text:
Most Cited Journal of Chromatography A Articles
The most cited articles published since 2011, extracted from Scopus.
Shell particles, trials, tribulations and triumphsGeorges Guiochon | Fabrice Gritti
Volume 1218, Issue 15, April 2011, Pages 1915-1938
The concept of pellicular particles was imagined by Horváth and Lipsky fifty years ago. They were initially intended for the analysis of macromolecules. Later, shell particles were prepared. The rational behind this concept was to improve column efficiency by shortening the pathways that analyte molecules must travel and, so doing, to improve their mass transfer kinetics. Several brands of superficially porous particles were developed and became popular in the 1970s. However, the major improvements in the manufacturing of high-quality, fully porous particles, that took place in the same time, particularly by making them finer and more homogeneous, hampered the success of shell particles, which eventually disappeared. Recently, the pressing needs to improve analytical throughputs forced particle manufacturers to find a better compromise between the demands for higher column efficiency that require short diffusion paths of analyte molecules in columns and the need for columns that can be operated with the conventional instruments for liquid chromatography, which operate with moderate column back-pressures. This lead to the apparition of a new generation of columns packed with shell particles, which bring chromatographic columns to a level of efficiency undreamed of a few years ago. This evolution is reviewed, the reason that motivated it, and the consequences of their success are discussed. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Evaluation of graphene as an advantageous adsorbent for solid-phase extraction with chlorophenols as model analytesQian Liu | Jianbo Shi | Lixi Zeng | Thanh Wang | Yaqi Cai | Guibin Jiang
Volume 1218, Issue 2, January 2011, Pages 197-204
Graphene, a novel class of carbon nanostructures, possesses an ultrahigh specific surface area, and thus has great potentials for the use as sorbent materials. We herein demonstrate the use of graphene as a novel adsorbent for solid-phase extraction (SPE). Eight chlorophenols (CPs) as model analytes were extracted on a graphene-packed SPE cartridge, and then eluted with alkaline methanol. The concentrations in the eluate were determined by HPLC with multi-wavelength UV detection. Under the optimized conditions, high sensitivity (detection limits 0.1-0.4. ng/mL) and good reproducibility of CPs (RSDs 2.2-7.7% for run-to-run assays) were achieved. Comparative studies showed that graphene was superior to other adsorbents including C18 silica, graphitic carbon, single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes for the extraction of CPs. Some other advantages of graphene as SPE adsorbent, such as good compatibility with various organic solvents, good reusability and no impact of sorbent drying, have also been demonstrated. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of tap and river water samples with recoveries ranging from 77.2 to 116.6%. This work not only proposes a useful method for environmental water sample pretreatment, but also reveals great potentials of graphene as an excellent sorbent material in analytical processes. © 2010.
Magnetic retrieval of graphene: Extraction of sulfonamide antibiotics from environmental water samplesYan Bo Luo | Zhi Guo Shi | Qiang Gao | Yu Qi Feng
Volume 1218, Issue 10, March 2011, Pages 1353-1358
A new technique of retrieving graphene from aqueous dispersion was proposed in the present study. Two-dimensional planar graphene sheets were immobilized onto silica-coated magnetic microspheres by simple adsorption. The graphene sheets were used as adsorbent material to extract six sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs) from water samples. After extraction, they were conveniently separated from the aqueous dispersion by an external magnetic field. Under the optimal conditions, a rapid and effective determination of SAs in environmental water samples was achieved. The limits of detection for six SAs ranged from 0.09 to 0.16. ng/mL. Good reproducibility was obtained. The relative standard deviations of intra- and inter-day analysis were less than 10.7% and 9.8%, respectively. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Preparation of a graphene-based magnetic nanocomposite for the extraction of carbamate pesticides from environmental water samplesQiuhua Wu | Guangying Zhao | Cheng Feng | Chun Wang | Zhi Wang
Volume 1218, Issue 44, November 2011, Pages 7936-7942
A graphene-based magnetic nanocomposite was synthesized and used for the first time as an effective adsorbent for the preconcentration of the five carbamate pesticides (metolcarb, carbofuran, pirimicarb, isoprocarb and diethofencarb) in environmental water samples prior to high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection. The properties of the magnetic nanocomposite were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. This novel graphene-based magnetic nanocomposite showed great adsorptive ability towards the analytes. The method, which takes the advantages of both nanoparticle adsorption and magnetic phase separation from the sample solution, could avoid some of the time-consuming experimental procedures related to the traditional solid phase extraction. Various experimental parameters that could affect the extraction efficiencies have been investigated. Under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factors of the method for the analytes were in the range from 474 to 868. A linear response was achieved in the concentration range of 0.1-50ngmL -1. The limits of detection of the method at a signal to noise ratio of 3 for the pesticides were 0.02-0.04ngmL -1. Compared with the dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and the ultrasound-assisted surfactant-enhanced emulsification microextraction, much higher enrichment factors and sensitivities were achieved with the developed method. The method has been successfully applied for the determination of the carbamate pesticides in environmental water samples. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Fast and comprehensive multi-residue analysis of a broad range of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals and some of their metabolites in surface and treated waters by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometryMeritxell Gros | Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz | Damià Barceló
Volume 1248, Issue , July 2012, Pages 104-121
The present work describes the development of an analytical method, based on automated off-line solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-QqLIT) for the determination of 81 pharmaceutical residues, covering various therapeutic groups, and some of their main metabolites, in surface and treated waters (influent and effluent wastewaters, river, reservoir, sea and drinking water). For unequivocal identification and confirmation, two selected reaction monitoring (SRM) transitions per compound are monitored. Quantification is performed by the internal standard approach, indispensable to correct matrix effects. Moreover, to obtain an extra tool for confirmation of positive findings, an information dependent acquisition (IDA) experiment was performed, with SRM as survey scan and an enhanced product ion (EPI) scan as dependent scan. Compound identification was carried out by library search, matching the EPI spectra achieved at one fixed collision energy with those present in a library. The main advantages of the method are automation and speed-up of sample preparation by the reduction of extraction volumes for some matrices, the fast separation of a big number of pharmaceuticals, its high sensitivity (limits of detection in the low ng/L range), selectivity, due to the use of tandem mass spectrometry, reliability since a significant number of isotopically labeled compounds are used as internal standards for quantification and finally, the analysis of tap, reservoir and sea waters, since information about occurrence of pharmaceuticals in these matrices is still sparse. As part of the validation procedure, the method developed was applied to the analysis of pharmaceutical residues in waste and surface waters from different sites in Catalonia (North East of Spain). © 2012 Elsevier B.V.
Fast liquid chromatography: The domination of core-shell and very fine particlesSzabolcs Fekete | Erzsébet Oláh | Jeno Fekete
Volume 1228, Issue , March 2012, Pages 57-71
Columns packed with sub-2 μm totally porous and sub-3 μm core-shell particles are very widespread nowadays to conduct fast and efficient separations. In order to carry out really fast separations, short (5. cm long) columns are very popular today. The goal of this paper is to review the recent possibilities in fast or "ultra-fast" HPLC by applying short and narrow bore columns packed with modern core-shell and very fine fully porous particles. Efficiency data obtained with these recently commercialized columns from the past few years are collected, discussed and compared in terms of potential separation time and efficiency. The reasons of the success of these columns are presented. This paper also shows that theoretically expected efficiency is sometimes compromised in practical work especially in the case of narrow bore columns. The extra-column dispersion of a given LC system can also dramatically decrease the performance of small columns. It is not possible to utilize the real efficiency of these small columns in spite of their really high intrinsic separation power. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Retention and selectivity of stationary phases for hydrophilic interaction chromatographyYong Guo | Sheetal Gaiki
Volume 1218, Issue 35, September 2011, Pages 5920-5938
More and more polar stationary phases have become available for the separation of small polar compounds in the past decade as hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) continues to find applications in new fields (e.g., metabolomics and proteomics). Bare silica phases remain popular, especially in the bio-analytical area. A wide range of functional groups (e.g., amino, amide, diol, sulfobetaine, and triazole) have been employed as polar stationary phases for HILIC separation. This review provides a survey of the popular stationary phases commercially available and discusses the retention and selectivity characteristics of the polar stationary phases in HILIC. The purpose of the review is not to provide a comprehensive overview of literature reports, but rather focuses on findings that demonstrate retention and selectivity of the polar stationary phases in HILIC. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Trace analysis of 28 steroids in surface water, wastewater and sludge samples by rapid resolution liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometryShan Liu | Guang Guo Ying | Jian Liang Zhao | Feng Chen | Bin Yang | Li Jun Zhou | Hua jie Lai
Volume 1218, Issue 10, March 2011, Pages 1367-1378
A sensitive rapid resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (RRLC-MS/MS) method, combined with solid-phase extraction, ultrasonic extraction and silica gel cartridge cleanup, was developed for 28 steroids including 4 estrogens (estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethynyl estradiol (EE2), diethylstilbestrol (DES)), 14 androgens (androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD), 17α-trenbolone, 17β-trenbolone, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, 19-nortestoserone, 17β-boldenone, 17α-boldenone, testosterone (T), epi-androsterone (EADR), methyltestosterone (MT), 4-hydroxy-androst-4-ene-17-dione (4-OHA), 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT), androsterone (ADR), stanozolol (S)), 5 progestagens (progesterone (P), ethynyl testosterone (ET), 19-norethindrone, norgestrel, medroxyprogesterone (MP)), and 5 glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone, prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone) in surface water, wastewater and sludge samples. The recoveries of surface water, influents, effluents and sludge samples were 90.6-119.0% (except 5α-DHT was 143%), 44.0-200%, 60.7-123% and 62.6-138%, respectively. The method detection limits for the 28 analytes in surface water, influents, effluents and freeze-dried sludge samples were 0.01-0.24. ng/L, 0.02-1.44. ng/L, 0.01-0.49. ng/L and 0.08-2.06. ng/g, respectively. This method was applied in the determination of the residual steroidal hormones in two surface water of Danshui River, 12 wastewater and 8 sludge samples from two wastewater treatment plants (Meihu and Huiyang WWTPs) in Guangdong (China). Ten analytes were detected in surface water samples with concentrations ranging between 0.4. ng/L (17β-boldenone) and 55.3. ng/L (5α-DHT); twenty analytes in the wastewater samples with concentrations ranging between 0.3. ng/L (P) and 621. ng/L (5α-DHT); and 12 analytes in the sludge samples with concentrations ranging between 1.6. ng/g (E1) and 372. ng/g (EADR). © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Microwave-assisted extractions of active ingredients from plantsChung Hung Chan | Rozita Yusoff | Gek Cheng Ngoh | Fabian Wai Lee Kung
Volume 1218, Issue 37, September 2011, Pages 6213-6225
Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is widely employed in the analysis and the extraction of active compounds from plants. This review summarizes the research done during the last decade on the MAE of active ingredients from plants. Advances and modifications to improve the performance of MAE are presented and discussed in detail. Modified MAE such as vacuum microwave-assisted extraction (VMAE), nitrogen-protected microwave-assisted extraction (NPMAE), ultrasonic microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE), dynamic microwave-assisted extraction (DMAE) and other advancements in MAE are also detailed in this article. In addition, the microwave extraction procedures and the important parameters influencing its performance are also included, together with the advantages and the drawbacks of each MAE techniques. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Lipid analysis by thin-layer chromatography-A review of the current stateBeate Fuchs | Rosmarie Süß | Kristin Teuber | Mandy Eibisch | Jürgen Schiller
Volume 1218, Issue 19, May 2011, Pages 2754-2774
High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) is a widely used, fast and relatively inexpensive method of separating complex mixtures. It is particularly useful for smaller, apolar compounds and offers some advantages over HPLC. This review gives an overview about the special features as well as the problems that have to be considered upon the HPTLC analysis of lipids. The term " lipids" is used here in a broad sense and comprises fatty acids and their derivatives as well as substances related biosynthetically or functionally to these compounds. After a short introduction regarding the stationary phases and the methods how lipids can be visualized on an HPTLC plate, the individual lipid classes will be discussed and the most suitable solvent systems for their separation indicated. The focus will be on lipids that are most abundant in biological systems, i.e. cholesterol and its derivates, glycerides, sphingo- and glycolipids as well as phospholipids. Finally, a nowadays very important topic, the combination between HPTLC and mass spectrometric (MS) detection methods will be discussed. It will be shown that this is a very powerful method to investigate the identities of the HPTLC spots in more detail than by the use of common staining methods. Future aspects of HPTLC in the lipid field will be also discussed. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.
Multi-residue analysis of drugs of abuse in wastewater and surface water by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-positive electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometryDavid R. Baker | Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern
Volume 1218, Issue 12, March 2011, Pages 1620-1631
A new-multi residue method was developed for the environmental monitoring of 65 stimulants, opiod and morphine derivatives, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, dissociative anaesthetics, drug precursors, human urine indicators and their metabolites in wastewater and surface water. The proposed analytical methodology offers rapid analysis for a large number of compounds, with low limits of quantification and utilises only one solid-phase extraction-ultra performance liquid chromatography-positive electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) method, thus overcoming the drawbacks of previously published procedures. The method employed solid phase extraction with the usage of Oasis MCX sorbent and subsequent ultra performance liquid chromatography-positive electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. The usage of a 1.7μm particle size column (1mm×150mm) resulted in very low flow rates (0.04mLmin-1), and as a consequence gave good sensitivity, low mobile phase consumption and short retention times for all compounds (from 2.9 to 23.1min). High SPE recoveries (>60%) were obtained for the majority of compounds. The mean correlation coefficients of the calibration curves were typically higher than 0.997 and showed good linearity in the range 0-1000μgL-1. The method limits of detection ranged from 0.1ngL-1 for compounds including cocaine, benzoylecgonine, norbenzoylecgonine and 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD to 100ngL-1 for caffeine. Method quantification limits ranged from 0.5 to 154.2ngL-1. Intra- and inter-day repeatabilities were on average less than 10%. The method accuracy range was within -33.1 to 30.1%. The new multi-residue method was used to analyse drugs of abuse in wastewater and river water in the UK environment. Of the targeted 65 compounds, 46 analytes were detected at levels above the method quantification limit (MQL) in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) influent, 43 in WWTP effluent and 36 compounds in river water. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Mass transfer kinetics, band broadening and column efficiencyFabrice Gritti | Georges Guiochon
Volume 1221, Issue , January 2012, Pages 2-40
Important progress was recently made in our understanding of the physico-chemical aspects of mass transfer kinetics in chromatographic columns, in methods used for accurate determination of the different contributions to the height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP), and in the application of these advances to the elucidation of mass transfer mechanisms in columns packed with recent chromatographic supports (sub-2 μm fully porous particles, sub-3 μm core-shell particles, and monoliths). The independent contributions to the HETP are longitudinal diffusion, eddy dispersion, liquid-solid mass transfer (including trans-particle or trans-skeleton mass transfer and external film mass transfer), and the contributions caused by the thermal heterogeneity of the column. The origin and importance of these contributions are investigated in depth. This work underlines the areas in which improvements are needed, an understanding of the contribution of the external film mass transfer term, a better design of HPLC instruments providing a decrease of the extra-column band broadening contributions to the apparent HETP, the development of better packing procedures giving more radially homogeneous column beds, and new packing materials having a higher thermal conductivity to eliminate the nefarious impact of heat effects in very high pressure liquid chromatography (vHPLC) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Current approaches to trace analysis of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environmentWolfgang Buchberger
Volume 1218, Issue 4, January 2011, Pages 603-618
A large number of xenobiotics including pharmaceuticals and personal care products are continuously released into the environment. Effluents from sewage treatment plants are well known to be the major source for introduction of pharmaceuticals and personal care products into the aquatic system. In recent years, reliable methods have been established for residue analysis of these pollutants down to low ng/L levels. In this review, the different approaches to their trace determination are reviewed with special attention being paid to sample preparation procedures, state-of-the-art high-performance separation methods hyphenated with mass spectrometry, and immunochemical methods. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.
Preparation of polypyrrole-coated magnetic particles for micro solid-phase extraction of phthalates in water by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysisJiaoran Meng | Jing Bu | Chunhui Deng | Xiangmin Zhang
Volume 1218, Issue 12, March 2011, Pages 1585-1591
In this work, polypyrrole (PPy)-coated Fe3O4 magnetic microsphere were successfully synthesized, and applied as a magnetic sorbent to extract and concentrate phthalates from water samples. The PPy-coated Fe3O4 magnetic microspheres had the advantages of large surface area, convenient and fast separation ability. The PPy coating of magnetic microspheres contributed to preconcentration of phthalates from water sample, due to the π-π bonding between PPy coating and the analytes. Also, the coating could prevent aggregation of the microspheres, and improve their dispersibility. In this study, seven kinds of phthalates were selected as model analytes, including dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-iso-butyl phthalate (DIBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was introduced to detect the phthalates after sample pretreatment. Important parameters of the extraction procedure were investigated, and optimized including eluting solvent, the amount of Fe3O4@PPy particles, and extraction time. After optimization, the procedure took only 15min to extract and concentrate analytes with high efficiency. Validation experiments showed that the optimized method had good linearity (0.985-0.998), precision (3.4-11.7%), high recovery (91.1-113.4%), and the limits of detection were from 0.006 to 0.068μg/L. The results indicated that the novel method had advantages of convenience, good sensitivity, high efficiency, and it could also be applied successfully to analyze phthalates in real water sample. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Flow field-flow fractionation for the analysis and characterization of natural colloids and manufactured nanoparticles in environmental systems: A critical reviewM. Baalousha | B. Stolpe | J. R. Lead
Volume 1218, Issue 27, July 2011, Pages 4078-4103
The use of flow field flow fractionation (FlFFF) for the separation and characterization of natural colloids and nanoparticles has increased in the last few decades. More recently, it has become a popular method for the characterization of manufactured nanoparticles. Unlike conventional filtration methods, FlFFF provides a continuous and high-resolution separation of nanoparticles as a function of their diffusion coefficient, hence the interest for use in determining particle size distribution. Moreover, when coupled to other detectors such as inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy, light scattering, UV-absorbance, fluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy, FlFFF provides a wealth of information on particle properties including, size, shape, structural parameters, chemical composition and particle-contaminant association. This paper will critically review the application of FlFFF for the characterization of natural colloids and natural and manufactured nanoparticles. Emphasis will be given to the detection systems that can be used to characterize the nanoparticles eluted from the FlFFF system, the obtained information and advantages and limitation of FlFFF compared to other fractionation and particle sizing techniques. This review will help users understand (i) the theoretical principles and experimental consideration of the FlFFF, (ii) the range of analytical tools that can be used to further characterize the nanoparticles after fractionation by FlFFF, (iii) how FlFFF results are compared to other analytical techniques and (iv) the range of applications of FlFFF for natural and manufactured NPs. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Recent developments on polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases for liquid-phase separation of enantiomersBezhan Chankvetadze
Volume 1269, Issue , December 2012, Pages 26-51
This paper summarizes recent developments in the synthesis, application and mechanistic studies on polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for liquid phase separation techniques. Together with applications in conventional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) applications in nano-liquid chromatography (nano-LC), capillary electrochromatography (CEC), super/sub-critical fluid chromatography (SFC) and preparative and product scale separations are also summarized. In the final part of the overview mechanistic aspects and some unusual effects observed in HPLC with these materials are shortly discussed and the author's view regarding future trends in this field is provided. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.
Plunger-in-needle solid-phase microextraction with graphene-based sol-gel coating as sorbent for determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethersHong Zhang | Hian Kee Lee
Volume 1218, Issue 28, July 2011, Pages 4509-4516
A solid-phase microextraction (SPME) device, assembled with a commercially available plunger-in-needle microsyringe, with the plunger coated with graphene via a sol-gel approach, was developed for the gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in environmental samples. This is the first application of graphene-based sol-gel coating as SPME sorbent. Parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were investigated in detail. The new coating exhibited enrichment factors for PBDEs between 1378 and 2859. The unique planar structure of graphene enhanced the π-π interaction with the aromatic PBDEs; additionally, the sol-gel coating technique created a porous three-dimensional network structure which offered larger surface area for extraction. The stainless steel plunger provided firm support for the coating and enhanced the durability of the assembly. The plunger-in-needle microsyringe represents a ready-made tool for SPME implementation. Under the optimized conditions, the method detection limits for five PBDEs were in the range of 0.2 and 5.3. ng/L (at a signal/noise ratio of 3) and the precision (% relative standard deviation, n = 5) was 3.2-5.0% at a concentration level of 100. ng/L. The linearities were 5-1000 or 10-1000. ng/L for different PBDEs. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to the extraction and determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of PBDEs in canal water samples. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Critical overview of selected contemporary sample preparation techniquesLourdes Ramos
Volume 1221, Issue , January 2012, Pages 84-98
