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- Research Areas
- Astrophysics & Cosmology (Observ.)
- Astrophysics & Cosmology (Theo.)
- Atomic Physics (Expt.)
- Atomic Physics (Theo.)
- Beam Physics
- Biological Physics
- Condensed Matter Physics (Expt.)
- Condensed Matter Physics (Theo.)
- General Relativity
- Microscopy
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- Particle Physics (Expt.)
- Particle Physics (Theo.)
- Institutes & Centers
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Graduate Student Research
Research opportunities for graduate students abound. In addition to working directly with a Physics Department faculty member, graduate students also conduct research with faculty in Astronomy & Astrophysics, Chemistry, Geophysical Sciences, Biological Sciences, Molecular Engineering, as well as at Fermilab, Argonne, CERN, and many other facilities.
In many cases, graduate students can get involved in research immediately upon, and sometime before, beginning their first quarter in the program. The best way for graduate students to get involved in the research of his or her choice is to communicate with the faculty members working in their area(s) of interest to find out how to best proceed based on their specific situations. A great way to explore an experimental research group early-on is to satisfy the experimental physics requirement by doing a year-long project with that group.
Below, you will find a sampling of some of the fore-front-level research being done by our graduate students. You may also view the graduate research archive for previous profiles. Enjoy…
- Michael Geracie
(theoretical physics)
- Li-Chung Ha
(expt atomic physics)
- Jennifer Lin
(string theory)
- Jeremy Neuman
(theoretical neuroscience)
- Kartik Prabhu
(relativity theory)
- Martin Scheeler
(expt soft matter physics)
- Miles Wu
(expt high-energy physics)
Michael Geracie
- B.S., UW-Milwaukee, 2010 (Physics)
- B.S., UW-Milwaukee, 2010 (Mathematics)
- M.S., University of Chicago, 2011 (Physics)
Graduate Student (2010-pres), Dept. of Physics, Kadanoff Center for Theoretical Physics
Research: Condensed Matter and High-energy Physics
Awards: Robert A. Millikan Fellowship, Gregor Wentzel Teaching Prize, Gregor Wentzel Research Prize (Dept. of Physics)
Research Advisor: Dam Thanh Son
My interests lie on the interface between condensed matter and high energy physics. Though often treated separately, these subjects have a rich shared history. This is possible because of the power of geometry and quantum field theory, which can describe diverse phenomena within a unified way of thinking. I hope to further this program by applying techniques familiar to high energy physicists in new condensed matter settings.
My initial research focused on novel applications of geometry to the quantum Hall effect. Since its discovery, the quantum Hall effect has proven a fruitful playground for both theorists and experimentalists. The first known example of a topological phase, its discovery precipitated a revolution in our understanding of quantum matter that continues to this day. My work in this field involved studying these systems in a new regime, the lowest Landau level (LLL) fluid, in which the system is cold enough to be effectively constrained to the LLL, but is otherwise hydrodynamic. We demonstrated that such flows are highly constrained, characterized by only the equation of state and a thermal Hall conductivity. In addition, we were able to extract a number of new Streda-type formulas for both charge and energy transport.
To be as constraining as possible required the full implementation of spacetime symmetries. Since these samples are typically non-relativistic in nature, this required a number of formal developments in non-relativistic, or Newton-Cartan (NC) geometry. In several papers, myself and collaborators made the necessary advances, writing the first fully diffeomorphism covariant Ward identities for an NC geometry and constructing the first Galilean covariant description of torsionful NC backgrounds, which is necessary to study non-relativistic energy transport.
My current work is concerned with certain strongly coupled field theories at finite density. Large N Chern-Simons theories have attracted much attention among high energy circles in recent years. These systems are unique in that they exhibit a great deal of interesting physics, including anyonic excitations, as well as conjectured holographic and Bosonization dualities, yet also permit exact computations of many relevant quantities at strong coupling. Myself and collaborators use this setting as a playground to investigate the properties of condensed Fermion systems at strong coupling and low temperatures. We have also found a number of novel phenomena, including an enhancement of quantum degeneracy that leads to a breakdown of the classical regime at strong coupling. By examining linear response in this system, we have also learned that Fermi liquid theory, long a pillar of condensed matter phenomenology, needs to be augmented to completely characterize zero temperature transport. Going forward, we seek to continue this program in the hopes of gaining new insights into strongly coupled condensed phases of matter.
- Spacetime Symmetries of the Quantum Hall effect, M. Geracie, C. Wu, S. Wu and D. T. Son, Phys. Rev. D91 (2015) 045030; arXiv:1407.1252 [cond-mat.mes-hall].
- Hydrodynamics on the lowest Landau Level, M. Geracie and D. T. Son, JHEP 1506 (2015) 044, arXiv:1408.643 [cond-mat.mes-hall].
- Fields and fluids on curved non-relativistic spacetimes, M. Geracie, K. Prabhu and M. Roberts, JHEP 1508 (2015) 042, arXiv:1503.02680 [hep-th].
- Cold, dense Chern-Simons with Fermions at Large N, M. Geracie, M. Goykhman and D. T. Son.
Li-Chung Ha
- B.S., National Taiwan University, 2006 (Chemistry)
- M.S., National Taiwan University, 2009 (Physics)
Graduate Student (2010-pres), Dept. of Physics, James Franck Inst.
Research: Atomic Physics
Awards: Grainger Graduate Fellowship (Dept. of Physics), Government Scholarships for Study Abroad (Taiwan)
Research Advisor: Cheng Chin
Modern computers, based on silicon transistors, have experienced exponential year-on-year growth in computation power. Soon, this technology will reach the limitation defined by the tunneling effect of electrons in the semiconductor material. To respond to the increasing demand for faster data processing, a new type of computation technology is required. For data processing involving physical systems, the concept of quantum simulation was proposed by Richard Feynman. It involves the study of a complex system with a different system governed by the same equations, but which is relatively clean and controllable.
Ultracold atomic systems have been demonstrated as excellent candidates for doing quantum simulation. With the advantage of its cleanness and tunability, researchers are able to probe physical phenomena which are difficult to study in a complicated condensed matter system. Over the past decade, there have been numerous scientific results verifying the models shown in the textbook, e.g. realization of the Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) and degenerate Fermi gas, demonstration of the Bose-Hubbard model, quantum magnetism, and quantum criticality.
The primary research direction of my thesis resides on engineering the band structure of a BEC in an optical lattice which is an optical potential created by interfering two laser beams. We load the condensate in a one dimensional optical lattice and phase modulate the lattice potential. The ground and the first excited bands from the lattice are coupled through the modulation, and the dispersion of the new admixed ground band evolves from having one single minimum to having two minima. This system exhibits effective ferromagnetism, and we directly observe the formation of domain and extract the correlation function.
Based on this new type of quantum phase, we are also able to simulate the roton which is a quasi-particle previously only observed in superfluid helium. The existence of roton in superfluid helium was speculated by Lev Landau to explain many experiments on the suppression of the superfluid critical velocity. In our system, the roton originates from the double-well dispersion in the shaken lattice, and can be controlled by both the atomic interaction and the amplitude of the modulation. We determine the excitation spectrum using Bragg spectroscopy and measure the critical velocity by dragging a weak speckle potential through the condensate. We observe good agreement between our measurement and the modified Bogoliubov model.
A future research direction is to study the scaling of the domain size versus the speed used to cross the phase transition in order to understand and simulate the early universe. As was predicted by Tom Kibble, the density of frozen-out cosmological defects, such as cosmic domains and strings, is set by the cooling rate of the universe after the Big Bang. Wojciech Zurek later extended the idea to condensed matter systems, which is the formation of vortices (an excitation with quantized angular momentum) in liquid helium after being quenched to the superfluid phase. The Kibble-Zurek mechanism is of particular interest in grand unified theories of symmetry-breaking phase transitions in the early universe, 10^{-35} s after the Big Bang. While it is infeasible to perform an experiment or classical computer simulation on a cosmological scale, a quantum simulator would be readily applicable to the question.
- Roton-maxon excitation spectrum of Bose condensates in a shaken optical lattice, arXiv:1407.7157 (2014). L.-C. Ha, L. W. Clark, C. V. Parker, B. M. Anderson, C. Chin.
- Anomalous thermoelectric transport in two-dimensional Bose gas, arXiv:1306.4018 (2013). E. L. Hazlett, L.-C. Ha, and C. Chin.
- Direct observation of effective ferromagnetic domains of cold atoms in a shaken lattice, Nature Phys. 9, 769 (2013). C. V. Parker, L.-C. Ha, and C. Chin
- Strongly interacting two-dimensional Bose gases, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 145302 (2013). L.-C. Ha, C.-L. Hung, X. Zhang, U. Eismann, S.-K. Tung, and C. Chin
- Extracting density-density correlations from in situ images of atomic quantum gases, New Journal of Physics 13, 075019 (2011). C.-L. Hung, X. Zhang, L.-C. Ha, S.-K. Tung, N. Gemelke, and C. Chin.
Jennifer Lin
- B.A., Princeton University, 2010 (Physics)
- Ph.D., University of Chicago, 2015 (Physics)
Graduate Student (2010-2015), Dept. of Physics, Enrico Fermi Inst.
Research: String Theory
Awards: National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship (NSF), Sidney Bloomenthal Fellowship (Dept. of Physics)
Research Advisor: David Kutasov
Quantum field theory (QFT) is the framework which underlies our present-day understanding of elementary particles and their interactions. In its early history, QFT was formulated in a perturbative expansion around a non-interacting free theory. However many physical phenomena, such as color confinement of quarks (i.e. why no isolated quarks are observed) and mass generation for bound states (i.e. why nucleons are much heavier than their constituent quarks) lie outside this regime. Developing a better understanding of non-perturbative and strong coupling features of QFT's is thus of obvious interest.
One strategy is to study theories that share qualitative features with real world physics, yet are in some way simpler, allowing us to understand their strong coupling dynamics. Examples include the study of QFT's in lower dimensions, QFT's with extra symmetry (such as conformal symmetry and supersymmetry), or QFT's that exhibit strong-weak coupling duality, a general phenomenon where the same physics has both a strongly coupled description and an alternative, weakly coupled one.
My PhD work has revolved around deepening our understanding of field theory in this way. An example of a problem that I worked on recently is in supersymmetric QFT's in four spacetime dimensions. In 1994 N. Seiberg showed that N=1 SQCD, the supersymmetric generalization of the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) that describes the strong force in nuclei, can be analyzed via a duality where it exhibits the same non-trivial physics at large distances as a different field theory. Extensions of his work have led to insights into the strong coupling dynamics of other supersymmetric QFT's, that exhibit qualitatively new features.
In one such extension, we can add extra matter fields to SQCD along with interactions for them. In 2003, K. Intriligator and B. Wecht classified all IR fixed points that can be obtained by deforming SQCD with adjoint matter. They found that the non-trivial fixed points corresponded to interaction terms that coincide with a mathematical structure called an ADE classification. The A and D theories in the classification were studied in the 1990's, where they were found to exhibit Seiberg-like duality, but there remained three models in the classification called E6, E7 and E8 which were not previously understood.
With my advisor David Kutasov, I analyzed the physics of the E7 theory by conjecturing a Seiberg dual description that passes many non-trivial checks. I also ruled out the existence of a qualitatively similar duality for the E6 and E8 cases. What happens for them remains an open problem. It is surprising that these two cases appear not to work like all the other ones, and suggests an opportunity for new insights into the structure of 4d QFT's.
Other topics that I have worked on while at Chicago include the dynamics of field theories in lower dimensions (2d theories with N= (0,2) supersymmetry and 3d non-SUSY Chern-Simons theory coupled to vector matter) as well as aspects of gauge/gravity duality, a strong-weak duality connecting field theories to higher-dimensional theories with gravity.
- D. Kutasov and J. Lin. N=1 Duality and the Superconformal Index. arXiv:1402.5411.
- D. Kutasov and J. Lin. Exceptional N=1 Duality. arXiv:1401.4168.
- D. Kutasov and J. Lin. (0,2) ADE Models From Four Dimensions. arXiv:1401.5558.
- D. Kutasov and J. Lin. (0,2) Dynamics From Four Dimensions. Phys. Rev. D89, 085025 (2014). arXiv:1310.6032.
- D. Kutasov, J. Lin, and A. Parnachev. Holographic Walking from Tachyon DBI. Nucl.Phys.B863:361-397 (2012). arXiv:1201.4123.
- D. Kutasov, J. Lin, and A. Parnachev. Conformal Phase Transitions at Weak and Strong Coupling. Nucl. Phys. B858:155-195 (2012). arXiv:1107.2324.
Jeremy Neuman
- B.S., UCLA, 2010 (Physics with Honors)
- B.S., UCLA, 2010 (Mathematics)
- M.S., University of Chicago, 2011 (Physics)
Graduate Student (2010-pres) Dept. of Physics
Research: Theoretical Neuroscience, Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics
Awards: GAANN Fellowship (Dept. of Education), GSA Travel Award (Univ. of Chicago)
Research Advisors: Jack Cowan (Mathematics), Wim van Drongelen (Pediatric Neurology)
Generally in physics, model systems are close to equilibrium. In biology, however, this is almost never the case. Take for example the human brain, a structure as complicated as there is in the living world. It contains tens of billions of neurons, each with roughly one thousand connections. Yet many of its attributes lend it nicely to the study of non-equilibrium statistical mechanics and many body theory. Because of this, physicists can make large contributions to the field of theoretical neuroscience. My research seeks to use mean field and statistical field theories to explain a wide variety of neuronal dynamics, most of which we investigate with aggregate or "population" models. Primarily, we utilize the Wilson-Cowan equations, a set of nonlinear integro-differential equations designed to describe interactions at the mean-field level between the two general types of neurons, excitatory and inhibitory. These neurons connect in one of four ways: excitatory-excitatory, excitatory-inhibitory, inhibitory-excitatory, and inhibitory-inhibitory. From here, we can build an effective lattice or continuum model of the brain with only these assumptions.
