text:
Brief Summary
Domestic cat and hybridization[edit]
The domesticated form of the African wildcat, known as F. silvestris catus, has been hybridized with several wild felid species. These are sometimes called feral-domestic hybrids. This is a misnomer because feral refers to a domesticated animal species which has reverted to living in the wild. The correct term is artificial or domestic/wild hybrids.
/wiki/File:Authenticated_Felid_Hybrids_(2013).jpg /wiki/File:Authenticated_Felid_Hybrids_(2013).jpg
/wiki/File:Authenticated_Felid_Hybrids_(2013).jpgAuthenticated Felid Hybrids
Confirmed domestic cat/felid hybrids
Some pairings have given rise to more than one breed developed under different registries and bred to different standards for appearance and different percentages of wild felid genes. They are therefore different breeds, not synonyms.
Bengal: domestic cat/Asian ⦁ leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis bengalensis)
⦁ Bristol: domestic cat/⦁ margay (Leopardus wiedii)
Chausie: domestic cat/⦁ jungle cat (Felis chaus)
⦁ Stone cougar: domestic cat/jungle cat
⦁ Cheetoh: Bengal/ocicat
⦁ Jungle-bob: ⦁ Pixie-bob/jungle cat
⦁ Jungle-curl: Hemingway Curl (polydactyl x American Curl)/jungle cat
Kellas cat: Naturally occurring domestic cat/Scottish wildcat
⦁ Machbagral, Viverral and Jambi: domestic cat/⦁ fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus)
⦁ Pantherette: Pixie-bob/Asian ⦁ leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis)
⦁ Punjabi: domestic cat /Indian desert-cat (a variety of ⦁ Asiatic wildcat - Felis s. ornata)
⦁ Safari: domestic cat/⦁ Geoffroy's cat (Leopardus geoffroyii)
Savannah: domestic cat (including Bengal)/⦁ serval (Leptailurus serval)
Serengeti: Bengal/⦁ Oriental Shorthair (solid-coloured Siamese)
Ussuri: domestic cat/Amur Asian leopard cat (Prionailurus b. euptailura)
⦁ Domestic cat/⦁ caracal (accidental, Moscow Zoo, 1998)
⦁ Domestic cat/⦁ oncilla (little spotted cat or tiger cat)
⦁ Domestic cat / ⦁ black-footed cat (F. nigripes)
⦁ Domestic cat/⦁ rusty-spotted cat (Prionailurus rubiginosus) (wild-occurring hybrids, India)
⦁ Domestic cat/⦁ ocelot. Two litters of confirmed hybrids between a female ocelot and male Bengal were born in 2007 and 2008.
⦁ Domestic cat/⦁ Sand cat. Kittens were born to a domestic female, sired by a male Sand Cat, in 2013.
Hybrid breed/wild felid
⦁ Afro-Chausie (proposed name): Chausie/African wildcat
⦁ Euro-Chausie: Chausie/European wildcat
⦁ Scottie-Chausie (proposed name): Chausie/Scottish wildcat (F. s. grampia)
Attempted or unconfirmed hybrids
Mandalan jaguar (proposed name): domestic cat/⦁ jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi)
⦁ Domestic cat/⦁ Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis)
⦁ Domestic cat/⦁ bobcat (Lynx rufus): There are reports of bobcats breeding with domestic cats, but evidence of offspring remains circumstantial and anecdotal. Their interfertility is yet to be proven scientifically. ⦁ [3]
⦁ Domestic cat/⦁ Pallas's cat (Otocolobus manul)
The Jaguarundi Curl is not a Jaguarundi hybrid. It is a short-legged domestic breed developed from REFR's Highland Lynx breed.
Comprehensive Description
With the exception of Antarctica, Australia, New Zealand, Madagascar, Japan, and most oceanic islands, native populations of cats are found worldwide, and one species, domestic cats, have been introduced nearly everywhere humans currently exist. Although some authorities recognize only a few genera, most accounts of Felidae recognize 18 genera and 36 species. With the exception of the largest cats, most are adept climbers, and many are skilled swimmers. Most felids are solitary. Often, felids are separated into two distinct subgroups, large cats and small cats. Generally, small cats are those that, due to a hardening of the hyoid bone, have an inability to roar. Felidae consists of 2 subfamilies, Pantherinae (e.g., lions and tigers) and Felinae (e.g., bobcats, pumas, and cheetahs).
Felids are perhaps the most morphologically specialized hunters of all carnivores, often taking prey as large as themselves and occasionally taking prey several times their own size. Unlike other carnivores, felids rely almost exclusively on prey that they have killed themselves. They are agile hunters, hunting mostly at night, with diets consisting of fresh meat or carrion. Felids are found in all terrestrial habitats except treeless tundra and polar ice caps.
The first cat-like mammals appeared around 60 million years ago (MYA) during the Eocene and culminated in the most specialized of the saber-tooths, Barbourofelis fricki. However, the phylogeny of saber-tooths and their ancestors (Nimravidae) is the subject of considerable debate and fossil evidence for these cat-like mammals does not exist after the Miocene. True felids first appeared during the early Oligocene and, although early ancestors of present day felids had short upper canines, felid radiations that occurred during the Miocene and Pliocene, such as Smilodon, appeared to specialize on large herbivores and had large, saber-like upper canines. Early felids were divided into two subfamilies, Machairodontinae (saber-toothed cats) and Felinae (conical-toothed cats). The many genera of saber-toothed cats are divided into three tribes (Metailurini, Homotheriini, and Smilodontini). Living and extinct conical-toothed cats are placed in one subfamily and one tribe, the Felini, but controversy surrounds generic-level classification of felids. Modern cats are closely related to hyenas, mongooses, and civets. These families, including the families Eupleridae and Nandiniidae, are in the suborder Feliformia.
- Boorer, M. 1970. Wild Cats. New York: Grosset & Dunlap.
- Clutton-Brock, J., D. Wilson. 2001. Cats. Pp. 208-215 in D Burnie, D Wilson, eds. Smithsonian Institution: Animals. New York, NY: DK Publishing.
- Colby, C. 1964. Wild Cats. New York: Duell, Sloan, and Pearce.
- Denis, A. 1964. Cats of the World. Boston: The Riverside Press Cambridge.
- Grzimek, B. 2003. Cats (Felidae). Pp. 369-392 in H Michael, K Devra, G Valerius, M Melissa, eds. Family: Felidae, Vol. 14, 2 Edition. Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group.
- International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 2008. "2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" (On-line). Accessed March 26, 2009 at http://www.iucnredlist.org/search.
- Kelsey-Wood, D. 1989. The Atlas of Cats of the World: Domesticated and Wild. Neptune City, NJ: T.F.H. Publications.
- O'Brian, S. 2001. Cat Family. Pp. 8-39 in D Macdonald, ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford, UK: Andromeda Oxford Limited.
- Turner, A. 1997. The Big Cats and Their Fossil Relatives: an Illustrated Guide to Their Evolution and Natural History. New York: Columbia University Press.
- UCMP, 2010. "Geologic Time Scale" (On-line). University of California Museum of Paleontology (UCMP). Accessed March 20, 2011 at http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/explorations/tours/geotime/guide/geologictimescale.html.
- Vaughan, T., J. Ryan, N. Czaplewski. 2000. Mammalogy. Fourth Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning.
Sunquist and Sunquist (2009) recognized 37 species in the cat family (Felidae), but noted that this number would likely grow somewhat as further taxonomic studies confirm that some currently recognized species actually are composed of distinct populations that warrant recognition as species. Although the number of recognized species has been relatively stable for a century or two, the recognition of genera has been far more dynamic, with the number generally accepted ranging from just two or three to more than a dozen (Sunquist and Sunquist 2009 recognized 14 genera).
There are native felids across all major regions of the Earth except for Australasia and the polar regions (domestic cats have been introduced to many remote oceanic islands and Australia). They may be found from sea level to 6000 meters and in habitats ranging from deserts to savannahs to tropical rainforests, temperate forests, and boreal forests, but around 90% of felid species are associated with forests and woodlands. Some species have relatively narrow geographic and ecological ranges, but a few are extreme generalists. The Puma (Puma concolor) has a range spanning more than 100 degrees of latitude from the Canadian Yukon to the Straits of Magellan and is found from the moist coniferous forests of British Columbia in Canada to the deserts of the southwestern United States, the tropical forests of Central and South America, and south to the cold, dry grasslands of Patagonia. Leopards (Panthera pardus) have a similarly broad distribution in the Old World, ranging from South Africa to the Russian Far East and occurring in habitats from desert to tropical forest. The Colocolo (Leopardus colocolo) and Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) (of South America and Asia, respectively) are also notable habitat generalists, although in the case of the Colocolo what is currently treated as a single species may in fact be several cryptic species.The Leopard Cat has the broadest distribution of all small Asian felids, occurring from southern India to the islands of the Sunda Shelf and north to the Russian Far East and ranging across diverse habitats from sea level to 3000 meters in the Himalayas.
The extant felids are relatively homogeneous in their morphology, so much so that the skeletons of two species as different as a Lion (Panthera leo) and a Tiger (Panthera tigris) would be difficult for a non-specialist to distinguish. A typical felid has a rounded head, a relatively flat face, facial whiskers, large eyes and ears, and a sleek and streamlined body with muscular legs. That said, the felids as a group are remarkably variable in size, probably more so than any other mammal family, ranging acoss two orders of magnitude in mass from the 2 to 3 kilogram Black-footed Cats (Felis nigripes), Kodkods (Leopardus guigna), and Rusty-spotted Cats (Prionailurus rubiginosus) to 300 kilogram Tigers. In most species, males tend to be around 5 to 10% larger than females. Many felid species with large geographic ranges exhibit size variation consistent with Bergmann's Rule. For example, Pumas from low latitudes (i.e., closer to the equator) have skulls that average as much as 25% shorter than higher latitude Pumas and an even greater effect of latitude is seen on body weight.
Most felids are nocturnal and nearly all felids are solitary as adults (with only Lions being truly social, although Cheetahs [Acinonyx jubatus] are also somewhat social). Both vocalizations and visual signals are used extensively in communication. Felids are believed to have a relatively poor sense of smell relative to other carnivores, but use scent-marking extensively to communicate with conspecifics.
Felids are sometimes referred to as hypercarnivores because of the much higher proportion of protein they require in their diet, much more than most other mammals. The largest felids are predators of very large mammals. The dominant large cats are the Lion in Africa, the Tiger in Asia, and the Jaguar (Panthera onca) in South America. The medium-sized cats such as the Puma, Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia), and Leopard are able to kill prey their own size, but much of their diet consists of smaller prey between 2 and 40 kilograms and their diets tend to include a much larger range of species than do the diets of the big cats, which tend to feed on just a few species in any particular ecosystem. Small felids, such as Ocelots (Leopardus pardalis), Bobcats (Lynx rufus), Black-footed Cats, and Jungle Cats (Felis chaus), also feed on mammals, but their diets frequently include birds, reptiles, amphibians, and insects as well, with most prey items less than one kilogram. A few small cats are relatively specialized predators, e.g., the Fishing Cat (Prionailurus viverrinus), which captures fishes and frogs by wading in shallow water or waiting on the bank, often plunging its head completely underwater to seize a fish. Fishing Cats have reportedly been seen swimming underwater to catch coots or ducks. Servals (Leptailurus serval) are specialized on small mammals and Canadian Lynx (Lynx canadensis) feed heavily on Snowshoe Hares (Lepus americanus).
Coat pattern is highly variable both among and within felid species. An especially striking example of intraspecific variation is the melanism that has been recorded for a number of felid species living in tropical humid and densely vegetated habitats. Best known are the "black panthers", which are melanistic Leopards (in the Old World) or Jaguars (in the New World).
Many species of felids have declined dramatically over the past century or two due to human impacts, with declining ranges and shrinking populations resulting from habitat loss, declining prey populations, and direct persecution for trade, predator control, and sport. Some felid species are believed to be naturally rare (e.g., the extremely poorly known Bay Cat [Catopuma badia] of Borneo and the three smallest felids, the Kodkod of Chile and Argentina, the Rusty-spotted Cat of India and Sri Lanka, and the Black-footed Cat of South Africa), making them more vulnerable to new threats. Sunquist and Sunquist (2009) provided an overview of the conservation threats facing many of the world's felids as of 2009.
(Sunquist and Sunquist 2009 and references therein)
Description of Felidae
Felids are native to every continent except Australia and Antarctica. Excluding domestic and feral cats (Felis catus), which are globally distributed, felids can be found everywhere except Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Madagascar, polar regions, and many isolated oceanic islands.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Introduced , Native ); palearctic (Introduced , Native ); oriental (Introduced , Native ); ethiopian (Introduced , Native ); neotropical (Introduced , Native ); australian (Introduced ); oceanic islands (Introduced )
Other Geographic Terms: holarctic ; cosmopolitan
- Feldhamer, G., L. Drickamer, S. Vessey, J. Merritt. 1999. Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, and Ecology. Second Edition. Boston, MA: McGraw Hill.
- Nowell, K., P. Jackson. 1996. Wild Cats. Cambridge, U.K.: International Union for Conservation of Nature.
Physical Description
All felids bear a strong resemblance to one another. Unlike members of the family Canidae, felids have a short rostrum and tooth row, which increases bite force. Loss or reduction of cheek teeth is particularly apparent in felids, which have a typical dental formula of 3/3, 1/1, 3/2, 1/1 = 30. In most species, the upper premolar is significantly reduced and in Lynx, has been completely lost. Felids have well developed carnassials. Their cheek teeth are secodont and are specialized for shearing. Felid canines tend to be long and conical and are ideal for puncturing prey tissues with minimal force. Besides having a short rostrum, felids also have large bullae that are divided by a septum; no alisphenoid canal, and paroccipital processes flattened against the bullae. Felids also have a vestigial or absent baculum and retractable claws. Distal segments of digits in the relaxed position are pulled back and up into a sheath by an elastic segment, which prevents claws from becoming blunt. Cheetahs are the exception as they cannot retract their claws and, when attacking prey, they tend to run into them so that they fall, much like canids. Cats have five toes on their forefeet and four on their hindfeet. They are digitigrade, and their metapodials are moderately long but never fused.
Felids range in body mass from 2 kg in black-footed cats (Felis negripes) to 300 kg in tigers (Panthera tigris), and exhibit sexual dimorphism, with males being larger and more muscular than females. In some species, such as lions (Panthera leo), males may also have ornamentation that is used to attract potential mates. Throughout their range, felid coats are longest where temperatures tend to be coldest (e.g., snow leopards). Felids exhibit a wide range of colors, from black to orange to white, and many species have cryptically colored coats containing rosettes, spots, and stripes that help camouflage them while hunting for prey. While melanistic variants (solid black) are common in many species, completely white individuals tend to be rare. A great deal of color variation can occur within individual species and newborns tend to have different coloration than adults. For example, adult cougars (Puma concolor) rarely have spots while kittens almost always have spots. In general, the ventral surface of felids tends to be pale while the face, tail, and back of the ears often have black or white markings.
Felids have a number of morphological adaptations that have allowed them to become the most adept hunters in the order Carnivora. They have digitigrade posture that results in a rapid stride rate and powerful forelimbs that help them capture and retain large prey. Often, felids are cryptically colored, which helps camouflage them while hunting. In addition, most felids have large eyes and exceptional vision. In nocturnal species, the tapetum lucidum helps intensify limited light. Many species also have large semi-rotating ears. Finally, the felid tongue has a sandpaper-like texture due to posteriorly directed papillae on its dorsal surface, which are thought to help retain food in the mouth and remove tissue from the bones of prey.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: male larger; ornamentation
- Kitchener, A. 1991. The Natural History of the Wild Cats. Ithaca, New York: Comstock Publishing Associates.
- Walker, E. 1975. Mammals of the World. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press.
Cats are found in all terrestrial habitats except treeless tundra and polar ice regions. Most species are habitat generalists and can be found in a wide range of environments. However, few have adapted to a limited range of habitats. For example, optimal habitat for sand cats (Felis margarita) consists of sandy and stony deserts. Domestic and feral cats (F. catus) are ubiquitous globally and are especially pervasive in urban and suburban areas.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: taiga ; desert or dune ; savanna or grassland ; chaparral ; forest ; rainforest ; scrub forest ; mountains
Wetlands: marsh ; swamp ; bog
Other Habitat Features: urban ; suburban ; agricultural ; riparian
Trophic Strategy
Morphologically, felids are considered the most specialized of all carnivores in the order Carnivora. They are at top of the food web in most ecosystems, as their diet consists almost entirely of animals. Occasionally, felids ingest grass to help pass fur balls, a by-product of constant grooming. Some genera ingest fruit to help offset water requirements. Felids may eat the viscera (i.e., internal organs) of prey, thus consuming partially digested plant biomass. Although they typically hunt for large prey (e.g., Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla), when the opportunity arises large cats may eat carrion as well. Small cats predominantly prey upon rodents and rabbits or hares. When available, small cats also feed upon reptiles, amphibians, birds, fish, crustaceans, and arthropods. Some species cache food and may drag prey carcasses into nearby trees prior to feeding (e.g., Panthera pardus). Fishing cats and flat-headed cats are unique among felids, as they are especially adapted for preying upon fish and frogs.
Foraging Behavior: stores or caches food
Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats terrestrial vertebrates, Piscivore , Scavenger )
Felids are apex predators that initiate top-down control and are often considered keystone species in their native habitats. Often preying upon the most vulnerable of individuals (e.g., young, old, or ill), felids promote robust prey populations that exhibit decreased vulnerability to disease and prevent overgrazing by large herbivores. For example, evidence suggests that white-tailed deer in Bear Island, Florida avoid forest habitat based on the presence or absence of Florida panthers. However, bobcats, which typically prey upon small mammals, opportunistically prey on deer in open habitat. Thus, in their attempt to avoid one felid predator, white-tailed deer have become increasingly vulnerable to another.
