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'Vishwaroopam' release stopped in Hyderabad
Posted on Fri , 25 Jan '13
After being banned in Tamil Nadu, the release of much-talked about movie of the month, 'Vishwaroopam' has now been stopped in Hyderabad by the Andhra Pradesh government following complaints by Muslims organisations that the movie has hurt religious sentiments of the community. Andhra Pradesh home minister Sabita Indra Reddy directed police to stop the screening till January 28 after some Muslim leaders called on her and demanded a ban on it. Meanwhile, responding to the ban on his latest flick in Tamil Nadu, veteran Tamil actor-director Kamal Haasan called it an attempt to label the movie's contents as anti-Muslim, which is a form of cultural terrorism.


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|Gunze Sangyo
|Product name:
|Mr Hobby Volkswagen Karmann Ghia
|Product number:
|Full kit
Includes: Plastic sprues, Vinyl, Waterslide decals, Clear parts
We don't know about any in-box reviews for this Volkswagen Karmann Ghia (#G-188) from Gunze Sangyo.
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Discover how to compress video and get it ready for publishing in Compressor, and learn about key compression concepts, from transcoding to codec types.
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Streamline the compressing and encoding media processes with Compressor, the companion compression software for Final Cut Pro.
Shows the complete workflow and new features of this important Final Cut Studio application, including batch templates and auto-detection.
Shows how to use Compressor to compress and export all kinds of files for use on DVDs, Apple devices, and the web.
Discover how Compressor takes the pain and guesswork out of media compression with its presets.
"I learn most effectively through seeing and doing and lynda.com lets me do that. The movies are very well done." —Mike I.
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Cool Stuff Teach Crochet
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Bright colors, fun photography, and step-by-step instructions help children ages 9 to 14 learn to crochet. Kids will learn the basic crochet stitches while making hair scrunchies, a key chain, a CD holder, a round pillow, and much more!
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Single Review: Ellie Goulding – 'Your Song'
- Published in: Music
- Written by Dara Hickey
- Permalink
Do you think John Lewis are going to make a habit out of this? Getting a popstar to cover an old song and play it during their Christmas Advertising campaign each year? I'm all for it, because two out of two so far have been very good, the first being Fyfe Dangerfield's 'She's Always A Woman', and the second being this, a beautifully sentimental cover of Elton John's 'Your Song'.
Ellie Goulding, for me, has what you could call a "marmite" voice, her shrill falsetto is usually beyond grating, like on her singles 'Guns & Horses' and 'Starry Eyed', and her electronic, Starsmith-assisted début album 'Lights' was all too often forgettable and clumsily produced. However, I can't deny that the first single from her début album re-release, under the name of 'Bright Lights', shows her delicate vulnerability to near unprecedented qualities.
From the first lyrics "It's a little bit funny; this feeling inside", it's almost like Ellie's transformed her voice, ditching her falsetto register in place of a sweetly angelic voice, which melts over the lyrics with stunning clarity that reminds me of pre-'Ambitions' Joe McElderry. You remember don't you? When we could hear his real voice over the auto-tune? She pronounces every syllable clearly and with conviction, without once ever over-pronouncing the lyrics to a point where she sounds like a bad Sophie Ellis-Bextor imitator.
'Your Song' is the epitome of a phrase I very rarely use: Simple but effective. Simple provided by Elton's excellent song-ship and lyricism, and effective in the way Ellie manages to wrap your ears in bundles of cotton wool as her reserved vocals ring sweetly, thankfully steering clear of any vocal trickery, ornamental flourishes or auto-tune. It's just her voice married with the piano, which constitutes a subtle warmth to her more icy tones. All throughout, you actually get the feeling Ellie has connected with her listener, rather than rattle off some clichéd lyrics, á la Pixie Lott and 'Broken Arrow'.
The video is another example of "simple but effective", but if it works so well during the song, why have a busy, overcrowded video? The rawness of the entire project is one of it's greatest assets, and I love the worn out effect on the video film.
Is it just me, or does anyone living in the South of England ever get a surprisingly warm feeling inside when they see the Southern Rail train ticket at 0:03? It brings back so many memories for me, of days when – even if we only went as far as Weymouth, with no spending money or reason for even going – I had some of the best times ever.
I suppose you could say the best thing about this song is it's sincerity. It doesn't try to appeal to a large market, nor is it an obvious attempt at sounding current; it presents itself with honesty. Amongst all the Christmas cash-in re-releases; the gimmick Christmas singles; the X Factor Winner's Single; and the countless number of Facebook campaigns, Ellie Goulding's cover of 'Your Song', whilst being part of a re-release itself, creates a sense of sincerity, like you know Ellie's releasing it because she wants to, rather than because she wants some big sales over the Christmas period.
And that, is the way music should be.
Rating: 5.0 STARS
Download: November 12, 2010 (OUT NOW)
Featured Album: 'Bright Lights'