One important question in neuroscience I've investigated is whether the resting state of the brain is critical and, if so, how it might organize itself into such a state. The idea behind this study is Self-Organized Criticality (SOC), a property of certain statistical systems which have their own mechanism for attraction to a critical point. The concept was developed to describe a wide array of phenomena across various fields of science, including physics, chemistry, economics, biology, and even sociology. In neuroscience, one manifestation of this self-tuning process is called synaptic plasticity, the ability of neurons to strengthen or weaken their connection strength over time. Previously, my advisors and I developed a model of plasticity, which, when coupled to a simple neural network with only an excitatory population, exhibits SOC. However, when we expanded our model to include inhibitory neurons, we found that the brain operates slightly below criticality, which we termed "self-organized near criticality." There is a large amount of data suggesting that this regime is optimal over being right at the critical point.
Recently, my advisors and I have been interested in the connection between localized and spreading neural activity. In the brain, experiments have shown that small inputs generate transient wave propagation while large inputs keep activity confined. One of our main efforts is to deterministically and stochastically simulate this effect because it could have implications, among other things, on our understanding of noise and consciousness, which at the neural network level is just the outgrowth of communication between brain regions. When activity cannot spread, the subject loses consciousness. On the other hand, spreading activity in an uncontrolled matter is the basis for a seizure, another topic of interest. Thus, it's clear that certain parameters in the brain must be met in order for us to be conscious but not constantly seizing. So far, we've found at the mean-field level that a slight redefinition in how clusters of neurons fire can answer this problem. As part of the remaining research for my Ph.D., I will further investigate the conditions on which neurons are able to communicate in a controlled fashion. This could lead to profound changes in the way we view a wide variety of neurological phenomena at the network level.
Selected Publications:
- H. Meijer, T. Eissa, B. Kiewiet, C. Schevon, J. Neuman, A. Tryba, C. Marcuccilli, S. van Gils, W. van Drongelen, "Modeling Focal Epileptic Activity in the Wilson-Cowan model with Depolarization Block" Manuscript in preparation (2014).
- J. D. Cowan, J. Neuman, and W. van Drongelen, "Self‐Organized Criticality and Near‐Criticality in Neural Networks" Criticality in Neural Systems, 465-484 (2014).
- J. D. Cowan, J. Neuman, B. Kiewiet, & W. van Drongelen, "Self-organized criticality in a network of interacting neurons" Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 2013(04), P04030 (2013).
Kartik Prabhu
M.Sc. and B.Sc., Indian Inst. of Tech., Kharagpur, 2010 (Physics)
Graduate Student (2010-pres) Dept. of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute
Research: General Relativity and black holes
Awards: Jerry Rao (Dept. of Physics)
Research Advisors: Robert M. Wald
General Relativity is the best description of gravity that we have presently. Some of the most exotic predictions of this theory include spacetime singularities and black holes. Even though the theory is a 100 years old, there are many aspects of black holes at remain unresolved. One such problem is whether black holes (specially in higher dimensions) are stable. The problem essentially is: If we perturb a black hole by a small amount, does the perturbation "settle down" to some other configuration (stability), or does it become larger and larger without any bound (instability)?
With Prof. Robert M. Wald, I investigated the instabilities of stationary and axisymmetric black holes in General Relativity in vacuum. The key idea is to investigate an energy-like quantity for small axisymmetric perturbations of the black hole. In an earlier work Hollands and Wald had already shown that if this energy is negative then the black hole is unstable in the sense that it does not settle down to any other stationary black hole. Expanding on this work, using a reflection symmetry of such black holes, we proved that the kinetic energy part of the total energy is always positive. Further, if the remaining potential energy part is negative then the small perturbation will grow exponentially in time i.e. we have an unstable perturbation. We also found a variational formula that give the rate of this exponential growth. At present, along with former UChicago student Josh Schiffrin, we are extending this result to black holes with matter fields and also to perfect fluid stars in General Relativity.
Along with this, I am working on generalising the first law of black holes mechanics and the formula for black hole entropy to situations where matter fields like magnetic monopoles or fermions are present around the black hole.
Another topic that I have worked on along with Michael Geracie and Matthew M. Roberts, is to formulate non-relativistic spacetimes and matter fields in a geometric way in a manner that is very close to General Relativity. Such a geometric viewpoint on non-relativistic systems was already shown to be very fruitful in condensed matter systems like the Quantum Hall Effect by Prof. Dam T. Son. We are continuing to work on further applications of this non-relativistic geometry to look at other applications that might give some insight into other condensed matter systems.
Selected Publications:
- Curved non‑relativistic spacetimes, Newtonian gravitation and massive matter, (with M. Geracie, M. M. Roberts) J. Math. Phys. 56, 103505 (2015), arXiv:1503.02682.
- Fields and fluids on curved non‑relativistic spacetimes, (with M. Geracie, M. M. Roberts) JHEP 08, 042 (2015), arXiv:1503.02680.
- Black Hole Instabilities and Exponential Growth, (with R. M. Wald) Commun. Math. Phys. 340, 253‑290 (2015), arXiv:1501.02522.
Martin Scheeler
A.B., Princeton University, 2011 (Physics)
Graduate Student (2011-pres) Dept. of Physics
Research: Experimental Soft Matter - Topological Vortex Dynamics
Awards: McCormick Fellow, Sachs Fellow, Wentzel Teaching Prize, Yodh Research Prize (Dept. of Physics), GAANN Fellowship (Dept. of Education)
Research Advisors: William Irvine
Vortices lie at the heart of fluid flow, driving all fluid motion in the absence of boundaries. Naturally this vorticity can organize into vortex loops—thin, closed loops which house compact arrangements of vortex lines—resulting structures akin to a smoke ring. Since these compact, geometric objects provide enough information to reconstruct the flow everywhere in space, they can be thought of as building blocks of a flow, with more complex flows corresponding to more complicated tangles of these loops. In the absence of viscosity, the dynamics of these elemental structures are bound to a simple rule: they are not allowed to cross. What would happen then if you took one of these vortex loops, like a smoke ring, and tied it into a knot?
Once a vortex loop is knotted, the only way to remove the knot is to pass one segment of the loop through another, but in an ideal flow, it is exactly this sort of filament crossing that is forbidden, and thus, vortex knots should stay knotted for all time. This topological stability manifests mathematically as the conservation of a quantity known as the fluid helicity, which measures the degree of vortex line linking and knotting in a flow. Like energy or momentum conservation, this topological conservation provides a strong constraint on the evolution of the fluid throughout all of space, and in doing so, provides a powerful framework for understanding the messy vortex tangles that produce complicated flows.
But in a real flow, one which has even the slightest amount of viscosity, vortex tube dynamics acquire a feature which seems to jeopardize this conservation law: the ability to reconnect. Rather than crossing, two small sections of vortex tube can align anti-parallel to each other, becoming so close that their separation approaches the viscous length scale, allowing the small regions to diffuse into each other and annihilate. The removal of these sections and the subsequent reconnecting of the tubes swaps the connectivity of the branches of the loop, providing knots a chance to reconfigure their topology and eventually unknot.
Working with Prof. William Irvine, I study the dynamics of these topological vortices experimentally. To generate these vortex knots and links in water, we take advantage of a phenomenon known as a "starting vortex", in which an airplane wing, when suddenly accelerated from rest, sheds a vortex along its trailing edge. Leveraging advances in 3D printing technology, we design and fabricate hydrofoils – airplane wings extruded along closed, curved paths in space – which when impulsively accelerated, produce vortex loops that match their geometry. This method allows us to produce isolated vortex links and knots for the first time in experiment.
How does the behavior of these experimental knots compare to our theoretical expectations? Recall that in an ideal flow, once we generate a knotted vortex, we expect it to remain knotted. Surprisingly, what we observe in a viscous fluid is instead the rapid unknotting of these vortices via topology-removing reconnections. At first glance, this result could indicate that helicity is a very poorly conserved quantity, discontinuously dropping to zero as the divergent reconnection process undoes the knotting. But what if instead of being lost, this knotting was flowing into a different form?
This potential discrepancy can be resolved by thinking a little more carefully about what helicity is measuring: it is not a measure of the knotting of the vortex tube containing the field lines, but rather of the knotting of the field lines themselves. Clearly, by knotting the tube containing the field lines, we've also knotted the lines themselves, but we could also wind the vortex lines around the center-line of a tube which is unknotted in a way that links or knots them (visually similar to the fibers wound together into rope). This linking inside a tube is generated in two independent ways: by coiling the center-line of the tube into a helix, and by twisting the field lines about the center-line.
With this knowledge, we can return to the experimental evolutions, where we observe that whenever there is a reconnection that changes the tube topology, it also introduces a helical coil in the post-reconnection geometry. Measurements of the helicity before and after the reconnection show that the formation of this coil is enough to exactly compensate for the tube unknotting, conserving helicity throughout the process. These results suggest that vortex field line topology might provide a useful interpretive key in understanding real fluid flows, and inspire future work intended on understanding how helicity can be cascaded towards dissipation and its role in vortex stability.
Selected Publications:
- M.W. Scheeler, D. Kleckner, D. Proment, G.L. Kindlmann, W. T. M. Irvine, "Helicity conservation by flow across scales in reconnecting vortex links and knots" PNAS 111 (43) 15350 (2014).
Miles Wu
A.B., Princeton University, 2012 (Physics)
Graduate Student (2012-pres), Dept. of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute
Research: Experimental High-energy Physics
Awards: McCormick Fellowship, Sachs Fellowship (Dept. of Physics)
Research Advisor: David Miller
As a member of the ATLAS Collaboration, my research involves studying the collisions of highly energetic protons at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in Switzerland. The sheer amount of data collected and the high energies of the LHC enable us to probe the interactions between the fundamental particles of the universe with great sensitivity and look for possible new physics.
At the LHC the production of energetic jets (showers of hadrons and other particles formed from a quark or gluon) is extremely large, and a small percentage of these jets during the shower can emit a W boson via electroweak radiation. Many searches for new physics involve Lorentz-boosted top quarks, and these collinear W's can imitate the final state of these top quarks' decays and become a significant background for these searches. Therefore it is important to know how often these collinear W's are produced and what their properties are, so that these searches can account for them. As a detailed study on the emission of collinear W's from jets has never been performed before, I have been working on performing a measurement of their cross-section and looking at their kinematic properties. This process is also of significant theoretical interest in the context of Monte Carlo event generators as there are different approaches on how to model it, so I have been in contact with phenomenologists and have been comparing my measurements with different theoretical predictions. While this process is somewhat rare at the current energies of the LHC, it will become very common at the the much higher energies of currently proposed future colliders (such as the 100 TeV Future Circular Collider at CERN). As such, it will be increasingly crucial for the future that we understand this process well.
I am also involved with developing the software that the ATLAS experiment uses to probe the internal structure of jets. These so-called jet substructure observables can be very useful in identifying the hadronic decays of heavy resonances and distinguishing them from the often large unwanted background. These techniques and the software I help create enable a large variety of analyses to look for new physics with greatly increased sensitivity.
Previously, I was part of the analysis that searched for new physics that utilised a jet substructure approach. As many beyond the standard model theories predict heavy resonances that decay into two vector bosons, we looked for events where one of the bosons decays leptonically (into either electrons or muons) and where the other boson decays hadronically (into quarks, and ultimately jets). This semi-leptonic final state happens more often than the fully-leptonic final state, but the identification of the hadronic boson is not as easy due to the large backgrounds and the poorer detector resolutions. Here the jet substructure techniques proved to be very useful in enabling us to discriminate the signal from the backgrounds and, compared to the previous ATLAS search that did not use these techniques, we were able to provide much stronger limits.
- ATLAS Collaboration, "Search for resonant diboson production in the llqq final state in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector," Eur. Phys. J. C 75, 69 (2015) [arXiv:1409.6190 [hep-ex]].


