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Air Quality, Climate Change, and the Environment
How travel behaviors relate to air quality, climate change, and other environmental factors
Transportation behaviors and trends have a significant environmental impact. Transportation contributes 27 percent of the nation's greenhouse gas emissions, and this source saw a greater absolute increase during the period from 1990 to 2013 than any other sector (e.g. industry, commercial, electricity, etc.) (EPA, 2015). Exposure to air pollution has been connected to elevated risk of asthma, lower lung function, higher blood pressure, higher cardiac-related mortality, and lower overall life expectancy (National Institute for Transportation and Communities, 2014; Pope 2009). Air pollution exposure is also an environmental justice concern, with disparities in exposure by demographic and socioeconomic characteristics (Jones et al., 2014; Mejia et al., 2011).
Reducing air pollution exposure can be achieved by decreasing the concentration of pollutants and the length of exposure. By shifting shorter trips to walking and biking, Safe Routes to School programs can improve air quality by reducing vehicle trips and miles traveled. Reducing travel volumes is also important for minimizing children's exposure to pollution during active transportation to school. School site location and design can also influence air pollution exposure, affecting exposure from major roadways and other sources on the way to school and during the school day (EPA, 2015).
The literature in this section explores the relationship between transportation mode choice and vehicle emissions, air pollution, and health impacts.
- Motor vehicles are responsible for up to 30% of total greenhouse gas emissions (Solomon et al., 2009)
- In one study, a 5% increase in neighborhood walkability (as measured using an index based on residential density, street connectivity, land use mix, and retail floor area ratio) was associated with:
- 6.5% fewer vehicle miles traveled (VMT) per capita
- 5.6% fewer grams of nitrogen dioxide per capita
- 5.5% fewer grams of volatile organic compound (VOC) emitted per capita (Frank, et al., 2006)
- Living in majority white neighborhoods has been associated with lower air pollution exposure, and living in majority Hispanic neighborhoods has been associated with higher pollution exposures (Jones et al., 2014)
- Lower socioeconomic status has been connected with closer school proximity to pollution sources (Mejia et al., 2011)
- Rates of asthma have been associated with closer residential distance to a freeway among children (Gauderman et al., 2005); exposure to roads with high vehicle traffic (representing near-road traffic-related pollution) accounted for 14% of all asthma cases across 10 European cities (Perez et al., 2013)
- In a study model, substitution of cycling for short vehicle trips had the potential to reduce gasoline demand about 35% and CO2 emissions by 12% (Higgins et al., 2005)
- Health benefits of shifting from car to bicycle was associated with greater benefits from increased physical activity (3-14 months of life gained) compared with potential effects of inhaled air pollution (0.8-40 days of life lost) (de Hartog et al., 2010)
- Improved air quality accounted for as much as 15% of the overall increase in life expectancy in one study (Pope et al., 2009)
See 2011 and Earlier Archived Articles
Academic Research Articles and Findings:
Can air pollution negate the health benefits of cycling and walking?
Key takeaway:
- The long-term health benefits of physical activity through active travel generally outweigh the health risks of air pollution.
- At the global average for air pollution from particulate matter (i.e., PM2.5 concentration 22 μg/m3), the benefits of physical activity outweigh air pollution exposure even at extreme levels of active travel.
- Air pollution would have to reach PM2.5 concentration 95 μg/m3, a level only present in 1% of cities worldwide, in order for half an hour of cycling to have greater health risks from air pollution than benefits from physical activity.
- This study used health impact modeling to estimate the influence of physical activity from active transportation and air pollution exposures on all-cause mortality. PM2.5 was selected as the indicator of air pollution exposure because it is commonly used in health impact modeling and has a significant health burden.
- This study estimated the "tipping point," or point after which an increase in active travel would no longer result in health benefits, and "break-even point," or the point at which risk from air pollution outweighs the benefits of active transportation.
Tainio, M., de Nazelle, A. J., Götschi, T., Kahlmeier, S., Rojas-Rueda, D., Nieuwenhuijse, M. J.,de Sá, T. H., et al. (2016). Can air pollution negate the health benefits of cycling and walking?. Preventive Medicine.
Cycling and Urban Air Quality: A Study of European Experiences (2014)
Key takeaway:
- Cycling measures can improve urban air quality levels as part of a multifaceted approach toward reducing road traffic.
- Modeling a 23% increase in cycling mode share significantly reduced projected NOx, PM10 and black carbon emissions, resulting in improved air quality levels in the surrounding areas of each city. Projected emissions reductions varied by city, with 16-27% reductions in NOx and 4-19% reductions in PM 10.
- Improved air quality reduced disability-adjusted life years for cardiopulmonary disease caused by poor air quality levels. Changes in cycling levels reduced disability per 10,000 residents by 4-50 years in three cities.
- This study conducted simulations of shifts in mode share in 5 European cities and analyzed predicted air quality levels and health improvements.
Hitchcock, G. & Vedrene, M. (2014). Cycling and Urban Air Quality: A Study of European Experiences. European Cyclists' Federation.
Evaluation of Bicyclists Exposure to Traffic-Related Air Pollution along Distinct Facility Types (2014)
Key takeaway:
Bicyclists' exposure to air pollution can vary with roadway and travel characteristics, and transportation-related strategies can reduce exposure.
- Concentrations of pollutants are generally higher on high-traffic facilities, except for high exposure on off-street paths running through industrial zones.
- Concentrations of BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) were 50-120% higher on major arterials than local roads.
- One- to two-block detours to low-volume streets can significantly reduce exposure concentrations.
- Weather and traffic variables are approximately related to BTEX compound exposure.
- BTEX exposure concentrations increase 2% for every 1,000 average daily traffic (ADT).
- Researchers suggested separated bicycle facilities, low-volume routes, and off-peak travel as strategies to reduce cyclist exposure to pollutants. Bicyclists' respiration rates are two to five times faster than motorists, resulting in higher pollution intake. Exposure to traffic-related air pollution has been connected to elevated risk for asthma, lower lung function, higher blood pressure, and cardiac mortality.
- This report included a literature review of bicyclist exposure and dose measurements as well as on-road physiology and air quality data collected by three cyclists in Portland, OR over nine days.
National Institute for Transportation and Communities. (2014). Evaluation of Bicyclists Exposure to Traffic-Related Air Pollution along Distinct Facility Types. NITC-RR-560.
Race/Ethnicity, Residential Segregation, and Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) (2014)
- Objectives. We described the associations of ambient air pollution exposure with race/ethnicity and racial residential segregation.
- Methods. We studied 5921 White, Black, Hispanic, and Chinese adults across 6 US cities between 2000 and 2002. Household-level fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) were estimated for 2000. Neighborhood racial composition and residential segregation were estimated using US census tract data for 2000.
- Results. Participants in neighborhoods with more than 60% Hispanic populations were exposed to 8% higher PM2.5 and 31% higher NOX concentrations compared with those in neighborhoods with less than 25% Hispanic populations. Participants in neighborhoods with more than 60% White populations were exposed to 5% lower PM2.5 and 18% lower NOX concentrations compared with those in neighborhoods with less than 25% of the population identifying as White. Neighborhoods with Whites underrepresented or with Hispanics overrepresented were exposed to higher PM2.5 and NOX concentrations. No differences were observed for other racial/ethnic groups.
- Conclusions. Living in majority White neighborhoods was associated with lower air pollution exposures, and living in majority Hispanic neighborhoods was associated with higher air pollution exposures. This new information highlighted the importance of measuring neighborhood-level segregation in the environmental justice literature.
Miranda R. Jones PhD, Ana V. Diez-Roux, MD, PhD, Anjum Hajat, PhD, Kiarri N. Kershaw, PhD, Marie S. O'Neill, PhD, Eliseo Guallar, MD, DrPH, Wendy S. Post, MD, MS, Joel D. Kaufman, MD, MPH, and Ana Navas-Acien, MD, PhD. Race/Ethnicity, Residential Segregation, and Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). AJPH 2014;104(11):2130-2137.
Climate Change: Challenges and Opportunities for Global Health (2014)
- Importance: Health is inextricably linked to climate change. It is important for clinicians to understand this relationship in order to discuss associated health risks with their patients and to inform public policy.
- Objectives: To provide new US-based temperature projections from downscaled climate modeling and to review recent studies on health risks related to climate change and the cobenefits of efforts to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.
- Data Sources, Study Selection, and Data Synthesis: We searched PubMed from 2009 to 2014 for articles related to climate change and health, focused on governmental reports, predictive models, and empirical epidemiological studies. Of the more than 250 abstracts reviewed, 56 articles were selected. In addition, we analyzed climate data averaged over 13 climate models and based future projections on downscaled probability distributions of the daily maximum temperature for 2046-2065. We also compared maximum daily 8-hour average with air temperature data taken from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Climate Data Center.
