text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 16, 2007
|Filing date
|Jan 28, 2003
|Priority date
|Jan 28, 2002
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Thomas C. Nagy, Christopher Pattenden, Sean B. Simmons
|Original Assignee
|Research In Motion Limited
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (19), Referenced by (24), Classifications (18), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/351,419, filed Jan. 28, 2002, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
1. Technical Field
This invention relates generally to wireless mobile communication devices and in particular to such a device with multiple processors.
2. Description of the State of the Art
In wireless mobile communication devices, referred to herein primarily as "mobile devices", a single processor typically handles all device functionality, including device software applications, data processing, and communication functions, for example. However, in order to operate on some modern wireless communication networks, a mobile device must include a particular processor or type of processor. For example, the iDEN™ communication network developed by Motorola is one such network that requires a particular mobile device processor.
This processor requirement may be met for new mobile devices by developing operating system software and software applications targeted to a required processor. For existing mobile devices for which operating systems and software applications have already been developed based on a different processor however, providing for mobile device operation on such a network while maintaining device functionality can be much more challenging. Mobile device manufacturers must either port all device software to a new platform associated with the required processor or develop software to emulate the new platform on an existing device platform and processor, either of which can involve significant development time and effort.
In accordance with the teachings disclosed herein, a wireless mobile communication device comprises a first processor with which software applications are configured to operate, a second processor configured to manage wireless communication operations, and a communication link between the first and second processors. Optionally, a reliable communications protocol is used for communications between the first and second processors via the communication link to ensure that data sent from either one of the processors is received by the other processor. Further features will be described or will become apparent in the course of the following detailed description.
The mobile device 10 is preferably a two-way communication device having voice and data communication capabilities. Thus, for example, the mobile device 10 may communicate over a voice network, such as any of the analog or digital cellular networks, and may also or instead communicate over a data network. The voice and data networks are depicted in
The communication subsystem 11 is used to communicate with the wireless network 19, and includes a receiver (Rx) 12, a transmitter (Tx) 14, one or more local oscillators (LOs) 13, and a digital signal processor (DSP) 20. The DSP 20 sends communication signals to the transmitter 14 and receives communication signals from the receiver 12. In addition to processing communication signals, the DSP 20 also provides for receiver and transmitter control. For example, the gain levels applied to communication signals in the receiver 12 and transmitter 14 may be adaptively controlled through automatic gain control algorithms implemented in the DSP 20. Other transceiver control algorithms could also be implemented in the DSP 20 in order to provide more sophisticated control of the transceiver 11.
If device communications through the wireless network 19 occur at a single frequency or a closely-spaced set of frequencies, then a single local oscillator 13 may be used in conjunction with the transmitter 14 and receiver 12. Alternatively, if different frequencies are utilized for voice communications versus data communications or transmission versus reception, then a plurality of local oscillators 13 can be used to generate a plurality of corresponding frequencies. Although two antennas 16 and 18 are depicted in
After any required network registration or activation procedures, which may also be different for different communication networks, have been completed, the mobile device 10 may then send and receive communication signals, including both voice and data signals, over the wireless network 19. Signals received by the antenna 16 from the wireless network 19 are routed to the receiver 12, which provides for such operations as signal amplification, frequency down conversion, filtering, channel selection, and analog to digital conversion. Analog to digital conversion of a received signal allows more complex communication functions, such as digital demodulation and decoding, to be performed using the DSP 20. In a similar manner, signals to be transmitted to the network 19 are processed, including modulation and encoding, for example, by the DSP 20 and are then provided to the transmitter 14 for digital to analog conversion, frequency up conversion, filtering, amplification and transmission to the wireless network 19 via the antenna 18.
The first microprocessor 36, labelled as a device platform microprocessor but also referred to herein as the first processor, manages primarily non-communication functions of the mobile device 10, whereas the second microprocessor 42, the network platform microprocessor or second processor, manages communications between the mobile device 10 and the wireless network 19. As described above, some wireless networks 19, such as iDEN, are intended to operate only with a particular processor or type of processor. The multiple-processor arrangement shown in
Operating system software used by the first processor 36 is preferably stored in a persistent store such as the non-volatile memory 24, which may be implemented, for example, as a Flash memory or battery backed-up RAM. In addition to the operating system, which controls low-level functions of the mobile device 10, the non-volatile memory 24 includes a plurality of high-level software application programs or modules, such as a voice communication software application 24A, a data communication software application 24B, an organizer module (not shown), or any other type of software module 24N. These modules are executed by the first processor 36 and provide a high-level interface between a user of the mobile device 10 and the mobile device 10. This interface typically includes a graphical component provided through the display 22, and an input/output component provided through an auxiliary I/O 28 and/or the keyboard 32. The operating system, specific device software applications or modules, or parts thereof, may be temporarily loaded into a volatile store such as RAM 26 for faster operation. Moreover, received communication signals may also be temporarily stored to RAM 26, before permanently writing them to a file system located in the non-volatile memory 24 for storing data.
An exemplary software module 24N that may be loaded onto the mobile device 10 is a personal information manager (PIM) application providing PDA functionality, such as calendar events, appointments, and task items. This module 24N may also interact with the voice communication software application 24A for managing phone calls, voice mails, etc., and may also interact with the data communication software application for managing e-mail communications and other data transmissions. Alternatively, all of the functionality of the voice communication application 24A and the data communication application 24B may be integrated into the PIM module.
The non-volatile memory 24 preferably provides a file system to facilitate storage of PIM data items on the device. The PIM application preferably includes the ability to send and receive data items, either by itself or in conjunction with the voice and data communication applications 24A, 24B, via the second processor 42 and the wireless network 19. The PIM data items are preferably seamlessly integrated, synchronized and updated, via the wireless network 19, with a corresponding set of data items stored at or associated with a host computer system, thereby creating a mirrored system for data items associated with a particular user.
The mobile device 10 may also be manually synchronized with a host system by placing the mobile device 10 in an interface cradle, which couples the serial port 30 of the mobile device 10 to the serial port of the host system. The serial port 30 may also be used to enable a user to set preferences through an external device or software application, or to download other application modules 24N for installation on the mobile device 10. This wired download path may be used to load an encryption key onto the mobile device 10, which is a more secure method than exchanging encryption information via the wireless network 19. Other types of wired external interface to the mobile device 10, such as a USB port, may also or instead be provided.
Additional application modules 24N may be loaded onto the mobile device 10 through the wireless network 19, through an auxiliary I/O subsystem 28, through the serial port 30, through the short-range communications subsystem 38, or through any other suitable subsystem 40, and installed by a user in the non-volatile memory 24 or RAM 26. The short-range communications subsystem 38 may, for example, be an infrared device and associated circuits and components such as an Infrared Data Association (IrDA) port, or a short-range wireless communication module such as a Bluetooth™ module or an 802.11 module, to provide for communication with similarly-enabled systems and devices. Those skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains will appreciate that "Bluetooth" and "802.11" refer to sets of specifications, available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), relating to wireless personal area networks and wireless local area networks, respectively. Such flexibility in application installation increases the functionality of the mobile device 10 and may provide enhanced on-device functions, communication-related functions, or both. For example, secure communication applications may enable electronic commerce functions and other such financial transactions to be performed using the mobile device 10.
The software modules shown at 24A, 24B and 24N represent device functions or software applications that are configured to be executed by the first processor 36. In most known mobile devices, a single processor manages and controls the overall operation of the mobile device as well as all device functions and software applications, including wireless network communications via the transceiver 11. In the mobile device 10 however, the network platform microprocessor 42, hereinafter referred to primarily as the second processor, is provided to manage network communications. The second processor 42 is a processor required for operation on the wireless network 19. Therefore, a multiple-processor mobile device such as 10 is used when a mobile device incorporating functions and applications that are built on one processor or platform is to be adapted for use on a network such as iDEN, which requires a different processor. A mobile device such as 10 allows such adaptation of a mobile device without having to re-develop existing device functions and software applications for the different processor or emulate the different processor.
Through the serial interfaces 34 and 44 and a serial link 46, the first processor 36 controls the second processor 42 to thereby enable network communication functions for the mobile device 10 on a wireless network 19 on which a device having only the first processor 36 could not normally operate. Communication signals that are received by or to be sent from the mobile device 10 through the transceiver 11 and the wireless network 19 are exchanged between the first processor 36 and second processor 42. Therefore, the mobile device 10 appears to the wireless network 19 to be a network-compatible device, since the required processor (the second processor 42) manages all network communication functions, but may provide enhanced functionality to a user, particularly when the first processor 36 is a more powerful processor than the second processor 42.
The second processor 42 also interfaces with other device components in addition to the transceiver 11. Voice and data communication software modules 52A and 52B, resident in the non-volatile memory 52, provide communication functionality according to network requirements. The RAM 54 is implemented in the mobile device 10 for temporary storage of received communication signals, program data and the like. The speaker 48 and microphone 50 provide inputs and outputs for voice communications. Since the second processor 42 manages network communications, it is most practical to implement the speaker 48 and the microphone 50 to interface with the second processor 42. For an iDEN device, for example, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the second processor 42, an iDEN processor, has its own set of functions, including voice communications capabilities. Other functions of the second processor 42 could also similarly be retained if needed. Moreover, a base device with a processor 36 may also have a rich feature set, such that many of the features associated with typical implementations of the second processor 42 would not be required. In some multiple-processor dual-mode devices, the speaker 48 and microphone 50 could be configured for operation with the first processor 36 instead of the second processor 42. Thus, the second processor 42 manages at least communication functions and may optionally provide other functions.
When the mobile device 10 is operating in a data communication mode, a received signal, such as a text message or a web page download, is processed by the transceiver 11 and provided to the second processor 42, which may further process the received signal, possibly store the received signal to the RAM 54 or the non-volatile memory 52, and forward it to the first processor 36 through the serial link 46 and interfaces 44 and 34. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that in packet-based networks, communication signals are broken into one or more packets for transmission. Each received packet in a particular data communication operation is preferably forwarded to the first processor 36 as it is received.
The first processor 36 may then process a received signal or packets for output to the display 22 or alternatively to an auxiliary I/O device 28, and possibly store the received signal or packets or processed versions thereof in the RAM 26 or the non-volatile memory 24. A user of the mobile device 10 may also compose data items, such as email messages, for example, using the keyboard 32, which is preferably a complete alphanumeric keyboard laid out in the QWERTY style, although other styles of complete alphanumeric keyboards such as the known DVORAK style may also be used. User input to the mobile device 10 is preferably further enhanced with the auxiliary I/O devices 28, which may include such input devices as a thumbwheel input device, a touchpad, a variety of switches, a rocker input switch, etc. The composed data items input by the user are then sent to the second processor 42 over the serial link 46 and then transmitted over the wireless network 19 via the transceiver 11. Outgoing communication signals are stored by either the first processor 36 (in the non-volatile memory 24 or the RAM 26), the second processor 42 (in the non-volatile memory 52 or the RAM 54), or possibly both.
When the mobile device 10 is operating in a voice communication mode, its overall operation is substantially similar to the data mode, except that communication signals are processed primarily by the second processor 42. Received signals are output to the speaker 34 and voice signals for transmission are generated using the microphone 36. However, alternative voice or audio I/O subsystems, such as a voice message recording subsystem, may also be implemented on the mobile device 10 and associated with either the first processor 36 or the second processor 42. Although voice or audio signal output is preferably accomplished primarily through the speaker 34, the display 22 may also be used to provide an indication of the identity of a calling party, the duration of a voice call, or other information related to voice calls. For example, the second processor 42 may be configured to detect caller identification information for an incoming call and to send the information to the first processor 36 via the serial link 46. The first processor 36 then processes the caller identification information and displays it on the display 22.
Operation of the mobile device 10 will now be described in further detail in the context of an illustrative of example of an iDEN mobile device, where the second processor 42 is an iDEN processor.
Radio Application Layer Protocol (RALP) is one protocol that may be used to control the iDEN radio protocol stack from outside an iDEN mobile device, allowing one to turn a device transceiver on and off, begin and end calls, and the like. Currently, iDEN devices accept RALP packets using the BISYNC protocol, or alternatively using User Datagram Protocol over Internet Protocol (UDP/IP). Those skilled in the art will be familiar with both these protocols. Normally, one connects to an iDEN mobile device using Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), an open protocol used when sending packets from one side of a serial link to the other, and then RALP commands are sent over UDP/IP to the iDEN mobile device.
This known UDP/IP configuration is not always suitable for control data on mobile devices. For example, UDP/IP is not reliable. PPP packets have a checksum, which results in rejection of any malformed or damaged packets for which the checksum is not verified. Therefore, packets that are sent at one end of a serial link over PPP either make it up to the UDP/IP layer at a receiving end exactly as they were sent, or they are rejected and do not arrive at the receiving end UDP/IP layer at all. However, there is no provision for the sending side to determine that a packet was malformed when it was received, or that it should be resent for some other reason. RALP packets must generally arrive at their destination intact.
In addition, UDP/IP requires an IP address. An IP packet requires both a sending and receiving IP address to be specified. UDP also adds a sending port and a receiving port to these packets. A primary problem in this situation is that it is often desirable to establish a RALP communication link even when neither side has been yet assigned an IP address.
Furthermore, UDP/IP has no packet-level flow control. Because UDP/IP was designed as an unreliable so-called "fire and forget" protocol, it makes no provisions for flow control, that is, the stopping and restarting of a flow of packets from a sender when the receiver runs out of buffer space for the incoming packets. This is disadvantageous for mobile device control, where all RALP packets should arrive at their destination.
Although UDP/IP transport of RALP packets is already implemented in iDEN mobile devices, it provides, for the reasons above, drawbacks for a multiple-processor mobile device.
One possible alternative to UDP/IP would be to transport data via Transfer Control Protocol (TCP) over IP. TCP/IP is a reliable protocol which addresses two of the issues above. It is reliable, so there is little chance of packets not getting through, and this reliability means that packets that cannot be buffered at a receiving end can simply be discarded or dropped, since they will be sent again if they are not processed by the receiver.
However, TCP/IP also has some inherent disadvantages. TCP/IP, like UDP/IP, requires IP addresses. Although reliable, TCP/IP is relatively inefficient. A header of a TCP/IP packet is typically 40 bytes long. Almost all of this information is irrelevant to a RALP connection, and an inefficient protocol is particularly undesirable on a serial link, which has rather limited throughput. Header compression techniques may reduce header length and thus improve transfer efficiency, but requires rather complex software code at both ends of the connection. Such a solution would not be feasible for a serial link within mobile devices however, since both processing resources and memory space available for software code is typically limited.
TCP/IP may also be too all-encompassing for implementation on a mobile device. The serial connection between processors on a mobile device such as shown in
There is currently no acceptable reliable way to send RALP packets over PPP. Part of the reason for this is that RALP has primarily been used as a testing protocol, rather than as an integral part of any product's functionality. Additionally, serial links are normally thought of as completely reliable. This approach could prove disastrous if RALP packets are dropped or corrupted in a system where RALP is used for important transactions. In the mobile device 10, wireless network communications are dependent upon reliable transfer of control data from the first processor 36 to the second processor 42 over the serial link 46. For example, if a long distance telephone call is initiated using the keyboard 32 or an auxiliary input device 28 and the voice communication software application 24A running on the first processor 36, then the actual wireless network communications are managed by the second processor 42. When a call end command is issued from the first processor 36 to the second processor 42, then it is imperative that the command be reliably transferred to the second processor 42. Many other situations in which command or data transfer between processors is crucial will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Reliable inter-processor control communications are therefore essential for multiple-processor mobile devices.