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Da Nang Hoi An Walking Tour Excursion Reviews
Hoi An, a historic town recognized by UNESCO, is about 22 miles from Da Nang. Discover the spectacular, old-world trading port with its narrow streets, former merchants' homes and iconic 400-year old Japanese covered bridge.
2 reviews
Feb 2016
Danang/Hoi An: a very pleasant destination. We started the day in Hoi An, with a guided tour through the local street market to show us the local veg, herbs, etc. It was off to a cooking class after that, in which we learned how to make a variety of delicious Vietnamese dishes. After a quick look at some local historical buildings, we had about 2 hours of free time to roam around, do a bit of shopping, and try a few more local delicacies. We had a brief stop at the beach in Danang, which was quite scenic. Both Danang and Hoi An are places we would definitely visit again.Read Andrew.W's full Celebrity Millennium cruise review
Provider: Celebrity Cruises
7 reviews
Feb 2016
Loved Hoi An. Did private tour with Private Asia tours. Would have liked some time on our own. Instead taken to certain ( more expensive) stores and not allowed to stop at stalls to shop. Did make quick stop at China Beach on way back.Read Holly2's full Celebrity Millennium cruise review
Provider: Private Asia tours
2 reviews
Oct 2015
One of the first groups off the boat. Waiting for around 10 minutes and our van and guide arrived. Straight off to explore for the day. We went to Marble Mountain, which is very beautiful and well worth braving the huge number of stairs! We had lunch in HoiAn - beautiful restuarant picked by our Guide Viet. We wandered the lovely streets of HoiAn, with an opportunity to do some shopping. Didn't get long enought, but will definitely be a place we will come back to again and spend more time. Dropped back to port with about 15 minutes before required time. A lovely day and would recommend Vietland Discovery. We were planning on doing a cycling tour, but all agreed we were glad we did not as the weather was extremely hot and humid.Read HeapsGood's full Voyager of the Seas cruise review
Provider: Vietland Discovery
2 reviews
Feb 2013
Enjoyed a second day partly in Hoi An. It is a picturesque,walkable, enjoyable place. The first day was on a private tour.Read helenls's full Azamara Journey cruise review
Provider: Azamara Club Cruises
paul reynolds
2 reviews
Feb 2013
This tour started in a somewhat boring Museum where the "brainwashed guides" wanted to impress upon you how the Country developed. We were not impressed and felt we would have a disappointing day - how wrong we were! We left Da Nang and travelled through the countryside to Hoi An an absolutely fascinating place with canals and historic buildings dating back centuries. The market stalls packed, not only with the usual local produce but some with "fake designer goods" of all descriptions. Lunch at a local restaurant on the return journey was excellent.
Provider: Azamara Club Cruises
1 review
Jan 2013
Interesting international heritage site. Also took tour of canals. Also stopped at China BeachRead Taxwatcher's full Seabourn Pride cruise review
1 review
Dec 2012
Excellent and very interesting. The lunch was superb and the walk around Hoi An very informative. Plenty of time left for shopping if that's your thing!Read Latinosal2's full Celebrity Millennium cruise review
Provider: Celebrity Cruises
6 reviews
Dec 2012
We did the ship tour "Hoi An on your own". The drive to Hoi An was about 90 minutes each way. We had a great lunch at Morning Glory. The ancestral houses and assembly halls were very interesting. Our favorite was the Tan Ky house which is located next door to Morning Glory. We looked at many of the shops but it was too hot to contemplate any clothing purchases. The stores are all open to the outside and do not have a/c. We very much enjoyed Hoi An and the lush countryside of Central Vietnam.Read Steph27's full Celebrity Millennium cruise review
Provider: Celebrity Cruises
3 reviews
Dec 2012
Oh what a place to visit. A charming glimpse of the past, a show put on for the tourists but most enjoyable nonetheless. Also a reasonable distance from the port.Read B55's full Celebrity Millennium cruise review
Provider: Celebrity Cruises
1 review
Mar 2012
Again, we got too much politics from the tour guide. The trip was interesting but not value for moneyRead aussiegirl51's full Costa neoClassica cruise review
Provider: Costa Cruises
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Autodesk (NASDAQ: ADSK ) has added a pair of assets aimed at bolstering its offerings in the building information modeling sphere. The company announced it has purchased selected technology offerings from two firms based in the U.K., Bestech Systems and Savoy Computing Services.
From the former, Autodesk acquired assets that include Sam, a software suite that assists with the analysis and design of small- and medium-span bridges. The technology purchased from Savoy includes AutoTrack, an offering Autodesk describes as "a suite of software for vehicle swept path analysis and the design of parking areas and roundabouts."
The terms of the two deals were not made public.
In the press release announcing the news, the company quoted Senior Vice President of Information Modeling and Platform Products Amar Hanspal as saying that after the buys, "Autodesk is now positioned to offer a much more comprehensive portfolio of infrastructure software that will accelerate the adoption of BIM in transportation design."