- Results: By 2050, many US cities may experience more frequent extreme heat days. For example, New York and Milwaukee may have 3 times their current average number of days hotter than 32°C (90°F). The adverse health aspects related to climate change may include heat-related disorders, such as heat stress and economic consequences of reduced work capacity; and respiratory disorders, including those exacerbated by fine particulate pollutants, such as asthma and allergic disorders; infectious diseases, including vectorborne diseases and water-borne diseases, such as childhood gastrointestinal diseases; food insecurity, including reduced crop yields and an increase in plant diseases; and mental health disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder and depression, that are associated with natural disasters. Substantial health and economic cobenefits could be associated with reductions in fossil fuel combustion. For example, the cost of greenhouse gas emission policies may yield net economic benefit, with health benefits from air quality improvements potentially offsetting the cost of US carbon policies.
- Conclusions and Relevance: Evidence over the past 20 years indicates that climate change can be associated with adverse health outcomes. Health care professionals have an important role in understanding and communicating the related potential health concerns and the cobenefits from reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Patz JA FH, Holloway T, Vimont DJ, Haines A. Climate Change: Challenges and Opportunities for Global Health. JAMA. 2014;online.
Residential Traffic Exposure and Childhood Leukemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2014)
- CONTEXT: Exposure to elevated concentrations of traffic-related air pollutants in the near-road environment is associated with numerous adverse human health effects, including childhood cancer, which has been increasing since 1975. Results of individual epidemiologic studies have been inconsistent. Therefore, a meta-analysis was performed to examine the association between residential traffic exposure and childhood cancer.
- EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Studies published between January 1980 and July 2011 were retrieved from a systematic search of 18 bibliographic databases. Nine studies meeting the inclusion criteria were identified. Weighted summary ORs were calculated using a random effects model for outcomes with four or more studies. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed.
- EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Childhood leukemia was positively associated (summary OR=1.53, 95% CI=1.12, 2.10) with residential traffic exposure among seven studies using a postnatal exposure window (e.g., childhood period or diagnosis address) and there was no association (summary OR=0.92, 95% CI=0.78, 1.09) among four studies using a prenatal exposure window (e.g., pregnancy period or birth address). There were too few studies to analyze other childhood cancer outcomes.
- CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence suggests that childhood leukemia is associated with residential traffic exposure during the postnatal period, but not during the prenatal period. Additional well-designed epidemiologic studies that use complete residential history to estimate traffic exposure, examine leukemia subtypes, and control for potential confounding factors are needed to confirm these findings. As many people reside near busy roads, especially in urban areas, precautionary public health messages and interventions designed to reduce population exposure to traffic might be warranted.
Boothe VL, Boehmer TK, Wendel AM, Yip FY. (2014). Residential Traffic Exposure and Childhood Leukemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Prev Med, 46(4), 413-422. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2013.11.004.
"Cobenefits of Replacing Car Trips with Alternative Transportation: A Review of Evidence and Methodological Issues" (2013)
- It has been reported that motor vehicle emissions contribute nearly a quarter of world energy-related greenhouse gases and cause non-negligible air pollution primarily in urban areas.
- Reducing car use and increasing ecofriendly alternative transport, such as public and active transport, are efficient approaches to mitigate harmful environmental impacts caused by a large amount of vehicle use. Besides the environmental benefits of promoting alternative transport, it can also induce other health and economic benefits.
- At present, a number of studies have been conducted to evaluate co-benefits from greenhouse gas mitigation policies. However, relatively few have focused specifically on the transport sector. A comprehensive understanding of the multiple benefits of alternative transport could assist with policy making in the areas of transport, health, and environment. However, there is no straightforward method which could estimate co-benefits effect at one time.
- In this paper, the links between vehicle emissions and air quality, as well as the health and economic benefits from alternative transport use, are considered, and methodological issues relating to the modelling of these co-benefits are discussed.
Ting Xia, Ying Zhang, Shona Crabb, and Pushan Shah, . (2013). "Cobenefits of Replacing Car Trips with Alternative Transportation: A Review of Evidence and Methodological Issues,". Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2013(Article ID 797312), Article ID 797312. doi: 10.1155/2013/797312
Chronic burden of near-roadway traffic pollution in 10 European cities (APHEKOM network) (2013)
- Recent epidemiological research suggests that near road traffic-related pollution may cause chronic disease. Childhood asthma attributable to air pollution in 10 European cities was estimated by calculating the number of cases of 1) asthma caused by near road traffic-related pollution, and 2) acute asthma events related to urban air pollution levels. The researchers then expanded their approach to include coronary heart diseases in adults.
- Derivation of attributable cases required combining concentration-response function (CRF) between exposures and the respective health outcome of interest (obtained from published literature), an estimate of the distribution of selected exposures in the target population, and information about the frequency of the assessed morbidities.
- Exposure to roads with high vehicle traffic, a proxy for near road traffic-related pollution, accounted for 14% of all asthma cases. When a causal relationship between near road traffic- related pollution and asthma is assumed, 15% of all episodes of asthma symptoms were attributable to air pollution. Without this assumption, only 2% of asthma symptoms were attributable to air pollution. Similar patterns were found for coronary heart diseases in older adults. In the discussion, the authors suggest that their estimate of cases is likely low, due to under-reporting of cases. They point out that proximity to traffic will vary across an urban area, so finer analyses may be needed to tease out relationships between air quality and chronic disease burden.
- The authors conclude that pollutants along busy roads are responsible for a large and preventable share of chronic disease and related acute exacerbation in European urban areas.
Perez L, Declercq C, Aguilera I, et al. (2013). Chronic burden of near-roadway traffic pollution in 10 European cities (APHEKOM network). Eur Respir J. 2013 Mar 21.
"Health Co-Benefits and Transportation-Related Reductions in Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the San Francisco Bay Area" (2013)
- Background: Greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) linked to climate change is the biggest threat to public health worldwide. California generates 7% of the US GHGE, and is the 12th largest emitter worldwide. Within transportation, the largest emitting sector in California (38%) and personal vehicles are the largest portion of that sector (79%). Two strategies to reduce emissions include increased use of clean emission vehicles and reducing miles driven. The latter approach would have the public health benefit of improved health from active transportation and reduced air pollution. The authors quantified transportation strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions using both approaches.
- Statistics on travel patterns and injuries, physical activity, fine particulate matter, and GHGE in the San Francisco Bay Area, California, were input into a model that calculated the health impacts of walking and bicycling short distances usually traveled by car or driving low-emission automobiles. The change in disease burden was calculated in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) based on dose–response relationships and the distributions of physical activity, particulate matter, and traffic injuries.
- Increasing median daily walking and bicycling from 4 to 22 minutes reduced the burden of cardiovascular disease and diabetes by 14% (32466 DALYs), increased the traffic injury burden by 39% (5907 DALYS), and decreased GHGE by 14%. Low-carbon driving reduced GHGE by 33.5% and cardiorespiratory disease burden by less than 1%.
- Increased physical activity associated with active transport could generate a large net improvement in population health. Measures would be needed to minimize pedestrian and bicyclist injuries. Together, active transport and low-carbon driving could achieve GHGE reductions sufficient for California to meet legislative mandates of reducing emissions to 80% of 1990 levels levels by 2050.
Neil Maizlish, PhD, James Woodcock, PhD, Sean Co, MS, Bart Ostro, PhD, Amir Fanai, CEng IMechE, and David Fairley, PhD. (2013). Health Cobenefits and Transportation-Related Reductions in Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the San Francisco Bay Area. Am J Public Health, e1-e7. doi: doi:10.2105/AJPH. 2012.300939
"Costs of Childhood Asthma Due to Traffic-Related Pollution in Two California Communities." (2012)
- Recent research suggests the burden of childhood asthma that is attributable to air pollution has been underestimated in traditional risk assessments, and there are no estimates of these associated costs.
- This study aimed to estimate the yearly childhood asthma-related costs attributable to air pollution for Riverside and Long Beach, CA, USA, including: 1) the indirect and direct costs of healthcare utilization due to asthma exacerbations linked with traffic-related pollution (TRP); and 2) the costs of health care for asthma cases attributable to local TRP exposure.
- The authors calculated costs using estimates from peer-reviewed literature and the authors' analysis of surveys (Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, California Health Interview Survey, National Household Travel Survey, and Health Care Utilization Project).
- A lower-bound estimate of the asthma burden attributable to air pollution was US$18 million yearly. Asthma cases attributable to TRP exposure accounted for almost half of this cost. The cost of bronchitic episodes was a major proportion of both the annual cost of asthma cases attributable to TRP and of pollution-linked exacerbations.