One alternative novel protocol intended for transfer of control data over the serial link between processors in a multiple-processor mobile device is described in detail below. This protocol is referred to herein as RRP, for the Reliable RALP Protocol. Another related new protocol, also described below, is RRPCP, for the RRP Configuration Protocol, which sets up a PPP link to accept RRP packets.
In general, RRP uses a system of packet sequence numbers and acknowledgements to ensure reliable transport of RALP packets in both directions on a serial link. It uses as little overhead as possible on the serial link, to maximize throughput. It also allows application data, such as user emails associated with a data communication application 24A on a mobile device 10, to be transmitted via UDP/IP in parallel with RRP. Although, as described above, UDP/IP is not suitable for transfer of important control data between processors, it may be used to transfer user data, which will be transferred from a mobile device over the air through the wireless network 19. Since the over-the-air link already provides a UDP/IP layer, inter-processor transfer of user data via UDP/IP provides for a simpler overall device architecture and operation. Thus, data from the wireless network 19 that arrives at the mobile device 10 is already packaged as UDP/IP packets and data to be sent over the wireless network 19 is similarly formatted as UDP/IP packets for serial link transfer on the mobile device 10. Also, the lack of reliability of UDP/IP is less important for user data, because wireless networks are inherently unreliable. Higher-level protocols on a mobile device generally handle user data transfer reliability concerns such as packet loss and the like. For user data, the additional measures required to improve the reliability of data transfer on the device itself is seldom justified, given that the data was or will eventually be transferred over an inherently unreliable network. Thus, RRP is used to control radio functions, while the actual data to be sent over the air is sent via UDP/IP. These two protocols share the PPP inter-processor link.
In order to provide for packet error checking, the checksum function provided by PPP is considered sufficient since physical layer errors on the serial link are expected to be infrequent and single-bit-per-frame in nature. However, the problem of corrupted packet rejection in standard PPP is addressed in RRP by using a packet sequence number and packet acknowledgements to allow a sender to ensure receipt of packets. Various flags may be defined for RRP packets and will be described in further detail below. The sync byte provided by PPP is also preferably retained in RRP, since framing may otherwise be lost.
The sequence number 202 is a number assigned to each packet transmitted over the serial link between processors. Initialization of the sequence number 202 to 0 at the beginning of a connection allows a relatively short sequence number, preferably 1 byte, to be used. The sequence number 202 is preferably incremented by 1 for each transmitted RRP packet. Any time an RRPCP packet (described below) is sent or received to configure RRP, the connection is restarted, and SEQ is re-initialized to 0. Although 0 is a preferred initial value of SEQ, other values may instead be used without departing from the invention. Increments of other than 1 may similarly be used.
When an RRP packet is sent to acknowledge receipt of a packet, the ACK field 204 is the sequence number of the packet being acknowledged. The ACK field 204 is valid if an appropriate flag is set in the packet to indicate that the packet is an acknowledgement packet. Otherwise, ACK field 204 is preferably ignored and therefore may remain uninitialized.
The flags 206 in an RRP packet preferably include at least 4 one-bit flags. A reliable-packet flag indicates that certain actions must be performed at a receiving end of a link. An acknowledgement flag indicates that the packet is a packet receipt acknowledgement packet, and that the ACK field 204 is present and valid. These two flags enable a basic implementation of RRP. Since other flags may also be useful as RRP is further developed, additional flags are preferably provided and reserved for future use. With 4 flag bits in a preferred RRP packet 200, two reserved flags are available.
The length field 208 indicates the length, in bytes, of the data field 210 in the RRP packet 200. This is an additional data integrity check, in case some bytes are dropped and the packet still passes the PPP checksum. Since the longest possible PPP data field is 1500 bytes, and the longest packet payload length for a RALP packet is 1472 bytes when transported over IP, a reasonable maximum length setting for RRP packets is 1472 bytes. Where connection configuration negotiation is possible, larger payload lengths may be supported. Although the maximum length of 1472 may be specified in less than 12 bits, a 12-bit length field, in combination with the other RRP packet fields, provides a packet having a length of a whole number of bytes. A 12-bit length field also supports packets having longer payloads without requiring any change to packet formatting.
The data field 210 contains the payload of the packet. An empty data field 210 is preferably valid. This data is treated by RRP as opaque; any escaping of characters is done by a layer below RRP.
It should be appreciated that the RRP packet 200 is provided for illustrative purposes only. For example, additional packet fields and flags may be defined as required, the lengths and order of packet fields shown in
RRP may also make use of further mobile device resources. Timers and counters are preferably implemented to provide additional reliability for RRP. Where delayed receiving end acknowledgement is desired, a delayed acknowledgement timer is preferably established. As described in further detail below, delayed acknowledgement may be useful in reducing the number of acknowledgement packet transmissions. A retransmit timer is also preferably provided so that sent packets which have not been acknowledged after a certain period of time are retransmitted by a sender. Where delayed acknowledgement is used, it should be apparent that the retransmit timer must be set for a longer time period than the delayed acknowledgement timer. A packet retransmission counter may also be used to ensure that a mobile device does not sit in a frozen state, in which packets are repeatedly retransmitted and not acknowledged, for a long time. Such timers and counters are preferably configured to operate in conjunction with coefficients that may be reset from time to time. Delayed acknowledgement time, retransmit time and a maximum retransmission count might be established in software variables stored in a memory at each end of a link over which RRP is to be used, such that processors at each end of the link access and use the same time and count settings. Time and count values may then be changed by resetting the stored variables to different values.
Methods of receiving and sending RRP packets are described below in the context of an illustrative example and with reference to
If the receiving end has an RRP packet to send while the delayed acknowledgement timer is active, as determined at step 314, the timer is stopped at step 316 and the acknowledgement for packet X is sent in the header of this new packet at step 318, by setting the acknowledgement flag and including the stored sequence number of packet X in the ACK field of the new packet. The use of a delayed acknowledgement timer thereby avoids transmission of a separate acknowledgement packet if the receiver sends a packet during the delayed acknowledgement time and thus may reduce traffic on the link. Otherwise, upon the expiry of the delayed acknowledgement timer, detected at step 320, the receiver sends an acknowledgement packet with only the sequence number of packet X and the ACK flag set in the packet header, at step 322. Acknowledgement packets preferably include no data (the length field is 0) in order to keep such packets small. In addition, the reliable-packet flag is preferably not set in acknowledgement packets, since no acknowledgement is expected for an acknowledgement packet. A receiver monitors for either a new packet to be sent or expiry of the delayed acknowledgement timer in steps 314 and 320.
If the original sender of packet X does not receive the acknowledgement packet for packet X, it will retransmit X as described in detail below. The original receiver that acknowledged packet X must then detect that a packet with this sequence number has already been received, at step 302, and will issue another acknowledgement. This acknowledgement, as above, may be a standalone acknowledgement packet or it may piggyback on another packet to be sent, provided that the delayed acknowledgement timer is set at step 324 before the packet is dropped at step 326. Thus, the sequence number of a received packet is preferably stored until a new RRP packet with a different sequence number is received, such that duplicate packets can be detected and dropped at a receiver. Acknowledgement of a duplicate packet proceeds at step 314 as described above, after the packet is dropped at step 326.
The receiver of packet X may itself send RRP packets regardless of how many re-transmissions of packet X are made. The sequence number for packet X may be placed in the ACK field 204 of multiple different packets sent by the receiver.
Referring now to
Each time expiry of the retransmit timer is detected at step 410, the retransmission counter, if provided, is incremented at step 412. If the retransmission counter is not above some maximum number, n, indicating that the same packet has been sent n times without an acknowledgement that the packet has been received (step 414), then the sender retransmits packet X at step 416 as originally transmitted, with the same sequence number, flag settings, ACK number, length and data fields. If it is determined at step 414 that the retransmission counter exceeds n, then link recovery procedures are preferably performed at step 418, as described in further detail below.
The above procedures also remove any need for flow control over a link using RRP. If a receiver does not have sufficient buffer space for a packet X sent by a sender, then packet X may be safely dropped by the receiver. The receiver can drop packet X since the sender will retransmit packet X when its retransmit timer expires, as described above.
Also, since duplicate packets are detected and dropped at a receiver and acknowledgements require no response from a sender of the packet being acknowledged, RRP also provides for a benign link probe. A link probe may be performed by retransmitting a previously-sent RRP packet. If a sender resends a packet X, then the receiver will simply drop packet X, reissue the ACK for X, and take no further action. Alternatively, an RRP packet with an empty data field is used to perform a benign link probe. Since the data field is empty, a receiver issues an ACK in response to such a packet, but no further data processing operations are required.
When either side has an RRP packet to send, assuming that there are no outstanding acknowledgements or retransmissions pending, it simply inserts the current sequence number into SEQ, sets the reliable-packet flag, clears the ACK flag, puts the length of the payload into the length field, sets its retransmit timer and sends the packet to PPP to be sent. ACK handling is performed as described above.
If a packet is not acknowledged after n attempts, then one of the processors in a mobile device, preferably a device platform processor 36 as shown in
PPP is preferably configured for RRP using RRPCP. At present, a preferred format for an RRPCP packet is the same as for Link Control Protocol (LCP) and IP Control Protocol (IPCP). These protocols are discussed only briefly below, since further details on these protocols can be found in RFC 1661 and RFC 1332, respectively.
RRPCP involves transfer of only up to two RRPCP packets by each side of a link—a configure-request packet and a configure-acknowledge packet, each of which has a payload length of zero. Configuration settings are preferably specified in the header of a configure-request packet in order to minimize the amount of data that is transferred to set up RRP.
In a preferred embodiment, each side of a link sends an RRPCP configure-request packet with length 0 to the other side, immediately after PPP has been established, for example. Alternatively, one side of the link initiates RRPCP by sending a first configure-request packet, and the other side sends its own configure-request packet when it receives the first configure-request packet. A protocol identifier field of an RRPCP configure-request packet identifies RRPCP, using a suitable protocol identifier. A particular value in a code field of an RRPCP packet is used to indicate that the packet is a configure-request packet. An identifier header field can be used as an identifier for the link or session and is similar to the sequence number described above, in that it provides a reference number for a configure-acknowledge packet. As mentioned above, no payload is sent with an RRPCP configure-request packet, such that a length header field is set to zero. It is also contemplated that certain options may be specified in a RRPCP configure-request packet.
Upon receiving an RRPCP configure-request packet, each side prepares to receive and send RRP packets, preferably initializes SEQ to 0, and responds with an RRPCP configure-acknowledge packet, which is identical to the configure-request packet except for the code field. In order to differentiate between configure-request and configure-acknowledge packets, different values are inserted in the code field. When options are specified in the configure-request packet, the corresponding configure-acknowledge packet might include different options fields, when a receiver of the configure-request packet cannot support all of the options specified in the configure-request packet. This type of exchange is applicable, for example, where link configuration settings are negotiated.
When a party receives an RRPCP configure-acknowledge packet, it can safely assume that it may begin sending RRP packets. Since both sides of the link send a configure-request packet in this embodiment, each side is assured that the other side is ready to receive RRP packets when a configure-acknowledge packet corresponding to its configure-request packet is received. As described above, RRP is used for transfer of control data, whereas another protocol such as UDP/IP may be used for transfer of user data, for example after a "radio on" command is issued by a first processor to a second processor.
In the above example, each side of a PPP link transmits a configure-request packet and a configure-acknowledge packet. In an alternative embodiment, RRP configuration is accomplished with a single configure-request packet from a first side of a link and a single configure-acknowledge packet from a second side of the link. In this case, however, the first side preferably prepares to send and receive RRP packets when it sends the configure-request packet instead of when it receives a configure-request packet, since the second side does not send a configure-request packet. Also, after it sends the configure-acknowledge packet in response to the configure-request packet, the second side of the link assumes that the first side is ready to receive RRP packets, as the first side does not return a configure-acknowledge packet.
A link configuration process using RRPCP is performed when a link is initially configured for RRP, but may also be repeated when a link error is suspected, for example when a sender has retransmitted a reliable RRP packet, including a packet sent to probe the link, the maximum number of times without receiving an acknowledgement for the packet. When an RRP link is reconfigured, the existing link is first torn down. In a preferred embodiment, RRPCP also supports a terminate-request packet and a terminate-acknowledge packet. One side of an existing RRP link sends a terminate-request packet to the other side to terminate the link. Upon receiving a terminate-request packet, the other side returns a terminate-acknowledge packet, and each side of the link tears down its respective RRP connection. A new RRP link is then configured as described above. It should also be appreciated that each side of an RRP link may send a terminate-request packet and a terminate-acknowledgement packet In an alternative embodiment, an existing RRP link is torn down whenever an RRPCP configure-request packet is received, and RRP configuration then proceeds as described above.
It will be appreciated that the above description relates to preferred embodiments by way of example only. Many variations on the invention will be obvious to those knowledgeable in the field, and such obvious variations are within the scope of the invention as described, whether or not expressly described.
For example, although described in the context of a stand-alone mobile device, the techniques described herein may be applied to other types of wireless communication devices, such as wireless modems which typically operate in conjunction with a computer system or other device. In addition, aspects of the invention have been described above for a serial link between processors. Alternative possible implementations to accomplish inter-processor control may include separate dedicated lines connected between the processors, wherein a single line is used for each control function, to start/end a call, and to activate/deactivate radio, for example, to be supported. Further possible implementations to which the invention is applicable include a shared memory system in which commands are written by one processor into a shared memory space and read out by the other processor. In this type of implementation, command acknowledgements and user data are also written to and read from the memory in a similar manner. A shared inter-processor bus, in which commands and responses are placed on the bus, is another alternative to the serial link described above.
As yet another example of the broad applicability of the systems and methods disclosed herein,
A data communication channel 506 is disposed between the first data processor 504 and the second data processor 508 so that communication data signals that are received by or to be sent from the mobile device 500 through the wireless network 512 are exchanged between the first data processor 504 and second data processor 508 through the data communication channel 506. Such a system allows for device operation on a processor-specific communication network 512 through use of the second data processor 508 while maintaining a native device software platform through use of the first data processor 504. The wireless network connection components 510 include either or both of a receiver and a transmitter compatible with the wireless network 512.
With reference to
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|Data retransmission apparatus and method in a mobile communication system employing HARQ technique
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|Method and system for high speed data retention
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|Method of improving system performance in a wireless network by making requests without acknowledgement
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|Method for improved data communication due to improved data processing within a transceiver
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|Oct 14, 2004
|Woodward Ernest E.
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|Research In Motion Limited
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|Mar 15, 2007
|Research In Motion Limited
|System and method for evaluating lower layer reliability using upper layer protocol functionality in a communications network
|Nov 22, 2006
|Mar 22, 2007
|Nagy Thomas C
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|Jun 4, 2009
|Nokia Corporation
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|Method and a transceiver for transmitting data
|Nov 11, 2009
|Mar 4, 2010
|Hayduk Matthew A
|Communication subsystem for wireless devices or the like
|Dec 18, 2009
|Apr 15, 2010
|Hayduk Matthew A
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|International Classification
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|Jan 28, 2003
Owner name: RESEARCH IN MOTION LIMITED, CANADA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:NAGY, THOMAS C.;PATTENDEN, CHRISTOPHER;SIMMONS, SEAN B.;REEL/FRAME:013719/0994
Effective date: 20030128
|Jun 5, 2007
|Certificate of correction
|Jun 16, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jul 16, 2014
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Oct 24, 2014
Owner name: BLACKBERRY LIMITED, ONTARIO
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:RESEARCH IN MOTION LIMITED;REEL/FRAME:034045/0741
Effective date: 20130709