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Food rituals may enhance enjoyment
Is an Oreo cookie better when pulled apart?
The answer might be yes, but not because a separated cookie has more flavor.
Those who prefer the lift-and-lick method might not know it, but they're performing a ritual. Same with people who peel an apple from left to right, fold a piece of pizza in half before they eat it, or tap a soda can before opening it. These small, simple acts make food taste better. Even carrots.
That reflects the findings of a study by researchers from the University of Minnesota and Harvard on how rituals affect food.
In tests that paired rituals with specific foods, study participants reported that "the flavor tasted more pungent, and people took longer to eat the foods, a sign of savoring," said lead researcher Kathleen Vohs, a professor of marketing at the University of Minnesota's Carlson School of Management. "They rated the experience as better, and were willing to pay more to do it again."
Rituals, acts typically repeated in the same manner, are used on special occasions and in ceremonies to heighten the experience and to connect us to one another and to the past. A food-related ritual can be anything from popping a Champagne cork to serving the Thanksgiving cranberries in Great-Grandmother's cut-glass bowl.
Vohs, Carlson doctorate candidate Yajin Wang and two Harvard professors collaborated on a study they called "Rituals Enhance Consumption."
In the first experiment, some of the participants broke a wrapped chocolate bar in half, unwrapped one half, ate it, then unwrapped the other half and ate that.
The other participants could eat the chocolate bar any way they pleased. The first group "spent more time eating and enjoyed it more and were willing to pay more for the food," Wang said.