Domestic and wild felids are vulnerable to a large number of endoparasites including flatworms (Platyhelminthes), roundworms (Nematoda), thorny-headed worms (Acanthocephala), tongue worms (Pentastomida), and parasitic protozoa (Apicomplexa). Common felid ectoparasites consist of ticks and mites (Acari), sucking lice (Phthiraptera), fleas (Siphonaptera), mosquitoes (Culicidae), and flies (Diptera).
Ecosystem Impact: keystone species
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
- flatworms (Platyhelminthes)
- thorny-headed worms (Acanthocephala)
- roundworms (Nematoda)
- protozoa (Apicomplexa)
- tongue worms (Pentastomida)
- ticks and mites (Acari)
- sucking lice (Phthiraptera)
- fleas (Siphonaptera)
- mosquitoes (Culicidae)
- flies (Diptera)
- Maehr, D., M. Orlando, J. Cox. 2005. Large carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores in South Florida: an evolutionary approach to conserving landscape and biodiversity. Pp. 293-313 in J Ray, K Redford, R Steneck, J Berger, eds. Large Carnivores and the Conservation of Biodiversity. Washington D. C.: Island Press.
- Millan, J., F. Ruiz-Fons, F. Marquez, M. Viota, J. Lopez-Bao, M. Martin-Mateo. 2007. Ectoparasites of the endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) and sympatric wild and domestic carnivores in Spain. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 21: 248-254.
- Patton, S., A. Rabinowitz, S. Randolph, S. Johnson. 1986. A coprological survey of parasites of wold neotropical felidae. The Journal of Parasitology, 72/4: 517-520.
- Patton, S., A. Rabinowitz. 1994. Parasites of wild Felidae in Thailand: a coprological survey. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 30/3: 472-475.
Felids are typically apex predators (i.e., predators with no predators of their own), but young are vulnerable to predation until they are capable of defending themselves. Many species are cryptically colored, which allows them to remain camouflaged while in their native habitat. Although not an act of predation, many large cats are intolerant of heterospecific felids. For example, lions readily kill leopards, which are known to kill cheetahs. During attempted pride takeovers, male lions commit infanticide as a way of inducing estrus in pride females and eliminating the offspring of rival males. About one quarter of lion cub deaths can be attributed to infanticide, which also occurs in pumas.
Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic
Known prey organisms
Peromyscus maniculatus
Passerina cyanea
Eudocimus ruber
Sarcoramphus papa
Leontopithecus chrysopygus
Callicebus personatus
Neotragus moschatus
Tetracerus quadricornis
Sylvilagus brasiliensis
Based on studies in:
USA: Illinois (Forest)
This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.
- A. C. Twomey, The bird population of an elm-maple forest with special reference to aspection, territorialism, and coactions, Ecol. Monogr. 15(2):175-205, from p. 202 (1945).
- Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2006. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed February 16, 2011 at http://animaldiversity.org. http://www.animaldiversity.org
Life History and Behavior
Felids have acute senses of smell, hearing, and sight. In addition to the tapetum lucidum, a layer of reflective tissue in the eye of many vertebrates, felids have a modified pupil that allows for excellent vision in a wide range of environments. The felid pupil consists of a vertical slit that expands in low light conditions and contracts in high light conditions. Felids have relatively large pinnae that can rotate to allow for multidirectional hearing without rotating their head. Well-developed vibrissae, which are located above the eyes, on the muzzle, and on the ventral surface of forepaws between the digits, play an important role in tactile sensory reception. Similar to other carnivores, felids have haptic receptors inside their digits that allows them to sense temperature, pressure, and other stimuli.
Felids are solitary animals that scent mark territories with facial glands and urine. They also mark territorial boundaries by clawing tree trunks. Like many vertebrates, felids have a vomeronasal organ, or Jacobson's organ, that allows them to detect pheromones. This olfactory sense organ is found at the base of the nasal cavity and plays an important role in conspecific interactions, especially those related to reproduction. For example, after smelling the genital area or urine of a potential mate, males curl their upper lip toward their nostrils (i.e., the Flehmen response). Using the vomeronasal organ, this allows males to assess the mating condition and quality of potential mates. It is thought that input from the vomeronasal organ and the olfactory bulbs significantly contribute to mating activity.
Due to their nocturnal and solitary lifestyles, investigating audible communication in felids has proven difficult. However, the calls of many carnivores are known to signal individual recognition and territorial boundaries. It is thought that by observing domestic cats (Felis catus), one can hear a majority of the sounds made by most felids. They purr, meow, growl, hiss, spit, and scream. The hyoid apparatus of small-bodied cats is hardened, resulting in an inability to roar. Large-bodied cats have the capability to roar, which is thought to serve as a form of long-distance communication. For example, lions typically roar at night to advertise territories. Research suggests that lionesses can identify the sex of a roaring individual and lionesses respond differently to different numbers of roaring individuals.
Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Other Communication Modes: pheromones ; scent marks
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
- Packer, C. 2001. Why lions roar: long distance vocal communication in African prides. Pp. 16-17 in D Macdonald, ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford, UK: Andromeda Oxford Limited.
Life Expectancy
Although many cats do not live beyond their first birthday, felid lifespan ranges from 15 to 30 years old. In the wild, juvenile deaths are normally due to predation. In captivity, however, juvenile deaths are often due to stillbirths, cannibalism, maternal neglect, hypothermia, and congenital disorder.
Felids are most often classified as polygynous but can exhibit polygynandrous behavior as well. Estrous lasts from 1 to 21 days and females may have multiple estrous cycles until they become pregnant. Females advertise estrus to potential mates through vocalizations, scent marking, and restlessness. As with most polygynous species, males compete for access to mates via displays and fighting, and successful males court mates through vocalizations and direct physical contact (e.g., rubbing on the female). During courtship, successful males may also approach receptive females with their head lowered. While the act of copulation lasts less than a minute, multiple copulations can occur over a period of several days, which may help induce ovulation. After several days, males may leave in order to find additional estrous females, in which case another male takes his place.
In felids, male territories often encompass those of multiple females (for an exception see Panther leo) and males mate with females that reside within his territory. Most conspecific interactions occur during mating season or as a result of territorial disputes among rival males. Indirect interactions via scent markings or vocalizations help reduce the number of fatal interactions.
Mating System: polygynous ; polygynandrous (promiscuous)
The act of copulation is aggressive and brief and may be repeated multiple times an hour for several days. Repeated copulation is thought to induce ovulation in females. Most species are polygynous and polyestrous, with estrous cycles lasting from from 1 to 3 days. Most felids are non-seasonal breeders, but in areas of extreme climatic or prey variability, parturition occurs during the most favorable times of the year. Small-bodied cats tend to have 3 litters per year, while large cats average 1 litter every 18 months. The interval between birthing events may depend on maturation rates of young, body size, food availability, or recent loss of litter. For example, if a female loses her litter, she can come into estrus within a few weeks. Although most litters contain 2 to 4 cubs, females can give birth to as many as 8 cubs in a litter. Gestation lasts from 2 months in small cats to 3 months in lions and tigers.
Felid cubs are born altricial, as newborns are often blind and deaf, rendering them defenseless. Mothers often hide newborns in dens, rock crevices, or tree hollows until they are mobile. Cubs remain with their mother until they can hunt on their own. Weaning begins at the introduction of solid food and ranges in length from 28 days (domestic cats) to 100 days (lions and tigers). Felids reach sexual maturity in less than a year for small cats and up to 2 years for large cats. Typically, cats do not produce their first litter until they have established a home range, which usually does not occur until they are 3 or 4 years of age. Although age of independence is highly variable, many species become independent around 18 months of age. Unlike most felids, lions are very social and females take turns nursing young born to other pride members (i.e., communal nursing) while absent mothers are hunting for food.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; induced ovulation ; viviparous
With the exception of lions, females are the sole caretakers of young felids. Mothers hide their cubs in dens, rock crevices, or tree hollows while they are away hunting and young hide until she returns. Weaning begins at the introduction of solid food, around 28 days in domestic cats (Felis domesticus) and 100 days in lions. Females teach cubs how to stalk, pounce, and kill. Weaning is complete when cubs can eat meat and help hunt for prey. Juvenile felids spend a majority of their time "role playing," which helps develop important hunting skills. Juveniles are independent once they become competent hunters, though they may remain in their mother's territory for up to a year before they establish their own. Most felids do not begin reproducing until they have their own territories. Although male lions use infanticide to eliminate unrelated young during pride takeover events, they also provide a significant degree of parental care to their own offspring, protecting cubs while they feed and allowing mothers to rest.
Parental Investment: altricial ; female parental care ; pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); extended period of juvenile learning
- Grzimek, B. 2003. Cats (Felidae). Pp. 369-392 in H Michael, K Devra, G Valerius, M Melissa, eds. Family: Felidae, Vol. 14, 2 Edition. Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group.
- Kitchener, A. 1991. The Natural History of the Wild Cats. Ithaca, New York: Comstock Publishing Associates.
- Patterson, B. 2007. On the Nature and Significance of Variability in Lions (Panthera leo). Evolutionary Biology, 34: 55-60.
- Ramel, G. 2008. "The Cats (Family Felidae; Order Carnivora)" (On-line). The Cats. Accessed February 24, 2009 at http://www.earthlife.net/mammals/cats.html.
- Sunquist, M., F. Sunquist. 2002. Wild Cats of the World. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
Evolution and Systematics
Functional Adaptations
Functional adaptation
The skeleton of a cat allows it to absorb shocks to its forelimbs because it has no direct skeletal connection between its collarbone and vertebral column.
"Cats have no direct skeletal connection through a collarbone between the bones of their forelimbs (pectoral girdle) and those of their vertebral columns. In effect, they have shock-mounted forelimbs, which cushion a landing after a jump. None of these schemes reduce the extremes of velocity one bit; what they reduce are the velocity gradients." (Vogel 2003:77)
Learn more about this functional adaptation.
- Steven Vogel. 2003. Comparative Biomechanics: Life's Physical World. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 580 p.
Functional adaptation
The sensory system of cats detects X-ray radiation with the olfactory bulb, rather than the eyes.
"In 1965, a team of biologists at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Long Beach, California, performed experiments that seemed to show that cats could detect X rays. In conditioning experiments, cats reacted to five-second exposures of X-ray radiation in order to avoid a mild rebuff. In attempting to pinpoint the body region responsible for this remarkable feat, the researchers found that the olfactory bulb behind the nasal and oral passages was the most responsive region, rather than the eyes." (Shuker 2001:21)
Learn more about this functional adaptation.
- Shuker, KPN. 2001. The Hidden Powers of Animals: Uncovering the Secrets of Nature. London: Marshall Editions Ltd. 240 p.
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Statistics of barcoding coverage
Specimen Records:1612
Specimens with Sequences:3221
Specimens with Barcodes:273
Species With Barcodes:44
Public Records:217
Public Species:37
Public BINs:23
Barcode data
Conservation Status
Major challenges to felid populations include habitat loss or fragmentation, management of cat-human interactions, the collection and killing of felids for the pet and fashion trades, and disappearance of natural prey. Additionally, reduced population sizes increase vulnerability to extinction due to natural disasters, epidemics, and inbreeding depression. According to the IUCN Redlist of Threatened Species, 29 of the 36 recognized species of felids are currently in decline, and 5 of the remaining 7 species have insufficient population data to determine demographic trends. Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) are listed as critically endangered and are one of the most endangered animals on the planet, with a maximum of 143 individuals remaining in 2 separate breeding populations. Including tigers (Panthera tigris) and snow leopards (Panthera uncia), 6 other species are listed as endangered. CITES, which was created in part over concerns that international fur trade would drive many felids to extinction, currently lists 23 species or subspecies under Appendix I, with all remaining species placed under Appendix II. The North American Endangered Species Act lists 8 species or subspecies of North American felids as threatened or endangered, including jaguars (Panthera onca), ocelots (Leopardus pardalis), and panthers (Puma concolor).
Currently, conservation efforts are focused on habitat preservation, captive breeding, and reintroductions. Numerous cat species have been reintroduced or translocated throughout parts of their range where they were once extinct. Aside from the reintroduction of European wild cats in Bavaria, Canada lynx in northern New York State, and bobcats to Cumberland Island, Georgia, few reintroductions have been truly successful. The majority of felid reintroductions fail due to a lack of careful planning and execution, which is directly linked to a lack of time and money. In addition, a majority of large cat reintroductions fail because management teams don't take into consideration four important points. First, reintroduction efforts must consider the conditions under which past translocation events were successful, especially the movement of animals into established populations. Second, management teams often fail to appropriately train captive-bred animals to be successful predators in their native habitat. Third, prior to a reintroduction or translocation event it is imperative that the various genetic and morphological differences between different subpopulations are well understood. Finally, the support and receptivity of local human communities must be assessed prior to reintroducing a potentially dangerous predator. Many felid populations are currently in decline largely because of persecution by humans. If felid reintroduction is not supported by local communities, such attempts are likely to fail.
In 1996, the IUCN published an action plan for the conservation of large cats, which included a list of 105 "priority projects". The "general conservation plan" called for a number actions that were believed to aid in the conservation of all felid species. For example, the establishment of a "cat conservation center" would result in a centralized data management center that would solicit potential donors for funding and help carry out the directives suggested by the conservation action plan as a whole. In addition to a generalized action plan, species specific action plans were formulated for 43 different cat species. Since 1996, the IUCN's Cat Specialist Group has helped launch numerous research efforts aimed at addressing the conservation goals outlined in their 1996 conservation plan. In 2004, the Cat Specialist Group established a "digital cat library" that contains more than 6,000 "papers and reports relevant to the conservation of wild cats", and in 2005 the first captive bred Iberian lynx litter was born, which served as a giant symbolic leap in the long journey of felid conservation.
- CITES, 2010. "CITES" (On-line). CITES Species Database. Accessed March 29, 2011 at http://www.cites.org/eng/resources/species.html.
- IUCN, 2010. "IUCN SSC/Cat Specialist Group" (On-line). Accessed March 29, 2011 at http://www.catsg.org/catsgportal/20_catsg-website/home/index_en.htm.
- IUCN, 2010. "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" (On-line). Mammals. Accessed March 29, 2011 at http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/mammals.
- U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010. "U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service" (On-line). Endangered Species Program. Accessed March 29, 2011 at http://www.fws.gov/endangered/species/us-species.html.
Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
Where feral domestic cats have been introduced, the diversity of small vertebrates (such as birds, lizards, and small mammals) has significantly declined. Felids attack and kill livestock, which can result in losses for farmers. Wild cats are capable of transmitting pathogens to domestic cats. Large cats occasionally kill and eat people, though a majority of attacks are often the result of accidental confrontations or involve sick or injured animals. In the Sunderbans of India, the largest contiguous parcel of halophytic forest in the world, tigers (Panthera tigris) kill several dozen people each year.
Negative Impacts: injures humans (bites or stings); causes or carries domestic animal disease
Felids were first domesticated in Egypt between 4,000 and 7,000 years ago. Historically, cat pelts served as a symbol of status and power, a trend that continues to this day. In Africa, felids are often hunted for sport (i.e., trophies) and retaliatory killings by livestock farmers are not uncommon. In addition to their pelts, felids are desired for their claws and teeth. Traditional medicines may incorporate felid by-products, although their efficacy is unproven. Although international trade of wild felids and their by-products is illegal, domestic trade continues in some countries. In the ecotourism industry large cats have significant economic value in Africa and India and are sought out by tourists on both national and private reserves. Small cats primarily prey on rodents, hares, and rabbits, which helps control pest populations throughout much of their range. Large cats commonly prey on large herbivores, which reduces competition between livestock and native ungulates.
Positive Impacts: pet trade ; body parts are source of valuable material; ecotourism ; controls pest population
Felidae is the biological family of the cats; a member of this family is called a felid. The most familiar felid is the domestic cat, which first became associated with humans about 10,000 years ago, but the family includes all other wild cats, including the big cats.
Extant felids belong to one of two subfamilies: Pantherinae (which includes the tiger, the lion, the jaguar, and the leopard), and Felinae (which includes the cougar, the cheetah, the lynxes, the ocelot, and the domestic cat).
