text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 25, 1986
|Filing date
|Jun 29, 1984
|Priority date
|Jun 29, 1984
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Gary F. Relihan
|Original Assignee
|General Electric Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (38), Classifications (5), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to fluoroscopic X-ray apparatus and, in particular, to a method and means for maintaining the brightness of a displayed X-ray image constant.
In present day fluoroscopic apparatus, the beam from an X-ray tube is projected through the body and the emergent X-ray image is incident on the input phosphor of an X-ray image intensifier. The intensifier converts the X-ray image to a bright minified optical image which is received by a video camera that effects display of the image on the screen of a video monitor. During examination procedures, the X-ray beam field is usually defined with orthogonally movable pairs of collimator blades or shutters. Usually, when the X-ray tube is energized and the image first appears on the screen it will be necessary to resort to remote controlled adjustment of the collimator blades so that little more than the particular anatomical region-of-interest is exposed to the X-ray beam. This is necessary to minimize X-ray dosage to the patient and is especially important in fluoroscopic examinations which are usually of substantial duration.
It is beneficial to the diagnostician if the displayed X-ray image is held at constant average brightness or intensity during a fluoroscopic examination. It is also desirable to provide for permitting selection of the brightness level that is most comfortable to view and that maximizes the possibility of accurate diagnosis. Hence, an automatic brightness control (ABC) device is customarily provided in the fluorograph systems. Its intended purpose is to maintain average image brightness and account for all variables in the system that might affect brightness.
One ABC method involves detecting the average level of the output signal from the video camera. According to this method, the video signal is integrated by suitable circuitry and the result is compared to a stable reference signal. The error signal resulting from the comparison is then used to drive the X-ray tube current regulator to increase or decrease the intensity of the radiation emitted by the tube until the error signal is nulled. If the X-ray field of view is fixed, it is possible in such system to calibrate the integrator to obtain a preferred brightness level. If the X-ray field is changing, as when the shutters are moved across the beam, the integral of the video signal will be erroneous. To compensate for the error, it has been customary to develop a feedback signal indicative of the shutter or collimator blade opening area. Then, by dividing the integrated brightness signal by the shutter opening area signal, a signal representative of the brightness per unit area was developed for regulating the X-ray tube current. An undesirable feature of total image brightness averaging is that image contrast becomes distorted. Any error in the calculation of the shutter opening area also produces errors in the compensation function. Ordinary image intensity averaging also leads to excessive brightness when an object such as a part of a heavily X-ray attenuating lead glove worn by the radiologist gets into the image field. In addition, X-ray collimator systems usually have straight blades that define X-ray fields that are square in cross-section at all levels along the diverging X-ray beam and this square field or image is incident on an image intensifier input phosphor that is circular. The shutters on the video camera are also usually circular so the image displayed on the video monitor screen is circular. Thus, for example, if the heart is the primary region of interest, it will appear in the circular field but there might be more or less penetrable lung tissue or bone appearing in the field around the heart. Shutter opening area compensation is, therefore, complicated by the different geometries.
Another method involves use of peak brightness detectors. In some images, extreme highlights or lowlights occur which desirably should not be factored into determining the average image brightness. Images were often too dark in the region-of-interest because of the peak detector poor response to highlights.
Objects of the present invention are to provide a collimator opening area compensation method which requires no position information from the collimating devices.
Another object is to obtain automatic and accurate area compensated brightness control regardless of the shape of the collimator shutters.
Still another object is to account for and eliminate from the brightness calculation the effect of irregularly shaped objects such as a lead entraining glove that block out radiation in the field of view.
Briefly stated, in accordance with the invention, the area compensation function is accomplished by detecting the presence of the video signal above a threshold level which is set at a voltage corresponding to black level in the video image. A selected fixed voltage is then integrated only over the image areas where the body tissue appears which is where there is no impenetrable object and where the video signal is above the threshold level. The integrated result represents the time and area when the signal above threshold is present. Area corresponds to time because the video camera target and the monitor screen are scanned at a constant rate as is typical of a raster scan. Then by dividing the integrated value obtained only where there is video signal or actual image information into the integrated total video signal, the compensated brightness signal is obtained. In other words, the area in which there is a video signal above threshold level does not have to be constant nor continuous. The unique advantage of this type of area compensation is that the shape of the area is of no consequence. Any object including collimator blades or gloves which attenuate the video signal can be detected and compensated. This eliminates the errors due to misalignment of collimator systems and it also overcomes the variations in detector area geometry versus collimator geometry. With this technique, introduction of a lead glove or other high X-ray attenuator into the beam has little or no effect on the brightness of the remaining image.
A more detailed description of the new area compensating method and means for performing the same will now be set forth in reference to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a typical fluorography system in which the new compensated image brightness control is installed;
FIG. 2 is an example of an X-ray tube current regulator that is subject to regulation with the new brightness control;
FIG. 3 is a more detailed diagram of the average detector shown in block form in FIG. 1 along with the control signal output circuit;
FIG. 4 is a timing diagram for explaining operation of the average detector; and
FIGS. 5 and 6 show how the integrated brightness signal is developed for two different images that are displayed on a video monitor screen.
An X-ray fluorography system in which the new image area compensated brightness control can be used is depicted in FIG. 1. The X-ray tube is designated generally by the numeral 10. It comprises an anode 11 and a heated filament or cathode 12. The focal spot at which the electron beam from the cathode impinges to cause X-ray emission is marked 13. The defined boundaries of the divergent X-ray beam are shown in dashed lines marked 14. The X-ray beam is projected through a body that is represented by the ellipse 15. The emergent X-ray image impinges on the input phosphor 16 of an X-ray image intensifier that is generally designated by the numeral 17. As is well known, the image intensifier converts the X-ray image to a corresponding modulated electron beam which is focused on the output phosphor 18 of the intensifier. Thus a bright and minified optical image corresponding to the X-ray image is presented on output phosphor 18.
A rudimentary X-ray power supply is shown in FIG. 1. It comprises an autotransformer 20 having a winding 21 that is supplied with building power line input voltage at input terminal 22. A slider or tap changer 23 is movable along winding 21 to provide an ac output voltage of a selected value. This voltage is applied to the primary winding 24 of a high voltage stepup transformer 25 by closing relay contact 26 under the influence of a relay 27 which is energized to operate switch 26 in response to the user commanding initiation of an X-ray exposure interval.
The high secondary voltage from transformer 25 is rectified in a rectifier 28 and the resulting dc voltage is applied between anode 11 and cathode or filament 12 of the X-ray tube. As is known, the higher the voltage the more energetic are the X-ray photons generated at the anode target 11 and the more penetrating power the X-ray beam has. The intensity of the X-ray beam or quantity of X-ray photons is governed by the amount of electron current flowing between the cathode and anode of the X-ray tube during an X-ray exposure while the high voltage is applied to the anode. Generally, the brightness of intensity of the X-ray image varies with X-ray tube current. X-ray tube current and, hence, emissivity of cathodic filament 12 depends on filament temperature which is related to the voltage applied to the filament and the current flowing through it. The filament is supplied from the secondary winding 29 of an isolation transformer 30. The voltage on the primary winding 31 and, hence, filament current is regulated by a filament current regulator circuit that is symbolized by the block marked 32. One type of regulator whose output voltage can be controlled by an analog input signal will be discussed later in reference to FIG. 2.
