clouds (PMC) contain small amounts of meteoric smoke (0.01-3% by volume), using measurements from the Solar Occultation For Ice Experiment (SOFIE). PMC observations at wavelengths from the ultraviolet through the infrared are inconsistent with pure ice, but can be explained in terms of the extinction simulated for a mixture of ice and meteoric smoke. Simulations of ice-smoke mixtures considered 25 different smoke compositions. The PMC observations were consistent with smoke composed of carbon (C), wüstite (FeO), or magnesiowüstite (Mg xFe 1-xO, x=0.1-0.6), and inconsistent with the other compositions. A method was established for simultaneously retrieving PMC particle size and the volume fraction of smoke in ice using SOFIE observations at multiple wavelengths. Compared to assuming pure ice, SOFIE retrievals considering ice-smoke mixtures yield smaller ice radii (24%) and higher concentrations (137%). © 2012.
Performance evaluation of the TRMM precipitation estimation using ground-based radars from the GPM validation networkTanvir Islam | Miguel A. Rico-Ramirez | Dawei Han | Prashant K. Srivastava | Asnor M. Ishak
Volume 77, Issue , March 2012, Pages 194-208
The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is scheduled to fly in the year of 2013 to measure the earth's precipitation structure. Since the precipitation measurement by the GPM platform will be very similar to its predecessor, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), hence, the development of GPM algorithms to improve precipitation retrievals can be addressed through the lessons learnt from the former TRMM mission in terms of precipitation retrievals and its associated uncertainty. To support the future GPM mission, this paper assesses the performance of the TRMM precipitation estimation using ground-based radars from the GPM validation network. A total of 22 significant overpass instantaneous events from 22 different radar sites has been evaluated in view of different surface and rain type flags. The overall results show that attenuation corrected reflectivity from the TRMM precipitation radar agrees well to the measured reflectivity from ground based radars with correlation coefficients r=0.91 (without frequency adjustment) and r=0.92 (with frequency adjustment). However, the correlation decreases by 10-30%, once the reflectivity are transformed to rainfall rates. The lower correlations on the basis of precipitation estimation by the TRMM are exhibited over the coast than those of ocean and land surface terrain. Taking into account the rain type flags, the analysis shows a poor correlation during convective precipitations, in particular, those retrieved from the TRMM precipitation radar. In contrast, the combined algorithm, which utilizes both radar and microwave imager instrument on-board TRMM, outperforms throughout the analysis, yet, there is a scope to improve the precipitation retrievals. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
A brief history of the solar oblateness. A reviewC. Damiani | J. P. Rozelot | S. Lefebvre | A. Kilcik | A. G. Kosovichev
Volume 73, Issues 2-3, February 2011, Pages 241-250
We hereby present a review on solar oblateness measurements. By emphasizing historical data, we illustrate how the discordance between experimental results can lead to substantial improvements in the building of new technical apparatus as well as to the emergence of new ideas to develop new theories. We stress out the need to get accurate data from space to enhance our knowledge of the solar core in order to develop more precise ephemerids and ultimately build possible new gravitational theories. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Relating white light and in situ observations of coronal mass ejections: A reviewA. P. Rouillard
Volume 73, Issue 10, June 2011, Pages 1201-1213
This paper provides a short review of some of the basic concepts related to the observations of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) in white light images and at large distances from the Sun. We review the various ideas which have been put forward to explain the dramatic changes in CME appearance in white light images from the Sun to 1. AU, focusing on results obtained by comparing white light observations of CMEs to the in situ measurements of Interplanetary CMEs (or ICMEs). We start with a list of definitions for the various in situ structures that form an ICME. A few representative examples of the formation of sheath regions and other interaction regions as well as the expansion of magnetic flux ropes are used to illustrate the basic phenomena which induce significant brightness variations during a CME's propagation to 1. AU and beyond. The white light signatures of a number of CMEs observed by the coronagraphs have been successfully simulated numerically by assuming that most of the coronal plasma observed in white light images is located on the surface of a croissant-shaped structure reminiscent of a magnetic flux rope. At large distances from the Sun, white light imagers show that the appearance of CMEs changes dramatically due to the changing position of the CME relative to the Thomson sphere, the expansion of the ejecta and the interaction of the ejecta with the ambient solar wind. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