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CS0679 - CleanerVacancy posted: Monday, 19 September 2016
Salary: £12,636 - £13,041
Location: Falkirk (Town)
Closing date: 02 October 2016
Job ref. no.: FLK01921
Falkirk Council currently applies a living wage supplement to all employees earning less than £8.33 per hour. The value of the living wage supplement is subject to regular review by the Council & the Trust, is non-contractual and can be changed at any time.
You will work 20 hours per week on a term time basis.
This post is temporary until December 2016 to cover a period of sick leave.
About Falkirk Council
Falkirk Council is a unitary authority which provides all local government services for the Falkirk Council area. Covering 112 square miles, it has a population of 151,570 and extends from Banknock in the west to Blackness in the east and from South Alloa in the North as far as Limerigg in the south.
The area contains varied countryside, including areas of considerable landscape quality. It also contains the port of Grangemouth and depends for its prosperity on a broad industrial base which includes sizeable industrial areas in Falkirk and Grangemouth.
Council Headquarters
The Council Headquarters are located in Falkirk but there are many service points throughout the area. The Council has in the region of 7,000 employees making it one of the largest employers in the area and has a net council general fund expenditure of ̣̉344.8 million for 2012/2013.
Falkirk Councilâââ¬Ã¢â¢s aim is to improve the quality of life for local people by working with all communities, sectors and groups to deliver high quality services which are accessible, accountable, responsive and provide value for money.
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20 Merchant Road
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Contemporary designer guest rooms offer luxury accommodation to leisure and business travellers.
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Experience an oasis of contemporary luxury in the Swiss Executive Lounge and Rooms. Exclusively situated on the hotel's two uppermost floors, guests will enjoy privileged access to the Executive Lounge offering a private reception for exclusive arrivals and departures, daily gourmet breakfast, all-day refreshments and complimentary cocktails and canapés every evening.Each Swiss Executive room is generously spacious and boasts plush in-room amenities including a Nespresso machine, TWG Tea selection and signature Pillow Menu, specially curated to deliver a heartfelt 'Home Away From Home' experience.
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text:
We'll respond shortly.
We expect this release to hit App Catalog early part of this week, July 6.
Great work, I love the progress you all continue making on this project.
This is awesome thank you for your work and being the first Twitter App for the Pre. One thing I like about TwitterFon on my iPod is that it goes to last post I saw using the app.
Tweed is a great program. Makes browsing twitter much more fun. When I'm on my pc I usually just browse twitter with tweed instead. Glad to see upgrades being pumped out regularly. Attach photos soon, please?
one thing I might suggest is a friends list of sorts that you could scroll through in order to make mentioning your followers or someone you follow in a tweet a lot easier than remembering their username. love this app though
Please please please add photo integration soon!
Hmm, its the 8th and atill no new apps, not sure if its the apps store's fault, or a release delay.


