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Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide
Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide Copyright © 2003 by Red Hat, Inc.
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rhl-gsg(EN)-9-Print-RHI (2003-02-20T01:05) Copyright © 2003 by Red Hat, Inc. This material may be distributed only subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Open Publication License, V1.0 or later (the latest version is presently available at http://www.opencontent.org/openpub/). Distribution of substantively modified versions of this document is prohibited without the explicit permission of the copyright holder. Distribution of the work or derivative of the work in any standard (paper) book form for commercial purposes is prohibited unless prior permission is obtained from the copyright holder. Red Hat, Red Hat Network, the Red Hat "Shadow Man" logo, RPM, Maximum RPM, the RPM logo, Linux Library, PowerTools, Linux Undercover, RHmember, RHmember More, Rough Cuts, Rawhide and all Red Hat-based trademarks and logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of Red Hat, Inc. in the United States and other countries. Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds. Motif and UNIX are registered trademarks of The Open Group. Intel and Pentium are a registered trademarks of Intel Corporation. Itanium and Celeron are trademarks of Intel Corporation. AMD, AMD Athlon, AMD Duron, and AMD K6 are trademarks of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. Netscape is a registered trademark of Netscape Communications Corporation in the United States and other countries. Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. SSH and Secure Shell are trademarks of SSH Communications Security, Inc. FireWire is a trademark of Apple Computer Corporation. All other trademarks and copyrights referred to are the property of their respective owners. The GPG fingerprint of the firstname.lastname@example.com key is: CA 20 86 86 2B D6 9D FC 65 F6 EC C4 21 91 80 CD DB 42 A6 0E
Table of Contents
Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... i 1. Changes to This Manual ........................................................................................................ i 2. Document Conventions......................................................................................................... ii 3. Copying and Pasting Text With X........................................................................................ iv 4. Using the Mouse ................................................................................................................... v 5. We Need Feedback! .............................................................................................................. v 6. Sign Up for Support .............................................................................................................. v 1. Getting Started ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Setup Agent....................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Introductory Terms............................................................................................................. 3 1.3. Logging In.......................................................................................................................... 5 1.3.1. Graphical Login .................................................................................................. 5 1.3.2. Virtual Console Login......................................................................................... 6 1.4. Graphical Interface............................................................................................................. 6 1.5. Opening a Shell Prompt ..................................................................................................... 7 1.6. Creating a User Account.................................................................................................... 7 1.7. Documentation and Help ................................................................................................... 8 1.7.1. Manual Pages ...................................................................................................... 9 1.7.2. Red Hat Linux Documentation ......................................................................... 10 1.8. Logging Out ..................................................................................................................... 11 1.8.1. Graphical Logout .............................................................................................. 11 1.8.2. Virtual Console Logout..................................................................................... 11 1.9. Shutting Down your Computer ........................................................................................ 11 1.9.1. Graphical Shutdown.......................................................................................... 11 1.9.2. Virtual Console Shutdown ................................................................................ 12 2. Using the Graphical Desktop ....................................................................................................... 13 2.1. Using the Desktop............................................................................................................ 13 2.2. Using the Panel ................................................................................................................ 14 2.2.1. Using the Main Menu ...................................................................................... 14 2.2.2. Using Applets.................................................................................................... 14 2.2.3. Using the Notification Area .............................................................................. 15 2.2.4. Adding Icons and Applets to the Panel............................................................. 16 2.2.5. Configuring the Desktop Panel ......................................................................... 16 2.3. Using Nautilus ................................................................................................................ 16 2.4. Start Here ......................................................................................................................... 17 2.4.1. Customizing the Desktop.................................................................................. 18 2.4.2. Customizing your System ................................................................................. 19 2.5. Logging Out ..................................................................................................................... 20 3. Configuring the Date and Time ................................................................................................... 21 3.1. Time and Date Properties................................................................................................. 21 3.2. Time Zone Configuration................................................................................................. 21 4. Diskettes and CD-ROMs .............................................................................................................. 23 4.1. Using Diskettes ................................................................................................................ 23 4.1.1. Mounting and Unmounting a Diskette.............................................................. 23 4.1.2. Putting Linux Files on an MS-DOS Diskette ................................................... 24 4.1.3. Formatting a Diskette........................................................................................ 24 4.2. CD-ROMs ........................................................................................................................ 25 4.2.1. Using CD-ROMs with Your File Manager ....................................................... 26 4.2.2. Using CD-ROMs From a Shell Prompt ............................................................ 26 4.3. CD-Rs and CD-RWs ........................................................................................................ 26 4.3.1. Using CD Creator............................................................................................ 27 4.3.2. Using X-CD-Roast........................................................................................... 28
................... 63 9..............................................................................1............ The OpenOffice............. 69 9............................................. Queue Name ........................................ 73 10............................. 54 8................4......................................................... 75 10........ 71 10.............org Features...................................5...........................................................5...................................................................1.........6.... 74 10..................... Modifying Existing Printers......................................5................................. Evolution. Printing a Test Page......2.... 57 8................................... Using CD-Rs and CD-RWs with Command Line Tools ....................3.....................2..................... 39 6.....................3........................ Managing Print Jobs ...... Video............ 57 8........................................................................................................ OpenOffice........................................................... If Sound Card Configuration Tool Does Not Work....................................... 30 4.................................. 55 8...................................................... OpenOffice......................................... Selecting the Printer Model and Finishing............ 35 6..5.... 65 9.............1.. Web Browser Keyboard Shortcuts ................1...................... Email Applications.................... 49 7............... and General Amusement..................................................................... 69 9............................. 53 8......................................................................... Using XMMS .............2.........4............ Mozilla Mail.....................2.............................1. 58 8.... 74 10........................................................................................................1............................................ Adding a Local Printer..........1.2....................................2................................................................................1.........................7............................................. Driver Options........................org Suite............. 39 6.............................. Mozilla Composer.......................................1......................3..............4..............................................5............ 76 10... 67 9................................................ 73 10............................................................................................. 45 7............................................................................2...1...... Games ............................................................................................ OpenOffice...................... 43 7..........................7........3................................................................ Printer Driver................................ 63 9.......................... 57 8.......................2. 71 9.......3....................................................................................... Working with Documents.......... 32 4.............3........4...............1.................................................................................. Plain Text Email Clients ........................................................................................................ 56 8......................... 53 8.. Useful Websites ....... Viewing PDFs ..................................................................................................... Useful Websites ...................................................................................... Installed Documentation .........................4. 32 4...3............................ Troubleshooting Your Video Card ...............................................1................................................................3......................................... 61 9...........1................3.....................................................................1.............................................1...................1......................................5........................ OpenOffice........... Editing Text Files .... 64 9.................org Draw............................. OpenOffice... Using Mozilla........ 73 10.......................................................... Additional Resources .......... Shell Prompt Text Editors ......................... 33 5.................. 41 6...7....................2..................... Additional Resources ..... Web Browsing.........6.................................................................................... Using Mutt . Getting Online ................. 50 7.......3.............. Audio.......................................................... Installed Documentation ................................................... Mozilla and Newsgroups ................. 45 7........................ Mozilla................................ Troubleshooting Your Sound Card ................4................... 47 7......................2.................... The Printer Configuration Tool ...... 53 8............ Finding Games Online ........... Queue Type ......................................... Galeon ......5.............1.................3.............................................................. 75 10........................................................... Playing Audio CDs ......................................... 77 .2....................................................................................................... 55 8................................1..................2..1......................................... 63 9..... 39 6....................................................... 50 8...1....org Writer ............ 41 6............1............................3..org Calc ...................4....................... 60 8..................4.......................................org Impress...................................................... Playing Digital Audio Files .................... Printer Configuration ........ Confirming Printer Configuration ............................................................... 57 8........2...................1............... 60 8.......1.
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 111 14............. 85 11.................................................................. The tail Command.... 95 13......................2..............................10........2.1..................................... 113 14........................................ Redirecting Standard Input ............................................11....................... 102 13........... 101 13......................................... 115 14.......................................................4..................................... Archiving Files at the Shell Prompt................6...................................... Pipes and Pagers .............11... Using Multiple Commands ........... 85 11.................... 82 11........ Working with Images.............1................ Determining Your Current Directory with pwd .......... 79 11...2..................................................... 111 14.........1..................3... Working with Digital Cameras ...... 103 13................. Manipulating Files with cat............................................................................................9... File Formats ...........................9......................... GIMP Basics .........................................................10..............................................................3....... Shell Prompt Basics ....................1..... More Commands for Reading Text Files............................................3.... Using gThumb ..............2.......1............. Installed Documentation .......................................................................................................................... Changing Directories with cd ........................................9......... 98 13....................................................................................................................... The more Command ....3................. The grep Command........ 85 11.... 84 11....4......11.11............... Locating Files and Directories ....................... View Directory Contents with ls. Clearing and Resetting the Terminal.......4.................. Command History and Tab Completion ............1......... 80 11..............................2..................... 89 13..... 94 13.... Using File Roller...... GIMP Options ......................................... 106 13......................... 82 11........................................................................... 101 13..................................... 93 13....1... I/O Redirection and Pipes ..... 96 13..............................................3.................................. The chmod Command..................... 119 14.......3.......................................... Identifying and Working with File Types ................................... The head Command .................... 89 13....2......14....2.................................... Additional Resources ...... Using Nautilus to View Images....... 104 13.......2. Loading a File ............................................................11..........................................................................................1...................3.................................. 101 13......................3..........2............ 112 14.......... Manipulating Files at the Shell Prompt ............................................................................................4........................... Managing Files and Directories ............................... Using Redirection ............. The History of the Shell...................................2...........7............ Programming and Scripting Files .3................................................................... 79 11.... 83 11....... 90 13............1..................................5........2........ Useful Websites .......... 99 13........................... Appending Standard Output ......1.......... 99 13..13...................................................................................................................................... Compressed and Archived Files ...........................3................................................3.............1........ Saving a File ......9................................. Manipulating Images with the GIMP.............................................................................1...............................3............. Printing From The Command Line......................................2.........................................1.................................. 102 13..................................................................... Related Books ...................................................... 114 14.......8....... 89 13..2............................................ 112 14..................................................................... 112 14........................ Viewing Images......................................4....3... Why Use a Shell Prompt......................................3....11........................................ 86 12....................................................2.........14.................. 100 13................................. Creating Files ...................3............................................... File Compression and Archiving .................................................. System Files ...............................2..........................2........ 113 14............. Using gtKam ............................ 79 11... Compressing Files at the Shell Prompt.......2.....11.............................14...... 84 11................................ Changing Permissions With Numbers ......2................ 108 14.................................. 87 12......................... 117 14............... 104 13....................................... Ownership and Permissions.....................12....................5............... 119 ..............................1............................................... A Larger Picture of the File System .........2............... 101 13...1........ 95 13.................. Wildcards and Regular Expressions............. 87 13.................4................... 96 13..................... 112 14..................................1......................................................... 90 13..............................
...........................................................................4......... 135 A..............................1............. 151 E.... Starting Applications ...................... A Comparison of Common DOS and Linux Commands ................................................................3............................... Password Maintenance....... 130 16.................... Introducing KDE.................10................................................................................. Finding Help ....... 137 A...........................................................6..............................................5........................................................... 143 A............................4..4.......... 131 16......................................................... 141 A..............................................................9........ 161 ........ Forgotten Password...7...2................... Other Shortcuts ... Using The Desktop...............................................................................1......... 126 16....................................3..... 136 A..................................................5.........................1....7...........................................................................................................7..................................................................................................................................... 123 15...................................... 153 Index...4................................... 147 C.................................. Frequently Asked Questions ..................... Tips on Using Command History .. 135 A..4................... Logging Out of KDE....................... Using The Panel ............ KDE: The K Desktop Environment ................................................................................. Installation CD-ROMs ................................4..............................................................................3.............................................................. Localhost Login and Password ............................ 130 16. 140 A.........................9... 140 A.............. Errata List..........................4.................... 149 D.........2.................................. Red Hat Network ....3.............................................................. Accessing a Windows Partition .................................. 119 14.................. Installing and Updating Red Hat Linux Packages...... The Navigation Panel.............................. 125 15............... Printing ls Output......5........................................................................................................3... Downloaded Packages ... 125 15..................................................... Managing Files...........10................................................................. Configuring the KDE Panel ............................................................1...... 146 A................................. Browsing the Web with Konqueror ................1.........3..................1................................................................... Copying Files ............................................... 135 A.......... 141 A..... 131 16.4......................... 127 16................. 120 14....................................................14............................................... Using Konqueror to View Images ................................... Using The Main Menu...................................................................................2.................................................................................................................................................................... Finding Commands Quickly .................................................................................................................................................... KMail .. 127 16..............................2..........................................................................................................................1.................. 121 15.............4. Keyboard Shortcuts ............................................. Applications ............. 132 A...................................................2............................................................................. 127 16......................8..................... 128 16............................. 139 A........ Error Messages During Installation of RPMs........................... Editing Your PATH ........................... 131 16........................6........................................................... 132 16.......... Keep ls Output from Scrolling ....................................................8....... Using Applets.................. System Directories.............. Deleting Files and Directories .............................. 144 A..................................................................................................................................................... Moving Files ............ 155 Colophon.......................................... 123 15......... 146 B..................................4..............4.................... 137 A................................. 135 A..... 127 16.................. Changing Login from Console to X at Startup ........... 129 16................................ Customizing KDE ...............6.................. 131 16............. Adding Icons and Applets to the Panel ..................4......1...........................
you will learn the basics of using Red Hat Linux. the tasks covered in this manual become progressively more advanced. and getting online. the Red Hat Linux System Administration Primer. approach Red Hat Linux as a new. and versatile alternative. with an open mind. Changes to This Manual This manual has been expanded to include new features in Red Hat Linux 9 as well as topics requested by our readers. the Red Hat Linux Reference Guide. You can find this information in the Red Hat Linux Customization Guide. Note Although this manual reflects the most current information possible. and the Red Hat Linux Security Guide. hints. The Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide focuses primarily on how to perform tasks in these two environments. you should have read the Red Hat Linux Installation Guide and successfully installed Red Hat Linux. First.com/docs/. This manual is designed to help new and intermediate Linux users navigate and perform common tasks. Forget about the conventions of other operating systems and. Topics discussed include: • • • • • Using the graphical desktop environment Managing files and directories Working with documents Using the Web and email Working with a digital camera After conquering the basics of your Red Hat Linux system. feels. and screen shots interspersed throughout. Most users choose to work within either the GNOME or KDE graphical desktop environments (other desktop environments are also available).Introduction Welcome to the Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide! By now. you should read the Red Hat Linux Release Notes for information that may not have been available prior to our documentation being finalized. HTML and PDF versions of the Red Hat Linux manuals are available on the Red Hat Linux Documentation CD and online at http://www. and performs differently from other operating systems you may have used. configuring a printer. such as customizing a desktop. interesting. Changes to this manual include: Working with Digital Cameras This new chapter discusses using a digital camera with gtKam.com/docs/ 1. . warnings. They can be found on the Red Hat Linux CD #1 and online at: http://www.redhat. you may need information on more advanced topics. Keep in mind that Linux looks.redhat. This manual is task-oriented. Once the basics are covered. You will find useful tips.
The /etc/fstab file contains information about different system devices and filesystems. For example: Use Mozilla to browse the Web. In these cases. This style should indicate that a particular file or directory exists by that name on your Red Hat Linux system. in the current working directory. This style should indicate to you that you can type the word or phrase on the command line and press [Enter] to invoke a command. 2. your time zone. Using the Graphical Desktop This chapter has been modified to reflect the new desktop environment and the various ways you can use and configure it.ii Configuring Date and Time Introduction A chapter on configuring your system time. application This style indicates that the program is an end-user application (as opposed to system software). The types of words that are represented this way include the following: command Linux commands (and other operating system commands. they are considered to be part of the command. This highlighting is systematic. filename Filenames. typefaces. so the entire phrase will be displayed as a command. and how to connect to a network time server to get accurate time and date information for your Red Hat Linux system has been moved from the Red Hat Linux Customization Guide to this manual. Diskettes and CD-ROMs This chapter now includes information about backing up files to CD-R and CD-RW media using CD Creator in Nautilus. different words are represented in the same style to indicate their inclusion in a specific category. paths. including how to change your desktop background. manage your printer. . directory names. Sometimes a command contains words that would be displayed in a different style on their own (such as filenames). and RPM package names are represented this way. and more. named testfile.bashrc file in your home directory contains bash shell definitions and aliases for your own use. sizes. you will see that certain words are represented in different fonts. Install the webalizer RPM if you want to use a Web server log file analysis program. For example: Use the cat testfile command to view the contents of a file. Examples: The . when used) are represented this way. Document Conventions When you read this manual. Working with Documents This chapter includes information on editing text files in a graphical environment (with gEdit) and at a shell prompt (with vi). and weights.
it is being used to identify a particular GUI screen or an element on a GUI screen (such as text associated with a checkbox or field). the contents of the directory) is shown in this style. computer output When you see text in this style.Introduction [key] A key on the keyboard is shown in this style. For example: Click on the Back button to return to the webpage you last viewed. you will see the New Tab option that allows you to open multiple shell prompts in the same window. error messages. Examples: $ # [stephen@maturin stephen]$ . Example: Select the Require Password checkbox if you would like your screensaver to require a password before stopping. When you see text shown in this style. For example: The [Ctrl]-[Alt]-[Backspace] key combination will exit your graphical session and return you to the graphical login screen or the console. For example: iii To use [Tab] completion. Your terminal will display the list of files in the directory that start with that letter. it indicates text displayed by the computer on the command line. button on a GUI screen or window This style indicates that the text will be found on a clickable button on a GUI screen. type in a character and then press the [Tab] key. [key]-[combination] A combination of keystrokes is represented in this way. top level of a menu on a GUI screen or window When you see a word in this style. If you need to type in a sequence of commands from a GUI menu. they will be shown like the following example: Go to Main Menu Button (on the Panel) => Programming => Emacs to start the Emacs text editor. and interactive prompts for your input during scripts or programs shown this way. it indicates that the word is the top level of a pulldown menu. For example: Use the ls command to display the contents of a directory: $ ls Desktop Mail about.html backupfiles logs mail paulwesterberg. or phrase found on a GUI interface screen or window will be shown in this style.png reports The output returned in response to the command (in this case. For example: Under File on a GNOME terminal. will be shown in this style. the rest of the menu should appear. If you click on the word on the GUI screen. text found on a GUI interface A title. which is a computer's way of signifying that it is ready for you to input something. word. You will see responses to commands you typed in. prompt A prompt.
In other words. or into a text box on a GUI screen. a rose is not a ROSE is not a rOsE. text is displayed in this style: To boot your system into the text based installation program. In the following example. a server installation will remove all existing partitions on all installed hard drives. or a warning. In order of how critical the information is to your system. caution. . important. tip. is displayed in this style. Do not choose this installation class unless you are sure you have no data you need to save. Warning If you choose not to partition manually. For example: Note Remember that Linux is case sensitive. you will need to type in the text command at the boot: prompt. we use several different strategies to draw your attention to certain pieces of information.iv Introduction leopard login: user input Text that the user has to type. the changes will not take effect until you restart the DHCP daemon. these items will be marked as note. Caution Do not perform routine tasks as root — use a regular user account unless you need to use the root account for system administration tasks. Additionally. either on the command line. Important If you modify the DHCP configuration file. Tip The directory /usr/share/doc contains additional documentation for packages installed on your system.
You will find your Product ID on a black. and white card in your Red Hat Linux box. that will be explicitly stated. If you're using three-button emulation. release the mouse button to drop the item. please include the section number and some of the surrounding text so we can find it easily. Sign Up for Support If you have an edition of Red Hat Linux 9.redhat. (This will be reversed if you've configured your mouse to be used by a left handed person. try to be as specific as possible when describing it. please remember to sign up for the benefits you are entitled to as a Red Hat customer. 6. pressing both mouse buttons at the same time equates to pressing the missing third (middle) button. depending upon the Red Hat Linux product you purchased: • • • Red Hat support — Get help with your installation questions from Red Hat. red. or if you have thought of a way to make this manual better. get the latest news and product information directly from Red Hat. Under the Brim: The Red Hat E-Newsletter — Every month. if you are instructed to click with the mouse on something. If you need to use the middle or right mouse button. We Need Feedback! If you spot a typographical error in the Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide. simply click and drag your mouse over the text to highlight it. you should have selected three-button emulation during the installation process. Copying and Pasting Text With X Copying and pasting text is easy using your mouse and the X Window System.'s support team. Using the Mouse Red Hat Linux is designed to use a three-button mouse. be sure to mention the manual's identifier: rhl-gsg(EN)-9-Print-RHI (2003-02-20T01:05) If you have a suggestion for improving the documentation.com for more details. To sign up. drag the item by moving the mouse to a new location. we would love to hear from you! Please submit a report in Bugzilla (http://bugzilla.com/apps/activate/. Red Hat Network — Easily update your packages and receive security notices that are customized for your system. 4.redhat.redhat. If you have a two-button mouse. 5. Inc. While continuing to hold down the mouse button.) The phrase "drag and drop" may be familiar to you. If you have found an error.Introduction v 3. To copy text. In this document. To paste the text somewhere. You will be entitled to any or all of the following benefits. that means click the left mouse button. click on something and hold the mouse button down. . When submitting a bug report. If you're instructed to drag and drop an item on your GUI desktop. click the middle mouse button in the spot where the text should be placed. When you've reached the desired location.com/bugzilla/) against the component rhl-gsg. go to http://www. Go to http://rhn.
Good luck.vi Introduction To read more about technical support for Red Hat Linux. and thank you for choosing Red Hat Linux! The Red Hat Documentation Team . refer to the Getting Technical Support Appendix in the Red Hat Linux Installation Guide.
Red Hat Linux provides tools and applications to help you get the most out of your computing environment. and a password (which you must enter twice). Figure 1-1. install software. Using this tool. whether you are working or playing. add users to your system. you can set your system time and date. and more. the Setup Agent is presented. Setup Agent allows you to configure your environment at the beginning. Getting Started From booting up to shutting down. . It is not recommended to log in to your root account for common computing tasks. This chapter guides you through some basic tasks that you can perform on your Red Hat Linux system. so that you can get started using your Red Hat Linux system quickly. 1. The Setup Agent guides you through the configuration of your Red Hat Linux system. register your machine with the Red Hat Network. as you may damage your system or unintentionally delete a file. Setup Agent The first time you start your Red Hat Linux system.Chapter 1. Setup Agent The Setup Agent first prompts you to create a user account that you should use on a routine basis.1. an optional full name for the account. The Setup Agent lets you enter a username. This creates a user account that you can use to log into your Red Hat Linux system and which has its own home directory on the system to store files.
month. click Forward to continue. User Account The Setup Agent allows you to manually set your machine's date and time.redhat. You may also synchronize your date and time automatically with a network time server — a computer that sends accurate date and time settings to your system through a network connection. Check the box labeled Enable Network Time Protocol and use the drop-down menu to select the time server you want to use. choose Yes. This will start the Red Hat Update Agent — a utility that guides you step-by-step through the registration of your machine with Red Hat Network. I would like to register my system with Red Hat Network. and year on your system.2 Chapter 1. Selecting No. I do not want to register my system skips the registration. To set the day. Once you have set your time and date. use the provided text boxes. refer to the Red Hat Network documentation at http://www. Getting Started Figure 1-2. which adjusts the clock on your computer's BIOS (Basic Input Output System). minutes. Date and Time Configuration To register your system with Red Hat Network and receive automatic updates of your Red Hat Linux system.com/docs/manuals/RHNetwork/. To set your time in hours. Figure 1-3. For more information about Red Hat Network and registering your machine. and seconds. use the calendar interface. .
you can do so at the Additional CDs screen. Press Forward to exit the Setup Agent. click the Install.. Introductory Terms When you learn about a new operating system. Figure 1-5. you must insert CD 1. This section defines a few basic terms you should learn. you are ready to log in and start using Red Hat Linux. and.. Red Hat Network Registration Client To install Red Hat Linux RPM packages that you did not install during installation. button. if prompted . button. click the Install.2. you should also learn new terminology. Getting Started 3 Figure 1-4.. change the CD. choose the package(s) or component you want to install. or documentation from the Red Hat Linux Documentation CD.Chapter 1. Installing Additional Software Now that your system is configured.. Insert the CD containing the software or documentation you want to install. Note If you are installing a package from the Red Hat Linux Installation CDs. software from third-party providers. and follow the instructions. 1. You will see these terms often throughout all Red Hat Linux documentation including the Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide: .
• • • • • • • Figure 1-6. Graphical User Interface (GUI): A general term for interactive windows. Graphical Desktop: The most visible area of a GUI. Shell prompt: A command line interface between the user and the operating system (Figure 1-7). folder. The desktop is where your user Home and Start Here icons are located. usually located across the bottom of your desktop (such as Figure 1-6). such as changing administrative passwords and running system configuration tools. RPM: RPM stands for RPM Package manager and is how Red Hat builds and delivers its software files. • • • Figure 1-7. Command line: The space at the shell prompt where commands are typed. The Desktop Panel Root: Root is an administrative user account created during installation and has complete access to the system. press [q]. type man su at a shell prompt (or type info su for the info page). and panels which allow a user to initiate actions such as starting applications and opening files using a mouse and keyboard. Getting Started Command: An instruction given to the computer. Man page and Info page: Man (short for manual) and Info pages give detailed information about a command or file (man pages tend to be brief and provide less explanation than Info pages). A Shell Prompt . You must be logged in as root to accomplish certain system administration tasks. The shell interprets commands entered by the user and passes them on to the operating system. Panel: A desktop toolbar. icons. Panels can also be customized to suit your needs. Icons are small images representing an application. For example. which can reduce the chance of damaging your Red Hat Linux installation or applications permanently. colors. To close man or Info pages. Launcher icons usually refer to application shortcuts. and pictures to add a personal touch.4 Chapter 1. An RPM is a software package file you can install on your Red Hat Linux computer. The panel contains the Main Menu button and shortcut icons to start commonly used programs. to read the man page for the su command. You can customize your desktop to have special backgrounds. shortcut or system resource (such as a diskette drive). User accounts are created so that typical user tasks can be done without using the root account. menus. most often with the keyboard or mouse.
Use caution when you are logged in as root.3. After you create a user account. refer to Section 1. You can easily damage your system by accidentally deleting or modifying sensitive system files. root refers to the root user (also known as the superuser). or system administrator. Caution Because your Red Hat Linux system creates the root account during installation. . your Red Hat Linux system uses accounts to manage privileges. When you log in. X or X Window System: These terms refer to the graphical user interface environments. Note Red Hat Linux applications and files are case sensitive. 1.6 Creating a User Account to learn how to set up a user account. you are introducing yourself to the system (also called authentication). Logging in with the su . Not all accounts are created equal: some accounts have fewer rights to access files or services than others. If you are "in X" or "running X". which means that typing root refers to a different account than Root. but it is not recommended. it is highly recommended that you log in as that user instead of root to prevent accidental damage to your Red Hat Linux installation.3. maintain security. Graphical Login When your system has booted. 1. your machine will probably be called localhost. because the root account is allowed to do anything on the system. some new users are tempted to use only this account for all of their activities. If you type the wrong user name or password. you must log in as root. Again. and more. Logging In The next step to using your Red Hat Linux system is to log in. If you have already created and logged in to a user account. Unlike some other operating systems. If you did not create a user account using the Setup Agent. both the graphical and shell prompt methods of logging in and using your Red Hat Linux system are discussed for your reference. which is primarily used in a network setting. you will not be allowed access to your system. you can skip ahead to Chapter 2 Using the Graphical Desktop. Getting Started 5 • su and su -: The command su gives you access to the root account or other accounts on your system. a graphical login screen is displayed as shown in Figure 1-8. unless you have chosen to give your machine its own hostname.Chapter 1. • Although the emphasis throughout this book is on navigation and productivity using the graphical desktop environment. If you created only the root account. This is a dangerous idea.1.command makes you root within the root account shell. By default. When you type su to switch to your root account while still inside your user account shell. You may be tempted to forego creating and using a user account during or after installation. you have access to important system files that you can change (or damage if you are not careful). you are working in a GUI rather than a console environment.
press [Enter]. To log in as root from the console.localdomain. you will see a login prompt similar to the following after booting your system: Red Hat Linux release 9 Kernel 2. 1. type the root password that you chose during installation at the password prompt. type root at the login prompt. After logging in. press [Enter]. The Graphical Login Screen To log in as root from the graphical login screen. if you selected an installation type other than Workstation or Personal Desktop and chose text as your login type. you will find a graphical interface known as a desktop similar to Figure 1-9. 1. .6 Chapter 1. type your username at the login prompt. and press [Enter].4. type root at the login prompt.4. which is primarily used in a network setting. Getting Started Figure 1-8. type your password that you selected when creating the user at the password prompt. type your username at the login prompt. type your password that you selected when creating the user at the password prompt. you can type the command startx to start the graphical desktop. To log in as a normal user. Graphical Interface When you installed Red Hat Linux you had the opportunity to install a graphical environment. and press [Enter]. press [Enter]. Logging in from the graphical login screen automatically starts the graphical desktop for you. then type the root password that you chose during installation at the password prompt and press [Enter]. press [Enter]. Once you start the X Window System.3.18-14 on an i686 localhost login: Unless you have chosen to give your machine its own hostname. your machine will probably be called localhost. To log in as a normal user.2. Virtual Console Login During installation. and press [Enter].