Sample preparation procedures in use in many application areas are still tedious and manually intensive protocols. These characteristics mean that sample treatment is considered the most time-consuming and error-prone part of the analytical scheme. The increasing demand for faster, more cost-effective and environmental friendly analytical methods is a major incentive to improve these conventional procedures and has spurred research in this field during the last decades. This review provides an overview of the most relevant developments and successful approaches proposed in recent years concerning sample preparation. The current state-of-the-art is discussed on the basis of examples selected from representative application areas and involving conventional instrumental techniques for the final determination of the target compounds. Emphasis will be on those techniques and approaches that have already demonstrated their practicality by the analysis of real-life samples, and in particular on those dealing with the determination of minor organic components. The potential of the latest developments in this field for sample treatment simplification and complete hyphenation and integration of analytical process is discussed and the most pressing remaining limitations evaluated. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Aggregation and dispersion of silver nanoparticles in exposure media for aquatic toxicity testsIsabella Römer | Thomas A. White | Mohammed Baalousha | Kevin Chipman | Mark R. Viant | Jamie R. Lead
Volume 1218, Issue 27, July 2011, Pages 4226-4233
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are currently being very widely used in industry, mainly because of their anti-bacterial properties, with applications in many areas. Once released into the environment, the mobility, bioavailability, and toxicity of AgNPs in any ecosystem are dominated by colloidal stability. There have been studies on the stability or the aggregation of various nanoparticles (NPs) under a range of environmental conditions, but there is little information on fully characterised AgNPs in media used in (eco)toxicity studies. In this study, monodisperse 7, 10 and 20. nm citrate-stabilised AgNPs were synthesised, characterised and then fractionated and sized by flow field-flow fractionation (FFF) and measured with dynamic light scattering (DLS) in different dilutions of the media recommended by OECD for Daphnia magna (water flea) toxicity testing. Stability of NPs was assessed over 24. h, and less so over 21 days, similar time periods to the OECD acute and chronic toxicity tests for D. magna. All particles aggregated quickly in the media with high ionic strength (media1), resulting in a loss of colour from the solution. The size of particles could be measured by DLS in most cases after 24. h, although a fractogram by FFF could not be obtained due to aggregation and polydispersity of the sample. After diluting the media by a factor of 2, 5 or 10, aggregation was reduced, although the smallest NPs were unstable under all media conditions. Media diluted up to 10-fold in the absence of AgNPs did not induce any loss of mobility or fecundity in D. magna. These results confirm that standard OECD media causes aggregation of AgNPs, which result in changes in organism exposure levels and the nature of the exposed particles compared to exposure to fully dispersed particles. Setting aside questions of dose metrics, significant and substantial reduction in concentration over exposure period suggests that literature data are in the main improperly interpreted and nanoparticles are likely to have far greater biological effects than suggested thus far by poorly controlled exposures. We recommend that the standard OECD media is diluted by a factor of ca. 10 for use with these NPs and this test media, which reduces AgNP aggregation without affecting the viability of the text organism. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Potential of nanoparticles in sample preparationR. Lucena | B. M. Simonet | S. Cárdenas | M. Valcárcel
Volume 1218, Issue 4, January 2011, Pages 620-637
The paper presents a general overview of the use of nanoparticles to perform sample preparation. In this way the main uses of nanoparticles to carry out solid phase extraction, solid phase microextraction, liquid-liquid extraction and filtration techniques are described for a wide range of nanoparticles including carbon nanoparticles, metallic, silica and molecular imprinted polymer nanoparticles. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.
New trends in fast liquid chromatography for food and environmental analysisOscar Núñez | Héctor Gallart-Ayala | Claudia P B Martins | Paolo Lucci
Volume 1228, Issue , March 2012, Pages 298-323
There is an increasing need for applications in food and environmental areas able to cope with a large number of analytes in very complex matrices. The new analytical procedures demand sensitivity, robustness and high resolution within an acceptable analysis time. The purpose of this review is to describe new trends based on fast liquid chromatography applied to the food and environmental analysis. It includes different column technologies, such as monolithic, sub-2 μm, porous shell, as well as different stationary phases such as reversed phase (C8 and C18), hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and fluorinated columns. Additionally, recent sample extraction and clean-up methodologies applied to reduce sample manipulation and total analysis time in food and environmental analysis - QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe), on line solid phase extraction coupled to ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography (on line SPE-UHPLC), turbulent flow chromatography (TFC) and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), were also addressed. The advantages and drawbacks of these methodologies applied to the fast and sensitive analyses of food and environmental samples are going to be discussed. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Analytical methods applied to the determination of pesticide residues in foods of animal origin. A review of the past two decadesMartial LeDoux
Volume 1218, Issue 8, February 2011, Pages 1021-1036
Pesticides are widely used in agriculture and can be transferred to animals in a number of ways. Consequently, reliable analytical methods are required to determine pesticide residues in foods of animal origin. The present review covers published methods and research articles (1990-2010) in which pesticide residues have been extracted from meat and meat products, milk and dairy products, fish and seafood, and eggs, then cleaned up, and isolated by chromatographic techniques to be identified and quantified by various detection methods. Recovery rates, quantification limits, the matrix effect and related parameters have all been considered. Lastly, future developments in this field are outlined. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.
Recent developments in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and related techniquesMichal Holčapek | Robert Jirásko | Miroslav Lísa
Volume 1259, Issue , October 2012, Pages 3-15
This review summarizes the state-of-art in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and related techniques with the main focus on recent developments in the last decade. LC-MS records an enormous growth in recent years due to the application potential in analytical chemistry, biochemistry, pharmaceutical analysis, clinical analysis and many other fields, where the qualitative and quantitative characterization of complex organic, bioorganic and organometallic mixtures is needed. Beginners and moderately experienced LC-MS users may be confused by the number of different LC-MS systems on the market, therefore an actual overview of mass spectrometers designed for the LC-MS configuration and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) from main manufacturers is compiled here together with an independent assessment of their advantages and limitations. Current trends in terms of mass analyzers, ionization techniques, fast LC-MS, LC-MALDI-MS, ion mobility spectrometry used in LC-MS, quantitation issues specific to MS and emerging mass spectrometric approaches complementary to LC-MS are discussed as well. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.
Multi-class determination of around 50 pharmaceuticals, including 26 antibiotics, in environmental and wastewater samples by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometryEmma Gracia-Lor | Juan V. Sancho | Félix Hernández
Volume 1218, Issue 16, April 2011, Pages 2264-2275
A multi-class method for the simultaneous quantification and confirmation of 47 pharmaceuticals in environmental and wastewater samples has been developed. The target list of analytes included analgesic and anti-inflammatories, cholesterol lowering statin drugs and lipid regulators, antidepressants, anti-ulcer agents, psychiatric drugs, ansiolitics, cardiovasculars and a high number (26) of antibiotics from different chemical groups. A common pre-concentration step based on solid-phase extraction with Oasis HLB cartridges was applied, followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) measurement. All compounds were satisfactorily determined in just one single injection, with a chromatographic run time of only 10. min. The process efficiency (combination of the matrix effect and the extraction process recovery) for the 47 selected compounds was evaluated in nine effluent wastewater (EWW) samples, and the use of different isotope-labelled internal standards (ILIS) was investigated to correct unsatisfactory values. Up to 12 ILIS were evaluated in EWW and surface water (SW). As expected, the ILIS provided satisfactory correction for their own analytes. However, the use of these ILIS for the rest of pharmaceuticals was problematic in some cases. Despite this fact, the correction with analogues ILIS was found useful for most of analytes in EWW, while was not strictly required in the SW tested. The method was successfully validated in SW and EWW at low concentration levels, as expected for pharmaceuticals in these matrices (0.025, 0.1 and 0.5 μg/L in SW; 0.1 and 0.5 μg/L in EWW). With only a few exceptions, the instrumental limits of detection varied between 0.1 and 8. pg. The limits of quantification were estimated from sample chromatograms at the lowest spiked levels tested and normally were below 20. ng/L for SW and below 50. ng/L for EWW. The developed method was applied to the analysis of around forty water samples (river waters and effluent wastewaters) from the Spanish Mediterranean region. Almost all the pharmaceuticals selected in this work were detected, mainly in effluent wastewater. In both matrices, analgesics and anti-inflammatories, lipid regulators and quinolone antibiotics were the most detected groups. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Aqueous two-phase systems for protein separation: A perspectiveJuan A. Asenjo | Barbara A. Andrews
Volume 1218, Issue 49, December 2011, Pages 8826-8835
Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) that are formed by mixing a polymer (usually polyethylene glycol, PEG) and a salt (e.g. phosphate, sulphate or citrate) or two polymers and water can be effectively used for the separation and purification of proteins. The partitioning between both phases is dependent on the surface properties of the proteins and on the properties of the two phase system. The mechanism of partitioning is complex and not very easy to predict but, as this review paper shows, some very clear trends can be established. Hydrophobicity is the main determinant in the partitioning of proteins and can be measured in many different ways. The two methods that are more attractive, depending on the ATPS used (PEG/salt, PEG/polymer), are those that consider the 3-D structure and the hydrophobicity of AA on the surface and the one based on precipitation with ammonium sulphate (parameter 1/. m*). The effect of charge has a relatively small effect on the partitioning of proteins in PEG/salt systems but is more important in PEG/dextran systems. Protein concentration has an important effect on the partitioning of proteins in ATPS. This depends on the higher levels of solubility of the protein in each of the phases and hence the partitioning observed at low protein concentrations can be very different to that observed at high concentrations. In virtually all cases the partition coefficient is constant at low protein concentration (true partitioning) and changes to a different constant value at a high overall protein concentration. Furthermore, true partitioning behavior, which is independent of the protein concentration, only occurs at relatively low protein concentration. As the concentration of a protein exceeds relatively low values, precipitation at the interface and in suspension can be observed. This protein precipitate is in equilibrium with the protein solubilized in each of the phases. Regarding the effect of protein molecular weight, no clear trend of the effect on partitioning has been found, apart from PEG/dextran systems where proteins with higher molecular weights partitioned more readily to the bottom phase. Bioaffinity has been shown in many cases to have an important effect on the partitioning of proteins. The practical application of ATPS has been demonstrated in many cases including a number of industrial applications with excellent levels of purity and yield. This separation and purification has also been successfully used for the separation of virus and virus-like particles. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.