text:
Monty Brown, a standout linebacker who was both an academic and athletic first-team All-American at Ferris State University, returned to Big Rapids to share words of wisdom with members of the current Bulldog squad.
Brown, who still remains close with members of the coaching staff including head coach Jeff Pierce and defensive coordinator and assistant head coach Duane Wilson, was happy to come back to Big Rapids to offer some of his experiences to young players coming up.
Brown, who has been successful as a student-athlete at Ferris, transitioned successfully into a pro football career as a player on two Super Bowl teams, in the National Football League; then as a professional wrestler, reaching the high levels in the business; as a personal trainer and so much more.
Here is a little clip from the time Brown shared with me during his visit to Ferris on Wednesday as he stopped by football practice.


text:
Revolution suits you!
الثورة بتلبقلك
Beirut. Cinema. Life and WhatNot.
Revolution suits you!
الثورة بتلبقلك
And so, I left Beirut (again), one day…
My experiment as a returnee failed miserably. You need A LOT of self motivation and positivity to survive in a place like Post War Lebanon – unfortunately.
I have much better feelings towards Lebanon when I am away.
I love it more, I am more proud of it, I defend it when someone speaks ill of it, I am able to read more about it and tolerate it, all these things are way easier to do when I am outside the country. Most Lebanese people with dual nationalities, or who don't reside in Lebanon full time, have similar sentiments.
As I progress in editing my film and the theme of home keeps popping up, the concept and definition of "country" fades away.
We grow up repeating slogans such as "My Country is more precious than My Life". But I feel that our countries are not more precious than our lives. Countries are man made.
And then again, back to the initial thought, what defines our countries? Google Maps? The signs at the entrances and exits of our cities? The place where our families live(d) or descended from? I ask these questions about belonging to the country while most Lebanese people embrace and sacrifice their lives for belonging to more limited entities – the village, the tribe, the sect, the religion, the party, the elite… the ZEFT.
And we've been conditioned to believe that life is worth one of these things -except for the Zeft; which comes free every election season or another –if elections do take place.
The first step into growing beyond our fanaticism and narrow mindedness is to strip naked from these attachments. They are a major obstacle that prevents us from moving forward with our revolution against corruption and political sectarianism.
تخيلوا بكرة بعد شي عشرة أو خمسة عشر سنة، يصير هيدا يللي "ذبح" الناس باسم الإسلام أو السياسة أو الايديولوجية تبعيته، تخيلوه يصير رئيس لبلد ديموقراطي ويروح ويجي بين مطارات العالم ويستقبلوه الرؤساء والزعماء بينما شعبه عم يتعفن ويموت من المرض والقهر والظلم
لأنو هيدا صنف الناس الموجودين حالياً بالحكم بلبنان اليوم
تحت مظلة قانون عفو "كبير" عن النفس نمت عندنا ثقافة "العفو" عن المجرم الصغير والمجرم الكبير واللص والقاتل والفاسد والخائن
ولحد ما يتحاسب المجرم الكبير ما لح يتربى ويعتبر اللبناني من الدروس اللي صارت. هذا إذا كان مدرك انو في شي "خطأ" صاير معنا بالزمانات
Every teacher had a teacher. Every mentor had a trusted advisor. It's an ongoing process of learning and staying humble about the fact that what you don't know can actually hurt you. If you're lucky enough to work on film productions you can make the necessary contacts with professionals and learn from their experience. This is a vital element in your continual growth as a filmmaker and screenwriter. Find a filmmaking mentor and apprentice under them or at least have access to them as they are working. Study how they handle their business and ask questions about the craft. They've already survived many of the pitfalls that you have yet to experience and their knowledge will help you better travel on your journey to success.
I've been blessed in my career to have worked with Academy Award® winning producers, veteran directors, and Academy Award®, Emmy® and Golden Globe® nominated actors…
View original post 647 more words
I have been working on "Twice Upon a Time", a documentary film about my childhood during the Lebanese Civil War, for some years now. The film is finally about to come to a conclusion.
For the fact that you grew up during a war there is no changing. You will always have grown up during war. What can change is what you make of that experience.
On Friday, June 20, 2014, I got an opportunity to meet people who were making the best out of it!
I was invited to attend a lecture by Dr. Joseba Achotegui, Professor of Psychiatry at University of Barcelona, Spain, and author of "Ulysses Syndrome" and "Ulysses Scale for Refugees". The invitation came from the Veteran, Immigrant & Refugee Trauma Institute of Sacramento (VIRTIS).
Between emails and in-person introductions, I managed to meet around 40 or 50 people that day at the lecture and the informal exchanges around it. That on its own is a fantastic achievement for someone like me, but it was not the highlight of the event for sure.
My favorite personal high note of the event was the fact that most of the people attending the lecture and all those esteemed professionals working and volunteering at VIRTIS today were war or trauma victims themselves.
At that time, this was a great unifying and defining trait about those in the room.
Today, when I come to think of it again, I find it all the more reassuring and uplifting.
These were people from all over the world who must have witnessed some war horrors or traumatic situations along the journey of their lives. Today, they are all doctors, engineers, professors, businessmen, or successful professionals working towards the improvement of other refugees and trauma victims' lives.
When I wonder about their pasts, I see things I don't want to know about. When I look at their present today, I feel that I want to raise them high and show them to all the sad refugees and war victims living in horrible conditions all over our planet.
Thirty years ago, in July of 1984, life was not beautiful at all for my family and hundreds of thousands of other families in Lebanon.
If somebody at that time had come and told us that we will be where we are today, we would've ignored them at the very least.
I wonder sometimes, when I feel so helpless towards all the refugees, specifically those living in Lebanon today, what can we do to tell them that even this, this too shall pass…
And will it?
Soon after I returned to Lebanon in 2010, I was given an opportunity to look into the inner and outer worlds of Lebanese Youth through teaching scriptwriting to undergraduate university students.
Truth is, I was blessed for the time I got to spent with my students, my friends. Most of them were mature youngsters who needed an opportunity to express themselves and an opportunity to be listened to. But for some reason, they always chose to express themselves in abstract terms.
Telling a story is something that students in Lebanon, and all over the world I am sure, do on a daily basis.
Gossip is all stories:
Somebody, somewhere, something, conflict, succeds, fails.
But for the life of me, I could never understand why our film students failed to tell stories when it came to film.
Whenever there is a film festival in Beirut, I ask my colleagues and friends if there were any good short films. Most of the time the answers range somewhere between, "None" to "They were too abstract", "I didn't understand", "It looked really nice but there was no….how to say it? Something was missing".
A story is missing. Characters are missing.
Everything else is always at its best: Exceptional Cinematography, superb production design, great locations, talented actors… But a story that goes all over the place with no beginning, middle or end. And characters who laugh and cry and act and react with no dramatic motivation.
When I taught two years of scriptwriting I had hopes that my students will possibly make better films, maybe films that some people will understand at least. I know they wrote scripts that everybody else in class understood. That was a good sign.
But their films were made and not much changed. When I asked,
"Why didn't you make the script you wrote in class? That was a good story! You worked on it for months."
"But it was too simple, too understandable. I want to make something more sophisticated."
Truth is, I have stopped wondering why we don't have good short films showing at our festivals.
I now believe it is a societal issue that goes beyond film as a discipline.
There is a lot of bravery in Lebanon, and a lot of cowardice.
Our students rebel. Unfortunately, they only rebel against rules.
And our society is so full of sh*t that even the young ones do not feel safe producing material that is simple for others to understand. Because they fear their work won't be appreciated. The safest thing is to produce material that nobody will understand. After any screening in Lebanon, nobody, not even I, will dare to say, "I didn't understand what the film was about."
But the truth has to be told to these young people: Courageous are the ones who expose their minds and hearts to others in simple storytelling techniques, accessible for the masses. Those who want to be sophisticated can enjoy their sophistication in the one and a half screenings that their films enjoy in sophisticated environments. For sophistication definitely travels less than simplicity does.