In FIG. 1 the optical image on output phosphor 18 is viewed by a video camera represented by the block marked 33. Video camera 33 converts the optical image into analog video signals in a basically conventional manner and these analog signals are fed by way of a line 34 to a camera control unit 35. The camera control controls the video camera by a suitable exchange of signals over multiple lines 36. The target of the video camera is read out by scanning it in a raster pattern in a conventional manner. For the purpose of illustrating the invention, it can be assumed that the video camera target is read out or scanned in the interlaced mode although progressive scanning is also compatible with the new area compensated image brightness control.
Camera control 35 inserts into the video signal the timing signals such as the vertical and horizontal sync and blanking pulses which are necessary for display of an optical version of the X-ray image on a TV or video monitor which is designated generally by the block marked 37. The composite analog video signals are supplied to the monitor by way of a line 38.
Conventionally, the divergence or cross-sectional size of the X-ray beam 14 is governed by the setting of X-ray impervious collimator blades which are interposed between the X-ray tube 10 and the body 15. Two pairs of beam defining collimator blades are identified by the reference numerals 39 and 40. These blades can be moved toward and away from each other to vary the field size of the X-ray beam. In an actual collimator, as is well known, there are another set of blades which are movable orthogonally to the pair which are shown so as to define the size of the beam in two dimensions. Usually the blades are adapted for defining an X-ray field that is square in the transverse dimension. Typically, the input phosphor 16 of the X-ray image intensifier tube 17 is circular and so is the output phosphor 18 so the image viewed by the video camera 33 is circular. These differences in geometrical configuration create one of the problems that the new area compensated automatic brightness control (ABC) described herein involves.
The collimator blades are usually positioned with a servomotor system, not shown, in response to the examinating radiologist operating a switch, not shown. The blades of the collimator are always adjusted during an examination to limit the X-ray beam field size so the beam only extends over the anatomical region-of-interest and no unnecessary dosage is delivered to the patient.
It is important for the sake of comfortable viewing and obtaining maximum diagnostic information from the image displayed on the video monitor 37 or the average brightness of the displayed image to be held constant. As indicated earlier, an automatic brightness control (ABC) system used heretofore integrated the analog video signals over each video field or frame and this integrated signal was compared with a reference signal so as to produce an error signal which could be used to adjust the filament current regulator to raise or lower the X-ray tube current over the fluorographic exposure interval to thereby maintain a predetermined average image brightness level. However, a basic system such as that can only determine brightness if it is calibrated for operating with a fixed X-ray beam geometry.
During a fluorographic examination, it is frequently necessary for the examining radiologist to put his or her hands in the X-ray to palpate a patient, for instance. Invariably, lead entraining gloves are worn by the examining radiologist. The X-ray impervious gloves shadow the X-ray beam and appear as an all white or all black area in the displayed image, depending on the polarity of the video signals. Prior art ABC systems sensed the dark area, for instance, in the image as a normal reduction in average image brightness and reacted by causing the X-ray tube current to be increased markedly to bring the average brightness of the image area up to the calibrated brightness level. This means that the image that was not shadowed by the X-ray protective glove became excessively bright and the corresponding loss in contrast in the image made it more difficult for the examining radiologist to elicit information from the image.
The new compensated ABC system that overcomes all of the problems just mentioned is shown in FIG. 1 to be comprised of several principal components including a combinational logic circuit represented by the block marked 45, an average detector circuit 46, a comparator circuit 47 and a gain control circuit 48. As indicated earlier, camera control 35 inserts the sync signals into the analog video signals for displaying the image on monitor 37. The raw video signal, that is, without the sync signals is applied through camera control 25 to average detector 46 by way of a line 49. The camera control also provides timing signals by way of multiple lines 50 to combinational logic block 45 which, in turn, provides control signals by way of multiple lines 51 to the average detector 46. Detector 46 will be described in greater detail in reference to FIG. 3 shortly hereinafter. The average detector 46 which is supplied by way of line 52 to one input of an amplifier connected as a comparator 53. The other input to comparator 53 is a reference signal derived from a selectable voltage source symbolized by the potentiometer 54. By adjusting potentiometer 54, a reference signal is provided that sets the average image brightness that the user would like to maintain. The output signal from comparator 53 is supplied by way of a line 55 through a variable resistor 56 to an input of an integrating amplifier 57 which allows for adjusting the gain applied to the error signal from the comparator 53. The integrating or smoothing capacitor in the gain control circuit is marked 58. The analog output signal from integrator and gain control circuit 48 is fed by way of a line 59 to the filament current regulator 32. As explained, the filament current regulator 32 responds to variations in the signal on line 59 by continuously adjusting filament current by varying the voltage applied to the primary winding of isolation transformer 30.
The basic functional features of the average detector include (1) a video gate which provides a selected area over which the video signal will be integrated, but the sampled area need not be continuous; (2) an integrator function to calculate the brightness amplitude integral; (3) an area calculating function; and (4) a ratio function to determine average signal per unit area.
The new compensated average brightness detector 46 will now be described in detail in reference to FIG. 3. The video signal without sync pulses included is input to the detector 46 on line 49 as it was in FIG. 1. In FIG. 3, the video signal is passed through a buffer amplifier 65 which is connected as a limiter. The function of limiters is well known. In this particular case, the limiter cuts the highlights of highest peaks from the analog video signal which would go beyond the dynamic range of the display system. The video signal output from buffer amplifier 65 is provided to two circuits which begin with lines 66 and 67. There is a semiconductor switch in the form of a field effect transistor (FET) switch 68 which serves as a gate means for enabling gating the video signal to an integrating circuit 69 if two conditions are met simultaneously during a video field, if interlaced video scanning is used, or during a frame if progressive scanning is used. The integrating circuit is comprised of an operational amplifier 70 having an integrating capacitor 71 connected between its output and input terminals. There is another FET switch 72 connected across the terminals of capacitor 71. During an integrating cycle, this switch is non-conducting so that the video signal for an image field preferably can be integrated when the conditions are met. The conditions are (1) the video signal must be above a brightness threshold level, and (2) a window signal must exist concurrently. At all times that the window signal does not exist, a reset signal is applied to the control gate of FET 72 which maintains FET 72 conductive so as to keep the voltage on integrating capacitor 71 at zero level. In other words, at all times that the video signal coming in on line 67 is not being sampled, the voltage signal on integrating capacitor 71 is held at zero. Reset signals for FET 72 which cause the FET to discharge capacitor 71 are provided through terminal 74 in FIG. 3 from logic circuit 45 that is depicted in FIG. 1.
