text:
ATP–ADP translocase
ATP–ADP translocase is a transporter protein that enables ATP and ADP to traverse the inner mitochondrial membrane. ATP produced from oxidative phosphorylation is transported from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytoplasm, whereas ADP is transported from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrial matrix.[1] More than 10% of the protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane consists of ATP–ADP translocase.[2]
ATP–ADP translocase is a protein with a mass of approximately 30 kDa, consisting of 297 residues.[3] It forms six transmembrane α-helices that form a barrel that results in a deep cone-shaped depression accessible from the outside where the substrate binds. The binding pocket, conserved throughout most isoforms, mostly consists of basic residues that allow for strong binding to ATP or ADP and has a maximal diameter of 20 Å and a depth of 30 Å.[4] Indeed, arginine residues 96, 204, 252, 253, and 294, as well as lysine 38, have been shown to be essential for transporter activity.[5]
Translocase mechanism[edit]
Under normal conditions, ATP and ADP cannot cross the inner mitochondrial membrane due to their high negative charges, but ATP–ADP translocase, an antiporter, couples the transport of the two molecules. The depression in ATP–ADP translocase alternatively faces the matrix and the cytoplasmic sides of the membrane. ADP in the intermembrane space, coming from the cytoplasm, binds the translocase and induces its eversion, resulting in the release of ADP into the matrix. Binding of ATP from the matrix induces eversion and results in the release of ATP into the intermembrane space, subsequently diffusing to the cytoplasm, and concomitantly brings the translocase back to its original conformation.[1] ATP and ADP are the only natural nucleotides recognized by the translocase.[4]
The net process is denoted by:
- ADP3−cytoplasm + ATP4−matrix → ADP3−matrix + ATP4−cytoplasm
ATP–ADP exchange is energetically expensive: about 25% of the energy yielded from electron transfer by aerobic respiration, or one hydrogen ion, is consumed to regenerate the membrane potential that is tapped by ATP–ADP translocase.[1]
Biological function[edit]
ATP–ADP translocase transports ATP synthesized from oxidative phosphorylation into the cytoplasm, where it can be used as the principal energy currency of the cell to power thermodynamically unfavorable reactions. After the consequent hydrolysis of ATP into ADP, ADP is transported back into the mitochondrial matrix, where it can be rephosphorylated to ATP. Because a human typically exchanges the equivalent of his/her own mass of ATP on a daily basis, ATP–ADP translocase is an important transporter protein with major metabolic implications.[1][4]
In 1955, Siekevitz and Potter[6] demonstrated that adenine-nucleotides were distributed in cells in two pools located in the mitochondrial and cytosolic compartments. Shortly thereafter, Pressman[7] hypothesized that the two pools could exchange nucleotides. However, the existence of an ATP–ADP transporter was not postulated until 1964 when Bruni et al. uncovered an inhibitory effect of atractyloside on the energy-transfer system (oxidative phosphorylation) and ADP binding sites of rat liver mitochondria.[8] Soon after, an overwhelming amount of research was done in proving the existence and elucidating the link between ATP–ADP translocase and energy transport.[9][10][11] cDNA of ATP–ADP translocase was sequenced for bovine in 1982[12] and a yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae in 1986[13] before finally Battini et al. sequenced a cDNA clone of the human transporter in 1989. The homology in the coding sequences between human and yeast ATP–ADP translocase was 47% while bovine and human sequences extended remarkable to 266 out of 297 residues, or 89.6%. In both cases, the most conserved residues lie in the ATP–ADP substrate binding pocket.[3]
Rare but severe diseases such as mitochondrial myopathies are associated with dysfunctional human ATP–ADP translocase. Mitochondrial myopathies (MM) refer to a group of clinically and biochemically heterogeneous disorders that share common features of major mitochondrial structural abnormalities in skeletal muscle. The major morphological hallmark of MM is ragged, red fibers containing peripheral and intermyofibrillar accumulations of abnormal mitochondria.[14][15] In particular, autosomal dominant progressive external ophthalmoplegia (adPEO) is a common disorder associated with dysfunctional ATP–ADP translocase and can induce paralysis of muscles responsible for eye movements. General symptoms are not limited to the eyes and can include exercise intolerance, muscle weakness, hearing deficit, and more. adPEO shows Mendelian inheritance patterns but is characterized by large-scale mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions. mtDNA contains few introns, or non-coding regions of DNA, which increases the likelihood of deleterious mutations. Thus, any modification of ATP–ADP translocase mtDNA can lead to a dysfunctional transporter,[16] particularly residues involved in the binding pocket which will compromise translocase efficacy.[5] MM is commonly associated with dysfunctional ATP–ADP translocase, but MM can be induced through many different mitochondrial abnormalities.
ATP–ADP translocase is very specifically inhibited by two families of compounds. The first family, which includes atractyloside (ATR) and carboxyatractyloside (CATR), binds to the ATP–ADP translocase from the cytoplasmic side, locking it in a cytoplasmic side open conformation. In contrast, the second family, which includes bongkrekic acid (BA) and isobongkrekic acid (isoBA), binds the translocase from the matrix, locking it in a matrix side open conformation.[17] The negatively charged groups of the inhibitors bind strongly to the positively charged residues deep within the binding pocket. The high affinity (Kd in the nanomolar range) makes each inhibitor a deadly poison by obstructing cellular respiration/energy transfer to the rest of the cell.[4]
See also[edit]
- ^ a b c d Stryer L, Berg JM, Tymoczko JL (2007). Biochemistry. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. pp. 529–530. ISBN 0-7167-8724-5.
- ^ Brandolin G, Dupont Y, Vignais PV (April 1985). "Substrate-induced modifications of the intrinsic fluorescence of the isolated adenine nucleotide carrier protein: demonstration of distinct conformational states". Biochemistry. 24 (8): 1991–1997. doi:10.1021/bi00329a029. PMID 2990548.
- ^ a b Battini R, Ferrari S, Kaczmarek L, Calabretta B, Chen S-T & Baserga R (March 1987). "Molecular cloning of a cDNA for a human ADP/ATP carrier which is growth-regulated". J. Biol. Chem. 262 (2): 4355–4359. PMID 3031073.
- ^ a b c d Pebay-Peyroula E; Dahout C; Kahn R; Trezeguet V; Lauquin GJ-M; Brandolin G (November 2003). "Structure of mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier complex with carboxyatractyloside". Nature. 426 (1): 39–44. doi:10.1038/nature02056. PMID 14603310.
- ^ a b Nelson DR, Lawson JE, Klingenberg M, Douglas MG (April 1993). "Site-directed mutagenesis of the yeast mitochondrial ADP/ATP translocator. Six arginines and one lysine are essential". J. Mol. Biol. 230 (4): 1159–1170. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1993.1233. PMID 8487299.
- ^ Siekevitz P, Potter VR (July 1955). "Biochemical structure of mitochondria. II. Radioactive labeling of intra-mitochondrial nucleotides during oxidative phosphorylation". J. Biol. Chem. 215 (1): 237–255. PMID 14392158.
- ^ Pressman BC (June 1958). "Intramitochondrial nucleotides. I. Some factors affecting net interconversions of adenine nucleotides". J. Biol. Chem. 232 (2): 967–978. PMID 13549480.
- ^ Bruni A, Luciani S, Contessa AR (March 1964). "Inhibition by atractyloside of the binding of adenine-nucleotides to rat-liver mitochondria". Nature. 201 (1): 129–1220. doi:10.1038/2011219a0. PMID 14151375.
- ^ Duee ED, Vignais PV (August 1965). "Exchange between extra- and intramitochondrial adenine nucleotides". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 107 (1): 184–188. doi:10.1016/0304-4165(65)90419-8. PMID 5857365.
- ^ Pfaff E, Klingenberg M, Heldt HW (June 1965). "Unspecific permeation and specific exchange of adenine nucleotides in liver mitochondria". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 104 (1): 312–315. doi:10.1016/0304-4165(65)90258-8. PMID 5840415.
- ^ Saks, V; Lipina N; Smirnov V; Chazov E (1 March 1976). "Studies of energy transport in heart cells The functional coupling between mitochondrial creatine phosphokinase and ATP–ADP translocase: Kinetic evidence". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 173 (1): 34–41. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(76)90231-9. PMID 1259440.
- ^ Aquila H, Misra D, Eulitz M, Klingenberg M (1 January 1982). "Complete aminoacid sequence of the ADP/ATP carrier from beef heart mitochondria". Hoppe-Seyler´s Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie. 363 (1): 345–350. doi:10.1515/bchm2.1982.363.1.345. PMID 7076130.
- ^ Adrian GS, McCammon MT, Montgomery DL, Douglas MG (Feb 1986). "Sequences required for delivery and localization of the ADP/ATP translocator to the mitochondrial inner membrane.". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 6 (2): 626–34. PMC 367554. PMID 3023860.
- ^ Harding AE, Petty RKH & Morgan-Hughes JA (Aug 1988). "Mitochondrial myopathy: a genetic study of 71 cases". Journal of Medical Genetics. 25 (8): 528–35. doi:10.1136/jmg.25.8.528. PMC 1080029. PMID 3050098.
- ^ Rose, MR (Jan 1998). "Mitochondrial myopathies: genetic mechanisms.". Archives of Neurology. 55 (1): 17–24. doi:10.1001/archneur.55.1.17. PMID 9443707.
- ^ Kaukonen J, Juselius JK, Tiranti V, Kyttälä A, Zeviani M, Comi GP, Keränen S, Peltonen L, Suomalainen A (4 August 2000). "Role of Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 1 in mtDNA Maintenance". Science. 289 (5480): 782–785. doi:10.1126/science.289.5480.782. PMID 10926541.
- ^ Kunji ER, Harding M (2003-09-26). "Projection structure of the atractyloside-inhibited mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (39): 36985–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.C300304200. PMID 12893834.