text:
My Dad recently had one of his postings to a newsgroup rejected (sent by
Outlook 2000). We sent the host an e-mail (via OE) a question as to why and
his response was "...your email header contains the phrase
"X-MS-Has-Attach:" which means it is enabled to send attachments. I've had
to crack down pretty tightly on this stuff since my list servers are getting
clobbered by viruses which shut them down. See if you can find a setting to
turn that off."
I have never heard of such a setting....is there?

subset: commoncrawl


text:
SPRINGDALE, Ark. -- Supermarkets in some areas of the country have yet to embrace the latest video-game formats, retailers told SN. "We're not on the East or West Coast, so we're a little slower to get it in here," said Craig Hill, video specialist, Harps Food Stores here. He said the newest game formats -- for Microsoft's Xbox and Nintendo's Game Cube, both of which were released during the holiday shopping seasons -- also have not been selling well at his competitors' stores. "Some of ...
REGISTER TO VIEW THIS ARTICLE - Register for a Free Account
WhyRegisterfor FREE?
Registering for content on Supermarket News will give youINSTANTaccess to invaluable articles and media content that industry professionals rely on. You will have access to our special reports, feature articles, and industry analysis. It'sFREE, easy and quick. What are you waiting for!In addition you will also receive complimentary access to the SN salary survey data tables.
Click here to read the FAQ page if you have any questions (opens in a new window)
Attention Paid Print Subscribers: While you have already been grantedfreeaccess to SNwe ask that youregister now.We promise it will only take a few minutes! Or visit your profile and add your print magazine account number and zip code.


text: Toilet Paper Roll Cover Flag this deal What's the matter? Choose a reason Dead deal Duplicate Bad link Spam Inaccurate No value Alive again Edit deal Christine Feb 21, 2012 hahaha this is awesome! especially 'cause he's like a little poop looking character =p Reply plusit Feb 21, 2012 perfect gift for for those with the sense of humor! Reply Load More Comments


text:
Thanksgiving Concentration Game
Test Your Memory
Thanksgiving is a wonderful time of the year when family and friends gather round the dining table.
Keeping fit mentally is as important as physical exercise.
Puzzles and word games can flex the brain muscles and help stave off senility.
Concentration games improve memory. You can play against the clock in this puzzle.
Uncover all the blocks by successfully matching the image pairs. Click the grey 'Start' button below the grid to begin or to start a new game.
There's an easier version (4x4) available here.
by The JavaScript Source


text:
Test tickets up for grabs
Tickets are still available for the second npower Test between England and West Indies at the Riverside, which starts on Thursday.
Fans are urged to contact the Durham box office as soon as possible to avoid disappointment, with tickets for day three almost sold out.
Durham chief executive David Harker said: "With reports showing that the weather is set to be good for the match we're expecting a big walk-up for this match.
"Spectators can still book tickets in advance and we do advise that they book park and ride or pre book a car parking space to ensure the smoothest possible visit to Riverside."
Tickets are priced from £35 for adults and £10 for juniors and can be purchased from the box office on 0844 499 4466 or online at Durham CCC.


text:
Tokyo Halloween Night
Discover amazing Halloween items and find your favorite for Halloween Night 2016.
Rakuten Global Market Ranking Vol.13
Chrome Hearts Vintage Selection
We are featuring used and well loved Chrome Hearts merchandise on this page.
Our Best Reviewed Products
Discover amazing new items and find your next favorite.
Shop of the Month
July 2016 Winner
Rakuten Global Market Ranking Vol.12
ASICS Running Shoes Catalog
ASICS is the reknowned footwear manufacturer that Japan relies on for the development of high-quality running shoes.
Our Best Reviewed Products
Discover amazing new items and find your next favorite.
500 JPY Coupon
Campaign Period 2016/08/03 10:00 AM - 2016/08/10 9:59 AM (JST)
Rakuten Global Market Ranking Vol.11
Shop of the Month
June 2016 Winner
Our Best Reviewed Products
Discover amazing new items and find your next favorite.
Rakuten Global Market Ranking Vol.10
Summer Essentials
Enjoy your Summer to the fullest with these summer essentials!
500 JPY Coupon
Campaign Period 2016/07/06 10:00 AM - 2016/07/13 9:59 AM (JST)
Color Contact Special Edition
Here are our recommended contact lenses on Rakuten Global Market.
Shop of the Month
May 2016 Winner
Our Best Reviewed Products
Discover amazing new items and find your next favorite.
5% Bonus Points Back
Campaign Period 2016/06/23 10:00 AM - 2016/06/30 9:59 AM (JST)
Customer Protection
We offer Customer Protection as a service for our shoppers. Enjoy worry-free shopping on Rakuten Global Market.
500 JPY Coupon
Campaign Period 2016/06/08 10:00 AM - 2016/06/15 9:59 AM (JST)
Maternity and Baby Essentials from Japan
We hope this will help you to enjoy shopping all the top maternity products from Japan.
Shop of the Month
April 2016 Winner
Men's Recommended Golf Clubs 2016
Get all the latest gear and then go out for a round!
Shop of the Year
Rakuten's Shop of the Year award features the three best shops from 2015 out of over 40,000 shoplistings on Rakuten.
Matcha: Japanese Green Tea
The King of Japanese Green Tea
Rakuten Global Market Ranking Vol.7
Our Best Reviewed Products
Discover amazing new items and find your next favorite.
Skin Care Products
It will soon be time to worry about UV rays -- this summer protect and beautify your skin.
|■ outside dimensions size
Height 58 x 45 horizontal × thickness 30 cm
|■ out of total size
(Wheels and handles included)
|Height 67 x next 48 x 31 cm thickness
|Approx. 5.4 kg
|About 58 litres
|■ travel guide
|3 Nights ~ facing 5 nights
|Stepless adjustable Piano Bench
|■ caster
4-Wheel (diameter 50 mm)
|TSA lock has 2 locations on both sides
|Polycarbonate + ABS special
|Private storage bag & key x 2 / storage pouch
Liquids on board carry-on compatible pouch
Name shirt hanger
|■ manufacturers
|* Product tag and outside may have errors in specs part number listed in the box. Please note that, as described in the page.
|siffler sifre suitcase hard case suitcase frame zipper fasteners travel bag travel bag travel bag travel bag travel back travel supplies travel toy household bag bag bag back Curie carry carry case carry bag carry back bargain 1 year warranty warranty siffler sifre brand new new cheap bargain shipping free shipping TSA TSA lock key key key to dial lock 4 nights 5 nights 6 nights 4 days 5 days 6 days in type medium M size large capacity l L lightweight robust polycarbonate Nate special 4-wheel 4-wheel caster zippy Pocket dividers gorgeous domestic travel overseas travel beginners expert simple Pocket men's men ladies women グリスパック caster hinomoto made caster HINOMOTO made caster Japan ABS castors black black black blue blue red red Pink Silver tomorrow music for tomorrow probably clear, effortless Niigata Nagano Yamanashi Tokyo Kanagawa Saitama Chiba Ibaraki Tochigi Gunma Toyama Ishikawa Fukui Aichi Gifu Shizuoka triple Osaka Hyogo Kyoto Shiga NARA Wakayama
|Credit Card
|We accept credit and debit cards.
The following credit and debit cards can be used:
•American Express
This product cannot be shipped to United States from the store.
Please contact the store for further information.