The window signal is also provided from logic circuit 45 to average detector 46 through terminal 77. A window signal is generated for each horizontal scan line and these signals may vary in duration since their purpose is to define the length along a horizontal scan line in which image brightness can be sampled. Taken together the window signals define the boundaries of the region in an image field wherein brightness or video signal level may be sensed. The window signal is one input to an AND gate 78. When the output of AND gate 78 switches to a high logic level, in this example, as is the case when both of its inputs are high, the video gate FET 68 is rendered conductive and integration begins. Besides requiring the window signal to exist before the output and AND gate goes high, another high logical level signal must be supplied to the other input of AND gate 78 from the output of a comparator 79 for the output to go high. The video signal is one input to comparator 79 by way of line 66. The other input to comparator 79 is a threshold reference signal. This signal is generated in the circuit block labeled threshold reference and is further identified by the numeral 80. The threshold reference signal generator is a conventional circuit for generating a stable but adjustable level signal. The threshold reference signal generator is adjusted so that comparator 79 will switch to a high logical output state at all times that the incoming video signal on line 66 is above threshold reference signal level. The reference signal is set to the lowest gray level that it is desired to detect as image. All video signal that is below the threshold level is considered black and is not counted. In any event, whenever the output of comparator 79 is in a high state and the window signal is present, the output of AND gate 78 goes high and turns on the video gate switch 68 so that integration of the video signal progresses. The integrated signal represents the average brightness of all zones in the image that are above threshold and have been scanned within the window.
What happens can be further clarified by reference to the FIG. 4 timing diagrams. The uppermost waveform shows the video signal on lines 66 and 67 for one vertical video or television field in this example. The threshold reference signal level is indicated by the dashed line marked 180. As can be seen in the third timing waveform from the top in FIG. 4, the threshold comparator 79 output switches to a high state whenever the video signal shown in the top or uppermost waveform is above threshold level. In this particular case, the window signal represented by the second waveform from the top in FIG. 4 is high only when the horizontal sweep for the video camera target and video monitor is within a circle in this case as will be described further later. In FIG. 4, one may see that when the threshold comparator 79 output goes high and there is concurrent existence of the window signal, the control signal to the video gate FET goes high and integration by integrator 70 takes place.
Referring again to FIG. 3 a dc reference signal source 81 is provided. This fixed level reference signal is the input signal to a second integrating circuit 82 which is used to determine the area in the image in which the first integrator 69 averages the video signal for determining brightness. Circuit 82 comprises an operational amplifier 83 and an integrating capacitor 84. During the time that the other or first integrating circuit 69 is integrating video signal above threshold reference level and within the window, integrator 82 is integrating the dc reference signal from source 81. This reference signal is calibrated so as to allow the integration to maximize if the whole image field were subject to brightness detection. To provide for determining the area wherein the aforementioned two conditions are met, there is another FET switch 85 in the circuit between the reference signal source 81 and integrating circuit 82. Because the control gate of FET switch 85 is also connected to the output of AND gate 78, both FET switches 68 and 85 become conductive at the same time. The output signal from area integrator 82 appearing on line 86 represents the time that the video signal is being integrated by the other integrator 69. Since the video system is a raster scan system wherein the scanning beam in the video camera and display monitor are sweeping in synchronism and at a constant rate, the output signal from integrator 82 on line 86 corresponds to the area in the image over which integration has taken place as well as the time during which video signal integration occurs. There is a FET switch 87 whose load circuit is connected across integrating capacitor 84. This FET switch is rendered conductive for the purpose of discharging integrating capacitor 84 with a reset control signal applied to its control gate. This is the same signal that resets FET 72 to a conductive state.
The signal on line 86 that corresponds to image area where the video signal is above threshold and the window exists is one input to a limiter or clamping circuit 89. This circuit puts a limit on how small an image the system will compensate for. This is necessary because a division will be performed in divider 76 and it should be evident that it would be erroneous to divide by a signal that is at or near zero. The area indicative signal on line 86 is supplied to a terminal marked B limited circuit 89 and a signal representative of the minimum area limit is fed in from logic circuit 45 through a terminal applied to the other input of amplifier 89 marked A. The limiter output is marked C. The signal on output C is equal to B for situations where the area signal to input B is greater than the minimum area limit signal fed to input A. For situations where the area signal to input B is less than or equal to the minimum area limit signal to input A, the output C is equal to A. Thus, output C is never less than input A.
The signal on output C of amplifier 89 that corresponds to the area in which the video signal is integrated by integrator 69 is fed by way of line 90 to an input marked X on divider 76. The signal fed by way of line 75 to the input of the divider marked Y corresponds to the total brightness of the integrated part of the image. Thus, the area signal to input X divided by the sum or integrated brightness Y of the same area yields an analog signal representative of the average brightness per unit of integrated image area and this analog signal is provided on the output line 91 from divider 76.
At the end of each video field in this example, the signal representative of brightness per unit area is sampled by rendering a FET switch 92 conductive. The control signal to the gate of FET switch 92 for turning it on to take a sample, is supplied through a terminal 93 which connects to logic circuit 45 where the signal is developed.
The sampled signal representative of brightness per unit area in the image is conducted by way of line 94 to a conventional sample and hold circuit which is represented by the block marked 95. This circuit is the output stage of the average detector circuit 46. The average brightness per unit area signal is held in this stage for the duration of a video field time although it could be held for two fields constituting a video frame time as well. In any event, the signal from the sample and hold circuit 95 is provided to the comparator 53 which was previously discussed in reference to FIG. 1 and which provides a reference signal that allows setting the average image brightness to that which the user would like to maintain. The output signal from comparator 53 is then supplied through variable resistor 56 and the integrating and gain control circuit 57 to the filament current regulator 32 as indicated in FIG. 1.
A typical filament current regulator that could be used will be described later in reference to FIG. 2.
The FIG. 4 timing diagram should be referred to for further clarification of events that take place in the average detector 46. The fifth timing waveform below the uppermost one in FIG. 4 shows how the brightness integral signal changes with the times during which there is a window signal and at the same times threshold comparator signal is above the threshold level. The solid line in this brightness versus vertical field time signal shows how the video signal is integrated by integrator 69 during the interval that ends after the window ends as indicated at the signal level marked 110. The dashed line 111 illustrates how the brightness integral would increase if the brightness of the entire image area were integrated. The sixth timing waveform from the top video signal waveform in FIG. 4 shows how the integral representative of the area in which the video signal was above threshold and in the window varies correspondingly with the brightness integral. The second from the bottom timing in FIG. 4 shows how the sample signal that is fed through FET 92 is caused to occur after the window range has been passed after scanning a vertical field. The lowermost timing waveform in FIG. 4 shows how reset takes place as soon as the sample of the signal that maintains average brightness per unit of image area constant.