- Traditional risk assessment methods underestimate both the burden of disease and cost of asthma associated with air pollution, and these costs are borne disproportionately by communities with higher than average TRP.
Brandt, S. J., L. Perez, et al. (2012). Costs of Childhood Asthma Due to Traffic-Related Pollution in Two California Communities. European Respiratory Journal 40(2): 363-370.
"Near-Roadway Pollution and Childhood Asthma: Implications for Developing "Win-Win" Compact Urban Development and Clean Vehicle Strategies" (2012)
- The emerging consensus that exposure to near-roadway traffic-related pollution causes asthma has implications for compact urban development policies designed to reduce driving and greenhouse gases.
- The authors estimated the current burden of childhood asthma-related disease attributable to near-roadway and regional air pollution in Los Angeles County (LAC) and the potential health impact of regional pollution reduction associated with changes in population along major traffic corridors. The burden of asthma attributable to the dual effects of near-roadway and regional air pollution was estimated, using nitrogen dioxide and ozone as markers of urban combustion-related and secondary oxidant pollution, respectively.
- The authors also estimated the impact of alternative scenarios that assumed a 20% reduction in regional pollution in combination with a ± 3.6% increase in the proportion of the total population living near major roads, a proxy for near-roadway exposure.
- The authors estimated that 27,100 cases of childhood asthma (8% of total) in LAC were at least partly attributable to pollution associated with residential location within 75m of a major road. As a result, a substantial proportion of asthma-related morbidity is a consequence of near-roadway pollution, even if symptoms are triggered by other factors. Benefits resulting from a 20% regional pollution reduction varied markedly depending on the associated change in near-roadway proximity.
- Study findings suggest that there are large and previously unappreciated public health consequences of air pollution in LAC and probably in other metropolitan areas with dense traffic corridors. To maximize health benefits, compact urban development strategies should be coupled with policies to reduce near-roadway pollution exposure.
Perez, L., F. Lurmann, et al. (2012) Near-Roadway Pollution and Childhood Asthma: Implications for Developing "Win-Win" Compact Urban Development and Clean Vehicle Strategies. Environmental Health Perspectives 120:1619–1626
"Traffic-Related Air Pollution, Particulate Matter, and Autism" (2012)
- Autism is a heterogeneous disorder with genetic and environmental factors likely contributing to its origins. Examination of hazardous pollutants has suggested the importance of air toxics in the etiology of autism, yet little research has examined its association with local levels of air pollution using residence-specific exposure assignments. This study examines the relationship between traffic-related air pollution, air quality, and autism.
- This population-based case-control study includes data obtained from 279 children with autism and 245 control children with typical development who were enrolled in the Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and the Environment study in California.
- The mother's address from the birth certificate and addresses reported from a residential history questionnaire were used to estimate exposure for each trimester of pregnancy and first year of life. Traffic-related air pollution was assigned to each location using a line-source air-quality dispersion model. Regional air pollutant measures were based on the Environmental Protection Agency's Air Quality System data. Logistic regression models compared estimated and measured pollutant levels for children with autism and for control children with typical development. The main outcome measures were crude and multivariable adjusted odds ratios (AORs) for autism.
- Children with autism were more likely to live at residences that had the highest quartile of exposure to traffic-related air pollution, during gestation and during the first year of life, compared with control children. All regional pollutant estimates were scaled to twice the standard deviation of the distribution for all pregnancy estimates.
- Exposure to traffic-related air pollution, nitrogen dioxide, PM2.5, and PM10 during pregnancy and during the first year of life was associated with autism. Further epidemiological and toxicological examinations of likely biological pathways will help determine whether these associations are causal.
Volk H.E., Lurmann, F., Penfold, B., Hertz-Picciotto, I., McConnell, R. (2012). Traffic-Related Air Pollution, Particulate Matter, and Autism. Archives of General Psychiatry 1-7.
"Air Quality and Exercise-Related Health Benefits from Reduced Car Travel in the Midwestern United States" (2012)
- Automobile exhaust contains precursors to ozone and fine particulate matter (PM ≤ 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter; PM2.5), posing health risks. Dependency on car commuting also reduces physical fitness opportunities.
- In this study, the authors sought to quantify benefits from reducing automobile usage for short urban and suburban trips.
- The authors simulated census-tract level changes in hourly pollutant concentrations from the elimination of automobile round trips ≤ 8 km in 11 metropolitan areas in the upper Midwestern United States using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. Next, they estimated annual changes in health outcomes and monetary costs expected from pollution changes using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Benefits Mapping Analysis Program (BenMAP). In addition, the authors used the World Health Organization Health Economic Assessment Tool (HEAT) to calculate benefits of increased physical activity if 50% of short trips were made by bicycle.
- The authors estimate that, by eliminating these short automobile trips, annual average urban PM2.5 would decline by 0.1 µg/m3 and that summer ozone (O3) would increase slightly in cities but decline regionally, resulting in net health benefits of $4.94 billion/year [95% confidence interval (CI): $0.2 billion, $13.5 billion), with 25% of PM2.5 and most O3 benefits to populations outside metropolitan areas. Across the study region of approximately 31.3 million people and 37,000 total square miles, mortality would decline by approximately 1,295 deaths/year (95% CI: 912, 1,636) because of improved air quality and increased exercise. Making 50% of short trips by bicycle would yield savings of approximately $3.8 billion/year from avoided mortality and reduced health care costs (95% CI: $2.7 billion, $5.0 billion]. They also estimate that the combined benefits of improved air quality and physical fitness would exceed $8 billion/year.
- The study findings suggest that significant health and economic benefits are possible if bicycling replaces short car trips. Less dependence on automobiles in urban areas would also improve health in downwind rural settings.
Grabow, M. L., S. N. Spak, et al. (2012). "Air Quality and Exercise-Related Health Benefits from Reduced Car Travel in the Midwestern United States." Environmental Health Perspectives 120(1): 68.
"Health Co-Benefits and Transportation-Related Reductions in Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Bay Area: Technical Report" (2012)
- This study assessed the forecasted health impacts associated with different strategies to reduce GHG from automobiles.
- Governmental researchers from CDPH and Bay Area transportation and air quality organizations teamed up with researchers from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine to try to answer the question: "What might be the health benefits or harms associated with active transport or low carbon driving?"
- The current research attempted to adapt this model to the health and travel patterns of Bay Area residents. The model uses statistical data on deaths, life shortening illness and injury, and years living with disability for major health conditions strongly linked to physical activity, traffic injuries, and the fine particles in air pollution that can reach deep into the lungs.
- At high levels of active transport, the model predicts annually 13% fewer premature deaths and 15% fewer years of life lost for cardiovascular disease and diabetes and 5% reductions in each of four other chronic diseases. After accounting for a 19% increase in the disease burden from fatal and serious traffic injuries to pedestrians and bicyclists, the Bay Area would still experience annually 2,236 fewer deaths and 22,807 years of life gained.
- Because it reduces air pollution, low carbon driving yields 22 fewer deaths and a gain of 232 years of life lost from heart and respiratory disease; however, increased physical activity rather than less air pollution accounts for almost all the health benefits. While low carbon driving generated little health co-benefits, it is estimated to reduce GHG emissions 9% to 33.5% from the 2000 baseline. The most ambitious active transport scenario would achieve from 9% to 14.5% in GHG reductions.
- Reducing risks from chronic disease of the magnitude suggested by this research would reduce the estimated $34 billion annual cost in California from cardiovascular disease and other chronic conditions such as obesity.
Maizlish, N., J. Woodcock, et al. "Health Co-Benefits and Transportation-Related Reductions in Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Bay Area: Technical Report."
"Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Development of Allergic Sensitization in Children During the First 8 Years of Life" (2012)
- The role of exposure to air pollution in the development of allergic sensitization remains unclear.
- We sought to assess the development of sensitization until school age related to longitudinal exposure to air pollution from road traffic.
- More than 2500 children in the birth cohort BAMSE (Children, Allergy, Milieu, Stockholm, Epidemiological Survey) from Stockholm, Sweden, were followed with repeated questionnaires and blood sampling until 8 years of age. Outdoor concentrations of nitrogen oxides, as a marker of exhaust particles, and particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 μm (PM10), mainly representing road dust, were assigned to residential, day care, and school addresses by using dispersion models. Time-weighted average exposures were linked to levels of IgE against common inhalant and food allergens at 4 and 8 years of age.