To exit a shell prompt. While the Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide primarily focuses on performing tasks using the graphical interface and graphical tools. You can also select Main Menu => System Settings => Users & Groups from the panel. If you did not create at least one account (not including the root account) you should do so now. and then click the Users & Groups icon. You can open a shell prompt by selecting Main Menu => System Tools => Terminal. you will be prompted for your root password. click the System Settings icon. Click the Start Here icon on the desktop.Chapter 1. There are two ways to create new and/or additional user accounts: using the graphical User Manager application or from a shell prompt. In the new window that opens. Click Add User. type exit at the prompt. The Graphical Desktop 1. 1.5. it is sometimes useful and faster to perform tasks from a shell prompt. Refer to Chapter 13 Shell Prompt Basics for further details. You can also start the User Manager by typing redhat-config-users at a shell prompt. an application that allows you to type commands instead of using a graphical interface for all computing activities. 2. To create a user account graphically using the User Manager: 1. Creating a User Account When you first started your Red Hat Linux system after installation. 3. you were given the opportunity to create one or more user accounts using the Setup Agent. Opening a Shell Prompt The desktop offers access to a shell prompt. . The window shown in Figure 1-10 will appear. or press [Ctrl]-[D] at the prompt. Getting Started 7 Figure 1-9.6. click the X button on the upper right corner of the shell prompt window. If you are not logged in as root. You should avoid working in the root account for daily tasks. You can also start a shell prompt by right-clicking on the desktop and choosing New Terminal from the menu.
you can accept the defaults for the other configuration options.8 Chapter 1. type the command su . 5. so it should be both unique and easy for you to remember. Type passwd followed by a space and the username again (for example. If you want to pick an easy-to-remember but somewhat unique password. or birthplace to something more creative.7.and enter the root password. 6. the full name of the user for whom this account is being created. The new user will appear in the user list. At the New password: prompt enter a password for the new user and press [Enter]. such as jsmith for John Smith. 4. At the Retype new password: prompt. signaling that the user account creation is complete. Along with the Red Hat Linux documentation there are manual pages. The Red Hat User Manager 4. such as qwerty or password. Getting Started Figure 1-10. 5. Refer to the Red Hat Linux Customization Guide for details about additional options. enter the same password to confirm your selection. initials. usernames are variations on the user's name. If you are not logged in as root. documents that detail usage of important applications and files. 2. 1. Type useradd followed by a space and the username for the new account you are creating at the command line (for example. User account names can be anything from the user's name. Open a shell prompt. Your password should be at least six characters. To create a user account from a shell prompt: 1. Click OK. Press [Enter]. useradd jsmith). as well as numbers and characters. Avoid easy selections. passwd jsmith). consider a variation of a word. 3. In the Create New User dialog box. and a password (which you will enter a second time for verification). Documentation and Help There are several resources available to get the information you need to use and configure your Red Hat Linux system. enter a username (this can be an abbreviation or nickname). The name of this user's home directory and the name of the login shell should appear by default. Important You should take precautions when you choose a password. For most users. Often. such as a1rPl4nE for airplane. The password is the key to your account. You can use both uppercase and lowercase letters. INFO pages which break information about an .
and shell prompt commands usually have corresponding manual pages (also called man pages) that show the reader available options and values of file or executable.7. All instances of the keyword will be highlighted throughout the man page.1. See Also shows related terms. type [Q].7. You can choose any method of accessing documentation that best suits your needs. files. as all of these resources are either already installed on your Red Hat Linux system or can be easily installed. allowing you to quickly read the keyword in context. and programs. Man Pages are structured in such a way that users can quickly scan the page for pertinent information. Reading a Man Page with the Shell Prompt To navigate the man page you can use the [Page Down] and [Page Up] keys or use the [Spacebar] to move down one page and [B] to move up. Figure 1-11. Using man Man Pages can be accessed via shell prompt by typing the command man and the name of the executable. type the following: man ls The NAME field shows the executable's name and a brief explanation of what function the executable performs.1. To exit the man page. The DESCRIPTION field shows available options and values associated with a file or executable. and help files that are included in the main menubar of graphical applications. utilities. to access the man page for the ls command. .1. 1. which is important when dealing with commands that they have never previously encountered. The SYNOPSIS field shows the common usage of the executable. To search a man page for keywords type [/] and then a keyword or phrase and press [Enter]. For example. 1. Getting Started 9 application down by context-sensitive menus. Manual Pages Applications.Chapter 1. such as what options are declared and what types of input (such as files or values) the executable supports.
2. If you have downloaded individual documentation RPM packages from the Red Hat website at http://www. Red Hat Linux Documentation If you have the Red Hat Linux boxed set. remember to take a look at the Red Hat Linux Documentation CD. and type the following at the command line: su . inserting the Documentation CD in your CD-ROM drive should automatically start the Package Management Tool and allow you to install any of the Red Hat Linux documentation.gz) are also available at http://www. The man Man Page Just like other commands. you can access them at any time by clicking Main Menu => Documentation. man command will output the contents of the command man page to col.3.redhat.com/docs/. Package Management Tool Displaying Documentation Available for Installation After you have installed the documentation packages you want. 1.7. Type man man at the shell prompt for more information.redhat. Getting Started Printing man pages is a useful way to archive commonly used commands.tar. which formats the contents to fit within a printed page. perhaps in bound form for quick reference. Follow the instructions and choose the documentation you would like to install. and compressed tarball format (. RPM.7. man has its own man page. Figure 1-12.2. All of the Red Hat Linux manuals are on this CD. Once you have logged in to your user account. Open a shell prompt. you can print a man page by typing the following command at a shell prompt: man command| col -b | lpr The example above combines separates commands into one unique function.10 1. Individual downloads of our documentation in HTML. The lpr command sends the formatted content to the printer.7. Printing a Man Page Chapter 1.1. 1. PDF.com/docs/ you can install these manuals from a shell prompt. If you have a printer available and configured for use with Red Hat Linux (refer to Chapter 8 Printer Configuration for more information).1.
To install all of the Red Hat Linux manuals.8. To install only certain manuals.8.rpm with the full file name of the manual that you want to install. so you would type the following to install it on your system: rpm -ivh /mnt/cdrom/rhl-gsg-en-9. Now go to Main Menu => Documentation and select the manual you want to read. type exit or [Ctrl]-[D] to log out of the console session. Logging Out 1.noarch.Chapter 1. replace rhl-*. select Main Menu => Log Out. Getting Started 11 Press [Enter]. it is important to properly shut down Red Hat Linux. To save the configuration of your desktop.1.rpm Press [Enter]. and you logged in at the console. Logout Confirmation 1.rpm Press [Enter]. Virtual Console Logout If you are not using the X Window System. the file name for the Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide will look something like rhl-gsg-en-9. Enter the password at the prompt and press [Enter].8. Type exit at the command line and press [Enter].noarch. Never turn your computer off without shutting down first. When the confirmation dialog appears as shown in Figure 1-13. as you may lose unsaved data or damage your system. For example. Figure 1-13. change to the directory that contains the RPM files and type the following: rpm -ivh rhl-*. 1. check the Save current setup option. select the Logout option and click the Yes button.2. . This logs you out of the root account and back to your user account. You are now logged in as root. 1. Shutting Down your Computer Before turning off your computer. You will be asked for your root password. as well as any programs which are running.rpm.9. Graphical Logout To log out your graphical desktop session.
8 Logging Out.1.12 Chapter 1. you can safely turn off the power to your computer after you see the message: Power down.9. log out of your session as described in Section 1. Some computers automatically turn the power off after shutting down Red Hat Linux.9. Virtual Console Shutdown To shutdown your computer at a shell prompt. Graphical Shutdown If you are in the graphical desktop. If your computer does not. Getting Started 1. . If your computer does not. From the graphical desktop logout screen shown in Figure 1-13. type the following command: halt Some computers automatically turn the power off after shutting down Red Hat Linux. select Shutdown and click OK to confirm. 1. you can safely turn off the power to your computer after you see the message: System halted.2.
Using the Graphical Desktop Red Hat Linux includes a powerful graphical desktop environment where you can easily access your applications. and small applications called applets that let you control sound volume. a notification area for notification icons.Chapter 2. and system resources. and displays the status of your system. To open a folder or launch an application. Figure 2-1. You can add new . The menu systems can be found by clicking on the Main Menu button by double-clicking on the Start Here icon icon. They can also be found on the desktop and then clicking the Applications The desktop works in the manner you might expect it to when working with other operating systems. The panel contains application launcher icons. . You will notice that it offers three main tools to make use of the applications on your system: panel icons. files. The long bar across the bottom of the desktop is the panel. and menus. The Graphical Desktop The graphical desktop gives you access to the applications and system settings on your computer. switch workspaces. double-click on its icon.1. Using the Desktop Your first view of the graphical desktop will look something like Figure 2-1. 2. The icons elsewhere on the desktop can be shortcuts to file folders. desktop icons. This chapter covers the fundamentals of the desktop and how you can configure it for your needs. and shortcuts to removable devices such as CD-ROM and diskettes when they have been mounted. You can drag and drop files and application icons to areas that are easily accessible. application launchers. Both new and experienced users will be able to take full advantage of their Red Hat Linux systems using the graphical desktop.
Notice that. run applications from a command line.14 Chapter 2. Applets let you monitor various aspects of your system. The Workspace Switcher represents each workspace (or desktop) in small squares and show the applications running on them. you can start most applications included in Red Hat Linux. The Panel 2. The panel also holds the Main Menu.2. or [Ctrl]-[Alt]-[left-arrow] to switch between desktops. These sub-menus give you access to a full range of applications on your system. 2. you can also log out. Using the Panel The desktop panel is the bar that stretches across the bottom of the screen and holds icons and small applications which makes using your system easier. Using the Graphical Desktop icons for files and applications to the desktop. From the Main Menu. Some applets perform useful tasks while others are designed to be entertaining. The notification area holds alert icons such as the one for Red Hat Network so that you can be quickly alerted to critical messages. Figure 2-2. Click on one of the squares with your mouse to move to that desktop. Figure 2-3.1. Workspace Switcher The graphical desktop gives you the ability to use multiple workspaces so you do not have to have all of your running applications crowding one viewable desktop area. [Ctrl]-[Alt]-[right-arrow]. [Ctrl]-[Alt]-[down-arrow]. to expand it into a large set of menus that allow you to From here. which contains shortcuts for all of your applications. find files. Applets embedded on the panel allow you to run specific tasks or monitor your system or services while remaining out of your way.2. you can also access additional applications within each sub-menu. and file manager. Using Applets Applets are small applications that run on the panel.2. 2. There are a few applets that run on your panel by default. You can also use the keyboard shortcut [Ctrl]-[Alt]-[up-arrow]. These applets are fairly important and are covered in the following list. Using the Main Menu You can click on the Main Menu button access the applications on your system. panel. and lock your screen (which runs a password protected screen saver). Workspace Switcher . in addition to the recommended applications.2. You can change the appearance of most of the tools and applications and change system settings with provided configuration tools.
Using the Notification Area Red Hat Network Notification Tool Part of the Notification Area. Using the Graphical Desktop Taskbar 15 Next to the Workspace Switcher is the Taskbar.Chapter 2. it will launch the registration component. the Red Hat Network Notification Tool provides you with an easy way to make sure your system is up-to-date with current errata and bug fixes from Red Hat. The Taskbar 2. To update your system.3. If you click on the icon. a list of available updates will be displayed. Once it disappears. and cancel jobs by right-clicking on the job and selecting Cancel. Right-click on the applet icon for a list of options from which to choose. Figure 2-4. If you are not registered with Red Hat Network. Figure 2-6. The applet shows you different images that indicate whether your system is up to date or needs upgrades. The Taskbar is an applet which shows you the titles of running applications on any one virtual desktop.2. The Printer Notification Icon . Click on the icon to view running print jobs. you can bring it back by clicking on its title in the Taskbar. Authentication Icon Printer Notification Icon The Printer Notification Icon allows you to manage your print jobs. click the button to launch the Red Hat Update Agent. Figure 2-5. Red Hat Network Notification Tool The Authentication Icon The key icon that is sometimes displayed in the Notification Area is a security notification that displays whenever you have gained root authentication for your system (such as running a graphical system configuration tool). This is very helpful if you decide to minimize an application as it will seem to disappear from the desktop. Figure 2-7. It disappears when the authentication times out.
4.5. and choose from the various types of applets.3. The Weather Report Applet on the Panel To add a launcher icon to the panel. Adding Icons and Applets to the Panel To make the panel fit your needs. and more all from one integrated interface. you may want to add more applets and launcher icons. 2. It allows you to configure your desktop. 2. You can set the size of the panel. Configuring the Desktop Panel You can hide the panel automatically or manually. Using Nautilus The graphical desktop includes a file manager called Nautilus that gives you a graphical display of your system and personal files. browse your photo collection. it will not appear on the desktop until you move your mouse pointer over the panel area (called hovering). access your network resources. 2. the location and name of the command that starts the application (such as /usr/bin/foo). Click OK and the new launcher icon will appear on the panel. To alter the default panel settings. When you select an applet. select Add to Panel. To add the it back to your panel. Using the Graphical Desktop Warning If you cannot see any of the notification icons. In Figure 2-8. the Weather Report applet has been added to show the current local weather and temperature. place it on any edge of your desktop.. Then select an application that appears in the menu. Tip Another quick and easy way to add a launcher to the panel is to right-click on an unused area of the panel and choose Add to Panel => Launcher from menu.. To add an applet to the panel.. its position on the desktop.2. This will launch a dialog box that allows you to enter the name of the application. This will automatically add a launcher icon based on the properties of the item in the Main Menu. Nautilus is designed to be much more than a visual listing of files.16 Chapter 2. If you choose to autohide the panel. and change the way it behaves. however. . right-click in an unused area on the panel and select Add to Panel => Launcher. and whether you want the panel to be automatically hidden (Autohide) when not in use. right-click in an unused area of the panel and select Properties. and even choose an icon for the application. change its size and color. Nautilus becomes a shell for your entire desktop experience. Figure 2-8. configure your Red Hat Linux system. then the notification area was removed from the desktop panel. it will appear on your panel. right-click on the panel and choose Add to Panel => Utility => Notification Area. In essence.2. right-click in an unused area on the panel.
Using the Graphical Desktop 17 Working in Nautilus is efficient and provides an alternative to searching through the various submenus connected to the Main Menu or using a shell prompt to navigate the file system. image files in your home directory will be seen as thumbnails. You can access the Start Here screen at any time by double-clicking on the desktop icon labeled Start Here. double-click on your home directory icon: Once Nautilus appears. Start Here Figure 2-9. To copy the file to another directory. Disabling this (and other) previewing feature increases the speed of Nautilus. By default. . The following sections explain how to use the Nautilus to enhance your desktop experience. To return to your home directory. 2. Once you have another Nautilus window. You can open another Nautilus window by selecting File => New Window. select Edit => Preferences. The Start Here Window Start Here was designed to hold all of the tools and applications you need to access when using your system. then select Never in the drop down for Show Thumbnails.4. this means you see a portion of the actual text in the icon. The Start Here screen includes icons that allow you to access your favorite applications. desktop preferences. and system settings. From your favorite applications to system and configuration tools. press the [Ctrl] key while dragging and dropping the file. Select the Preview tab. dragging a file from one directory to another moves the file. For images. you can drag and drop files to different directories. The browser window contains folders and files which you can drag with your mouse to move and copy into new locations.Chapter 2. To turn off this feature. For text files. Main Menu items. server configuration tools. By default. To start Nautilus as a file manager. you see a scaled-down (or thumbnail) version of the image. click the Home button. the Start Here window provides a central location for using and customizing your system. you can navigate through your home directory or the rest of the file system.
For example. Sound In this section you can configure the system sounds associated with various functions. Navigate to the location you want to bookmark. 2. Customizing the Desktop From the Start Here screen. Using the Graphical Desktop Tip You can add your favorite locations to the Bookmarks. which presents you with a wide selection of configuration options. You can choose from several background images included with Red Hat Linux in the /usr/share/backgrounds/ directory. To start the Background Preferences tool. and finally select Background. or you can use your own image.1. Keyboard Shortcuts You can configure shortcuts — pressing a combination of keystrokes on the keyboard — to perform actions within an application or on your desktop. Background You can configure your background with new colors or a new image.1. The Background Preferences Tool . select Preferences. you can configure it. You can also double-click the Start Here icon.1. For example.1 Changing your Desktop Background. refer to Section 2. to play a sound when you log in to your desktop.4.4.1. To learn more about configuring your desktop background. right-click on the desktop and choose Change Desktop Background from the menu. you can configure a shortcut to move from your current Workspace to Workspace 2 by pressing [Ctrl]-[F2]. and then select Bookmarks => Add Bookmark. you can select the Preferences icon to configure your desktop. Changing your Desktop Background One way to dramatically alter the appearance of your graphical desktop is to change the background using the Background Preferences tool.18 Chapter 2. Figure 2-10. The following lists some of the options and tools in each area. 2.4.
which is useful if you use a small image or if you use a tile (or pattern) image from /usr/share/backgrounds/tiles/ or from your own image collection. You will be able to set your time zone information as well. Date & Time This tool allows you to set the date and time of your machine. Refer to Chapter 3 Configuring the Date and Time for details on using this tool. choose the No Picture option and adjust your colors using the Background Style options.Chapter 2. The Centered option places your image in the center of the desktop. The Desktop with a New Background If you want to create a background with your own custom colors and no images. You can also drag an image into the window from your own image directory. There are several additional options for displaying your background image. Using the Graphical Desktop 19 The Background Preferences tool allows you to load a new background from a directory of provided images (/usr/share/backgrounds/images/). Figure 2-11. The following lists some of the tools included in System Settings and what you can do with them. Choose your own Top Color and Bottom Color and the color gradient (or the blending of colors). leaving the default background colors to fill in any remaining desktop space.2.4. Customizing your System The Start Here screen in Nautilus contains additional configuration tools that help you with your new Red Hat Linux system and the server applications included. Click Close to save and exit the Background Preferences tool. The System Settings icon includes tools that help you set up your system for personal everyday use. To fill the desktop with an image without tiling it. . The Wallpaper option displays multiple instances of your image across the desktop. Figure 2-11 shows a background image of flowers and plants that is stretched to fill the entire desktop. 2. use the Scaled or Stretched options.
select the Log Out menu item from the Main Menu. Printing The Printer Configuration Tool allows you to add a new printer to your system. you are presented with the choice of logging out of GNOME (leaving the system running). Users & Groups The User Manager tool allows you to add and remove users from your system. depending on which install type you specified during installation. This will bring up a dialog which presents you with the options listed above. Using the Graphical Desktop The Sound Card Configuration Tool tool probes your machine for available sound devices. restarting the machine.5.20 Soundcard Detection Chapter 2.6 Creating a User Account for details. Refer to Chapter 8 Printer Configuration and the Red Hat Linux Customization Guide for details. Logging Out When you have finished working and want to quit GNOME. You must have those server applications installed before these tools appear in this section. Refer to the Red Hat Linux Customization Guide for details.3 Troubleshooting Your Sound Card for more details on configuring your sound hardware. These tools help you configure services and applications you are using on the local machine to serve other machines. The server configuration tools are found by clicking on the System Settings icon and then the Server Settings icon. The Desktop Log Out Confirmation To quit the graphical desktop. Refer to Section 10. Refer to Section 1. The printer may be connected to your machine or available on a network. Figure 2-12. You may also find server configuration tools in the Start Here area. 2. or halting the system completely. . A few examples of the tools found in this area are the HTTP Configuration Tool and the Bind Configuration Tool.
and the time zone settings and then exit the program. You can choose one of the predefined servers or type a server name in the pulldown menu. the configuration will be saved and the NTP daemon will be started (or restarted if it is already running). Figure 3-1. Configuring the Date and Time The Time and Date Properties Tool allows the user to change the system date and time. the NTP daemon settings. After you click OK. The Network Time Protocol (NTP) daemon synchronizes the system clock with a remote time server or time source (such as a satellite). the first tabbed window that appears is for configuring the system date and time and the NTP daemon (ntpd). in an XTerm or a GNOME terminal). and Second in the Time section. You must be running the X Window System and have root privileges. and click on the day of the week to change the day of the week. 3. Time and Date Properties As shown in Figure 3-1. Use the arrows to the left and right of the year to change the year. to configure the time zone used by the system. Changes will not take place until you click the OK button. . This will enable the Server pulldown menu. To change the time.1. Changes will not take place until you click the OK button. Time and Date Properties To change the date.Chapter 3. use the up and down arrow buttons beside the Hour. and to setup the Network Time Protocol (NTP) daemon to synchronize the system clock with a time server. To start the application from the desktop go to the Main Menu Button => System Settings => Date & Time or type the command redhat-config-date at a shell prompt (for example. Minute. To enable this feature. Clicking the OK button will apply any changes that you have made to the date and time. use the arrows to the left and right of the month to change the month. Your system will not start synchronizing with the NTP server until you click OK. click the Enable Network Time Protocol button. The application allows you to configure a NTP daemon to synchronize your system clock with a remote server.
Click OK to apply the changes and exit the program. A red X will appear and the time zone selection will change in the list below the map. To use the map. Timezone Properties If your system clock is set to use UTC. Other time zones are determined by adding or subtracting from the UTC time. Configuring the Date and Time 3. click the Time Zone tab. The time zone can be changed by either using the interactive map or by choosing the desired time zone from the list below the map. also known as Greenwich mean time (GMT). UTC stands for the universal time zone.2.22 Chapter 3. click on the city that represents the desired time zone. select the System clock uses UTC option. Figure 3-2. Time Zone Configuration To configure the system time zone. .
close any applications that may be using files on the diskette or exploring the diskette's contents (such as Nautilus or Konqueror). To do this. To mount a diskette. how to format diskettes. insert it into the diskette drive and type mount /mnt/floppy/ at a shell prompt.1. you can also mount a diskette by right-clicking on the desktop and choosing Disks => Floppy. 4. diskettes are a great solution to transfer files from one computer to the other.1. Figure 4-1. You can even explore the diskette's contents in Nautilus (as shown in Figure 4-1) or Konqueror. Alternatively.Chapter 4. save. Diskettes are ideal as a portable storage solution for small files that need to be physically moved around. if two PCs are not on the same network. This mounts the diskette and adds a desktop icon which you can double-click to explore the diskette contents.1. and at a shell prompt type the following command : umount /mnt/floppy/ . Viewing files on a Diskette with Nautilus When you are done using the diskette. Mounting and Unmounting a Diskette A diskette must first be mounted before it can be used. This chapter discusses how to read and write files to and from diskettes. and how to read and copy data from a CD-ROM. Using Diskettes Diskettes are one of the oldest removable media solutions available for the personal computer (PC). 4. This chapter also covers using CD-writable and CD-rewritable drives. Diskettes and CD-ROMs Using diskettes and CD-ROMs with Red Hat Linux requires some understanding about removable media. For example. The diskette drive activity light should blink as the diskette's file system is mounted to the /mnt/floppy directory. You can open. Now that the diskette has been mounted it is available to be copied from or written to. and copy files to/from it as you would normally do to your hard drive. You can access the contents of the diskette by changing into that directory with the cd /mnt/floppy/ command. you should unmount it before ejecting it from the drive.
Then mount it in Linux as described in Section 4. The default settings are sufficient for most users and needs. You can also elect to quick format the diskette if it was previously formatted as ext2. This can be done with the Windows OS or with gfloppy (see Section 4. As shown in Figure 4-2.1 Using gfloppy). Copy files using the following command (substituting filename with the name of the file you wish to copy): cp filename /mnt/floppy You can then unmount the diskette and eject it from the drive.24 Chapter 4.44MB diskette).3. ext2 is one of the file systems supported by Red Hat Linux.1.2. type /usr/bin/gfloppy. You can also choose the density of your diskette (if you are not using the usual high density 3. Warning Formatting a diskette will erase all of its contents. you need to format the diskette using the ext2 file system. the gfloppy interface is small and has few options.3.3. you can unmount the diskette by right-clicking on the Unmount Volume from the menu. The new file on the diskette should now be accessible from your Windows machine. however.1 Mounting and Unmounting a Diskette. . Diskettes and CD-ROMs icon and choosing If you are using GNOME. 4. Be sure to backup any files that you need before performing any of the following operations on your diskettes. Formatting a Diskette To use a diskette specifically with Red Hat Linux.1. 4. you can manipulate its contents in the same ways that you manipulate directories and files on your hard drive.1.1. You can now safely eject the diskette from the drive. 4.1. choose Main Menu => System Tools => Floppy Formatter. and is the default method used for formatting diskettes.5" 1. From a shell prompt. you can format your diskette with an MS-DOS file system type if necessary. Putting Linux Files on an MS-DOS Diskette To copy files from a Linux machine to an MS-DOS formatted diskette so that a Windows machine can read it you should format your diskette with an MS-DOS (FAT) file system.1. Once you have created an ext2 file system on the diskette. Using gfloppy To start gfloppy.
showing you the status of formatting and verification (see Figure 4-3). The other options are covered in the mke2fs man page. you can eject the diskette and close gfloppy. The -c option makes the mke2fs command check the device for bad blocks before creating the file system. /dev/fd0 refers to the first diskette drive. your primary diskette drive is /dev/fd0. it is ready to be used with your Red Hat Linux system. .1.Chapter 4.2. gfloppy Status Box 4. The status box will appear on top of the main window. mke2fs essentially formats the device and creates an empty. Figure 4-3. Once complete. gfloppy Insert a diskette and change the settings in gfloppy to suit your needs. then click Format. Using mke2fs The mke2fs command is used to create a Linux ext2 file system on a device such as a hard drive partition or (in this case) a diskette. Insert your diskette into the drive and issue the following command at a shell prompt: /sbin/mke2fs /dev/fd0 On Linux systems.3. If your computer has more than one diskette drive. Once you have created an ext2 file system on the diskette. and so on. Linux-compatible device which can then be used for storing files and data. your second /dev/fd1. The mke2fs utility has a number of options. Diskettes and CD-ROMs 25 Figure 4-2.
2. 4. Figure 4-4. Figure 4-4 shows the contents of a CD-ROM within the Nautilus file manager. Insert a CD into your CD-ROM drive. which you can use to unmount and eject your CD-ROM after use. Contents of a CD-ROM in Nautilus A CD desktop icon also appears. Most of the software that can be purchased from retail outlets come in the form of CD-ROMs. and type the following command: mount /mnt/cdrom The CD-ROM should now be mounted and available for use with your file manager. CD-Rs and CD-RWs CD-writable (CD-R) drives have grown in popularity as an inexpensive way to backup and archive several megabytes of data.3. and even multimedia (audio/video and . including applications. This section shows you how to use CD-ROMs on your Red Hat Linux system. 4. Right-click on the icon to view all of the available choices. Using CD-ROMs with Your File Manager By default.2. Diskettes and CD-ROMs 4. choose Eject from the menu.2. open a shell prompt. Close any applications or file managers that are using the CD-ROM and type the following command at a shell prompt: umount /mnt/cdrom You can now safely press the eject button on your CD-ROM drive to retrieve your CD.26 Chapter 4.2.1. CDs are automatically mounted and the file manager is displayed allowing you to explore the contents of the CD. Using CD-ROMs From a Shell Prompt You can also manually mount and unmount your CD-ROMs from a shell prompt. to unmount and eject the CD-ROM. You can access your CD-ROM by clicking the home icon on the desktop and typing /mnt/cdrom in the location bar. After working with your CD. you must unmount it before you can eject it from your CD-ROM drive. personal files. 4. CD-ROMs The CD-ROM format is a popular medium to deliver typically large software applications as well as multimedia games and presentations. For example.