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Youtube version:
I saw stories on this earlier, but none of them had links and therefore were not all that authoritative. It took some work, but I finally found it on the US Census web site:
Census.gov version: Paid ad encouraging same-sex couples to indicate 'married' even if their jurisdiction does not recognize it. I don't care about a person's orientation, but I do have a big problem with the US Government encouraging people to lie.
'Same sex married couples will be counted. This includes couples who live where their relationship is not recognized. Transgender respondents are counted in the gender with which they identify.'
The census bureau should be seriously called out on this.
Can I ask for my census form back? I didn't know I was allowed to record fantasies as fact.
Let's all just lie about anything we want to and really mess up how all that federal largess gets distributed.
I am legion.


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Waters Edge Resort
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
How has this resort rated in the past?
- Hot tub
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Photos of Waters Edge Resort
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Historical Traveler Reviews Waters Edge Resort Garden City Beach
Would go back tomorrow if we could.
We stayed at the Water's Edge Resort in Mid April. You can't beat the view, and the location was great. Away from all of the busy routes etc. The condo was clean and the bed was comfortable. Also the employees at Water's Edge were very accomodating and polite to say the least. Will go back next year.
Gotta Love Garden City
Water's Edge, Atalaya Towers, Royal Garden Resort, Captain's Walk 111, Sand Dollar, Surfmaster all all GREAT. Garden City Beach is the best. The pier keeps my husband entertained, fishing while I stay in the sun. I'm looking forward to coming in May, 04.
Loved it
My family of four, stays here every year. The rooms are very big. The only thing I did not like about this place is the pool is small and very crowded. And you have to wait for an elevator forever.
Had a wondeful time!
This was the second summer vacation we've spent at Water's Edge. The room's air conditioner was on the fritz and they were able to move us to another room the next day, where the air worked fine. Mind you this was peak time. All I know is, my family had a great time and we will visit Water's Edge for many years to come.
A total Dump
I just got back. mold on the walls , the place was filthy. i would not walk on the carpet in bare feet. i believe it was the most disgusting place i have ever stayed. the pool water was cloudy. i wouldn't let my dog stay there. what a total dump.
A sumary of our stay.
We just got back today 8/6/03. We stayed 4 nights. It is right on the beach, but when the tide is in, there is hardly a place to lay on the beach. The jacuzzi outside was green... figure out why. It was too gross to get into. After 3 days they changed the water. The pool is not very big, for the size of condo. The parking is very ample. There is a deck. There are only 2 elevators for the 15 floors, so that can run a little slow. There was mold in the outer corners of the bedroom. It was a nice size condo. 1 bedroom. The patio is fairly large with 1 lounge chair & 2 other chairs. We were on the 15 th floor. Fairly happy over all. Especially for the $170.00 per night. When we got there, through AAA, we saved about $20.00 a night! It is a little old, so the carpet & vinyl floors were worn. Didn't hear neighbors doors or them next door.
I'd probably try another place, but it was ok.
The Best
I visist Water's Edge several times a year and love it!! The rooms are spacious and have all the comforts of home. The view is excellent and everyone is always very helpful. I have never had a bad experience in all the trips that I have made.
Very dirty
Room was very dirty and mold was all over the walls and ceiling. Only two elevators to use and the housekeeping and guest must share them which they were very slow and had to wait forever. Its pretty bad when my dogs stayed in a nicer place than us! Never again!
No Air Condition and No Help