- Air pollution exposure during the first year of life was associated with an increased risk of pollen sensitization at 4 years of age (odds ratio, 1.83; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-3.28) for a 5th to 95th difference in exposure to nitrogen oxides. At 8 years, there was no general increase in the risk of sensitization; however, the risk of food sensitization was increased, particularly among children free of sensitization at 4 years of age (odds ratio, 2.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-4.82). Results were similar by using PM10. No associations between air pollution exposure after the first year of life and sensitization were seen.
- Traffic-related air pollution exposure does not seem to increase the overall risk of sensitization to common inhalant and food allergens up to school age, but sensitization to certain allergens might be related to exposure during infancy.
Gruzieva, O., T. Bellander, et al. (2012). "Traffic-related air pollution and development of allergic sensitization in children during the first 8 years of life." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 129(1): 240-246.
"Kids and Cars: Environmental Attitudes in Children" (2011)
- This article aims to supplement scarce research on the children's attitudes to cars and the environment. Assuming that attitudes to cars develop in childhood, this article draws upon the writing assignments and interviews exploring the upper-elementary school children's attitudes to cars.
- The study was conducted in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, between January and December 2010.
- Briefly examining existing research on children's environmental attitudes in general, and in relation to cars in particular, the author argues that in-depth qualitative research is essential to the understanding of the factors that explain present attitudes and perhaps predicting the behavior of future drivers.
- In conclusion, the author makes a recommendation for the development of a curriculum addressing the development of children's awareness of sustainable transportation and the environmental implications of car driving.
Kopnina, Helen. (2011). "Kids and cars: Environmental attitudes in children." Transport Policy 18(4): 573-578.
"Can Smart Growth Policies Conserve Energy and Reduce Emissions?" (2011)
- This article examines the role smart growth can play in achieving planning objectives, including energy conservation and emission reductions. It summarizes existing literature on land use impacts on travel activity, energy consumption and pollution emissions. It examines claims that smart growth policies are ineffective and harmful.
- Land use policies can significantly affect transportation options and costs, and therefore travel activity. People who live and work in automobile-dependent locations tend to drive more annual miles, consume more fuel and produce more pollution than they would in more accessible, multi-modal communities. As a result, smart growth reforms can provide various economic, social and environmental benefits.
- Some critics claim that these impacts are small and not cost effective but their analysis tends to misrepresent key issues. The only consider land use density, ignoring the effects of other land use factors such as regional accessibility, land use mix, road and path connectivity, transport system diversity, and parking management. They overlook additional benefits, and growing consumer demand for more accessible, multi-modal home locations. As a result, they underestimate smart growth impacts and benefits.
- This is important because existing land use development policies and planning practices tend to favor sprawl and automobile dependency. Smart growth requires policy reforms that allow more compact and mixed development, support alternative modes, and reduce existing subsidies to automobile such as generous minimum parking requirements. These reforms tend to face institutional inertia and political opposition. It is therefore important to have accurate information on the full potential impacts and benefits of smart growth policy reforms. When all impacts are considered, smart growth policies are often a cost effective way to achieve planning objectives.
Litman, Todd. (2011). "Can Smart Growth Policies Conserve Energy and Reduce Emissions?" Portland State University's Center for Real Estate Quarterly 5(2): 21-30.


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MILWAUKEE, Wis. — Nearly 75 percent of registered voters in Wisconsin are opposed to using state funds to construct a new arena for the Milwaukee Bucks, according to a poll released last week by the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee's Center for Urban Initiatives and Research.
But since the government loves spending taxpayer dollars, don't be surprised if those voices are ignored.
It's not like politicians or bureaucrats are risking their own money building a $400 million, state-of-the-art facility for an NBA team that had the worst record and lowest attendance this past season.


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- TI OMAP4430 1.00GHz
- Android 4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich)
click the buy button 06/12/2013
This review is from: Samsung Galaxy Tab 2 (7", Wi-Fi) GT-P3113TSYXAR - Dual-Core 1GHz - 1GB RAM - 8GB Internal Memory- Android 4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich) - Silver
its light weight, boot up time is fairly short. I have had no problem running anything on this including playstation 1 emulators.
not 1080p video quality, battery sometimes drains suddenly but rarely.
Other Thoughts:
i love this, i even got a blue tooth controller to use to play stuff on it. It runs quick, smooth and hasnt froze up on me yet no matter what im doing!
Did you find this review helpful? Yes / No Thanks for the valuable feedback you provided!


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RG3 and Brandon Weeden impress onlookers with big arms
With OTAs, everyone can look good playing in shorts without real pressure. But coaches and journalists can now see these guys in person and on the practice field, and the early reports are enthusiastic when it comes to Robert Griffin III.
Follow the Scores Report editors on Twitter @TheScoresReport. You can also follow TSR editor Gerardo Orlando @clevelandteams and @bullzeyedotcom, and you can follow TSR editor Anthony Stalter @AnthonyStalter.
Picture of the Day
Enjoy a daily photo from Bullz-Eye.com of one of their beautiful models.
Improve your game today!
You've got to brush up on your game to get the girl! Find your hookups with this online dating guide.
Sexy Girls and Cars
Check out this slideshow of hot babes and cool cars.
Posted in: NFL
Tags: Brandon Weeden, Colt McCoy, Michael Vick whip arm, Rex Grossman, RG3, young quarterbacks


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World of Warcraft: Wrath of the Lich King
(Game, PC)
Blizzard's second expansion pack to its massively popular World of Warcraft MMORPG, Wrath of the Lich King centers on the harsh and forbidding continent of Northrend, home of the Lich King and his undead minions. Players will now be able to advance to level 80 while acquiring new abilities and items along the way. Developed exclusively for PCs.
Cheats, FAQs and Walkthroughs for WoW: WotLK
Achievements - Quests - ClassicNovember 06, 2011
Death KnightsDecember 27, 2009
ok.April 14, 2009
miningFebruary 25, 2009
replyFebruary 25, 2009
death knight
by m gFebruary 24, 2009
Item/Set Item Stat Walkthrough and FAQ by MZielinskiJanuary 15, 2009
help with codesDecember 18, 2008
Wrath of the Lich King SuperGuide Could Use Editors Like You.
by Mike NelsonNovember 13, 2008
Achievements - Quests - ClassicOctober 27, 2008
Achievements - GeneralOctober 27, 2008
World of Warcraft: Wrath of the Lich King Super Guide
by maro chonaJanuary 01, 2000
See More Cheats on mycheats.com


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Tickets are $40-$50, and are still available at the box office.
Pianist Jim Brickman's Beautiful World Christmas concert is set to start at 7:30 p.m. at Bell Auditorium, 712 Telfair St.
Tickets are $40-$50, and are still available at the box office.
Well, I suppose so. If you want to fill the seats bring the prices down. I'm sure the music is lovely, and hopefully won't be interrupted by one of the trains howling by, but I'm not paying $40 to go hear anyone in this economy. If you fill the place, consider it a miracle.
OMG.. can you just imagine how many 50 somethings divorced women will be there? Cougar alert around the Bell.
I would gladly pay to see Jim Brickman. He is one of my favorite artists. I have also heard his shows are well worth the money. Wish I could be there but I had other obligations tonight. I hope people show up. It is a nice change to have an artist who does not play such loud music, even though that can be enjoyable too. Sort of puts my in the Christmas spirit!
I would gladly pay to see Jim Brickman, too, and I'm sure his shows are well worth the money, in normal times, but this isn't a normal economy, if you haven't noticed. If people pay that much money to see him in these times, well you know what they say about a fool and his (or her) money.... I'm no cougar. Let the cougars slink down there, I'm staying home like the teddy bear I am.
Why should it matter to you how people choose to spend their money? Everyone today is having to cut back, but it certainly is no one's business to make negative comments about those who choose to pay to see a talented musician. I doubt anyone who went to the show did without food or clothing because they spent $40 to see it. If so, then that is their choice and all choices have consequences....positive and negative.
Why should my opinion matter to you then, workingmom, I'm just expressing mine, just like you are.
As if it was any of your business, anyway.


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Top Definition
n. An intense rush of intellectual fervor or excitement in response to a stimulus such as recognizing a literary allusion in "The Simpsons" or finally understanding how to do that advanced calculus problem or even just anything really cool. Usually accompanied by inability to formulate actual words and an intense enthusiasm about the subject that induced the braingasm.
That geek had the biggest braingasm after she saw LotR:RotK.
dari Keri Rabu, 28 Januari 2004
Trending Now
Can you define these popular missing words?
When you find out some unknown piece of information, and you feel a rush of Intellectual glee. Related to intellectual masturbation, and Brain Jizzing
When Brian read the theory on equilibrium, he had a Braingasm
dari Seth-The-All-Powerfull Rabu, 05 Mei 2010
An orgasm of the brain, something that would be the equivalent of information sex, something that would make a nerd smile in a kind of creepy, happy way.