The effects of Corotating interaction region/High speed stream storms on the thermosphere and ionosphere during the last solar minimumA. G. Burns | S. C. Solomon | L. Qian | W. Wang | B. A. Emery | M. Wiltberger | D. R. Weimer
Volume 83, Issue , July 2012, Pages 79-87
Geomagnetic storms at solar minimum are driven by the interaction between high speed streams and low speed streams (Corotating Interactions regions/High Speed Streams-CIR/HSSs- this includes both the CIR part of the storm and the HSS part as both has effects on the thermosphere and ionosphere), rather than by Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs). Solar minimum storms are generally of smaller amplitude, but they also have other characteristics that affect the response of the thermosphere/ionosphere (TI) system to them. We explore both the background upper atmosphere and the characteristics of these CIR/HSS events in 2008 using both models and data. The model data comparisons were good, showing mid-latitude positive storm effects on NmF2 on the day of the storm and long, extended periods of storm induced changes on the following days. Generally, the version of the NCAR-TIEGCM (National Center for Atmospheric Research-Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics Model) run with the Heelis convection pattern was in better agreement with the data than the version run with the Weimer convection pattern. We attribute this difference in the response of the two versions of the NCAR-TIEGCM to the fact that the precipitation we associate with the Heelis model has been tuned to better represent observed precipitation over many years, whereas such tuning has just begun for the version of the NCAR-TIEGCM that uses the Weimer model. Physically, the most important conclusion that we draw is the CIR/HSS events can have significant effects on the ionosphere and thermosphere for several days after the CIR has ended. While CIR/HSS events are normally weaker than CME events, the effects of the latter normally disappear in a day or two. Thus the effects of CIR/HSS events may be comparable to those of CME events for some fields, notably neutral density changes. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Corotating interaction regions during the recent solar minimum: The power and limitations of global MHD modelingPete Riley | Jon A. Linker | R. Lionello | Z. Mikic
Volume 83, Issue , July 2012, Pages 1-10
The declining phase of solar activity cycle 23 has provided an unprecedented opportunity to study the evolution and properties of corotating interaction regions (CIRs) during unique and relatively steady conditions. The absence of significant transient activity has allowed modelers to test ambient solar wind models, but has also challenged them to reproduce structure that was qualitatively different than had been observed previously (at least within the space era). In this study, we present and analyze global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) solutions of the inner heliosphere (from 1R S to 1AU) for several intervals defined as part of a Center for Integrated Space weather Modeling (CISM) interdisciplinary campaign study, and, in particular, Carrington rotation 2060. We compare in situ measurements from ACE and STEREO A and B with the model results to illustrate both the capabilities and limitations of current numerical techniques. We show that, overall, the models do capture the essential structural features of the solar wind for specific time periods; however, there are times when the models and observations diverge. We describe, and, to some extent assess the sources of error in the modeling chain from the input photospheric magnetograms to the numerical schemes used to propagate structure through the heliosphere, and speculate on how they may be resolved, or at least mitigated in the future. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Global (50°S-50°N) distribution of water vapor observed by COSMIC GPS RO: Comparison with GPS radiosonde, NCEP, ERA-Interim, and JRA-25 reanalysis data setsP. Kishore | M. Venkat Ratnam | S. P. Namboothiri | Isabella Velicogna | Ghouse Basha | J. H. Jiang | K. Igarashi | S. V B Rao | V. Sivakumar
Volume 73, Issue 13, August 2011, Pages 1849-1860