The CD Creator Interface in Nautilus Open a new Nautilus window and select the files or directories you want to write to CD-R(W). Then release the [Ctrl] key. To select multiple files.3. press and hold the [Ctrl] key. click the Write to CD button in the CD Creator window. Using CD Creator If you want to perform a quick file or directory backup to a CD-R or CD-RW. Figure 4-5. To access the CD Creator feature in Nautilus. insert a blank CD-R(W) into your drive and the CD Creator window will automatically display. You can also double click your home directory icon from the desktop and choose Go => CD Creator from the window menus. CD Creator allows you to drag and drop files from a Nautilus window to the CD Creator interface. 4. there is a tool included in the Nautilus file manager called CD Creator. and click on the files and folders.Chapter 4. You can also type burn: in the Location bar to start CD Creator. Red Hat Linux includes several tools for using CD-Rs and CD-rewritable (CD-RW) drives. name the CD. The CD Creator Write Dialog Box . which displays a dialog box where you can select the writing speed. Figure 4-6. When you are ready to write the files to your CD-R(W). and drag the files and folders to the CD Creator window. Diskettes and CD-ROMs 27 still image) presentations. and choose other options. press and hold the left mouse button.1.
Since it is generally recommended to periodically backup personal files. Figure 4-8. X-CD-Roast first scans your device busses and find your CDR(W) drive. You can configure the path where you wish to store CD images in the HD Settings tab under Path. and more. Note that your CD-R(W) drive brand may be different from the drive shown. Figure 4-8 illustrates the Setup screen and its configuration options.3. A status window displays the writing progress. type /usr/bin/xcdroast. as shown in Figure 4-7. the CD-R(W) should automatically eject from your drive when it is finished. All CD image (. X-CD-Roast automates the process of burning CD-Rs and CD-RWs and is highly configurable to many CD mastering or duplicating needs.2. 4. You must specify a path on your hard drive's file system that has at least 700 Megabytes (MB) of free space available. CD-ROM drive.iso or . It then allows you to configure settings for CD-writer. To start X-CD-Roast choose Main Menu => System Tools => CD Writer. To start it at a shell prompt. Figure 4-7. the CD Creator can help you do so quickly.img) files need to be stored in a central location accessible to X-CD-Roast. Using X-CD-Roast X-CD-Roast is a graphical application for duplicating and creating (also known as mastering) CDROMs. The CD Creator Write Status Window By default. .28 Chapter 4. such as CD Writer Speed and CD Writer FIFO-Buffer Size. X-CD-Roast Setup Screen Check your CD-R(W) manufacturer documentation to set some of the CD Settings options. Diskettes and CD-ROMs Click the Write files to CD button to start burning.
2.2. Using X-CD-Roast to Duplicate CDs 4. You can read all of the tracks on a CD — all CD-ROM information. so no further configuration is necessary. however. Since X-CD-Roast reads all tracks of a CD-ROM by default. Using X-CD-Roast to Create a CD It is always recommended to backup personal data and information often in case of hardware failure or file system corruption. Finally. X-CD-Roast allows you to backup files on your hard drive partition using Create CD. where you can configure the speed at which you read and write the tracks to CD-R(W). You can access these tooltips by leaving your mouse pointer on a button or drop-down menu for at least two seconds.2. 4. Figure 4-9. If you are copying tracks from an audio CD. Click the Write CD button to start the burning process. descriptive pop-up tips that informs you of the associated function in detail. you can delete unwanted tracks with Delete Tracks. Figure 4-9 shows the Write CD dialog box. Diskettes and CD-ROMs 29 X-CD-Roast is well-documented within the interface itself. This facility allows you to add files and directories into a CD session using Master Tracks. Using X-CD-Roast to Duplicate CD-ROMs To duplicate an existing CD-ROM for backup purposes.1. . to burn your tracks onto CD-R(W) media. including data and audio. You can set the speed at which you read a CD-ROM as well as find out some information about the CD-ROM track such as its type and size. as several of the options have long. the defaults are set correctly to create data CD-ROMs.3. as well as whether you wish to copy the CD-ROM on-the-fly or create an image file first before burning (which is recommended to prevent write or read errors from occurring during the duplication process).Chapter 4. click the Duplicate CD button in the main panel. choose Write CD. There are other options within the Master Tracks dialog that allows you to configure advanced settings. you can preview each track with Play Audio-Tracks. is stored on tracks — by clicking Read CD.3. Figure 4-10 shows a session that is preparing the entire /home directory for backup.
There are other file types that can be burned as images. 4.3. To write your tracks to the CD-R(W). You must first click Calculate size. In the Layout Tracks tab. move the ISO file to the path specified during setup. Diskettes and CD-ROMs Figure 4-10. Writing ISOs with X-CD-Roast Large files that end in . click the Create session/image tab to create the . Click Accept track layout.3. highlight the ISO image file you wish to burn and click Add. but ISO images are the most common CD image format. where you can click Write Tracks to burn the image to the CD-R(W).30 Chapter 4. 4. such as . This automatically loads the Write Tracks tab. Red Hat Linux is freely available as ISO images that you can download and write to the CD-R(W). The image displays in the Tracks to write box on the left side. Click Write tracks to write the image to the CDR(W). then click Create CD. There are also other ISO image files available on FTP and websites. Tip You can also create and write the image to the CD-R(W) in one step by clicking Master and write onthe-fly in the Create session image tab. there are two utilities available: mkisofs and cdrecord.2.iso are known as ISO9660 (or ISO) image files.raw. Using CD-Rs and CD-RWs with Command Line Tools If you want to use a shell prompt to write images to CD-R or CD-RWs. After you have added all files and directories you want to write to the CD-R(W). then click Master to image file to create the image. click Write Tracks from the panel on the left.img and . then Accept track layout. To write an ISO image file to a CD-R(W) with X-CD-Roast. For example. It is recommended that you use the multi-step method instead of the on-the-fly methods. In the Layout tracks tab.img file. These utilities have several advanced options that are beyond the scope of . Using X-CD-Roast to Back-up Hard Drive Files Highlight the files and directories that you wish to add to the session and click Add.3. This saves a few steps but can sometimes cause read-write errors. highlight the image file you created in the box on the right. and click Add.3. and click the Write Tracks tab to return to the main writing dialog.
). mkisofs Options 4.3..iso and write it to CD-R(W) so that you can use it on your Red Hat Linux PC at work and your Windows laptop for trips.3. Using mkisofs The mkisofs utility creates ISO9660 image files that can be written to a CD-R(W). Using cdrecord The cdrecord utility writes audio. Sets an Application ID — a text string that will be written into the volume header of the image which can be useful to determine what applications are on the CD. You can now use the ISO image file with either X-CD-Roast as described in Section 4. . For more information about using cdrecord. This can be done with mkisofs by running the following command: mkisofs -o backup. and the disc is mounted in Solaris and Windows environments. -x /home/joe/trash -x /home/joe/delete . Sets verbose execution. however. especially for UNIX/Linux environments.2 Using cdrecord .Chapter 4.2.3. data. Sets a Volume ID — a name that is assigned to it if the image is burned.3 Writing ISOs with X-CD-Roast.3. For more information on using mkisofs. refer to Section 4.3. -V -v -x Table 4-1. and mixed-mode (a combination of audio.2. useful if the CD is used in Windows environments. 4. which is useful for viewing the status of the image as it is being made. this option can be repeated (for example. but exclude the subdirectory /home/joeuser/junk/ because it contains unnecessary files. It is most useful for archival and file backup purposes. Option -o -J -R -A Function Specifies an output file name of the ISO image.3.1.. To use cdrecord. video. and/or data) CD-ROMs using options to configure several aspects of the write process.. you must first establish the device address of your CD-R(W) device by running the following command as root at a shell prompt: . Diskettes and CD-ROMs 31 this guide. You want to create an ISO image called backup. Suppose you wish to backup a directory called /home/joeuser/. refer to the additional resources in Section 4. Generates Joliet naming records. the command line based CD recording utility.. including speed.iso -x /home/joeuser/junk/ -J -R -A -V -v /home/joeuser/ The image is created in the same directory that you ran the command. Generates Rock Ridge (RR) naming records to preserve filename length and casing. The images created by mkisofs can include all types of files.4 Additional Resources.3. for basic image creation and writing. these tools save some time over the graphical alternatives such as X-CD-Roast. device. Excludes any directory immediately following this option. and data settings. Table 4-1 explains each command line option. or using cdrecord.
8 (i686-pc-linux-gnu) Copyright (C) 1995-2000 Jorg Schilling Using libscg version 'schily-0.4.3.0 3) 'HP ' 'CD-Writer+ 9200 ' '1. and sets write output (verbose [-v]). Offers all options and commands in detail.0 --blank=fast 4.3. audio and mixed-mode CD-ROMs.32 Chapter 4. Installed Documentation • cdrecord man page — Discusses how to burn data.0 2) * 0. switch to the root user and type the following at a shell prompt: cdrecord -v -eject speed=4 dev=0. including some example commands for common CD-R(W) burning tasks.3. such as Red Hat Linux ISO images.0). The following is an example output from running cdrecord -scanbus.0 6) * 0.1.6.5. Additional Resources This chapter briefly covers several applications. . Diskettes and CD-ROMs cdrecord -scanbus This command shows all CD-R(W) devices on your computer.version (where version is the version of mkisofs installed on your system) — Several documentation files are included with general usage and licensing information. Offers all options and commands in detail. £ ¢ ¡ • /usr/share/doc/cdrecord.0c' Removable CD-ROM 0.0 4) * 0. The same command can also be used for burning ISO image files downloaded from the Internet.4.version (where version is the version of cdrecord installed on your system) — Several documentation files are included with general usage and licensing information. including some warnings about creating certain types of ISO images.0 7) * To write the backup file image created with mkisofs in the previous section. • mkisofs man page — Comprehensive detail of the utility. The -eject argument ejects the CDROM after the write process is complete.iso The command sets the write speed (4).0 5) * 0. the device address (0.1' scsibus0: 0.0 0) * 0. Cdrecord 1.0 1) * 0.0.0 backup.1.3. Refer to the following resources for more information about the applications in this chapter 4. £ ¢ ¡ • /usr/share/doc/mkisofs. including some example commands for creating common ISO image files. You can use cdrecord to blank CD-RW discs for reuse by typing the following: cdrecord --dev=0. which is useful for tracking the status of the write process.7.4. It is important to remember the device address of the device used to write your CD.2.
¤ ¤ is the version of . this set of documentation helps you get started mastering DVD-ROMs for data backup and multimedia presentation.org/dvdrtools/ — The official website of the dvdrtools project.xcdroast.freesoftware. http://www.version (where version is the version of X-CD-Roast installed on your system) — Contains useful command-line options and usage information for this graphical CD-R(W) mastering application. news.4.version / (where version § ¦ ¥ ¥ • /usr/share/doc/xcdroast. Useful Websites • • • http://www. which includes the dvdrecord utility for writing DVD-R(+W) discs. Diskettes and CD-ROMs 33 dvdrecord installed on your system) — For users who have DVD-R(+W) devices.net/projects/cdrecord/ — The cdrecord project page on Freshmeat is regularly updated with the newest releases. and user commentary.fsf.org/ — The Official website of the X-CD-Roast project.Chapter 4.2. § ¦ • /usr/share/doc/dvdrecord. 4. http://freshmeat.
Diskettes and CD-ROMs .34 Chapter 4.
Your own ISP may have specific connection requirements for their service which differ from the instructions in this chapter. each computer connected to the Internet must have an IP address. At a shell prompt.Chapter 5. you must have a connection to it. DNS servers act as a road map for the Internet. including: • • • • • ISDN Connection Modem Connection Wireless Connection xDSL Connection Ethernet Connections Red Hat Linux includes the Internet Configuration Wizard.2. To start the application. you must be running the X Window System and have root privileges. type the command internet-druid In both cases you will have to enter your root password to continue. A gateway address. You can then configure the connection that you created at any time using the Network Administration Tool. There are many types of Internet connections. go to the Main Menu => System Tools => Internet Configuration Wizard. Getting Online Exploring the Internet has become a popular activity. the DNS tells your machine where to send its traffic. . Before connecting. Some ISPs may require you to configure a master address (called the gateway) that authenticates your computer and allows it to connect to the Internet. which is a unique set of numbers like 2xx. DNS tracks IP (Internet Protocol) addresses. When you use the Internet.2xx. including the following information: • • • • The phone number that your modem must dial to connect to your ISP if you are using a modem. use one of the following methods: • • In the graphical desktop environment. Your login name and password for your account if you are using an xDSL or modem connection.2x. check with your ISP for any specific instructions that they provide. More information about the Network Administration Tool can be found in the chapter entitled Network Configuration in the Red Hat Linux Customization Guide. DNS entries: DNS means Domain Name System. People use the Internet for everything from information to finances to getting medical prescriptions on the Web. You may receive one or more DNS entries from your Internet provider when you sign up. in order to use the Internet. However. which can be used to create an Internet connection. To use Internet Configuration Wizard.
start Internet Configuration Wizard. Internet Configuration Wizard uses the term xDSL to mean all types of DSL connections. Then. Most cable Internet providers require you to install an Ethernet card in your computer that connects to the cable modem. IDSL. To configure this type of connection. Some DSL providers require you to configure a PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet) connection with an Ethernet card. This special phone line must be installed by a phone company. Ask your DSL provider which method you should use. you are probably using PPPoE. The Ethernet card is usually required to be configured for DHCP. xDSL Connection An xDSL (Digital Subscriber Line) connection uses high-speed transmissions through telephone lines.36 Chapter 5. Modem Connection A modem connection uses a modem to establish a connection to the Internet. select xDSL Connection. To configure this type of connection. and follow the steps in the wizard. and follow the steps in the wizard. high-quality digital telecommunication lines as opposed to an analog modem connection. Getting Online Figure 5-1. start Internet Configuration Wizard. Some DSL providers require you to configure your system to obtain an IP address through DHCP with an Ethernet card. select Ethernet Connection. select ISDN Connection. Digital data is modulated into analog signals and sent over phone lines. and SDSL. Cable Modem Connection A cable modem connection uses the same coaxial cable that your TV cable travels on to transmit data. To configure this type of connection. the cable modem connects to the coaxial cable. start Internet Configuration Wizard. and select DHCP on the Configure Network Settings screen. To configure this type of connection. and select DHCP on the Configure Network Settings screen. Internet Configuration Wizard ISDN Connection An ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) connection uses high-speed. select Modem Connection. and follow the steps in the wizard. If you must supply a username and password to connect. To configure this type of connection. . There are different types of DSL such as ADSL. start Internet Configuration Wizard. select Ethernet Connection. start the Internet Configuration Wizard.
Chapter 5. Getting Online Wireless Connection
If you are connecting your Red Hat Linux computer to a wireless access point (WAP) or peerto-peer (also called ad-hoc) network with a wireless (802.11x) network card, then you will need to configure your wireless device. Choose the Wireless Connection, then select the device from the list provided. You can then configure the device for DHCP or fixed IP addresses In the pop-up device configuration window. The Internet Configuration Wizard is a utility that guides you step-by-step through the process of establishing your Internet connection. Once your connection is up and running, you can then configure it to suit your needs or particular connection. For more detailed instructions, refer to the Network Configuration chapter in the Red Hat Linux Customization Guide.
Chapter 5. Getting Online
Chapter 6. Web Browsing
Once you have configured your Internet connection (see Chapter 5 Getting Online), you are ready to get online. Red Hat Linux comes with several Web browsers, graphical applications that use your Internet connection to access the World Wide Web: news, research, shopping, banking, and more. This chapter briefly explains how to surf the Web using Mozilla and Galeon. For information about using the Konqueror Web browser, refer to Section A.6 Browsing the Web with Konqueror.
6.1. Mozilla
Part of the mozilla.org organization's wide range of Open Source Internet application developments, Mozilla is a powerful, integrated, and standards-compliant Web browser, email client, news reader, and more. The Web browsing component displays Web content such as webpages and images. Mozilla also uses plug-ins for interactive multimedia such as streaming video and Web animation. This section shows you how to use the Mozilla Web browser to explore the Internet. To start Mozilla click the Mozilla Web Browser launcher on the panel or choose Main Menu => Internet => Mozilla Web Browser.
Figure 6-1. Mozilla Main Browser Window
6.1.1. Using Mozilla
Mozilla functions like any Web browser that you may have used before. It has the standard navigational toolbars, buttons, and menus.
Figure 6-2. Web Browsing The navigation bar has an address field with which you can type a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) — the name or address of a website — into the address field at the top of the browser window. which you can customize with your own bookmarks or quickly go back to your homepage. Figure 6-3. Mozilla supports keyword searching via the address field as well. These are separate applications integrated into the Mozilla suite and are useful for experiencing email. click and hold the left mouse button on the small icon next to the URL in the address field and drag it directly to the Personal Toolbar or into a folder icon. The Personal Toolbar is useful for keeping and categorizing webpages so that you do not have to type the address every time you want to access the page. Address Book. bookmarks. Mail. The Mozilla SideBar At the bottom left corner of the browser window. Composer. Type in a keyword or phrase into the address field and click the Search button. For information on using the Mozilla Mail email client. there is the Personal Toolbar. The Mozilla Navigational Bar There is also a sidebar on the left that contains additional options. there are the following small icons: Navigator. chat. news.40 Chapter 6. and a What's Related option that displays webpages similar in topic to the page currently displayed in the main browsing area. . and other aspects of the Internet besides the Web. refer to Chapter 7 Email Applications. such as integrated search functionality. The search results appears in the main browsing area. To add a site to your Personal Toolbar. and IRC Chat. You can access Personal Toolbar folders by clicking the icon and choosing the website from the drop-down menu. Finally.
Mozilla Composer You can use Mozilla Composer to create webpages. Galeon Galeon is a Web browser that is based on Mozilla. click on Help (on the top menu panel) and then on Help Contents. When the help screen opens. You do not need to know HTML to use this tool. Web Browsing 41 Mozilla also allows you to browse multiple websites within one browser window using navigational tabs. This can be useful if you want to browse the Web without the need to email or chat with others. This will open the new tab and allow you to switch between tabs by clicking on them. Galeon uses Mozilla's HTML and image renderer and plug-in system to display Web and multimedia content. Galeon also has some extra features that are not included in Mozilla. right-click on the tab and choose Close Tab from the menu or click the X at the right of the tab bar to close the tab currently displayed. click on the Contents tab and expand the Creating Webpages menu by clicking on the arrow next to it. you can open a tab by clicking File => New => Navigation Tab or by pressing [Ctrl] and [T] at the same time. 6. To use Galeon.2. .2. or anything other than Web browsing and searching. go to Window => Composer on the Mozilla main menu.Chapter 6. newsgroups. It is only a Web browser and does not feature email. To close a tab.1. Figure 6-4. For additional information on using Mozilla. The Mozilla help files provide information on creating webpages with Composer. a working installation of Mozilla is required. To open Composer. Instead of using two or more separate windows to read multiple webpages. or click on the Composer icon in the lower left part of the screen: . Mozilla Composer 6. A list of topics will appear and clicking on any of these will provide you with information for creating and editing webpages using Mozilla Composer. Go to Help on the main menu and select Help Contents.
42 Chapter 6. Online with Galeon Using Galeon is much like using Mozilla. go to Main Menu => Internet => More Internet => Galeon. . The first time you launch Galeon. as well as Reload and Stop buttons to refresh a webpage and stop it from loading. respectively. and even browser navigation shortcuts. There are navigational buttons for moving from one visited webpage to another using the Forward. Back. and Home buttons. You can also configure Galeon' personal toolbar with bookmarks. Configuring Galeon During the initial configuration. it will take you through the configuration process. Web Browsing To launch Galeon. integrated search features. the main browser will appear. Once you have finished your configuration of Galeon. you have the option of importing bookmarks and preferences from Mozilla or other Web applications you may have installed on your system. Figure 6-5. Figure 6-6.
use the [Ctrl]-[T] key combination or select New Tab from the File menu. To launch a new Tab. Multiple pages can be stored in a single Galeon window. The tabbed browsing mode can be configured in the Tabs page of the Preferences Window. which is accessible by choosing Settings => Preferences from the browser's main menu. Galeon also has a navigational tab feature that can help you avoid having your desktop cluttered with browser windows. click Help on the top menu bar. Web Browser Keyboard Shortcuts Table 6-1 shows some common keyboard shortcuts available in both Mozilla and Galeon. Keyboard shortcuts can help you efficiently browse the Web. or right-click the tab and choose Close Tab from the drop-down menu. Keyboard Shortcuts Description Open a new tab for browsing multiple websites within one browser window Open a new browser window Close all browser windows and exits the application Move the cursor to the browser's address field Print the current displayed webpage or document Move forward by one link or page Move backward by one link or page Reload the current page Open the browsing history Find a keyword or string within a page . From there. To close a tab. 6. Shortcut [Ctrl]-[T] [Ctrl]-[N] [Ctrl]-[Q] [Ctrl]-[L] [Ctrl]-[P] [Ctrl]-[right arrow] [Ctrl]-[left arrow] [Ctrl]-[R] [Ctrl]-[H] [Ctrl]-[F] Table 6-1. you can choose to view the Galeon FAQ and Galeon manual.3. and you can switch between them by clicking on the each tab.Chapter 6. For additional information or help with Galeon. Web Browsing 43 Like Mozilla. click the X button within the tab.
Web Browsing .44 Chapter 6.
you will not be able to make full use of the email clients discussed in this chapter.someisp. If you have any questions regarding what information you need. including graphical email clients like Evolution and Mozilla Mail. This chapter will briefly discuss the following email clients: • • • Evolution Mozilla Mail Text-based email clients Before you launch an email client.net. All of the email client applications are designed to suit certain types of users. and text-based clients like mutt. POP. an application that understands the various email transmission standards and allows you to send. You can use email with an email client. IMAP. Since all email clients perform the same basic tasks (send and receive email). This POP or IMAP address.net. the place where incoming email is stored. you should have some information from your Internet Service Provider (ISP) handy so that you can configure the client properly. The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate how to use some of the popular email applications included in Red Hat Linux. is a protocol for retrieving email messages from your ISP's email server. This is why you need to specify both the POP or IMAP server and the SMTP server when you configure your email application. whereas POP mail is downloaded to your email client directly and does not stay on the server.Chapter 7. Red Hat Linux includes several email applications. receive. Email Applications Email is a very popular way of communicating with others over the Internet. SMTP is also used to send messages from a mail client to a mail server. you can choose one with the features that best suits your particular needs. although some can use the newer IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol). Most email systems that send mail over the Internet use SMTP to send messages from one server to another. Unless properly configured. and read email. so. The following lists a few important things you may need to know: Your email address The email address you will use to send and receive mail. contact your ISP or network administrator. you must know what type of server your network administrator or ISP is using. Server type for sending email (SMTP) The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is a protocol for sending email messages between servers. short for Internet Message Access Protocol. This is usually in the form of yourname@yourisp. IMAP differs from POP in that email from IMAP servers are stored on the server and stays there even as you download and read your mail. is usually in the form of mail. Server type for receiving email (POP or IMAP) In order to receive mail. short for Post Office Protocol. is used to send email from a mail server to your email client's inbox. the messages can then be retrieved with an email client using either POP or IMAP. . Most ISP email servers use the POP protocol. choose the one that is most convenient and easy to use.
which allows you to configure your email connection. Figure 7-2.46 Chapter 7. Figure 7-1. and you will be presented with the Main Screen as shown in Figure 7-2. click Finish. and is the default email client for Red Hat Linux. including powerful mailbox management. . Email Applications 7. Follow the on-screen instructions and fill in the information you collected from your ISP or administrator in the text boxes provided.1. To launch Evolution from the desktop panel. and quick searches. click on the Inbox icon. Evolution Evolution is more than just an email client. It additionally features a flexible calendar/scheduler which allows users to create and confirm group meetings and special events online. Evolution Main Screen To see what is in your inbox or to send an email. Evolution is a full-featured personal and workgroup information management tool for Linux and UNIX-based systems. It provides all of the standard email client features. go to Main Menu => Internet => Email. When you are done. user-defined filters. Evolution Welcome Screen The first time you start Evolution you will be presented with the Welcome Screen (Figure 7-1).
click Help from the main toolbar and choose the component you want to learn more about. Evolution New Email Message Screen Once you have composed a message and entered an email address to send the email to. . Email Applications 47 Figure 7-3. select New Message from the toolbar.Chapter 7. click Send on the toolbar. While Evolution does so much more than read and send email. like calendering/scheduling and group messaging. If you would like to learn more about using some of the other features of Evolution. this chapter focusses exclusively on its email capabilities. Evolution Inbox Screen To compose a mail. Figure 7-4.
Email Applications 7.48 Chapter 7. Figure 7-5. Mozilla Mail New Email Message Screen . To start Mozilla Mail. select Main Menu => Extras Internet => Mozilla Mail. Mozilla Mail This section briefly covers the basic steps for sending and receiving email with Mozilla. To open Mozilla Mail while in Mozilla. If you need further information about using Mozilla Mail. click on the mail icon near the lower left corner of the Mozilla screen.2. Mozilla Mail and News Figure 7-6. the Mozilla Help contents are located under Help on the main menu.
click on the Send button or go to File => Send Now or Send Later. The discussions are in threaded format (which means all topics and responses to the topic are sorted and organized for convenient reading) and subscribing to a group is very easy. If you choose to send later. you first need to set up a newsgroup account. click on the message you want to read. save it to a separate folder. There are a great many newsgroups on the Web with topics ranging from politics to computer games to random strange thoughts. Select Newsgroup account and then click Next. Click on your mail account name in the sidebar and select Create a new account from the options that appear on the right of the screen. click on OK. and more. enter the name of your news server (if you do not know the name of your news server. you can determine the name that this account will be referred to and review your settings. Once you read a message.2. click on the mail folder you created for yourself to see a list of messages waiting for you.1. On the last few screens. A dialog box appears. which is a Newsgroup term for reading without posting messages. On the following screen. The New Account Setup screen will appear. Email Applications 49 To send an email. Select the newsgroup you want to access and a dialog box appears with information about downloading and reading existing messages. Posting to a newsgroup is just like writing . When you are done. you can delete it. Right-click on this account name and select Subscribe. The newsgroup account you created will appear in the sidebar of the Mozilla mail screen. contact your Internet service provider or network administrator for this information). Now. You do not have to post messages if you do not want to. To read email. Select the groups you are interested in reading and click Subscribe. Figure 7-7. click on the arrow next to the newsgroup account name and the list of groups you are subscribed to will appear beneath.Chapter 7. Then. You can even post and download pictures and files to Newsgroups (although your ISP may restrict Newsgroups to text-based postings only). you can just lurk. you can go back to the main mail screen and go to File => Send unsent messages. 7. Newsgroup Account Setup Enter your name and email address on the next screen and click Next. listing all the newsgroups available. To join a newsgroup. Mozilla and Newsgroups Newsgroups are Internet discussion groups with specific topics.
Plain text emails are simple. there is always tab-completion to help you.muttrc or ~/. set folder = ~/Mail. type :set help. All configuration options can be changed at any time by typing a [:] followed by the relevant command. mutt allows the user to control nearly all of the functions that mutt uses to send. the layout is very controllable. When you launch mutt. They is nothing fancy. 7. As is true with all powerful software. The particular font can be specified. Mutt's configuration file. Plain Text Email Clients Most modern email clients allow the user to select whether they want to send their emails in plain text or in HTML. 7. e. Plain text (also called clear text) is the most portable format because it is supported by nearly every email application on various types of machines. ~/. there are no pictures embedded in the email. it has to be named either ~/. Using Mutt Mutt is a small but very powerful text-based mail client for UNIX operating systems. except that the newsgroup name appears in the To field rather than an email address.g. To turn those hints back on. Most of the options are invoked using the set or unset commands. and pictures or backgrounds can be added.50 Chapter 7. gives mutt its flexibility and configurability. receive.3. On the other hand. and there are no special fonts. the first thing you see is a screen with a list of email messages. It is also this file that might give new users problems. . textures.3. plain text email is just that — plain text. The advantage of HTML formatted email is that they can contain graphics and interactive links to Web sites. For example :unset help turns off the handy keyboard command hints at the top of the screen. This initial menu is called the index. You do not have to type all your preferred configuration commands each time you run mutt. Email Applications an email. you can save them in a file which is loaded every time the program starts up.muttrc. The term plain text refers to textual data in ASCII format. This configuration file must exist in your home directory. This chapter will discuss the mutt plain text email client. To unsubscribe from a newsgroup. with either boolean or string values. it takes time to understand the features and what they can do for you. all this makes for a visually appealing message when it gets to the recipient. The number of options that mutt has available to it are truly astounding.mutt/muttrc.1. and read your mail. right-click on the group name and select Unsubscribe. If you cannot remember the command you want to use.