This was our second stay at Water's Edge and the last. We arrived and the Air Conditioned didn't seem to work, we called the front desk and they didn't seem at all worried and said they would send someone the next day. While waiting in a hot room and wasting the only pretty day of Sun we had all week, the air still didn't work. We requested a room change after spending all night and day in a hot room. They said they couldn't do it. We then asked for our money back and they said it would be the next day before they could do that. We finally begged them to move us late that night and after a little bit of yelling from both parties we accomplished that. We moved to another room and the air worked, however one of the pull out sofas were broke. We called the helpful front desk again, and they never came to see about it, so we used a cot instead. So if you want a room without Air and people not willing to help you relax on your vacation stay here. You also have to wait atlest five minutes on every elevator ride you make, so don't be in a hurry or get a ground floor and take the steps. The good thing about our vacation at Water's Edge is.......IT IS OVER!!!!!
Great fun at Waters Edge
My daughter her husband and two boys and my husband and I go to Waters Edge at least twice a year .Once in the summer and again in November for Thanksgiving. We come to think of it as our second home. Needless to say we all love Waters Edge very much. If you go expect to have a great time
TripAdvisor Reviews Waters Edge Resort Garden City Beach
Travel Blogs from Garden City Beach
Myrtle Beach day Trip
I'm living in Wilmington, NC currently. My boyfriend and I decided to go to Myrtle Beach since it was raining all day in Wilmington. We headed to North myrtle, about an hour and 10 min from Wilmington, and we went to barefoot landing. We walked around for about an hour then decided to do something else. We went to broadway at the beach and went to helicopter ...
NIce town for a short visit
Our true plan was to anchor somewhere along the Wacamaw River up one of the Cypress lined Creeks. Gary spent hours researching and we had up to 7 possible stops. But because of my work we needed good cell service; and after trying all 7 we knew we could not stay in this area.
So Plan H had us in Georgetown, SC for the week.
No complaints. Nice southern town; good food; and we made some friends.
South & North Carolina
... would be waiting after her week of biking in Spain. We would have 4 days in the UK before heading back to SA. I put a little asterisk next to the Uber ride, as I had the most interesting time I have ever had in a taxi. Many drivers for Uber, are retired or part time people, just wanting to make some extra cash on the side. Well, our driver was a a retired Quantum Machanic Scientist (for real) and I got a full on education just how space travel to ...
... see new sights - some great and others not so great, blare the music as loud as it'll go and sing at the top of my lungs (be happy you never have to witness that atrocity), and allow the worries and anxieties that have built up over time to fall ...
Water park
... pretty large park with lots to do. The kids got their energy back after we fed them, doggone it! So... Long bike ride after we got back to the camper. Mosquitos are liking this New Mexico blood... Still....although yesterday I think all but Lexi survived without a new bite. They really like Lexi, she must be really sweet!!9 PB&J and a little movie wind down time and lights out. They should sleep REALLY well ...


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L.A. sumo wrestler and actor is a man of three worlds and three different ... funny beginning. When I was 9 years old, my father brought me to a Mongolian wrestling practice for kids, where I was introduced to the ... appeared in over 30 commercials, five movies, and 20 TV shows . There have been articles about me in over 50 publications, ...
The City of Los Angeles has been battling over billboards for years. Now the debate over advertising is spilling over into park space. Correspondent Brian Rooney investigates whether or not the city is selling public park space to advertisers. Also, get a profile of North Hollywood's "Music Man," Paul Kulak, whose club and Internet broadcast showcase aspiring musicians.
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... need of major repair? In our continuing series " Show Me the Money," correspondent Vince Gonzales examines the issue of broken ... need of major repair? In our continuing series " Show Me the Money," correspondent Vince Gonzales examines the issue of broken ...
Since 2002 the number of states offering film production incentives has exploded. Just look at the map.