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Zetsche, Ghosn bullish on pickupsSat, 01, Oct 2016
Dieter Zetsche has big plans to put Mercedes-Benz into the premium pickup business, and he is relying on Renault-Nissan CEO Carlos Ghosn to help make it happen.
2016 PARIS AUTO SHOWSun, 25, Sep 2016
Germany's automakers will use the Paris auto show to highlight their latest battery technologies as they seek to recapture ground from Tesla.
Daimler confirms EQ subbrand for electric carsThu, 29, Sep 2016
Mercedes will launch 10 new electric vehicles by 2025 under a new sub-brand called EQ. The automaker aims to become the global leader in EV technology, Daimler CEO Dieter Zetsche said.
Daimler plans hypercar, expanded AMG lineupWed, 28, Sep 2016
Daimler is working on a new "hypercar" and also plans to expand its range of upmarket AMG Mercedes-Benz performance cars by at least 10 models. The hypercar, due to be produced in about 2.5 years' time, will feature the powertrain of the current Mercedes-Benz Formula 1 car with a modified gearbox and will be made from carbon fiber.
BMW'S NEW INSIDE VIEWMon, 26, Sep 2016
When the creative minds behind BMW's Vision Next 100 sat down to conceive an autonomous driving car of the future, their approach was something of a revolution for the century-old company. Instead of sketching the overhangs, greenhouse or wheel arches in pursuit of the perfect proportions or the sportiest silhouette, they used an entirely different starting point to convey emotion: the interior.
Here, automakers team up to share data on traffic conditionsMon, 26, Sep 2016
Digital map maker Here will introduce a new set of traffic services this week that allows drivers to see for themselves what live road conditions are like miles ahead using data from competing automakers, an industry first.
Intel exec: In-vehicle content delivery to be $5 billion industryMon, 26, Sep 2016
In-vehicle content delivery figures to be a major emerging business opportunity.
Detroit 3 to skip step en route to autonomyMon, 26, Sep 2016
Detroit 3 technology chiefs say their companies plan to skip a major step on the path to autonomous vehicles.
Magna Steyr to build cars for Mercedes, BMW, Toyota and Jaguar Land RoverSat, 17, Sep 2016
Austrian contract manufacturer Magna Steyr will produce six models for four different automakers at a plant in Graz, Austria, starting in 2018, Automobilwoche, an affiliate of Automotive News, reported.
Mercedes-AMG adds 2 roadster variants to GT familyWed, 14, Sep 2016
Mercedes-AMG is adding two open-air variants to its high-performance GT lineup. The Mercedes-AMG GT Roadster and GT C Roadster will be powered by 4.0-liter V-8 engines with twin turbochargers, direct injection and a seven-speed dual-clutch transmission.
Mercedes extends global luxury sales lead over BMW in AugustWed, 14, Sep 2016
Mercedes-Benz extended its global sales lead over rival BMW after its August registrations increased at a faster pace. Both automakers benefited from booming demand for SUVs.
Porsche expected to show first station wagon in Geneva next yearTue, 13, Sep 2016
Porsche plans to introduce its first station wagon at the Geneva auto show next year, a move further stretching the brand's portfolio beyond the iconic 911 sports car into a more utilitarian segment, according to people familiar with the strategy.

subset: commoncrawl


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Mixing 25 Shows at the Théâtre St-Denis with S6L
Veteran engineer Pat Guertin has been mixing live and in the studio for the better part of 30 years. After working for various Montreal-based production companies, he went on the road with artists including Éonz, Deadlock, Bodh'aktan, and the famous Canadian rock band, Les Respectables. Most recently he's been mixing FOH for Marie-Mai, and we recently spoke with Guertin about mixing the singer's 25 show run at the historic Théâtre St-Denis on the new S6L system.
Read blog here: http://www.avi ... [Read more]
FirstOntario Performing Arts Centre Chooses Avid VENUE Live Sound Systems
Avid® announced that the FirstOntario Performing Arts Centre, a new state-of-the-art performing arts facility located in St. Catharines, Canada, recently embraced Avid Everywhere™ live mixing workflows and installed cutting-edge Avid VENUE live sound systems for their versatility, modularity, and portability. With systems integrator Westbury National Show Systems handling the audio and video installation for the new facility, FirstOntario Performing Arts Centre chose VENUE | S6L and VENUE | S3L-X systems for their industry acceptance and ability to handle a wide range of performance requirements.
Read pres ... [Read more]
VE400 ACSR VENUE | S6L System Support course (2 days certification)
Event date : To be confirmed
The VE400 ACSR VENUE | S6L System Support course is a practical workshop that provides hands-on training in all aspects of installing, configuring, maintaining, troubleshooting and supporting the VENUE | S6L system. For more information: email@example.com.
Infocomm 2016 Exhibit
Event date : June 8th to 10th
Come and meet us at the AVID booth# C11908 and Luminex Network Intelligence booth #C11806. To reserve appointment: firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
Fury vs Pajkic Bout in The Works, Martin Rogan Next?
By Cory Erdman
Tyson Fury's first scheduled defense of his British and Commonwealth titles may have taken on some addition meaning.
Fury, who defeated Dereck Chisora for the titles on July 23, was tentatively scheduled to face Ireland's Martin Rogan at King's Hall in Belfast on September 17. However, with negotiations stalled between Fury and Rogan, Canadian Neven Pajkic is now the frontrunner to face Fury next.
Rogan was ringside for Fury-Chisora, and expressed interest in the bout despite a scheduled tilt with Kubrat Pulev in October. However, he has reportedly rejected the offer made to him by Hennessy Sports to fight Fury.
Pajkic (16-0, 5 KO) has had his share of negotiating woes with Fury in the past as well. The Canadian heavyweight champion and Fury have been engaged in a heated war of words with Fury for more than a year. The two prospects were rumored to fight on several occasions, most recently in Februayr, however talks have fallen through each time.
Prior to the ill-fated March bout, Pajkic staged a press conference in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, complete with a bogus nameplate for Fury, suggesting that he chose not to attend, and blasted his rival. Video of the press conference hit YouTube and caused a stir amongst Canadian boxing media.
Pajkic defeated journeyman Johnnie White by unanimous decision instead in March. He also boasts victories over recognizable heavyweight gatekeepers, Jason Gavern, Raphael Butler and Nicolai Firtha.
In the 33-year old Pajkic, Fury would have to contend with a younger opponent than Rogan (40), and an exciting pressure fighter, pleasing to the television audience he proved he could draw in the Chisora bout.
Corey Erdman is a member of the Yahoo boxing ratings committee, and a host at theScore on SIRIUS 158. Follow him on Twitter @corey_erdman
been waiting for this fight for awhile...i brought it up many times last year but never happened...im excited & hopefully it happens...id love to watch it.pajkic is better then most of you think...he don't have power but every one of…Comment by *Khan on 08-08-2011
Fury is pretty good for being a freakshow.Comment by Medved on 08-08-2011
A little birdy has said this could take place on either November 26th or December 3rd or 10thComment by Medved on 08-08-2011
Great fight, I hope its in Toronto (where Pajkic lives) and not in the UK. Too bad I cant say more about Pajkic as I dont wanna get knocked out by him. lets go Neven.Comment by Freedom. on 08-08-2011
Good news - Pakjic is the right level of opponent for Fury right now. He only just turned 23. He should wait until next year to fight a top 10 opponent, and then two years from now in 2013 go…Post a Comment - View More User Comments (7)


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$3.99Brent Edward Miles is a thirty-two year old confused male who is trying to discover his true identity. Brent transitions from Augusta, Georgia to Brooklyn, New York, to work in a new position for a striving company. He meets two people in his life, Michael Davis and Renee Jones, whom he takes an interest in, along with people who he thought he could trust. Can Brent look deep in his heart to see
$3.99Brent Blair, Shannell Robinson, and Renee Jones are inseparable. Together, these best friends are making their mark in the fashion industry as colleagues at Blair Records. These three loving parents with strong bonds to one another, their lives, and their friendship will be tested. Lies, secrets, past hurts, and abuse threaten to destroy their lives when God snatches off their masks from where


text:
In May 1641 Milton published the first of his anti-prelatical tracts, a series of efforts to reform the structure of the church and above all abolish the bishops. Four more tracts followed in the next two years. Milton was not yet as radical either in politics or theology as he soon became: like most Englishmen, he still recognized the king and thought of his power as shared with the Lords and the Commons. But parliament, he argued, should be the sole agent of church reform. If not, the king would impose his own high-church ceremonial and doctrine, through his control of the appointment of bishops. His pamphlets helped to generate an extraordinary explosion of tract and counter-tract, a war of words such as no modern European country …
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Forsyth, Neil. "Anti-prelatical tracts". The Literary Encyclopedia. First published 08 February 2012
[http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=34377, accessed 28 September 2016.]