The first felids emerged during the Oligocene, about 25 million years ago. In prehistoric times, a third subfamily, the Machairodontinae, included the "saber-toothed cats", such as the well-known Smilodon. Other superficially cat-like mammals, such as the marsupial sabertooth Thylacosmilus or the Nimravidae are not included in Felidae despite superficial similarities.
Felids are the strictest carnivores of the 13 terrestrial families in the order Carnivora, although the three families of marine mammals comprising the superfamily Pinnipedia are as carnivorous as the felids. Felids are sometimes referred to as hypercarnivores because of the much higher proportion of protein they require in their diet, much more than most other mammals.[3]
- 1 Evolution
- 2 Characteristics
- 3 Classification
- 4 Fossil felids
- 5 Genera of the Felidae
- 6 See also
- 7 Cited references
- 8 General references
- 9 External links
The 41 known cat species in the world today all descended from the same ancestor.[1] Cats originated in Asia and spread across continents by crossing land bridges. Testing of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA revealed the ancient cats evolved into eight main lineages that diverged in the course of at least 10 migrations (in both directions) from continent to continent via the Bering land bridge and the Isthmus of Panama, with the Panthera genus being the oldest and the Felis genus being the youngest. About 60% of the modern cat species are estimated to have developed within the last million years.[4]
The Felidae's closest relatives are thought to be the Asiatic linsangs.[5] Together with the Viverridae, hyenas, mongooses, and Madagascar carnivores, they form the suborder Feliformia.[6]
Most cat species share a genetic anomaly that prevents them from tasting sweetness.[7]
Most cat species have a haploid number of 18 or 19. New World cats (those in Central and South America) have a haploid number of 18, possibly due to the combination of two smaller chromosomes into a larger one.[8] Prior to this discovery, biologists had been largely unable to establish a family tree of cats from fossil records because the fossils of different cat species all look very much alike, differing primarily in size.[citation needed]
Felids are obligate carnivores, requiring a diet of meat and organs to survive. Aside from the lion, wild felids are generally solitary; feral domestic cats do, however, form colonies. Cheetahs are also known to live and hunt in groups. Felids are generally secretive animals, are often nocturnal, and live in relatively inaccessible habitats. Around three-quarters of cat species live in forested terrain, and they are generally agile climbers. However, felids may be found in almost any environment, with some species being native to mountainous terrain or deserts.
Wild felids are native to every continent except Australasia and Antarctica.
Physical appearance[edit]
Felids tend to have lithe and flexible bodies with muscular limbs. In the great majority of species, the tail is between a third and a half the length of the body, although with some exceptions (for example, the bobcat and margay). The limbs are digitigrade with soft toe pads and protractible claws. Compared with most other mammals, the head of cats is highly domed with a short muzzle. The skull possesses wide zygomatic arches and a large sagittal crest, both of which allow for the attachment of strong jaw muscles.[9]
The various species of felids vary greatly in size. One of the smallest is the black-footed cat, measuring 35 to 40 cm (14 to 16 in) long, while the largest in the wild is the tiger, which can grow up to 350 cm (11.5 ft) in length[10] and weigh 300 kilograms (660 lb).
The fur of felids takes many different forms, being much thicker in those species living in cold environments, such as the snow leopard. The color of felids is also highly variable—although brown to golden fur is common in most species—usually marked with distinctive spots, stripes, or rosettes. The only felids to lack significant markings are the lion, puma, caracal, and jaguarundi. Many species exhibit melanism, in which some individuals have an all-black coat.[9]
The tongue of felids is covered with horny papillae, which rasp meat from prey and aid in grooming.
All felids have protractible claws, in other words they have the ability to protract their claws from a retracted, at-rest position. However, in a few species, such as the cheetah, the claws remain visible even when at rest (retracted). The claws are retracted when the animal is relaxed and protracted when they are in use. They are attached to the terminal bone of the toe with a tough ligament; when the animal contracts muscles in the toe to straighten it, the ligament forces the claw outwards.[9] Cats have five toes on their forefeet and four on their hindfeet, reflecting their reliance on gripping and holding down their prey with their claws.[citation needed] In the Felidae, the baculum is shorter than in the Canidae.[11]
Felids have relatively large eyes, situated to provide binocular vision. Their night vision is especially good due to the presence of a tapetum lucidum, which reflects light back inside the eyeball, and gives felid eyes their distinctive shine. As a result, the eyes of felids are about six times more light sensitive than those of humans, and many species are at least partially nocturnal. The retina of felids also contains a relatively high proportion of rod cells, adapted for distinguishing moving objects in conditions of dim light, which are complemented by the presence of cone cells for sensing color during the day. However, felids appear to have relatively poor color vision in comparison with humans.[9] This is explained by the fact that felids see moving objects more "colorfully" than still objects, but in an intact environment, are unable to distinguish color tones alone (like turquoise compared to teal, for example).[citation needed]
The external ears of felids are also large, and especially sensitive to high-frequency sounds in the smaller cats. This sensitivity allows them to locate small rodent prey; cats do not apparently produce such sounds.[9]
Felids also have a highly developed sense of smell, although not to the degree seen in canids; this is further supplemented by the presence of a vomeronasal organ in the roof of the mouth, allowing the animal to "taste" the air. The use of this organ is associated with the Flehmen response, in which the upper lip is curled upwards. Most felids are unable to taste sweetness due to a mutated gene in their taste buds. Exceptions include members of the genera Leopardus and Otocolobus.[citation needed]
Felids possess highly sensitive whiskers set deep within the skin, which provide the cat with sensory information about the slightest air movement around it. Whiskers are very helpful to nocturnal hunters.
Most felids are able to land on their feet after a fall, an ability that relies on vision and the sense of balance acting together.[citation needed]
Felids have a relatively small number of teeth compared with other carnivorans, a feature associated with their short muzzles. With a few exceptions, such as the lynx, they have the dental formula: 220.127.116.11.1.2.1. The canine teeth are large, reaching exceptional size in the extinct saber-tooth species. The upper third premolar and lower molar are adapted as carnassial teeth, suited to tearing and cutting flesh.[9]
The jaws of felids can only move vertically. This prevents them from being able to chew efficiently, but makes it easier for their powerful masseter jaw muscles to hold struggling prey.
All felids share a broadly similar set of vocalisations, but with some variation between species. In particular, the pitch of calls varies, with larger species producing deeper sounds; overall, the frequency of felid calls ranges between 50 and 10,000 hertz.
All felids are able to spit, hiss, growl, snarl, and mew. The first four sounds are all used in an aggressive context. The spitting sound is a sudden burst, typically used when making threats, especially towards other species. The hiss is a prolonged, atonal sound used in close range to other members of the species, when the animal is uncertain whether to attack or retreat. Growling is used to indicate a willingness to attack, while the higher-pitched snarl is used when adopting a defensive posture.
The mewing sound may be used either as a close-contact call, typically between a mother and kittens, or as a louder, longer distance call, primarily during the mating season. The acoustic properties of the mew vary somewhat between different felid species; extreme examples include the whistling sound made by cougars and the mew-grunt of lions and tigers.
Most felids seem to be able to purr, vibrating the muscles in their larynx to produce a distinctive buzzing sound. In the wild, purring is used while a mother is caring for kittens. Precisely which species of felids are able to purr is a matter of debate, but the sound has been recorded in most of the smaller species, as well as the cheetah and cougar, and may also be found in the big cats.
Other common felid vocalisations include the gurgle, wah-wah, prusten, and roar. The first two sounds are found only among the Felinae (small cats). Gurgling is a quiet sound used during meetings between friendly individuals, as well as during courtship and when nursing kittens. The wah-wah is a short, deep-sounding call used in close contact, and is not found in all species (it is, for example, absent in the domestic cat).
In contrast, prusten and roaring are found only in big cats. Prusten is a short, soft, snorting sound reported in tigers, jaguars, snow leopards, and clouded leopards; it is used during contact between friendly individuals. The roar is an especially loud call with a distinctive pattern that depends on the species. The ability to roar comes from an elongated and specially adapted larynx and hyoid apparatus.[12] When air passes through the larynx on the way from the lungs, the cartilage walls of the larynx vibrate, producing sound. Only lions, leopards, tigers, and jaguars are truly able to roar, although the loudest mews of snow leopards have a similar, if less structured, sound.[9] Tigers and jaguars have a very snarly roar, while the roar of leopards and lions is much more throaty.[citation needed]
Social and territorial behavior[edit]
Territorial marking[edit]
Traditionally, five subfamilies have been distinguished within the Felidae based on phenotypical features: the Felinae, the Pantherinae, the Acinonychinae (cheetahs), the extinct Machairodontinae, and the extinct Proailurinae.[2]
Genetic classification[edit]
Genetic research has provided a basis for a more concise classification for the living members of the cat family based on genotypical groupings.[1][4][13] Specifically, eight genetic lineages have been identified:[14]
- Lineage 1 Pantherinae : Panthera, Uncia, Neofelis
- Lineage 2: Pardofelis, Catopuma
- Lineage 3: Leptailurus, Caracal, Profelis
- Lineage 4: Leopardus
- Lineage 5: Lynx
- Lineage 6: Puma, Acinonyx
- Lineage 7: Prionailurus, Otocolobus
- Lineage 8: Felis
The last four lineages are more related to each other than to any of the first four, so form a clade within the Felinae subfamily of family Felidae.
Extant species[edit]
The following is the complete list of genera within family Felidae, grouped according to the traditional phenotypical classification with the corresponding genotypical lineages indicated. It includes all the currently living species of cats.[1]
- Subfamily Pantherinae
- Genus Panthera [Lineage 1]
- Genus Uncia [Lineage 1]
- Snow leopard (Uncia uncia)
- Genus Neofelis [Lineage 1]
- Clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa)
- Sunda clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi)
- Subfamily Felinae
- Genus Pardofelis [Lineage 2] — since 2006, this genus is defined as also comprising Bay cat and Asian golden cat;[4]
- Marbled cat (Pardofelis marmorata)
- Genus Catopuma [Lineage 2]
- Bay cat (Catopuma badia) — syn. Pardofelis badia;[4]
- Asian golden cat (Catopuma temminckii) — syn. Pardofelis temminckii;[4]
- Genus Leptailurus [Lineage 3]
- Serval (Leptailurus serval)
- Genus Caracal [Lineage 3]
- Caracal (Caracal caracal)
- Genus Profelis [Lineage 3]
- African golden cat (Profelis aurata)
- Genus Leopardus [Lineage 4]
- Pantanal cat (Leopardus braccatus)
- Colocolo (Leopardus colocolo)
- Geoffroy's cat (Leopardus geoffroyi)
- Kodkod (Leopardus guigna)
- Andean mountain cat (Leopardus jacobitus)
- Pampas cat (Leopardus pajeros)
- Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis)
- Oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus)
- Margay (Leopardus wiedii)
- Genus Lynx [Lineage 5]
- Canadian lynx (Lynx canadensis)
- Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx)
- Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus)
- Bobcat (Lynx rufus)
- Genus Puma [Lineage 6]
- Cougar (Puma concolor)
- Jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi)
- Genus Acinonyx[15][Lineage 6]
- Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus)
- Genus Prionailurus [Lineage 7]
- Leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis)
- Iriomote cat (Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis)
- Flat-headed cat (Prionailurus planiceps)
- Rusty-spotted cat (Prionailurus rubiginosus)
- Fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus)
- Leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis)
- Genus Otocolobus [Lineage 7]
- Pallas's cat (Otocolobus manul)
- Genus Felis [Lineage 8]
- Chinese mountain cat (Felis bieti)
- Domestic cat (Felis catus)
- Jungle cat (Felis chaus)
- Sand cat (Felis margarita)
- Black-footed cat (Felis nigripes)
- Wildcat (Felis silvestris)
- Genus Pardofelis [Lineage 2] — since 2006, this genus is defined as also comprising Bay cat and Asian golden cat;[4]
Fossil felids[edit]
Possibly the oldest known true felid (Proailurus) lived in the late Oligocene and early Miocene epochs. During the Miocene, it gave way to Pseudaelurus. Pseudaelurus is believed to be the latest common ancestor of the two extant subfamilies and the extinct subfamily, Machairodontinae. This group, better known as the saber-tooth cats, became extinct in the Late Pleistocene era. The group includes the genera Smilodon, Machairodus and Homotherium. The Metailurini were originally classified as a distinct tribe within the Machairodontinae, though they count as members of the Felinae in recent times.[17][18] Most extinct cat-like animals, once regarded as members of the Felidae, later turned out to be members of related, but distinct, families: the "false sabretooths" Nimravidae and Barbourofelidae. As a result, sabretooth "cats" seem to belong to four different lineages. The total number of fossil felids known to science is low compared to other carnivoran families, such as dogs and bears. Felidae radiated quite recently and most of the extant species are relatively young.
Genera of the Felidae[edit]
The list follows McKenna and Bell's Classification of Mammals for prehistoric genera (1997)[2] and Wozencraft (2005) in Wilson and Reeder's Mammal Species of the World for extant genera.[1] Pseudaelurus is included in the Felinae as per McKenna & Bell, despite its basal position in felid evolution. Inconsistent with McKenna and Bell, three additional prehistoric genera, Miracinonyx, Lokontailurus and Xenosmilus, are listed. Sivapanthera is included in the Felinae (not Acinonychinae) and Ischrosmilus is included in the genus Smilodon.
- †Proailurinae
- Felinae
- Pantherinae
- †Machairodontinae
- †Machairodus (Late Miocene, Africa, Eurasia, North America)
- †Homotherium (Pliocene, Pleistocene; Africa, Eurasia, North America)
- †Xenosmilus (Pleistocene; North America)
- †Lokotunjailurus (Latest Miocene; Africa)
- †Miomachairodus (Middle Miocene; Africa, Asia)
- †Hemimachairodus
- †Paramachairodus (Late Miocene; Eurasia, Africa)
- †Megantereon (Pliocene, Pleistocene; North America, Africa, Eurasia)
- †Smilodon (Pleistocene; North South America)
See also[edit]
Cited references[edit]
- ^ a b c d e Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–548. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ a b c McKenna, Malcolm C.; Susan K. Bell (2000-02-15). Classification of Mammals. Columbia University Press. p. 631. ISBN 978-0-231-11013-6.
- ^ http://eol.org/pages/7674/overview
- ^ a b c d e Johnson, W. E., Eizirik, E., Pecon-Slattery, J., Murphy, W. J., Antunes, A., Teeling, E., O'Brien, S. J. (2006). "The late miocene radiation of modern Felidae: a genetic assessment". Science 311 (5757): 73–77. doi:10.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146.
- ^ Eizirik E., Murphy W. J., Koepfli K. P., Johnson W. E., Dragoo J. W., O'Brien S. J. (2010). "Pattern and timing of the diversification of the mammalian order Carnivora inferred from multiple nuclear gene sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 56 (1): 49–63. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.033. PMID 20138220.
- ^ Gaubert P., Veron G. (2003). "Exhaustive sample set among Viverridae reveals the sister-group of felids: the linsangs as a case of extreme morphological convergence within Feliformia". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 270 (1532): 2523–30. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2521. PMC 1691530. PMID 14667345.
- ^ Xia, Li; Weihua Li, Hong Wang, Jie Cao, Kenji Maehashi, Liquan Huang, Alexander A. Bachmanov, Danielle R. Reed, Véronique Legrand-Defretin, Gary K. Beauchamp and Joseph G. Brand (July 2005). "Pseudogenization of a Sweet-Receptor Gene Accounts for Cats' Indifference toward Sugar". Public Library of Science 1 (1): 27–35. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0010003. PMC 1183522. PMID 16103917. Retrieved 2008-06-30.
- ^ Vella, Carolyn; et al. (2002). Robinson's Genetics for Cat Breeders and Veterinarians, 4th ed. Oxford: Butterworh-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-4069-3.
- ^ a b c d e f g Sunquist, Mel; Sunquist, Fiona (2002). Wild cats of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 5–16. ISBN 0-226-77999-8.
- ^ Vratislav Mazak: Der Tiger. Nachdruck der 3. Auflage von 1983. Westarp Wissenschaften Hohenwarsleben, 2004 ISBN 3-89432-759-6
- ^ R. F. Ewer (1973). The Carnivores. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8493-3. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ Weissengruber, GE; G Forstenpointner, G Peters, A Kübber-Heiss, and WT Fitch (September 2002). "Hyoid apparatus and pharynx in the lion (Panthera leo), jaguar (Panthera onca), tiger (Panthera tigris), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) and the domestic cat (Felis silvestris f. catus)". Journal of Anatomy (Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland) 201 (3): 195–209. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00088.x. PMC 1570911. PMID 12363272.
- ^ O'Brien, S. J., Johnson, W. E. (2005). "Big cat genomics". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 6: 407–429. doi:10.1146/annurev.genom.6.080604.162151. PMID 16124868.
- ^ Johnson, WE; O'Brien, SJ (1997). "Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Felidae using 16S rRNA and NADH-5 mitochondrial genes". Journal of molecular evolution. 44 Suppl 1: S98–116. PMID 9071018.
- ^ http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000003
- ^ Ice Age Animals, Illinois State Museum
- ^ van den Hoek Ostende, L. W.; M. Morlo and D. Nagel (July 2006). "Fossils explained 52 Majestic killers: the sabre-toothed cats". Geology Today 22 (4): 150–157. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2451.2006.00572.x. Retrieved 2008-06-30.
- ^ Turner, Alan (1997-04-15). The Big Cats and their fossil relatives. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-231-10228-5.
General references[edit]
- Shoemaker, Alan (1996). "1996 Taxonomic and Legal Status of the Felidae". Felid Taxonomic Advisory Group of the American Zoo and Aquarium Association. Archived from the original on 2006-06-12. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
- Turner, A. (1997). The big cats and their fossil relatives. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-10229-1.
- Kirby, G. (1984). "Cat family". In Macdonald, D. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. Facts on File. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
EOL content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. As a result, from time to time you may find pages on EOL that are confusing.
To request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. Thank you!