Nerd 1: Dude, we just got our new Calculus books!
Nerd 2: Alright! Braingasm!
Nerd 1: Yeah, we're so cool
Nerd 2: Alright! Braingasm!
Nerd 1: Yeah, we're so cool
dari T pizzane Rabu, 25 Maret 2009
the action of seeing or hearing something so awesome that you grunt like a rutting bull.
I was listening to dubstep the other day and the bass drop was so filthy that I had a brain gasm! ARRRRUGH!!!!
dari LOrd braingasmer Selasa, 22 Februari 2011
The sudden, and often timely, understanding of a subject, usually in school. Most commonly paired with a loud exclamation of "OHHHHHHHHHHH! I GET IT NOW!" or something very similar. Usually done by the less studious members of the class, who understand it right before a test or quiz.
Teacher: So if you want to make x=2, you can. Just plug in 0 for y.
Student 1: OHHH! OH! OH! I GET IT NOW! So you just have to ...?
Teacher: Yes, Michelle, that's it. I've explained it for 3 weeks now."
Student 1: SWEET! I WILL SO ACE THIS QUIZ!
Student 2: Someone just had a braingasm...
Student 1: OHHH! OH! OH! I GET IT NOW! So you just have to ...?
Teacher: Yes, Michelle, that's it. I've explained it for 3 weeks now."
Student 1: SWEET! I WILL SO ACE THIS QUIZ!
Student 2: Someone just had a braingasm...
dari CCCCCCCuda Jumat, 27 Mei 2011
When your brain finally figures out something that was on the tip of your tongue (i.e. an eighties song or the name of a movie, etc.) and you end up yelling it at a random moment after the fact that is at a point of time that has nothing to do with the thing that you remembered !!
("OH My GOD !!!, Just had a Braingasm!!!!!!")
dari Alphastarr Kamis, 03 Oktober 2013
the pleasant, clearing, "orgasm-like" feeling your head and sinuses experience after a hearty sneeze.
I had a braingasm when I sneezed.
dari JenCheer Jumat, 30 Januari 2009


text: I can't help it, I have a nagging sweet tooth in the morning and I hard-core heart pancakes. Sweet and fluffy. Dense and filling. Hearty and healthy. They keep my belly full until lunch and they never get boring. I can pile on the toppings and if I get a little heavy-handed, I can put them in [Read More]


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Cape Blanco Lighthouse
Just about any place you find on TravelOregon.com can be added to your own Oregon Roadtrippers Account. Find out how.
Get on the road with Roadtrippers
We've partnered with Roadtrippers to provide a great way to plan a trip around Oregon. So start planning your next road trip to here, there or pretty much anywhere in Oregon.
This isolated lighthouse holds at least four Oregon records: it is the oldest continuously operating light, the most westerly, it has the highest focal plane above the sea, (256 feet), and Oregon's first woman keeper, Mabel E. Bretherton signed on in March 1903.
Photo by: Randal Scholten
What's around here? Location & Nearby Things to See & Do
These maps and directions are for planning purposes only. You may find that construction projects, traffic, or other events may cause road conditions to differ from the map results. For travel options, weather and road conditions, visit tripcheck.com, call 511 (in Oregon only), 800.977.6368 or 503.588.2941.
Is any of the information on this page incorrect?
A related Trip Idea
Guiding Lights
There are nine historic lighthouses that dot the edge of the Oregon Coast, from Cannon Beach to Port Orford. A visual representation of the region's history, each has a unique story to tell. Their beams still shine today down the 360-mile…


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The money raised in the challenge allowed researchers help identify a gene linked to ALS.
Monmouth-Roseville teacher announces write-in campaign for Sullivan's seat
A Monmouth-Roseville art teacher and longtime Maytag employee announced today that he'll battle Republican nominee Jill Tracy for the Senate seat being vacated by Democratic Sen. John Sullivan.
Olinger receives 'Officer of the Year' award
The Galesburg Area Crime Stoppers announced the recipient of their annual "Officer of the Year" award today.
District 205 looking to renegotiate facility agreement with city
September 27, 2016 | Local News |cameronl
District 205 administration said last night that they will renegotiate an intergovernmental agreement with the City of Galesburg over use of facilities for sports.
Grimm recommends tax levy increase as a way to slay 205 deficit
The District 205 board and administration are poised to do what they have to end their deficit spending.


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Kristy Swanson and her husband Lloyd Eisler left a fancy party to talk to Stone and Double T. In this interview they talk about their love for Sturgis, bikes, and what their bike garage is going to have in the future.
Simply confirm your registered email address below and click "Reset Password." We will immediately email you a link back to the site where you can enter a new password for this account.
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Real Rock Radio, 104.9, the X. That is what we say today, You may call it 104.9, The X, WXRX, The Rock Station... we don't care just as long as you know The X and Rock. The station signed on in 1990 as a Rock Station and has remained that way since. 26 years of being the Statelines choice for ROCK music
Copyright© 2002-2014 WXRX. All Rights Reserved.


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1 hour ago
Tuesday, September 27, 2016
Events This Week at the Sunweaver and Furry Fashion Clubs
Happy Vixen: Furries, Pasties or Thongs, Swinsuits
Club Cutlass: Best in "F", Fantasy, Pirates
Furry Fashion: Crux2, Sweets, Fandoms, Epidemic, Fall/Autumn, Disco, Myth, Fantasy
See the schedules in SL Clubbin.'
Updated 11AM
Posted by Bixyl Shuftan at 6:05 AM No comments:
Labels: club, Club Cutlass, dance, events, fun, furry, Furry Fashion, Happy Vixen, music, Purrfection, Second Life, Secondlife, sl, SL Clubbin', Sunweaver Bay
Whatever Happened to ... ? Club Fur
Club Fur, on the record as the oldest furry-themed clubs, is no longer on the Newser's SL Clubbin' schedule. The reason is, not only is it inactive, it is no longer part of the Sunweaver Estates, which provides the land for the paper's office, or anywhere else in Second Life. Club Fur has been removed and back in the inventory of Alynna Vixen (Alynna O'onthrera Trypnotk). And Alynna hasn't been inworld since May.
Club Fur has had an interesting history, going back to 2004 according to Alynna. At one point it was described as being removed from an old location less than two minutes before the place was "flattened." It was in Furnation for a time before it ended up in Alynna's hands in 2009, whom eventually took it to Kitsuhana sim where it was reopened in November 2010. In June 2013, the club moved back to Furnation following the reopening of the sim. But in November 2014, Alynna brought the club to the Sunweaver sim of Sunweaver Bay, soon moving to to Sunny Beach where it would remain for a little while until Alynna's items were packed away earlier this year.
when the world failed to end on December 21, 2012. The club was also duplicated in InWorldz for a time.
While there is of course the possibility the club will come back, when something vanishes in Second Life, more often than not it's for good. While it's sad when any club vanishes, it's especially so in this case as this one had lasted so long, and for a time was part of the community yours truly calls home.
Bixyl Shuftan
Labels: Alynna Trypnotk, Alynna Vixen, Bixyl Shuftan, club, Club Fur, farewell, Furnation, gone, goodbye, goodbye?, historic, Kitsuhana, Second Life, Secondlife, Sunny Beach, Sunweaver Air, Sunweaver Estates, venue
Monday, September 26, 2016
Interview With Jadyn Firehawk of "Pixel to Pixel"
Read more in People.
Labels: Deaflegacy, disability, disabled, foundation, Jadyn Firehawk, People, Pixel to Pixel, Second Life, Secondlife, sl, Yosemite
Eye On The Blog: Linden Lab Wants Halloween Screenshots
In a recent post on the official Second life blog, Xiola Linden reminded residents that Halloween season would be soon, and asked them to "Show your Halloween spirit" with themed screenshots.
I don't know about you, but I am a 365 days of Halloween kind of person. I go home decor shopping when others go party decoration shopping, and if I deck a hall, it will most certainly be with boughs of spiderwebs and clouds of dry ice. I know that lots of us feel the same and wish stores would pack up those Winter Holiday decorations for a few more weeks and roll out more spook-tacular Halloween treats.
Now is the perfect time for us to pull out the stops and do it up in a BIG WAY. We're looking for some of your great inworld, Halloween-themed images!
Share your pics, and your work could be featured in an upcoming email or banner campaign - with your avatar name credited of course!