text:
I just found this news article from May and thought others with AA and/or RDU connections might find it interesting.
"American Airlines Celebrates 10 Years of Service From Raleigh/Durham (RDU) to London Gatwick (LGW) Airport
Friday May 21, 9:00 am ET
American Airlines Marks 10th Anniversary With a British Reception at RDU on May 26
FORT WORTH, Texas, May 21 /PRNewswire/ -- Passengers boarding American Airlines Flight 174 on May 26 will be treated to an anniversary celebration commemorating 10 years of American Airlines service from Raleigh/Durham International Airport to London Gatwick Airport. With daily service using Boeing 777 aircraft, American Airlines is the only carrier to offer nonstop service on the route.
"Raleigh/Durham has been an important market since 1985, and American welcomes the opportunity to provide customers with what they value -- a vast network offering increased access to destinations worldwide," said David Cush, vice president-Passenger Sales for American Airlines.
On average, American Airlines carries more than 90,000 passengers annually on the RDU-LGW route.
In celebration, American Airlines and the Raleigh/Durham Airport Authority will host a reception at 5 p.m. on May 26. The reception will be held in the Kitty Hawk Suite, located in Terminal C of the airport, for community and business leaders, agency and corporate partners, and passengers traveling on Flight 174. A British ambiance will set the tone of the reception and ceremony. Volunteers in Beefeater costumes will greet customers at both RDU and LGW gates. The British flag will fly at the ticket counter and a backdrop of Big Ben will hang in the reception area.
As the lucky winner of the "London Getaway" radio promotion, Southern Pines, N.C. resident David Adinolfi will be on the American Airlines 10th anniversary flight. David will be traveling with his wife, Gail, on the couple's first trip to London. Along with two roundtrip tickets, they were given complimentary accommodations and spending money.
"RDU has enjoyed a fine relationship with American Airlines for 19 years," said John Brantley, airport director, Raleigh/Durham Airport Authority. "The daily service operated by American between RDU and London Gatwick for the past 10 years is the airport's premier flight and is of tremendous importance to the Triangle region and the state of North Carolina. That it has been so strongly and successfully supported by our passengers and shippers over all of that time is a great testament to our people and businesses and to their desire to fly American."
More than 200 passengers scheduled for the flight will receive 10-year anniversary note cards created by local artist Jerry Miller. The anniversary note cards will feature an American 777 aircraft, Big Ben and the London Bridge. As the flight departs, the airport fire department will provide a water-cannon salute to recognize the milestone flight.
American Airlines has provided service to area travelers since 1985. Together American Airlines, American Eagle and AmericanConnection provide nearly 70 daily nonstop departures to sixteen airports -- Boston; Chicago; Columbus; Dallas/Fort Worth; Fort Lauderdale; Hartford; Newark; New York Kennedy; New York La Guardia; London Gatwick; Orlando; Miami; Nassau, the Bahamas; Philadelphia; St. Louis; and Washington, D.C.
Raleigh/Durham passengers can take advantage of the American Airlines Admirals Club®, which offers customers a restful environment to relax or work. Members can access their corporate intranet, email and the Internet all at T-1 speeds with T-Mobile® HotSpot wireless Internet service.
American Airlines and American Eagle currently employ more than 1,300 local people in the Triangle area, including more than 400 at Raleigh/Durham International Airport and nearly 900 at the Southeastern Reservation Office located in Cary, N.C., which opened in 1988.
American Airlines is the world's largest carrier. American, American Eagle and the AmericanConnection regional carriers serve more than 250 cities in over 40 countries with almost 4,200 daily flights. The combined network fleet numbers more than 1,000 aircraft. American's award-winning Web site, AA.com, provides users with easy access to check and book fares, plus personalized news, information and travel offers. American Airlines is a founding member of the oneworld Alliance"
Feel free to share any thoughts or comments.
Mark "Womack17"