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More specifically, ongoing in vitro and in vivo studies are testing whether and how mitochondrial critically contributes to the generation of ROS/RNS in the diabetic or obese heart, and to evaluate the impact of this phenomenon on myocardial contractility in these diseased conditions. As a separate but mechanistically intermingled line of investigation, members of the PI's lab are currently evaluating the role of monoamine oxidases (MAO), another major source of ROS, in normal and failing hearts. This focuses on myocardial function, remodeling and survival as well as on cathecolamine cycling and modulation of sympathetic/parasympathetic function.
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I"m 100% on board with getting Melo and getting Melo now.. I am however with Metro and KBlack in that i don't want to trade Gallo and Randolph. As much as i think Randolph is going to be an all star i'd probably rather trade Randolph because at this moment we know right now that Gallo would fit in perfectly with Melo and Amare because he can shoot the three and spread the floor. If we traded Gallo and kept Randolph i wouldn't be heart broken but we'd lack outside shooting.
The only way i'd consider trading Gallo and Randolph is if the trade really expands. And we get back other talent from Denver. Something like a JR Smith.
Not saying i would do it but you could trade Curry, Gallo, Randolph, and Buike for Melo and JR Smith.


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CARNEGIE, Pa. — Peter J. Pearson has been named president of the Student Transportation of America Education Foundation, the philanthropic arm of Student Transportation of America (STA).
Pearson, currently chief operating officer for STA's central region, is one of the founding trustees of the foundation, which serves to advance educational opportunities available to deserving students enrolled in the school districts served by local STA companies.
The foundation was created in 2003 and held its first fundraising event in 2004: the STA/John Finfrock Scholarship Golf Outing. The annual event honors John Finfrock, a long-time educator who has dedicated his life to serving students and Pennsylvania communities.
The outing has raised more than $100,000 to date and provided $40,000 in scholarships to high school graduates from some of the 27 Pennsylvania school districts served by STA.
"Pete had the foresight to see the good work that the STA Education Foundation could do and he has been the driving force behind it since its inception," said STA Chairman and CEO Denis Gallagher. "We have a history of long-term relationships with school districts and the children they serve. We are invested in their safety and their success and our foundation's scholarships are tangible expressions of that investment."
Prior to assuming his current position, Pearson served as vice president of operations for STA in Pennsylvania.
Related Topics: Student Transportation of America
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Description: Pen and ink memento of General William T. Sherman's Civil War campaign at Atlanta, Georgia, with pieces of a Union Flag attached.
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Date: 1964
Description: Inside of Coke bottle cap with a head shot of NFL All Star defensive end, #87, Willie Davis.
Date: 1893 ca.
Description: Cover of a box produced by The Singer Manufacturing Company, which holds "Costumes of All Nations" souvenir cards, created for the 1893 World's Columbian E...
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Date: 1885-06-27
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Date: 1904-09-08
Description: Menu for 10 p.m., imprinted on pink silk lace-trimmed pants with a green ribbon waistband: Extra Dry Pommery and Greno, Lobsters, Crabs, Bananas, Nuts.
Date: 1937-05-03
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Date: 1936 ca.
Description: Badge for the Wisconsin Beekeepers Association 58th Annual Convention at the Hotel Retlaw in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. October 29, 30, 1936. Courtesy of Ruep...
Date: 1927-11-22
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text: aliceavanzo Play via YouTube OPEN IN APP NSFW Safe Is this playlist safe for work? iuhu Morning March 17, 2012 | 9 tracks | 32 1 | Stats Damien RiceWilco wake up musichappy music Liked Collect Share Edit celebrate Liked! Share this mix with friends: iuhu Morning Wrong video Collect Share Liked! Share this mix with friends:


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Paula Deen's Sour Cream Biscuits
Total Time
Prep 10 mins
Cook 20 mins
Paula Deen included one of these in each of her lunches when she first got started as The Bag Lady.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 8 ounces butter, melted
- 2 cups self-rising flour
- 1 cup sour cream
- Preheat oven to 350°F.
- Mix butter, flour and sour cream until JUST blended. Do Not Over mix.
- Pour batter into muffin tins, 2/3 the way full to allow for biscuits to rise.
- Bake for 20 minutes.
Most Helpful
You can taste the butter in these!
My whole family loves these! Easy to make with ingredients you already have. Delicious!
This was melt in your mouth delicious.


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Created using this Craftsy indie pattern
Other projects made as part of this pattern:
Offer some kudos...
Join the conversation...
Ask a question...
Add your comment...
|Here are some details about my project:
|Classic, Whimsical, Traditional, Holiday, Romantic, Retro / Vintage, Funky
What are you most proud of? When I was designing this pattern I didn't realise just how versatile it would prove to be. This pattern can be used for any style or taste and is the perfect mug rug to make for the holidays or as a gift. It is suitable for men, women and children. You could add patches of embroidery or cross-stich, cartoon prints, stripes, checks or florals. Make it modern or country or pretty. There is no end to the choice of fabric and each mug rug will turn out unique and individual.
What advice would you give someone starting this project? I cut a few extra patches so that I could play around with the combination of colours and patterns. If adding ticker-tape patches to a dark background I like to use a thread that co-ordinates with the background. But if I am adding patches to a lighter background then I use a thread that co-ordinates with the patches. Try both - see which you prefer. More than anything, have fun with this lovely little pattern - play around with colour and design and make presents for family, friends and work colleagues from your fabric scraps.
Love this pattern. Very eye catching
I Love the Layout and Christmas
Thank you. I really enjoyed using some of those Christmas scraps.
This is one of my all-time most favorite Patchsmith mug rug patterns! It's so versatile, and it's really fun to make, using a bit of fussy cutting, or not. These prints just go together to make a gorgeous Christmas message mug rug...awesome!
Thank you Amy. I love it too but then I am a mug-rug-addict!


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With Valentine's Day a week away, the travel guide Fodor's has picked seven of the most romantic getaways in the world.
Smack in the middle of that select group Charleston, where love birds can soak in, among other things, waterfalls?
Fodor's said the Holy City's "pristine gardens, historic ambiance, and laid-back Southern charm make it an ideal romantic getaway."
It recommends a walk through the antebellum South of Broad neighborhood and a meal at Tristan near the City Market.
It also suggests a trek over to East Cooper to Boone Hall Plantation and Gardens and also to Mount Pleasant Memorial Waterfront Park, which Fodor's said offers "picture-perfect scenery, complete with waterfalls and views of the Charleston Harbor."
The vistas are indeed spectacular from that vantage point, but the only water that falls in that area is when rain drains from the towering Ravenel Bridge overhead.


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Wednesday, May 22, 2013
Contractors continue to work around the clock to pump sand onto the beach at Folly Beach, and since May 5, approximately 175,000 cubic yards of sand have been put in to place. The contractors constructing the terminal groin are currently scheduled to begin driving steel sheet piles for the groin on May 15.
Stay tuned to the website – www.ccprc.com/BringBackTheBeach - for regular updates on the status of the project and the future opening of this beloved park. Charleston County Parks and Recreation Commission is working hard to "bring back the beach."
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1 posts tagged with heatedpool.
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Throw 'em in the pool
Looking for a decent motel around San Francisco/Santa Cruz with a heated pool and lots of teens/preteens hanging out (I have 12 and 15 year old daughters). Also good: inexpensive, no bed bugs, wifi. But the pool and other kids are really all they care about.
Page: 1


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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Darien is a masculine name; variants include Darian and Darion. Darien may refer to:
|Look up Darien in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
- Darién Gap, border area between Panama and Colombia
- Darien scheme, the 17th century failed Scottish colony there
- Darién National Park
- Darién Province
- Gulf of Darién
- Santa María la Antigua del Darién, town in the present-day Chocó Department of Colombia, founded in 1510
- "a peak in Darien", referred to by John Keats in his 1816 poem "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer"
United States[edit]
- Darien, Connecticut
- Darien, Georgia
- Darien, Illinois
- Darien, New York
- Darien, Wisconsin
- Darien (town), Wisconsin
First name[edit]
- Darien Angadi (1949–1984), British actor
- Darien Boswell (born 1938), New Zealand rower
- Darien Brockington (born 1979), American singer
- Darien Fenton (born 1954), New Zealand politician
- Darien Ferrer (born 1983), Cuban volleyball player
- Darien Graham-Smith (born 1975), British journalist
- Darien Sills-Evans (born 1974), American actor
- Darien Niamir (born 1990), Canadian Scientist
- Darien Buchmayer (born 2009), Czech republic student
- Georges Darien (1862–1921), French writer
- SS Darien (1924), a turbo-electric refrigerated cargo ship
- Darien II, World War II refugee ship
- Camila Darién, fictional character in the Mexican television series Pasión
- Darien Lambert, fictional character in the television series Time Trax (1993-1994)
- Darien Fawkes, fictional character in the television series The Invisible Man (2000-2002)
- Darien Maugrim, fictional character in The Fionavar Tapestry novels by Guy Gavriel Kay
- Darien Shields, fictional character in the anime series Sailor Moon
Other uses[edit]
- Darién, brand of bananas distributed in the U.S. by Turbana (company)
- Darien Pocket Gopher, rodent native to Panama
- Darién Scheme, attempt by Scotland to establish a colony in Panama in the 1690s
- Darien Spirit, a progressive rock band signed to Charisma Records
- An alternative name for the extinct Cueva language spoken by the Cueva people
See also[edit]
- Darian (disambiguation)
- Dairen, the Japanese name for Dalian, China
|This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Darien.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.