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Bemis receives national recognition for track performances
- Tabitha Bemis of Edinboro University was named the national athlete of the week in NCAA Division II women's track and field for her three-win performance at the PSAC championship meet this past weekend.
It was the second time in her career that Bemis, a senior from Fair Oaks, earned the honor from the U.S. Track & Field and Cross Country Coaches Association. She also won as a sophomore in 2012.
At the conference's Outdoor Track & Field Championships, Bemis helped Edinboro finish four overall by winning the triple jump for the third straight year with a school record jump of 41 feet, 10.75 inches, the 100-meter hurdles with a time of 13.97 seconds and the long jump at 19-7.
Her long jump was the fourth best in the nation in Division II this year.


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CHICAGO – It's 3am on Saturday night/Sunday morning on August 20th, and you're just not ready to quit. How about indulging in the 2016 "Abbie Hoffman Died for Our Sins" Theater Festival? The three-day theater marathon is in its 28th edition, and will be sponsored for the final time by the Mary-Arrchie Theatre Company, and hosted by the "Godfather of Storefront Theater," Rich Cotovsky. It all takes place at the Den Theatre, 1333 N. Milwaukee in Chicago (details below).
Faith Evans
Slideshow: 11-Image Gallery For 'Notorious' With Jamal Woolard, Derek LukeSubmitted by BrianTT on January 8, 2009 - 11:41am
CHICAGO – This 11-image slideshow contains official press images for Fox Searchlight's "Notorious," which stars Jamal Woolard, Derek Luke, Anthony Mackie, Antonique Smith, Naturi Naughton, and Angela Bassett, from writers Reggie Rock Bythewood and Cheo Hodari Coker and director George Tillman Jr.. The film opens on Jan. 16, 2009.


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|Liberals' Race Crutch
|Obama and Berlin
by Christopher Chantrill
July 18, 2008 at 11:28 pm
FIRST A note to our readers. The American Physical Society wants you to know that the paper published by Lord Monckton and the posting by Jeffrey Marque does not represent a change in APS policy. On the APS home page:
The American Physical Society reaffirms the following position on climate change, adopted by its governing body, the APS Council, on November 18, 2007:
"Emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities are changing the atmosphere in ways that affect the Earths climate."
Whew! That was close. Why, as Dr. David Evans writes in The Australian:
The world has spent $50 billion on global warming since 1990[.]
And a lot of that money has been spent on scientists. Even so, more research is needed, as any scientist will tell you.
The flap over at the APS is over a forum posting. The editor of the forum on Physics and Society made an announcement:
With this issue of Physics & Society, we kick off a debate concerning one of the main conclusions of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the UN body which, together with Al Gore, recently won the Nobel Prize for its work concerning climate change research. There is a considerable presence within the scientific community of people who do not agree with the IPCC conclusion that anthropogenic CO2 emissions are very probably likely to be primarily responsible for the global warming that has occurred since the Industrial Revolution.
One of the kickoff articles is by the controversialist Lord Monckton, Climate Sensitivity Reconsidered, and carries a red banner on the APS site:
This article has not undergone any scientific peer review. Its conclusions are in disagreement with the overwhelming opinion of the world scientific community. The Council of the American Physical Society disagrees with this articles conclusions.
Leaving aside the Council of the American Physical Societys disagreement, Lord Monckton argues that the assumptions of the UNs IPCC are incorrect. The climate is probably not senstive to changes in CO2.
One of the tell-tales of anthropogenic forcing ought to be a hotspot in the earths atmosphere at the equator, writes Lord Monckton. Only trouble is: It aint there. Dr. Evans:
The signature of an increased greenhouse effect is a hot spot about 10km up in the atmosphere over the tropics. We have been measuring the atmosphere for decades using radiosondes: weather balloons with thermometers that radio back the temperature as the balloon ascends through the atmosphere. They show no hot spot. Whatsoever.
However, and this is important, dont forget the warning notice at the top of Lord Moncktons article:
The following article has not undergone any scientific peer review. Its conclusions are in disagreement with the overwhelming opinion of the world scientific community. The Council of the American Physical Society disagrees with this articles conclusions.
Thats something to think about. The $50 billion in research money, I mean.|
Christopher Chantrill blogs at www.roadtothemiddleclass.com. His Road to the Middle Class is forthcoming.
When we began first to preach these things, the people appeared as awakened from the sleep of agesthey seemed to see for the first time that they were responsible beings, and that a refusal to use the means appointed was a damning sin.
Finke, Stark, The Churching of America, 1776-1990
In 1911... at least nine million of the 12 million covered by national insurance were already members of voluntary sick pay schemes. A similar proportion were also eligible for medical care.
Green, Reinventing Civil Society
We have met with families in which for weeks together, not an article of sustenance but potatoes had been used; yet for every child the hard-earned sum was provided to send them to school.
E. G. West, Education and the State
Law being too tenuous to rely upon in [Ulster and the Scottish borderlands], people developed patterns of settling differences by personal fighting and family feuds.
Thomas Sowell, Conquests and Cultures
The primary thing to keep in mind about German and Russian thought since
1800 is that it takes for granted that the Cartesian, Lockean or Humean scientific and
philosophical conception of man and nature... has been shown by indisputable evidence to be
F.S.C. Northrop, The Meeting of East and West
Inquiry does not start unless there is a problem... It is the problem and its
characteristics revealed by analysis which guides one first to the relevant facts and then,
once the relevant facts are known, to the relevant hypotheses.
F.S.C. Northrop, The Logic of the Sciences and the Humanities
But I saw a man yesterday who knows a fellow who had it from a chappie
that said that Urquhart had been dipping himself a bit recklessly off the deep end.
Freddy Arbuthnot
Dorothy L. Sayers, Strong Poison
I mean three systems in one: a predominantly market economy; a polity respectful of the rights of the individual to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; and a system of cultural institutions moved by ideals of liberty and justice for all.
In short, three dynamic and converging systems functioning as one: a democratic polity, an economy based on markets and incentives, and a moral-cultural system which is plural and, in the largest sense, liberal.
Michael Novak, The Spirit of Democratic Capitalism
The incentive that impels a man to act is always some uneasiness...
But to make a man act [he must have]
the expectation that purposeful behavior has the power to remove
or at least to alleviate the felt uneasiness.
Ludwig von Mises, Human Action
[In the] higher Christian churches... they saunter through the liturgy like Mohawks along a string of scaffolding who have long since forgotten their danger. If God were to blast such a service to bits, the congregation would be, I believe, genuinely shocked. But in the low churches you expect it every minute.
Annie Dillard, Holy the Firm
When we received Christ, Phil added, all of a sudden we now had a rule book to go by, and when we had problems the preacher was right there to give us the answers.
James M. Ault, Jr., Spirit and Flesh
The recognition and integration of extralegal property rights [in the Homestead Act] was a key element in the United States becoming the most important market economy and producer of capital in the world.
Hernando de Soto, The Mystery of Capital
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©2007 Christopher Chantrill


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Gigabyte G1.Sniper 3 Review
Test Setup and Overclocking
Published: 18th June 2012 | Source: Gigabyte | Price: £335 |
Test Setup
For those of you who were wondering about the lengthy delay between Z77 reviews it's all to do with the ease of obtaining a HD7970 to continue our testing. The world financial crisis hits everywhere. Thankfully Sapphire stepped in with a HD7950 which enabled us to return to the Ivy Bridge testing, so maximum kudos to them. Just worth noting when we come to the 3D tests that the GPU isn't the HD7970 that the other Z77 reviews were tested with.
Gigabyte Z77 G1.Sniper 3
Intel Core i7-3770K
8GB G.Skill Trident 2400 @ 10-12-12-31
Sapphire HD7950
Catalyst 12.4
Cougar CM1000 PSU
Corsair F80 SSD
Thermalright Silver Arrow
Windows 7 x64
With the eternal quest for more power efficiency our initial results with Z77 motherboards weren't exactly amazing, as the latest chipset seemed to require countless tweaks to remain stable at decent overclocks. Just when we thought we'd have to relearn how to overclock a LGA1155 CPU along comes the Sniper 3, which was as easy to overclock as the P67/Z68 motherboards ever were. A simple voltage boost and increase on the CPU multiplier and everything ran like clockwork. It's reassuring to know that it wasn't our ability at fault, but rather the other motherboards.
So here we have a wonderful 5GHz on air, using only 1.38v on the core. Very impressive stuff by the Sniper 3.
Of course we like to run with as little voltage as possible, especially with the reduced tolerance for high voltages on the 22nm CPUs, and so dropping down to default volts we were still able to see 4.8GHz from our i7-3770K, and that's what we'll be using for our overclock tests.
Most Recent Comments
With the latest Z77 chipset on board we take a look at the Gigabyte Sniper 3 and see if it matches its predecessors.
Continue ReadingQuote
Love this board, just wish it wasn't so damn expensive. With boards like the GD65 you have to ask if paying over double the price is worth it.
someone has to pay for the nextgen research, that'll be available this xmas Quote
Gigabyte have certainly done something right with this board.
A great review, Tom - looks as though I may have to devote more attention to the Sniper boards from now on.Quote
Looks like an amazing board but as the others have said, way out of my price range. I'm actually a fan of the fact they've not gone for gun shaped heatsinks etc. but that's prob just me
What a waste of I/O space. Gigabyte dun goofed.Quote
Someone please tell me why such an expensive board should have VGA (or even DVI, for that matter)?
What a waste of I/O space. Gigabyte dun goofed.
Mhm... And you're going to buy a board like this, but not buy a graphics card?
As Josh said though the onboard video would come into play if your GPU failed.
Just a thought, imagine how sexy this board would look with dual 690s *droolQuote
Ha, no but if said graphics card failed, not having on board video would really be annoying, as it would shut you down from your computer until you got a replacement.
And even if your primary monitor and GPU BOTH failed at the SAME time, I'm sure you've got one of those DVI to VGA things you could use, I've got at least three of them around the place.Quote
The chances of your primary monitor and GPU both failing at the same time are pretty slim. Gigabyte (or anyone) should not be catering for scenarios like this if it means wasting I/O space with an archaic connection.
And even if your primary monitor and GPU BOTH failed at the SAME time, I'm sure you've got one of those DVI to VGA things you could use, I've got at least three of them around the place.
actually i have had this happen in the past, albeit part and parcel of a lightning strike, but nonetheless, the fact remains that BOTH my monitor AND GPU were trashed in an instant and i would have welcomed this feature back then so don't suggest "IT CAN'T HAPPEN" as it clearly can
This should've been different with the WiFi module though, as a built-in module shouldn't have made the board so cramped.
Very value board in my opinion. 300 bucks for a board with so many features. It's essentially a thunderbolt port away from the P8Z77-V Premium from ASUS for 120 bucks less. Very fast board, good for HPC as far as I've used it, the 2 Gigabit LAN ports are great, temps are fine and overclocks great. Dual BIOS is cool but doesn't match ASUS's, power cosumption is terribly inefficient, and is sort of bloated for a board. Works well with my Gentoo Linux and Windows 7 and pretty much all of its software works on at least one of those OSes. Wish it had FireWire and eSATA in the back. Shame it was E-ATX, I was going to get it crammed into the CoolerMaster 430.
Board looks rather silly, and the color scheme is weird.Quote
and thanks... love the youtube vids, and hard work you put in to educate noobs like me!!!Quote
Hey TTL what temps were you seeing @ the 1.092v, 4.8GHz OC on air?
and thanks... love the youtube vids, and hard work you put in to educate noobs like me!!!
1.092v wasnt the vcore... And it wasnt me that wrote the review.Quote