In this study, global (50°S-50°N) distribution of water vapor is investigated using COSMIC GPS RO measurements. Detailed comparisons have been made between COSMIC and high resolution GPS radiosonde measurements across 13 tropical stations and model outputs (ERA-Interim, NCEP, and JRA-25 reanalyses data sets). In comparison with independent techniques like radiosonde (Väisälä), it is found that COSMIC GPS RO wet profiles are accurate up to 7-8. km (assuming radiosonde as standard technique). In general, comparisons with corresponding seasonal means of model outputs are qualitatively in good agreement, although they differ quantitatively especially over convective regions of South America, Africa, and Indonesia. In tropical latitudes, the COSMIC specific humidity values are higher than the model outputs. Among various model outputs, ERA-Interim data set show near realistic features to that observed by COSMIC GPS RO measurements. Large asymmetry in the specific humidity distribution is observed between northern and southern hemispheres. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
A review of interplanetary discontinuities and their geomagnetic effectsB. T. Tsurutani | G. S. Lakhina | O. P. Verkhoglyadova | W. D. Gonzalez | E. Echer | F. L. Guarnieri
Volume 73, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 5-19
Interplanetary discontinuities and their geomagnetic effects are reviewed for magnetospheric/space weather researchers. Discontinuities are particularly useful as diagnostics since they are clearly identifiable in interplanetary data and their geomagnetic effects are unambiguous most of the time. Directional discontinuities (DDs) are abrupt changes in the interplanetary magnetic field direction and plasma parameters. DDs may be rotational discontinuities (RDs), tangential discontinuities (TDs) contact discontinuities (CDs) or shocks (fast (FS), intermediate (IS) and slow (SS). Shocks can propagate in the direction of the driver (forward shocks or FSs) or opposite to the driver (reverse shocks of RSs). Discontinuities interacting with other discontinuities may create new discontinuities. Fast forward shocks (FFSs) are shown to energize trapped particles by compressive effects, cause dayside aurora, lead to the creation of new radiation belts and to trigger nightside sector magnetospheric substorms. Fast reverse shocks (FRSs) or reverse waves (RWs) lead to magnetospheric expansions and the cessation of geomagnetic activity. TD-bow shock interactions create hot flow anomalies (HFAs) which then lead to outward expansions of the local magnetopause and dayside auroral enhancements. Some DD crossings may cause sudden southward IMF turnings. These cause magnetic reconnection and energy input into the magnetosphere-ionosphere-magnetotail system. Substorms sometimes occur thereafter. DDs that entail northward IMF turnings may lead to the triggering of substorms. © 2010.
Recent developments in the radiation belt environment modelM. C. Fok | A. Glocer | Q. Zheng | R. B. Horne | N. P. Meredith | J. M. Albert | T. Nagai
Volume 73, Issues 11-12, July 2011, Pages 1435-1443
The fluxes of energetic particles in the radiation belts are found to be strongly controlled by the solar wind conditions. In order to understand and predict the radiation particle intensities, we have developed a physics-based Radiation Belt Environment (RBE) model that considers the influences from the solar wind, ring current and plasmasphere. Recently, an improved calculation of wave-particle interactions has been incorporated. In particular, the model now includes cross diffusion in energy and pitch-angle. We find that the exclusion of cross diffusion could cause significant overestimation of electron flux enhancement during storm recovery. The RBE model is also connected to MHD fields so that the response of the radiation belts to fast variations in the global magnetosphere can be studied. We are able to reproduce the rapid flux increase during a substorm dipolarization on 4 September 2008. The timing is much shorter than the time scale of wave associated acceleration. © 2010.
Does the Sun work as a nuclear fusion amplifier of planetary tidal forcing? A proposal for a physical mechanism based on the mass-luminosity relationNicola Scafetta
Volume 81-82, Issue , June 2012, Pages 27-40
Numerous empirical evidences suggest that planetary tides may influence solar activity. In particular, it has been shown that: (1) the well-known 11-year Schwabe sunspot number cycle is constrained between the spring tidal period of Jupiter and Saturn, ~9.93 year, and the tidal orbital period of Jupiter, ~11.86 year, and a model based on these cycles can reconstruct solar dynamics at multiple time scales (Scafetta, in press); (2) a measure of the alignment of Venus, Earth and Jupiter reveals quasi 11.07-year cycles that are well correlated to the 11-year Schwabe solar cycles; and (3) there exists a 11.08 year cyclical recurrence in the solar jerk-shock vector, which is induced mostly by Mercury and Venus. However, Newtonian classical physics has failed to explain the phenomenon. Only by means of a significant nuclear fusion amplification of the tidal gravitational potential energy dissipated in the Sun, may planetary tides produce irradiance output oscillations with a sufficient magnitude to influence solar dynamo processes. Here we explain how a first order magnification factor can be roughly calculated using an adaptation of the well-known mass-luminosity relation for main-sequence