text:
Pokémon GO has been slowly but surely turni... ...egend Of Zelda, Mario Party, Super Smash Bros and Fallout had similar apps. The world would be doomed!If Po...http://www.neatorama.com/2016/09/13/If-Other-Video-Games-Had-An-App-Like-Pokemon-GO/
Most roleplaying games either totally railroad the... ...er do what they please in an open world, like the Fallout or Elder Scrolls series.Though seemingly as diffe...http://www.neatorama.com/2016/01/24/22-Things-You-See-In-Nearly-Every-Roleplaying-Game/
Do you have a gamer friend or relative who just di... ...days this past week? They were no doubt enjoying Fallout 4 after waiting so long for it. Fallout fans are everywhere, and there's a great se... ...It's just one of six unique Etsy gifts for Fallout fans yo...http://www.neatorama.com/2015/11/21/Etsy-Gifts-for-the-Fallout-Fanatic/
Fallout fans really love the heck out of those bleak yet... ...afty, just like they would in the real apocalypse! Fallout fan and Redditor VaultoftheSix wanted to craft hi... ...sses and alignments were invited to dress up faux Fallout for a No Mutants Allowed party in Vault 3...http://www.neatorama.com/2014/12/11/Guy-Celebrates-His-Thirtieth-Fallout-Style-By-Turning-Garage-Into-Vault/
Wasteland Weekend is "The World's Largest Post-Apocalyptic Festival", and since the official debut in 2010 the event has grown from a few hundred attendees to an apocalyptic mob large enough to initiate...http://www.neatorama.com/2014/07/31/Wasteland-Weekenders-Were-Out-In-Force-At-San-Diego-Comic-Con/
This Vault Boy portrait by Redditor LHJay is worth... ...ps -which is pretty darn valuable in the world of Fallout .Link Via Geekologiehttp://www.neatorama.com/2013/08/05/Save-to-Your-Pip-Boy-This-Fallout-Picture-is-Amazing/
Zachariah Cruse is quite the props designer. In fa... ...fact, he was able to not only make a Pipboy from Fallouthttp://www.neatorama.com/2012/11/17/Better-Check-Your-Rads/
Geekologie reader Will Brown made this incredible... ...l Brown made this incredible replica of ED-E from Fallout : New Vegas. He photographed the steps so crafters...http://www.neatorama.com/2012/09/09/A-Homemade-ED-E-Replica/
Looks like they're fresh out of Nuka Cola, but you'll probably take in less RADs if you try an Espresso Royale or an Italian soda. Link Via Geeks Are Sexy...http://www.neatorama.com/2012/08/06/But-Do-They-Have-Any-Nuka-Cola/
Good news everyone! A Fallout MMO is now on its way, thanks to the lawsuit betw... ...Bethesda has been waiting to get to work on the Fallout online game for over five years now, so I'm sure... ...ers, what do you think? Would you enjoy playing a Fallouthttp://www.neatorama.com/2012/01/15/bethesda-wins-rights-to-fallout-mmo/