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Jim StephensonShared publicly -
I've been shortlisted for an Architizer A+ Award in the photo and video category, which I'm really chuffed about! Apparently I'm currently in second place in the people's choice section, so if you could click the link and vote for me, it's be much appreciated!
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Man, 26 years old from Las Vegas, United States
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xTip: Sending a positive vote will save this user to your account, like a personal bookmark. Additionally, they will see this vote and may like you back, which will allow the exchange of your private contact information.
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Kiny McCarrick
Kiny McCarrick - freelance photographer portrait - event - editorial *Sacramento and surrounding areas Specializing in artistic, documentary style photography INFO- Prints are available for purchase through this site. The photos are shipped directly to you from a professional lab. Each Client gets their own online gallery (can be set to private) for up to a year for easy sharing and ordering. Contact me for assignment shoots or events to discuss pricing.


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Meet Tucson Cosmetic Dentist Dr. Doug McMaster, DDS
Tucson Dentist Dr. Doug McMaster, DDS has extensive expertise and experience in cosmetic dentistry, and serves the community of Tucson, Arizona (AZ). Dr. McMaster is a dedicated professional, striving to raise the level of dental health for the Arizona community. In 2007, he was awarded the Dentist of the Year by the Arizona Dental Association. He keeps up with the latest advancements in esthetic and restorative dentistry by spending countless hours in continuing education. His many years of post graduate experience contributed to his skills in mastering the art of esthetic and restorative dentistry, including complex implant and reconstructive dentistry. He has completed the Continuum at the world-renowned Pankey Institute and went on to the Seattle Institute for Advanced Dental Education and the Kois Center. With over 26 years of practice, he has seen and participated in, the development of dentistry into the wonderful current level which exists today. . . . More about Dr. McMaster . . .
Arizona Dentist | Dr. Doug McMaster Cosmetic Dentistry pages
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- The Smile Design Process
- The Dental Initial Exam
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McMaster Piece Dentistry Dental Testimonials
4601 E 5th Street Tucson, AZ 85711, Ph. 520.282.4901, Fx. 520.327.1863


text:
Melissa by The Allman Brothers Band.
somebody told me by the killers and take me out by franz ferninad
Spoiler Alert!Originally Posted by Adal3110 from N-A/JCLinkin Park - Hit the Floor (Hybrid Theory)Originally Posted by KRKanon (Kanon/Kanny)
"I Know I'll Never Trust Another Thing You Say
You Knew Your Lies Would Divide Us
But You Lied Anyway
And All The Lies Has Got You Floating Up Above Us All
But What Goes Up Has Got To Fall."
Melissa by The Allman Brothers Band.
Playstation Network: yanks96
Steam I.D: yankees96
Xbox LIVE: dotKev
Xfire: yanks96
My Twitter Account
Live Free Or Let Me Die by Skillet
The Stroke - Billy Squier
The Wind Cries Mary by Jimi Hendrix.
Playstation Network: yanks96
Steam I.D: yankees96
Xbox LIVE: dotKev
Xfire: yanks96
My Twitter Account
Dorrough: Wirred To T
I ain't adding anymore Brawl Friend Codes.
My AllisBrawl profile
Jay-Z Empire state of mind.
Ramblin Man - The Allman Brothers
My Friend Codes.... You got to ask me for them...
RETURNING CALL OF DUTY PLAYER (Wii)
"Force Your Way"; "One-Winged Angel" - Nobuo Uematsu
"White Breath"; "Dress" - Abingdon Boys School (ABS)
Older Stuff:
Spoiler Alert!
^^ Still valid, not used much though ^^
By Wuwi
terribly mashed up by 2010 me