Mutt displays the compose menu. Type your message. Email Applications 51 Figure 7-8. Use the [K] and [J] keys on your keyboard to move the highlighted cursor up and down the list of messages. often called the mailspool. . Mutt will prompt for the To: address and the Subject: line.x . where you can customize your message headers. After editing your email. To learn more about mutt. that you can think of as your inbox. In the index or pager views.2. refer to the man pages for muttrc and mutt (type man muttrc or man mutt at the shell prompt). save your file and exit the editor. mutt Main Screen These messages are in a default mail folder. The mutt manual is installed in /usr/share/doc/mutt-1. use the [R] key to reply to a message or the [M] key to create a new one. A text editor (defined by your $EDITOR environmental variable in the configuration file) will then launch allowing you to compose your message.Chapter 7. change the encoding. where x is the version number of mutt installed on your system. You may also find the mutt manual to be very helpful. add file attachments or simply press the [Y] key to send your email on its way.
52 Chapter 7. Email Applications .
thus the drivers and software on the printer manufacturer's CD-ROM and diskettes are not needed. Figure 8-1. click the New button in the main Printer Configuration Tool window to display the window in Figure 8-1. refer to the chapter called Printer Configuration in the Red Hat Linux Customization Guide. For remote printer setup and more advanced printer configuration issues. 8. numbers. Adding a Printer In the window shown in Figure 8-2.2. enter a short description for the printer. . which can contain spaces. Printers have become a very popular PC peripheral due to their increasing quality and decreasing prices. 8. Red Hat Linux provides drivers for most printer models. as most operating systems require these CD-ROMs because they contain printer drivers — software that communicates with both the printer and the operating system. This chapter shows you how to set up and test a printer directly connected to your Red Hat Linux system. The Printer Configuration Tool Red Hat Linux includes a graphical utility for configuring local and remote printers without the need to install additional drivers and applications. The printer name may contain letters. such as one attached through a parallel port or USB port on your computer. dashes (-). and configure it with the useful tools provided by Red Hat Linux. The Printer Configuration Tool uses a step-by-step process that can help you configure a printer faster than editing configuration files manually. Printer hardware manufacturers distribute CD-ROMs or diskettes with their printers. and underscores (_). all you need to do is attach the printer to your Red Hat Linux system. Adding a Local Printer To add a local printer.1. Click Forward to proceed. turn on the printer. With few exceptions. Optionally. The printer name cannot contain spaces and must begin with a letter.Chapter 8. Printer Configuration Most computer users either own a printer at home or use one at work. enter a unique name for the printer in the Name text field.
Select the name of the printer manufacturer from the pulldown menu. Printer Configuration Figure 8-2. click Rescan devices to rescan the computer or click Custom device to specify it manually. select the model from the list. Select the printer model from the list. The device is usually /dev/lp0 for a parallel printer or /dev/usb/lp0 for a USB printer.3 Selecting the Printer Model and Finishing to continue. You will see a window similar to Figure 8-4. the next step is to select the printer model. If no devices appear in the list. Select Locally-connected from the Select a queue type menu. and select the device.3.54 Chapter 8. Figure 8-3 appears. The printers are divided by manufacturers. . 8. Click Forward to continue. If it was not auto-detected. The printer models are updated each time a different manufacturer is selected. Selecting a Queue Name After clicking Forward. Go to Section 8. Adding a Local Printer The next step is to select the type of printer. Selecting the Printer Model and Finishing After selecting the queue type of the printer. Figure 8-3.
Confirming Printer Configuration The last step is to confirm your printer configuration. If the test fails. the data is filtered multiple times and is converted to a format that the printer can not understand. If you need to print characters beyond the basic ASCII set (including those used for languages such as Japanese). the remote print server usually has its own print driver. SMB. applying the changes. LPD. Tip You can select a different print driver after adding a printer by starting the Printer Configuration Tool. print a test page to try out this new configuration. The print driver processes the data that you want to print into a format the printer can understand. Selecting a Printer Model The recommended print driver is selected based on the printer model selected. 8. Click the Apply button in the main window to save your changes and restart the printer daemon.Chapter 8. Refer to Section 8. Click Back to modify the printer configuration. Printer Configuration 55 Figure 8-4. selecting the printer from the list. first try selecting Generic as the manufacturer and Raw Print Queue or Postscript Printer as the printer model. you must review your driver options and select Prerender Postscript. . After applying the changes. Refer to Section 8.5 Modifying Existing Printers for details. If you select an additional print driver on your local computer. selecting a different print driver. Click Apply to add the print queue if the settings are correct. the remote print server might not have a print driver configured.1. and printing a test page. clicking Edit. you need a print driver to process the data that is sent to the printer.4 Printing a Test Page for details. Since a local printer is attached directly to your computer.3. If you are configuring a remote printer (IPP. You can also configure options such as paper size if you edit the print queue after adding it. or NCP). print a test page to ensure the configuration is correct. To make sure the data is not filtered more than once. clicking the Driver tab. Try selecting a print driver according to the manufacturer and model of the remote printer. After applying the changes. and then applying the changes.
Modifying Existing Printers To delete an existing printer. To print a test page.56 Chapter 8. The default printer icon appears in the Default column of the default printer in the list. you should print a test page to test the different configuration.5. The tabbed window shown in Figure 8-6 is displayed. The window contains the current values for the selected printer. select the printer and click the Delete button on the toolbar. Click Apply in the main Printer Configuration Tool window to save the changes and restart the printer daemon. Click Apply to save the changes and restart the printer daemon. . If you change the print driver or modify the driver options. The printer is removed from the printer list. and click OK. After adding the printer(s). select the printer from the printer list and click the Default button on the toolbar. Test Page Options 8. Make any necessary changes.4. then select the appropriate test page from the Test pulldown menu. To set the default printer. you should print a test page to make sure the printer is functioning properly. select the printer that you want to try out from the printer list. Printer Configuration 8. the settings can be edited by selecting the printer from the printer list and clicking the Edit button. Figure 8-5. Printing a Test Page After you have configured your printer.
the form feed light flashes). change the value in the Queue name tab. Driver Options The Driver Options tab displays advanced printer options. Printer Driver The Printer driver tab shows which print driver is currently being used.5. try selecting Send End-ofTransmission (EOT) instead. Depending on which queue type is chosen. Click Apply to save the change and restart the printer daemon. The name of the printer should change in the printer list.1. Options vary for each print driver. This option is only available with the LPRng printing system. Queue Type The Queue type tab shows the queue type that was selected when adding the printer and its settings. Click OK to return to the main window. If it is changed.5. Refer to the appropriate section on adding a printer for a description of the options. Common options include: • Send Form-Feed (FF) should be selected if the last page of the print job is not ejected from the printer (for example.2. Editing a Printer 8. different options are displayed. Printer Configuration 57 Figure 8-6.Chapter 8. Queue Name To rename a printer or change its short description. 8. This option is only available with the LPRng printing system. 8. 8.3. The queue type of the printer can be changed or just the settings. Refer to Send Form-Feed (FF) above. Send End-of-Transmission (EOT) should be selected if sending a form-feed does not work. Click Apply to save the changes and restart the printer daemon.5. After making modifications.4. Some printers require both Send Form-Feed (FF) and Send Endof-Transmission (EOT) to eject the last page.5. If this does not work. • . click OK to return to the main window. click OK to return to the main window. Click Apply to save the change and restart the printer daemon.
Only select this option if there are problems printing. accept the default of C. This option converts it to PostScript level 1. If Japanese characters are being printed. the print job is added to the print spool queue. Do not choose it unless problems printing the correct fonts exist. If this option is selected along with the Convert Text to Postscript option. Convert Text to Postscript is selected by default. A3. The options include US Letter. the print driver assumes that any data that it can not recognize is text and attempts to print it as text. Extra time is required to perform this action. Click Apply to save the change and restart the printer daemon. Also select this option if the printer can not handle PostScript level 3. the job number. and A4. such as printing text file from Emacs or printing an image from The GIMP. This option prerenders non-standard PostScript fonts so that they are printed correctly. Effective Filter Locale defaults to C. 8. this is not an option because text is always converted to PostScript. the hostname of the system that sent the request. US Legal. try selecting this option. or Convert to PS level 2 in case the printer can not handle certain PostScript levels. For example. • • • GhostScript pre-filtering — allows you to select No pre-filtering. Prerender Postscript should be selected if characters beyond the basic ASCII set are being sent to the printer but they are not printing correctly (such as Japanese characters). such as the status of the request. . If this option is selected. The print spool queue is a list of print jobs that have been sent to the printer and information about each print request. and more. the print driver assumes the unknown data is text and then converts it to PostScript. click the Printer Manager icon on the panel to start the GNOME Print Manager as shown in Figure 8-7. select this option to print Japanese fonts to a non-Japanese printer. If the printer can print plain text. If the printer does not support the fonts you are trying to print.6. If the CUPS printing system is used. • • • • To modify the driver options. This option is only available if the PostScript driver is used with the CUPS printing system. If you are running a graphical desktop environment. try unselecting this when printing plain text documents to decrease the time it takes to print.58 Chapter 8. Page Size allows the paper size to be selected. Managing Print Jobs When you send a print job to the printer daemon. Otherwise. Media Source defaults to Printer default. click OK to return to the main window. select ja_JP. This option is only available with the LPRng printing system. Change this option to use paper from a different tray. Printer Configuration Assume Unknown Data is Text should be selected if the print driver does not recognize some of the data sent to it. Convert to PS level 1. the username of the person who sent the request.
. To print a file from Nautilus. GNOME Print Manager It can also be started by selecting Main Menu Button (on the Panel) => System Tools => Print Manager. List of Print Jobs To cancel a specific print job listed in the GNOME Print Manager. Also located on the Panel is a Print Manager icon. right-click on the icon for the printer and select Properties. Because it probes for active print jobs every five seconds. The Printer Configuration Tool is then started. If there are active print jobs in the print spool.Chapter 8. Figure 8-9. The window shown in Figure 8-10 is displayed. Printer Configuration 59 Figure 8-7. Figure 8-8. the icon might not be displayed for short print jobs. To change the printer settings. select it from the list and select Edit => Cancel Documents from the pulldown menu. Click OK to start printing the file. browse to the location of the file and drag and drop it on to the Print Manager icon on the Panel. a printer notification icon might appears in the Panel Notification Area of the desktop panel as shown in Figure 8-9. Double-click on a configured printer to view the print spool queue as shown in Figure 8-8. Printer Notification Icon Clicking on the printer notification icon starts the GNOME Print Manager to display a list of current print jobs.
Chapter 8. Printer Configuration
Figure 8-10. Print Verification Window To view the list of print jobs in the print spool from a shell prompt, type the command lpq. The last few lines will look similar to the following:
Rank Owner/ID active user@localhost+902 Class A Job Files 902 sample.txt Size Time 2050 01:20:46
Example 8-1. Example of lpq output If you want to cancel a print job, find the job number of the request with the command lpq and then use the command lprm job number . For example, lprm 902 would cancel the print job in Example 8-1. You must have proper permissions to cancel a print job. You can not cancel print jobs that were started by other users unless you are logged in as root on the machine to which the printer is attached. You can also print a file directly from a shell prompt. For example, the command lpr sample.txt will print the text file sample.txt. The print filter determines what type of file it is and converts it a format the printer can understand.
8.7. Additional Resources
To learn more about printing on Red Hat Linux, refer to the following resources.
8.7.1. Installed Documentation
• man printcap —
The manual page for the /etc/printcap printer configuration file.
• map lpr — The manual page for the lpr command that allows you to print files from the command
• man lpd
— The manual page for the LPRng printer daemon.
Chapter 8. Printer Configuration
• man lprm
— The manual page for the command line utility to remove print jobs from the LPRng spool queue. — The manual page for the command line utility to print multiple pages on one sheet — The manual page for the CUPS printer daemon. The manual page for the CUPS printer daemon configuration file. The manual page for the class configuration file for CUPS.
• man mpage
of paper.
• man cupsd
• man cupsd.conf —
• man classes.conf —
8.7.2. Useful Websites
• •
http://www.linuxprinting.org — GNU/Linux Printing contains a large amount of information about printing in Linux. http://www.cups.org/ — Documentation, FAQs, and newsgroups about CUPS.
Chapter 8. Printer Configuration
png Table 9-1.xls. slide shows . spreadsheets. . Using OpenOffice.htm/.org Features The OpenOffice. .org suite. tables. visual form of document formatting is called what you see is what you get (or WYSIWYG) editing. simple databases Business and academic presentations. productivity suites are graphical and include such applications as word processors. and . . and presentation utilities.gif. address books.sdd Document Types Formal letters. clip art.jpg. the OpenOffice. .rtf.txt. or opening a document from an email attachment. .sdc. Application OpenOffice.sxc. . .org suite has many file compatibility features. .html . Red Hat Linux has a tool that suits your needs. resumes.org Impress OpenOffice. organizational charts . charts. business forms. .sdw.sxd. lectures. and at home.bmp. 9.dbf.sxi.ppt. .org Draw File Compatibility . edit. If you have ever worked with or received . . and artwork.htm/. line drawings. business presentations. budgets. . you know they are commonly associated with the Microsoft Office suite.csv.org. . at school.org Suite Productivity suites are collections of applications designed to save time and assist users at work.org is much faster and easier than learning complex tags and code to format your documents and presentations.doc or . OpenOffice. . including files which are commonly associated with Microsoft Office. newsletters. OpenOffice. forms.1. write a document with an embedded chart created by the spreadsheet application as well as a slide from a graphical presentation application. for example. school papers. Usually.sxd.org Calc OpenOffice. Red Hat Linux includes a powerful business productivity suite called OpenOffice. Working with Documents Red Hat Linux includes several tools for managing all of your documents. Table 9-1 shows the many different types of files you can use and tasks you can accomplish with the OpenOffice. The OpenOffice.xls files. The OpenOffice. graphs. . Web presentations. and create files in several formats. which incorporates several complementary applications into one integrated package.doc. Whether you are preparing for a business or school presentation.Chapter 9. It includes templates. reports Spreadsheets. lectures. It allows you complete control over the layout and content of your documents and lets you see the results as you edit it. export files to several Illustrations. writing a formal letter. This real-time.sxw. and wizards for creating basic professional documents and presentations quickly.1.1. spreadsheets. and allows you to . Integration of the software that make up a productivity suite helps you to give impact to your presentations.html .sda. . or printed collateral. The applications that comprise a productivity suite are integrated — which means that you can.slk.org Writer OpenOffice. including . personnel directories. 9.org suite is able to read.org Features As you can see.org suite contains several applications for creating and editing documents. image formats.
center. Along the left side of the window. a pop-up Tip is displayed with a brief explanation of the button's functionality. or if you are . for files that you need to distribute to Microsoft Office users. You can display more detailed Tips by clicking the Help menu and choosing Extended Tips.org Writer. OpenOffice. there is a toolbar with buttons for checking your spelling. OpenOffice. However. 9. letter sizes.64 Chapter 9. The default file type is appropriate for files that you are working on exclusively with OpenOffice. to start it from a shell prompt. saving.org Writer from your desktop panel. which opens the pop-up file browser. The following sections shows you how to use the OpenOffice. You can settings. The main interface is the document editing area (the white space in the middle of the window) where you can add and edit text. design. You can immediately begin typing text into the document editing area at any time using the default . justification (aligning the text of your document to the left. To save your text.org Writer To start OpenOffice. Working with Documents accomplish several tasks for academic. If you hover the mouse cursor over a toolbar button. At the top of the window are various functions collected into toolbars that let you choose your fonts. and other convenient editing functions. or home use.org suite. A word processor is like a text editor but has several additional features that allow you to format.org Writer in action: Figure 9-1. and print your documents without the need to memorize complex formatting tags or codes.2. Figure 9-1 shows OpenOffice. OpenOffice. or right margins). and more. There are also buttons for opening.org Writer is a powerful word processor that features WYSIWYG formatting — what you see in the OpenOffice. business.1. keyword and phrase searching.org is similar to other word processing applications you may have used before.org Writer window is exactly what you get if you printed the document or if you gave the document file to someone else for them to view. and printing documents. There is also a text box that enables you to specify the exact location of a document on your machine and load the document into the editing area. click the Save button choose the file format from the File type drop down menu at the bottom of the browser window.org Writer Writing documents using OpenOffice. as well as buttons for creating new documents (which will open up a new window with a blank document for you to add content).org applications. toggling the automatic highlighting of misspelled words. choose Main Menu => Office => OpenOffice. type oowriter.
You can perform calculations on groups of cells (such as adding or subtracting a column of cells) or create charts based on the quantities contained in a group of cells. Figure 9-2 shows an image added to a document. illustrations.org Calc in action. and choose the image from the pop-up file browser. OpenOffice. select Main Menu => Office => OpenOffice. Working with Documents 65 editing a file that was sent as an email attachment with the . You can even incorporate spreadsheet data into your documents for a professional touch.org Writer is useful for general document editing. select Insert => Graphics => From File. The image will appear where you placed your cursor and can be made larger or smaller by clicking on the resizing borders around the image.3.org Calc is a software spreadsheet application that allows you to enter and manipulate data cells organized in columns and rows.org Calc from the desktop panel. Note that you can also export your document to HTML or PDF format. While OpenOffice. Consult Table 9-1 for available file formats. To add an image to the document.org Calc From large enterprises to home offices. charts. you can also add objects such as images. and tables to your document to complement your text or give impact to your documents. formats which can be read by almost every computer with a Web browser (such as Mozilla) or PDF viewer application (such as xpdf or Adobe Acrobat Reader). To start OpenOffice.1. creating business charts. Adding an Image to Your Document Once you have created your document. Figure 9-2. and manipulating data. type oocalc. label. you can save the file as a Microsoft Word file type that others will be able to open it in Microsoft Word. To start OpenOffice. such as a quantity. OpenOffice.doc extension. 9. . or mathematical formula.Chapter 9. you can save it in any format that you wish. A cell is a container for individual pieces of data.org Calc. professionals in every industry use spreadsheets for keeping records.org Calc from a shell prompt. Figure 9-3 shows OpenOffice.
. =quotient() for division. For detailed information about creating functions for calculating your numerical data in OpenOffice. For example..org Calc allows you to enter the data either in the cell itself by double clicking the cell and typing your information or by using the Input Line (the text box on the toolbar).org has several chart and graph templates available.org Calc allows you to enter and manipulate personal or business data. and =subtotal()for preparing receipts). OpenOffice.org Calc has several preset functions and calculations (such as =SUM() for addition/multiplication.org Impress presentations. In the Chart window.org Calc OpenOffice. then click Insert => Chart. If you need to create charts or graphs for class or business presentations. OpenOffice. refer to the documentation by selecting Help => Contents. you can create a personal budget by entering data descriptions (such as rent. OpenOffice. Click Next to display the many different charts and graphs you can create using your data.org Writer documents or OpenOffice. OpenOffice. the data ranges you chose will be shown in the text box for you to customize further if desired. Highlight the areas you would like to chart. You can move it anywhere on the screen for printing. groceries.. or you can save the graph as an object that you can then embed in OpenOffice. Working with Documents Figure 9-3. and utilities) into column A and the quantities of those data descriptions in column B.66 Chapter 9..org Calc. and click Create. Then you can run a formula on column B to come up with a total. The graph will be displayed anchored within the spreadsheet window. Choose the style you want.
Creating Charts with OpenOffice. To start OpenOffice. and presentations.org Calc in several file formats. OpenOffice.Chapter 9.org Impress from the graphical desktop. 9. webpages.4. Additionally. To start OpenOffice.1.sxc as well as Microsoft Office compatible .org Calc into a slide. refer to the help page located in Help => Contents from the file menus.org Calc You can save spreadsheets created with OpenOffice.org Impress from a shell prompt. select Main Menu => Office => OpenOffice. or images. You can even import charts and graphs created by OpenOffice. OpenOffice. outlines.org Impress in action.org Impress Visual aids can give your presentations an added impact that catches your audience's attention and keeps them interested.org Impress. Figure 9-5 shows OpenOffice.org Impress is a graphical tool that can help you make a more convincing presentation. For more information about using OpenOffice.xls formats. . OpenOffice. type ooimpress. including the native .org Impress features a step-by-step automated presentation wizard called AutoPilot that allows you to create presentations from a collection of default style templates. you can export rendered charts and graphs to several image file formats and integrate them with document files. You can make slides with itemized lists. Working with Documents 67 Figure 9-4.org Calc.
slides. Figure 9-6. You can also preview your presentation at any point by selecting Slide Show => Slide Show from the file menus. The presentation will be presented in full screen. you will be presented with the AutoPilot. the Microsoft PowerPoint format (mypresentation. click Insert Slide. which you can exit by cycling through every slide until you reach the end or by pressing the [Esc] key at any point in the slide show.ppt).org Impress AutoPilot Wizard Once you have chosen your preferences with AutoPilot tool. or a display monitor). and any animated visual effects you want to apply to the slides if you run presentations from your computer.sdd). OpenOffice. in the floating toolbar. Your presentation can be saved in several file formats. You can also print your presentation to plain or transparent paper formats by clicking File => Print from the file menu. you can choose the type of slide you want to create. You can save in the native OpenOffice.org Impress. OpenOffice. You can have as many slides in your presentation as you need. the medium with which you will present your slides (plain paper.org Impress format (for example.68 Chapter 9. Working with Documents Figure 9-5. transparent paper for overhead projectors. mypresentation. or StarImpress format (mypresentation.org Impress When you first start OpenOffice. and a pop-up window will appear allowing you to choose the layout of the new slide.sxi).. .. To add new slides to your presentation. You can choose the style of your slides. You can select a pre-formatted slide from the list or start with a blank slide and customize the layout yourself.
You can additionally insert text into your illustrations. Figure 9-7. There are toolbars for creating straight and curved lines. refer to the documentation located at Help => Contents from the file menus. 3D objects such as cones and cubes.png.org Draw has some of the same basic functions. place on websites.org Draw in action.org Draw.org Draw also allows you to open and import images and modify them with the tools provided. OpenOffice. You can create images and fill them with the color of your choice using the Area Style/Filling drop-down menu on the main toolbar. or attach to emails. OpenOffice. Figure 9-7 Shows OpenOffice. and more. .jpg or .org Draw If you want to create graphics for your documents and presentations. OpenOffice. type oodraw.org Draw allows you to make illustrations and save them in several formats that you can add to printed documents. click Main Menu => Office => OpenOffice.org Draw If you are familiar with illustration and graphics applications such as The GIMP (refer to Chapter 11 Working with Images for more information). Refer to Table 9-1 for the complete list of compatible image file formats.org Draw. you can use OpenOffice. you will find that OpenOffice. Working with Documents To learn more about OpenOffice. click Help => Contents from the file menus. you can save the file in one of several native file formats or export your work to several popular formats such as . basic shapes such as squares and circles. OpenOffice. When you complete your illustration or image modifications.org Draw from a shell prompt. Using your mouse as a you would a pen or a paintbrush. To start OpenOffice. For more information on using OpenOffice.5.1. To start OpenOffice.org Impress.org Draw from the desktop panel.Chapter 9. 69 9.org Draw.
and print files. or. click Main Menu => Accessories => Text Editor. It can open. You can begin using gedit immediately or click the Open button to locate the plain text file you want to edit. such as system logs and configuration files.2. You can also cut and paste text to and from other graphical desktop applications. Plain text files are files that contain text without any font or style formatting applied to it. applications that allow you to view and modify plain text files. To start gedit.70 Chapter 9. You can also start gedit by typing gedit at a shell prompt. edit. and save plain text files. gedit is a graphical text editor. choose the file you want . Figure 9-8. gedit has a clear and understandable interface that uses tabs so that you can open more than one file at the same time without opening more than one gedit window. The file will load into the main editing area as shown in Figure 9-8. click Open. Editing Text Files Red Hat Linux includes several text editors. If you have a file already open and want to copy text from another file. You can navigate the text file by clicking and holding the scroll bar on the right edge of the window and moving your mouse cursor up and down. you are presented with a blank editing area. Tip gedit allows you to open multiple text files in one window using separate tabs for each file. Note gedit can only be used in a graphical desktop environment. Press the [Page Up] and [Page Down] keys to advance the document a page at a time. use the arrow keys to navigate through the text file line-by-line. gedit Once gedit is running. create new text files. Working with Documents 9.
1. press [:] (which is the vi command mode) and press [q] then [Enter]. meaning that you can view and run built-in commands on the file but you cannot add text to it. which is convenient if. choose Help => Contents from the file menus to access the gedit manual. and modify text files. press [Esc]. a pop-up window will prompt you to name the file and save it in the directory of your choice. or by choosing File => Save from the file menus.. Red Hat Linux includes the vi (pronounced vee-eye) text editor. then any changes you make will automatically appear in the file the next time you open it. Once you have modified or written your text file. and vi reverts to Normal mode. which exits without saving changes. You can also choose File => Save As.Chapter 9. Figure 9-9. search.. If you accidentally made changes to a file and you want to exit vi without saving the changes. If you have made changes to the text file that you want to save. If you are editing an existing file. vi opens a file in Normal mode. To add text. vi is a simple application that opens within the shell prompt and allows you to view. type [:] and then type [q] followed by [!]. and the file will open in a new tab within the gedit window. Working with Documents 71 to access. For more information about gedit. You can navigate between each file by clicking on the the tab associated with the particular filename. 9. © ¨ . To open a file with vi type vi filename at a shell prompt. To exit vi. If you are writing a new text file. you can save it by pressing the Save button in the toolbar. you are editing a configuration file and you want to test your changes without losing your original configuration. vi By default. To start vi. Shell Prompt Text Editors If you are not using a graphical desktop and want to read and modify a text or configuration file.2. press [i] (for Insert mode). type vi at a shell prompt. which will allow you to make any modifications you need to. for example. To exit insert mode. to save an existing file under a new name or in a different location. More information about using vi can be found by typing man vi at a shell prompt. press [:] and type [w] then [q] to write your changes to the file and exit the application.
you can download it free of charge at http://www. To view the xpdf man page. and find tools. PDF captures formatting information from a variety of desktop publishing applications. Select Open to display the file browser. The xpdf toolbar at the bottom has navigational tools that let you move backward and forward through the PDF document. The xpdf man page provides useful information on the xpdf options. making it possible to send formatted documents and have them appear on the recipient's monitor or printer as they were intended. xpdf To view a PDF with xpdf: 1. Another popular PDF viewer is Adobe Acrobat Reader. You can also launch xpdf by typing xpdf at a shell prompt. Right-click in the xpdf screen to display a list of options. Working with Documents 9. 4.72 Chapter 9. Select the PDF file you want to view and click Open. go to Main Menu => Graphics => PDF Viewer. .3.com/. In your desktop environment. Figure 9-10. 2. 3. An open source application called xpdf is included with Red Hat Linux. print. at a shell prompt type man xpdf.adobe. While it is not included with Red Hat Linux. To view a PDF you must have a PDF reader. as well as standard zoom. Viewing PDFs A PDF (Portable Document Format) file is an electronic image of a document.
Playing Audio CDs To play an audio CD. Figure 10-1. a cross-platform multimedia player which allows you to play several digital audio file formats. If the interface does not appear.Chapter 10. There is even a sliding bar that allows you to adjust the volume. you can also use the Track List drop down menu to select a track from the available listing. Figure 10-2. . place the CD in your CD-ROM drive. 10. To take advantage of this technology. The CD Player application should appear automatically and begin playing the first audio track.2.1. and General Amusement This chapter presents you with the lighter side of Red Hat Linux. pause. Audio. Red Hat Linux includes the powerful X Multimedia System (XMMS). Red Hat Linux provides many packages to assist you in having some fun with your computer. You can also change the way the application functions by clicking on the Open Preferences button. Users enjoy the technology because the sound quality is excellent compared to analog tape or records. with play. CD Player Preferences 10. and the files are compact (audio files can easily be transferred across the Internet). click Main Menu => Sound & Video => CD Player to launch the CD Player application. Here you can set themes for the player as well as set the behavior of the CD-ROM drive when you open or quit the CD Player application. Playing Digital Audio Files Digital audio has become very popular in recent years. and stop functions. Press the Next track and Previous Track buttons to skip forward or backward one track. CD Player Interface The CD Player interface acts similar to a standard CD player. You can edit the track listings for your CDs by clicking the Open track editor button. From games and toys to multimedia applications. Video.