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Save with CEFCU Checking, an account that benefits you... not your financial institution.
Learn more
The CEFCU MasterCard® makes it easy.
Ask about coverage for auto repairs, roadside assistance, and more.
Choose the gift that always fits — CEFCU MasterCard® Gift Cards.
They can be used everywhere Debit MasterCard is accepted, and they're also:
For complete details, see the Terms and Conditions.


text:
Pousada Atlântida - Arraial d'Ajuda
Along with free buffet breakfast, this pousada offers beach/pool umbrellas and a garden. Go for a dip in the outdoor pool and enjoy the sun loungers.
Multilingual staff can provide tour/ticket assistance. Free WiFi is provided.
Pousada Atlântida - Arraial d'Ajuda
Hotel Info: 1-877-214-4288
- Standard Room
- Quadruple Room
- Triple Room
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 6 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 2 floors
- Check-in time starts at noon
- Check-out time is 11 AM
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
- Minimum check-in age is 18
Travelling with others
- Parents must have child's birth certificate and photo ID *
- No cribs (infant beds)
- Pets allowed *
- Restrictions apply *
Extra people
- Roll-away beds available, charges may apply*
- Free WiFi in public areas
In the hotel
- Free buffet breakfast daily
- Outdoor pool
- Pool sun loungers
- Pool umbrellas
- Front desk (limited hours)
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Luggage storage
- Multilingual staff
- Number of buildings/towers - 4
- Year Built 2001
- Garden
- Television in common areas
- Accessible bathroom
In the room
- Air conditioning
- Ceiling fan
- Minibar
- Individually furnished
- Private bathroom
- Shower only
- Daily housekeeping
Pousada Atlântida - Arraial d'Ajuda's small print
Also known as
- Pousada Atlântida
- Pousada Atlântida Arraial D'Ajuda
- Pousada Atlântida Pousada
- Pousada Atlântida Pousada Arraial D'Ajuda
Parents or a legal guardian traveling with children under 18 years must present the child's birth certificate and an identity card with photo (passport, for example) at the check-in. For international travels from Brazil, if just one of the parents is traveling with the child, she/he must present – in addition to the child's certificate of birth and identity card with photo – a letter authorizing the trip signed by the other parent with a notarial certification of signature. In case the parents or the legal guardian, as applicable, cannot or are unwilling to give this authorization, a judicial authorization is required. People who intend to travel to Brazil with children must consult with the Brazilian consulate before traveling for more information.
Pet-friendly rooms can be requested by contacting the property at the number on the booking confirmation.
This property does not have elevators.
Optional extras
Rollaway beds are available for an additional charge
Pets are allowed for an extra charge of BRL 30 per pet, per night
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