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Introduction to the Symposium on Libertarianism and Land
Welcome to the Bleeding Heart Libertarians symposium on "Libertarianism and Land!"
The symposium will run from today, Monday April 23rd, through Friday April 27th. Each day of the symposium will feature an essay by one of our lead authors – Eric Mack, Hillel Steiner, Fred Foldvary, Kevin Carson, and David Schmidtz, in that order. Zac Gochenour will guest-comment on Fred Foldvary's essay, and the regular BHL bloggers might chime in with posts of their own. But we encourage readers to participate as well, either in the comments thread here or with posts at your own blogs.
This is an important and rich topic and, as far as we can tell, a fairly novel format for presenting original philosophical debate. So it should be an interesting week in a number of ways! We hope you're as excited as we are about the conversation.
Look below the fold for more information about our participants and their papers.
Eric Mack (Ph.D., University of Rochester) is a Professor of Philosophy. His primary philosophical interests are in the foundation of moral rights, property rights and distributive justice, and the legitimate scope of coercive institutions. He has related interests in doctrines of negative responsibility, just war theory, anti-positivist conceptions of law, retributivism, philosophical anarchism, and the history of libertarian thought. He has received grants from NEH, the Earhart Foundation, the Center for Social Philosophy and Policy, and the Bradley Foundation, and has participated in and organized many philosophical conferences. Eric's essay, "Natural Rights and Natural Stuff," will run today.
Hillel Steiner is Professor of Political Philosophy at the University of Manchester and was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1999. The main focus of Hillel's teaching and publications is contemporary philosophical work on freedom, rights and social justice. His major work is An Essay on Rights which won the Political Studies Association's best book prize for 1994 and which advances a theory of distributive justice that has come to be known as left-libertarianism. Hillel's essay, "Left-Libertarianism and the Ownership of Natural Resources," will run on Tuesday.
Fred E. Foldvary received his B.A. in economics from the University of California at Berkeley, and his M.A. and Ph.D. in economics from George Mason University. He is the author of The Soul of Liberty, Public Goods and Private Communities, Dictionary of Free Market Economics . He edited and contributed to Beyond Neoclassical Economics and, with Dan Klein, The Half-Life of Policy Rationales. Foldvary's areas of research include public finance, governance, ethical philosophy, and land economics. Fred's essay, "The Geolibertarian Ethics of Land Rent," will run on Wednesday.
Kevin Carson holds the Karl Hess Chair of Social Analysis at Center for a Stateless Society, a left-wing market anarchist think tank where he writes research papers and news commentary. He's the author of The Homebrew Industrial Revolution: A Low-Overhead Manifesto, Organization Theory: A Libertarian Perspective, and Studies in Mutualist Political Economy. His forthcoming book is tentatively titled The Desktop Regulatory State. Kevin's essay, "A Defense – Such As It Is – Of Usufructory Land Ownership," will run on Thursday.
David Schmidtz is Kendrick Professor of Philosophy, joint Professor of Economics, and founding director of Arizona's Freedom Center. He works mainly in ethics, environmental ethics, rational choice, and political philosophy. He is the author of numerous books, including Rational Choice and Moral Agency, The Elements of Justice, and (with Jason Brennan) A Brief History of Liberty. David's essay, "Land From the Ground Up," will run on Friday.
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The link to the Mack essay is broken.
Thanks! Fixed it.
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Nicolaus Tideman
Eric Mack says, "a better approach to a natural rights libertarianism that would stand in contrast to left-libertarianism begins with a defense of a really basic natural moral claim of each individual not to be precluded from living his own life in his own chosen way; and this approach goes on to articulate or codify this moral claim through the ascription to each individual of certain natural rights."
On behalf of left-libertarianism, I would like to endorse the approach that Mack advocates and say that this looks like a good starting point from which to reach additional agreements among libertarians of the left and right. One of the things that recommends equal land rights to left libertarians is the role of land rights in ensuring that each individual is not "precluded from living his own life in his own chosen way." Whatever life a person chooses to live, some land will be needed. While it is true that a competitive market in land rights will allow a person to acquire land rights by trading his labor, there are some places in the world where land rights are so concentrated that those who have land rights have dictatorial powers over those who do not. So all libertarians need to ensure that no one is precluded from having some access to land on which he can live his life in his own chosen way.
Mack says, "As far as I can see, there is a striking dearth of arguments offered to move us from disbelief to belief in an original and equal right to the land." I would direct Mack and other interested readers to the argument that Bruce Ackerman makes in Social Justice in the Liberal State. Ackerman postulates that 1) anyone who exercises power has an obligation to explain, to anyone who asks, why it is just that he exercises the power that he does, that 2) explanations of different powers must not be inconsistent with one another and that 3) no reason that purports to justify the exercise of power is adequate if it entails an assumption that the person exercising power is better than others or that his conception of the good is better than those of others. Then, Ackerman points out, a person can justify a claim to power over an equal share of land on the ground that he is at least as good as anyone else, and that therefore he ought to have as much land as anyone else, with which to pursue his personal conception of the good. Thus a person who takes care not to claim more land than others can claim (or who compensates persons with below-average claims if his claim is above average) has a way of justifying his claim to the land that he uses that is not available to those who claim more than others can claim.
Mack asks what is meant by "equal shares." The answer lies in the rental market for unimproved land. Within a political jurisdiction, the market rent of unimproved land specifies the total value available and therefore what each person can claim. Across jurisdictions, one should look not at unimproved land (vacant lots), but rather at what the rental value of land would be if it were not developed, so that the value of infrastructure and on-going economic activity is assigned to the individual political jurisdiction and not to a larger community. Each political jurisdiction has a respectable claim to the land that it occupies if the pre-development rental value of its land is no greater, per capita, than all other jurisdictions can claim, or if it compensates jurisdictions with below-average claims. When the use of land entails any form of depletion, the depletion of value must be included in the claim that must be justified.
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Sims, The - Medieval
Leech where are you?
Aceon posted on Apr 09, 2011 9:54:42 PM - Report post
Anyone know where to find leech? I manage to buy some but i dunno where to gather them?
Amelyssan posted on Apr 09, 2011 9:59:06 PM - Report post
I think it's in the river near where the Mill goes.
Matri posted on Apr 10, 2011 2:47:28 PM - Report post
Specifically, the greenish bits that look like mud, that look like fishing spots inside the pond.
bryanskrantz posted on Apr 11, 2011 7:50:25 AM - Report post
There's a few by the docks, river, and in the village shoppe.
NexusAstor posted on Apr 13, 2011 2:34:51 AM - Report post
but you can gather them only with the healer... I think...
ServiusTheBear posted on Apr 18, 2011 6:20:44 AM - Report post
t took me awhile to figure this out. There are "pools" near the pond and the docks. The one with white bubbles are fish, click on them and select "Fish" the green ones are the leeches, click and select "Collect Leeches."
This is what the pools look like. To the left you can see the "white" (blue?) fishing pool and the green leech pool. You don't need a pole or anything, just click and go. Hope that helps.
=^.^= Furrie 4 Life
You will never understand the sane form of the insane!
GnR 4 Life!
Me n Me alone nothing more!
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Alex Chamberlain
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Urby1Kinobe2011 2011-08-09 08:05
57 Posts
So his £12m move to Arsenal
Good Signing for Arsenal?
Has anyone made a success from him on FM2011?
Will he be a wonderkid in FM2012?
tongi14 2011-08-09 11:46
82 Posts
ha the dirty gooners have overpaid for a kid again!
Evo 2011-08-09 15:23
538 Posts
He has potential but Wenger has taken a huge risk buying someone for that much who has never played above league 1. Time will tell whether it was worth it but Wenger has much experience in these matters and I'd trust him.
Your heart is free, have the courage to follow it.