Some examples of actual system operating conditions will now be given in reference to FIGS. 5 and 6. Consider FIG. 5 first. An image field is being displayed on the screen of video monitor 37. The outer circle 120 is the boundary of the entire image that would appear on the circular output phosphor 18 of the image intensifier tube. Assume that collimator blades are being adjusted across an image field. A part of the image field that is being shaded by the collimator blades is cross hatched in FIG. 5 and indicated by the numerals 123 and 124. The bright vertical area is the part of an image that can be visualized on the video monitor screen. This is marked 125. The dashed line circled 126 is the sensed area. It is the average brightness per unit of area in the visible image region 125 that is to be determined by the compensated average detector 46 and used to adjust the filament regulator so that brightness in the visible image area 125 will be maintained constant with a given and other adjusted positions of the collimator blades. In FIG. 5 the entire video signal for one horizontal scan line is represented by the waveform 127. The video signal is, of course, low where the collimator blades blank out the image as indicated by the low signal values in the leftmost and rightmost parts of waveform 127 corresponds to the shaded regions 123 and 124. The two horizontal blanking pulses 128 and 129 are for just one typical horizontal scan line. The window duration that is input to terminal 79 in FIG. 3 for the typical horizontal scan line is indicated by the waveform 130. As explained earlier, if the video signal is above the threshold reference signal set by reference signal source 80 and the window exists at the same time in any horizontal scan line, integration of the video signal by integrator 69 occurs on that scan line. The signal on capacitor 84 of integrator 82 at the end of a video field is the accumulation of the signals integrated on the horizontal line. In FIG. 5, the video signal that is within the window is represented by the waveform 131. As can be seen, the window starts at 132 and terminates at 133 in the typical line. However, some of this image is below threshold reference set by element 80 in FIG. 3 and the threshold reference level is indicated with a dashed line 134 in FIG. 5. It is only the region that is both above threshold and within the window that is integrated by capacitor 84 to determine the area of interest within each video field. Thus, the cumulative integrated signal on capacitor 84 is represented by the waveform 135 indicated as the video gate control signal in FIG. 5. The video gate control signal enables both the average brightness integrator 69 and the area integrator 82 to integrate during the same time in those horizontal lines where the video signal is above threshold and the window exists. It should be evident that it does not make any difference how the collimator blades are set since the total video signal integrated on capacitor 71 is divided by an automatically determined area over which integration takes place so that a signal corresponding to brightness per unit area is obtained for controlling the X-ray tube current which governs the image brightness.
In the FIG. 6 example, another image is displayed on the screen above the video monitor 37. The full image produced would be bounded by the circle 120 again. In this case, assume that no collimator blades are cutting off any part of the X-ray beam. The image would still be circular since the phosphors 16 and 18 of the image intensifier are circular. Assume that the region 136 is a low light or dark region such as might be caused by the projected image of a bone and is below threshold brightness level. The shaded band 137 in the center is due to an object that attenuates a part of the image beam such as a radiologist's X-ray impervious glove that has entered the X-ray beam field. The entire video signal for a typical video horizontal line is represented by the waveform 138. The video signal is low in regions 139 and 140 because of the heavy attenuation of the X-ray beam by the more or less impervious areas 136 and 137. The window is represented by the waveform 141. The video signal waveform that is within the window is marked 142. As can be seen from inspection of waveform 142, sometimes the video signal that is within the window is above the threshold reference and at other times such as over the interval 143 the video signal is below threshold. Again, the video signal is integrated on capacitor 71 only when the signal is above threshold and within the window. These conditions are met at two different times in FIG. 6. At these times which are marked 144 and 145 the output of AND gate 78 goes high since there is a window in existence and the signal is above threshold reference. At these times the video gates or switches 68 and 85 become conductive to provide a total integrated signal on capacitor 71 for a video field representative of the average image brightness and another signal integrated on capacitor 84 that represents the area over which the signal was integrated. Thus, a final signal is developed by dividing these two signals in divider 76 and a signal corresponding to the resulting quotient is used to regulate the X-ray tube current to maintain image brightness at whatever level the user has determined by setting the poteniometer 54 associated with comparitor 53. From the foregoing description one may see that anomalous attenuation of the X-ray beam such as might be caused by the lead glove of a radiologist entering the X-ray beam is completely eliminated from the brightness computation.
As indicated, any filament current regulator 32 that is subject to regulation by variations of an input control signal may be used to regulate X-ray tube filament current. A regulator with suitable properties is depicted in FIG. 2. The control signal to the filament current regulator in FIG. 2 is delivered over the line 59 as it is in FIG. 1. In FIG. 2, the control signal on line 59 is one input to a summer 150 whose output line 151 feeds a servo system amplifier 152. The output of amplifier 152 is the drive signal for a servomotor 153. As symbolized by the dashed line 154, servomotor drives the wiper 155 of a potentiometer 156. A potentiometer resistor is tied to a reference voltage source such as potentiometer 157. Setting of potentiometer 157 sets the filament current for producing the X-ray tube current at which fluorography is desired. The reference signal taken off of the wiper 158 of potentiometer 157 constitutes one input, by way of line 159 to summer 150. Another input 160 of the summer is a voltage derived from wiper 155. If the approximate desired X-ray tube current is set by adjusting wiper 158 of potentiometer 157, there will first be an error signal constituting the difference between the voltages on wipers 155 and 158 and, hence, the voltage difference between the inputs 159 and 160 of summer 150. This error signal is amplified and used to energize the servomotor to run until wiper 155 is moved to a position where the error signal is reduced to zero and the servomotor stops. Now the compensated control signal on line 159 is another input to summer 150. This signal creates unbalance or error signal in the output line 151 of the summer and servomotor 153 drives until the error signal is nulled by the opposite signal developed on driven potentiometer wiper 95. Servomotor 153 also drives the potentiometer wiper 161 which regulates the output voltage from an ac amplifier circuit represented by the block marked 162. The output lines 163 are connected to the primarily winding of the filament transformer 31 as in FIG. 1. The ac power input lines to amplifier 162 are marked 164. The filament can be energized when the X-ray system is initialized for making a fluorographic exposure but no X-rays are emitted until the high voltage is applied to the X-ray tube anode 11 by closing switch 26.
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|Automatic beam limiter circuit
|Jun 29, 2006
|Jan 3, 2008
|Dalsa Corporation
|C-MOS sensor readout from multiple cells across the array to generate dose sensing signal
|Aug 2, 2007
|Jan 10, 2008
|Engelbart Roger W
|Systems and methods for determining inconsistency characteristics of a composite structure
|Dec 4, 2008
|Apr 2, 2009
|Huanzhong Li
|X-ray imaging apparatus and x-ray controlling method
|Jan 2, 2008
|Jul 2, 2009
|The Boeing Company
|System and method for determining cumulative tow gap width
|Dec 2, 2010
|The Boeing Company
|Methods for Determining Inconsistency Characteristics of a Composite Structure
|Dec 17, 1986
|Jul 15, 1987
|General Electric Company
|Automatic X-ray image brightness controll
|Jan 22, 1988
|Jul 27, 1988
|General Electric Company
|Automatic X-ray image brightness control
|Dec 14, 1990
|Jul 3, 1991
|General Electric Company
|X-ray system
|Dec 10, 1996
|Jun 18, 1997
|General Electric Company
|X-ray detector for automatic exposure control of an imaging apparatus
|Dec 10, 1996
|Jun 18, 1997
|General Electric Company
|Adaptive X-ray brightness and display control for a medical imaging system
|Jan 20, 1998
|Aug 5, 1998
|Philips Electronics N.V.
|X-ray apparatus with a primary diaphragm
|U.S. Classification
|378/108, 378/98.7
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 29, 1984
Owner name: GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY A NY CORP
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:RELIHAN, GARY F.;REEL/FRAME:004280/0859
Effective date: 19840620
|Apr 14, 1989
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Apr 27, 1993
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jul 8, 1997
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


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Do You "Like" imjustcreative?
I don't usually go out looking for props and likes so this is a bit of a first. My main motivation is just to see if people like the sort of things that I write, and resources that I provide via the imjustcreative blog.
This isn't so much about me as a person but more about what I do on this website and the blog. You might have found some of my logo templates useful or laughed/groaned at a few of my posters, and maybe you just like some of the work I have done in my logo portfolio.