text:
Dezeen and MINI Frontiers: architects will soon be walking clients through digital models of their designs, says 3D visualiser Olivier Demangel, who built a virtual replica of a house he saw on Dezeen to showcase the technology (+ movie). More »
Tag: architecture movies
Winy Maas: an "open heart" reveals the inner workings of MVRDV's Pushed Slab office block
MVRDV's Winy Maas explains how the hollow centre he created at the heart of a Paris office block allows passersby a privileged view into the movements of a financial services company, in the latest movie from our exclusive series (+ movie). More »
Pop Up Luggage Space by TomDavid has walls that recede like an "inverted umbrella"
Mariano Dallago's Camera Obscura creates a projected "postcard" of the Dolomites
Photographer Mariano Dallago has installed a giant camera obscura on top of a hill as part of an exhibition in the mountainous Italian province of South Tyrol (+ movie). More »
Shigeru Ban's timber-framed office building in Switzerland shown in new movie
This new movie produced by film studio Spirit of Space tours the interior of the Tamedia Office Building in Zurich – the first Swiss project completed by Japanese architect Shigeru Ban. More »
Time-lapse movie shows construction of Richard Rogers' revamped Prouvé house
Galerie Patrick Seguin has released a time-lapse movie showing Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners' adaptation of a 70-year-old Jean Prouvé house being assembled in a field (+ movie). More »
MVRDV's Spijkenisse library has become a "proud mountain of books" says Winy Maas
In the first of a series of exclusive movies profiling buildings by Dutch firm MVRDV, architect and studio co-founder Winy Maas looks back at Book Mountain – a library contained within a glass pyramid. More »
Serpentine Gallery Pavilion is an experiment with plastic, says SelgasCano
Movie: in this exclusive video filmed at the unveiling of the 15th Serpentine Gallery Pavilion, architects José Selgas and Lucía Cano explain how their structure plays with coloured, translucent and mirrored plastic sheet. More »
Exclusive video preview of SelgasCano's
2015 Serpentine Gallery Pavilion
Movie: in the first of a series of videos to celebrate the opening of the fifteenth Serpentine Gallery Pavilion, gallery director Julia Peyton-Jones previews SelgasCano's colourful structure ahead of its opening next week. More »
House of Music represents a "very simple but powerful typology" says Wolf D Prix
Coop Himmelb(l)au founder Wolf D Prix explains how the design of his House of Music concert hall in Denmark was influenced by a monastery by Le Corbusier in this movie by architectural filmmakers Spirit of Space. More »
Annabel Karim Kassar's telescopic pavilions
bring a taste of Lebanon to Milan
Tadao Ando says his first New York building will be "a very quiet piece of architecture"
Japanese architect Tadao Ando has revealed details about his first building in New York City, explaining that he wanted to "create something that only a Japanese person could do" (+ movie). More »
Kaan Architecten adds study centre to a hospital part-designed by Jean Prouvé
Casa El Bosque is a house flanked by stone walls on the edge of a Spanish forest
Zaha Hadid plans sinuous apartment complex for first project in Mexico
Zaha Hadid Architects has unveiled plans to build a high-density housing development in Monterrey, Mexico, despite having been asked to design a series of high-rise towers (+ movie). More »
EcoLogicStudio transforms cladding system
into a bioreactor with Urban Algae Canopy
Dezeen and MINI Frontiers: in this movie Marco Poletto of ecoLogicStudio claims the integrated algae farm and cladding system his practice will showcase at the 2015 Milan Expo could be used to power cities in future. More »
Virtual reality will be
"more powerful than cocaine"
Interview: every architect will soon design using 3D goggles, according to designer and visualiser Olivier Demangel, who believes that virtual architecture will be as convincing as the real thing within five years (+ movies). More »
Twisting observation tower could
be built in a northern Italian forest
Architects Anton Pramstrahler and Alex Niederkofler have unveiled their proposal for a wooden viewing tower near Bruneck, northern Italy, with a twisted body shaped like a tree trunk (+ movie). More »
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Most Cited International Journal of Multiphase Flow Articles
The most cited articles published since 2011, extracted from Scopus.
Time-series analysis of pressure fluctuations in gas-solid fluidized beds - A reviewJ. Ruud Van Ommen | Srdjan Sasic | John Van der Schaaf | Stefan Gheorghiu | Filip Johnsson | Marc Olivier Coppens
Volume 37, Issue 5, June 2011, Pages 403-428
This work reviews methods for time-series analysis for characterization of the dynamics of gas-solid fluidized beds from in-bed pressure measurements for different fluidization regimes. The paper covers analysis in time domain, frequency domain, and in state space. It is a follow-up and an update of a similar review paper written a decade ago. We use the same pressure time-series as used by Johnsson et al. (2000). The paper updates the previous review and includes additional methods for time-series analysis, which have been proposed to investigate dynamics of gas-solid fluidized beds. Results and underlying assumptions of the methods are discussed. Analysis in the time domain is often the simplest approach. The standard deviation of pressure fluctuations is widely used to identify regimes in fluidized beds, but its disadvantage is that it is an indirect measure of the dynamics of the flow. The so-called average cycle time provides information about the relevant time scales of the system, making it an easy-to-calculate alternative to frequency analysis. Autoregressive methods can be used to show an analogy between a fluidized bed and a single or a set of simple mechanical systems acting in parallel. The most common frequency domain method is the power spectrum. We show that - as an alternative to the often used non-parametric methods to estimate the power spectrum - parametric methods can be useful. To capture transient effects on a longer time scale (>1. s), either the transient power spectral density or wavelet analysis can be applied. For the state space analysis, the information given by the Kolmogorov entropy is equivalent to that of the average frequency, obtained in the frequency domain. However, an advantage of certain state space methods, such as attractor comparison, is that they are more sensitive to small changes than frequency domain methods; this feature can be used for, e.g., on-line monitoring. In general, we conclude that, over the past decade, progress has been made in understanding fluidized-bed dynamics by extracting the relevant information from pressure fluctuation data, but the picture is still incomplete. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Numerical analysis of unsteady cavitating turbulent flow and shedding horse-shoe vortex structure around a twisted hydrofoilBin Ji | Xianwu Luo | Yulin Wu | Xiaoxing Peng | Yunling Duan
Volume 51, Issue , May 2013, Pages 33-43
Cavitating turbulent flow around hydrofoils was simulated using the Partially-Averaged Navier-Stokes (PANS) method and a mass transfer cavitation model with the maximum density ratio (ρl/ρv,clip) effect between the liquid and the vapor. The predicted cavity length and thickness of stable cavities as well as the pressure distribution along the suction surface of a NACA66(MOD) hydrofoil compare well with experimental data when using the actual maximum density ratio (ρl/ρv,clip=43391) at room temperature. The unsteady cavitation patterns and their evolution around a Delft twisted hydrofoil were then simulated. The numerical results indicate that the cavity volume fluctuates dramatically as the cavitating flow develops with cavity growth, destabilization, and collapse. The predicted three dimensional cavity structures due to the variation of attack angle in the span-wise direction and the shedding cycle as well as its frequency agree fairly well with experimental observations. The distinct side-lobes of the attached cavity and the shedding U-shaped horse-shoe vortex are well captured. Furthermore, it is shown that the shedding horse-shoe vortex includes a primary U-shaped vapor cloud and two secondary U-shaped vapor clouds originating from the primary shedding at the cavity center and the secondary shedding at both cavity sides. The primary shedding is related to the collision of a radially-diverging re-entrant jet and the attached cavity surface, while the secondary shedding is due to the collision of side-entrant jets and the radially-diverging re-entrant jet. The local flow fields show that the interaction between the circulating flow and the shedding vapor cloud may be the main mechanism producing the cavitating horse-shoe vortex. Two side views described by iso-surfaces of the vapor volume fraction for a 10% vapor volume, and a non-dimensional Q-criterion equal to 200 are used to illustrate the formation, roll-up and transport of the shedding horse-shoe vortex. The predicted height of the shedding horse-shoe vortex increases as the vortex moves downstream. It is shown that the shape of the horse-shoe vortex for the non-dimensional Q-criterion is more complicated than that of the 10% vapor fraction iso-surface and is more consistent with the experiments. Further, though the time-averaged lift coefficient predicted by the PANS calculation is about 12% lower than the experimental value, it is better than other predictions based on RANS solvers. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Wax formation in oil pipelines: A critical reviewArarimeh Aiyejina | Dhurjati Prasad Chakrabarti | Angelus Pilgrim | M. K S Sastry
Volume 37, Issue 7, September 2011, Pages 671-694
The gelling of waxy crudes and the deposition of wax on the inner walls of subsea crude oil pipelines present a costly problem in the production and transportation of oil. The timely removal of deposited wax is required to address the reduction in flow rate that it causes, as well as to avoid the eventual loss of a pipeline in the event that it becomes completely clogged. In order to understand this problem and address it, significant research has been done on the mechanisms governing wax deposition in pipelines in order to model the process. Furthermore, methods of inhibiting the formation of wax on pipeline walls and of removing accumulated wax have been studied to find the most efficient and cost-effective means of maintaining pipelines prone to wax deposition. This paper seeks to review the current state of research into these areas, highlighting what is so far understood about the mechanisms guiding this wax deposition, and how this knowledge can be applied to modelling and providing solutions to this problem. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Drag law for monodisperse gas-solid systems using particle-resolved direct numerical simulation of flow past fixed assemblies of spheresS. Tenneti | R. Garg | S. Subramaniam
Volume 37, Issue 9, November 2011, Pages 1072-1092
Gas-solid momentum transfer is a fundamental problem that is characterized by the dependence of normalized average fluid-particle force F on solid volume fraction φ and the Reynolds number based on the mean slip velocity Rem. In this work we report particle-resolved direct numerical simulation (DNS) results of interphase momentum transfer in flow past fixed random assemblies of monodisperse spheres with finite fluid inertia using a continuum Navier-Stokes solver. This solver is based on a new formulation we refer to as the Particle-resolved Uncontaminated-fluid Reconcilable Immersed Boundary Method (PUReIBM). The principal advantage of this formulation is that the fluid stress at the particle surface is calculated directly from the flow solution (velocity and pressure fields), which when integrated over the surfaces of all particles yields the average fluid-particle force. We demonstrate that PUReIBM is a consistent numerical method to study gas-solid flow because it results in a force density on particle surfaces that is reconcilable with the averaged two-fluid theory. The numerical convergence and accuracy of PUReIBM are established through a comprehensive suite of validation tests. The normalized average fluid-particle force F is obtained as a function of solid volume fraction φ (0.1≤φ≤0.5) and mean flow Reynolds number Rem (0.01≤Rem≤300) for random assemblies of monodisperse spheres. These results extend previously reported results of Hill et al. (2001a,b) to a wider range of φ, Rem, and are more accurate than those reported by Beetstra et al. (2007). Differences between the drag values obtained from PUReIBM and the drag correlation of Beetstra et al. (2007) are as high as 30% for Rem in the range 100-300. We take advantage of PUReIBM's ability to directly calculate the relative contributions of pressure and viscous stress to the total fluid-particle force, which is useful in developing drag correlations. Using a scaling argument, Hill et al. (2001b) proposed that the viscous contribution is independent of Rem but the pressure contribution is linear in Rem (for Rem>50). However, from PUReIBM simulations we find that the viscous contribution is not independent of the mean flow Reynolds number, although the pressure contribution does indeed vary linearly with Rem in accord with the analysis of Hill et al. (2001b). An improved correlation for F in terms of φ and Rem is proposed that corrects the existing correlations in Rem range 100-300. Since this drag correlation has been inferred from simulations of fixed particle assemblies, it does not include the effect of mobility of the particles. However, the fixed-bed simulation approach is a good approximation for high Stokes number particles, which are encountered in most gas-solid flows. This improved drag correlation can be used in CFD simulations of fluidized beds that solve the average two-fluid equations where the accuracy of the drag law affects the prediction of overall flow behavior. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Numerical analysis of cavitation evolution and excited pressure fluctuation around a propeller in non-uniform wakeBin Ji | Xianwu Luo | Xiaoxing Peng | Yulin Wu | Hongyuan Xu
Volume 43, Issue , July 2012, Pages 13-21
Unsteady cavitating turbulent flows around a conventional marine propeller in a non-uniform wake were analyzed to predict the excited pressure fluctuations. The numerical simulations of the propeller cavitation were based on the Navier-Stokes equations solved with a mass transfer cavitation model, the k-ω SST turbulence model and a sliding mesh. The evolution of the unsteady cavitation and the pressure fluctuations around the propeller in the non-uniform flow are predicted fairly well compared to experimental results. The CFD results verify the connection between the pressure fluctuations and the changing cavitation patterns as the blades sweep through the high velocity wake region. Furthermore, to better demonstrate the physical mechanism of the cavity-generated pressure field, the cavity volume was calculated and analyzed to illustrate the relationship between the cavity evolution and the pressure fluctuations. The analysis shows that the acceleration due to the cavity volume changes is the main source of the pressure fluctuations excited by the propeller cavitation. These results demonstrate that this numerical methodology is suitable for simulating unsteady cavitating flows around a propeller. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Microstructural effects on the permeability of periodic fibrous porous mediaK. Yazdchi | S. Srivastava | S. Luding