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Having your links respond to user interaction is an important part of site navigation. In CSS, we use pseudo-class selectors to style the various states of links. Let's go ahead and explore each one of those, and I'm going talk about some of the things that we need to keep in mind while we're using those various links states. So in this particular exercise, I've opened up the states.htm from the 02_03 directory, and I just want to show you some of the page structure here before we begin working on this. If I scroll down into the actual HTML code, I can see that I have a list of links on the page.
The very first link has an ID of anchor but no href attribute. All the rest of them do have an href attribute, but the first three go to visit.htm and the second two just kind go nowhere to the little period link there. Now each of these is going to help me illustrate these different various link states. If I go ahead and open up this page in a browser, you can kind of see what's happening here with the browser's default styling. So we have an anchor element with no href that gets no link styling whatsoever and then the rest of the links get that sort of default_blue line.
Well, what's going on there is the browser default link styling doesn't actually apply to global anchored element. It applies to anchor elements by using the link pseudo-class selector. So, essentially link is going to target any unvisited link that also has an href attribute, and in this case, we're getting the browser's default styling. Well, you can control the browser's default styling by writing your own pseudo-class selectors. So what I want to do, I want to go back in the code, and I'm just going to scroll up, and first thing I want to do here is just write a global link style and show you the difference between these pseudo class selectors in a global style.
So if just do an anchor element, and I come in and I say, okay, I'm going to change the color to say #916226 and then set the text decoration to none and then save that and go back into my browser and refresh the page, now that color which is sort of this darkish, brownish- orange color applies now to every single anchor element, including the anchor element that doesn't have the href element.
We're overriding the browser default link styling, which is kind of what we're going for, but there is an unintended side effect of this. You'll notice, for example, that when I click on a link and then hit the back button, I'm not seeing any default visited styling. I'm not seeing the underlined purple linked that maybe we're use to seeing when we look at visited links. Now that's actually a good thing. Sometimes you want to get rid of the visited styling and sometimes you want the visited styling. When you write a global link selector the way we just did where you just use the anchor element and nothing else, that's going to overwrite any default styling, including the link and the visited styles.
Now if you do want the visited styling back, it's easy enough. All you have to do is go back into your styling and change that from a to a:link. So now when I save this and I go back to the page and I refresh the page, you can see what happens here is we get that sort of default color that comes back. The text decoration is still off, and what that does is it tells us something very important about visited links. A lot of people used to put out tutorials all the time that showed you how to create really fancy visited links, little check boxes, or graphics on them and all sorts of things.
Well, one of the things that we discovered over time was that the visited links actually caused a little bit of a security hole in our browsers, because it would essentially expose your browsing history to whatever web page you are currently on, because it could look at all of your visited links. So they plugged that hole, and one of the things that they did when plugging the hole was also eliminate a lot of the styling options that you had for visited links. So right now, currently the only styling option that we have for visited links is to change the color. Now you can also change background, and I'll show you what I mean by that as we go in and go ahead and create a visited pseudo-class selector as well.
So let's say that the purple color that you were getting there really doesn't fit what you need for your site. So I'm going to come in and do a:visited. Now, whenever you are doing these pseudo-class selectors, you'll notice that there is no space between the pseudo-class selector and the element that it's applying to. You can apply a lot of these pseudo-class selectors to elements other than links, but since this course is focusing on navigation, obviously we're going to focus on applying these pseudo-class selectors to links. For the a:visited, I'm going to come in, and I'm just going to choose, let's say a color of #687D8D which is sort of a desaturated bluish color. It's a contrasting color to the link color, and it's desaturated, which is what I really to do with visited links.
I like to make them the inverse color of the active links and then desaturate them a little bit as well. I find that really sort of gets to point across that you've been there. So if I save this and refresh the page, now you can see that our visited links are sort of that desaturated blue color which gives a nice indication of pages that we visited and pages that we haven't. I mentioned sort of limitations that we have with visited styling for example. If I wanted to bring text decoration back for my visited links, I really wouldn't be able to do it. So let's say I just said, hey, I want underline for my visited links.
If I come back in and refresh the page, no underlines. Now the only other thing that you can do is you can apply a background color to visited links, but there's a little bit of a catch to this. So let's just say I do a background something really garish that will stand out, let's say yellow. All right, so if I save this and preview it, no yellow background. However, if your global link styling does have a background, then the visited is allowed to change that, so if I come up and let's say I have a background applied to just the basic links, let's say I do something again equally garish like red and preview that, now you can see the yellow is showing up.
So you can do background colors with visited links, but the parent link selectors have to have a background applied to them as well. Okay, I'm going to save that, and I want to move on to our next one and refresh this page, which is hover. Now the hover pseudo-class selector is going to target any link that's currently being hovered over. So if I go down to the line right below that and type in a:hover, I can change kind of really anything I want to do here. Now the hover pseudo-class selector, I'm betting a lot of you guys have already used. This is certainly the most widely used probably of all the pseudo-class selectors because it allows us to create rollover, so it's very, very widely used.
So, over this one, I'm just going to go ahead and do a color of D5973C, which is a much brighter orange than the default color of the links, and then I am going to bring back the text-decoration on hover. So I'm going to do text-decoration underline, bring that back, and save my styles. So now if I go back to my browser and refresh, initially I don't really see anything, but as I start to hover over my links, I can see the rollover we've created. We are changing the color, and we're applying the underline now. Now, one of the things you need to understand is this works now with every single anchor element, not just the ones that have an href applied to them.
Now that is something you are going to need to think about if you have anchor elements on the page that don't have an href attribute, for whatever reason you might have that. The order of these does matter, if you're wondering does it matter which order that you do these in? Absolutely it does. You'll notice that right now if I hover over visited links, I get the full hover styling. However, if I move this hover--let's just say I cut this, and I move this to where it's a above the visited, I am going to save this and go back into my browser and refresh-- you'll notice that the color doesn't apply.
Now the underline does, and that's simply because there's no conflict there, the visited links don't allow an underline, so underline goes and shows up. But where there is a conflict, the color is not being replaced, that is everything to do with the cascade. Remember, the cascade says the last style applied wins. In this case, the visited color is going to win over the hover. So if you want the hover to apply over visited, you've got to remember to put the visited first, and there's actually a little memory device that you can use for that, and it's called love-hate, LVHA. The LV stands for link and visited, and the HA stands for hover and our next pseudo class selector class, which is active.
So if I go down to the next line and do a:active, I can set that one as well, and this one for active, I'm just going to do an outline, and I'm going to do a 0, and that's going to basically turn off any default outline that a browser might have for active links, and then I'm going to set the background to yellow. I was so enamored with that yellow background I did a second ago that I just can't get away from it. So now I'm going to save that and refresh my browser. Okay, so what is an active link? Well, an active link is a link that the user is actively interacting with.
So if I go to one of these links and click and hold the mouse down, you can see that now the yellow background shows up, there's my active link. Now, most of the time you'll barely see it, it'll just flash, and it'll come back. However, if somebody places and holds the mouse down or if the link is active for any length of time, that's going to show up. So it's going to be some pretty specific styling instances, but you may need that styling. It's nice to know that you can do that. Now a lot of times, people will combine these. They might see the a:link and the a:visited be exactly the same if they wanted to do visited styling. You might see the hover and the active be exactly the same if they don't want that sort of flash of text.
By the way, the default browser styling for active, sometimes it's an outline, sometimes it's a color change, so those are all things that you need to think about as you're styling that. Now, the very last one that I want to take a look at is focus. Now, we talked about focus a little bit in our last exercise. So let's just go ahead and finish up our styles by doing another bit of focus styling here. I'm going to do a and then focus and then for our focus I'm going to do an outline. Now remember, most browsers do a default outline, but I'm going to change their default settings, and I'm going to do like a 2-pixel solid outline, and I'm going to make that outline red.
That'll be very easy for me to see. So if I save this, I can go back into my browser and refresh that, and it's very easy for me to see the focus styling at this point. Now remember, we could tab though our links, we are focusing on those links, and so we get that sort of bright red outline. But a lot of times you've got to remember that your writing here is going to be combined. If I go to one of these links and click and hold the mouse down, you'll notice that not only is the link active, but I've also established focus on it, so it gets both of those sets of styling. So that is also something that you're going to need to think about as you're authoring those styles.
We went over a lot of these guys, and we did a lot of different combinations. For the most part, you're probably just going to use a combination of the basic link styling and the hover styles. A lot of times I won't even do link, I'll just do an a like a global anchor element and then do a hover as well. But it is really useful to know how the other ones such as the visited, the active, and the focus pseudo-class selectors work. If you know how those work and how they interact with each other and what their limitations are, that's going to give you even more flexibility when styling your site's navigation.
- Organizing menus with lists
- Creating block-level links
- Styling links, link states, and image links
- Defining link dimensions
- Controlling link spacing in a menu
- Creating rollovers
- Clearing floats
- Indicating current pages
- Controlling cursor states
- Building dropdown menus
- Creating CSS-only buttons


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BelAir Cantina owners working to open Fink's across street
The owners of BelAir Cantina on the east side will reopen a closed bar across the street in January and name it Fink's.
Previously Redroom, owned by Julia LaLoggia of Stonefly and Ginger, the bar at 1875 N. Humboldt Ave. will keep its neighborhood character with a "rec room" feel, co-owner Kristyn St. Denis said in a written statement. »Read Full Blog Post
Gaffigan's stand-up act well-received by Milwaukee crowd
Jim Gaffigan didn't have the fortune of being born here, but the native Hoosier did the next best thing and married someone who was.
Milwaukee is sort of a second home for the New York-based stand-up comic, not simply because of his family connections or because he's played annual year-end shows at the Pabst Theater since 2007. His style of stand-up - clean, soft-spoken, often deadpan, obsessive about food - seems tailor-made for Midwestern sensibilities. »Read Full Article(2)


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Rega RP3 and Upgraded RP1!
Rega's RP3 turntable, seen here in an awesome Union Jack finish, is Stereophile's 2012 Analog Source of the Yearan especially wonderful honor for a product that sells for just $895. I love it.
In other Rega news, the company's entry-level RP1 is now shipping standard with their Carbon MM phono cartridge, said to be a significant upgrade over the original Ortofon OM5. The price for the 'table remains the same: $445.
In addition, the RP1 can now be purchased in an extremely cool Union Jack finish, supplied standard with Rega's "Performance Pack": Bias 2 MM cartridge, drive-belt upgrade, and wool platter mat. The Union Jack RP1 costs $695, and I believe girls (and guys) will love it.


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Brandy Wears Tight Curly Hairstyle. Need another sign that curly hair is in? Brandy was recently spotted rocking a head full of curls at the NARM Music Biz Awards dinner party over the weekend. The curls are a great mix up for brandy, since we're so use to seeing her wearing the long flowing weave. Curly hair frames her face beautifully creating a carefree vibe perfect for the actress / singer. She paired her curly style with a simple little black dress that featured leather across the bodice, and black cut-out heels for the event. Her earrings also added a slight pop of gold. See her full look below.
Brandy Wears Tight Curly Hairstyle
Posted on May 15 2012 - 10:10pm by thestylenewsnetwork
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Fashion, Style, Life....... Beauty comes in all shapes, shades, and sizes. This blog hopes to showcase all facets of beauty from the inside out. Hair, make-up, fashion, advice and everything in-between. This best thing in life is having fun and making sure you look your best while doing so!