Xiola asked those wishing to take part to post their images in Second Life's Flickr page, using the tag "SLHalloween2016." Residents are asked to include their SL names in the picture description. There is no limit to the number of pictures that can be sent, although the Flickr group rules state a limit of ten per day. Residents were encouraged to check the Destination Guide's "Haunted" section for possible locations for shots.
According to the rules of the Flickr group, pictures with nudity are not allowed, and those sending pictures there "grant to the Company a perpetual, worldwide, irrevocable, and cost-free right and license to use, distribute, or sublicense (through multiple levels), and otherwise exploit in any manner whatsoever, all or any portion of your Submissions, for the purposes of marketing, promotion, and/or outreach for and about the Second Life virtual world." Nowhere in the blog post was there a mention of a prize of any kind beyond their name given the credit should their image be used in any promotion.
Linden Lab is asking for the pictures by October 5.
Labels: EOTB, eye on the blog, Flickr, halloween, Linden Lab, pictures, screenshots, Second Life, Secondlife, sl, Xiola Linden
Sunday, September 25, 2016
Cartoon of the Day
Someone once spoke about griefers, "They think they're the cleverest thing since bumper nuts, but nine times out of ten, they're the same-old, same old." One dropping by a certain club I was at was especially lame. While these weren't the exact insults tossed his way, what did get spoken was far more clever than what crudery he did.
And just why are most griefers either mishapen messes, or have something like TV set heads?
By Bixyl Shuftan
Posted by Bixyl Shuftan at 6:05 AM 2 comments:
Labels: avatar, Bixyl Shuftan, Cartoon, Cartoon of the Day, club, funny, griefer, griefing, humor, joke, lame, Second Life, Secondlife, sl
Templeton Cove Pirate Maze
Read th' tale n' Places.
Labels: Bixyl Shuftan, design, game, maze, pier, pirate, pirates, Places, puzzle, Second Life, Secondlife, sl, Templetpn Cove, underwater, water
Skunk Party At The Happy Vixen, with Michi Lumin
Thursday Sept. 22 was the day of the Happy Vixen's "Skunk Party." Although the theme was chosen in advance several days earlier, the news of the "Sabrina Online" comic coming to a conclusion made the part a tribute to the twenty year strip as well. In the past, there have been some impressive-sized skunk parties at Club Zero and Luskwood. The turnout for this one was somewhat light, but there were a couple notable personalities from Luskwood and Trotsdale.
Among those there was Michi Lumin, perhaps the best known of the four founders of Luskwood, one of Second Life's oldest communities, as well as the location of the oldest furry avatar maker. Begining a few years ago, she's also been involved with keeping the sims of the pony community of Trotsdale going. She had dropped by to say hello.
Also there was ScentualLust, whom in the past had been a part owner of Trotsdale. But had recently given up her share to Michi. She stuck around Skylark LeFavre, the manager of the Happy Vixen, and that night doing the DJing.
Scentual, or "Scents" as she's occasionally known, told me a little something about skunk spray animations. It used to be they could only just go straight ahead or at anyone giving permissions (unlikely). But more recent ones could target anyone nearby using "Restrained Life Viewer" features. A rather "stinky" situation indeed.
Bixyl Shuftan
Posted by Bixyl Shuftan at 6:02 AM 1 comment:
Labels: Bixyl Shuftan, Happy Vixen, Luskwood, Michi Lumin, party, ScentualLust, Second Life, Secondlife, skunk, skunks, skunky, Skylark Lefavre, sl, Trotsdale
Saturday, September 24, 2016
SL Video: "Future Shock - Episode 1"
(Click here if the video fails to play)
By Pryda Parx on Sept. 16, "In a leisure orientated society people can choose to spend their time in a care free virtual world, but what happens when they run out of credit?"
Inara Pey would interview Pryda and write about the video, "Future Shock is set in a dark future world where technology is designed to keep everyone safe and secure. At least that's the way it is meant to be. A place where technology dominates and where real life and virtual worlds intertwine."
This is the first of nine segments that took about a year to make, "to get the most out of the audience will need to pause, rewind and revisit previous episodes; there are a lot of subtle connections between episodes which will not be apparent when first seen."
Posted by Bixyl Shuftan at 6:00 AM No comments:
Labels: episode 1, episode one, fiction, future, machinima, Pryda Parx, sci-fi, science, science-fiction, Second Life, Secondlife, segment, shock, sl, SL video, story, video
Friday, September 23, 2016
Memorial Service For Catt Gable
Read more in Events.
Posted by Bixyl Shuftan at 6:10 AM No comments:
Labels: Bixyl Shuftan, Catt Gable, events, memorial, poetry, Rela for Life, Relay dAlliez, remembering, remembrance, RFL, Second Life, Secondlife, service, sl
Kayly Iali's Art At The Paris Metro Art Gallery
Kayly Iali will have a number of her portraits there, notably her still-lifes of fruit. Gemma ran into the artist and had a few words with her.
Read Gemma's story in Design.
Labels: art, artist, design, exhibition, fruit, Gemma Cleanslate, Kayly Iali, Keeba Tammas, opening, paintings, Paris, Paris Metro, portraits, Second Life, Secondlife, sl, still-life
Announcement: Memorial Service for Nichus Berman
All friends of Nichus Berman are invited to attend a memorial service in Chadbury at 1PM SLT on Sunday September 25.
We will share our memories of Nichus, speaking about how much he added to our virtual lives and how much we will miss him. There will also be space to leave a small memorial object, and of course there will be cake.
Chaubury (180, 150, 31)
From the Steelhead Group
Labels: announcement, Chaubury, memorial, Nichus Berman, Second Life, Secondlife, service, sl, Steelhead
Thursday, September 22, 2016
Reader Submitted: Codename: L.E.A.P.F.R.O.G.
Read Erik's submission in Extra.
Labels: Erik Mouse, glitch, Mythica Woods, plans, problem, problems, Reader Submitted, Second Life, Secondlife, sl, Sunny Beach, Sunweaver Estates, Sunweavers, Surf's Up
Veterans Isle Raises Over 100,000 Lindens
On Sunday September 18, Veterans Isle had their monthly fundraiser concert for the "Homes For Our Troops charity. From 8PM SL time to just after 9PM (Midnight EST), live performers sung music for the crowd.
Besides Frets Nirvana, who helped organize the event, was one of the singers, along with the music duet Jaycat Nico and Frogg Marlowe, baz (Avantgarde), and Savanah Rain. Frets would occasionally chip in a few Lindens once certain cash amounts were reached, the money going into two house-shaped kiosks on either side of the stage.
At the end, G J (gjackie.winkler) announced the total, "Ohhh wow, we have 116,200 L in the little homes... THANK YOU SOOOOO VERY MUCH!"
The next fundraiser at Veterans Isle should be at Sunday October 30.
Bixyl Shuftan
Posted by Bixyl Shuftan at 6:02 AM No comments:
Labels: Baz, charity, event, Frets Nirvana, Frogg Marlowe, fundraiser, HFOT, Homes For Our Troops, Jaycatt Nico, music, Press Release, Savannah Rain, Second Life, Secondlife, Shaye Dezno, singers, sl, Veterans, Veterans Isle
Announcement: Thank You From Virtual Ability
The Virtual Ability Executive Team is sad to share with you that our dear friend and highly valued, long time volunteer, Ladyslipper Constantine, has passed away in real life.
We are planning a memorial service for her soon, and will keep you updated on that process.
As Ladyslipper's long time real life friend, I'd like to personally thank those of you who made an effort to show your love for her, and be present during her illness, via her CaringBridge site that her real-life family set up. And for those of you who could not, but loved her, all the same.
Thank you for the love; she felt it. She sent me an email a couple weeks ago, the last one I got; she said she loved me. That was all. It was enough. She also loved all of you, Virtual Ability, Second Life and all the other groups here that she was such a vital part of. Thank you for loving her back.
Treasure Ballinger
Virtual Ability,® Inc. Executive Team
* * * * *
UPDATE: There was a message shared inworld, sent from Virtual Ability, inviting residents in SL who knew and loved LS.
There will be a Celebration of Life hosted by Virtual Ability for Ladyslipper Constantine on Saturday, Oct 1 at 11am SLT, on the northeast lawn of Virtual Ability island.
The celebration will begin with some of her friends offering memories in text+voice, because LS was part of the deaf community in SL.
A slideshow will display photos of the many events LS participated in. If you have SL images, please send them to iSkye Silverweb for inclusion. There will also be music and dancing. LS loved a good party!
Celebrate Ladyslipper's life with us. For more information, please contact Gentle Heron, Eme Capalini, or Treasure Ballinger in world.Source: Daniel Voyager
Labels: announcement, Ladyslipper Constantine, memorial, passed away, passing, plans, Second Life, Secondlife, sl, thank you, thanks, Treasure Ballinger, update, Virtual Ability
Wednesday, September 21, 2016
Cartoon of the Day
Taken at the Green Fairy's Pirate Party. If you don't get the joke, chances are, you'd rather not know.