1. To learn more about using XMMS and its many options.74 Chapter 10.ogg are Ogg Vorbis files. pause. type the command xmms. To launch XMMS from a shell prompt. The Load File(s) Window In Figure 10-4. refer to the man page by typing man xmms at a shell prompt.2. Audio. Troubleshooting Your Sound Card If.pls file is an audio playlist file. Video. and General Amusement Figure 10-3. and most module formats. This can be convenient if you have several audio files and you want to categorize them (for example. The files that end in . you see that there are several files to choose from. you do not hear sound and know that you do have a sound card installed. 10. To adjust the volume click the volume slider (the long slider above the Open button) to the left to lower the volume or to the right to increase it like a CD player. for some reason. Notice that XMMS begins to play your audio files immediately. by genre or artist). you can run the Sound Card Configuration Tool utility. and choose a file from the Load File(s) Figure 10-4. 10. Using XMMS To play an audio file with XMMS. XMMS Interface XMMS can be used for more than just playing digital audio files. XMMS can be extended via plugins to play a number of other digital multimedia formats. Additionally. click and hold the mouse button and drag it over all of the files you want to open) and click OK. the . and skip (backward and forward) your audio files. To launch XMMS.3. By default XMMS can play Ogg Vorbis. There are also buttons to stop. Highlight the file you wish to play (if you have multiple files. You can use XMMS to add audio files into a list and then save it as a playlist. go to Main Menu => Sound & Video => XMMS. click the Open button window. a popular new audio file format. . RIFF wave.
A small text box pops up prompting you for your root password. The Sound Card Configuration Tool utility probes your system for sound cards. If you are having trouble configuring your sound card. Figure 10-5.conf file as discussed below (this strategy is not recommended for most new users) or refer to the documentation that came with your sound card for more information. You can edit your modules. For example: alias sound sb alias midi opl3 options opl3 io=0x388 options sb io=0x220 irq=7 dma=0. you can manually edit your /etc/modules.tldp. 10. and General Amusement 75 To use the Sound Card Configuration Tool. choose Main Menu => System Settings => Soundcard Detection. check the Hardware Compatibility List at http://hardware. Video.conf file to include the sound card module that it should use.com/ to see if your card is supported. but there are some sound cards that are not completely compatible or may not work at all.1.1. refer to the Linux Sound HOWTO at the Linux Documentation Project webpage: http://www. Manual Sound Card Configuration If your sound card is not a plug and play card. Note Most sound cards are supported by Red Hat Linux.org/HOWTO/Sound-HOWTO/ .3. If Sound Card Configuration Tool Does Not Work If the Sound Card Configuration Tool does not work (if the sample does not play and you still do not have audio sounds).1 mpu_io=0x300 For information on configuring sound manually. select OK and your sound card configuration is complete. Sound Card Configuration Tool 10.1. If the utility detects a plug and play sound card.redhat. although they are not quite as simple as running the Sound Card Configuration Tool.Chapter 10.3. Audio. If you can hear the sample. there are alternatives. it will automatically try to configure the correct settings for your card. You can then click the Play test sound button to play a sound sample.
10. Choose your model and click OK. if you install a new video card. if you did not choose to configure a video card at that time. Figure 10-6 shows the Advanced tab for configuring your video device manually... You should do this.. When you have finished reconfiguring your video card and monitor. To configure your video card manually. The games included in Red Hat Linux appeal to quite a large number of video game enthusiasts. for example. you should be able to start an X session and enjoy your graphical desktop environment. A pop-up window will display a list of monitor models. click Main Menu => System Settings => Display. button next to the Monitor Type entry. Follow the instructions that appear on the screen. click the Advanced tab. Video. Choose your model and click OK. then click the Configure. then click the Configure. A pop-up window will display a list of video card models.. Note The X Configuration Tool backs up your system's original video configuration file to /etc/X11/XF86Config. Whether you enjoy card games like .4. Audio. You can also start from a shell prompt by typing the command redhat-config-xfree86. and General Amusement 10. which then prompt you to input your root password.76 Chapter 10. To run the X Configuration Tool. click the Advanced tab. Figure 10-6. or if you need to reconfigure your settings. You can also let X Configuration Tool probe your video card for the correct model and settings by clicking the Probe Videocard button. You can also let X Configuration Tool probe your monitor for the correct model and vertical/horizontal frequency settings. Troubleshooting Your Video Card Video card configuration is handled during the Red Hat Linux installation (refer to the Red Hat Linux Installation Guide for more information). you can use the X Configuration Tool utility. However.5. X Configuration Tool attempts to automatically configure your video card and monitor settings for you. redhat-config-xfree86 attempts to start a minimal X session to allow you to continue your configuration. X Configuration Tool To configure your monitor manually. button next to the Video Card entry. If you are working from a shell prompt and X is not working. A pop-up window prompts you for your root password.backup in case you need it to switch back to a previous configuration. Games Playing games under Red Hat Linux is a fun way to pass the time.
Video.org/ — the Linux gaming repository.com/. http://www. You can also browse the Internet for linux games using a search engine.6.com/ — a Linux gaming news site. The object of the game is to make all the marbles disappear. Audio. http://www. board games like Chess. then.google. Same GNOME — Match the Marbles Game 10.net — A website that covers Linux-compatible games in depth. arcade games like Tux Racer.tuxgames.linuxgames. In this game you point your mouse at matching marbles until they start to spin. To start a game. . For more information. and General Amusement 77 Aisle Riot (a solitaire card game). Figure 10-7.Chapter 10. Figure 10-7 shows a fun game for kids of all ages called Same GNOME. http://happypenguin. here are a few suggestions: • • • • http://www. you can find it in Red Hat Linux. Finding Games Online There are many more games available within Red Hat Linux and online. click Main Menu => Games and select the game of your choice. or space shooting games like Chromium and Maelstrom. such as http://www.com — A store where you can buy games just for Linux. you can click them to make them disappear.linuxgaming.
Chapter 10. Audio, Video, and General Amusement
Chapter 11. Working with Images
Digital images have grown in popularity with the development of the graphical Internet and the increasing quality of digital cameras. There are several types of image files, some of which are created using sophisticated illustration software packages, while others are made from digital sources such as a scanner or camera. You may have downloaded some of these image files from the Web or received them in an email. You may also want to create your own images to send to others. You can view and modify the most common types of image files using the many applications included in Red Hat Linux.
11.1. Viewing Images
This section discusses some of the common tools for viewing image files. Certain tools included in Red Hat Linux are specialized applications with several functions that enhance your image viewing experience; while others are general-purpose file managers that have integrated image viewing functionality.
11.1.1. Using Nautilus to View Images
Nautilus is a general-purpose file manager and browser for your graphical desktop environment. Nautilus has many functions beyond simple image viewing; however, for this section, we will use it for basic image browsing. For more information about Nautilus, see Chapter 2 Using the Graphical Desktop. Nautilus is known for its ease-of-use and it handles images with the same ease as it does for other file types. To begin browsing your image collection with Nautilus, double-click your home desktop icon: You will be presented with a view of all files and folders within your home directory. Double-click the image (or the folder containing the image) and Nautilus will open the file or folder within its browser window. Figure 11-1 shows that Nautilus automatically creates thumbnails of any images in your folders:
Figure 11-1. Contents of a Folder in Nautilus
Chapter 11. Working with Images
Double-click on any thumbnail icon to view the image in its native size. The image will load within the browser window. To increase or decrease the size of the viewed image in Nautilus, click on the zoom buttons next to the Location: field as shown in Figure 11-2:
Figure 11-2. The Zoom Function in Nautilus Click the + button to increase the size of the image or - to decrease it.
11.1.2. Using gThumb
gThumb is a powerful image viewer for graphical desktop users that supports several image file formats, including:
• • • • • • • • •
gThumb is useful for viewing individual image files as well as browsing collections of files in folders. It supports zoom in and zoom out functions, as well as thumbnail sized preview icons of all image files within a directory. It also supports several advanced options not found in Nautilus. gThumb can be started from your desktop panel. Choose Main Menu => Graphics => gThumb Image Viewer or type gthumb at a shell prompt to start the application. gThumb will browse your user home directory by default. If you have any images in this directory, the gallery panel will automatically generate thumbnails for you to highlight and view in the main display area.
which fills your desktop with multiple instances of the image. each image in the slide show is presented for 4 seconds. Changing your Desktop Wallpaper with gThumb To change your desktop wallpaper with gThumb. . right-click anywhere in the main gallery area and choose Set Image as Wallpaper => Restore. You can also set an image as your desktop wallpaper within the pop-up menu. By default. which resizes the image from its native resolution to fit your screen size.2. moving. In the text field below the toolbar. Double-click an image preview thumbnail to view it within the main gallery area. gThumb Displaying a Folder of Images The interface of gThumb is straightforward. which sets the image at its native resolution on the desktop and fills the rest of the space with the default desktop color if the image is smaller than your desktop resolution. You can combine functions within gThumb and create a dynamic presentation effect for groups of images within a directory. set to full screen (which covers your entire screen with the image). You can stop the slide show at any time by pressing [Esc] or by moving your mouse cursor and clicking the Restore Normal View pop-up button that appears on the top left corner of the screen. type the path to the the directory where your images are located and highlight the first image in the main gallery panel. You can also tile the image. You can center the image on the page. Right-clicking on an image in the display area opens a pop-up menu of file management options such as renaming. 11.2.1. copying. Working with Images 81 Figure 11-3. Click the Slide Show button on the toolbar and you will start a full-screen slide show where gThumb displays images in full screen. You can also scale and stretch the image. and write descriptions about the images. Configuring gThumb gThumb allows you to customize several settings by choosing Edit => Preferences. and converting an image from one file format to another. 11. The gThumb interface also has a text field for you to enter a particular path to your image directories. and then choose the orientation of the image.1. collect multiple files into a catalog for easier access if they are located in different directories. right-click on an image.1. The image can be zoomed in and out. choose Set Image as Wallpaper. The toolbar allows you to fit the image to the display window. and be printed on your configured printer.2. To restore your desktop wallpaper to its default.Chapter 11.
alter. Working with Images The preferences pop-up menu lets advanced users change several of the default gThumb behaviors. Manipulating Images with the GIMP The GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP) is a powerful tool that can be used to create. choose Help => Contents from the main menu. scanned images. Figure 11-4. customize a default image directory on startup. change thumbnail preview sizes.82 Chapter 11.2. The GThumb Preferences Dialog Box To find out more about using and configuring gThumb. and change the interval between cycled images during a slide show. From a shell prompt. computer-generated images. 11. .2. you will need to know some of the basics. you start the GIMP using the command gimp. GIMP Basics To use the GIMP. 11. and more. Figure 11-5 shows a typical GIMP session in action.1. and enhance digital image files — photographs. or you can start the GIMP from the desktop by choosing Main Menu => Graphics => The GIMP. You can choose the layout of the application window. This section offers a quick overview of the GIMP and refers you to comprehensive references for learning more about it. manipulate.
You will see the Load Image dialog. as shown in Figure 11-6. The Load Image Dialog .2. The GIMP in Action 11. Working with Images 83 Figure 11-5.Chapter 11.2. Loading a File To load an existing file. select File => Open. Figure 11-6.
click OK. An Image modified with a GIMP Filter The Toolbox also has several easily accessible functions. You can navigate up and down the file system tree by double-clicking on the Directories list on the left. alternatively. A thumbnail preview is displayed in the dialog.2. imagine you have a picture that you would like to modify to make it look as if it were clipped from a newspaper. then selecting a file to open from the Files list on the right. click on the OK button to open it. File name completion is supported by the GIMP.png. Using the Toolbox. The GIMP then renders the image with the new effect applied.gif.4. Figure 11-7 shows an example of an image after the Newsprint filter has been applied: Figure 11-7. click on the Generate Preview button. You will see the Save Image dialog if you choose Save as or if you choose Save and the file has not been saved before. rotation. The file you select appears in the Selection field near the bottom of the dialog. Select the quantity of lines per inch using the sliders. or even fill selected regions with the color of your choice. . 11. Once you have selected a file.3. including . the GIMP provides more than one method to accomplish tasks. right click on the image and choose File => Save (or Save as). right-click on the image and select Filters => Distorts => Newsprint. and filter application. The Save Image dialog looks almost exactly like the Load Image dialog and navigation of the file system tree and choosing files works in the same way. When you are saving an image.jpg. You can also double-click on a file name to open it. . When you reach a desired quantity and are ready to render the image. which displays a set of menus containing most of the GIMP's many capabilities. If you type the first letter (or more) of a file name into the Selection field and press the [Tab] key.. . Working with Images The Load Image dialog displays your working directory — the directory you were in when the GIMP was launched. the view will change to only those subdirectories and/or files beginning with that letter or letters. including image sizing. If you want to see a thumbnail of the image. erase regions of an image. To do this.. GIMP Options Like many applications. you can add text to images. Saving a File To save an image file. a Generate Preview button is displayed.84 Chapter 11. The GIMP supports a wide variety of image formats. and . For example. 11. The easiest way to work with images is to right-click the image.2.bmp.. you must choose an image format.
The GIMP also has a help browser accessible by choosing Help => Help. from the GIMP toolbar menu. 11. • • For more information about using gThumb. You can read the manual page by typing man gimp at a shell or terminal prompt. This For example. Try exploring some of the options yourself. Working with Images 85 button and click on your image. if you wish to add text to a file..3. Installed Documentation Some applications discussed have online documentation included with the package.2. Refer to the following resources if you are interested in learning more about the applications in this chapter. Using the Text Tool on an Image As you can see. You can then move the text to the position you wish using the Move Layers tool. 11. accessible right from your PC. where you can choose a font and type some text in the provided text box.1. Useful Websites The Web has several sites of interest if you are looking for more detailed information about an application covered in this chapter: • http://gthumb.sourceforge. the GIMP is a powerful image editing tool. select the loads the Text Tool dialog box. If you make a mistake.3. there is so much more you can do with them. Click OK and your text is displayed as a floating section on the image. Additional Resources While this chapter covers several applications briefly. and it takes some time to master all of its functions.Chapter 11.3. do not worry. You can always undo your mistakes by right-clicking on the image and choosing Edit => Undo.. The GIMP manual page contains some of the more advanced command line options and environment variables associated with it. Figure 11-8 shows our photo with exciting new text: Figure 11-8. refer to the documentation in Help => Contents in the gThumb main menu.net — The official GThumb home page. . 11.
New Riders Publishing Sams Teach Yourself GIMP in 24 Hours by Joshua and Ramona Pruitt.org/gimp/ — The GIMP website of tigert (Tuomas Kuosmanen).3.rru. New Riders Publishing GIMP for Linux Bible by Stephanie Cottrell Bryant. The entire book is also available on the site for download http://tigert.86 http://www.gimp. Inc.com/ — The companion website to the book Grokking the GIMP. Hammel.gimp. try your favorite bookstore. The following books were available at the time of this writing: • • • • • • The Artists' Guide to the GIMP by Michael J. Coriolis Group Grokking the GIMP by Carey Bunks. Sams . http://manual. Frank Kasper and Associates.html — A Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) list for questions commonly asked about the GIMP by GIMP users (as opposed to developers). by Carey Bunks. Chapter 11. et al. Related Books If you need in-depth information about the many capabilities of the GIMP. Inc. Working with Images • • • • • http://www. 11. GIMP: The Official Handbook by Karin Kylander and Olof S.3.gimp.org/ — The official GIMP website. Kylander.org/manual/ — The online GIMP User Manual.com/~meo/gimp/faq-user. Hungry Minds. GIMP Essential Reference by Alex Harford. http://gimp-savvy.
You only have to configure gtKam for your camera once. Select the directory that commonly stores your images and the stored images will immediately load as thumbnail images in the main panel. 12. you can choose your camera from the drop-down list or let gtKam automatically find your camera by clicking Detect. Red Hat Linux supports several brands of digital cameras and has applications that help you access. and modify your digital photographs. the settings will be saved with each additional use. allowing you to open.. choose Camera => Add Camera. . choose Select => All. From this panel.. Using gtKam Red Hat Linux supports over 100 digital camera models.. you need to configure it to work with your digital camera. view. Figure 12-1. then save the images to disk. Digital cameras create high-quality images that allow you to send to others over the Internet or print on a color printer. Adding a Camera in gtKam Once you have added your camera. it will be shown as an icon on the left panel of the main gtKam window. save. view. You can also start gtKam by typing gtkam at a shell prompt.1. click on the images you want. it is likely that Red Hat Linux will support it. From the pop-up dialog. gtKam is a graphical application that allows you to interface with your digital camera. Directories shown below the icon may differ depending on your brand of camera. You can also download the images to your computer and modify it with image manipulation programs such as The GIMP (refer to Chapter 11 Working with Images for more information about image manipulation tools). If you want to save all of the stored images. whether your camera uses USB or serial ports to communicate with your computer.Chapter 12. Working with Digital Cameras Digital cameras have recently grown in popularity because of their increasing image quality and easy interaction with desktop PCs. To start gtKam. and delete images directly. which you can then save to disk by choosing File => Save Selected Photos. gtKam works directly with your digital camera. From the menu. Click Apply to accept the changes and OK to close the dialog box. So. Before you begin using gtKam. choose Main Menu => Graphics => Digital Camera Tool.
refer to the gtKam page at the gPhoto website: http://gphoto. Viewing Images with gtKam For more information about using gtKam.sourceforge.88 Chapter 12.net/proj/gtkam/ . Working with Digital Cameras Figure 12-2.
Operating systems at that time came with command interpreters. and other shell prompt basics. created by S. Why Use a Shell Prompt Graphical environments for Linux have come a long way in the past few years. the shell interprets these commands. The History of the Shell When AT&T software engineers Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson were designing UNIX™. locate a directory. which could take commands from the user and interpret them so that computers could use them. Figure 13-1. Bourne.2.R. This lead to the development of the Bourne shell (known as sh). Experienced users can write shell scripts to expand their capabilities even further. In less time than it might take to open a file manager. perform simple administration tasks. manipulate files. . Shell Prompt Basics 13. delete. Since the creation of the Bourne shell. A Shell Prompt This section explains how to navigate the file system. a task can be finished with just a few commands at a shell prompt. A shell prompt looks similar to other command-line interfaces with which you might be familiar. or modify files from a GUI. However.Chapter 13. they wanted to create a way for people to interact with their new system. 13. You can be perfectly productive in the X Window System and only have to open a shell prompt to complete a few tasks. many Red Hat Linux functions can be completed faster from the shell prompt than from a graphical user interface (GUI).1. Users type commands at a shell prompt. other shells have been developed. and then create. But Ritchie and Thompson wanted something more. and then the shell tells the OS what to do. such as the C shell (csh) and the Korn shell (ksh). something that offered better features than the command interpreters available at that time.
13. Although your Red Hat Linux system includes several different shells. When the system responds to requests for information. Changing Directories with cd Changing directories is easy as long as you know where you are (your current directory) and how that relates to where you want to go.4. use the cd command. Your system responded by printing the full path of the current directory in the shell prompt window. The command pwd stands for print working directory. not the entire path. or bash. the response is called standard output. developers began to work on the language behind the Bourne shell as well as some of the popular features from other shells available at the time. . You will find that using pwd is very helpful as you learn to navigate your Red Hat Linux system. To change directories. the Bash prompt in Red Hat Linux shows just your current directory. it is easy to get lost or forget the name of your current directory. Typing this command by itself will always return you to your home directory. you asked your Linux system to display your current location. By default. The result was the Bourne Again Shell. bash is the default shell for interactive users. 13. You can learn more about bash by reading the bash man page (type man bash at a shell prompt). When you typed pwd. The Command pwd Shows You Where You Are To determine the exact location of the current directory at a shell prompt and type the command pwd. Determining Your Current Directory with pwd Once you start looking through directories. Shell Prompt Basics When the Free Software Foundation sought a royalty-free shell. and can be printed to the shell prompt or can be redirected to other programs or to other output devices such as printers.3. You will see something such as: /home/sam This example shows that you are in the user sam's directory. which is in the /home directory. Figure 13-2.90 Chapter 13. moving to any other directory requires a pathname.
This is because there is no directory1 below directory3.. Executing the command cd directory1 while you are in directory3. For example: cd /etc/X11 Absolute paths start from the root directory (/) and move down to the directory you specify.. use the cd . you should be in the directory X11. The command cd . go to the X11 directory Conversely. Take a look at your last cd command. Absolute paths start at the top of the file system with / (referred to as root) and then look down for the requested directory. which requires you to know and type the complete path. using an absolute path would get you to the /etc/X11 directory more quickly. command. tells your system to go up to the directory immediately above the one in which you are currently working. The following directory tree illustrates how cd operates. which is where you will find configuration files and directories related to the X Window System. type: cd /directory1 This is an example of an absolute path. Finally. wherever that may be. Shell Prompt Basics 91 You can use absolute or relative pathnames./.. From your home directory. Using relative paths allows you to change to a directory relative to the directory you are currently in.. relative paths look down from your current directory. You told your system to: 1. Go up one level to your login directory's parent directory (probably /home) 2. you need to move up in the directory tree. To go up two directories. Then go up to that directory's parent (which is the root. Using absolute paths allows you to change to a directory from the / directory.Chapter 13. or /. which can be convenient if you are changing to a subdirectory within your current directory. / /directory1 /directory1/directory2 /directory1/directory2/directory3 If you are currently in directory3 and you want to switch to directory1./. directory) 3. To move up to directory1.. A path is absolute if the first character is a /. type the relative path: cd . will present you with an error message explaining that there is no such directory. Use the following exercise to test what you have learned so far regarding absolute and relative paths./etc/X11 After using the full command in the example. . it is a relative path. It tells Linux to start at the top of the directory tree (/) and change to directory1. Then go down to the etc directory 4. Otherwise.
this absolute path would take you straight to subdirfoo. See Section 13. you are denied permission to access that directory. su Tip The command su means substitute users and it allows you to log in as another user temporarily. when you state the absolute path to another directory or file. cd ~otheruser cd /dir1/subdirfoo cd . To change to the root login and root directory. which can be your guide for moving up and down directories using relative pathnames. a subdirectory of dir1 cd /home cd . use the su command. then to dir3. if otheruser has granted you permission regardless of which directory you are in. You do not have to worry about your position in the file system. where user login directories are usually stored moves you up one directory takes you to otheruser's login directory. Denying access to the root and other users' accounts (or login directories) is one way your Linux system prevents accidental or malicious tampering. If you are not sure. Typing su . . Type: cd /root If you are not logged in as root.. it is as if you had logged in as root originally.makes you become root with root's login shell. When you type su by itself and press [Enter]./. Table 13-1. type pwd and your current working directory will be displayed. account created at installation./dir3/dir2 this relative path would take you up two directories. see what happens when you change to root's login directory (the superuser account).14 Ownership and Permissions. Command cd cd ~ cd / cd /root Function returns you to your login directory also returns you to your login directory takes you to the entire system's root directory takes you to the home directory of the root. though.. Shell Prompt Basics Note Always make sure you know which working directory you are in before you state the relative path to the directory or file you want to get to.92 Chapter 13. cd Options Now that you are starting to understand how to change directories.. you must be the root user to access this directory takes you to the home directory. you become root (also called the superuser) while still inside your login shell (your user's home directory). then to the dir2 directory. or superuser.
5. This command shows the file creation date. and you will return to your user account. ownership. type exit at the prompt. shells. at the prompt type man ls | col -b | lpr. by itself. but you can view still more information. you will see the changes in your command prompt to show your new. When you are searching for something in a directory. If you want to print the man page. it is time to learn how to view the contents of these directories. 13. window managers. . If you want to see the size of a file or directory. Type the command ls -a. superuser status. Many options are available with the ls command. ls with the -a Option Hidden files are mostly configuration files which set preferences in programs. Shell Prompt Basics 93 As soon as you give the root password. you can display the contents of your current directory. by adding more than one option. Viewing all the files using the ls -a command can give you plenty of detail. The ls command. Some files are hidden files (also called dot files) and can only be seen with an additional option specified to the ls command. just add the long option (-l) to the ls -a command. View Directory Contents with ls Now that you know how to change directories. permissions. the root account designation at the front of the prompt and "#" at the end.Chapter 13. and more. you are not usually looking for these configuration files. Figure 13-3. Tip To see all the options of the ls command. Now you will see files that begin with dots. When you are done working as root. its size. when it was created and more. The reason they are hidden is to help prevent any accidental tampering by the user. Using the ls command. and more. does not show all the files in the directory. you can read the man page by typing man ls at a shell prompt. so keep them hidden to help avoid some screen clutter when viewing directories at the shell prompt.
owner. creation date. The . Search for a file or directory with the locate command. Locating Files and Directories There will be times when you know a file or directory exists but you will not know where to find it. type: ls -al /etc Figure 13-4. whether the file is a link to somewhere else on the system and where its link points. respectively. group. Adds a symbol to the end of each listing. type: locate finger The locate command uses a database to locate files and directories that have the word finger in the file or directory name.6. — recursive. to see what is in the /etc/ directory from your home directory. @ to indicate a symbolic link to another file. The search results could include a file called finger. if you want to search for all files with the word finger in the name. including • -F • -r • -R • -S 13. Lists details about contents. • -a — all. at the top of your list refer to the parent directory and the current directory. permissions (modes).filename). and * to indicate an executable file. With locate. you can view the full list by reading the ls man page (man ls).txt. For example. and . — size. read the locate man page (type man locate at a shell prompt). This option lists the contents of all directories below the current directory recursively. For example. a directory named fingerthumbnails. These symbols include / to indicate a directory. To learn more about locate. you will see every file or directory whose name contains the search criterion. — reverse. Sorts files by their sizes. .. Sample ls Output for the /etc Directory The following is a short list of some options commonly used with ls. Remember.94 Chapter 13. Lists the contents of the directory from back to front. and so on. size. a file called pointerfinger. — file type. Lists all the files in the directory.txt. Shell Prompt Basics You do not have to be in the directory whose contents you want to view to use the ls command. including the hidden files (. • -l — long.