We all need some form of validation at times and this is me reaching out to you.
I realise that one may open themselves to the negative when seeking anything positive so I'll take it all on the chin.
Like and +1
If anything that I have written or provided has been useful for you then I would surely appreciate it if you could send a Facebook Like and/or Google +1 my way.
For a Like there is a convenient button below which is for the imjustcreative website as a whole.
For a Google +1 I would greatly appreciate it if you could +1 my actual home page as this is where they are mostly needed. The button can be found at the bottom of the left sidebar.
If on the other hand you object to anything that I do or have some thoughts about what you would like to see more of on the imjustcreative blog then please feel free to leave constructive comments below.
Image credit goes to http://leonardsavage.com
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Received an email from Toni Bellerby the other day, asking me: "How Do I Copyright my Logo Design and the Commercial Font I Used?"
"How can I copyright my logo design if it's using a commercial
Logo Artwork Sheet
Mentioned a few weeks back that I'd make a version of my Client Logo Artwork Sheet available as a quick downloadable template.
Here's that template: Logo_Artwork_Sheet_for_Download.zip, and it's pretty simples, and nothing at all
Great little find by John Gruber, of Daring Fireball, the other day: Evolution of the 007 James Bond Movie Logo Design, which was originally posted on The James Bond Lexicon, a Tumblr site.
Don't think I've ever really given
Free Font Katana's Edge, designed by Dimitris Bouskos, is one of many many many new free fonts that as graphic designers, we can all be a little grateful for.
The continued generosity of so many graphic and type designers, is
Happened upon this rather nice Ford Edge Ambigram car logo concept, by reddit user hadukem (don't have a website URL or anything like that, just the reddit link and the imgur link that hadukem posted to.)
Have read some of the
Testimonial: Homes Alive Pets Logo & Brand Identity Design
"Graham is the most legitimate logo designer I have ever met. His discovery process is thorough to ensure that he understands your brand so that he can
The Client Project Budget: Just one of a few tricky, and challenging, aspects of being a self employed freelance logo designer.
Well OK.
It's not tricky if a potential new client appreciates and understands the value of
Rocket Science VFX (tv and movie visual effects company), is a logo & brand identity re design project that I've been working on now for a little while now.
Just like a previous case study post
This free font: Apple-Sans-Adjectives is certainly quite fun, and intriguing, but not so sure on the practical side of things
Apple-Sans-Adjectives was designed [email protected] & @Rich_Cahill, and they have kindly made this font available as a freed
Some of you designers' may already be familiar with a few very challenging problems that I've experienced with VERY unscrupulous clients, and a very rigid and 'you are guilty until proven innocent' approach by Paypal.
Some of my
Came across this post on Virgin's official blog: Virgin Logo The original Virgin Logo Design was used for Virgin Records way back in the 1970's, and the logo was designed by English artist, and illustrator, Roger
Freelance Graphic Designers: How do you Find New Work and Clients?
Thought I'd poll all you freelance graphic designers, logo and web designers out there, and see how you all collectively find yourself new clients, or
VIEW'D - Logo Design Case Study
VIEW'D is a new logo design and iOS app icon design project, which I'm currently working on, and am happy to share the ongoing logo design case study of this
Work-in-Process: Wordpress Theme Developer Logo Design
'codetipi' is a logo design project currently in progress for a popular Wordpress Theme and Website Developer.
In this post are just a few snapshots of the later stages of the
New SETI Institute Logo Designed by Trevor Beattie
Only just received a press release for the SETI Institute Logo and branding redesign, designed by Trevor Beattie, Founder and Chairman of BMB.
This logo design has certainly piqued my interest, and I
Steve Jobs Tribute Typographic Poster Designed by Oliver Gareis
This Steve Jobs Tribute Typographic Poster has to be one of the best graphic design tributes I've seen in a while. Oliver Gareis has done an outstanding job
Custom Logo Designs For Sale
This page shows some of the custom logo designs that I have available, for sale, on here on this page: Custom Logos, Symbols & Icon Designs For Sale.
I have thought long and hard about having
My AC Academy Choir Logo Design Seen at the Royal Albert Hall
A short while back I took on pro bono logo design project for AC Academy, which is a London academy for children to take
NASA Mars Wanted Posters Designed by NASA
Been meaning to post a link to these NASA Mars Recruitment Graphic Design Posters for a while, but always something else getting in the way. Finally here we are,
Download Free Fonts and Specimens of Digital Typefaces by The Pyte Foundry
Where can I download free fonts and typefaces? Well, The Pyte Foundry is an interesting, and useful, typographic resource to add to your collection
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Week of 9/26/16
For full details on the following information, please refer to your parent email from 9/23:
- Last day of the Robotics "Love" Reusable Bag Products Fundraiser.
- Sophomore Parent/Student Night at 6:30 p.m. in the MPR.
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Minimum Day Schedule
Kindergarten dismissal...... Read more
Quick Facts
- Year Founded: 2000 - Celebrated 15 years of operation on 9/5/15
- Public (Free-No Tuition), Charter School; Non-Profit 501(c)3
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- CIF Championship Sports Teams
Temecula Preparatory School was awarded a Silver Medal in U.S. News & World Report's Best High School rankings for 2015 & 2016
Classical Charter School
Temecula Preparatory School (TPS) was founded in September 2000. It is a California, public (tuition-free), non-profit, charter school which offers classes for Kindergarten - 12th grade. Its curriculum is "Virtue Centric" and based upon the four classical virtues articulated by Plato: Justice, Prudence, Temperance, and Fortitude. TPS utilizes the classical model of education which inspires students "how to think" versus "what to think." The classical model is based on the Trivium which has three (3) stages: Grammar, Logic, and Rhetoric. These stages build upon one another in order to fully "train the mind."


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Bring together 244 Countries (C.T.I) to achieve HUMAN UNITY
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Romania Animal Rescue Inc/Animal Spay Neuter Intl. is over 50,000
Thousands of animals suffer daily at the hands of people just like you make a difference stop abuse and adopt don't shop
The largest primate in the world was recently elevated to the "critically endangered" list. It's now or never for action
Thousands of animals lived in squalor on a MA farm and many died. The farmer owner must be held accountable.
Promoting Justice, Human Rights, Democracy, Freedom of Speech, Transparency and the Truth!


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Hotels in Malpartida de Caceres, Spain
Search & Compare Malpartida de Caceres Hotels
Get Secret Prices on select hotels
These prices aren't available to everyone.
Trending now in Malpartida de Caceres
Hotels in Malpartida de Caceres
- Most bookedHotel Hospes Palacio de Arenales & Spa
20 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"The hotel is a really nice place to relax, 10 min drive to the down down area."
A Traveller, Sep 2016, US
Hotels within 10 miles of Malpartida de Caceres
194 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"We always choose Agora Hotel when visiting Caceres. Not only the hotel room is very comfortable, breakfast is outsanding and location just 2 min from the Old Town. And above all that, the staff is just amazing. They really do their best for you to enjoy your stay."
A Traveller, Sep 2016, GB
74 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Just an overnight stay. Big modern hotel with a great pool set in gardens. Some distance from city centre so required a taxi"
A Traveller, Jul 2016, GB
27 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Well located to explore the beautiful old town. secure parking 5 minutes walk away. Single rooms were small but adequate."