text:
Milwaukee movies off the grid
French fest finis at UWM
The Festival of Films in French concludes this weekend at UWM Union Theatre, 2200 E. Kenwood Blvd. All screenings are free, with English subtitles. »Read Full Article
Notable deaths in arts and entertainment in 2013
It was a year that took from us Tony Soprano, Billy Jack, Edith Bunker, and Arnold and Willis' stepdad, among others.
Here's a look at some of the notable arts and entertainment figures who died in 2013. (The cause of death, when known, is listed for some younger people on the list.) »Read Full Article(1)
Ring in the new year at one of these Milwaukee events
Ring it in
There are as many ways to celebrate the new year in Milwaukee as there are corner bars and cafes. »Read Full Article


text:
Take the Wonder Wagon trail through Dalpatrick Farm past our donkeys Percy and Poppy, see the live reindeer Rudolf and Dancer and the shepherd with his live sheep.
Next on the journey you will pass our bear cave, look out for Clyde our bear who may be there to greet you with a special treat. The Wonder Wagon playing the Christmas music continues its journey towards our outdoor deer enclosure where you will see more of Santa's helpers.
When you arrive at the entrance to our indoor Winter Wonderland you will pass the Snowman family, The Nativity Scene and Mrs Claus in her kitchen who is busy making mince pies for all. Look out for Santa's sleigh, and feel free to hop on as this is an excellent photo opportunity.
You will then have the chance to see our reindeer whether it be in the snow or in the woodland. Next stop is Santa who is waiting in his Grotto to welcome everyone and each child will receive a present from Santa that they can choose themselves. Also each family will have their photograph taken with Santa and will be given the opportunity to purchase this when they enter the play area.
Alternatively, for those who wish to take The Roberts Walkway directly to Winter Wonderland; please follow the indicators at the till point.
After leaving Santa you will enter the completely covered play area, where you will find Bouncy Castles, Merry Go Rounds and much more. Remember big kids, we haven't forgotten about you, there is tea or coffee and a mince pie.
Despite the vigilance of our trained staff it is advisable that whilst playing on the activities the children are always supervised by adults. This will ensure that safety notices such as height restrictions are fully observed.
On leaving the play area, you will enter our Christmas Shop with its huge range of decorations, indoor and outdoor lights, Fibre Optic Trees, and throughout December we will have a full range of freshly cut Scottish Christmas Trees. Let Gouldings bring the Magic of Christmas into your home.
Why not take a look through our Garden Centre, we have a fabulous range of adult and baby clothing and our gift section is full of great gift ideas and do not forget our Farm Shop for your festive treats.


text:
and my records show EMC closing yesterday at 100 7/8. How could it be up today when it is 97+/-. Looks like down to me. ????????????
>>and my records show EMC closing yesterdayat 100 7/8. How could it be up today when it is97+/-<<My SSB account had EMC closing at over 100 also soit shows the power of the late trades yesterday ofjust hundreds of shares bringing the price from over ahundred to 95 3/4. EMC is down from the close yesterdayunless it goes above 100.
But why does EMC show it is up when it closed 9/21 over 100? DELL, INTC et al, down numbers today relate to yesterday's COM but EMC's don't. Still confused.
Prev Cls95 3/4


text:
How much will it cost to attend The College of Idaho?
The Cost of Attendance for 2016-2017 for a new incoming full-time (12 credits or more) undergraduate student living on campus at The College of Idaho are estimated at:
Cost Semester Annual
Room & Board** $4,597 $9,193
Fees* $755
Tuition $13,335 $26,670
Estimated Cost of Attendance** $17,932 $36,619
*Academic Service Fee, Student Fees, New Student Fee
**Average double occupancy room -$4,460 and Meal Plan B -$4,733
***Total Cost of Attendance does not include class specific fees, student insurance - $1800, books & supplies approx. - $1200 or any other expenses associated with attending.
For additional charges or rates not listed please see the 2016-2017 Cost of Attendance with The Business Office.
Is The College of Idaho affordable?
Good question. Yes, we think so. But more importantly we think it's worth it – worth your time and investment. Through our innovative PEAK Curriculum, students earn a major and three minors in four years across the four academic peaks. This empowers students to pursue their passions while developing the breadth and depth of knowledge necessary for lifelong success.
And to help answer your question, here are some statistics that help prove families from different income levels find it possible.
Total Family Income (2014) # of Students
Less than 30k 190+
30k-47k 130+
48k-74k 170+
75k-109k 140+
110k and greater 140+


text: Fringe: The Complete Series [Blu-ray] (2013) Flag this deal What's the matter? Choose a reason Dead deal Duplicate Bad link Spam Inaccurate No value Alive again Edit deal msummers1234 Mar 21, 2015 Loved the Series. If you like sci fi mixed with a bit of comedy you will love this. If you were a fan of X files as well this is a good watch. Reply 1 like tr1plication Mar 21, 2015 Back again Reply Acarone Dec 01, 2013 another price drop Reply Acarone Nov 07, 2013 price drop! Reply 1 like xrjohn Feb 10, 2013 this was a great series, sad that it ended, fun to watch. Reply Load More Comments


text:
In the moments before a car crash that killed a Costa Mesa police detective, the officer was sending and receiving text messages and had been drinking at local restaurants, according to an investigation conducted by Newport Beach police.
Det. Mike Delgadillo, 57, died March 6, the day after his 2000 Mazda crashed into a pillar under the 55 Freeway near Newport Boulevard and Bristol Street on March 5.
At the time of the crash, Delgadillo was not wearing a seat belt, according to Newport Beach Police Department spokeswoman Kathy Lowe, who released information included in the investigation into Delgadillo's death. She did not give a reason why police would not release the report to the media.
Delgadillo's blood-alcohol level was .14 blood-alcohol — above the legal limit of .08.
Newport Beach police investigators determined Delgadillo drank at Mi Casa restaurant in Costa Mesa between 5 and 8 p.m and at Skosh Monahan's between 9 and 10 p.m. before the fatal crash, according to Lowe.
Newport Beach police did not determine how much Delgadillo drank at each location, or whether he had been drinking prior to arriving at Mi Casa.
"Mike was a very good person, a good officer, and this whole incident was a tragedy," said City Councilman Gary Monahan, who owns Skosh's.
Delgadillo was a 32-year veteran of the Costa Mesa Police Department who worked several different assignments including in the department's gang unit and narcotics and most recently in the crimes against persons detail.
He was off duty at the time of the crash.
The primary cause of the crash was determined to be driving under the influence of alcohol, with making an unsafe turning movement as a contributing factor, Lowe said.
The Costa Mesa Police Department was given the results of the investigation, she said.
Twitter: @lawilliams30