Chapter 13. Shell Prompt Basics 95 The locate command works very quickly. To view the jobs waiting in the print queue. type man cron at the shell prompt. assuming you have a properly configured printer connected to your system. the slocate database that is used by the locate command will be current. To cancel the foo. The cron task periodically updates the slocate database. with a frequency specified in days. The lpr command. and monthly jobs that are usually controlled by cron. Switching between operating systems and shutting down your machine at the end of the day can interfere with the automatic database update run by cron. it does not assume that the machine is running continuously. Tip Cron is a daemon that executes tasks at regularly scheduled intervals. Note You can run anacron to have your system execute commands periodically. To update the database manually. For example. . to control daily. cancel. To read the cron man page. Hence.txt print job. Refer to Chapter 8 Printer Configuration for more information about setting up your printer.txt prints the foo. Unlike cron.txt In this example.txt file. performing various tasks (such as updating the locate database) at regularly scheduled intervals. type lprm 389 and press [Enter]. weekly. 13. Refer to the man page on anacron (type man anacron at the command line) and the Red Hat Linux Customization Guide for more information. followed by a filename. and you will see information similar to this: active root 389 foo. it can be used on machines that are not running 24 hours a day. which is used to catalog file locations. This section explains how to print. lpr foo. Printing From The Command Line Printing is not an involved process whether you click on a button in a GUI or type commands from the command line. cron is a small program that runs in the background. Type lpq. Refer to the Red Hat Linux Customization Guide for more information on cron. That database is automatically updated on a nightly basis through a cron job. You can cancel jobs in the queue by typing lprm followed by the print job number displayed when you use the lpq command. type lpq at the command line. sends that specified file to the print queue. 389 is the job number. After a few minutes. log in as root (type su at a shell prompt and then your root password) and type the command updatedb. as long as the database is up to date. and view print jobs from the command line.7.
use the cat filename.10 Pipes and Pagers.8. To prevent this. type cat filename. Manipulating Files with cat Red Hat Linux has a utility which can help you keep short lists. The cat Command To redirect the output of cat to a file. Using Redirection Redirection means causing the shell to change what it considers to be standard input or where the standard output should be going. You can always exit from the terminal window and open a new one. 13. but there is a quicker and easier way to clear the contents displayed in the terminal.txt | less command. which means to combine files.9. You can then use the up and down arrow keys to move backward and forward through the pages. The clear command does just what it implies: it clears the terminal window. you could find that the text you are typing does not match the output on the monitor.txt). you may accidentally open a program file or some other non-text file in a terminal window. Sometimes. For more on using pipes to combine two separate functions. Shell Prompt Basics 13. type the following at a shell prompt (pressing the [Enter] key takes you to the next blank line): . it will quickly scroll past you on the screen. gather lists together. Try typing the command clear at the shell prompt. The utility is called cat. The following example shows cat repeating every line that is entered: Figure 13-5. Placing after the cat command (or after any utility or application that writes to standard output) directs its output to the filename following the symbol. The command cat will also display the contents of an entire file on the screen (for example.96 Chapter 13. see Section 13. Once you close the file. For example. Clearing and Resetting the Terminal After even one ls command in a shell prompt.1. To redirect standard output. and even show you information about your system. type reset to return the terminal window to its default values. If the file is fairly long.9. the terminal window you are working in can begin to look crowded. 13. using cat by itself outputs whatever you input to the screen as if it were repeating the line you just typed. short for concatenate. use the symbol. Using the pipe (|) and the less command together displays the file one page at a time. In such cases.
txt with sneakers.txt (you will find an example in Figure 13-7).txt and redirect the output of both files to a brand new file called saturday. you can then use cat to read the file. That redirection was to a brand new file you made called sneakers. Shell Prompt Basics 97 Figure 13-6. Use output redirection again for another file and call it home.Chapter 13. Type the following: cat sneakers. Redirecting Output to a File Press [Enter] to go to an empty line and use the [Ctrl]-[D] keys to quit cat. followed by: bring the coffee home take off shoes put on sneakers make some coffee relax! Now. use cat to join home. use the [Ctrl]-[D] key combination again to quit cat. on an empty line.txt home. At the prompt.txt. For this example. because you can easily overwrite an existing file! Make sure the name of the file you are creating does not match the name of a pre-existing file.txt Caution Be careful when you redirect the output to a file.txt cat sneakers.txt . Next. You can find the file in the directory you were in when you started cat (type ls if you want to see it listed). As you learned earlier. then [Enter]. Do you notice anything different in Figure 13-6? There are no repeated entries. type: cat sneakers. That is because the standard output from cat was redirected. unless you want to replace it.txt. type the command cat > home.txt.txt saturday.
you save yourself time (and a bit of disk clutter) by using existing files.9. Appending Standard Output You can use output redirection to add new information to the end of an existing file. cat home. Take two files which have already been created (sneakers. rather than replacing the contents .txt) and join them by using the append output symbol.txt and saturday.txt to the information already in sneakers.txt. you are adding information to a file. and you will see that they are identical.txt now. type: cat sneakers. The final output shows the contents of buy some sneakers then go to the coffee shop then buy some coffee bring the coffee home take off shoes put on sneakers make some coffee relax! The command you typed appended the output from the file home.txt. rather than creating a new file.txt. By appending the output.txt ended. cat saturday. The best explanation is a demonstration.txt (as shown in Figure 13-8).txt sneakers.98 Chapter 13.txt and home. you tell your shell to send the information somewhere other than standard output. when you use of a file entirely. To make your comparison. . 13.2. so type: home.txt.txt to the file sneakers. Compare the results of the files sneakers. then saturday. You want to add the information in home.txt where sneakers. Similar to when you used the symbol.txt However.txt at the end of the file: Now check the file using the command cat sneakers.txt. Joining Files and Redirecting Output You can see that cat has added home.txt The contents of both files will be displayed — first sneakers. Shell Prompt Basics Figure 13-7.
Shell Prompt Basics 99 Figure 13-8. .txt When you use the redirect standard input symbol read as input for a command.txt was read by cat. Use a file you have already created to demonstrate this idea. the output of Figure 13-9.Chapter 13. you are telling the shell that you want a file to be . Because you used the less-than symbol ( ) to separate the cat command from the file. Type: sneakers.9. Redirecting Standard Input Not only can you redirect standard output. Stringing Commands and Comparing Files 13. Redirecting Standard Input cat sneakers.3. you can perform the same type of redirection with standard input.
The more Command The main difference between more and less is that less allows backward and forward movement using the arrow keys. Consider the ls command that was discussed earlier. Shell Prompt Basics 13. ls -al /etc | less Now you can view the contents of /etc one screen at a time. press [/] and then type the keyword you want to search for within the file. to search for output. Pipes can also be used to print only certain lines from a file.txt | lpr This command prints every line in the sneakers.10. There are plenty of options available with ls. Use the vertical bar (|) to pipe the commands.1. To move forward a screen. type dmesg | less. press [Q]. pipes connect the standard output of one command to the standard input of another command.100 Chapter 13. List the contents of the /etc directory using ls and more. 13. press [Space].txt file that mentions the word "coffee" (read more about grep in Section 13.11. You will be able to read the file one screen at a time. Pipes and Pagers In Linux.10. To search the output of a text file using less. Alternatively. Use the arrow keys to navigate the file. while more uses the [Spacebar] and the [B] key for forward and backward navigation. a pager utility that allows you to view information one page (or screen) at a time. you can use the arrow keys to navigate with less. press [B]. to quit. press [/] and type the search term. ls -al /etc | more . but what if the contents of a directory scroll by too quickly for you to view them? View the contents of the /etc/ directory with the command: ls -al /etc How do you get a closer look at the output before it moves off the screen? One way is to pipe the output to a utility called less. to move back a screen. at a shell prompt. For example: /Linux Tip To read startup messages more closely.3 The grep Command). Type: grep coffee sneakers.
13. Shell Prompt Basics 101 Figure 13-10. you can view the last ten lines of a file. Using the -f option. you will not see how long the file actually is.11. type the following at a shell prompt as the root user: tail -f /var/log/messages head -20 head filename filename . More Commands for Reading Text Files You have already been introduced to several basic shell prompt commands for reading files in text editors. This can be useful for viewing the last 10 lines of a log file for important system messages. The command is: head can be a useful command. You can change the number of lines displayed by specifying a number option as shown in the following command: 13. The head Command You can use the head command to look at the beginning of a file.11. tail automatically print new messages from an open file to the screen in real-time. Here are a few more. Using tail. You can also use tail to watch log files as they are updated. For example. Press [q] to exit. By default.Chapter 13. For example: /foo Use the [Spacebar] to move forward through the pages. Piping Output of ls to more To search the output of a text file using more.2. 13. to actively watch /var/log/messages.11. press [/] and then type the keyword you want to search for within the file. The tail Command The reverse of head is tail. you can only read the first ten lines of a file. but because it is limited to the first several lines.1.
just type: grep coffee sneakers.102 Chapter 13. 13.txt and there is the name of the file: sneakers. Shell Prompt Basics 13. We know the file is called "sneak____. take a look at the bash man page (man bash). be aware that it is quite long. The grep Command The grep command is useful for finding specific character strings in a file.txt.11.txt. then substitute the remainder with a wildcard.txt. Tip Unless otherwise specified.txt | lpr 13. You can.txt). you would type: grep coffee sneakers.5. Tip To read more about wildcards and regular expressions.4. then have those results either saved as a file or sent to a printer. use grep to search for particular contents of a file.txt You would see every line in that file where the word "coffee" is found. grep searches are case sensitive.3.11. and symbols that make finding particular directories and files easier than examining long directory listings to find what you are searching for. for example. Wildcards and Regular Expressions What if you forget the name of the file you are looking for? Using wildcards or regular expressions. for example. Read the grep man page for more about this command. you can perform actions on a file or files without knowing the complete filename." so type: ls sneak*. which allows for a case-insensitive search through a file. if you want to find every reference made to "coffee" in the file sneakers.txt ! . Remember that you can save the file to a text file by typing man bash | col -b bash. numbers. Among grep's options is -i. For example. I/O Redirection and Pipes You can use pipes and output redirection when you want to store and/or print information to read at a later time. To print the information about references to "coffee" in sneakers. Then.11.txt. That means that searching for Coffee is different than searching for coffee. If you want to print the file. Wildcards are special symbols that you can substitute for letters. Just fill out what you know. you can open and read the file with less or vi (vi bash.
type: cat sneakrs. Like the asterisk. One way to narrow a search is to use the question mark symbol (?). ? is useful for matching a single character. though.txt (created in Section 13. Use the up-arrow key to bring back the command. as might be the case if the file Using the backslash (\).txt or: ls sn* You would find sneakers. If the file is called sneak*. just happens to be part of a filename. that is when regular expressions can be useful.Chapter 13.txt. The first time. No problem.txt as a result. One solution is to use the command line history. By scrolling with the [Up Arrow] and [Down Arrow] keys.txt. One minor typing error can ruin lines of a series of commands.txt. When an asterisk. Try it by taking a look again at sneakers. sneakers. so if you were searching for sneaker?. The asterisk will search out everything that matches the pattern you are looking for. Shell Prompt Basics 103 You will probably use the asterisk (*) most frequently when you are searching.txt. you can specify that you do not want to search out everything by using the asterisk. It helps to narrow your search as much as possible. Regular expressions are more complex than the straightforward asterisk or question mark. at the shell prompt. Command History and Tab Completion It does not take long before the thought of typing the same command over and over becomes unappealing." Insert the letter and press [Enter] again. using ? can help locate a file matching a search pattern. however. for example.txt was called sneak*.txt. and/or sneakerz. of course.txt Nothing happens. We now see the contents of sneakers.12. if there were such a filename. then use the left-arrow key to get to the point where we missed the "e.txt and any other files whose name ends with . type: sneak\*.txt file.1 Using Redirection. because there is no sneakrs. you can find plenty of your previously typed commands.9.txt or begin with sn. So even by typing: ls *. you would get sneakers. but you are instead looking for a file with an asterisk in the name. In this case. .txt Here is a brief list of wildcards and regular expressions: • * • ? — Matches all characters — Matches one character in a string — Matches the * character — Matches the ? character — Matches the ) character • \* • \? • \) 13.
command. To read it with the more command. less.bash_history in your login directory. Using Multiple Commands Linux allows you to enter multiple commands at one time. or a beep (if sound is enabled on your system). mv foobar-1.3 The grep Command .rpm rpms/ Running the combination of commands creates the directory and moves the file in one line. just press [Tab] again to obtain a list of the files/paths that match what has been typed so far. press the [Tab] key twice and you will see a list of possible completions. use grep. up to 500 commands can be stored in the bash command line history file. including updatedb and uptime.i386. type: history | grep sneak Another time-saving tool is known as command completion. you can su to root. called . The command line history is actually kept in a file. to quit. or pathname and then press the [Tab] key.3-2. You have used the command.13. bash will present you with either the remaining portion of the file/path. from your home directory type: more . your command is completed for you. At the shell prompt. We can read it in a number of ways: by using vi. cat. type up.bash_history To move forward a screen. press [b]. 13. press [Space]. but remember a portion of the command.i386.11. . The only requirement is that you separate the commands with a semicolon. For example.104 Chapter 13.rpm. By typing the partial command upd and pressing [Tab] again. if you forget the command updatedb. to move back a screen. press [q]. Shell Prompt Basics By default. we can see the environment variable that controls the size of the command line history. Tip By typing the env command at a shell prompt. Tip To find a command in your history file without having to keep hitting the arrow keys or page through the history file. Be aware that the file can be long. Suppose you have downloaded a new file called foobar-1. but the subdirectory has not been created.3-2. and you want to put it in a new subdirectory within your home directory called rpms/. HISTFILESIZE=500 shows the number of commands that bash will store. and you think it might be in your history file. If you get a beep. and others. a powerful search utility (see Section 13. then at the shell prompt. Here is how you can quickly find a previously used command: say you are searching for a command that is similar to cat sneak-something. The line which reads. If you type part of a file. more. You can combine both the creation of the rpms/ directory and the moving of your downloaded file into the directory by typing the following at a shell prompt: mkdir rpms/.
txt All files and directories are "owned" by the person who created them. For example: -rw-rw-r-- . Shell Prompt Basics 105 13. so sneakers.txt (see Section 13. You created the file belongs to you. There is a lot of detail provided here. Remember that. Permissions for sneakers. This is because whoever knows the root password has complete access. Since users are placed into a group when their accounts are created.Chapter 13. Take a closer look at sneakers. sneakers. writing. and executing are the three main settings in permissions. like UNIX.1 Using Redirection) in your login directory. when you tried to change to root's login directory. or (if it is an application instead of a text file) who can execute the file. The first column shows current permissions. as you learned earlier. The remaining nine slots are actually three sets of permissions for three different categories of users. write to. or execute a file. you received the following message: cd /root bash: /root: Permission denied That was one demonstration of Linux's security features.9. as well as who created the file (sam). the name of your group is the same as your login name. is a multi-user system. it has ten slots. But switching to the superuser is not always convenient or recommended. you can also specify whether certain groups can read. and to which group the owner belongs (sam). The first slot represents the type of file. and file permissions are one way the system protects against malicious tampering. since it is easy to make mistakes and alter important configuration files as the superuser. That means you can specify who is allowed to read the file. write to the file. You can see who can read (r) and write to (w) the file. date and time of file creation.14. Ownership and Permissions Earlier in this chapter.txt with the ls command using the -l option (see Figure 13-11). Figure 13-11. and file name. One way to gain entry when you are denied permission is to su to root. Linux.txt Other information to the right of the group includes file size. Reading. by default.
txt If you are the owner of the file or are logged into the root account you can change any permissions for the owner. the owner and group can read and write to the file. altered. It is not a program. Look again at the first column of sneakers. group. and others. with its initial permissions settings: -rw-rw-r-1 sam sam 150 Mar 19 08:08 sneakers. and save it. sam) has permission to read and write to the file. 13. . as well. so they can read it. in each of the following three sets. and "others. the group in which the file belongs. can show one of the following: • d — a directory — a regular file (rather than directory or link) — a symbolic link to another program or file elsewhere on the system • -(dash) • l Beyond the first item. write notes in it. you should only grant read and write permissions to those who truly need them. write to.txt -rw-rw-r-1 sam sam 150 Mar 19 08:08 sneakers.txt. so neither the owner or the group has permission to execute it." meaning other users on the system. The original file looks like this. you will see one of the following: • r • w • x — file can be read — file can be written to — file can be executed (if it is a program) When you see a dash in owner. has permission to read and write to sneakers. ls -l sneakers. The group. or deleted. Shell Prompt Basics Those three sets are the owner of the file. Caution Remember that file permissions are a security feature.txt The file's owner (in this case. you want to allow everyone to write to the file. The chmod Command Use the chmod command to change permissions. which specifies the file type. it means that particular permission has not been granted. Right now.txt with the chmod command. sam. Whenever you allow anyone else to read.1. or others. (rw-) | | type owner (rw-) | group (r--) 1 sam sam | others The first item. group. Anyone outside of the group can only read the file (r--).14. you are increasing the risk of files being tampered with. and execute files. As a rule. In the following example.106 Chapter 13. This example shows how to change the permissions on sneakers.txt and identify its permissions. That means you will have to change the "others" section of the file permissions.
Chapter 13. At the shell prompt. chmod go-rw sneakers. Here is a list of what the shorthand represents: Identities u — the user who owns the file (that is. the owner) g — the group to which the user belongs o — others (not the owner or the owner's group) a — everyone or all (u. . To check the results.txt Think of these settings as a kind of shorthand when you want to change permissions with chmod. because all you really have to do is remember a few symbols and letters with the chmod command. type the following: chmod o+w sneakers. everyone can read and write to the file. g.txt The o+w command tells the system you want to give others write permission to the file sneakers.txt 107 The previous command displays this file information: -rw-rw-r-1 sam sam 150 Mar 19 08:08 sneakers. To remove read and write permissions from sneakers.txt — for everyone. the file looks like this: -rw-rw-rw1 sam sam 150 Mar 19 08:08 sneakers.txt. and o) Permissions r — read access w — write access x — execute access Actions + — adds the permission .txt Now.txt. type: ls -l sneakers.txt use the chmod command to take away both the read and write permissions.— removes the permission = — makes it the only permission Want to test your permissions skills? Remove all permissions from sneakers.txt Now. The result will look like this: -rw------1 sam sam 150 Mar 19 08:08 sneakers.txt By typing go-rw. you are telling the system to remove read and write permissions for the group and for others from the file sneakers. list the file's details again. Now. Shell Prompt Basics Take a look at the file first.
restore your own and your group's access: chmod ug+x tigger tigger directory. when you add or remove execute permission for a directory. No one will be able to get into the directory unless they know the exact file name. type: chmod a-x tigger to remove everyone's execute permissions.txt Now. Here is what happens now when you try to cd to into tigger: bash: tigger: Permission denied Next. you can change permissions for entire directory trees. which should return the following: cat: sneakers.14. If you do not allow others to have execute permission to tigger.txt: Permission denied Removing all permissions. successfully locked the file.txt. Shell Prompt Basics chmod a-rwx sneakers.108 Chapter 13.txt . But since the file belongs to you. you are really allowing (or denying) permission to search through that directory. including your own. it will not matter who has read or write access. see if you can read the file with the command cat sneakers. the file owner.txt Use the command cat sneakers. Changing Permissions With Numbers Remember the reference to the shorthand method of chmod? Here is another way to change permissions.2. Go back to the original permissions for sneakers.txt to verify that you. Now. you can always change its permissions back with the following command: chmod u+rw sneakers. Because you can not really "execute" a directory as you would an application. For example. can read the file again. Here are some common examples of settings that can be used with chmod: • g+w — adds write access for the group — removes all permissions for others — allows the file owner to execute the file — allows everyone to read and write to the file — allows the owner and group to read the file — allows only the group to read and execute (not write) • o-rwx • u+x • a+rw • ug+r • g=rx By adding the -R option. if you check your work with ls -l you will see that only others will be denied access to the 13.txt: -rw-rw-r-1 sam sam 150 Mar 19 08:08 sneakers. although it may seem a little complex at first.
add the value of w (2) to the second set of permissions.txt. write. If you want to change sneakers. Setting permissions to 777 allows everyone read. numerical values and their meanings: • -rw------• -rw-r--r-- (600) — Only the owner has read and write permissions. Here is a list of some common settings. (644) — Only the owner has read and write permissions. and execute permissions. it is not a good idea to use these settings. four. Type: ls -l sneakers. here are the numerical permissions settings: (rw-) | 4+2+0 (rw-) | 4+2+0 (r--) | 4+0+0 The total for the user is six. you would have a value of 6. 4 (read) + 2 (write) = 6.txt The output should be: -rw-r--r-1 sam sam 150 Mar 19 08:08 sneakers. remove the access by subtracting two (2) from that set of numbers. read only.txt so those in your group will not have write access. For example. so in general.txt Now verify the changes by listing the file. • -rwx------ . and the total for others is four. then. type: chmod 644 sneakers. To implement these new settings. For sneakers.txt.txt Warning Setting permissions to 666 will allow everyone to read and write to a file or directory. the total for the group is six. To return the group's write access for the file. write. The permissions setting is read as 664. would become six. neither the group nor others have write permission to sneakers.txt Now. Shell Prompt Basics Each permission setting can be represented by a numerical value: • • • • 109 r=4 w=2 x=1 -=0 When these values are added together. but can still read the file.Chapter 13. if you want read and write permissions. and execute permission. chmod 664 sneakers. the total is used to set specific permissions. the group and others have (700) — Only the owner has read. and four (644). These permissions could allow tampering with sensitive files. The numerical values.
and execute.(666) • -rwxrwxrwx Here are some common settings for directories: • drwx-----• drwxr-xr-x (700) — Only the user can read.110 Chapter 13. . write. the group and others have only execute. (755) — Everyone can read the directory.) • -rw-rw-rw. (Again. write. this permissions setting can be hazardous. (711) — The owner has read. Shell Prompt Basics • -rwxr-xr-x • -rwx--x--x (755) — The owner has read. and execute permissions. (Be careful with these permissions. write in this directory. write.) (777) — Everyone can read. users and groups have read and execute permissions. and execute permissions. — Everyone can read and write to the file. the group and others have only read and execute.
or be the "parent" of. you will not be able to gain access to all system-level files and directories. for the redhat-config-date software package is located in /usr/share/doc/redhat-config-date. Users that do not have superuser access might find the following directories useful for finding their home directories. For example. delete. everything is connected to the root directory. the root account's home directory (/root) and the root directory for the entire file system (/). you will receive an error message saying your access is denied. This is normal behavior and is used to prevent non-privileged users from modifying or deleting important system files. who has permission to do anything). • /home — Default location for users' home directories. and other changes. unless you are root. Managing Files and Directories Your desktop file manager is a powerful and important tool for managing files and directories using the graphical desktop. /home is the default location for users' home directories. There is the root account (the superuser. This chapter also discusses compression tools to create archives of your files for backup or to conveniently send to others. modifications. or execute a file. every file is stored in a directory. documentation • /usr/share/doc — Location of documentation for installed packages. or storing temporary files. reading documentation. No matter how far away the directories branch. 14. These directories may contain. you probably do not have permission to write to the files and directories outside of your home directory. For example. these subdirectories can also contain files and other subdirectories. directories within it (called subdirectories) which hold files and may contain subdirectories of their own. In Linux. There would not be a tree without a root. You might think of the file system as a tree-like structure and directories as branches. the # " .Chapter 14. be sure to know which root is being discussed. a user with the username foo has the home directory /home/foo. For example. Tip Red Hat Linux uses the term root in several different ways. A Larger Picture of the File System Every operating system has a method of storing data in files and directories so that it can keep track of additions. When you are speaking to someone and using the term root. Note Due to system security. and the same is true for the Linux file system.version-number . which is represented as a single forward slash (/).1. Certain directories are reserved for specific purposes. Unless you are a system administrator or have root (superuser) access. which might be confusing to new users. This chapter discusses various shell prompt commands that can be used to manage files and directories on your Red Hat Linux system. Directories can also contain directories. If you do not have the permission to open.
2. Here is a brief listing of file extensions and their meanings: 14. You can also visit the FHS website at http://www. For information on working with bzip2.jpg • . refer to the Red Hat Linux Reference Guide. 14.com/fhs.2. Identifying and Working with File Types If you are new to Linux.png • . so finding a .ps — a PostScript file.3 File Compression and Archiving.zip — a file compressed with ZIP compression.wav • .2.1.htm • .gz — a file compressed with bzip2 — a file archived with tar (short for tape archive).txt. formatted for printing • .tgz • .txt • .tbz • . File Formats • . Managing Files and Directories • /tmp — The reserved directory for all users to store temporary files. A system process removes old files from this directory on a periodic basis.pdf • . refer to Section 14. The FHS guidelines help to standardize the way system programs and files are stored on all Linux systems. Compressed and Archived Files • . also known as a tar file — a tarred and bzipped file — a tarred and gzipped file. gzip. and tar files.xpm . 14. To learn more about the FHS.pathname. Files stored here are not permanent. — a file compressed with gzip • . A file's extension is the last part of a file's name after the final dot (in the file sneakers. Do not write any files or directories that you want to keep here. commonly found in MS-DOS applications.112 Chapter 14.au — an audio file — a GIF image file — an HTML file — a JPEG image file — an electronic image of a document.2.zip archive for Linux files is rare. PDF stands for Portable Document Format — a PNG image file (short for Portable Network Graphic) — a plain ASCII text file — an audio file — an image file • .html/. Your Red Hat Linux system is compatible with many other Linux distributions because of the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS). Most compressed files for Linux use the gzip compression. "txt" is that file's extension).tar • .gif • . you may see certain file types that you do not recognize because of their unfamiliar extension.bz2 • .
o • .2. see Chapter 13 Shell Prompt Basics. you can tell what type of file it is by typing: file saturday In the example. A . Any file that is designated as a text file should be readable by using the cat.Chapter 14. File Compression and Archiving Sometimes it is useful to store a group of files in one file so that they can be backed up. or by using a text editor such as gedit or vi. The archive file is not compressed — it uses the same amount of disk space as all the individual files and directories combined.2. read the man page by typing man file. easily transferred to another directory. System Files • . For more information on helpful commands for reading files.so • .rpm — a configuration file.cfg extension.3. 14. or the file does not seem to be what the extension says it is supposed to be? That is when the file command can be helpful. you find a file called saturday without an extension.pl • .lock • .sh • . — a lock file. determines whether a program or device is in use — a Red Hat Package Manager file used to install software 14.conf • .cpp • . An archive file is a collection of files and directories that are stored in one file. more. Programming and Scripting Files • .3. So what happens when a file does not have an extension.py • . Tip To learn more about file. or even transferred to a different computer. Configuration files sometimes use the . or less commands. or used consistently. the command file saturday will display ASCII text. Using the file command. For example.4. as well.h • . Managing Files and Directories 113 14. telling you it is a text file.c — a C program language source code file — a C++ program language source code file — a C or C++ program language header file — a program object file — a Perl script — a Python script — a library file — a shell script — a TCL script • . It is also sometimes useful to compress files into one file so that they use less disk space and download faster via the Internet. It is important to understand the distinction between an archive file and a compressed file.tcl But file extensions are not always used.
highlight the file and click OK. you can double-click the file you wish to unarchive or decompress to start File Roller. Figure 14-1. Decompressing and Unarchiving with File Roller To unarchive and/or decompress a file click the Open toolbar button. allowing you to choose the archive you wish to work with.3. if you have a file called foo. You can even create an archive file and then compress it to save disk space. Tip If you are using a file manager (such as Nautilus). The File Roller browser window will appear with the decompressed/unarchived file in a folder for you to extract or browse.1. Figure 14-1 shows File Roller in action. If you do not have enough disk space on your computer. File Roller in Action 14. You can also start File Roller from a shell prompt by typing file-roller. File .1. File Roller supports common UNIX and Linux file compression and archiving formats and has a simple interface and extensive help documentation if you need it.114 Chapter 14. 14.tar. and archive files and directories. decompress. Note An archive file is not compressed. but a compressed file can be an archive file. The file will appear in the main File Roller browser window as a folder. which you can navigate by double-clicking the folder icon.gz located in your home directory. A file menu will pop up. Using File Roller Red Hat Linux includes a graphical utility called File Roller that can compress.1.3. Managing Files and Directories compressed file is a collection of files and directories that are stored in one file and stored in a way that uses less disk space than all the individual files and directories combined. To start File Roller click Main Menu => Accessories => File Roller. It is also integrated into the desktop environment and graphical file manager to make working with archived files easier. For example. you can compress files that you do not use very often or files that you want to save but do not use anymore.
A file browser will pop up. To create a new archive. and clicking OK. File Roller allows you to create archives of your files and directories. which is convenient if you are looking for a particular file in the archive. choosing the directory you would like to save the unarchived files. For example. If you need to transfer files between Linux and other operating system such . You can extract individual files or entire archives by clicking the Extract button.2. Creating an Archive with File Roller Tip There is much more you can do with File Roller than is explained here. Refer to the File Roller manual (available by clicking Help => Manual) for more information. Figure 14-2.3. or send multiple files or a directory of files to another user. and click Close to close the archive. The bzip2 compression tool is recommended because it provides the most compression and is found on most UNIX-like operating systems. Click OK when you are finished. Managing Files and Directories 115 Roller preserves all directory and subdirectory structures. Compressing Files at the Shell Prompt Compressed files use less disk space and download faster than large. 14. allowing you to specify an archive name and the compression technique. which will pop up a browser window (Figure 14-2) that you can navigate to find the file or directory you want to be in the archive. To add files to your new archive.gz) format from the drop-down menu and type the name of the archive file you want to create. 14. Click OK and your new archive is now ready to be filled with files and directories. bzip2. uncompressed files. click Add. Creating Archives with File Roller If you need to free some hard drive space. you may choose a Tar Compressed wity gzip (tar. click New on the toolbar.2. or zip. The gzip compression tool can also be found on most UNIXlike operating systems.3.Chapter 14. In Red Hat Linux you can compress files with the compression tools gzip.1.