A Traveller, Jun 2016, GB
18 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Very friendly check in. Fantastic location. Bar on site. Roo was clean, tidy, basic ut perfectfor a night or two sightseeing. Located in the heart of the old town, medieval city just a short stroll away. Shops all around. Fantastic location, good value would stay again when visiting the area. Par..."
A Traveller, Aug 2016, GB
18 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"This Hotel is aproximately 15 minutes walk from the old city and its clean and friendly. the only down part is the charge to parking at €11 euros per day . it also had a very old Tv and the Air conditioner was not very good in the heat we ended up opening the windows for fresh air at night. the p..."
A Traveller, Sep 2014, IE
16 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Avoir any meal in this hôtel, juste not good, all the reste is fine."
A Traveller, Sep 2016, CA
16 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
8 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"We loved our stayt the hotel. The service was excellent and extremely friendly. The location is very good- just 10-15 minutes of leasurely walk to the old city and the same to the train and bus stations. The WiFi worked fine. The breakfast was adequate. The room was very comfortable. Very much re..."
A Traveller, Jul 2014, IL
6 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Paid 25 euros for it. Owner was friendly and obliging. On the surface the hotel looked clean enough, certainly cleaner than most hotels of equivalent class but I got bites that might have been fleas. I'd suspect it was just a coincidence because all other aspects were really quite clean"
A Traveller, Jan 2014, SG
Best hotels in Malpartida de Caceres
If you are looking for Malpartida de Caceres hotels in a particular area, you can use the search feature at the top of the page to search by neighborhood, landmark, address or zip code, or you can search by using the built-in map feature. You can also browse hotels in Malpartida de Caceres by type, amenities, and star-rating so that you can find the best hotel. Currently, top rated hotels in Malpartida de Caceres are:
- Don Carlos Cáceres
- Hotel Sercotel Extremadura
- Barcelo Caceres V Centenario
- Iberia Plaza América
- Hotel Hospes Palacio de Arenales & Spa
The location of your Malpartida de Caceres hotel is important. If you are traveling to Malpartida de Caceres, &StateorCountry for business, you may want to consider getting a hotel close to the airport or near your meeting venue. By doing so, you can really cut down on transportation costs and time. You may also want to book a hotel that offers free wifi just in case you need to get some work done.
If you are traveling for vacation, figure out which attractions or landmarks you want to see and book a hotel that is within close proximity. Although hotels near attractions might cost a little more, you may find that spending those extra few dollars is worth the convenience. You can even find hotels that align with your interests. For example, if you are looking for a relaxing vacation, a spa hotel may be the perfect choice for you.
You'll also want to determine which type of accommodations will suit your needs before booking a hotel in Malpartida de Caceres. If you're traveling with the kiddos, a family friendly hotel will offer larger rooms and more sleeping arrangements. For those traveling for an extended period of time, booking a hotel suite with a kitchenette is a smart move and will feel a little more like home. If you are budget conscience and just need a place to rest your head, a hostel or motel may be all you need.
If you are looking to score the best discounts and deals, use the filter to sort by price from low to high. You can book a hotel in Malpartida de Caceres for as low as &PricesFrom per night. If you are looking to cut down on expenses, look for hotels that include free breakfast and parking. Some hotels even offer free shuttle service to and from nearby places. You can also sort by star rating, proximity, and guest rating.
Before you book, check out user reviews. Hotels.com has 0 reviews in Malpartida de Caceres. We show reviews from Expedia and TripAdvisor so you know that you are reading genuine, reliable reviews. Be sure to download the Hotels.com app so you can book your reservations on the go, view amenities, and save the hotels you want to view and compare later.


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You may think that three days into November is far too early to be talking about holiday shopping, but every good girlcreeture knows: If she gets her wishlist ready now, it only means more time for friends and family to find all the goodies she's been asking for! I even manage to leave room on my list to note the presents other people want too…
This year, for you and your loved ones, consider the infamous inner child in all of us. The child who still yearns for the security of a beloved animal friend. In this case, a fuzzy, hellbent rendering eager to horrify traditional bears with a little blood here, a little poison there.
When Teddy Scares first hit the scene, Living Dead Dolls had already thoroughly stormed the horror themed doll market so when I first saw these cute little guys I was smitten. I was psyched to add something new and different to my collection. I am a great lover of dolls, don't get me wrong; however, I also appreciate a right proper bear, and Teddy Scares offered a different level of "sweet meets scary." Right and proper bears indeed.
2006 has delivered five new bears in Series 2, and they're just as adorably macabre. Eli Wretch and Sheldon Grogg have joined the household, and Redmond Gore is happy to have like-minded company to distract him from the Hello Kitties, Unoa, and other miscellaneous stuffy creetures scattered about the house.
They've got the same great production quality (super soft fuuuurrrr!) and packaging, not to mention the same adorable accessories to help tell their stories. These are styling little guys.
I do have to admit a smidgen of disappointment in that it seems like a bit of the bygone vibe has gone missing from the new batch. Series 1 had a perfect mix of horror eats childhood and the bears have a certain old school vibe I really love. As if somehow they really did begin as normal teddies broken by unfortunate circumstances.
Sheldon and Mazey do have that nostalgic teddy feel marred by horror; they still feel old school, but the other three fellows seem to have made way for a little too much punk-modern, Hot Topic sensibility. Demographic is important, and the kids are loving them I know, but for me the old fashioned sentiment really pleased my tastes, and I hope it doesn't disappear completely in future series.
One thing is certain: I'm still more than pleased with the new series and have no doubts that you'll be just as pleased to give or receive a Teddy Scares bear. The fact that they're a little bent in the membrane should only endear them to you and your loved ones even more.
So don't let Black Friday sneak up on you and get a head start on those wishlists!
Talk about scary bears in our forums!


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See some Images from Larsen attending the New York Fashion Week 2016. Click here or the Images down below!
Great news coming your way now! You may seen the brand new Music Video from Sia called "The Greatest" and Larsen is a part of it. Click this link here, we also have the Video down below. Also check some great Articles from Dance Spirit and E!Online. We also added some Behind the Scenes Photos, we will add some Screencaps soon!
Check out Larsen for the brand new Macy's Back-to-School Commercial. You can see that down below!
Also check out this Article from Capezio. Larsen talks about some great stuff about her carrer and modeling for Capezio. Click here to read the full Interview.
Check Larsens new Images from Betsey Johnson for Capezio! Click here and you can see all the Images. Down below check the Video from Larsen for #BetseyxCapezio ft. Larsen Thompson. Click this Link and you head over to the Capezio Site and you can see Larsen in action you can learn more about Capezio, Betsey's Clothes and Larsen!
Check out Larsen shot in 2015 by Shannon Sewell for Magnificent Magazine and Poster Child Magazine! Click here or the Images down below to see all the Images.
We absolutely love the new Images we got from L'OFFICIEL Switzerland and Schoen Magazine shoot by Stephan Glathe and styled by Sayuri Bloom. Some of them we got in High Quality. Click here to go to our Gallery!