stars similar to the Sun. This strategy yields a conversion factor between the solar luminosity and the potential gravitational power associated to the mass lost by nuclear fusion: the average estimated amplification factor is A≈4.25×10 6. We use this magnification factor to evaluate the theoretical luminosity oscillations that planetary tides may potentially stimulate inside the solar core by making its nuclear fusion rate oscillate. By converting the power related to this energy into solar irradiance units at 1 AU we find that the tidal oscillations may be able to theoretically induce an oscillating luminosity increase from 0.05-0.65W/m 2 to 0.25-1.63W/m 2, which is a range compatible with the ACRIM satellite observed total solar irradiance fluctuations. In conclusion, the Sun, by means of its nuclear active core, may be working as a great amplifier of the small planetary tidal energy dissipated in it. The amplified signal should be sufficiently energetic to synchronize solar dynamics with the planetary frequencies and activate internal resonance mechanisms, which then generate and interfere with the solar dynamo cycle to shape solar dynamics, as further explained in Scafetta (in press). A section is devoted to explain how the traditional objections to the planetary theory of solar variation can be rebutted. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Global distribution, seasonal, and inter-annual variations of mesospheric semidiurnal tide observed by TIMED TIDIQ. Wu | D. A. Ortland | S. C. Solomon | W. R. Skinner | R. J. Niciejewski
Volume 73, Issues 17-18, November 2011, Pages 2482-2502
Based on TIDI mesospheric wind observations, we analyzed the semidiurnal tide westward zonal wavenumber 1 and 2 (SW1 and SW2) component seasonal, inter-annual variations, and possible sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) related changes. Major findings are as follows: (1) The SW1 has a peak near the South Pole during the December solstice and near the North Pole during the March equinox. (2) The SW2 peaks at 60S and 60N mostly during winter solstices. The SW2 also peaks during late summer and early fall in the northern hemisphere. (3) The QBO effect on the semidiurnal tide is much weaker than that on the diurnal tide. The March equinox northern SW1 zonal amplitude appears to be stronger during the westward phase of the QBO, which is opposite of migrating diurnal tide QBO response. (4) Possible SSW event related changes in the semidiurnal tide are significant but not always consistent. Enhancements in the mid-latitude SW2 component during SSWs are observed, which may be related to the increase of total ozone at mid and high latitudes during SSW events. TIDI observations also show a decrease in the SW2 in the opposite hemisphere during a southern SSW event in 2002. Small increases in the high latitude SW1 in both hemispheres during the 2002 southern SSW event were recorded. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Three-dimensional reconstruction of heliospheric structure using iterative tomography: A reviewB. V. Jackson | P. P. Hick | A. Buffington | M. M. Bisi | J. M. Clover | M. Tokumaru | M. Kojima | K. Fujiki
Volume 73, Issue 10, June 2011, Pages 1214-1227
Current perspective and in-situ analyses using data from NASA's twin Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory (STEREO) spacecraft have focused studies on ways to provide three-dimensional (3-D) reconstructions of coronal and heliospheric structure. Data from STEREO are proceeded by and contemporaneous with many other types of data and analysis techniques; most of the latter have provided 3-D information by relying on remote-sensing information beyond those of the near corona (outside 10 RS). These include combinations of past data from the Helios spacecraft and the Solwind coronagraphs and, continuing from the past to the present, from observations of interplanetary scintillation (IPS) and the Solar Mass Ejection Imager (SMEI) instrument. In this article we review past and ongoing analyses that have led to a current great wealth of 3-D information. When properly utilized, these analyses can provide not only shapes of CME/ICMEs but also a characterization of any solar wind structure or global outflow. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.


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Onion & Beer Soup
Total Time
Prep 5 mins
Cook 30 mins
Lighter than the traditional version & quick to make! If, like me, you're not a beer drinker - I suggest using a light beer - like Molson's Canadian!!!!!!!
Ingredients Nutrition
- 2 tablespoons oil
- 4 cups sliced onions (about 4 medium)
- 1 tablespoon sugar
- 1 tablespoon flour
- 1 cup dark beer
- 3 cups chicken stock
- salt & freshly ground black pepper
- 4 slices crusty bread, toasted
- 2 tablespoons chopped fresh parsley
- 2 cups grated gruyere cheese
- Heat oil; add onions& sugar, cover and cook over medium heat, stirring occasionally, for 20- 25 minutes or until the onions are slightly coloured.