Two months ago we investigated whether the city was selling public park space to advertisers. In this update, correspondent Brian Rooney shares his latest encounter with the head of Parks & Recreation.

... Fritz Coleman's 1999 one-man theater act, "It's Me ! Dad!," chronicles the performer's personal history and experiences, as ...
As part of our ongoing series " Show Me the Money," we take a hard look at police officer and firefighter ... at what cost? As part of our ongoing series " Show Me the Money," we take a hard look at police officer and firefighter ...
... by the New York Times. A close look at Brown's receipts shows he had business meetings on two Saturday nights in October 2010, both ... vouchers, to other social services ? that is outrageous to me . Erickson: We also discovered that some employees got cash advances to ...
As Los Angeles and California experienced record budget problems, SoCal Connected launched a series of special reports looking at how local government leaders manage taxpayer dollars.
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California, Get Ready for President Trump
Youth Voices
Literary Riot: Giving a Voice to Immigrants' Struggles
Karla Gutierrez and Paola Gonzalez, an 18 and 17-year-old from Animo Inglewood Charter High School, perform an original poem that gives a voice to the struggles immigrants have and continue to face in America.
Literary Riot: Giving a Voice to Immigrants' Struggles


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What is an Assault? Assault Under 76-5-102, there are 3 scenarios which are grounds for an assault charge: adeliberate attempt to cause physical ...Read More
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I guess so, but it's full of salt and "stuff". It would be preferable to make your own bone broth and drink that IMHO. Personally I like peppermint tea, homegrown if I can.
I guess so, but it's full of salt and "stuff". It would be preferable to make your own bone broth and drink that IMHO. Personally I like peppermint tea, homegrown if I can.
What do you mean by bouillon? At it's basic meaning, bouillon is nothing more than broth. But it seems in the US it tends to refer to those little cubes that we drop in hot water to make insta-broth. What's in those things? I'd worry about those things be more processed than desirable.
I have no thoughts on drinking broth as a part of the fast. There seem to be more different types of fasts and opinions about fasting than there are members on the forum. It seems counter to the concept to me as you would be essentially adding calories and nutrients to your body via the broth - but I really haven't figured out fasting yet. I am curious why you want to include bouillon in your fast?
My primal journal that I don't update enough:
Maybe you could find a better version but here are the ingredients for Knorr beef bouillon, which is the brand I see in the store most often:
Salt, monosodium glutamate, hydrolyzed soy/corn/wheat gluten protein, hydrogenated cottonseed oil, beef fat, dehydrated vegetables (onions, carrots, parsley), beef extract, water, guar gum, colour, autolyzed yeast extract, disodium guanylate, disodium inosinate, spices, tartaric acid, citric acid, hydrogenated soybean oil and sulphites. May contain traces of milk ingredients.
Holy moly.
Getting some good loose leaf tea, especially one like Jasmine or other additional flavorings, can add a lot of flavor with no sweetener. (Not to mention a bunch of health benefits!) It may take some getting used to, but after your taste buds adjust you could find yourself hooked. Adagio Teas, which ships online for a reasonable price, has a pretty good selection.


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BBB Accredited Business since
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New Zealand man wins $1M lottery after someone cut him in line
Agency probes whether California Dem Party funneled illicit oil donations to governor
Ancient cult site in rugged mountains revealed with drones
Tech Q&A: Spotting malware on your phone, buying lottery tickets with an app
Paris debates opening special park space for nudists
West Elm to launch boutique hotel brand
New Zealand man wins $1M lottery after someone cut him in line
A patient New Zealand Lotto player bagged a cool $1 million – all thanks to a pushy patron who decided to cut him in line. On his way home from work, the Lotto player, who wished to remain anonymous, purchased a ticket from Pak N Save Papamoa, the New Zealand Herald reports. While waiting in […]