Volume 37, Issue 8, October 2011, Pages 956-966
An analytical-numerical approach is presented for computing the macroscopic permeability of fibrous porous media taking into account their microstructure. A finite element (FE) based model for viscous, incompressible flow through a regular array of cylinders/fibers is employed for predicting the permeability associated with this type of media. High resolution data, obtained from our simulations, are utilized for validating the commonly used semi-analytical models of drag relations from which the permeability is often derived. The effect of porosity, or volume fraction, on the macroscopic permeability is studied. Also microstructure parameters like particle shape, orientation and unit cell staggered angle are varied. The results are compared with the Carman-Kozeny (CK) equation and the Kozeny factor (often assumed to be constant) dependence on the microstructural parameters is reported and used as an attempt to predict a closed form relation for the permeability in a variety of structures, shapes and wide range of porosities. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Large Eddy Simulation and theoretical investigations of the transient cavitating vortical flow structure around a NACA66 hydrofoilB. Ji | X. W. Luo | Roger E A Arndt | Xiaoxing Peng | Yulin Wu
Volume 68, Issue , January 2015, Pages 121-134
© 2014 The Authors.Compared to non-cavitating flow, cavitating flow is much complex owing to the numerical difficulties caused by cavity generation and collapse. In this paper, the cavitating flow around a NACA66 hydrofoil is studied numerically with particular emphasis on understanding the cavitation structures and the shedding dynamics. Large Eddy Simulation (LES) was coupled with a homogeneous cavitation model to calculate the pressure, velocity, vapor volume fraction and vorticity around the hydrofoil. The predicted cavitation shedding dynamics behavior, including the cavity growth, break-off and collapse downstream, agrees fairly well with experiment. Some fundamental issues such as the transition of a cavitating flow structure from 2D to 3D associated with cavitation-vortex interaction are discussed using the vorticity transport equation for variable density flow. A simplified one-dimensional model for the present configuration is adopted and calibrated against the LES results to better clarify the physical mechanism for the cavitation induced pressure fluctuations. The results verify the relationship between pressure fluctuations and the cavity shedding process (e.g. the variations of the flow rate and cavity volume) and demonstrate that the cavity volume acceleration is the main source of the pressure fluctuations around the cavitating hydrofoil. This research provides a better understanding of the mechanism driving the cavitation excited pressure pulsations, which will facilitate development of engineering designs to control these vibrations.
A review on numerical studies of slug flow hydrodynamics and heat transfer in microtubes and microchannelsV. Talimi | Y. S. Muzychka | S. Kocabiyik
Volume 39, Issue , March 2012, Pages 88-104
Numerical studies on the hydrodynamic and heat transfer characteristics of two-phase flows in small tubes and channels are reviewed. These flows are non-boiling gas-liquid and liquid-liquid slug flows. The review begins with some general notes and important details of numerical simulation setups. The review is then categorized into two groups of studies: circular and non-circular channels. Different aspects such as slug formation, slug shape, flow pattern, pressure drop and heat transfer are of interest. The primary purpose of the present review is to report the existing numerical studies in order to highlight the research gaps and suggestions for the future numerical simulations. Judging and/or comparing the different works and correlations can be conducted separately for each of the sections reported here. According to this review, there are some large gaps in the research literature, including pressure drop and heat transfer in liquid-liquid slug flows. Gaps in research are also found in applications of non-circular ducts, pressure drop and heat transfer in meandering microtubes and microchannels for both gas-liquid and liquid-liquid two-phase flows. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Two phase mixed convection Al2O3-water nanofluid flow in an annulusR. Mokhtari Moghari | A. Akbarinia | M. Shariat | F. Talebi | R. Laur
Volume 37, Issue 6, July 2011, Pages 585-595
Heat transfer enhancement of a mixed convection laminar Al2O3-water nanofluid flow in an annulus with constant heat flux boundary condition has been studied employing two phase mixture model and effective expressions of nanofluid properties. The fluid flow properties are assumed constant except for the density in the body force, which varies linearly with the temperature (Boussinesq's hypothesis), thus the fluid flow characteristics are affected by the buoyancy force. The Brownian motions of nanoparticles have been considered to determine the effective thermal conductivity and the effective dynamic viscosity of Al2O3-water nanofluid, which depend on temperature. Three-dimensional Navier-Stokes, energy and volume fraction equations have been discretized using the finite volume method while the SIMPELC algorithm has been introduced to couple the velocity-pressure. Numerical simulations have been presented for the nanoparticles volume fraction (φ) between 0 and 0.05 and different values of the Grashof and Reynolds numbers. The calculated results show that at a given Re and Gr, increasing nanoparticles volume fraction increases the Nusselt number at the inner and outer walls while it does not have any significant effect on the friction factor. Both the Nusselt number and the friction coefficient at the inner wall are more than their corresponding values at the outer wall. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Comparison of mass transfer models for the numerical prediction of sheet cavitation around a hydrofoilMitja Morgut | Enrico Nobile | Ignacijo Biluš
Volume 37, Issue 6, July 2011, Pages 620-626
Cavitating flows, which can occur in a variety of practical cases, can be modelled with a wide range of methods. One strategy consists of using the RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes) equations and an additional transport equation for the liquid volume fraction, where mass transfer rate due to cavitation is modelled by a mass transfer model. In this study, we compare three widespread mass transfer models available in literature for the prediction of sheet cavitation around a hydrofoil. These models share the common feature of employing empirical coefficients, to tune the models of condensation and evaporation processes, that can influence the accuracy and stability of the numerical predictions. In order to compare the different mass transfer models fairly and congruently, the empirical coefficients of the different models are first well tuned using an optimization strategy. The resulting well tuned mass transfer models are then compared considering the flow around the NACA66(MOD) and NACA009 hydrofoils. The numerical predictions based on the three different tuned mass transfer models are very close to each other and in agreement with the experimental data. Moreover, the optimization strategy seems to be stable and accurate, and could be extended to additional mass transfer models and further flow problems. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Analyzing preferential concentration and clustering of inertial particles in turbulenceRomain Monchaux | Mickael Bourgoin | Alain Cartellier
Volume 40, Issue , April 2012, Pages 1-18
Particle laden flows are of relevant interest in many industrial and natural systems. When the carrier flow is turbulent, a striking feature is the tendency of particles denser than the fluid to inhomogeneously distribute in space, forming clusters and depleted regions. This phenomenon, known as " preferential concentration" , has now been extensively investigated since the 1960s. The commonly invoked turbophoretic effect, responsible for the centrifugation of heavy particles outside the turbulent vortices, has recently got more complex by other additional mechanisms which have been shown to potentially play an important role in segregating the particles (for instance particles with moderate Stokes number have been shown to preferentially stick to low-acceleration points of the carrier flow). As a matter of fact a complete frame for accurately describing and modeling the particle-flow interaction is not yet available and basic questions, as the existence or not of a typical cluster size or of a typical cluster life-time-scale, still remain to be answered. This requires further quantitative investigations of preferential concentration (both from experiments and numerics) as well as dedicated mathematical tools in order to analyze the dispersed phase, its structuring properties and its dynamics (from individual particle level up to clusters level). This review focuses on the description of the techniques available nowadays to investigate the preferential concentration of inertial particles in turbulent flows. We first briefly recall the historical context of the problem followed by a description of usual experimental and numerical configurations classically employed to investigate this phenomenon. Then we present the main mathematical analysis techniques which have been developed and implemented up to now to diagnose and characterize the clustering properties of dispersed particles. We show the advantages, drawbacks and complementarity of the different existing approaches. To finish, we present physical mechanisms which have already been identified as important and discuss the expected breakthrough from future investigations. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Effect of fluids properties on non-equilibrium capillarity effects: Dynamic pore-network modelingVahid Joekar-Niasar | S. Majid Hassanizadeh
Volume 37, Issue 2, March 2011, Pages 198-214
We have developed a Dynamic Pore-network model for Simulating Two-phase flow in porous media (DYPOSIT). The model is applicable to both drainage and imbibition processes. Employing improved numerical and geometrical features in the model facilitate a physically-based pore-scale simulator. This computational tool is employed to perform several numerical experiments (primary and main drainage, main imbibition) to investigate the current capillarity theory. Traditional two-phase flow formulations state that the pressure difference between the two phase is equal to the capillary pressure, which is assumed to be a function of saturation only. Many theoretical and experimental studies have shown that this assumption is invalid and the pressure difference between the two fluids is not only equal to the capillary pressure but is also related to the variation of saturation with time in the domain; this is referred to as the non-equilibrium capillarity effect. To date, non-equilibrium capillarity effect has been investigated mainly under drainage. In this study, we analyze the non-equilibrium capillarity theory under drainage and imbibition as a function of saturation, viscosity ratio, and effective viscosity. Other aspects of the dynamics of two-phase flow such as trapping and saturation profile are also studied. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Flow pattern and water holdup measurements of vertical upward oil-water two-phase flow in small diameter pipesMeng Du | Ning De Jin | Zhong Ke Gao | Zhen Ya Wang | Lu Sheng Zhai
Volume 41, Issue , May 2012, Pages 91-105
We experimentally investigate vertical upward oil-water two-phase flow in a 20. mm inner diameter pipe. We first using vertical multiple electrode array conductance sensor measure the water holdup, and using mini-conductance probes define five observed flow patterns, i.e., very fine dispersed oil-in-water (VFD O/W) flow, dispersed oil-in-water (D O/W) flow, oil-in-water slug (D OS/W) flow, water-in-oil (D W/O) and transition flow (TF). Then we present an experimental flow pattern map with oil and water superficial velocity ranging from 0.258. m/s to 3.684. m/s and 0.184. m/s to 1.474. m/s, respectively. In addition, we obtain the flow pattern transition boundaries in terms of water holdup. Finally, we propose an effective quadric time-frequency representation, i.e., the adaptive optimal kernel time-frequency representation (AOK TFR) to investigate the complex behavior underlying vertical upward oil-water flow. In particular, we extract total energy and time-frequency entropy to characterize the evolutions of flow patterns. The results suggest that AOK TFR based method could potentially be a powerful tool for characterizing the dynamical characteristics of different vertical upward water-dominant oil-water flow patterns. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Derivation of drag and lift force and torque coefficients for non-spherical particles in flowsMarian Zastawny | George Mallouppas | Fan Zhao | Berend van Wachem
Volume 39, Issue , March 2012, Pages 227-239
This paper derives and validates a new framework to predict the drag and lift coefficients as well as the torque coefficients for four non-spherical particle shapes in a flow with a wide range of flow Re and rotational Re numbers. Correlations are proposed for the drag force, the lift force, the pitching torque, and the torque caused by the rotation of the particle. Each of the correlations depends on Re number, the dimensionless rotation and the angle of incidence between the particle and the direction of the local fluid velocity. The fit parameters in the correlations for each of the particle shapes are determined by performing a large number of " true" DNS simulations of four different types of particles. The true DNS simulations are carried out with an improved mirroring immersed boundary method. The resulting correlations for the forces and the torques are suitable to be used in Eulerian-Lagrangian simulations, where an accurate prediction of the forces and torques is required to determine the motion of the particles. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Two-phase flow in inclined tubes with specific reference to condensation: A reviewStéphane Lips | Josua P. Meyer
Volume 37, Issue 8, October 2011, Pages 845-859
Tilting influences the flow patterns and thus the heat transfer and pressure drop during condensation in smooth tubes. However, few studies are available on diabatic two-phase flows in inclined tubes. The purpose of the present paper is to review two-phase flow in inclined tubes, with specific reference to condensation. Firstly, the paper reviews convective condensation in horizontal tubes. Secondly, an overview is given of two-phase flow in inclined tubes. Thirdly, a review is conducted on condensation in inclined tubes. It is shown for convective condensation in inclined tubes that the inclination angle influences the heat transfer coefficient. The heat transfer coefficient can be increased or decreased depending on the experimental conditions, and especially the flow pattern. Under certain conditions, an inclination angle may exist, which leads to an optimum heat transfer coefficient. Furthermore, this paper highlights the lack of experimental studies for the prediction of the inclination angle effect on the flow pattern, the heat transfer coefficient and the pressure drop in two-phase flows during phase change. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