- Sprinkle flour over onions& stir in.
- Slowly add the beer, pour in chicken stock and season to taste.
- Bring to a boil, reduce heat and simmer for 5 minutes.
- Place toast slices in ovenproof soup bowls.
- Pour broth into each bowl, sprinkle with some parsley& top with grated cheese.
- Place under broiler for a couple of minutes to melt cheese.
Most Helpful
this was outstanding! great onion flavor. i sliced 4 onions, sweated them in oil and butter for half an hour and needed 5 cups of stock to cover.i actually simmered this for half an hour, then followed the recipe. everyone enjoyed this
Maybe I did something wrong. Neither my Dh nor I cared for the taste of this soup. We used a bottle of good Bass Ale, but it just didn't blend well with the onions and the chicken stock and gave a rather bitter flavor to the soup. Sorry CL...I really wanted to like this soup and think that perhaps it's just not in tune with our taste buds.
This was different! Quite surprised with how good this came out. For the onions I chose to use Kittencal's Caramelized Onions.


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Hi, I am Saroj
I am friendly in nature, open minded & simple, understanding, caring, Religious, traditional but modern thoughts. I love to hearing music during my leisure time I spend time with my family. I like to travel and enjoy different food as I m very foodie. I always enjoy each & every aspect of life with fulfilling all my responsibilities.
I have completed Diploma in HR & presently working in Pharma Co. as a HR Executive in Mumbai. Pursuing Diploma in Labour Law & Labour welfare.
MARRIAGE VIEWS: I want transparent relation with my better half who should be friend to me. For me Marriage is sweet relation of two hearts, two families, two cultures and with them you get gifted with many more relations & I would like to enjoy those relations.
MY EXPECTATION: A boy should be a good nature, mature, understanding, strong enough to fight with any situation and of course romantic.... What I am looking for is a BEAUTIFUL HEART because beauty is never on our face.


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New WDJT-TV morning co-anchor has area roots
Jennifer Tomazic, the WDJT-TV morning co-anchor, has left the station. Her husband who is relocating for a job, according to the station. Her last broadcast was Friday
Tomazic, a Cleveland native who joined the station in 2009, was morning co-anchor with Tom Durian. »Read Full Blog Post(1)
Comedian Ron White coming to Riverside
"Blue Collar Comedy" star Ron White is returning to the Riverside Theater April 12.
Last time White was in town was February 2012, when he performed stand-up at a sold-out Riverside. That's a typical accomplishment for White: he's sold more than 10 million CDs and DVDs and has been one of the top three grossing touring comedians in the U.S. over the past five years. »Read Full Article
On Tap for Today: Storytime for kids, laughs for adults and music after the movie
Hello, new week. What's going on?
Keep reading for the answer. »Read Full Blog Post
Milwaukee Film Festival picks: Day Twelve
While many of its films are local-centric, the Milwaukee Film Festival spans the globe looking for films from other countries that audiences here might enjoy. Today is a great day to sample foreign-language romantic comedies in which opposites attract.
"Finding Mr. Right" (4:30 p.m., Downer Theatre) is a Chinese "Sleepless in Seattle"-type tale about a spoiled and shallow woman who, when she becomes pregnant, is sent to America, where she clashes - and falls in love - with a sensitive single dad who is her opposite. »Read Full Blog Post


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Michael Franks
His vocal delivery still tends toward the stultifying, but Franks manages a few more sparks of life than in the past. It's his songwriting and arranging skills that make his work interesting—interesting enough for him to attract such backup talent as guitarist Bucky Pizzarelli, bassist Ron Carter, sax man David Sanborn, trumpeter Randy Brecker and singer Flora Purim. The collaboration produces a gentle batch of Latin-flavored jazz, supporting wry—if fuzzy—lyrics. Typical is the title track, which goes, "He's the Lord of the Jungle/Everyone grins while he gripes/ Usually he's found just lounging around/In his stripes." The tune was inspired by Henri Rousseau's 1891 painting, Tropical Storm with a Tiger, art works being a favorite theme for Franks.
Picks and Pans Review: Tiger in the Rain
updated 04/23/1979 AT 01:00 AM EST
•originally published 04/23/1979 AT 01:00 AM EST