text:
Art Print
TIME FOR BUBBLY - Colorful Bright Bold Abstract Acrylic Painting, Turquoise Royal Blue Magentaby EbiEmporium
10% Off + Free Shipping on Everything Today!
Collect your choice of gallery quality Giclée, or fine art prints custom trimmed by hand in a variety of sizes with a white border for framing.
Bubbles, Eggs, Circles, Spheres, Abstract Pattern, Acrylic Painting, Bright Colors, Rainbow Colors, Colorful Art, Champagne, New Years, Celebration, Time to Celebrate, For Children, Fun, Whimsical Design, Turquoise, Aqua Blue, Royal Blue, Orange, Sunshine Yellow, Lime Green, Home Decor, Pretty, Kids Room, Lovely, Cheerful
Title: "Time for Bubbly" Original Abstract Acrylic Painting Image (1 of 3 in series)
Artist: Julia Di Sano - Owner/Artist of Ebi Emporium
This image is based on the original painting created for sale on Ebi Emporium on Etsy. This particular version of the painting's colors has been adjusted digitally to create a 3 piece series in varying colorways.
To view and purchase my original works, please visit my website:


text:
E3 2017 dates? I hardly even knew E3 2016!
With the last day of E3 2016 nearly wrapped up, the ESA has announced plans for next year's show already. It will be held from June 13-17, 2017, in the same location -- the Los Angeles Convention Center. The venue is pretty much perfect, an... read


text:
Display caption
Foliate or 'leafy' heads such as this one are perhaps one of John Piper's most distinctive motifs, appearing in his works in a variety of media including tapestries and ceramics as well as drawings, paintings and prints. Their form is based loosely on traditional 'green men', found in the architecture of many medieval and nineteenth-century buildings. The recurrence of the image perhaps reflects Piper's fascination with detailed medieval church carvings , particularly misericords - small wooden shelves installed in churches to provide some comfort for those needing it during long periods of standing prayer.
May 2007


text:
Great American Civil War Society
Rating: 0 stars 0 0 review 55
2449 Heidlersburg Rd Gettysburg PA 17325 USA
Filter Reviews by Role
Promote This Nonprofit
GreatNonprofits badges allow you to raise awareness of your favorite nonprofits on your own web sites!
Donor & Volunteer Advisory
This organization's nonprofit status may be in question. You'll need to check recent news about this organization. For more information please visit https://apps.irs.gov/app/eos/forwardToRevokeDownload.do
GreatNonprofits, as an impartial aggregator of reviews, takes no position on allegations made or issues raised by third parties. However, donors and volunteers can read recent news about this organization and determine for themselves whether such information is relevant.
Reviews for Great American Civil War Society
Get discovered. Invite people to share their experiences about this nonprofit!
Gettysburg Foundation
Jerry K. wrote:
Gettysburg Foundation is a unique public private partnership with the National Park Service. I started to voluntee in Spring... more »
- Location:
- Gettysburg, PA


text:
'BOSS The Collection' | 1.7 fl. oz. (50 mL) Velvet Amber Eau de Toilette, by BOSS
Style No. 58013619
Free Shipping
Introducing Velvet & Amber, one of five exclusive new fragrances from the BOSS The Collection for men. A scent of classic refinement, it is inspired by the fine quality of BOSS tailoring and a world where fabric and scent are fused. The fragrance opens with an intensely warm amber top note that is combined with a sweet balsamic heart; all balanced by a creamy vanilla base note.
- Notes of amber, balsamic and vanilla 1.6 fl. oz. (50 mL) Spray top


text:
Milwaukee County ponders using its parks for Harley camping
Milwaukee County could use its parks for temporary recreational vehicle campgrounds this summer, mainly aimed at accommodating some of the expected crowds in town for the Harley-Davidson 110th anniversary festival in late August and early September.
The County Boards' Parks Committee endorsed the idea Tuesday on a unanimous vote.
Whitnall Park, on the county's southwest side, is the most likely candidate for playing host to RVs, though other parks may also be used.
"Maybe we can enhance our revenue significantly," said Supervisor Mark Borkowski, who proposed the idea. "It's worth a shot."
Camping fees haven't been determined but are expected to be high enough to at least offset the county's costs. The campsites won't offer any electrical or other hookups.
Portable toilets would be trucked in for the RV campers under what's billed as a trial program.
The Harley celebration is being held at the Summerfest grounds Aug. 29 to Sept. 2. The event will incude more than 60 bands at Summerfest, as well as organized rides to Milwaukee, a parade and activivites at the Harley-Davidson Museum.


text:
Early detection.
Accurate diagnosis.
Proper treatment.
WomenHeart of Central Suffolk
August 5, 6pm - 7:30pm
Hilton Garden Inn, Stony Brook University Campus
1 Circle Drive, Stony Brook, NY
Contact info: Dawn Blatt, email@example.com
Topic: Physical Activity
Join WomenHeart of Central Suffolk to discuss Physical Activity!August 5, 6pm - 7:30pmHilton Garden Inn, Stony Brook University Campus1 Circle Drive, Stony Brook, NYContact info: Dawn Blatt, firstname.lastname@example.com
Remember Me
Forgot your password?
Haven't registered yet?
10/1/2016PHA on the Road
10/3/2016WomenHeart of El Camino Hospital
10/3/2016WomenHeart of Tucson
10/4/2016WomenHeart of South St. Louis County
10/4/2016WomenHeart of Henry Ford Hospital
9/14/2016WomenHeart takes on Revlon's 2016 Million Dollar Challenge!
8/16/2016WomenHeart Among Top Cardiac Websites in 2016
6/27/2016WomenHeart Announces Groundbreaking Partnership with ContextMedia:Health
6/21/2016The Foundation for the Public's Health to Fund Medical Reserve Corps & WomenHeart
3/10/2016Applications Now Accepted for Fall 2016 WomenHeart Science & Leadership Symposium at Mayo Clinic


text:
^ no. Just no. We don't need furrys.
A yes, I wont complain if she gets a ticket to the SSBU. If I remember correctly she was playable on the star fox adventures in the beginning. and had some moves to?
Hmm, maybe I'll check it out this weekend?
Coooool I didn't know about this lol
Last edited by BlueWhistler; 07-28-2011 at 03:33 PM.
Yes life is short. So don't waist you're time on the loading screen!
In a personal opinion, getting out of the topic of characters, stages and...I would like to see more solo gameplay modes, i mean like classic mode, the only way to have challenge in classic mode is putting the difficulty on intense,AND... it's already very classic; or like the event mode, the events are so easy "LIKE THE BOWSER BROS" OR "CLEANING HOUSE IN SKYWORLD" ""EVENTS"" , even when you are playing on hard mode (Should be intense mode and I only remember that the 41 event is hard). I want really challenges and more than 41 events please. All star mode is retarded, Stadium is funny and take a lot of hours of entertainment in cruel brawl and boss battles,subspace emmisary it's just for quick character unlocks, and training well is very usefull.
Here is what i'm talking about, only noobs find this hard:
(LOLOL , noob playing)
Last edited by Borg; 07-28-2011 at 08:53 PM.
@ Borg: Yeah, I can agree with ya there. Single player needs both more options towards variety, and higher optional difficulty. Intense is nothing more than CPUs having dickshit-inhuman reaction time, and still being derpy. I'm ****ing sick of fighting games that do nothing but give CPUs ridiculous reaction time, especially when blocks or dodges are broken in said games (anyone who plays dissidia rages at how broken blocks are with high level CPUs, even if they are easily manipulated. =/ It's just-plain annoying).
You can make the glitch even crazier by having a Yoshi use his Neutral B, swallow, to practically double her size each time you manage to land it. Eventually, Jiggly is so big from this not even half her lower body shows up on screen, and if you jump a few times, you instantly die from being off screen, lol. It's pretty hilarious.
Giga Bowser and Fox's Landmaster aren't really to be feared anyway, IMO. Of course, Wolf and Falco's are ****ing scary. In a FFA, if you don't KO everyone with either Landmaster, you're either bad at their FS, or you got unlucky. In 1v1 if you have Final Smashes on for some reason, you should be able to get at least 2 KO's; one off the top when they respawn, and one kill from the raw power of either tank.


text:
Reviewed By Lacey W (FOUNTAIN HILLS, AZ) Reviewed for a 2015 Honda Odyssey —1/3/2015 10:13 PM
Good Quality
Reviewed By Jim B (Florence, AL) Reviewed for a 2011 Honda CR-V —3/27/2012 6:27 AM
The Bully Mats were my first experience ordering from Auto Anything. It could not have been better. The product arrived as advertised in the allotted time at a very competitive price. They look great and are easy to clean. The CR-V never looked better.


text:
Event: Climate Finance and Investment Forum in West Africa [viewed]
The UN Framework for Climate Change (UNFCCC) Secretariat, the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), UNEP Risoe Centre on Energy, Climate and Sustainable Development, and the Banque Ouest Africaine de Developpement (BOAD) are jointly organizing a Climate Finance and Investment Forum in West Africa. The objective of the event is to facilitate and enhance the finance of climate change mitigation and adaptation projects in the region. The two-day event will include plenaries on: International Climate Finance and the UNFCCC Framework; Climate Finance Instruments: Opportunities for Africa; Public Financial Institutions and Climate Finance; Presentation from Regional Climate Change Projects; Role of a Private Financial Institution in Enabling Sustainable Development; Examining the Opportunities in Emerging African Investment Funds; Clean Energy Finance: The Case Study of South Africa; and Renewable Energy Project Finance.