116 Chapter 14. and files compressed with zip are uncompressed with unzip. file3. type man bzip2 and man bunzip2 at a shell prompt to read the man pages for bzip2 and bunzip2. To expand the compressed file. Files compressed with gzip are uncompressed with gunzip. . files compressed with bzip2 are given the extension . files compressed with bzip2 are uncompressed with bunzip2. Bzip2 and Bunzip2 To use bzip2 to compress a file.2.3. files compressed with gzip are given the extension .zip Uncompression Tool gunzip bunzip2 unzip Table 14-1. file2. and files compressed with zip are given the extension . Tip For more information.1. Managing Files and Directories as MS Windows.2.3.gz.2.gz. Compression Tools By convention. type the following command: bunzip2 filename. Gzip and Gunzip To use gzip to compress a file.gz . you should use zip because it is more compatible with the compression utilities on Windows.bz2 file1 file2 file3 /usr/work/school The above command compresses file1.bz2 is deleted and replaced with filename.bz2. type the following command at a shell prompt: bzip2 filename The file will be compressed and saved as filename. 14. Compression Tool gzip bzip2 zip File Extension . and the contents of the /usr/work/school directory (assuming this directory exists) and places them in a file named filename. type the following command at a shell prompt: gzip filename The file will be compressed and saved as filename. You can use bzip2 to compress multiple files and directories at the same time by listing them with a space between each one: bzip2 filename.bz2.bz2 . 14.zip.bz2.bz2 The filename.
and the contents of the /usr/work/school directory (assuming this directory exists) and places them in a file named filename.zip filesdir In this example. and the contents of the /usr/work/school directory (assuming this directory exists) and places them in a file named filename. file3. Managing Files and Directories To expand the compressed file. To extract the contents of a zip file. file2.zip file1 file2 file3 /usr/work/school The above command compresses file1.gz. Tip For more information. type the following command: gunzip filename.Chapter 14. Tip For more information. file3. 14.gz 117 The filename.gz file1 file2 file3 /usr/work/school The above command compresses file1. file2. .3. type man gzip and man gunzip at a shell prompt to read the man pages for gzip and gunzip.zip You can use zip to compress multiple files and directories at the same time by listing them with a space between each one: zip -r filename. filename.gz is deleted and replaced with filename.zip. type man zip and man unzip at a shell prompt to read the man pages for zip and unzip. Zip and Unzip To compress a file with zip. You can use gzip to compress multiple files and directories at the same time by listing them with a space between each one: gzip -r filename.3.2. type the following command: unzip filename.zip represents the file you are creating and filesdir represents the directory you want to put in the new zip file. type the following command: zip -r filename. The -r option specifies that you want to include all files contained in the filesdir directory recursively.
then extracting the archive file will result in the creation of the directory foo/ in your current working directory with the file bar.3.tar.118 Chapter 14.tbz. You can tar multiple files and directories at the same time by listing them with a space between each one: tar -cvf filename. the tar command does not compress the files by default.tar /home/mine/work /home/mine/school The above command places all the files in the work and the school subdirectories of /home/mine in a new file called filename. type: tar -xvf filename. Archiving Files at the Shell Prompt A tar file is a collection of several files and/or directories in one file. If you uncompress the filename.tar This command does not remove the tar file. type: tar -cvf filename. You can also expand and unarchive a bzip tar file in one command: . the filename. — compress the tar file with gzip. This is a good way to create backups and archives. Some of the options used with the tar are: • -c • -f — create a new archive. if the tarfile contains a file called bar. — when used with the -c option. sometimes users archive their files using the tar. To create a tarred and bzipped compressed file.tar represents the file you are creating and directory/file represents the directory and file you want to put in the archived file. filename. To list the contents of a tar file. but it places copies of its unarchived contents in the current working directory. Managing Files and Directories 14. use the -j option: tar -cjvf filename.tar To extract the contents of a tar file. — show the progress of the files being archived.tbz file is removed and replaced with filename.3.tar in the current directory.tbz file tar files compressed with bzip2 are conventionally given the extension . • -t • -v • -x • -z • -j To create a tar file. The above command creates an archive file and then compresses it as the file filename. when used with the -x option. unarchive the specified file. preserving any directory structure that the archive file used.txt within a directory called foo/. however. — show the list of files in the tar file.tbz file with the bunzip2 command.tar directory/file In this example.txt inside of it.tbz. — extract files from an archive. type: tar -tvf filename.bz2 extension. use the filename specified for the creation of the tar file. — compress the tar file with bzip2. Remember. For example.
4.tar is not saved. This section explains how to manipulate files at the shell prompt.2. Replace filename with the name of your choice. If you run a directory listing. there is a variety of ways to manipulate files and directories. type the following at a shell prompt. to make the process of copying.1. They can also be manipulated using a shell prompt. 14. (The file filename. the filename. or deleting multiple files and directories faster. type the following command. 14.tgz Tip Type the command man tar for more information about the tar command. which will create an empty file that you can use to add text or data. use the -z option: tar -czvf filename.4. Manipulating Files at the Shell Prompt Files can be manipulated using one of the graphical file managers.tgz file tar files compressed with gzip are conventionally given the extension . typing the command ls -l newfile at the shell prompt returns the following output: -rw-rw-r-1 sam 14.tgz. This command creates the archive file filename. To copy a file. For example. Copying Files Like so many other Linux features.4.tgz file is removed and replaced with filename. moving.tgz file with the gunzip command. as explained in Section 13.5 Wildcards and Regular Expressions.11. Managing Files and Directories 119 tar -xjvf filename.tar. which is often faster.tgz. You can expand a gzip tar file in one command: tar -xzvf filename.) If you uncompress the filename. You can also use wildcards. you can see that the file contains zero (0) bytes of information because it is an empty file. such as Nautilus or Konqueror. Creating Files You can create new files either with applications (such as text editors) or by using the command touch.Chapter 14.tbz To create a tarred and gzipped compressed file.tar and then compresses it as the file filename. To create a file with touch. ) ( 0) ( cp source destination ' % & $ touch filename sam 0 Apr 10 17:09 newfile .
— recursive.4 Changing Directories with cd . and name of the directory where you want the file to go. tigger is one directory down from our home directory. this option is dangerous. Rather than just copying all the specified files and directories. Common options for mv include the following: • -i — interactive. use cp -i to copy the file again to the same location. This is a handy option because it can help prevent you from making mistakes. — verbose. use the mv command. see the mv man page (type man mv). • -v If you want to move a file out of your home directory and into another existing directory. Moving Files To move files. Read the cp man page (type man cp at the shell prompt) for a full list of the options available with cp. Tip To learn more about relative and absolute pathnames. press [N] and [Enter].txt tigger/ You can use both relative and absolute pathnames with cp. Shows the progress of the files as they are being moved. Overrides the interactive mode and moves without prompting. Unless you know what you are doing.4. this will copy the whole directory tree. For more about mv. subdirectories and all. • -v Now that you have the file sneakers. — verbose. 2 1 . be very careful about using it until you become more comfortable with your system.txt tigger cp: overwrite 'tigger/sneakers. Managing Files and Directories destination with the So. refer to Section 13. you will be given the chance to make sure you want to replace an existing file.3. cp -i sneakers. Our home directory is the parent of the directory tigger. type the following (you will need to be in your home directory): mv sneakers.txt in the tigger directory. 14. This will prompt you if the file you have selected will overwrite an existing file in the destination directory. press [Y] and then [Enter]. Prompts you to confirm if the file is going to overwrite a file in your destination. Among the options you can use with cp are the following: • -i • -r — interactive. to copy the file sneakers.txt tigger 2 1 Replace source with the name of the file you want to copy. • -f — force. This is a good option.txt to the directory tigger/ in your home directory. because like the -i option for cp. move to your home directory and type: cp sneakers.120 Chapter 14.txt'? To overwrite the file that is already there. Shows the progress of the files as they are being copied. If you do not want to overwrite the file.
Managing Files and Directories Alternatively. — recursive. You can also remove multiple files using the rm command. if you want to recursively remove the directory tigger you would type: . To remove a file using a wildcard. Shows the progress of the files as they are being removed.4. — verbose. Overrides interactive mode and removes the file(s) without prompting. To remove directories with rm. See the rm man page for more information. Prompts you to confirm the deletion. For example. unless you know exactly what you are doing. you would type: rm pig* The above command will remove all files in the directory which start with the letters pig. Options for removing files and directories include: • -i • -f — interactive.Chapter 14. Deleting files and directories with the rm command is a straightforward process. For example: rm piglet.txt with the rm command.txt'? You can also delete files using the wildcard *. Will delete a directory and all files and subdirectories it contains.txt sneakers. and you created the directory tigger using mkdir.txt rm: remove 'piglet. but only if the directory is empty. rm -i piglet. the same command using absolute pathnames looks like mv sneakers.txt /home/newuser/sneakers.4.txt You can use rmdir to remove a directory (rmdir foo. you must specify the -r option. — force. Now you need to learn how to delete files and directories. Deleting Files and Directories You learned about creating files with the touch command.txt Warning Once a file or directory is removed with the rm command. because you can easily delete files you did not intend to throw away. Use the -i (interactive) option to give you a second chance to think about whether or not you really want to delete the file. • -v • -r To delete the file piglet. type: rm piglet.txt /home/newuser/tigger 121 14. for example). it is gone permanently and cannot be retrieved. This might not be a good idea. but be careful. This option can stop you from deleting a file by mistake.
this command will recursively remove everything on your system. . you can type: rm -rf tigger A safer alternative to using rm for removing directories is the rmdir command. With this command. you will not be allowed to use recursive deletions. Warning The rm command can delete your entire file system! If you are logged in as root and you type the simple command rm -rf /. Read the rmdir man page (man rmdir) to find out more about this command. so a directory which has files in it will not be deleted. you are in trouble.122 Chapter 14. Managing Files and Directories rm -r tigger If you want to combine options. such as forcing a recursive deletion.
Your RHN Red Hat Network saves users time because they receive email when updated packages are released. Bug Fix Alerts. and Enhancement Alerts are issued for all the systems in your network through the Basic interface . Installing and Updating Red Hat Linux Packages Red Hat Linux consists of various software applications and utilities. 15. Red Hat Network installs the packages as well. A package is just a file that contains a software program.1. Red Hat Network Red Hat Network is an Internet solution for managing one or more Red Hat Linux systems. known as RPM packages. Users do not have to search the Web for updated packages or security alerts. Users do not have to learn how to use RPM or worry about resolving software package dependencies. All Security Alerts. Figure 15-1. and using the Red Hat Linux Installation CD-ROMs. using the online Errata List. Bug Fix Alerts.redhat.com/. By default. RHN does it all. and Enhancement Alerts (collectively known as Errata Alerts) can be downloaded directly from Red Hat using the Red Hat Update Agent standalone application or through the RHN website available at http://rhn.Chapter 15. This chapter explains three ways to update your system: using Red Hat Network. Each Red Hat Network account comes with: • Errata Alerts — learn when Security Alerts.
Relevant Errata Automatic email notifications — receive an email notification when an Errata Alert is issued for your system Scheduled Errata Updates — schedule delivery of Errata Updates Package installation — Schedule package installation on one or more systems with the click of a button Red Hat Update Agent — use the Red Hat Update Agent to download the latest software packages for your system (with optional package installation) Red Hat Network website — manage multiple systems. Start scheduling updates through the RHN website or download and install Errata Updates with the Red Hat Update Agent. . and schedule actions such as Errata Updates through a secure Web browser connection from any computer • • • • • To start using Red Hat Network. Installing and Updating Red Hat Linux Packages Figure 15-2.redhat. downloaded individual packages. follow these three basic steps: 1. Select Main Menu Button => System Tools => Red Hat Network on your desktop. 2. Create a System Profile using one of the following methods: • • • Registering the system with RHN during the Setup Agent the first time your system boots after installation. Log in to RHN at http://rhn. Additional accounts can be purchased. 3.124 Chapter 15.com/ and entitle the system to a service offering. Execute the command up2date from a shell prompt. Everyone receives a free Red Hat Network account for one system.
Red Hat.redhat. the Package Management Tool interface appears and allows you to select packages groups to install as well as individual packages within the groups. Click on the name of the Errata Alert that you want to apply to your system. and Enhancement Alerts (collective known as Errata Alerts) can also be downloaded from the Red Hat website at http://www. Click on the Red Hat Linux version you are using to view a list of all available errata for Red Hat Linux. Inc.com/help/basic/applet. Installing and Updating Red Hat Linux Packages 125 For more detailed instructions. All Security Alerts. Instructions for updating the packages are on the individual Errata pages.2. Installing Software with the Package Management Tool . It also requires users to resolve software dependencies manually. read the Red Hat Network User Reference Guide available at http://www. Refer to the following URL for more information about the applet: http://rhn. Installation CD-ROMs Place the first Red Hat Linux CD-ROM in your CD-ROM drive.Chapter 15. Bug Fix Alerts. It then prompts you for the root password so that you can install packages.redhat. Updating Errata packages from the Red Hat Linux Errata website is recommended for more experienced Red Hat Linux users.redhat. 15. Tip Red Hat Linux includes the Red Hat Network Notification Tool.3. Errata List It is recommended that new users use Red Hat Network to download and install/upgrade packages.4 Downloaded Packages. A software dependency is when a package is dependent on other package being installed.com/docs/manuals/RHNetwork/. tests and approves the RPMs posted on this site. Figure 15-3. If you enter the correct root password. For more information about installing packages downloaded from our errata sites. RPMs downloaded from other sites are not supported. Select Yes when asked if you want to run the autorun program from the CD. refer to Section 15.html 15.com/apps/support/errata/. a convenient panel icon that displays visible alerts when there is an update for your Red Hat Linux system.
. 15. the Package Management Tool will alert you with suggested files and packages you need to install. if there are dependencies. Refer to the Red Hat Linux Customization Guide for more information about the Package Management Tool. Figure 15-4. You can add packages by clicking the checkbox next to each package. RPM Package Dependencies The packages necessary to fulfill the dependency issues can be installed by following the steps in Section 15. If all goes well. such as package or library files needed.4. However. the package will be installed and you can immediately begin using the software from the installed package. Figure 15-5. Downloaded Packages If you have downloaded packages from an errata on the Red Hat website.126 Chapter 15. The Package Management Tool should open up and check the package for any dependencies you need to fulfill before installation. click the Update button to install or uninstall the selected packages. Installing and Updating Red Hat Linux Packages The Package Management Tool marks what packages are already installed on your system with a checkmark. you can install them by opening your file manager and double-clicking the package you want to install. To uninstall a package. remove the checkmark (see Figure 15-4). Individual Package Selection After selecting packages.3 Installation CD-ROMs.
Frequently Asked Questions This chapter answers some of the most common questions about using Red Hat Linux that you may ask as you become more familiar with it. Starting Applications I installed an application I downloaded from the Internet.Chapter 16. For more information about using RPM and Package Management Tool. it is asking you to log in to your system. refer to the Red Hat Linux Customization Guide on the Red Hat Linux Documentation CD or online at http://www. Localhost Login and Password I have installed Red Hat Linux.localdomain by default. you can log in using that user name and password. From recovering forgotten passwords to troubleshooting package installation problems.com/docs/. At a shell prompt.6 Creating a User Account. and everything seemed to go fine. it is because you do not have proper permission to install RPM files. such as creating new directories outside of your user home directory or making changes to your system configuration.redhat. or received that information from a network. For more information. you should then be able to install the RPM file without further errors.3. If you did not create a user account. The root password is the system password you assigned during installation. When you get to that initial prompt. but I still get "command not found" when I type its name. If you are using your normal user account. What are these? Unless you specified a host name for your computer. then you can log in as the super user. your Red Hat Linux installation will call your machine localhost. Error Messages During Installation of RPMs How do I install an RPM from a CD or the Internet? I keep getting an error message when I use rpm. you are often required to make system-wide changes which only root can make.1.2. 16. You need to be the root user in order to install RPM files. When you install software. this chapter will ease you step-by-step through some common tasks and get you on your way. refer to Section 1. I get a message telling me it needs a localhost login and password. 16. You can create a new user after logging in as root with the User Manager graphical tool or the useradd shell prompt utility. If you are getting an error message similar to failed to open /var/lib/rpm/packages. After rebooting. switch to the root user by running the following command: su After entering the root password when prompted. 16. you will not have permission to make such changes by default. It is highly recommended that you create at least one user account for regular use of your Red Hat Linux system.rpm. also known as root. I think I have the right name. If you created a user account with the Setup Agent. so why will it not start? .
which creates a subdirectory in your home directory called seti/. you will have to edit your PATH environment variable. You follow the directions for installing the software. Editing Your PATH If you frequently start programs that are not located in a directory that your user shell has been configured to search. Now.1. add $HOME/seti as shown below: PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin:/usr/local/bin/:$HOME/seti: Save the file and exit the text editor. try typing out the full directory path before the name of the application's executable (such as /usr/local/bin/my-executable). similar to the one shown below. such as gedit or vi. Start a text editor. .bash_profile by typing the following: gedit . To do this.bash_profile By adding paths to your . because of the potential security risks./ in front of the command. imagine that you have downloaded the setiathome client application and want to try it out. you will have to edit your user shell configuration file to add the directory containing the executable you wish to run. at a shell prompt. Avoid modifying files such as the root user's . 16. You can open the file called . You can then make the changes to .bash_profile. start the application using the full path to the executable file as shown below: /home/joe/seti/setiathome The reason you may need to type the full pathnames in order to start an application is because the executable was not placed in a directory where your user shell environment knew it could be found (such as /usr/local/bin). Frequently Asked Questions If you are trying to start an application from the shell prompt and it is not working. Caution These instructions are intended only for user accounts. You can do this by adding the directory to your PATH environment variable.bash_profile.128 Chapter 16.bash_profile You will see a PATH statement.bash_profile take effect immediately by typing the following command: source . You can customize your settings so that you are not required to use the type the full path to the application each time. you can place utilities and programs in your path and be able to execute them without having to type . PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin:/usr/local/bin: To the end of this statement. For example.3.
For example: mkdir /mnt/windows . log in as root (type su and then enter the root password) at a shell prompt. This file system type can be mounted and read within Linux. Figure 16-1 shows Hardware Browser in action.4. Create a directory in which the Windows partition will be mounted by typing the following command. 16. choose Main Menu => System Tools => Hardware Browser. Frequently Asked Questions 129 Tip For more information about using and configuring your shell prompt refer to Chapter 13 Shell Prompt Basics. in two different ways.Chapter 16. if your Windows partition uses NTFS. To find this information. To start the Hardware Browser. you can use the Hardware Browser. Note the Device information for your Windows partition. Hardware Browser hard disk device listing Select Hard Drives from the panel and find your Windows partition from the Disk Information displayed. Accessing a Windows Partition I have a dual-boot system with Red Hat Linux and Windows 98. which lists detailed information about the hardware in your Red Hat Linux system. You should first determine where your Windows partition is located by determining what physical hard disk your Windows partition is located in (such as the primary master IDE drive or the the first SCSI drive). Is there a way to access my Windows partition while I am running Linux? You can access another partition on your system (for example. then you cannot mount and read from it as Red Hat Linux does not support NTFS file systems. Once you have determined where your Windows partition is located on your hard drive. however. Windows partitions normally use the FAT or FAT32 file system type. as this is the device that you mount to access your Windows data. Figure 16-1. a Windows partition).
to move back a screen.130 Chapter 16. you will need to mount it in the directory you just created. the /etc/fstab file is read. su to root. At a shell prompt. Frequently Asked Questions Before you can access the partition. Say you were reading the man page the day before. There are plenty of ways to your command history. but the results will speed by too quickly for your to read ever line. How do I get the man page back? The command you used will most likely be stored in a file called . this file records the last 500 commands you typed at the shell prompt. press the [b] key. a powerful search utility. 16. press the [Space] bar. Another way to view . Next.bash_history is with a utility such as less. Paging through . open the /etc/fstab in a text editor by typing (for example): gedit /etc/fstab Add the following on a new line (replacing /dev/hda1 with the Windows partition you found via Hardware Browser): /dev/hda1 /mnt/windows vfat auto. . To move forward a screen. you can search through the file for keywords using grep.bash_history at the shell prompt and the results will display one page at a time. which configures all file systems and disk device mounting options. press [q]. but cannot recall its name. type the following command at a shell prompt (where /dev/hda1 is the Windows partition you found via Hardware Browser): mount -t vfat /dev/hda1 /mnt/windows You may then logout of root user mode and access your Windows data by changing into the mounted Windows partition: cd /mnt/windows To automatically mount a Windows partition every time you boot your Red Hat Linux system. Finding Commands Quickly I was looking at a man page yesterday.bash_history. as in ls "Program Files". To search for the command. you must modify the /etc/fstab file.bash_history to find a command can be tedious. Alternatively. following the above example. You can glimpse the history of your commands by typing history at the shell prompt. and I did not write it down.6 Tips on Using Command History.5. type: history | grep man You will see a list of all the commands you typed which have the word man in them. and the Windows partition is automatically mounted in the directory /mnt/windows. surround the name of the directory or file with quotation marks. and to quit. The next time the system is rebooted. To navigate through directories or files with spaces. For other tips and tricks. By default. type the command cd /mnt/windows. Type less . As root. but I cannot remember the name of the command I was reading about. To access the partition at a shell prompt. see Section 16.umask=0 0 0 Save the file and exit your text editor.
This way. Frequently Asked Questions 131 16. You can achieve the same results with more. To read the contents of /etc with less.1. "Bang number": Typing !number (as in !302) will execute the command which is numbered 302 in the history file. only the previous 20 commands you typed will display (you can use any quantity as an argument of the history command). "Bang string": Typing !string (as in !rpm) will execute a command with the most recent matching string from the history file.6. press [q]. 16. How can I actually read the output? To prevent the output of ls from scrolling by too quickly. pipe the output to a utility such as less or more. You will then be able to see the output one screen. bang": Typing !! (called "bang bang") executes the last command in the history.7. to quit. or "page" at at time. so the command history 20 might be useful. press [Space] bar.1. type the following to pipe the output of a command to the printer: ls -al /etc | lpr . you can press the up arrow to move back through previous commands in your history list (the down arrow will move you forward through the commands) until you find the command you want. you will see a numbered list scroll by very quickly. just as if you had typed it on the command line. 16. Press [Enter] to execute the command. [Up arrow] and [down arrow]: At the shell or GUI terminal prompt. You probably do not need to see all of the last 500 commands. If you have configured a printer. to move back a screen. Keep ls Output from Scrolling Whenever I type ls I can barely see the output of the directory because it scrolls by too quickly.6.Chapter 16. Printing ls Output You can also print directory listings by piping the output to a printer in the same way that you piped the output to your screen. another paging utility. Tips on Using Command History What are some other ways I can use command history? If you type history. type the following command at the shell prompt: ls -al /etc | less To move forward a screen. Other Shortcuts Here are other command history shortcuts which may be useful to you: • • • • "Bang. 16. showing you the previous 500 commands you have used.7. press the [b] key.
Look for the line that looks similar to the following: kernel /vmlinuz-2. After it finishes loading. the password will be changed. You will be presented with a boot entry listing. Changing Login from Console to X at Startup How do I change my login from the console to the graphical screen? Instead of logging in to your system at the console and typing the startx command to start the X Window System. Once you are finished. Password Maintenance I forgot or want to change my user account password.8. you will be presented with a shell prompt similar to the following: sh-2. 2. type [e] to enter into editing mode. 3. by changing just one number in the runlevel section. Press the Spacebar once to add a blank space. You can then reboot by typing reboot at the prompt.18-0. You can now use the new password to log in to your user account. su to root by typing su . Open a shell prompt and type the following: passwd username Replace username with your normal user name. Open a shell prompt. If you use the default boot loader. To enter single-user mode. When you are finished. The next time you log in. Press [Enter] to make the editing change take effect. The passwd command will then ask for the new password.10. You can now change the root password by typing bash# passwd root You will be asked to re-type the password for verification. press [b] and GRUB will boot single-user Linux mode. How do I log in now? You can log in using single-user mode and create a new root password. you will have a graphical login prompt. reboot your computer. you can configure your system so that you can log in directly to X. You will be brought back to the edit mode screen. Frequently Asked Questions 16. You must edit one file. 16. /etc/inittab. GRUB. then add the word single to tell GRUB to boot into single-user Linux mode. you can enter single user mode by performing the following: 1. At the boot loader menu. which you will need to enter twice.4.4 ro root=/dev/hda2 Press the arrow key until this line is highlighted and press [e]. From here. If you're in your user account. 16.132 Chapter 16. then you can log in to root as you normally would. reboot the computer.05# 5. 4. Forgotten Password Help! I forgot my root password.9.
and asking you to confirm your change. Your changed line should look like the following: id:5:initdefault: When you are satisfied with your change. type gedit /etc/inittab to edit the file with gedit. The file /etc/inittab will open. You will see a message telling you that the file has been modified. you will see a section of the file which looks like this: # Default runlevel. Type [Y] for yes.Multiuser. Now. if you do not have networking) # 3 . .Full multiuser mode # 4 . you should change the number in the line Warning Change only the number of the default runlevel from 3 to 5. To change from a console to a graphical login.Single user mode # 2 .halt (Do NOT set initdefault to this) # 1 . Frequently Asked Questions 133 Now. without NFS (The same as 3.X11 # 6 . save and exit the file using the [Ctrl]-[x] keys. The runlevels used by RHS are: # 0 . Within the first screen.reboot (Do NOT set initdefault to this) # id:3:initdefault: id:3:initdefault: from a 3 to a 5.unused # 5 .Chapter 16. your next login after reboot will be from the graphical screen.
Frequently Asked Questions .134 Chapter 16.
menus.org. it allows you to access your Red Hat Linux system and applications using your mouse and keyboard. The opening screen of the HelpCenter browser appears like Figure A-1. and customizing the desktop to suit your needs. your default desktop will look similar to Figure A-2. . KDE: The K Desktop Environment A.3.kde. To access HelpCenter from the desktop. you can view help documentation on topics such as using and configuring the desktop. A.Appendix A. From this main page. working with files and applications. visit the official website at http://www. working with the many applications included with KDE. Finding Help You can access a comprehensive set of documentation about KDE through the HelpCenter. windows. and working with the Konquerer file manager. If you would like to learn more about KDE. Using The Desktop Once you start KDE. right-click on the desktop and select the Help => K Desktop Handbook. Introducing KDE The K Desktop Environment (KDE) is a graphical desktop that uses common graphical objects such as icons. and panels. A. Figure A-1.1. The HelpCenter You can access the HelpCenter from the Main Menu by selecting Help. This appendix covers the basics of using KDE: system navigation.2.
device links. KDE: The K Desktop Environment Figure A-2.4. and so on. status indicators. You can also add new icons for all types of applications and resources to the desktop.and double-clicking mouse buttons and chording keystrokes to create time-saving shortcuts. email client. or application launchers. You can access any one of these resources by double-clicking on the associated icon. When you right-click on these icons. and Copy. and a diskette icon. The long bar across the bottom of the desktop is the panel. folders. The default KDE desktop displays icons for the trash can. By default. Move to Trash. you see several options for working with these resources. document windows. the Start Here icon for applications and configuration tools. or file manager. such as Delete. A. word processor. and backgrounds. You can drag and drop files and application icons to any location on the desktop. window and frame decorations. Icons located on the desktop can be files. A Typical KDE Desktop The KDE desktop displays application launchers. it contains the main menu icon and quick-launch icons for starting a Web browser. You can change the appearance of buttons. You can drag and drop unwanted items such as files you no longer need to the Trash icon. The desktop itself is also highly customizable. Using The Panel The panel stretches across the bottom of the desktop. . and the desktop manager. Configuration tools are also available which allow you to customize the way the desktop behaves at events such as single. The panel taskbar shows your currently running applications. your home directory. The panel contains application launchers. panel. Rename.136 Appendix A. The KDE desktop works similarly to other graphical desktop environments. You can also access the main menu and configure the desktop to suit your needs. and other commonly used applications. You can have up to 16 desktops running at the same time in KDE. Right-click on the trash can and select Empty Trash Bin to delete the items from your system permanently. Click on an icon to open the associated resource. file folders.
To add an application launcher to the panel.4. which will display a password-protected screensaver. You can also run applications from a command line as well as logout of your KDE session. Clicking on the Main Menu icon on the panel displays a large master menu from which you can perform tasks such as launch applications. Using The Main Menu The Main Menu is the central point for using KDE. Using Applets Applets are small applications that run on the panel. Then select Application Button and make your choice from the menus. Games. and configure your desktop. You can configure panel orientation and size. From the Main Menu. and more. and customize your main menu. The main menu also contains several submenus that organize applications and tools into several categories. Right-click on the panel and select Configure Panel to open the panel Settings. time and date display. Click Help at any time to learn more about configuring your panel.Appendix A. find files. Panel Settings Other tabs in Settings contain options to further customize your panel and taskbar. including Graphics.1. Click on Help for more information on these options. You can add and remove buttons that launch applications easily.2. set a panel hiding configuration (where the panel remains hidden until you hover over the panel area). Figure A-4.4. A. The Panel The panel is highly configurable. . Internet. There are several types of applets performing functions such as system monitoring. Office. There are some applets that run on the panel by default. and launching applications by typing commands in a text box. This section covers them in detail. Applications and utilities can be added easily to the panel. A. you can lock your screen. right-click on the panel and choose Add. KDE: The K Desktop Environment 137 Figure A-3.