text:
New Year's Eve around the world
Nations around the world ring in 2013 with massive fireworks displays.
Nations around the world ring in 2013 with massive fireworks displays.
Fred Offsamee: The online polls are meaningless. While the CNN poll is gonna lean Democrat,that might be a max of 10%. So even if be take 10% off Hillary,she still scores a 57% win. Now before you get all your panties in a knot,I'm still voting Trump. BUT we all know he lost that debate. To think otherwise is being a Mitt! We don't want our candidate to Choke like Mitt did! Mr Trump better prepare Big time for next debate,or were getting Hillary! Donald if you lose this election to Hillary you may as well join Elon Musk on a trip to Mar's! You lose to Hillary and you will be hated by all of America! The 50 Democrats,and the 50% Republican who will be mad as hell that you didn't prepare prepare prepare. Now some tough love! Either win the next debate or look in the mirror and see Mitt Romney! Trump you lost last night. DON'T LET IT HAPPEN AGAIN.


text:
Well, I haven't been keeping up, but here is something from today. I summoned my miniscule amount of energy and got the kids to paint their ornaments for their grandparents. (Here's a link to the craft idea if you're interested.) It felt good to take some pics today as I have not touched the camera for a few days, which is so, so rare for me.
Snapshot a Day (12/18)
Love it! And I also give it to you for getting the kids to do crafts when you're not feeling well! I hope you are doing better now?
I wouldn't have done a craft, except we had already done step #1 and it was a Christmas gift! But it all worked out.
I'm not really doing too well, to the point where yesterday DH was thinking of 'canceling Christmas', as it were: telling my folks not to come Christmas Eve, and his family to find a different place to have Christmas dinner on Christmas Day. He's worried about my health because of my meds and potential complications, and he's stressed at taking on all the work of house guests and hosting by himself, since he's determined I'm to do nothing but rest. But we've talked and we'll decide on Sunday or Monday what to do, and how to pare down Christmas as best we can while still having fun and some meaningful time together as a family.
Tracy- those are precious! I love the idea! I will lift you up in prayer. It's not fun being sick during the holidays. I hope you start feeling better!