CFD modeling of bubble-induced turbulenceRoland Rzehak | Eckhard Krepper
Volume 55, Issue , October 2013, Pages 138-155
Modeling of bubble-induced turbulence in dispersed gas-liquid multiphase flow is an important but still unresolved issue. Aside from its intrinsic interest, turbulence in this type of flow has a strong impact on other important processes like turbulent dispersion of the bubbles and bubble-coalescence and -breakup and thus is a central part of the overall model. Especially the latter require as input values of turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation, which as shown subsequently are not readily obtained from the most common approach to add a bubble-induced contribution to the effective viscosity. This may be overcome by including source terms in the single phase two-equation turbulence models that describe the bubble effects on the liquid turbulence. However, no consensus on the precise form of these terms has been reached yet. We here report a comparison of different models of this type. Special care has been given to the selection of a rather comprehensive set of reference data allowing to qualify the validity of the different models. Conclusions towards best practice guidelines for modeling bubbly turbulence are drawn and needs for further research identified. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
Surface instability and primary atomization characteristics of straight liquid jet spraysJ. Shinjo | A. Umemura
Volume 37, Issue 10, December 2011, Pages 1294-1304
Using the detailed numerical simulation data of primary atomization, the liquid surface instability development that leads to atomization is characterized. The numerical results are compared with a theoretical analysis of liquid-gas layer for a parameter range close to high-speed Diesel jet fuel injection. For intermittent and short-duration Diesel injection, the aerodynamic surface interaction and transient head formation play an important role. The present numerical setting excludes nozzle disturbances to primarily investigate this interfacial instability mechanism and the role of jet head. The first disturbed area is the jet head region, and the generated disturbances are fed into the upstream region through the gas phase. This leads to the viscous boundary layer instability development on the liquid jet core. By temporal tracking of surface pattern development including the phase velocity and stability regime and by the visualization of vortex structures near the boundary layer region, it is suggested that the instability mode is the Tollmien-Schlichting (TS) mode similar to the turbulent transition of solid-wall boundary layer. It is also demonstrated that the jet head and the liquid core play an interacting role, thus the jet head cannot be neglected in Diesel injection. In this study, this type of boundary layer instability has been demonstrated as a possible mechanism of primary atomization, especially for high-speed straight liquid jets. The effect of nozzle turbulence is a challenging but important issue, and it should be examined in the future. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Detached direct numerical simulations of turbulent two-phase bubbly channel flowIgor A. Bolotnov | Kenneth E. Jansen | Donald A. Drew | Assad A. Oberai | Richard T. Lahey | Michael Z. Podowski
Volume 37, Issue 6, July 2011, Pages 647-659
DNS simulations of two-phase turbulent bubbly channel flow at Reτ=180 (Reynolds number based on friction velocity and channel half-width) were performed using a stabilized finite element method (FEM) and a level set approach to track the air/water interfaces.Fully developed turbulent single-phase solutions obtained previously using the same stabilized FEM code were used as the initial flow field, and an appropriate level-set distance field was introduced to represent the air bubbles. Surface tension and gravity forces were used in the simulations to physically represent the behavior of a bubbly air/water two-phase flow having a liquid/gas density ratio of 858.3.The simulation results were averaged to obtain the liquid and gas mean velocity distributions, the local void fractions as well as the local turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate of the liquid phase. The liquid phase parameters were compared with the corresponding single-phase turbulent channel flow to determine the bubbles' influence on the turbulence field. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
On the role of the lateral lift force in poly-dispersed bubbly flowsD. Lucas | A. Tomiyama
Volume 37, Issue 9, November 2011, Pages 1178-1190
An extensive experimental database comprising air-water as well as steam-water upwards vertical pipe flows for a pressure up to 6.5. MPa was used to investigate the effect of the lateral lift force on turbulent poly-dispersed flows with medium or high gas volume fraction. It was clearly shown that the lift force plays an important role also in such flows. Several effects such as bubble coalescence and breakup as well as fast rising large bubbles which push small bubbles towards the pipe wall superpose the effect of the lift force but can be separated from this effect. The critical bubble diameter, at which the lift force changes its sign, predicted by using Tomiyama's correlation agrees well with experimental data obtained for turbulent air-water and steam-water flows with medium and high void fraction and a broad spectrum of bubbles sizes. The values for this critical bubble diameter are confirmed by the experimental data within the frame of the uncertainty of the data. Consequences of the action of the lateral lift force on flow structures in different flow situations are discussed. From the investigations it can be concluded that the lift force including the bubble size dependent change of its sign should be considered in a proper numerical 2D or 3D-simulation on flows in which bubbles in the range of several millimeters are present. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Breakup of a power-law liquid sheet formed by an impinging jet injectorLi Jun Yang | Qing Fei Fu | Yuan Yuan Qu | Bin Gu | Meng Zheng Zhang
Volume 39, Issue , March 2012, Pages 37-44
Gel propellant is promising for future aerospace application, but because it behaves as the non-Newtonian power-law liquid, it is difficult to atomize. Impinging jet injectors are often used for atomization of gelled propellant. To understand the atomization mechanism of gelled propellant, a linear instability analysis method was used to investigate the instability and breakup characteristics of the sheet formed by a gelled propellant impinging-jet injector. The maximum disturbance wave growth rate and dominant wave number were determined by solving the dispersion equation of a power-law liquid sheet. It was found that the maximum disturbances growth rate and the dominant wave number both increase as Weber number of the liquid sheet increases. Consistency coefficient and flow index were tested for their influence on the stability of the power-law liquid sheet. A modified model, to predict the breakup length and critical wavelength of the power-law liquid sheet, was adopted. To validate the power-law liquid sheet breakup model, experiments were performed with injectors of different configurations and a high speed camera was used to show detailed information of the liquid sheet breakup process. The rheology of the power-law fluid used in the present study was also investigated. Comparison between the theoretical and experimental results shows that the linear instability analysis method can be applied to predict breakup length and wavelength of the power-law liquid sheet. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
CFD modeling for pipeline flow of fine particles at high concentrationD. R. Kaushal | T. Thinglas | Yuji Tomita | Shigeru Kuchii | Hiroshi Tsukamoto
Volume 43, Issue , July 2012, Pages 85-100
Pipeline slurry flow of mono-dispersed fine particles at high concentration is numerically simulated using Mixture and Eulerian two-phase models. Both the models are part of the CFD software package FLUENT. A hexagonal shape and cooper type non-uniform three-dimensional grid is chosen to discretize the entire computational domain, and a control volume finite difference method was used to solve the governing equations. The modeling results are compared with the authors' experimental data collected in 54.9. mm diameter horizontal pipe for concentration profiles at central vertical plane using γ-ray densitometer and pressure drop along the pipeline using differential pressure transducers. Experiments are performed on glass beads with mean diameter of 125. μm for flow velocity up to 5. m/s and four overall concentrations up to 50% (namely, 0%, 30%, 40% and 50%) by volume for each velocity. The modeling results by both the models for pressure drop in the flow of water are found to be in good agreement with experimental data. For flow of slurry, Mixture model fails to predict pressure drops correctly. The amount of error increases rapidly with the slurry concentration. However, Eulerian model gives fairly accurate predictions for both the pressure drop and concentration profiles at all efflux concentrations and flow velocities. Velocity and slip-velocity distributions, that have never been measured experimentally at such higher concentrations, predicted by Eulerian model are presented for the concentration and velocity ranges covered in this study. Slip velocity between fluid and solids dragged most of the particles in the central core of pipeline, resulting point of maximum concentration to occur away from the pipe bottom. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Experimental and numerical analysis of steam jet pumpAjmal Shah | Imran Rafiq Chughtai | Mansoor Hameed Inayat
Volume 37, Issue 10, December 2011, Pages 1305-1314
Steam jet pump is the best choice for pumping radioactive and hazardous liquids because it has no moving parts and so no maintenance. However, the physics involved is highly complicated because of the mass, momentum and energy transfer between the phases involved. In this study the characteristics of SJP are studied both experimentally and numerically to pump water using saturated steam. In the experimental study the static pressure, temperature along the length of the steam jet pump and the steam and water flow rates are recorded. The three dimensional numerical study is carried out using the Eulerian two-phase flow model of Fluent 6.3 software and the direct-contact condensation model developed previously. The experimental and CFD results, of axial static pressure and temperature, match closely with each other. The mass ratio and suction lift are calculated from experimental data and it is observed that the mass ratio varies from 10 to 62 and the maximum value of suction lift is 2.12. m under the conditions of the experiment. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Measurement of two-phase flow and heat transfer parameters using infrared thermometryTae Hoon Kim | Eric Kommer | Serguei Dessiatoun | Jungho Kim
Volume 40, Issue , April 2012, Pages 56-67
A novel technique to measure heat transfer and liquid film thickness distributions over relatively large areas for two-phase flow and heat transfer phenomena using infrared (IR) thermometry is described. IR thermometry is an established technology that can be used to measure temperatures when optical access to the surface is available in the wavelengths of interest. In this work, a midwave IR camera (3.6-5.1 μm) is used to determine the temperature distribution within a multilayer consisting of a silicon substrate coated with a thin insulator. Since silicon is largely transparent to IR radiation, the temperature of the inner and outer walls of the multilayer can be measured by coating selected areas with a thin, IR opaque film. If the fluid used is also partially transparent to IR, the flow can be visualized and the liquid film thickness can be measured. The theoretical basis for the technique is given along with a description of the test apparatus and data reduction procedure. The technique is demonstrated by determining the heat transfer coefficient distributions produced by droplet evaporation and flow boiling heat transfer. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Multivariate Quadrature-Based Moments Methods for turbulent polydisperse gas-liquid systemsA. Buffo | M. Vanni | D. L. Marchisio | R. O. Fox
Volume 50, Issue , April 2013, Pages 41-57
The Conditional Quadrature Method of Moments (CQMOM) and the Direct Quadrature Method of Moments (DQMOM) are compared with Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) for the description of gas bubble coalescence, breakage and mass transfer with the surrounding continuous liquid phase. CQMOM and DQMOM are both moment methods based on the idea of overcoming the closure problem by using a quadrature approximation. The methods are compared and performances evaluated for spatially homogeneous and inhomogeneous systems. Eventually CQMOM and DQMOM are implemented in a commercial CFD code to simulate a realistic two-dimensional bubble column. Particular attention is paid to the impossibility of conserving moments with DQMOM in the presence of numerical diffusion. To cure this problem a fully-conservative DQMOM formulation is presented and tested. The relationship between the two methods is investigated, showing that under particular conditions CQMOM is identical to DQMOM. The different methods are employed under a number of different conditions including very fast chemical reactions, in order to highlight if the problem of bubble coalescence, breakage and mass transfer really needs a bivariate population balance to be tackled and what is the optimal number of nodes for the quadrature approximation. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Fuel injection model for Euler-Euler and Euler-Lagrange large-eddy simulations of an evaporating spray inside an aeronautical combustorM. Sanjosé | J. M. Senoner | F. Jaegle | B. Cuenot | S. Moreau | T. Poinsot
Volume 37, Issue 5, June 2011, Pages 514-529
Large-Eddy Simulations (LES) of an evaporating two-phase flow in an experimental burner are investigated. Two different numerical approaches for the simulation of the dispersed phase are coupled to the same gaseous solver: a mesoscopic Eulerian method and a Lagrangian particle tracking technique. The spray is represented by a single droplet size owing to the locally monodisperse formulation of the employed mesoscopic Eulerian approach. Both approaches use the same drag and evaporation models. They do not take into account the atomization process and a simplified injection model is applied instead. The presented methodology, referred as FIM-UR (Fuel Injection Method by Upstream Reconstruction) defines injection profiles for the monodisperse spray produced by a pressure-swirl atomizer. It is designed so as to ensure similar spray characteristics for both approaches and allows for a direct comparison between them. After a validation of the purely gaseous flow in the burner, liquid-phase dynamics and droplet dispersion are qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated for the Eulerian and Lagrangian simulations. Results obtained for both approaches are in very good agreement and compare reasonably with experiments, indicating that simplified injection methods are appropriate for the simulation of realistic combustor geometries. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.