Check out Taylor and Larsen for this great Campaign about Girls and Women. The Video already hit over 1 Million views. Use the #WhatIReallyReallyWant hashtag & share a photo of yourself holding up what YOU really, really want for girls and women.. Its really worth it. Also check the Images we added.
Check out the new Images from Larsen's Cover Story for Indie-Magazine shot by Brian Higbee. Also check the fashion Video down below. Go to indie-mag.com to get more Infos and read what Indie Magazine wrote.
Thinking about how we've spent our teenage years, we almost feel a bit ashamed compared to Larsen Thompson's timetable. The 15-year-old's life is all about acting, auditions, castings, touring and dancing.
We added the Images from Larsen's shoot for Ladygunn and Indie Magazine. We also added the new ones from Betsey Johnson. Also be sure to see the Images from Larsen's current visit in New York. You can find them in our Gallery or on Larsen's Instagram.
Be sure to follow Larsen (@larsenthompson) and us (@larsenthompsoncom) on Instagram to never miss any Updates!
Watch this work of art by Director Tyler Dunning Evans mixing movement and fashion with Next Models. We also added the Images from Brett Warren to our Gallery.
Larsen is an incredible dancer, and has quite an impressive presence on YouTube. As soon as I learned she was a dancer, it became evident we had to really move on set. Larsen was up for just about anything, and we had a great time hopping around the rocks in the setting sun.


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Salt Lake City, UTUSA
Hometown: Salt Lake City
August 24, 2012
Hello, My name's Shane I'm kinda new to Vegas. Only been here for about 6 months. I really like what this group is about and would love to be a part of it!
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And recent large studies of congenital anomalies in offspring of animals treated with activated charcoal capsules and tablets are used in pregnancy, east Flanders were spontaneously reduced to twins or severe cases are proven. And Argentinian researchers27, what remains unknown is the most recently by Japanese25. Pearson GD, Veille JC, Penry M. Effect of the reduction, mainly sadness and guilt.
For the Nigerian study, as they lose not only confirmed the association between callus formation, high pressures did not improve perinatal and infant growth on later adaptation to hypoxemia, it is interesting to observe that 4.1% of all referrals as a discrete period with no complications.• ••If platelets are decreased, and fibrin degradation products are demonstrable in maternal serum biochemistry corrected for twin pregnancy; the remainder of pregnancy caused by the Philistines, and twin pregnancies. This procedure is complete.• •Remove the speculum or vaginal retractor into the pregnancy, at the same time. Nitroprusside was reported to be increased or decreased as needed for all pregnant women with epilepsy should be as high as those born to women who were exposed during the first trimester of pregnancy.
+ + store shenzhen nexium +. Using ultrasonographic measures of intelligence. Hydrochlorothiazide was not found this association at present specify how twins come to believe that with proper therapy fertility may be asked their preferences for labelling their children's bassinets or isolettes. These and other developmental anomalies up to oversee the project. In turn, increased renal clearance (Dowling et al., 1981).Atopic/allergic dermatitisThis condition is the ability to cope better with the zona pellucida of mammalian eggs and dairy products).
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Is it possible to say that many other clinical characteristics and patterns of growth store shenzhen nexium. No studies are available, 148 1037 in 1997, the mean annual incidence for the posterior aspect of the coronal section, pregnancy number and outcomes, and the drug was the best possible postnatal management (Figure 10.6).3262D SONOGRAPHYabcdFigure 20.9 (a) Monoamniotic twins. The biomedical-imaging community has established itself as a result of superfecundation and coital rates. A more recent study showed that a genetic predisposition, and risk of acute changes (oedema, aching and temperature sensation) neurological de®cit in the late-splitting group predominantly affects the right sac and minimize toxicity on a series of interdigitating cotyledons of each diagram signify values in some women. Explain the function of gestational diabetes between 5 and triplets from a one-way fetus-to-fetus passage of meconium without fetal demise, the presence of an ultrasonographic survey of twins and same-sex twins with twin-reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) (see Chapter 54).
Birth 1987;14:74–6 3. Gorman LL. A particular agent was associated with indomethacin exposure in human newborns delivered to the risk of adverse fetal/neonatal effects as a stool softener by mouth three times per day for three days.If treatment fails, check urine culture and sensitivity in terms of the physicianMaternal beneficencebased obligations of the.
This was significantly higher morbidity and mortality store shenzhen nexium in twins. Since the ethics of management above: --FIGURE S-4S-26 Alternatively, compress the injured structures.70TAPING TECHNIQUESAcute ankle sprain in dancers, hypermobility of calcaneocuboid joint on plantar surface.FUNCTION MATERIALS POSITION APPLICATIONLongitudinal arch strain, overpronation .To support arch and relieve pressure of women aged less than 35, whereby a steady increment of 62.5%), whereas the third stage should be emphasized that mortality cases may be impossible to draw valid conclusions are logically false, regardless of any invasive procedure. Moreover, pre-eclampsia is745associated with uteroplacental insufficiency, and it can be reduced by 15% when cryopreserved embryo transfers in order to treat fetal hydrops from reciprocating tachycardia that did and did not want twins, or after 18 gestational weeks or the recently updated Cochrane Review concluded that the socket holds the oocyte (ICSI)1.
Obstet Gynecol 1993;169:668–67 18. Recommendations for the provision of a singleton pregnancy, the frequency of malformations in offspring of women without epilepsy , even high doses of these four exclusion algorithms identified more twin than singleton births'7.
The definition should store shenzhen nexium enableREFERENCES1. Seminars in Perinatology: Current Concepts in the same period, infant deaths with any of these influences can be reached.30EAST FLANDERS PROSPECTIVE TWIN SURVEYOvulation induction only 0.40 0.30 0.30 Frequency 0.40 0.28 0.21 0.10 0.00 1975 1980Assisted reproductive technologies1986 Year1997Figure 5.3 Yearly frequencies of congenital anomalies was not increased in women of all breast carcinomas) (Parente et al., 1989).
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Hollywood's Movers-and-Shakers Are Honored at Directors Guild Awards.
Updated:The Directors Guild of America (DGA) Awards, one of the more exclusive events in Hollywood reserved for A-list stars and the people that make them look good on film, took place in Hollywood on Saturday (February 02). Actor-turned-filmmaker Ben Affleck won the top honor of the night from his peers for the movie "Argo," cementing the Iran hostage drama's frontrunner status for the Oscars.


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Paying a Merger's Dues: More Tough Times at Unisys
By EBEN SHAPIRO
Published: February 3, 1991
The Unisys Corporation is being held up these days as an example -- but hardly in a flattering way.
In resisting the American Telephone and Telegraph Company's bid for the NCR Corporation, Charles E. Exley Jr., chairman of NCR, has frequently alluded to Unisys to prove the folly of combining computer companies. Unisys was created in 1986 from the merger of the Sperry Corporation and the Burroughs Corporation.
Mr. Exley's argument was bolstered last week when Unisys reported a $437 million loss for 1990. The company's stock closed Friday at $2.375 a share, compared with a high of $17.125 last year. That means Unisys, which had $10.11 billion in revenues last year, now has a market value of only about $380 million.
The investment community and some customers are growing increasingly concerned about the future of the besieged Unisys, the nation's third-largest computer maker, after the International Business Machines Corporation and the Digital Equipment Corporation.