text:
Kukla's Korner Hockey
Cost To Attend A Game
by Paul on 01/08/14 at 12:12 PM ET
Comments (1)
from Cork Gaines of Business Insider,
Recently we took a look at the 25 most expensive teams to see in person and the 25 cheapest teams to see in person. Below is the Adult Cost Index (ACI) for all 122 professional sports teams in the four major North American sports (NFL, MLB, NBA, NHL).
NFL teams are the most expensive to see live with an average ACI of $113.42. The NHL is next ($84.05), followed by the NBA ($74.67), and Major League Baseball has the cheapest teams with an average ACI of $48.34. Overall, the average cost for an adult to attend a game for all 122 teams is $79.31.
Filed in: NHL Teams, | KK Hockey | Permalink
Excellent read.
Disagree with Florida Panthers figures though since they can barely give away tickets to their home games and they have put a curtains up to section off areas of the stands where fans never buy seats for.
WTF is beer so cheap at D-Back MLB games? So envious.
Surprised to see how cheap Ottawa tickets are on average.
Maple Leafs fans paying through the nose as always lol.
Posted by Slumpy from Detroit on 01/08/14 at 03:41 PM ET
Add a Comment
Please limit embedded image or media size to 575 pixels wide.
Add your own avatar by joining Kukla's Korner, or logging in and uploading one in your member control panel.
Captchas bug you? Join KK or log in and you won't have to bother.
Most Recent Blog Posts
Team Europe Has Proved Doubters Wrong
Video-Dustin Byfuglien On His World Cup Experience And More
Best Reaction To Edmonton's First Mascot
Marian Gaborik Out With A Foot Injury
A New Contract For Brad Marchand
Imagine If Team Europe Defeated Team Canada
NHL Short Notes- World Cup Edition
About Kukla's Korner Hockey
Paul Kukla founded Kukla's Korner in 2005 and the site has since become the must-read site on the 'net for all the latest happenings around the NHL.
From breaking news to in-depth stories around the league, KK Hockey is updated with fresh stories all day long and will bring you the latest news as quickly as possible.
Email Paul anytime at firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
- Home
- About AATE
- Membership
- Programs and Events
- Resources
- Networking
- Support AATE
- Online Store
|Advertise with AATE
AATE Opportunities and Audience
AATE offers numerous and varied opportunities for companies and organizations in the educational, theatrical, entertainment, and publishing trades to regularly reach our targeted and highly engaged audience.
Download our Conference Prospectus for full details.
The primary readers of AATE publications are members who have the following characteristics:
Incite/Insight Ads
Incite/Insight, AATE's digital magazine, issued six times yearly, is distributed to a highly engaged audience: all AATE members and subscribers. Over 86% of our members read every issue. All content is written by working professionals and includes organizational and national news, practical essays, book andperformance reviews, and feature articles that spotlight various areas of this dynamic field. For ad sizes, specs and rates, head to page 3/4 of the Media Kit.
AATE.com Website Ads
AATE.com is the website for the American Alliance for Theatre and Education and the place where anyone interested in theatre and education comes for information. AATE.com offers a variety of highly visible ads on key sections of the site to increase awareness of your products and services. AATE.com averages monthly 17,000 pageviews and 3,500 unique viewers. It is listed number one in its search category on Google, Yahoo, AOL, and Bing. For sizes, specs and rates, head to page 6 of the Media Kit.
National Conference Program Ads
The 2016 Conference, "Diversity: The Intersection of Theatre, History, and Activism," which will take place in Boston, MA, July 27-3, 2016. We expect over 400 people to join us, attending events that include workshops, panels, performances, keynote speakers, networking events, receptions and discussions that encourage reflection on successes and challenges in the field and facilitate the setting of goals for the future. The conference program is a publication that attendees keep with them, refer to frequently, and retain long after the conference is over. Every attendee will receive a hard-copy conference program and have access to a digital version online that they will use, several times a day, to plan their conference experience. You can choose to advertise in online and print versions of the program, or just online. For sizes, specs and rates, head to page 5 of the Conference Prospectus.
National Conference Exhibits & Sponsorships
One of the highlights of every AATE National Conference is the exhibit hall. Our exhibit hall is unlike any other as it is small enough that attendees get to spend time at every booth yet large enough to give attendees access to a wide array of products and services. In addition, we arrange for incentives for attendees to visit each booth such as a "Passport to Prizes" promotion. Although the exhibit hall is a big draw every year this year will be even better. Exhibits this year will be located on the conference floor where most all‐conference events and food/coffee will be located. Exhibitors will therefore have a unique opportunity to interact with delegates as they move through the conference areas. The exhibit hall will be open for the first two days (Thursday and Friday) to give maximum exposure within a limited time frame. For Exhibit Booth rates and details, head to page 4 of the Conference Prospectus.
New Orleans TIOS


text:
Stem cells are unspecialized cells with the capacity for unlimited self-renewal. Each daughter cell has the capacity to remain a stem cell or to differentiate into more specialized, tissue-specific or organ-specific cells.1 Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst, are pluripotent, which means they can form all lineages of the body (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm). Adult cells can be reprogrammed to an embryonic state using somatic nuclear cell transfer. (This is the technique that was used to create Dolly the sheep.) Adult cells also can be genetically reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell–like state by being forced to express transcription factors (eg, c -Myc, Sox-2, and Klf4) using retroviruses or lentiviruses.2- 4 Although the therapeutic potential of induced pluripotent stem cells has been demonstrated in animal models of human diseases (eg, sickle cell anemia), these induced pluripotent stem cells have contained multiple viral vector integrations that make them unsuitable for human clinical trials. The use of genome-integrating viruses can cause insertional mutagenesis and unpredictable genetic dysfunction. The oncogenic properties of some transcription factors (eg, c -Myc) also create safety concerns. A number of different strategies are being developed to overcome these obstacles such as development of modified protocols that do not require c -Myc, Sox-2, and/or Klf4 or using expression plasmids rather than integrating viral vectors to deliver the transcription factors. Other strategies to reprogram cells to pluripotency have used modified synthetic messenger RNA or recombinant proteins that can penetrate the plasma membrane of somatic cells or even exposing somatic cells to embryonic stem cell–conditioned media. One or more of these strategies may be safer than using viral vectors to induce reprogramming. Ongoing progress in this area will usher in the era of regenerative medicine.
Thank you for submitting a comment on this article. It will be reviewed by JAMA Ophthalmology editors. You will be notified when your comment has been published. Comments should not exceed 500 words of text and 10 references.
Do not submit personal medical questions or information that could identify a specific patient, questions about a particular case, or general inquiries to an author. Only content that has not been published, posted, or submitted elsewhere should be submitted. By submitting this Comment, you and any coauthors transfer copyright to the journal if your Comment is posted.
* = Required Field
Disclosure of Any Conflicts of Interest*
Indicate all relevant conflicts of interest of each author below, including all relevant financial interests, activities, and relationships within the past 3 years including, but not limited to, employment, affiliation, grants or funding, consultancies, honoraria or payment, speakers' bureaus, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, royalties, donation of medical equipment, or patents planned, pending, or issued. If all authors have none, check "No potential conflicts or relevant financial interests" in the box below. Please also indicate any funding received in support of this work. The information will be posted with your response.
Some tools below are only available to our subscribers or users with an online account.
Download citation file:
Customize your page view by dragging & repositioning the boxes below.
More Listings atJAMACareerCenter.com >
Enter your username and email address. We'll send you a link to reset your password.
Enter your username and email address. We'll send instructions on how to reset your password to the email address we have on record.
Need assistance?
Athens and Shibboleth are access management services that provide single sign-on to protected resources. They replace the multiple user names and passwords necessary to access subscription-based content with a single user name and password that can be entered once per session. It operates independently of a user's location or IP address. If your institution uses Athens or Shibboleth authentication, please contact your site administrator to receive your user name and password.


text:
2 Flares 2 Flares ×
• Who We Are
South Central Indiana Innovation Network that connects community members to local, state, national and international events/initiatives promoting Innovation and Creativity
• What We Do
Help innovation enthusiasts to "connect, learn and do" promoting creative thinking, dialogue and collaboration.
• Why It Matters
We are all creative, but most of us don't tap our full creative potential to solve the challenges of our world or live the life we want
• How We Do It
Bi-monthly newsletter, networking activities, presentations, community collaborations and events like "Ideas Network"
Community Partners
Absolute Marketing, Future Problem Solvers Program, Gayle and Bill Cook Entrepreneur Center, Lambert Consulting, My Sister's Closet, The Venue , The Tailored Fit, Success Work! and Vistage Creative Indiana is headquartered in Bloomington, IN.
Advisory Board Members
Andrew Lambert, Lambert Consulting; Caroline Clay, Community Volunteer & Advocate, David Quick, Vistage; Margaret Clements, Knowledge Diffusion, Margaret Fette, The Tailored Fit; Rene Malone, Therapeutic Vine; and Ladi Terry, Creative Indiana Inc & Success Work!
Contact founder and director, Ladi Terry, joincreativeindiana @gmail.com or call 812-219-4493.
Also look for us at www.successworkonline.com and www.Bloomingtonswitchboard.com
2 Flares 2 Flares ×


text:
It's a bit of a staggering statistic: About one in three first-year college students in Colorado needs remedial help in at least one core subject.
The Colorado Commission on Higher Education released its report last week on remedial education, and it's not positive.
In Greeley, all three high schools showed worse results than the state average. At Northridge, 51.2 percent of students who went on to college needed remedial course work. At Central, 42 percent needed remedial help, and at Greeley West, which fared the best, 32.5 percent of its students needed remedial courses. The state average was 29.5 percent.
These figures show that many students aren't learning what they need to in high school to succeed at a two- or four-year college. That means when they get to college, they are having to take courses aimed at getting them up to speed so they can be ready for the actual college-level classes.
Of course, this is cause for worry. Remedial classes are costly, both time-wise and financially. The CCHE report estimates that students spent about $11.7 million a year in additional tuition to take remedial courses. And offering the courses is costly for colleges and universities - an estimated $13.3 million is spent on remedial education at the college level.
The state and school districts are well aware of the problem, and are trying to address it by better aligning K-12 education with institutions of higher learning.
Part of that is the revamping of graduation rates, which Greeley-Evans School District 6 is in the middle of attempting. Obviously, for college-bound students this would have to include better instruction and maybe even more classes in core areas such as math, reading and writing.
But we wonder if that is enough to deal with the remedial education problems. Part of the district's plan is to customize programs for all students.
In theory, this would give college-bound students more time to take the classes needed to help them prepare for higher education. College-bound students should be given the opportunity to focus on core classes and academic areas that will best help them.
Part of this equation has to be challenging students, also. One of the proposals District 6 is considering is making more community college and four-year college classes available to high school students who want or need higher-level course work. Although this opportunity is already available, maybe counselors and teachers need to encourage more students to take advantage of it.
We agree a huge part of the solution will be to better align K-12 education with college requirements. But we also acknowledge that it's important for all students to leave high school with the basic skills needed not only to succeed in college, but to get a job, manage personal finances and have a life.
We hope as districts revamp graduation requirements, they are keeping the needs of all students in mind.