text:
Skip to comments.Texas' ban on gay marriage ruled unconstitutional
Posted on 02/26/2014 11:34:21 AM PST by Snickering Hound
SAN ANTONIO A federal judge in San Antonio has declared Texas' ban on gay marriage unconstitutional.
U.S. District Judge Orlando Garcia, however, also issued a stay, meaning the ban stays in effect for the time being.
One lesbian couple had to go to Massachusetts to get married, and they want Texas to recognize the union.
A second gay couple have a courtship of 17 years and want to get married here in their home state.
(Excerpt) Read more at chron.com ...
Why does Texas have to listen to a Federal Judge?
There is no such thing as gay marriage. There is a nationwide movement by liberals and other freaks to redefine a word. But there is no such thing as gay "marriage".
ie, a constitution-loathing Marxist judge.
Screw the feds. Someone should just tell them to shut up.
See? Two can play that game. Apparently Laws are arbitrary.
Is it illegal to horse whip a judge in Texas? Maybe not horse whip, but beat some sense into him, her or it?
"Why does Texas have to listen to a Federal Judge?"
Because they insist on remaining part of the Union.
so, since the June 2013 Supreme Court rulings on homosexual marriage, there have been a number of federal judges who have ruled that it is unconstitutional for states to define marriage in the traditional manner.
I'm sure the activists filed all these lawsuits to get the Supreme Court to rule that there is a constitutional right to homosexual marriage. Last year's.cases did not arrive at that conclusion.
Our constitution is being usurped each and every damn day! This president, and all the damn libs in San Antonio need to be arrested
Did they rule on polygamy, incest or plural marriage? Why not? There are no rules when there is no standard. All "marriages" are equal. Right? Otherwise, the court is denying "rights", right?
He has made his ruling, now let him enforce it.
Because he knows that the 10th Amendment will knock his ruling out of the park. Until then, he'll be invited to all the hip parties in Austin & DC when he's in town.
It would appear the strategy is having a federal district court judge rule the homosexual marriage ban unconstitutional thereby removing a state's public policy exception to the full faith and credit clause pertaining to out-of-state homosexual marriage certificates from other states.
What ban?
The state simply only recognizes male-female marriage, I don't recall there is an explicit ban.
The Imperial Courts are far overstepping their boundaries. Hasn't the SCOTUS already thrown out DOMA because it is a state issue??
I thought SCOTUS ruled this a state matter when it came to DOMA, federal judges are not states.
Ignore it.
Imagine that.
Who on this forum has even a smigeon of surprise.
I expect Dems to do anything to destroy America. It's a given.
People however, should note that you hear or have heard about NOTHING from the GOP, the so called opposition party, to stand up for the rights of states.
They are the problem because the absence of pushback has resulted in this wave if judges doing as they will.
Texas needs to secede. This is tyranny, top down. I will gladly come to Texas and join secessionist forces. We do not need to remain beholden to the Barack Stalin thugs.
OK, please start with our teenaged Marxist mayor. Those of us in San Antonio would be ever so grateful.
Not sure how the current state of things can last for long. It has been moving with great speed even as we speak.
I think we'll probably need a NATIONAL REFERENDUM to DEFINE WHAT MARRIAGE IS in our constitution.
It's going to be very hard to exist with some states recognizing some marriages and others not.
Julian "the fey one" Castrato
You are correct regarding the Supreme Court ruling. However the liberals were not happy with that outcome. So they have been suing states in federal court since then over their definitions of marriage.
Mainstream liberal thought nowadays is that it is just like racial discrimination and the old Jim Crow laws to not allow homosecual marriage. That's quite a stretch in my opinion, but that's where mainstream liberal legal opinions are nowadays.
Even though this whole subject of "sexual orientation" or "sexual identity" is not a protected class under federal civil rights laws, liberal judges are issuing rulings as if homosexuals are a protected class under those laws. They decided that homosexuality is a minority group.
I live in Texas. And I predict that Texas will ignore any queer marriage rulings. Our Attorney General - soon to be Governor Gregg Abott has made traditional marriage a main plank of his carreer. And the new elected A/G (Paxton or Branch) have already made campaign promises to keep Texas straight.
Sure, we have liberal politicians like the Castro brothers and Abortion Barbie. But they are useless and actually provide amusement for us with their stupid antics.
"Orlando Garcia, a Clinton appointed Federal Judge..."
With Clinton already advocating Gay Marriage, I am not quite sure any of his judicial appointments should be making decisions on the issue.
Eventually there will be heretofore unimaginable forms of "marriage" allowed. We are at the top of a very slippery slope.
"Texas needs to secede."
Texas sends more in taxes to the fed.gov than it receives.
We have more than enough income from oil and gas than we need (and it is expanding at a rapid rate and will continue to do so for quite a while).
We have ample agriculture, so we can feed ourselves...plus we have a bunch of fishing off the coast and in our many lakes.
We certainly can defend ourselves - the federal equipment that our taxes paid for would be perfectly adequate. We can build nukes at the Pantex plant, rockets to sit them on in Houston, and have at least 50 million guns (and people who know how to use them).
We can thus feed and take care of ourselves, and have shown an ability to do just that for well over 175 years. Frankly, I don't know why we remain in the decaying and disintegrating Union. I'm sure that several of the surrounding states would join us - heck, we'd make a pretty good-sized country, one with traditional American values that would prosper and grow mighty, while Lieberal-land on the coasts and the upper Midwest would continue to sink into the muck and mire.
The SCOTUS also denied standing to the people of CA for a suit forcing their state-officers from abiding by the Prop 8 Amendment -- even though the CA Supreme Court certified their standing in the absence of the State's prosecutor taking up the case. In so doing, the USSC told the people that it is not a State matter.
So it very much seems that whether it's a State issue or not depends on if it's
in line with their opinion.
"I live in Texas. And I predict that Texas will ignore any queer marriage rulings. Our Attorney General - soon to be Governor Gregg Abott has made traditional marriage a main plank of his carreer. And the new elected A/G (Paxton or Branch) have already made campaign promises to keep Texas straight."
I would hope so, but at worse, gay marriages would only be conducted by Justices of the Peace in Houston, Dallas, Ft. Worth, El Paso, Austin and San Antonio and the entire rest of the state would not have to deal with Gay Marriage.
The only stick in the mud for a full conservative/libtard divide is Colorado. The west can be called the Esperanto Republic and the east can be called the United Socialist States of America.
"As in the Days of Noah"
I live in Texas.
Lucky you. I unfortunately live in a perma-blue state with the usual assortment of liberal-inflicted problems. I had the good fortune to go to Texas on several business trips and always enjoyed the state and its friendly people. You're living in the right place. :)
That will be all of the states' undoing
There is nothing unconstitutional about the amendment in Texas, or anywhere else for that matter.
Julian, the La Raza narco-terrorist more like. Needs to be deported to a Cartel compound.
Who says we listen? The Federal judge put a stay on his own ruling, because he is afraid we won't.
Who says we listen? The Federal judge put a stay on his own ruling, because he is afraid we won't.
Ditto here. The problem is these liberal local judges and court clerks WILL defy the Governor or AG and issue these licenses.
Another day, another victory for the marxists. Next up....the destruction of age of consent laws.
So nice I said it twice
Imperial Courts
One gets the distinct impression that these people have set this up long ago and just waited for "their day"...
Like Soviet sleeper cells... called to activation..
Just sayin'.....
Nah.... couldn't be - they're just good, "loyal opposition" democrats after all...
Seriously, why do we even bother voting?
Anyone have the bio on this black-robed tyrant?
Texas should secede if it intends to remain American.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


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Match names in a csv file with contacts in a Salesforce Database & Create records
This project received 13 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $438 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
Skills Required
Project Budget$250 - $750 USD
Total Bids13
Project Description
Bank deposit records in a csv file need to be imported into a Salesforce custom table called Debtors.
The Contact who made the deposit has to be identified before the Debtor record is saved.
The reference in the bank deposit record has to be matched with the contact name, alias and/or phone number. These are not always accurate and often have spelling errors
A sample file from the bank is attached.
Records with codes JCRTI, TCR15, JCR10, DEP01, TCR07 are to be imported
The date format needs to be changed to an acceptable SF format
Zulu time needsto be added to deal with the time zone in Australia so the imported date is not incorrect by one day,
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Solutions for Chapter 3.C2
Some of the obvious cultural differences between Lehman and Nomura are the following:
• There is a differential treatment in terms of gender. At the time of training men and women were separated.
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• More conservative attitude in terms of female employees. As they were not allowed to wear short clothes, bright dresses etc.
• Strict compliance to rules. The rules laid down by Nomura were enforced strictly.
• Promotion of non-Japanese employees.


text: Alex Cornell's Breakthrough (via PA Press) began as a post on ISO50 a couple years ago. Now, in printed form, it's a series of inspirational, mostly helpful, and sometimes weird blurbs/suggestions from various creative professionals- including Christoph Niemann, Paula Scher, and author Douglas Rushkoff. This is definitely an awesome book to have around for those moments when you're completely unable to get past a debilitating creative block.