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Visiting Chicago - Come for the pizza, stay for the pizza
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Registered User
Join Date: Dec 2002
Location: Palatine
Posts: 23,308
vCash: 470
Originally Posted by
Superstar Shane
My woman and I will be visiting Chicago in a couple of weeks. We're only going to be there for one day on our way down to Missouri. So I'm looking for, food-wise in particular, a few suggestions for places to stop to get food that you can't find anywhere else. My standard procedure for these kinds of visits is to watch the city's Man vs. Food episode, and that would lead me to Gino's East (which some in this thread have recommended, while others have recommended against), Al's Italian Beef, and some sandwich shop near Wrigley that pretty clearly ripped off Primanti's in Pittsburgh.
I'm definitely leaning towards Italian beef for lunch before we leave town. So I suppose I'm asking first of all for suggestions for a good Chicago-style pizza. A place with a good beer selection would be ideal.
Any can't-miss stops for breakfast, or anything else we might want to consider? And how is driving through the city on a Wednseday evening-Thursday morning going to be? We're staying at the Ramada in Waukegan (which, now that I Google its location, is actually quite a bit farther away from the city than I realized). Would there be any public transportation options I'd want to consider in lieu of driving? Or are we going to be too far from downtown for that?
Thank you, folks.
Yea, I would also say to avoid Waukegan. It's just too far. There's a train into town, but it'll take you over an hour. I'm sure there are better options if you're on a budget. Maybe something around Rosemont?
Originally Posted by
hey guys, I'll be visiting Chicago with my family in two weeks. I would juts like to know recommendations for sites to visit, food to eat, shopping centers/stores, theatres/comedy shows. Thanks
Depends what you're into. There's something for everybody here.
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Man gives bag to police after discovering thousands of dollars in cash in it
Ernest T. Bass Bountiful, UTAug. 26, 2013 12:36 p.m.
It seems like I'm always losing bags of money.
joseywales Park City, UTAug. 26, 2013 1:16 p.m.
the fact that no one has come forward looking for a large sum of money says to me that it is drug money
FatherOfFour WEST VALLEY CITY, UTAug. 26, 2013 2:39 p.m.
'Man finds big bag of cash, gives it to police'
Police say thank you, then split it among themselves.
Daniel Leifker San Francisco, CAAug. 26, 2013 9:33 p.m.
Describing the man who found all this money as a "Good Samaritan" seems rather odd to me. It's not as if the money were injured and bleeding. But how nice to hear about honest people in the world.


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In December 2015 we successfully raised more than $30.000 by crowdfunding on IndieGoGo to fund the making of the Flake and Flames Overdrive DVD Box Set. When we where making the original documentary we shot a ton of super cool material that we never got to use in the original Flake...
Today Jesper gave a speech about crowdfunding at Creative Business Cup 2014. Probably the first time the audience experienced a crazy slideshow like that. Even managed to slip in a Star Wars quote :-) If you want to see the presentation. You can download a free PDF version here
Flake & Flames will make its asian film festival premiere at the "A Design Film Festival" in Singapore! The movie will be shown 07 Sep, Sunday — 4.20pm. More information available at: www.designfilmfestival.com/2014/flake-and-flames
Flake & Flames selected for The Newport Beach Film Festival 2014
Flake & Flames - Kustom Kulture Film has been selected for the The Newport Beach Film Festival in California this April! Check out the showtimes: http://bit.ly/1jzgXvc
El Diablo Magazine #01 from Spain features Flake & Flames on 16-pages! Please support this excellent magazine and get your copy for 10 Euros + shipping at www.eldiablomagazine.com
Flake & Flames is featured on 4-pages in Old Kool Magazine from Finland! Published by master pinstriper Pekka Mannermaa! Great mag! Get your copy at: www.oldkoolmag.com
Flake & Flames will be shown at the Retro Rewind Dubuque Film Fest in Iowa/USA on the 11.1.2014! All for the gearhead or kustom culture lover - check it out at the Five Flags Theater - adjoined to the Five Flags Arena!
Flake & Flames is featured in Raydar Magazine #5! You can get the magazine at: www.raygun-industries.co.uk/raydar/ "Flake and Flames is a little bit like being invited round to your idols' houses for a snoop around, and a ride in their awesome car. And their houses are full of some pretty cool...
We would like to use this opportunity to give you our warmest regards and thank you again for your support in making Flake & Flames - The Kustom Kulture Documentary a reality. 2013 have been a very busy year. We hope that know you have seen the film and are...
25% off in the Flake and Flames Shop thru cyber monday with the code FNFCYBERMONDAY www.buyflakeandflames.eu (Europe) www.buyflakeandflames.com (rest of the world)