By Bixyl Shuftan
Posted by Bixyl Shuftan at 6:05 AM No comments:
Labels: barrel, Bixyl Shuftan, Cartoon, Cartoon of the Day, funny, Green Fairy, humor, joke, pirate, Second Life, Secondlife, sl, tentacles
Gaming Island
Read more in Design.
Labels: Bixyl Shuftan, design, gambling, games, gaming, Gaming Island, Linden Lab, Second Life, Secondlife, skill games, sl
"Thanks Again To Everyone" "Sabrina Online" Internet Comic Ends After Twenty Years
For many of us, comics are a favorite part of the newspaper. So when the Internet and World Wide Web was coming of age in the 1990s, some artists began drawing and publishing comic strips on a regular basis. Most would last only a few years before the cartoonist either ran out of ideas or real life made it too difficult to keep up his/her schedule. But others would keep going. Among one of these first online comics to gain a following was "Sabrina Online" by Eric Schwartz. Starting off with a girl connecting to the Internet, the strip went through a number of plots and tales of Sabrina and her friends.
On September 15, twenty years to the month after the comics first went up, Schwartz uploaded the last of the strips, Sabrina marrying her boyfriend, followed by a message.
'Sabrina Online' first appeared on the web on September 15, 1996. It seemed fitting to bring the strip to a close twenty years to the day later, ending with a bang (of sorts) rather than keeping the strip plodding along month to month indefinitely without any focus or goal. I want to thank all of Sabrina's readers and fans out there, whether you've been there from the start or discovered the strip more recently. You all are the power that helped me keep the comic rolling as long as it has. While all good things must end, Sabrina, R.C., Zig Zag, Amy, and everyone else are not gone. It's only the regular monthly strip that is completed, but new stories and works from the Sabrina-verse will pop up from time to time. Just drop by for news and info, whether on this site, Furaffinity, or elsewhere. Thanks again to everyone. I can only hope you enjoyed the two-decade ride anywhere near as much as I did.
Over the years, the strip has gotten Schwartz a number of fans, inspiring a great deal of fanart and some fanfiction, and been translated into several languages. Some fans led by Cindy "Zig Zag" Babii, built in Second Life a "Double Z Studios," also called "ZZ Studios," named after the place where the title character of the comic ended up with a job as the webmaster. The place is still around today at Sheridan (64, 145, 2500).
The comic itself can be found at sabrina-online.com. Be aware that the strip rates a PG-13 as while there's almost no profanity and no real nudity, it does touch on adult topics. That the strip got a bit edgy without going past a certain boundary (much), was likely part of it's appeal, along with the quality of the art and characters.
It should be noted Schwartz stated while this is the conclusion of "Sabrina Online," he will be doing more tales later on of the characters "from time to time." So fans should be hearing more about the Amiga and Transformer loving skunkgirl soon.
Bixyl Shuftan
Posted by Bixyl Shuftan at 6:02 AM No comments:
Labels: Bixyl Shuftan, Cartoon, Cindy Babii, comic, completed, concluded, Eric Schwartz, finished, goodbye, internet, online, Sabrina Online, skunk, strip, the end, Zig Zag, ZZ Studios
Nominations Sought For Last Avi Choice Awards
The Avi Choice Awards, who brand themselves as "the premier annual awards presentation recognizing the people and talent of SL's™ amazing creations, chosen and voted on by SL™ residents," are once again accepting submissions. However, this will be the final time the awards will be done, at least in their current form.
As announced during last year's Avi Choice Fashion Awards, we are retiring the Awards, as we know them. We are talking about continuing our mission forward in some way ... But for now.. we have an announcement to make! On December 4th, 2016 we will host one more Avi Choice Awards! The GRAND FINALE! This one will take us back to the early days of our Awards when we had one program a year celebrating as many recipients in all three genre's as we could.
There will be some special mentions and moments as we all say our goodbyes to what has become an amazing part of Second Life history. This program will be the conclusion of the Avi Choice Awards, as we know them. It's been a good run and we could not have done it without support and cooperation and input from the amazing virtual community known as Second Life. Thank you from the bottom of our hearts.
The Awards are in three categories: Fashion, The Arts, and SLife.
Among the categories for Fashion are clothing, avatar, avatar accessories, and jewelry stores and makers.
The categories of The Arts include "Favorite Magazine, Newspaper, or Periodical," Favorite Radio Station, Favorite Male DJ, Favorite Female DJ, Favorite Streamed Music Club, Favorite Machinima Artist, and more.
For SLife, which has the most selections, categorizes include Favorite Furniture Maker, Favorite Sim to Explore, Favorite Place to Take a Date, Favorite Shopping Region, Favorite Roleplay Sim, Favorite Second Life Blog or Website, and Favorite Second Life Blogger.
Residents have until Wednesday October 12 to cast their votes. Going through the guidelines, there doesn't seem to be any rules against voting for someone or something in multiple categories.
The Second Life Newser fits the "Favorite Magazine, Newspaper, or Periodical" in "The Arts." But the several sections qualify for "Favorite Second Life Blog or Website" in "SL Life." Bixyl Shuftan and Becly "Sha" Shamen qualify for votes in "Favorite Second Life Blogger," also in SL Life. The Newser has been nominated twice in the Avi Choice Awards, but has yet to win first place in getting an award.
So the Second Life Newser asks you the readers for your support for the Awards.
Bixyl Shuftan
Labels: arts, Avi Choice Awards, awards, Becky Shamen, Bixyl Shuftan, fashion, nominations, Second Life, Second Life Newser, Secondlife, sl, SL Newser, SLife, vote
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text: Article | December 2000An Investigation of Maternal Stress After Neonatal Hearing Screening Andrew Stuart, Misty Moretz, and Edward Y. Yang Author Notes Corresponding author: e-mail: email@example.com © American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Article Information Special Populations / Early Identification & Intervention Article | December 2000 An Investigation of Maternal Stress After Neonatal Hearing Screening American Journal of Audiology, December 2000, Vol. 9, 135-141. doi:10.1044/1059-0889(2000/016) History: Received April 7, 2000 , Accepted September 19, 2000 American Journal of Audiology, December 2000, Vol. 9, 135-141. doi:10.1044/1059-0889(2000/016) History: Received April 7, 2000; Accepted September 19, 2000 View Article Figures Tables PDF PDF Supplemental Data Supplements Multimedia Share Email Twitter Facebook Pinterest Tools Get Citation Citation Stuart, A., Moretz, M., & Yang, E. Y. (2000). An Investigation of Maternal Stress After Neonatal Hearing Screening. Am J Audiol, 9(2), 135-141. doi: 10.1044/1059-0889(2000/016). Download citation file: RIS (Zotero) EndNote BibTex Medlars ProCite RefWorks Reference Manager © 2016 American Speech-Language-Hearing Association × Alerts User Alerts You are adding an alert for: An Investigation of Maternal Stress After Neonatal Hearing Screening You will receive an email whenever this article is corrected, updated, or cited in the literature. You can manage this and all other alerts in My Account The alert will be sent to: Confirm × Sign In or Create a free account to receive alerts. × An investigation was undertaken to determine whether mothers whose infants failed a newborn hearing screening (MWIF) had significantly more stress and were consequently at risk for dysfunctional attachment than those mothers whose infants passed a newborn hearing screening (MWIP). The Parenting Stress Index (PSI; Abidin, 1995), a screening and diagnostic assessment questionnaire designed to measure the relative magnitude of stress in a parent-child dyad, was used. Twenty MWIP and 20 MWIF participated. The PSI was administered through a telephone interview approximately 1 month after participants' discharge while their infants were between their fourth and fifth week of life. In the case of MWIF, the interview occurred before their infant's hearing retest. No significant differences in Total Stress, Life Stress, Child Domain, and Parent Domain subscale raw scores of the PSI were found between MWIP and MWIF (p > .05). An examination of the individual PSI profiles of all participants for "high" and "low" normative percentile scores (i.e., percentile scores ≥90th percentile and percentile scores ≤0 percentile for the former and latter, respectively) revealed that the incidence of high scale/subscale percentile scores was essentially equivalent between groups. MWIP, however, displayed lower scale/subscale percentile scores. The results of the study suggest that those mothers whose infants receive a refer outcome after a newborn hearing screening demonstrate equivalent stress levels as those mothers whose infants received a pass. Subscribe to view more For full access to this article, log in to an existing user account, purchase an annual subscription, or purchase a short-term subscription. Order a Subscription Subscribe Pay Per View Entire American Journal of Audiology content & archive 24-hour access $30.00 Buy Now This Article 24-hour access $15.00 Buy Now Become a Visiting Scholar Sign In or Create an Account Please sign in using your ASHA.org login. If you do not have an ASHA login, you may register with us for free by creating a new account. Sign In or Create an Account Related Articles School Bells for NewbornsThis educational audiologist sees the youngest of preschoolers—those just days old—in his school office. The ASHA Leader, May 2014, Vol. 19, 20-21. doi:10.1044/leader.LML.19052014.20 Universal Newborn Hearing Screening: The Evolution of a Public Health RevolutionThe anatomy of the implementation of a universal newborn screening program in Colorado and across states. CREd Library, March 2014, Vol. 1, No Pagination Specified. doi:10.1044/cred-pvid-implscid2p8 Newborn Hearing Screening in Developing Countries: Understanding the Challenges and Complexities of Implementation SIG 17 Perspectives on Global Issues in Communication Sciences and Related Disorders, October 2013, Vol. 3, 54-61. doi:10.1044/gics3.2.54 Factors Influencing Follow-Up to Newborn Hearing Screening for Infants Who Are Hard of Hearing American Journal of Audiology, December 2012, Vol. 21, 163-174. doi:10.1044/1059-0889(2012/12-0016) Genetics and Hearing Loss SIG 9 Perspectives on Hearing and Hearing Disorders in Childhood, October 2012, Vol. 22, 35-45. doi:10.1044/hhdc22.2.35 Related Topics Special Populations Early Identification & Intervention


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- Prayers and PromisesOwner, 2013 - presentFinding Hope in This Crazy World
- InnovativeTeksIT Consultant, 2008 - presentBob and Diana Rasmussen own InnovativeTeks, a southern WI IT Company serving businesses and personal IT needs.