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Cass Couey was driving down I-95 on Thursday afternoon, heading toward Tampa, Fla., and the next stop on his road to the NFL.
After an impressive pro day performance recently at The Citadel, the former Bulldogs punter has been invited to what's called a "local pro day," to be held today by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.
"Most NFL teams have local pro days," said Couey's Charleston-based agent, Austin Atkinson. "It's invitation-only, with no more than 30 players total, and a chance for the team to get up close and really poke and prod these guys."
Couey, 6-1 and 210 pounds, earned notice during his junior and senior seasons at The Citadel, making all-Southern Conference and ranking fifth in the nation as a junior, averaging 43 yards per punt.
On the Bulldogs' recent pro day, Couey ran the 40-yard dash in 4.8 seconds and bench-pressed 225 pounds 15 times, comparing well with the punters invited to the NFL Combine.
He also kicked well, booming balls out of the end zone over the head of a scout stationed at the 50-yard line.
Each workout, each tryout makes Couey more certain than he can follow former Citadel players Andre Roberts (Cardinals) and Cortez Allen (Steelers) into successful NFL careers.
"As we go along, I feel more confident about everything," he said. "I'm hearing good things from everybody, every other day teams are calling me. They want to know how to reach me on draft day, where I'll be flying out of after draft day."
Odds are that, unlike Roberts and Allen, Couey won't be picked during the draft, set for April 25-27. Atkinson said only two punters were drafted last year.
"Historically, about 1.5 punters are drafted every year," said Atkinson, a 1999 Citadel graduate who also graduated from Charleston School of Law. "Maybe this year, Cass is the one. But he's definitely looking at a camp invite, in the worst case."
While preparing for the draft, Couey has been working at PortWatch Logistics in North Charleston, driving a forklift in order "to save a little money."
How he performs today in Tampa could impact what direction his career takes.
"I'm not nervous, I'm excited," he said. "It's a great opportunity. There will be another punter there, and I like that competition. It brings out the best in me."


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Featuring high, vaulted ceilings, rose gardens, scenic paths, private patios, and eight sets of beautiful double French doors opening up to two elaborate settings, our 2,640-square-foot banquet room accommodates over 200 guests. Your reception will feel drawn straight from a fairytale with the luxurious foyer, adjacent patio, scalloped adornments, exquisite china, and sleek dance floor.
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Google+ Funny & Inspirational!Shared publicly -
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Cute tiger cub in the.....!!!!:-:-:-*
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Anaheim Classic - St. Mary's Downs Drexel 76-64 - Match Report
St. Mary's got 32 points from Matthew Dellavedova en route to a 76-64 victory over Drexel on Thursday at Anaheim Convention Center.
Bettors who backed St. Mary's were also rewarded, as they covered the closing number as a favorite of 6.5 at sportsbooks.
St. Mary's got 15 points from Brad Waldow and another 13 points from James Walker III. Matthew Dellavedova contributed 4 assists, while Stephen Holt cleaned the glass with 8 rebounds.
Drexel got 17 points from Frantz Massenat in a losing cause and another 16 points from Tavon Allen. Frantz Massenat contributed 3 assists for them, while Daryl McCoy had 8 rebounds.
St. Mary's led at halftime, 36-28.
St. Mary's won the battle of the boards, outrebounding their counterparts 32-20.


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Summerfest's new Uline Warehouse stage to feature Jana Kramer, Rick Springfield
The inaugural lineup for Summerfest's new Uline Warehouse stage will include TV-star-turned-country-artist Jana Kramer, Christian-influenced alt-rock group Switchfoot and a pair of newly announced headliners: jam-heavy blues rock group Blues Traveler and '80s power-pop idol and Milwaukee favorite Rick Springfield.
The list of headliners, announced by Summerfest officials Tuesday morning, features: »Read Full Article(2)
Five singers declared winners in local Met Opera auditions
Five singers were selected by judges to advance to the next round at Saturday's Wisconsin District Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions.
Countertenor Kangmin Justin Kim, mezzo-soprano Corrie Stallings, soprano Caitlin Ruby Miller, tenor Ian D. Koziar and tenor Joe Shadday will compete at the Upper Midwest Regional in St. Paul, Minn. The five vocalists also won $2,000 each. »Read Full Article
'Belle of Amherst' best when profiling Dickinson's poetry
Walt Whitman may have rightly claimed that his poetry contains multitudes, but Emily Dickinson can stake an equally valid claim to being America's greatest poet.
She is also the hardest one to know. Harold Bloom once wrote that no poet "seems so separate from us as Dickinson," adding that "we have no accurate approaches to her." »Read Full Article


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so I modded my xbox some time back, say almost 2 months now, and it has been working fine, then overnight (literally) it stopped
says it need repairs! i looked in the side to make sure the matrix chip was still green which it was... so i am looking for some help on where the hell i should start fixing this!
D0h, Help!
Started by sosuke , Jan 15 2003 04:01 AM
4 replies to this topic
Posted 15 January 2003 - 04:01 AM
Posted 15 January 2003 - 04:31 AM
try to realign it. also, do you play any games that have Live support. If you do, Live could have updated your dash. If you have evox saved as xboxdash.xbe, it may have been updated.
Posted 15 January 2003 - 04:34 AM
i do have games with live support, but it worked after i had played those games, and my evox cdrw doesnt load it, i will try the realign now though...
Posted 15 January 2003 - 05:24 AM
realign doesnt work, and even after i remove the chip completely it does not work, fuck anyone else have an idea? there is no abuse to the machine, i looked everywhere on it
Posted 15 January 2003 - 07:19 AM
there has to be a slight chance of you either dropping something in and discharging the motherboard. I dont think it can possibly stop on you without doing any damages to it. Think hard and see what happened. Maybe your hdd failed on you. "maybe" though, but you'll never know.
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Cudia City is remembered as much for the Hollywood glamour it bestowed on the fledgling desert city as the Westerns produced there. Located at the northwest corner of Camelback Road and 40th Street, the replica frontier town was a well-trafficked film and TV production spot from 1939 until it was redeveloped in the 1960s.
Cudia City's cinematic highlight was its last major production: the ABC television show 26 Men. The 78-episode series starring Tris Coffin ran for three years in the late 1950s and was based on the adventures of the Arizona Rangers who brought bad guys to justice during territorial days. The show proved popular with viewers and, when its cast wandered off the set for lunch one day, created a skewed impression of the Valley for one newcomer. "I remember in 1957 going to the drugstore at 44th Street and Camelback and seeing various cowboys in full costume at the lunch counter," says Milly Bolek, who had just moved from Cleveland. "I thought to myself, 'People sure dress like authentic cowboys out here in Phoenix!"
Besides fans of the Western genre, 26 Men has also drawn notice from those seeking views of Camelback Mountain and other natural Valley landmarks before they became gilded with mansions and five-star resorts.
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Sanford restaurant is sold to its chef de cuisine
Sanford and Angie D'Amato, the owners of Sanford -- the Milwaukee fine-dining restaurant that has won accolades since its opening -- have sold the business and the building.
The buyer is Justin Aprahamian, the restaurant's chef de cuisine since 2008. He has worked at the restaurant for 10 years. He and his fiancee, assistant manager Sarah Mudrock, will operate the restaurant together. »Read Full Blog Post(7)
Panfilio infuses 'Rita' with hopeful humor
In the opening scene of "Educating Rita," Willy Russell's bittersweet play about a 26-year-old hairdresser trying to start over and the alcoholic literature professor assigned to help her, Rita bounds into Frank's book-lined study for her first lesson.
Her attention is immediately drawn to an ostensibly chaste but erotically charged portrait on the wall, and within the blink of an eye she has offered a bawdy, original and wide-ranging interpretation of how that portrait works. Admitting he hasn't looked at it in years, the best Frank can manage is the bland assessment that it's "beautiful." »Read Full Article
Chef plans to open Bavette, a butcher shop, cafe and market in the Third Ward
A Milwaukee chef will open a butcher shop emphasizing locally and sustainably produced meats: Karen Bell, formerly of Cafe at the Plaza, plans to open Bavette Butcher Shop in the Historic Third Ward.
Bell recently signed a lease for 330 E. Menomonee St., the storefront previously occupied by the wine bar Kafevino. Bavette is projected to open in March. »Read Full Blog Post(1)