text:
Budget Top Location Flat close to the city center (LM 62-26)
Maksimum Konuk Sayısı2
Yatak odası1
Boyut30 metrekare
Floor No.3(with elevator)
- Mutfak
- Binada asansör
- Evcil hayvan girebilir
- İnternet/Kablosuz ağ
- Havlu
|Lorenz-Mandl-Gasse, 1160 Vienna, Avusturya
|Mülkiyet türü
|Referans kodu
|Acceptance rate
|Response time
|A few hours
|Calendar updated
|A week ago
Entrance area/kitchen with gas cooker/electric baking oven, sink, washbasin and shower
Living room/bedroom with double bed, wardrobe, dining area, coffee table with 2 armchairs, TV (only the Austrian TV-channels ORF1 and ORF2), telephone
The newly renovated toilet on the hallway is exclusively used by the guests staying in this apartment.
Internet access activation: € 1,- per day. Bookable for the whole duration of stay only
|Haftalık fiyat
|Aylık fiyat
|Check-in Saati (Sonrası)
|Check-in before
|Check-out Saati (Öncesi)
|İptal Koşulları
Birgit and Walter were very friendly and helpful. I appreciate their flexibility about checking in and out. The apartment was clean and comfortable. My sons loved the cheerful atmosphere of the yellow room and were happy to arrive "home" after the day full of exciting programs. :-)
The kitchen is well equipped for cooking dinner in the evenings and the foodstore was really near too.
Vienna public transport is excellent and it was really convenient that the apartment is only a couple of minutes away from the underground station and tram stops.
During the weekend we parked our car in the street, the other days we used a public parking house at the underground station (3EUR/day).
This was the first trip abroad with my sons and we loved every moment of it! Thanks a lot!
We had a lovely stay in Vienna. This apartment was a great choice for access to public transport. It was also very quiet even though it overlooks a busy road. We had everything we needed for a comfortable stay.
We were very happy to stay in this apartment. Very close to Prater Park and traveling with children this could't be better.
The surroundings are really fine. Lots of green and close to stores and restaurants.
Very nice and clean apartment. We had a great stay in Vienna.
We had a great time.
The apartment is very well placed to visit this beautiful city.
It only lacks a microwave oven.
Perfect home, impeccable instructions.
Walter and Birgit are very friendly and very dedicated.
Hello to everybody! This is one more experience with our host Walter and his appartment. We are fully enjoyed with our staying in this appt from 03.05.2013 till 11.05.2013. Everything is organized perfectly, the appt is clean, supermarket is near by, no problems with city traffic. We hope to return to Vienna and our Walter someday
A clean, comfortable, peaceful and well laid-out flat (and a tv with a lot of chains from all around the world). We enjoyed to stay there.
The building is well placed next to the underground station "Vorgatenstrasse", which leads quickly to the city center.
A clean, comfortable, peaceful and well laid-out flat (and a tv with a lot of chains from all around the world). We enjoyed to stay there.
The building is well placed next to the underground station "Vorgatenstrasse", which leads quickly to the city center.
Indeed a bright, spacious and sunny apartment! we celebrated New Year in Vienna with a group of friends and We were delighted with our stay! The apartment is opposite the tube station and nit far from city centre. We loved the coffee shop near by, the 24h bakery with wonderful fresh products, and everything about the flat. Thank you Walter!
Pros: - just in front of the Metro (you can easily reach every zone of the city in a few minutes)
- spacious and bright apartment
Cons: - the website description page says that there's a wifi connection: it's not true, there's just a cable connection
- the toilet is very small and the washbow in in another room (that's quite unconfortable)
The apartment is in front of Alser Strasse underground's station so is very easy to reach every place in the city. The apartment is very big as described on site, we stayed there for 5 days in 6 persons without problems. During the night, on the rooms in front of underground station, could happen to hear the noise of underground but it isn't a big problem. The apartment is clean and all the fornitures are quite new. It is on 3rd floor, there is also a lift. The stairs area is a little bit dirty and neglected but the rest is in a good conditions. Near the building there are bars and restaurants and also a McDonald. I spent 5 wonderful days in Wien and, if i should return i'll choose this place again.
- Kalite güvenceli konaklama
- Her ev sahibi telefonla doğrulanmıştır
- SSL şifrelemesi ile güvenli ödeme


text:
Additional Opportunities:
Click the icons below to view additional trip opportunities.
Hope Missions
Mission to the World
Mission to North America
Weekly Events
Hispanic Worship: Sunday 10:30 a.m.
Japanese Worship: Sunday 1:30 p.m.
Korean Worship: Sunday 11:20 a.m.
English Class: Monday 10:00 a.m. & Wednesday 6:30 p.m.
International Sunday School: Sunday 9:30 a.m.
Large Upcoming Events
National Ministries Conference:
Oct. 23-24, 2016
Church Revitalization Birmingham Conference:
Jan. 19–22, 2017
Global Ministry Conference:
Feb. 25–Mar.5, 2017
Click here for access to audio from the Honor and Shame Seminar with Sam Heldenbrand
Read our Missions News Update:
Want to get more involved in Briarwood Missions?
Click the icon below.
Briarwood Presbyterian Church
2200 Briarwood Way, Birmingham, AL 35243


text:
Foreclosure protection offered to displaced families in nine counties
WASHINGTON – U.S. Housing and Urban Development Secretary Shaun Donovan today announced HUD will speed federal disaster assistance to the State of Tennessee and provide support to homeowners and low-income renters forced from their homes following severe storms, tornadoes, and straight-line winds last month.
Yesterday, President Obama issued a disaster declaration for Chester, Davidson, Decatur, Dickson, Henderson, Humphreys, Lake, Shelby, and Sumner Counties in the State of Tennessee. The President's declaration allows HUD to offer foreclosure relief and other assistance to certain families living in these counties.
"Families who may have been forced from their homes need to know that help is available to begin the rebuilding process," said Donovan. "Whether it's foreclosure relief for FHA-insured families or helping these counties to recover, HUD stands ready to help in any way we can."
HUD is:
Information on housing providers and HUD programs -The Department will share information with FEMA and the State on housing providers that may have available units in the impacted counties. This includes Public Housing Agencies and Multi-Family owners. The Department will also connect FEMA and the State to subject matter experts to provide information on HUD programs and providers.
Read about these and other HUD programs designed to assist disaster victims.
HUD's mission is to create strong, sustainable, inclusive communities and quality affordable homes for all. HUD is working to strengthen the housing market to bolster the economy and protect consumers; meet the need for quality affordable rental homes: utilize housing as a platform for improving quality of life; build inclusive and sustainable communities free from discrimination; and transform the way HUD does business. More information about HUD and its programs is available on the Internet at www.hud.gov and espanol.hud.gov.


text:
Search Coin Community
Coin Forum
Numismatic Search Engine
Spot Prices
Numismatic Articles
Appraising A Coin Collection
Numismatic Event Calendar
Stamp Forum
US Coins & Currency
US Coin Facts
US Mint Sets
US Proof Sets
US Coin Grading
US Coin History
US Commemorative History
US Paper Money Facts
Australian Coins
Perth Mint NCLT Mintages
Perth Mint Coin Programs
Perth Mint Latest Releases
Canadian Coins
Canadian Coin Facts
Canadian Coin Grading
Canadian Commemoratives
Be a Site Supporter
eBay Coin Shopping
CCF Members
eBay Tools
eBay Coin Search Engine
eBay Coin Categories
All eBay Categories
eBay / CCF Member List
eBay / CCF Member Sales
Popular Items
Error Coins
US Error Coins
US Cheap Coins
US Hot Coins
US Most Watched Coins
Aussie Cheap Coins
Aussie Hot Coins
Aussie Most Watched Coins
Canadian Cheap Coins
Canadian Hot Coins
Canadian Most Watched Coins
Ancient Cheap Coins
Ancient Hot Coins
Ancient Most Watched Coins
World Cheap Coins
World Hot Coins
World Most Watched Coins
eBay Coins By Type
eBay Coins By Year
Coin Auction Help
Active Users
There are currently
users on this website.
Stuff for Members
Member Photo Galleries
New CCF Member Sales
Error/die variety lot.
Consecutive numbered uncirculated 1973 Canadian $1 bills
2 Dansco Morgan Silver Dollar Albums (1878-1921)
4 BU Silver Quarters and a half dime for sale!
1910 S Lincoln Cent MS-63 RB with woodgrain For Sale!
2001 $5 Gold Eagle 9-11-01 WTC Ground Zero Recovery
for sale: 1852 large cent N-23 Grellman die state B
Canadian silver coins for sale!
1901 Indian Head Cent Choice BU RED
2015 Canada EXCLUSIVE MC #1: Voyageur - Pure 2 oz Gold-Plated Silver Dollar
FOR SALE: 2 Digit RADAR $20 commemorative
1917 Type 1 Standing Liberty Quarter NGC MS 62 FH
2012 U.S. 14 Piece Clad Proof Set
2016 Canada $50 5 oz. Silver Coin with Murano Venetian Glass Maple Leaf
2016 W 1/4oz gold standing Liberty.
Canada 2014 $20 Silver Coin 75th Anniversary of the First Royal Visit
Brazil 5 cruzeiros Crisp UNC birthnote series 4495A. Make an Offer
Bunch of Ancient Chinese Wu Zhu for sale
FOR SALE: 1957-D Washington Quarter PCGS MS64 Nice Rustic Toning
1934 S Peace Dollar AU55 PCGS
Save Password
Forgot your Password?
Member CCF Sales
Member eBay Sales
New Posts
Welcome Guest!
Need help? Got a question? Inherit some coins?
coin forum
is completely free!
Register Now!
All Forums
World Coins and Currency Forums
United Kingdom (Great Britain) Coins
1927 George V penny. UNC
To participate in the forum you must log in or
Valued Member
United Kingdom
164 Posts
Posted 03/26/2012 1:20 pm
Looks in highest grade to me. what value it can have?
Send note to Staff
Bedrock of the Community
11995 Posts
Posted 03/26/2012 6:18 pm
From the pictures, I can't pick much wrong with it.
Condition? - Uncirculated
2008 catalogue I have list the value in Unc./BU at 13 to 18 pounds.
Send note to Staff
New Member
31 Posts
Posted 03/30/2012 5:47 pm
very nice coin. beautiful
Send note to Staff
All Forums
World Coins and Currency Forums
United Kingdom (Great Britain) Coins
To participate in the forum you must log in or
Coin Community Member eBay Sales
Ending Soon
Newly Listed
Lowest Price
Highest Price
Certified Coins
Certified VAMs
Certified Errors
View Last 100 New Topics
1920 Australian Penny - no dots - Does the heavy corrosion matter? - Grade?
1896 Morgan Dollar...Circulated?
1885 Morgan...AU or MS or Problematic?
2016 p Roosevelt dime error
1914 Wheat Penny Grading -- Looks AU53
1918 Australian Penny - Grade
1927 Australian Penny Grade
#2 1909 VDB luster but weak
Lincoln 1909 VDB - Please grade
Is this 1942(i) penny scrap?
AA Prefix notes in average condition
1959 Seated Liberty Dollar "In God We Trust."
1907 Indian Head Cent no mint mark - for grading
250th post on my 1 year anniversary of joining CCF
Does this info back up a Constantine coin?
Please would somebody grade this Sarawak silver coin of 1915
1903 Canada 1 cent - Grade?
1885-P Morgan Dollar --Toned
I could help with the grade and value of your Danish and Norwegian coins :)
Straits Settlement Square cent 1920 - Grade?
View Last 100 Active Topics
Pandora bracelets a ton of brand new layout
Using a porcupine to clean coins!
Common counterfeit theme...?
RCM October 2016 release
Cool Lincoln Roll Finds (from bank rolls) - Post Yours!
1920 Australian Penny - no dots - Does the heavy corrosion matter? - Grade?
1918 Australian Penny - Grade
1896 Morgan Dollar...Circulated?
1885 Morgan...AU or MS or Problematic?
1955 ICCS MS-66 10 Cents on eBay
2016 p Roosevelt dime error
Simple Times Long Gone For Collectors
1914 Wheat Penny Grading -- Looks AU53
Australian 1942(I) Penny - Grade?
Picture the Ancient coin collector
Help identifying roman coin?
Does this info back up a Constantine coin?
Counterfeit Perth 1 oz gold bars
States of Jersey one twelfth of a shilling - grade?
New release Perth Mint Counterfeit Gold Bars 5g 10g 20g 1oz Black Assay
Disclaimer: While a tremendous amount of effort goes into ensuring the accuracy of the information contained in this site, Coin Community assumes no liability for errors. Copyright 2005 - 2016 Coin Community Family- all rights reserved worldwide. Use of any images or content on this website without prior written permission of Coin Community or the original lender is strictly prohibited.
Contact Us
Advertise Here
Privacy Policy / Terms of Use
Coin Community Forum
© 2005 - 2016 Coin Community Forums
It took 0.23 seconds to rattle this change.