- Janesville School DistrictTelepresence Supervisor - Parker High School, 2015 - 2016Supervise Telepresence Video Conferencing Center for Parker High School. Supervise many different classes between Parker and Craig High Schools and Rock University High School in Janesville, WI. Troubleshoot network problems, assist all students and Teachers in daily IT activities utilizing Macbooks, Chromebooks, and Midi Controllers. Liason with building IT Manager and IT services to resolve all issues that arise.
- Prayers and Promises (current)
- The Christian Gazette (past)
- UW-PlattevilleBiology, 1982 - 1986
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James Smock changed his profile photo.Shared publicly -
JP Smock Photography
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Ruby 1.9.2 Released
New methods and enhanced IPv6 support among major improvements.
Ruby 1.9.2 was released today and with the incremental update comes a few noticeable features and improvements.
Ruby 1.9.2 features a new socket API that improves IPv6 support. It also features random number generators through its new Random class. Time has been reinstated, alleviating the 2038 time problem that is only a problem if we, as a society, are still using 32-bit machines in the year 2038.
Ruby 1.9.2 supports Debian 5, 32- and 64-bit flavors of Windows, OS X 10.5 and 10.6, FreeBSD 6, Solaris 10, Symbian. Ruby 1.9.2 is unverified on additional Linux distros, other versions of OS X, AIX 5, and BeOS. Ruby 1.9.2 passes more than 99 percent of the RubySpec.
Yay!Love Ruby! Now if only more developers would pull the trigger and jump to 1.9 (including me).
Issue 192/2016
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Friday, July 11, 2014
A pastor once shared with a group of us the difficulty he was having getting his church to implement some much-needed changes. Many church members did not believe in doing anything different from the way it was always done.
One lady reprimanded him. She reminded him that the bible says God never changes and so she will never change.
Unfortunately that is the attitude many people have when it comes to change, and they will use any and every argument they can find to justify their position.
I shared a while ago some of the reasons why people resist change. It is my hope that when you learn some of the reasons why people say no to change you can better identify why the people around you are resistant to change and you can help them overcome their resistance; especially when you know it will benefit them greatly.
People resist change because the possible rewards that they will gain dont seem to merit the effort they will have to expend. Change takes extra effort, especially at first, but if the people who are required to change do not see where they will benefit significantly from the extra effort they will be unwilling to make the change.
Many people have a Whats in it for me? mentality.
That is not necessarily bad. If there is no advantage to changing why should people change? Some people make changes just for change sake. Those of us who lead and require others to make changes or be involved in a change process should be prepared to state the benefits of making such a change.
Next, when people are satisfied with the way things are they will be reluctant to change. There might be plenty of room for improvement as things stand today. There might be a lot more to gain if we make some changes and do things a little differently from how we are doing them now. All of that may be true but if people are satisfied with the way it is now, it will be a challenge to get them to make changes.
The challenge for the leader or the change agent is to communicate to the resistors of change and the entire team a vision of how much better things can be, so they feel a certain degree of dissatisfaction.
No matter how good something is it can be better. No matter how much you have grown or improved, there is still room for improvement. Thats why some people are better than others or outperform others. They are never satisfied. They seek change and they embrace change. But, it is only fair that I warn you that there are some change killers out there.
Negative Ned can always find a reason why we shouldnt change anything and everything should remain as it is. Negative Neds philosophy can be summed up by these words, which the author of a book I read some time ago saw on a sign in an office building.
Dont look, you might see
Dont listen, you might hear Dont think, you might learn
Dont make a decision, you might be wrong
Dont walk, you might stumble
Dont run, you might fall
Dont live, you might die
Dont change, you might grow
To resist change is to resist growth.
The Rev. Dr. Valentine Williams is a pastor and inspirational speaker. He also conducts seminars and workshops related to Christian growth and development and is an avid student of Apologetics. Contact him at email@example.com.
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DC Hult Alumni Summer Brunch
Hult Alumni Association - DC Chapter
Saturday, June 28, 2014 at 11:00 AM (EDT)
Who's Going
San Francisco, California
London, United Kingdom
Florence, Italy
Event Details
Dear DC Hult Alumni,
It's hot in DC and it's a perfect time to get together and enjoy a cool leisurely brunch.
When: Saturday, June 28, 2014 @ 11.00AM
Where: The Hamilton, 600 14th Street, NW, Washington DC 20005 (14th and F Street, NW)
- located 3 blocks south of McPherson Sq Metro (blue line, orange line)
- located 2 blocks west of Metro Center (blue line, orange line, red line)
For those driving: PMI Parking 1325 G ST NW
$10 validated self-park after 5 pm and on weekends
Cost: Free for Hult Alumni
Guests are welcome and are responsible for their own food and drinks.
Kindly RSVP by June 26, and also rsvp for your guest, if applicable. We hope you can join us for this event!
Cheers, Andrew, Pia and Fiona
When & Where
The Hamilton
600 14th St NW
Saturday, June 28, 2014 at 11:00 AM (EDT)
Add to my calendar


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ST. CHARLES, – Robert C. Corley, MD, has been named chief of emergency medicine and system medical officer for Schumacher Group at SSM St. Joseph Health Center. Corley previously was associate medical director of the department.
Dr. Corley received his medical degree from Tulane University in New Orleans, La., and completed a residency in emergency medicine at the University of Chicago Hospitals. He began working in the emergency department at SSM St. Joseph Health Center in 2004, and at SSM St. Mary's Health Center in Richmond Heights in 2007. He is on the advisory board of the St. Charles County Ambulance District.
Since it's renovation in 2011, the ED at SSM St. Joseph Health Center is the largest in St. Charles County with nearly 24,000 square feet, including 24 private patient rooms. Last year, there were more than 39,000 emergency visits to the ED.
Additionally, SSM St. Joseph Health Center has the only State-Designated Level II Trauma Center in St. Charles County with four trauma bays, an in-department CT scanner and radiology suite. Corley oversees a staff of physicians employed by Schumacher Group who work as a team with the ED nurses and technicians to provide the best care possible.
About SSM St. Joseph Health Center: Founded in 1885 and located in historic downtown St. Charles, Mo., SSM St. Joseph Health Center is a 356-bed acute care hospital that maintains a state-designated Level II Trauma Center, a nationally accredited Chest Pain Center and Primary Stroke Center and is a recipient of the Premier QUEST High Performing Hospital award. It is a member of SSM Health Care – St. Louis, a Missouri Quality Award winner. The facility offers a broad range of services and programs including SSM Cancer Care, the SSM Heart Institute, the Vascular Institute and SSM Center for Sleep Disorders. Along with SSM St. Joseph Hospital West, SSM St. Joseph Health Center is the largest health care provider serving St. Charles, Lincoln and Warren counties. For more information about SSM St. Joseph Health Center, visit www.ssmstjoseph.com.