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October 31, 2007, 08:39 AM
After asking alot of questions and firing a few friends shotguns, I finally decided on a Remington 870. I just wanted to thank all those who provided input on my decision. I think I will be very happy for a very long time w/ this rifle! Thanks THR!!!


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It's almost one year ago to the day when Sam Ficken became a household name around the Penn State campus for all the wrong reasons.
The Nittany Lions kicker lived his worst on-field nightmare at Charlottesville, Va., on a sunny second Saturday in September, missing four of his five field-goal attempts against Virginia, including a 42-yarder on the game's final play that would have enabled Penn State to avoid a 0-2 start.
Comments on social media were harsh, even vicious, but they had no long-range effect on him. In fact, in some curious way, the ordeal ended up helping Ficken, who has become a reliable force and will take a string of 13 successful field goals into Saturday's home opener against Eastern Michigan.


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The Loyola University Maryland Retirement Plan allows participants to make voluntary tax-deferred contributions to a tax-deferred retirement account with TIAA-Cref. The tax-deferred status of the retirement contributions is governed by the Internal Revenue Code. To participate in this plan, an employee must complete a Salary Reduction Agreement and the necessary enrollment form. Investments are made at the direction of the participant into one of the University-approved investment companies. The University does not make plan contributions to a participant's retirement account during periods of unpaid leave. In order to receive the University retirement contribution, all of the following must apply:
The one-year waiting period may be waived if one year of continuous full-time employment (just prior to employment with the University) has been completed at an accredited four-year higher educational institution. Both the University contribution and 2 percent employee contributions are directed into the participant's retirement account. Further details and information may be obtained from a member of the benefits and wellness unit. These terms are and must be consistent with the conditions defined by the 403(b) summary plan document.
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This website provides a summary of the benefits available. The University reserves the right to modify, amend, suspend or terminate any plan at any time, and for any reason without prior notification. You will be notified of any changes to these plans and how they affect your benefits, if at all. The plans described on this website are governed by insurance contracts and plan documents, which are available for examination. We have attempted to make explanations of the plans on this website as accurate as possible. However, should there be a discrepancy between this website and the provisions of the insurance contracts or plan documents, the provisions of the insurance contracts or plan documents will govern. In addition, you should not rely on any oral descriptions of these plans, since the written descriptions in the insurance contracts and plan documents will always govern.


text:
President Obama on immigration: How we got here and what's next?
Some categories not covered by the executive order need to be brought out of the shadows, perhaps under another order in the future.
Op-Ed roundup: Failure of Republicans to act is why Obama must
The only reason President Obama has to act on immigration reform is that House Speaker John Boehner won't.
My top 10 for 2013: political, personal and fun
A couple of weddings, a few marches, sangria and football in snow: looking forward to new adventures in 2014.
Now is the time for action
A conference committee has been established, with a Dec. 13 report back date to propose a new budget. Republican Paul Ryan is already discussing cuts to Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid.


text:
Southern Gardening: Garden mums make immediate fall impact
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Happiness is far more than a positive feeling that comes and goes. Science is now proving that happiness is a skill that you can develop. My audio program – Meditations for Happiness: Rewire Your Brain for Lasting Contentment and Peace – brings you a series of practices that allow you to literally rewire the neural
The post Meditations for Happiness appeared first on Dr. Rick Hanson.


text:
Watch Featured Movies
Agent Vinod: A series of seemingly unconnected events across the world leads to Agent Vinod undertaking a globe-trotting mission to discover why his colleague was murdered.
|IMDB: 5.1/10 Metascore: N/A RT: N/A
|March 22, 2012
|Sriram Raghavan
|Babu Antony Gulshan Grover Kareena Kapoor Prem Chopra Ravi Kishan Saif Ali Khan Shahbaaz Khan
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Agent Vinod Comments
|Posted by nickel721 4 years, 6 months ago
hmm idk thinking 3/10
|Posted by anch123 3 years, 7 months ago
firstly bollywood needs to wake up and realise that ripping off other films simply cannot be done anymore. secondly the over the top melodramatic scenes and scenes where with just a punch someone flies to the other end of the room with cheap editing and constant slow motion and sound effects also has to go... do you see any hollywood movies use this? simple fact, no. and they do so much better financially and look a lot more realistic which is why they are rated more. Look I used to love movies such as sholay because they fitted needs for the time in which it was created but now it is the 21st centuary... cinema and realisticness has moved on, and so should bollywood. opinion coming from an Indian living in the UK
|Posted by EauRouge 1 year, 11 months ago
When I saw the poster I thought it was Sheldon Cooper gone BAZINGA!!
|Posted by jaffarraza 4 years, 1 month ago ( Edited 4 years, 1 month ago )
very good movie
|Posted by indubitable 4 years, 5 months ago
Decent enough flick. Ok, for a one time watch. 5.5/10
|Posted by golizar 3 years, 7 months ago
how did version 4 got qualified for dvd version?
|Posted by only4meabhi 4 years, 3 months ago
a one time watch movie but i love the last song of the movie
|Posted by rashman60 4 years, 5 months ago
what a pathetic movie this is really sucks 2/10 2 is for kareena
|Posted by troykombat9 4 years, 6 months ago
jk but thus sucks
|Posted by deadsqurrel 4 years, 6 months ago
the funniest part about that dudes rant was that one stupid comment set him off so bad
|Posted by red007 4 years, 6 months ago
where is the link then???
|Posted by tareeny 4 years, 3 months ago
Indian Movie Agent Vinod this Movie is Sucks i don't no Who stopped mack this movie . this movie is frisking sheet Movie i aver seen. this movie no mack since .
|Posted by ashiquzzaman 4 years, 6 months ago
nice movie excellent job by sayif
|Posted by tosse007 4 years, 5 months ago
indian movies sucks hardcore cant even sub correctly or even make movies...
|Posted by 007secretagent 4 years, 6 months ago
great cinema ! hat's off, what a movie. A+
|Posted by lotusbaba 4 years, 6 months ago ( Edited 4 years, 5 months ago )
To watch Agent Vinod, put some Agent Nirodh(Condoms in Hindi) on your brains lol. I actually liked the film. Very well made but a little too long.
|Posted by 007secretagent 4 years, 6 months ago ( Edited 4 years, 6 months ago )
@ troykombat9.....Hey dude..oh yeah ...really Indians are fag ? what are you then? the faggest fag in the town... Get a life.. you want to knw something abt India.. here u gooo When they greet one another, they foId their hands in namastey... because they beIieve... that God resides in the heart of every human being. A nation where they aIIow a Iady of CathoIic origin... to step aside for a Sikh to be sworn in as Prime Minister... to a MusIim President to govern a nation of over 80 percent Hindus. It may aIso interest you to know that... many of the origins to your words come from Sanskrit. For exampIe, maatr becomes mother... bhratr becomes brother, giamiti becomes geometry trikonniti becomes trigonometry. India has 5600 newspapers... magazines in over twenty-one different Ianguages... with a combined readership of over 120 miIIion. They have reached the moon and back, but yet... you people still feel that they've onIy reached as far as the Indian rope trick .. India has the third largest pool in the word of doctors, engineers and scientists. Maybe your grandfather didn't teII you that... they have the third Iargest army in the worId. And even then, I foId my hands in humiIity before you... because I don't beIieve we all are above or beneath any individuaI. And... namastey.
|Posted by troykombat9 4 years, 6 months ago
indians are fags
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Drivetime Friday 14 June 2013
Mary Wilson presents an information packed evening news magazine with all the stories of the day
Elias Hanna is a retired Lebanese general and an expert on Syrian military capabilities.
Jon Snow presenter of Channel 4 news is one of very few western journalists allowed into Iran.
Dave O'Connell of the Connacht Tribune
This week, Paddy welcomes some new listeners.
John Cooke reports from James Reilly's family home.
The Taoiseach has once again defended his leadership of Fine Gael.
Presenter: Mary Wilson