text:
Marine Inert Gas Systems in Singapore
GIANTECH Engineering Pte Ltd.... Singapore, Singapore
As of 5th April 2016, Goh IGS & Automation Pte Ltd has been renamed as GIANTECH ENGINEERING PTE LTD. Thus, all new orders after the name change are to be addressed...
Category: Inert Gas Systems
Catalog: 60 matches
Document Match: 8572 website www.igiantech.com l inert gas systems l nitrogen generator ... View Document
Recently Supplied:
gas system
generator cu.m/h inert gas system - cu.m/h
- igs inert gas system cu.m/h inert gas ...
firstname.lastname@example.com inert gas system recorder
... pneum. actuator u-m inert gas system
Atlas Marine Services Pte. Ltd. Singapore, Singapore
Atlas Marine Services Pte. Ltd. is an international renowned company in the marine industry and indeed the leading manufacturer of Span Gas in Singapore. In...
Category: Inert Gas Systems
Recently Supplied:
... hitech instruments .luton, inert gas system n'
... (calibration gas for inert gas system ,gas with cylinder,b-(litre),(span ...
... oxygen analyser for inert gas system 'n' type
... of oxygen analyzer inert gas system id no id ...
maingroup- inert gas system aalborg gas-.fu / stx
Viking Engineering Pte Ltd. Singapore, Singapore
Category: Inert Gas Systems
RK Instruments (S) Pte Ltd Singapore
Riken Keiki Portable & Fixed Type Gas Detectors detect Oxygen, Combustible, Toxic gases & harmful vapours in the following environments: Marine, Oil & Gas, Sewage...
Recently Supplied:
inert gas system calibration inert gas ...
... no. rx- rn inert gas system
Japan Marine (S) Pte Ltd Singapore, Singapore
JMS Group is a Japanese Trading house with Offices in Japan/Korea/Singapore/India/UAE/Turkey/Greece With offices covering all major shipping hubs we have our...
Category: Inert Gas Systems
Recently Supplied:
... protection: line no inert gas system control hyundai
drawing no.: a- inert gas system control kv eqipment ...
... page part details: inert gas system
inert gas system control permea protection ...
... systems gin- fu inert gas system
Safetec International Holding Pte Ltd Singapore, Singapore
Total Marine Fire Protection System from SAFETEC SAFETEC has been supplying quality marine fire protection and safety products and services to the shipping and...
Description: ... system | nitrogen inert gas system | sample extraction smoke
Dintec (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. Singapore, Singapore
Global Total Service Provider for Marine, Industrial and Ship Management Markets As an authorized sales agency of Hyundai Heavy Industries and other Korean machinery...
Recently Supplied:
filled) inert gas system kangrim fin,-. zaliv ...
gas system inert gas system _ number: name: ...
... kangrim gas system inert gas system _ number: name: ...
kangrim gas system inert gas system _ number: name: ...
... flue gas blower inert gas
Fuji Trading (S) Pte Ltd Singapore, Singapore
Fuji Trading Singapore (FTS) is a wholly owned subsidiary of Fuji Trading Co. Ltd, a leading Japanese ship-supply company founded in May 1953 in Kobe,...
Recently Supplied:
recording paper for inert gas system chart chino chart ...
gas system
... delivery: imo number: inert gas system
... ecn kashiwa co., inert gas system
cpu battery of inert gas system type- ch-bat, cpu ...
AnchorMarine Fire Pte Ltd Tradehub 21, Singapore, Singapore
ANCHORMARINE FIRE PTE LTD provides specialized Marine Fire Safety Protection services for both the land based and marine industries. We have a fully equipped...
Description: ... & switchboard control -inert gas system inert gas
LFA Global Pte Ltd Singapore, Singapore
The company was founded in 1986 in a 1,000 square feet office at Thye Hong Centre. It has since grown into a formidable player in the marine industry. Recognizing...
Recently Supplied:
... ovens gin bufd inert gas system
av-cw-apf inert gas system kangrim fin,-. zaliv ...
... type, size a inert gas
-- imo number: - inert gas system
part no- m- inert gas system complete (incl fixed ...
Alpha Sealing Pte Ltd Singapore, Singapore
We provide: Butterfly valves, seat rings, gaskets, packings, etc
Recently Supplied:
... co., fin ,-. inert gas system
Brown Technologies Pte Ltd Singapore, Singapore
Ship supplier located in Singapore.
Category: Inert Gas Systems
Recently Supplied:
... k.k. gln bufd inert gas system
... co., gin ,-. inert gas system
inert gas system
... co., gin ,-. inert gas
... k.k. gln bufd inert gas
Topimax Marine Pte Ltd Singapore, Singapore
We are a Singapore-owned company with ISO 9001 certification is developed and structured to serve the Maritime industry within Singapore and the surrounding regions....
Recently Supplied:
... delivery: imo number: inert gas system
... deck non-return valve inert gas system
... ig system valves inert gas system
seeting= mmwg weight = () inert gas system
... delivery: imo number: inert gas
Sinwa (Singapore) Pte Ltd Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
RELIABILITY IS OUR BUSINESS Headquartered in Singapore and listed on the Singapore Stock Exchange, Sinwa Ltd is Asia Pacifics leading marine, offshore supply and...
Recently Supplied:
lamp ( details) kimuden inert gas system
, drw no. m- rev inert gas system triplex capacity: m/h ...
... switch imatech no. inert gas system
... f-, size scrubr.disch.pipe&v/v. inert gas system
... a --ro valve inert gas system
Seven Seas (Singapore) Singapore, Singapore
Seven Seas is a global maritime services group specializing in the provision of general ship supplies, stores, spare parts and leading technical maritime brands...
Recently Supplied:
... paper type fanfold. inert gas system system


text:
Leading Educational Idea Project - proposal + research inquiry
This project was successfully completed by katefriend for $515 AUD in 30 days.Get free quotes for a project like this
Completed by:
Skills Required
Project Budget$250 - $750 AUD
Completed In30 days
Total Bids32
Project Description
This is an essay based mini research paper (5000words total) to explore a leading educational idea in a core aspect of education. Task 1 need 1000 words on the proposal of the project, due in 2 weeks. task 2 requires an inquiry into the proposed area of research, 4000 words, due in late October. Referencing is APA citation style. Writer should have experience in writing educational related studies or research papers, and must be able to keep regular contact with me for discussion of the project. I shall provide all necessary information and references for writer who is comfortable to complete this project in my request.
Looking to make some money?
- Set your budget and the timeframe
- Outline your proposal
- Get paid for your work
Hire Freelancers who also bid on this project
Looking for work?
Work on projects like this and make money from home!Sign Up Now
- Forbes
- The New York Times
- Time
- Wall Street Journal
- Times Online


text:
Canadian bee expert joins OSU
The clean team
Workshops go on-site to warehouses to show workers where pesky pathogens could be hiding.
Cornell looks for insects that may transmit fire blight bacteria
Swapping wheat for Pinot
One of the largest wineries in Oregon is planting 400 acres of Pinot Noir in what were wheat fields with the help of some new technologies.
MN55 to be known as Rave
Let there be light on pears
Two Washington pear growers try to bring light to lower canopies with trees on Y-trellises.
In the hunt for cold-hardy pears
A Vermont organic grower is evaluating 84 pear varieties as cold-hardy rootstock candidates.
Pear industry continues push for more pear conditioning
Persistent conditions
Field day tips for growing Cosmic Crisp
The university plans to hold a companion field day at 10 a.m. Sept. 22 in Quincy and Wenatchee.
Central Washington pear grower innovates, adapts
Rudy Prey of Leavenworth, Washington, does things with his pear trees that not all, or even most growers, do.
Dhingra: The age of the pear
The pear industry has unlimited potential and is ripe for a revolution
Fresh pear industry pushes for stand-up "pouch" bags
Grab and go for consumer convenience
Lessons learned from Listeria contamination of caramel apples
Aftermath of an outbreak
The tech advantage of digital oversight – Video
Orchard innovators: Practices should change with mechanization
Learning Wafler Farms' tall spindle tipped (TST) system.
Mechanization is rolling along — Video
Innovative New York growers find success with platforms and more.
Food safety sets tone at 2016 U.S. Apple meeting
New tools to determine fruit quality parameters
Several devices and methods to measure fruit quality have been introduced to the market — here's a look at what they do.
Bouncing back bigger and better
Trellis guide for high-density plantings in the works
Trellis fails: Researchers aim to produce guide for growers
Promising progress for solid-set delivery
MSU research team improves system to reduce chemical waste.
Woods: Getting ready for FSMA
Troublesome pest makes a comeback
Thought to be eradicated years ago, grape rootworm has returned to New York and Pennsylvania vineyards.
Hansen: Certified plants are only the first step
Growers need to monitor for virus in early years of a "clean" vineyard.
Know your risks with Early Robin
Early blush variety comes with growing challenges.
Bearing down on black stem borers – VIDEO
New York researchers working to stop one of the newest apple pests.
IFTA in New York: much ado about mechanization
Oregon Cherry Growers launch Stabilized Wild Blueberries
Tracking pathogens
Whole genome sequencing tracks pathogens, perhaps to your door.
What is whole genome sequencing?
Dininny: How FSMA impacts you
Managing mummy berry
Researchers aim to improve control for blueberry disease.
New peach and nectarine varieties help Eastern growers compete
Marketing challenges in the Mid-Atlantic
SweeTango dancing in bigger numbers
Simple steps for water sampling
Researchers are educating packing house operators and growers about proper water sampling methods in orchards and vineyards.
Water sampling 101
The math of food safety
Assessment analyzes risk for spread of apple maggot
Senate passes GMO labelling bill; next it goes to the House
Reinventing the string thinner (Video)
California cling peach grower modifies Darwin for nonplanar orchards.
Wine grape revelations
Survey finds research program matches growers' needs, but more education efforts may be necessary.
Five other grapes grown to resist the cold
These varieties were developed to withstand Minnesota's winters.
Minnesota's dry, cold-hardy white
New white wine grape variety shows resistance to downy, powdery mildew, phylloxera.
A new way to apply chemicals
Results look promising for solid-set canopy system delivery.
How to grow the WA 2
Corr: Foxtrot dances its way onto the apple scene
Grower Rob Wyles thinks he has a winner.
Setting sights on the Cosmic Crisp consumer
Fruit marketers band together to develop quality standards for Cosmic Crisp.