text: Here at Technica we like our sport. We follow sport and some of us participate to one degree or another. Barely a week goes by when someone isn't limping around the office or wincing as they stand up due to having come off their bike, or over-exerted themselves on some pitch, or too much training/not


text:
Sir Francis Drake leaves for the West Indies as a privateer. On his voyage, he attacks the Spanish city of Vigo and then crosses the Atlantic attack San Domingo in the Caribbean, returning to England in July of the following year.
Please log in to consult the article in its entirety. If you are a member (student of staff) of a subscribing institution (see List), you should be able to access the LE on campus directly (without the need to log in), and off-campus either via the institutional log in we offer, or via your institution's remote access facilities, or by creating a personal user account with your institutional email address. If you are not a member of a subscribing institution, you will need to purchase a personal subscription. For more information on how to subscribe as an individual user, please see under Individual Subcriptions.


text:
Last week I joined other members of the Veterans Philanthropy Exchange in Washington DC for our first meeting since the PwC Charitable Foundation, Inc. joined the Philanthropy Joining Forces Impact Pledge. All members have agreed to support veterans and their families as they rejoin our communities and continue their mission of service. The Foundation is honored to be accepted as part of this unique group of like-minded organizations that are truly focused on sharing best practices and acting on behalf of the interests of veterans and their families.
Military and Veterans
The Philanthropy-Joining Forces Impact Pledge today announced $7 million in new investments to strengthen services and support for millions of veterans and military families across the United States. With their commitments, PwC Charitable Foundation, Inc., Orange County Community Foundation, and CarMax and The CarMax Foundation join the 32 philanthropic organizations and corporations that have pledged since 2014. Through grants and other forms of support, nearly $283 million has been committed in the Impact Pledge to date.
Members of the Philanthropy-Joining Forces Impact Pledge and the Veterans Philanthropy Exchange gathered for learning and sharing.
At a news conference on January 8, San Antonio Mayor Ivy R. Taylor and USAA Chief Executive Officer Stuart Parker announced USAA's $2.1 million pledge to help end veteran homelessness in San Antonio.
The Year in Review highlights the scope of the Council on Foundation's work in 2015.
It's an ever-clear sky today. Just as it was in 2001. And yet ever-clear and jet trails slicing September blue-skies then are now reminders, important ones, of the events of 9/11 and the losses and learnings we have experienced since.
War and tragedy have always brought us together as a people, but we need more regular experiences that foster the understanding that we are in a common enterprise. When the Founders penned the inalienable right to the pursuit of happiness, they weren't just talking about an individual right, but a common undertaking that we help one another to achieve.
On the Fourth of July, our nation comes together to celebrate the freedoms we enjoy, freedoms our service members, veterans and their families have made possible through their sacrifices.
Access to legal services can be essential to addressing your community's needs including domestic abuse, homelessness, and Veterans services. Thinking through the types of legal services, the distinction between civil and criminal legal aid, and how to evaluate these services can be overwhelming. This webinar offers foundation staff and board members funding strategies for tackling community issues by investing in civil legal services.
When my husband Bob went to Iraq to cover the war, I was worried but didn't think of it the way families of our soldiers do. After all, he was there as the anchor of ABC News.


text:
Chocolate Imported Chair
Willoughby Dining Chair, Elephant Leather, Set of 2
$798 –
$638 –
Long and lean. Our take on the classic wingback chair, this version is covered in top-grain leather. Reinterpreted with shallow side wings and a wide, comfortable seat, the Willoughby Leather Dining Chair works equally well in dining rooms and studies. Â 21"w x 23"d x 45"h. Solid wood frame and legs with Chocolate-stained finish. Top-grain leather upholstery. Tall, high back for maximum support. Imported. Sets are online/catalog only.
Curved Leather Dining Chair, Elephant
$299 –
Everyday glamour made easy. A curving sweep of a silhouette adds a bit of elegance to the clean, classic lines and tailored upholstery of this dining or accent chair, which comes covered in smooth, soft top-grain leather. Â 21"w x 21.5"d x 36"h. Solid wood legs with Chocolate-stained finish. Engineered wood frame with top-grain leather upholstery. Padded sloped arms. Imported.
Porter Leather Side Chair, Elephant Leather
$249 –
$199 –
A supremely soft seat. Top-grain leather provides a low-key luxe update to our popular Porter Dining Chair. Endlessly versatile, its neatly tailored look and timeless lines are comfortable and cozy in the dining room and beyond. Â 19"w x 23.5"d x 34"h. Solid wood frame with top-grain leather upholstery. Solid wood legs with Chocolate-stained finish. Padded for maximum comfort. Imported.
Curved Upholstered Chair, Retro Weave, Feather Gray, Walnut Legs
$249 –
$199 –
Everyday glamour made easily accessible. A curving sweep of a silhouette adds a bit of elegance to the clean, classic lines and tailored upholstery of this dining or accent chair. Â 21"w x 21.5"d x 36"h. Performance Velvet option features Chocolate-stained legs. Retro Weave option features Walnut-stained legs. Engineered wood frame. Padded sloped arms. Imported.


text:
The video is no longer available.
Try searching our site
Latest Videos
Prop 64: As Recreational Pot Legalization Vote Looms, What Can California Learn From Colorado?Among the many decisions California voters will be faced with in November, recreational marijuana legalization is one that has sparked discussion and debate.
Jeff Koons Sculpture At Golden 1 Center Still Not Sitting Well With Local ArtistsThe sculpture was inspired by the children's cartoon character Piglet from "Winnie the Pooh."
Young Couple Killed By DUI Suspect In Fair OaksA young couple is dead following a fiery crash where a drunk driver is suspected of driving the wrong way on Madison Avenue.
Candlelight Vigil Held For Pilot Killed In U-2 Plane CrashFriends and family gather in Lincoln at McBean Park to pay tribute to Lt. Col. Steve Eadie.
Clinton, Trump Battle Fiercely Over Taxes, Race, TerrorIn a combative opening debate, Hillary Clinton emphatically denounced Donald Trump Monday night for keeping his personal tax returns and business dealings secret from voters and peddling a "racist lie" about President Barack Obama.
Vigil Planned For Girl, 3, Shot And Killed In StocktonPolice are still searching for the suspects.


text:
Enterprise Link Acquisition for Top of the Funnel Marketing
Williams-Sonoma illustrates that being an enterprise brand isn't enough to rank. To get links still calls for strategy, quality, brand equity, integration, and campaign scaling.
"Mobilegeddon" Proves Inconsistent for Non-Mobile-Friendly Sites
Two weeks after Google changed its algorithm, mobile-optimized sites seem to be getting preferential treatment, though non-mobile-friendly sites aren't necessarily ranking lower.
"Content Performance Marketing" – 3 Steps to Future Success
As brands and marketers, we're at a fork in the road when it comes to content; the next path we take will either elevate our journey to the next level, or throw us into a never-ending roundabout that takes us nowhere.
Organic Search Drives 51% of Traffic to Websites [Study]
Data from SEO platform provider BrightEdge and its Data Cube show organic traffic is the largest source of traffic over other channels like paid search and social media.
Navigating Secure Search: From Keywords to Content [BrightEdge Share 14]
In a session at BrightEdge's Share 14 event, brands discussed how they've shifted their approach in a keyword "(not provided)" world.
How to Win in Organic Search: Tips from Google, Bing and Brands
Some sometimes painful changes in organic search have made SEO a better tactic and have led successful brands to focus on content and customers. But what else do these brands and search industry players have in common?
Mobile Site Configuration 101: How to Choose
If you aren't doing mobile, your site will be left behind in the search results. Here's how to decide which type of configuration to use for your mobile site (responsive, dynamic, or redirection to mobile URLs) and avoid common obstacles.
Mobile Implementation Errors Cost Sites 68% of Organic Smartphone Traffic [Study]
Even if you've decided to "go mobile," you may be losing an average of 68 percent of smartphone traffic. New BrightEdge research looks at the various types of mobile solutions and how they affect important outcomes like rankings and traffic.
Adobe Experience Manager: Content, Search, Social & Mobile – An Integrated Future
Aligning your content and optimization strategies is a key priority for modern-day marketers. The new Adobe Experience Manager is a great example of product and industry innovation where all digital channels, assets, and experiences can be optimized.
Connecting Content to ROI Is Critical in 2014, Say 78% of Search Marketers [Survey]
"How do we measure our content?" "Where do we get our data?" "How do we further our marketing careers?" The 2014 Search Marketer Survey by BrightEdge, released this week, aimed to uncover the sentiment around some of the burning questions of 2014.