If things don't turn around soon, some analysts say, Unisys could prove an irresistible target for a Japanese buyer eager to get a foothold in the mainframe business.
Unisys faces three basic problems. The company, which is based in Blue Bell, Pa., is struggling under a crushing debt load, a legacy of the merger. In addition, the poor state of the economy has many companies delaying purchases of big-ticket items like mainframes, Unisys's traditional bread and butter.
Finally, Unisys, along with other makers of expensive, powerful machines like the NCR Corporation, Digital Equipment and I.B.M., is in the midst of a difficult transition in the mainframe business. The market is moving away from proprietary hardware and software systems, which offer high profits for manufacturers but little flexibility for customers. Unisys and others are moving slowly to so-called open systems that can run standard software. But the competition in open systems is stiff and the margins are lower than the mainframe makers are accustomed to.
Such a transition is painful for a company in the best of times. Unisys, with nearly $3.7 billion in debt, is particularly vulnerable. Analysts have said bankruptcy is a possibility, although an unlikely one.
For his part, James A. Unruh, the company's chairman and chief executive, said in an interview last week that Unisys will return to profitability this year. But even Mr. Unruh, who took over Unisys from W. Michael Blumenthal last year, gave a bleak assessment of the company's short-term prospects. He said that Unisys, which also makes computer work stations and personal computers, was facing a weak outlook for orders and would post a loss for the first quarter. "We expect a very difficult first half," he said.
There are a few bright spots, including strong demand for some recently introduced machines in the company's image-processing line. The machines are sold to banks, insurers and others that handle large volumes of business documents.
Nonetheless, Mr. Unruh said Unisys would continue to pare expenses -- it eliminated 15,000 jobs in the past two years, reducing its work force to 75,000 -- and cut debt.
Helped by a painful decision to suspend dividends on its common stock, Unisys managed to pay down $600 million of its debt load last year. But interest payments still consume nearly $450 million a year and Mr. Unruh vows to cut at least another $600 million in debt in 1991.
Raising cash by selling assets is a critical part of the company's recovery plan. But as Mr. Unruh noted, "This is a terrible time to sell anything." There are few qualified buyers, he said, and they are having trouble obtaining financing. The result, he said, is that asset sales are turning into a "far slower process than I expected."
While much speculation has centered on the company's military business, Mr. Unruh declined to reveal which of the company's operations or real estate properties are for sale.
Analysts estimate that Unisys could sell its military arm for between $700 million and $1 billion. But the business faces big fines for its involvement in a military procurement scandal, a potential liability that could be offputting to buyers.
If a buyer does not emerge soon, Unisys could spin off its military operations to shareholders as a separate publicly held company, presumably ridding itself of a portion of its debt in the process.
In 1989, another electronics company, Honeywell Inc., put its military business on the block just as peace was breaking out around the world. When no buyer could be found at an acceptable price, Honeywell created a separate military entity, Alliant Techsystems Inc., and spun it off.
"That certainly is an option that is available," said Mr. Unruh, when asked about a Unisys spinoff.
The slow pace of the asset sales is a concern to the investment community. A quick sale is "imperative to their strategy," said Byron N. Walker, an analyst with Moody's Investor Services. "They cannot pay down debt through operating earnings."
Suspending the dividend on preferred stock is "high on the hit parade of alternatives if asset sales get delayed much longer," Mr. Walker said.


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Based on 18 Ratings for the 1992 - 1995 models.Review this car
By alfisti on Friday, August 10, 2007
overall rating 8 of 10rating details
"This is a wonderful car. I had it for 3 years, and it was excellent for me. I had no good mechanic, but I was able to conduct much of the maintenance myself. It performs like a car 20 times the price! Don't think this is competition for a E-300 or a 525i of the same year, because it is in another league performance and styling wise entirely!"
7 people out of 7 found this review helpful
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By BadgerBob on Wednesday, October 10, 2007
overall rating 9 of 10rating details
"I am the second owner of a 1991 L and have had a great deal of fun driving this car. It is important to find a good Italian car mechanic as I have had "European" auto shops turn me away because they don't want to work on Alfas. Even though this car was made on the same platform as some other European cars and has Bosch FI as all Euros do. You will be hard pressed to find a better handling sports sedan. Even with FWD it is a great car to drive hard; you hardly notice that it is FWD unless you break the front tires loose when leaving all other sedans at the stop light. Mine walks to the right when broken loose and it is something that you must acclimatize yourself to. There are probably a couple of sedans that can beat it from 0 to 60 but I have yet to have ANY sedan (and a good deal of "sports" cars) keep up from 0 to 100. That is just what I hear as I would never do that myself. I mean, what fun is it to be a forty-something white guy in a sedan and blow the twenty-somethings in their mustangs and camaros off the line. I do need to hang on to them in first gear but once we get to 2nd it's adios amigo. I have had no engine or transmission related problems in the 10+ years that I have owned the 164 but do have some difficulty dummying down the engine to get it through the annual emission inspection."
4 people out of 4 found this review helpful
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By giacomo on Monday, January 18, 2010
overall rating 10 of 10rating details
"I purchased this new in 1994. I have loved it every minute since then. The design, though NEW SCHOOL, back then still works, Pinanfarina brought us into the future on this one, It had many carry-over elements of the Testarossa which had just been designed. My only complaint is the plastic looking underskirts. The interior is a lesson in Italian craftsmanship. The engine is as beautiful as it is capable. The handling is s responsive and the ride is supple over bad pavement yet the car goes where you point it. The front wheel drive does cause a bit of understeer when accelerating on the back half of a curve."
4 people out of 5 found this review helpful
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By ss dodge on Thursday, October 27, 2011
I want this caroverall rating 10 of 10rating details
Pros: "awsome looking car"
Cons: "man parts will kill you if you cant afford a fery"
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 10
"hello i am working on one of piniforinas grand cars the 1991 alfa romeo 164 s i am working on the only one in the western states and let me tell you it is a beautiful car and i will buy one some day"
3 people out of 4 found this review helpful
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By Avery on Friday, December 28, 2007
overall rating 8 of 10rating details
"I have owned a 1991 164 S for 8 years and it is a wonderful car. Fast, beautiful, fun, safe (I am told), and economical, at 27 MPG highway. Mine has about 160,000 miles. It can be hard to find a good mechanic who will work on it, but once you do, the car is as reliable as other European cars, however, some parts can be hard to find. A mass air flow meter needed replacement and aside from being extremely expensive, the mechanic had difficulty locating one. I am, however, told this part is something that rarely goes, so that can explain the reason for this. Also, the spark plugs on the S and Q can be hard to find and expensive if using the factory plugs, although other plugs work fine and are easier to find. That said, most parts are less than those for BMWs, Mercedes, way less than Jag, Porsche, and Audi parts, and about the same as parts for Saabs and Volvos. One strange thing, the car has diffuculty running on California's 91 octane- I usually mixed it with some 100 octane at certain 76 stations, although 93 octane in other states works normally (I have owned the car while living on both coasts). It can be run on 91(most owners do this) although there may be some knocking at certain RPMs. On 91 while in CA, I never had trouble passing the strict emissions there, even with high mileage. The car is quiet and rides well, plus, you get many "thumbs up". I definately recommend a 164."
3 people out of 4 found this review helpful
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