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A tale of two loaves. The tale is simple and quick. Full of relaxation and getting errands done. Could this be a trick? A tall tale it's not. So listen to me when I say—this is the easiest bread recipe(s) that may come your way. Read more
A tale of two loaves. The tale is simple and quick. Full of relaxation and getting errands done. Could this be a trick? A tall tale it's not. So listen to me when I say—this is the easiest bread recipe(s) that may come your way. Read more
I never liked Sundays much growing up. We'd come home from church, grab our separate lunches, and relax. My mom would be in the family room reading a book or watching football, or in the off season, a Lifetime original. My dad would be in his room falling asleep to his stereo cranked up louder than my little brother who was chanting Power Ranger hi-yas in the background. My sister, the social butterfly, would be out and about fluttering around the neighborhood with friends. And me? Read more
I'm back in action. Thanks for your sweet comments while I was out soaking up computer screen rays. My vitamin HTML levels are at an all time high. And I've never felt more unrested. I kid. Well, not really. But on a positive note, I'm making a tiny dent in that big ole t0-do list. We rented out our condo (hallelujah!). My resume and portfolio are near completion. My sister's wedding invites and website are done. I dried and straightened my hair for the first time since Christmas (TMI, sorry). And those secret projects I mentioned are cooking up nicely. One foot in front of the other. Read more
It's Food Matters Project Monday. And I herby dedicate this post to the final installment of my food journey series. Thank you for listening to me. For resonating with me. And for staying with me. Many Monday Mornings have been plagued with fret over pressing the virtual button—Publish. In some ways I felt like a fraud. Spending years of my life writing about food and my love for it. Neglecting, until now, to tell you my struggles with it. I don't have answers. Just a story. Read more
I've been busy. This weekend I started building my design website. Just about finished up designing my sisters wedding invites. And dreamed up a new cookie recipe (coming later this week). Productivity never felt so good. The last couple months I've had a dark cloud looming over my head. A to-do list a mile long. It's dibilitating. But I've decided to put one foot in front of the other. Chip away little by little. And plan zero social outings on the weekends. Soon enough things will get back to normal. Right? Read more
My apologies—I'm late on The Food Matters Project this week. But I had an important announcement to make. Since then, the cupcakes have been eaten. And the excitement has turned into fears. Fears of renting our place out. Fears of finding a job. Fears of failing. Fears of landing a good place to live. A place with a gas stove. With laundry. With character. And lots of light. The details are weighing on us. And trusting is hard. Trusting that we're headed exactly where we're supposed to go. But I'll try. And I'll try again tomorrow. And the next day. I think it's the only option. Read more
Can I tell you something? This Food Matters Project is changing my life. We are trying a new recipe every week. It's quite a miracle. If I actually made New Years resolutions, this would be one of them. It's also cleaning up our diet. Our meals are more focused around vegetables that, might I add, taste good. No, divine. This week was no different—Roasted Red Pepper Pesto. Fingers dirty. Playing with food. Peeling off red pepper skin. I was in little girl heaven. There's something beautiful about holding the food you make. Turning it into something palatable. I felt like an artisan. Read more
The Food Matters Project is back again. Every Monday from now until who knows when, I'll be participating. Sharing bits and pieces of my food journey along the way. At least that's the plan. However, Monday after next I'll be ditching out to bring you a special announcement—Where in the world are we moving? Or not moving. In the meantime I'll be biting my nails or eating (small) handfuls of this. Save me. Read more


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