text:
Three Diets You Don't Have to Think About
If you want to clear the crap out of your diet but aren't ready for obsessive calorie-counting or using complicated points systems to track your meals, don't sweat it. Start out small by picking an eating plan that lets you call the shots—with a few quirky caveats. Try your hand at one of the no-think diets below and see for yourself that healthy eating doesn't have to be a hassle.
The No "S" Diet
The gist here is simple: Eliminate sweets, seconds, and snacks—except on days that start with "S" and any special days (holidays, birthdays, anniversaries...you get the idea). Even if you pile your plate high during weekday meals, the No "S" Diet should still work because you're getting rid of all the junk that typically throws off your healthy-eating game. Dying for dessert? You only have to hold off until the weekend.
Can "Cheat Days" Help You Lose Weight?>>>
The Small-Plate Diet
Weird fact: The average dinner plate size has increased from about 9 inches in diameter to about 12 inches in the last century. And guess what? The bigger your plate, the more grub you end up piling on top—by as much as 25 percent, according to a study from Cornell University. The Small Plate Movement suggests eating your largest meal of the day off of a 9 to 10-inch plate for one month. The likely result: You'll cut down your consumption simply because you're working with less tabletop real estate.
Vegan Until Dinner
Another way to cut out junk without completely depriving yourself: Try eating only vegan foods until dinnertime, then you're allowed whatever you'd like. This plan worked for New York Times food writer Mark Bittman, who lost 35 pounds in four months--plus cut down his cholesterol and blood sugar levels--when he switched to the plant-heavy diet. He's recorded his experiences in a book called Vegan Before 6:00, which will be out in April.
- Can Cheating on Your Diet Help You Lose Weight?Setting aside a day to bend the rules—within reason—gives your willpower muscle a break and ups your odds for sticking to a diet plan.
- Eat Better Instantly with Three Simple Food SwapsEating healthy doesn't always mean you have to change your entire diet. Simply swap out these three products for their healthier alternatives.


text:
U.S., China to Pursue Investment Treaty
A Deal Could Open Closed Industries to Both Nations, Boosting Business Between the World's Two Largest Economies
WASHINGTON—Senior U.S. and Chinese officials agreed Thursday to restart stalled negotiations to reach an investment treaty between the world's two largest economies that could dramatically expand business opportunities for both countries.
The deal could open up more than 100 Chinese industries to investment by U.S. businesses, such as automakers, banks, and chemical and energy companies, that face restrictions on investment in that country's fast growing economy. Chinese companies would win smoother access to the U.S., though both nations are expected to keep some strategic sectors, such as defense, off the table.
U.S. Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew, speaking after two days of strategic and economic talks, called the agreement "a significant breakthrough" in trade talks, and said a treaty "would work to level the playing field for American workers and businesses by opening markets for fair competition." Workers in the U.S. services sector and other industries could benefit from new business in China.
Chinese Commerce Minister Gao Hucheng said, "We have agreed to enter a substantive state of negotiations as soon as possible."
It's too early to say if the talks will be successful. The two countries launched the treaty talks in 2008, but did not make any significant headway. A deal to sign a ratified treaty would mark the first major progress in U.S.-China trade and investment policy since China entered the World Trade Organization more than a decade ago.
China invested $5.15 billion directly in the U.S. economy last year, up from less than a billion dollars in 2007, according to the Commerce Department. U.S. direct investment in China was $51.4 billion last year.
A bilateral investment treaty could help U.S. companies make big investments in industries that are largely closed, such as financial services, transportation and telecommunications.
For China, any deal could allay concerns that major Chinese investments—including a Chinese company's $4.7 billion deal to purchase Smithfield Foods Inc.—are not welcome in the U.S. At the same time, major U.S. investment in China could help boost competition and efficiency in the world's second largest economy at a time of slowing growth there.
China has agreed to include the traditionally excluded service sector in the investment talks and allowed all industries not specifically excluded to be considered for the investment deal, the official said. U.S. services companies have long complained that they cannot take part in China's transformation from manufacturing-led economy to increased consumerism.
The announcement came a month after U.S. President Barack Obama and Chinese President Xi Jinping met at a summit in California where the two leaders talked about re-engaging in investment treaty talks, Chinese Vice Minister Zhu Guangyao said at a news conference after the talks.
"We not only have strong backing of business leaders, but we also have political and strategic guidance from the two presidents," Mr. Zhu told reporters through an interpreter.
U.S. and Chinese official comments on Thursday suggest the Obama administration and China's leaders are committed to improving foreign investment. Selling it to the rest of their respective countries may be another matter.
Americans are suspicious of China's economic clout as well as its increasing military and diplomatic assertiveness. The U.S. is technically open to Chinese companies, and acquisitions are allowed if they are not seen as threatening national security.
The announcement comes a day after members of the Senate Agriculture Committee expressed serious concerns about the Smithfield Foods deal, including worries that it would help China learn how to compete with the U.S. as a pork exporter.
A U.S. committee that reports to Mr. Obama reviews the potential national security risks of certain deals. That panel, called the Committee on Foreign Investment in the U.S., is reviewing the Smithfield purchase by China's Shuanghui International Holdings Ltd.
Trade experts have predicted the committee will approve the deal, but political pressure has reversed its decisions before.
Mr. Obama last year blocked a Chinese-owned company from investing in wind-farm projects in Oregon after a review from the committee. The stated reason was the proximity of a Navy base that hosts drones and other security apparatus. The denial marked the first time in 22 years a U.S. president had blocked a foreign investment.
China National Offshore Oil Corp., known as Cnooc, was forced to drop its $18.5 billion tie-up with oil producer Unocal Corp. in 2005 because of what it called political opposition. In February of this year, the foreign-investment committee approved Cnooc's bid for Canada's Nexen, which owns platforms in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico.
More recently, Chinese telecommunications equipment maker Huawei Technologies Co. has been blocked in several attempts to make investments in or purchases of U.S. firms.
China may also have a hard time getting support for an investment deal at home since powerful bureaucrats and state-controlled companies benefit from an existing system where outside competition is kept to a minimum.
"This one is probably better for us than for China, but the Chinese have realized it's pretty darn good for them," said Doug Paal, vice president at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Talks for the bilateral investment treaty with China stalled in Mr. Obama's first term after the administration decided to review the model it uses for bilateral investment treaties, according to Erin Ennis, vice president of the U.S.-China Business Council. After completing that review last year, Washington started walking China through the new framework, she said.
U.S. business groups welcomed the announcement about the talks. Rob Nichols, president of the Financial Services Forum, a trade group representing the chief executives of the nation's largest financial services firms, called it "a significant and welcome step forward for the economic relationship between the United States and China. If the two countries are able to reach an agreement for the United States to gain market-access to China's economy—especially in the financial services sector—it would be a win-win for both countries, businesses and workers, as well as increase prospects for job creation and economic growth."
Judd A. Gregg, chief executive of the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association, one of Wall Street's biggest trade groups, said, "We applaud both governments for agreeing to negotiate a treaty that will not only protect investments after they are made, but also create new market access in China for U.S. investors."
Any treaty reached would be subject to Senate ratification, and at least one senator reacted to Thursday's news with skepticism.
"The administration should tread very carefully," said Sen. Charles E. Schumer (D., N.Y.). "In previous talks, they have always seemed to get the better of us. To not address issues like theft of intellectual property, inability of American firms to freely enter the Chinese market, and currency manipulation and, instead negotiate things that might be an advantage to the Chinese would be a huge mistake."
—Thomas Catan in Washington contributed to this article.
Write to Ian Talley at email@example.com


text:
HourlyHours to be determined
Entry LevelI am looking for freelancers with the lowest rates
Seeking a capable individual to assist with several case studies I am performing at the university I am researching within.
An interview transcript in word document would be supplied to the freelancer.
The following characteristics would be:
Recognition of patterns:
-Graphs and excel sheets of highest frequency words within the interview
-Identity of noun phrases that refer to the subject matter for the case study
in word or excel
-Subjective sentiment analysis abilities are a plus. Short write ups in word are fine.
About the Client
United States
Brooklyn 03:35 PM
Jobs Posted
98% Hire Rate, 1 Open Job
Total Spent
50 Hires, 1 Active


text:
Courier Obits 12-25-13
Joy Israel Ross
Liberty — Joy Israel Ross, 49, of 308 Campground Road, died Tuesday at Baptist Easley Hospital.
Born in Fletcher, N.C., she was the wife of Lloyd "Nub" Ross of the home and a daughter of Roy and Sharon Wilkie Israel of Hendersonville, N.C. She was a graduate of Wren High School and worked at Ball Mart in Liberty. She was also a member of Mills River Baptist Church in Fletcher, N.C.
Surviving in addition to her husband are four daughters, Ariel Morgan of Liberty, Stephanie Moore (Chant) of Liberty, Mandi Bullock (Kevin) of Easley and Lindsey Ross of the home; three sons, Mitchell Ross of Liberty, Lee Tinsley of Pickens and Will Simmons of Pickens; a sister, Susan Israel Foster of Pickens; and her beloved