Behavior. You can change the number and names of desktops available in KDE by making these adjustments: 1. click the Background icon. The Appearance.org Writer word processor open on desktop three. and choose the color or image you want to make your background using the associated tabs. You can also change the number of desktops available to you by adjusting the slider in the Number of Desktops. for fewer desktops. and Paths. the KDE desktop configuration tool will open. KDE provides four desktops that you can use to display multiple applications without having to crowd all of them onto one desktop. For example. click the virtual desktop you want to change. you will see a brief menu of actions you can choose. drag the bar to the left. the OpenOffice. while you are writing a message in Evolution on desktop one. For example. and Background icons are where you can make various desktop configuration changes. KDE: The K Desktop Environment By default. Right-click on the desktop. .) by deleting the default names and typing a new name in each desktop's corresponding text box.4. Each desktop can hold icons. to customize each virtual desktop to have different backgrounds. and be individually customized. 3. Desktop 2. Working with Multiple Desktops Appendix A.138 A. uncheck the Common Background checkbox. drag the bar to the right. Figure A-5. and so on. 2. etc. For more desktops. you can have Mozilla browsing the Web on desktop two.1. Virtual Desktop Configuration You can change the names of your desktops (from Desktop 1. Click the Multiple Desktops icon (see Figure A-5). Select Configure Desktop.2. open applications.
KDE: The K Desktop Environment 139 Figure A-6. release both keys and the application appears on the desktop. Tip You can use the keyboard combination of the [Ctrl] and Function keys to switch desktops. Applications on the Taskbar You can maximize running applications or bring them to the front of your working windows by clicking on the associated item on the taskbar. For example. Desktop Background Configuration After you make any adjustments to your desktop configuration. [Ctrl]-[F3] takes you to desktop three. Click OK to close the desktop configuration tool.4. hold down the [Alt] key. while tapping the [Tab] key. on all desktops. To pick an item from the taskbar. A. Viewing The Taskbar The taskbar displays all running applications. Figure A-7. Tip Another way to bring minimized or background windows to the front is to use the [Alt] and [Tab] keys.2. both minimized and displayed. and so on. When you have found the task you want to maximize and bring to the front.2.Appendix A. [Ctrl]-[F2] switches to desktop two. Click on a tile to move to a different desktop. . hold down both the [Alt]-[Tab] key. click Apply to save the changes. To scroll through the tasks. Buttons for your desktops appear on the panel in the Desktop Pager.
allowing you to adjust all panel settings. and so on). Konqueror allows you to configure your KDE desktop.140 Appendix A. change its size and color. you can include additional launcher icons to start applications without using the main menu or Start Here. To add a new launcher to the panel. Hiding. and change the way it behaves. Click Apply then OK to close the Settings dialog. click Hide automatically. A. Figure A-8. This section explains some of the ways Konqueror can help you work with and enjoy your Red Hat Linux system.4. Choose the Hiding tab. and more from one interface. right-click the panel and choose Add => Application Button and choose the application or resource you wish to add to the panel. or any one of the specific properties (Arrangement. configure your Red Hat Linux system. right-click the panel and choose Configure Panel. allowing you to navigate through your home directory and throughout your Red Hat Linux file system. Adding Icons and Applets to the Panel To further customize the panel for your particular needs. KDE: The K Desktop Environment A. Configuring the KDE Panel You can hide the panel automatically or manually.3. After exploring. you can return to your home directory by clicking the Home button on the toolbar. The Settings window will appear.4. browse digital images. The panel will remain hidden until you hover over the panel area to make it reappear. To alter the default panel settings. You can move the icon anywhere you want on the panel by right-clicking the icon and choosing Move Application Button. play multimedia files. A. Managing Files Konqueror is the file manager and a Web browser for the KDE desktop. surf the Web. Konqueror will open up in a window on your desktop. To start Konqueror for file management. This automatically adds an icon on the panel.5. and adjust the number of seconds to elapse before the panel is hidden. place it on any edge of your desktop. click on your home directory icon .4. where Application is the name of the application associated with the icon. Menus. The Konqueror File Manager .
To launch Konqueror choose Main Menu => Internet => More Internet Applications => Konqueror Web Browser. Konqueror also displays thumbnail icons for text. KDE: The K Desktop Environment 141 You can navigate through the file system by clicking on folders within the main window frame or through the hierarchical file system viewer on the navigation panel as shown in Figure A-8. and has a built-in media player for playing multimedia files without having to open a separate application. Files and folders in the main window frame can be moved or copied to another folder or sent to the trash.1. Figure A-9 shows the navigation panel. Konqueror is also a full featured Web browser. network resources. PostScript/PDF files. Working with the Navigation Panel The navigation panel lets you access your Web bookmarks. The navigation panel makes Konqueror an efficient solution for users who want fast and easy access to all of their files and information. images. Figure A-9.5. You can also delete files and folders by right-clicking on the item and choosing Delete. Browsing the Web with Konqueror Konqueror not only allows you to browse your local and network file system. which you can use to explore the World Wide Web. The Navigation Panel Another useful feature of Konqueror is the navigation panel. file system.Appendix A. browsing history. but with component technology used throughout KDE. The navigation panel makes many of your sytem resources available to you in convenient tabbed icons. A. and Web files.6. . A. It can also preview sounds from digital audio files. This panel appears on the left side of the Konqueror file browser window by default.
KDE: The K Desktop Environment Figure A-10. you will see the Specifications screen. . and OpenSSL). featured protocols. plug-ins.142 Appendix A. Welcome to Konqueror When you first launch Konqueror. By clicking Continue from the Tips screen. For additional information on using Konqueror. you will be presented with an Introduction screen. enter a URL in the Location field. This screen displays information on supported standards (such as Cascading Stylesheets. This page shows you basic tips for using Konqueror so that you can begin to take advantage of the many features. To begin your Web session. If you click Continue at the end of the webpage. you will be presented with the Tips page. click on Help (on the top menu panel) and then on Konqueror Handbook. This screen offers basic instructions for browsing webpages. and more.
the browser displays the image in its native size. Using Konqueror to View Images You can also use the Konqueror file manager to view images. The Konqueror Handbook A.Appendix A. Using Konqueror as an image browser works similarly to Nautilus (see Chapter 11 Working with Images for more information). If you chose KDE as your default desktop environment. as shown in Figure A-12. click on your home directory desktop icon to access the Konqueror file manager: .7. Figure A-12. KDE: The K Desktop Environment 143 Figure A-11. Viewing an Image in Konqueror . When you double-click on a thumbnail icon. Image files automatically generate thumbnail image icons for you to preview within the file browser window.
. For additional information. Composer. Dialog Box A. Security.org. Rightclick on the image. you must configure it so it can send and receive mail. To run the configuration tool. Appearance. The Configure Mail Client window consists of the following sections: Identities. and click on Configure KMail... From the window menu. To begin sending and receiving messages you will have to change the settings in the Identities and Network tabs. Before you can really use KMail. as well as with The GIMP.8. . Network. To open KMail. It has an intuitive graphical interface similar to Evolution that allows you to send and receive email using a graphical interface.kde.144 Appendix A. This will re-display the image and allow you to rotate and zoom in on the image using the two magnifying glass icons or the magnification percentage drop-down menu on the toolbar. Figure A-14. choose Graphics and scroll down the list of applications.. A pop-up menu will appear allowing you to open the application you wish to use. click on the Main Menu => Internet => More Internet Applications => KMail. select Settings from the KMail toolbar. choose View => View Mode => Image Viewer Part. as shown in Figure A-13.. Image viewing configuration on the Konqueror Toolbar You can also open the image with more advanced image viewers. refer to the KMail user manual (Help => KMail Handbook) or visit KMail's homepage at http://kmail. you first need to change the way Konqueror renders the image. then Other. To launch the GIMP. choose Open With. Figure A-13. The Open With. Have your email information from your service provider or administrator handy so that you can fill in the required information to begin using KMail.. and Folders.. Click on the GIMP icon and click OK. as seen in Figure A-14.. KDE: The K Desktop Environment To zoom in and out of an image. KMail KMail is an email tool for KDE.
KMail New Email Message Screen . emails you have sent. you can begin sending and receiving email. To compose a mail. The folders on the left side of the KMail screen allow you to view emails you have received. KMail Main Screen Once you have your email settings configured.Appendix A. and more. KDE: The K Desktop Environment 145 Figure A-15. emails ready to be sent. click on the new message icon in the tool bar: Figure A-16.
9. Linux kernel configuration. You can also customize mouse and keyboard events which makes working with the desktop as efficient for your needs as possible. The KDE Control Center. In either case click Logout and your session will end. panel elements. proxy settings (if available).146 Appendix A. click Send in the toolbar: . where User is your account username. right-click on the desktop and. lets you customize the look and behavior of the desktop. plugins. login management. website cookies. KDE Components This section lets you configure the Konqueror file manager and customize certain file operations. The following list explains some of the configuration options in detail. From the Main Menu. A. System Administration This section is an advanced system configuration interface. It is strongly recommended that you leave these settings at their default values unless you understand the consequences of changing them. icons.10. Regional & Accessibility This section allows you to set country and language options to your particular locale. For users with sight or hearing impairments. Customizing KDE KDE allows you to configure the desktop and your system to suit your needs. select Logout User where User is your account username. Logging Out of KDE There are two ways to log out of your KDE session. themes. available by selecting Main Menu => Control Center. This section allows you to configure system boot settings. You can configure options such as cache sizes. You will need your root password to configure most of these options. assigning all digital music files to open in XMMS instead of the default player). To log out from the desktop. KDE: The K Desktop Environment Once you have composed a message and entered an email address to send the email to. select Logout User. You can also associate files to applications that you prefer (for example. Appearance & Themes This sections allows you to customize the visual aspect of your desktop environment. Web Browsing This section allows you to configure the Konqueror Web browser. and window border appearance. and enhanced browsing using keyword shortcuts. KDE Logout Screen . Figure A-17. you can also configure accessibility features such as audible and visual cues and keyboard/mouse customization. screensavers. A. You can customize background images and configure fonts. and more. from the menu.
This is not a complete list of all applications available.org Calc OpenOffice. The GIMP KPilot. links. Konquerer. Mozilla Mail. lynx X-Chat.Volume Monitor (VUMeter) Extras KWord Gnumeric. cdrecord. The GIMP Scan and OCR Program (Kooka). Applications . Category Word Processors Spreadsheets Presentations Charts and Diagrams Graphics Image Viewers Digital Cameras/Scanners PDAs CD Recording Text Editors Email Clients Web Browsers Chat/Instant Messaging PDF/PostScript Viewers Personal Finance Fax Sound Recommended Application OpenOffice. Kivio. Paint Program (KPaint) GThumb Digital Camera Tool (gtKam). Emacs. CD Player (GNOME CD). Applications in between (parentheses) denotes the formal name of the application. KDE CD Player. MagicPoint Kchart.org Write OpenOffice. X-CD-Roast Text Editor (gedit) Evolution Mozilla Instant Messenger (GAIM) xpdf Gnucash Fax Viewer (KFax) Audio Player (XMMS).Appendix B. KMid Sound Recorder (GNOME Sound). Kate Kmail. mutt Galeon. Applications The following table shows some of the Red Hat Linux applications that are available to perform many common tasks. KDE Sound Mixer. aumix. Evolution KOnCD vi.org Impress Dia The GIMP. Chatzilla Ghostview Table B-1. Scanning (XSane) Jpilot CD Creator. XFig Icon Editor (K Icon Editor) Image Viewer (Kuickshow). KSpread KPresenter.
Applications .148 Appendix B.
type man ls at the shell prompt to read about the ls command).Appendix C.txt Displays command help Creates a directory Views a file Renames a file command /? mkdir more ren .txt /home/thisdirectory ls clear exit date rm thisfile.txt mv thisfile.txt diff file1 file2 grep this word or phrase thisfile. Command's Purpose Copies files Moves files Lists files Clears screen Closes shell prompt Displays or sets date Deletes files "Echoes" output to the screen Edits files with simple text editor Compares the contents of files Finds a string of text in a file Formats a diskette MS-DOS copy move dir cls exit date del echo edit fc find format a: Linux cp mv ls clear exit date rm echo gedit(a) diff grep mke2fs or mformat(b) man(c) mkdir less(d) mv(e) Basic Linux Example cp thisfile.txt thatfile.txt /home/thisdirectory mv thisfile. read its associated man page (for example. A Comparison of Common DOS and Linux Commands Many Linux commands typed at a shell prompt are similar to the commands you would type in DOS. Note that these commands usually have a number of options.txt (if diskette is in A:) /sbin/mke2fs /dev/fd0 (/dev/fd0 is the Linux equivalent of A:) man command mkdir directory less thisfile. some commands are identical. Basic examples of how the command are used at the Linux shell prompt are also provided.txt echo this message gedit thisfile. In fact. To learn more about each command. This appendix provides common commands used at the DOS prompt in Windows and their counterparts in Linux.
. date free date free Notes: a.. d. Gedit is a graphical text editor. as seen in this example. The mv command can both move a file and. Similar Commands . b. You can also use info for some commands. with a relative path Displays the time Shows amount of RAM in use time mem cd pathname cd /directory/directory cd . e. cd . "move" that file to the same directory with a new name. other editors you can use in place of Gedit include Emacs and vi. The more pager can also be used to page through a file one screen at a time. if you want to rename a file in the same directory. c.. Table C-1. This formats a disk for the DOS file system.150 Command's Purpose Displays your location in the file system Appendix C. A Comparison of Common DOS and Linux Commands MS-DOS chdir Linux pwd Basic Linux Example pwd Changes directories cd with a specified pathname path (absolute path) Changes directories cd .
Used by fsck to place orphaned files (files without names). — Directory where optional files and programs are stored. This directory is used mainly by third-party developers for easy installation and uninstallation of their software packages. • /bin/ — Used to store user commands. System Directories This is a list of the primary Red Hat Linux system directories. . The directory /usr/lib/ contains more library files for user applications. — Contains the kernel and other files used during system startup.img image file and load needed device • /proc/ • /initrd/ — A directory modules during bootup. You will be unable to boot your computer if you delete the directory and then reboot your Red Hat Linux system. The directory /usr/sbin/ also contains many system commands. Each directory is described briefly. — Contains configuration files and directories. /tmp/ allows all users on a system read • /home/ • /opt/ — Default location of user home directories. — The home directory of root. such as shutdown. • /root/ • /mnt/ • /boot/ • /lost+found/ — • /lib/ — Contains many library files used by programs in /bin/ and /sbin/. — For variable (or constantly changing) files. Warning Do not delete the /initrd/ directory. — Stores device files. the superuser. For additional directory information. that is used to mount the initrd.Appendix D. — This directory typically contains the mount points for file systems mounted after the system is booted. such as programs and supporting library files. • /sbin/ — Location of many system commands. directory for users and programs. The directory /usr/bin/ also stores user commands. — A virtual file system (not actually stored on the disk) that contains system information used by certain programs. For example. refer to the Red Hat Linux Customization Guide and the Red Hat Linux Reference Guide. the default CD-ROM mount point is /mnt/cdrom/. • /dev/ • /etc/ • /var/ • /usr/ — Contains files and directories directly relating to users of the system. • /tmp/ — The temporary and write access. such as log files and the printer spool.
System Directories .152 Appendix D.
Type this command to clear all visible data from the shell prompt screen. visit: http://sunsite. For example. Type this at a shell prompt to see a numbered list of the previous 1000 commands you typed. [Up] and [Down] Arrow = shows command history. press the [up] or [down] arrow to scroll through a history of commands you have typed from the current directory.Appendix E. Use this quick shortcut instead of typing exit or logout. [Middle Mouse Button] = pastes highlighted text. Type this at a shell prompt to refresh the screen if characters are unclear or appear corrupt. To display a shorter list of previously used commands. This shortcut does the same thing as typing clear at a command line. In a two mouse system. It will automatically complete the command or show all commands that match the characters you typed. [Alt] + [Tab] = switches tasks in a graphical desktop environment. history 20. This works in most text editors and in the URL field in Mozilla. you can use [Alt] + [Tab] to switch among open tasks and applications. Many more are available in addition to what is listed here. [Ctrl] + [e] = moves cursor to end of a line. Click the middle mouse button to paste it. [Ctrl] + [Alt] + [Fn] = switches screens. use this shortcut to clear the current line from the cursor all the way to the beginning of the line. Type this at a shell prompt to logout of the current user or root account. Point the cursor to the spot where you want it pasted. exit = logout. clear = clears the shell prompt screen. By default. When you see the command you want to use. Use the left mouse button to highlight the text. Kills your graphical desktop session and returns you to the login screen. type history followed by a space and a number. For more command line and keyboard shortcuts. [Ctrl] + [a] = moves cursor to the beginning of a line. When using a shell prompt. Type the first few characters of a command or filename and then press the [Tab] key. [Ctrl]+[Alt] + one of the function keys displays an available screen. history = shows history of commands. [Ctrl] + [u] = clears the current line. [Ctrl] + [d] = logout of (and close) shell prompt. If you have more than one application open at a time. Keyboard Shortcuts Here are a few keyboard shortcuts you can use to perform common tasks quickly. Use only when the normal shutdown procedure does not work. This works in most text editors and in the URL field in Mozilla. • • • • • • • • • • • • • . If you are working in a terminal. you can click both the left and right mouse buttons simultaneously to perform a paste. reset = refreshes the shell prompt screen. [Tab] = command autocomplete. [F1] through [F6] are shell prompt screens and [F7] is the graphical desktop screen. [Ctrl] + [l] = clears the terminal. Shuts down your current session and reboots the OS. press [Enter].html#shortcuts • • • [Ctrl] + [Alt] + [Backspace] = kills your current X session. [Ctrl] + [Alt] + [Delete] = shutdown and reboots your Red Hat Linux system. Use this command when using a shell prompt.dk/linux-newbie/lnag_commands. if you configured your mouse to emulate a third mouse button. Use this if the normal exit procedure does not work.
Keyboard Shortcuts .154 Appendix E.
93 ls -al. 115 C cat. 113 conventions document. 28 CD-writable (CD-R). 108 clear. 30 and mkisofs. 95 DOS. 7 B bunzip2. 26 additional resources. 73 chmod. 113 commands (See shell prompt) cat. 32 and CD Creator. 26 additional resources. v creating graphics with OpenOffice. 90 change directories. 94 ls. 149 finding. deleting) stringing together. 105 numerical settings. 101 history. 93 keeping output from scrolling. 28 cdrecord. 90 pwd. 27 and cdrecord. 96 cd. 131 command line options printing from. 96 cron. 96 rm (See files. 137 applications and Red Hat Linux. 115 burning CDs. 105 numerical settings. 30 and mkisofs. 69 creating user accounts.org Draw. 147 starting from shell prompt. 32 with CD Creator. 103 tips. 90 CD-rewritable (CD-RW). 16 on the desktop panel. 104 su. 26 additional resources. deleting) rm -r (See directories. 96 command history. 90 chmod. 7 appending standard output. 127 compressing files. 90 reset. 98 applets adding to KDE panel. 30 with X-CD-Roast. 27 with cdrecord. 130 grep. common options with. 127 archiving files. 101 head. 101 cat. 92 tail. 108 clear. 140 adding to the panel. playing. 14 panel in KDE. 28 bzip2. 101 common user questions. 131 ls -a. 32 and CD Creator. 104 print working directory (pwd). 30 with mkisofs.Index A accounts creating. 30 and X-CD-Roast. 94 multiple. 60 . 130 locate. ii copying and pasting text when using X. 31 CDs. 30 and X-CD-Roast. 96 cd. 93 ls. using. 27 and cdrecord.
121 deleting at a shell prompt. 114 compressed. 87 directories changing. v drawing OpenOffice. 144 Mozilla Mail. 23 formatting. 151 listing contents. 138 devices digital cameras. 112 Filesystem Hierarchy Standard. 127 starting applications. 24 mke2fs. 48 Newsgroups. 140 Nautilus. 18. 135 desktops multiple KDE. 131 login problems. 119 types of. 90 copying. 24 F FAQ. 35 documents. 119 formats. 127 accessing a Windows partition.org.org Writer. 112 files archived. 25 mounting. 113 with File Roller. 128 errata updating with. 112 floppy disks (See diskettes) E email clients. 111 File Roller. 120 diskettes. 119 creating touch. 121 descriptions. 119 deleting. 14 background changing. 23 unmounting. 89 moving.org Draw. 45 Evolution. 16 file managers. 119 renaming at a shell prompt. 119 deleting. 119 copying at a shell prompt. v FHS (See Filesystem Hierarchy Standard) file. 81 KDE. 131 keeping ls output from scrolling. 63 OpenOffice. 111 file types. 72 text files.156 D date configuration. 64 PDF. 46 KMail. 113 with File Roller. 23 using. 125 Evolution (See email clients) ext2 file system and floppy disks. 132 permissions for installing RPMs. 69 environment variables PATH. 127 feedback contact information for this manual. 70 dot files (See hidden files) drag and drop. 113 file manager for KDE. 112 compressing. 50 plain text. 114 copying. 23 DNS definition. 49 mutt. 130 history tips and tricks. 120 moving at a shell prompt. 129 finding previous used commands. 93 managing from shell prompt. 87 DHCP. 89 moving. 63 OpenOffice. 21 dateconfig (See Time and Date Properties Tool) desktop (See graphical desktop) applets. 114 file system understanding. 50 mutt. 112 managing from shell prompt. 35 digital cameras. 50 . 112 archiving.
formatting diskettes, 24
images additional resources, 85 manipulation, 79 GIMP, 82 viewing, 79, 79 gThumb, 80 Konqueror, 143 Nautilus, 79 Internet configuring, 35 Internet Configuration Wizard, 35 introduction, i IP address, 35
games and amusements, 76 finding more online, 77 getting started logging in, 5 Setup Agent, 1 GIMP, 82 opening a file, 83 saving a file, 84 GNOME desktop (See graphical desktop) GNOME Print Manager, 58 change printer settings, 59 graphical desktop, 13 applets, 16 background changing, 18, 81 customizing, 18 logging out of, 20 main menu, 14 Nautilus, 16 panel, 14 Start Here , 17 using, 13 workspace, 13 graphical login changing to, 132 graphics GIMP, 82 gThumb, 80 changing wallpaper with, 81 gunzip, 115 gzip, 115
KDE, 135 applets adding, 140 multiple desktops, 138 customizing, 146 desktop, 135 desktop icons, 136 desktops multiple, 138 switching, 139 documentation, 135 Konqueror navigation panel, 141 main menu, 137 panel, 136 applets, 137 switching tasks, 139 Taskbar, 139 website, 135 keyboard shortcuts, 153 KMail (See email clients) Konqueror (See Web browsers) KDE file manager, 140 navigation panel, 141 viewing images with, 143
Hardware Browser, 129 help with KDE finding, 135 hidden files, 93 history finding commands using, 130
less, 100 linux commands (See shell prompt) listing directories (See commands, ls) log in, 5 logging in, 5 graphical, 132 graphical login, 6 virtual console login, 6 logging out, 11 from the desktop, 20 KDE, 146 login problems using single-user mode, 132 ls, 93 printing output, 131 viewing output, 131
configuring, 21 ntpd, 21 ntpd, 21
online connecting with Internet Configuration Wizard, 35 OpenOffice.org, 63 Draw, 69 features, 63 Impress, 67 Writer, 64, 65 ownership and permissions, 105
pagers, 100 less, 100 panel configuring, 16 configuring the, 140 KDE, 136 adding applications, 137 customizing, 137 hiding, 137 on the graphical desktop, 14 partitions accessing Windows, 129 password forgotten, 132 passwords secure, 8 PATH, 128 editing, 127 pathnames relative and absolute, 90 PDF viewing, 72 xpdf, 72 peripherals digital cameras, 87 permissions numerical settings, 108 setting for new RPMs, 127 permissions and ownership, 105 pipes, 100 plain text (See text files) Point-to-Point Protocol, 35 PPP, 35 presentations OpenOffice.org Impress, 67 printer configuration adding
main menu in KDE, 137 on the desktop, 14 mke2fs, 25 mkisofs, 31 mouse how to use, v Mozilla (See Web browsers) Mozilla Mail (See email clients) music Ogg Vorbis, 73 Wave, 73 XMMS, 73 using, 74 mutt (See email clients)
Nautilus, 16 disabling text icons, 17 disabling thumbnails, 17 viewing images with, 79 Network Time Protocol (See NTP) new users creating accounts, 7 Newsgroups (See email clients) NTP
local printer, 53 cancel print job, 60 default printer, 56 delete existing printer, 56 driver options, 57 Assume Unknown Data is Text, 57 Convert Text to Postscript, 58 Effective Filter Locale, 58 GhostScript pre-filtering, 58 Media Source, 58 Page Size, 58 Prerender Postscript, 58 Send End-of-Transmission (EOT), 57 Send Form-Feed (FF), 57 edit driver, 57 edit existing printer, 56 GNOME Print Manager, 58 change printer settings, 59 local printer, 53 managing print jobs, 58 modifying existing printers, 56 notification icon, 59 printing from the command line, 60 rename existing printer, 57 test page, 56 viewing print spool, 59 viewing print spool, command line, 60 printing from command line, 95 pwd, 90
Setup Agent, 1 shell, 89 history of, 89 shell prompt, 7 basic commands, 89 chmod, 106 single-user mode, 132 software installing, 123 upgrading, 123 sound card configuring, 74 Sound Card Configuration Tool, 74 spreadsheets OpenOffice.org Calc, 65 standard input redirecting, 99 standard output appending, 98 redirecting, 96 Start Here, 17 changing desktop background with, 18 startup messages dmesg | more, 100 startx, 6 su, 92 superuser (See commands, su) switching desktops KDE, 139 switching tasks KDE, 139 system directories descriptions, 151
Red Hat Network, 123 Red Hat Update Agent, 123 redhat-config-date (See Time and Date Properties Tool) redhat-config-time (See Time and Date Properties Tool) redirecting standard input, 99 redirection, 96 reset, 96 RHN (See Red Hat Network) root, 111 and root login, 111 logging in as, 5 RPM, 125 installing packages, 123 upgrading packages, 123 RPMs error message while installing, 127 installing with Gnome-RPM, 127
tab completion, 103 Taskbar KDE, 139 terminal (See shell prompt) terms introductory, 3 text files, 70 editing, 70 from a shell prompt, 71 The Graphical Desktop, 6 time configuration, 21 synchronize with NTP server, 21 time zone configuration, 22 timetool (See Time and Date Properties Tool) Trash icon
39 Windows accessing on a separate partition add line to /etc/fstab. 39 Konqueror. 115 user account creating. 39 X X Configuration Tool. 76 xpdf. 129 World Wide Web browsers. 18 Web browsers.160 KDE. 76 U unzip. 5 utilities cat. 141 Mozilla. 72 . 74 video card. 100 V vi . 96 less. 71 W wallpaper changing. 39 using. 39 Mozilla. 136 troubleshooting sound card. 7 importance of.
They may be freely redistributed with the Red Hat documentation. and warning). Garrett LeSage created the admonition graphics (note. Writer/Maintainer of custom DocBook stylesheets and scripts Edward C. Co-writer/Comaintainer of the Red Hat Linux Security Guide. Bailey — Primary Writer/Maintainer of the Red Hat Linux System Administration Primer. tip. Moore — Primary Writer/Maintainer of the Red Hat Linux x86 Installation Guide. Contributing Writer to the Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide. Contributing Writer to the Red Hat Linux System Administration Primer . The Red Hat Linux Product Documentation Team consists of the following people: Sandra A. The DocBook SGML files are written in Emacs with the help of PSGML mode. Contributing Writer to the Red Hat Linux System Administration Primer John Ha — Primary Writer/Maintainer to the Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide. Contributing Writer to the Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide Tammy Fox — Primary Writer/Maintainer of the Red Hat Linux Customization Guide.1 format. The HTML and PDF formats are produced using custom DSSSL stylesheets and custom jade wrapper scripts. caution. Contributing Writer to the Red Hat Linux x86 Installation Guide Johnray Fuller — Primary Writer/Maintainer of the Red Hat Linux Reference Guide. Co-writer/Comaintainer of the Red Hat Linux Security Guide. important.Colophon The Red Hat Linux manuals are written in DocBook SGML v4.
162 .
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