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Other Desert Cities: Dysfunctional Family Drama
* Additional fees apply. No coupon or promo codes necessary to enjoy the displayed discount price.
The last date listed for Other Desert Cities was Sunday April 27, 2014 / 2:00pm.
Currently at Silver Spring Stage
A Local Kook Makes a Bold Claim in Comedy The Emperor of North America
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Travel back in time 160 years ago and meet Joshua Norton of San Francisco, who's just declared… More
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Great play and great acting…sure to be up for a prize...
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This was a fantastic play!! The acting was superb and kudos to the people who built the sets. It really felt like you were in Palm Springs. There was a great plot twist halfway through the 2nd act that I did not see coming.
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First time experiencing Silver Spring Stage production and venue, and we were very impressed. This version of the recent Broadway award winner was first rate--every performance of the five very cohesive actor ensemble was high quality, as was the...continued
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I enjoyed the play a great deal. The performances were excellent as was the set and script.


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Website & Blog for a Medium Size Construction Company
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Hotel Riu Tikida Beach, Agadir
- Free WiFi and free parking
Main amenities
- 254 guestrooms
- On a private beach
- 4 restaurants and 2 bars/lounges
- Full-service spa
- Indoor pool and outdoor pool
- Nightclub
- Rooftop terrace
- Outdoor tennis court
- Beach umbrellas
- 2 meeting rooms
- Airport shuttle
- In-room childcare
Feel at home
- Free cribs/infant beds
- In-room childcare (surcharge)
- Sofa bed
- Refrigerator
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Free toiletries
What's around
- Casino Le Mirage (0.3 mi / 0.5 km)
- Agadir Beach (0.7 mi / 1.2 km)
- Stade Al Inbiaate (1.1 mi / 1.7 km)
- Royal Palace (1.1 mi / 1.7 km)
- Agadir Open Air Theatre (1.1 mi / 1.8 km)
Hotel Riu Tikida Beach, Agadir
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $89
- Double Sea View.
- Double Sea View
- VIP (test)
- Chambre Double
- Double Sea Front or Side View
- Double Sea Front or Side View
- Camera Doppia
- Single Room (--ES)
- Single Room (--DE)
- Single Room (--GE)
- Single Room (--FR)
- Single Room (--NO)
- Single Room (--IT)
- Double Vue Mer
- Double Room, Sea View (--ES)
- Double Room Front or Side Sea View
- Double Room, Sea View (--DE)
- Double Room, Sea View (--FR)
- Double Room, Sea View (--IT)
- Double Room, Sea View (--GE)
- Double Room (--DE)
- Double Room, Sea View (--NO)
- Double Room (--FR)
- Double Room (--ES)
- Standard Room
- Double Room (--IT)
- Doppelzimmer
- Double Room (--GE)
- Double Room (--NO)
- Promo Doppelzimmer
- Doppelzimmer mit seitlichen Meerblick
- Einzelzimmer
- Double Room.
- Double Room
- Doppia vista mare
More great choices
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 254 rooms
- Check-in time starts at 2 PM
- Check-out time is noon
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
- Minimum check-in age is 18
Travelling with others
- Children (18 years old and younger) not allowed
- Pets not allowed
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Airport shuttle (available on request) *
- Free self parking
Other information
- All-inclusive
In the hotel
- In-room childcare (surcharge)
- 4 restaurants
- 2 bars/lounges
- Poolside bar
- On private beach
- Beach sun loungers
- Indoor pool
- Outdoor pool
- Fitness facilities
- Outdoor tennis court
- Full-service spa
- Spa treatment room(s)
- Nightclub
- Beach umbrellas
- Free pool cabanas
- Tennis on site
- Beach towels
- Pool sun loungers
- Pool umbrellas
- Arcade/game room
- Number of meeting rooms - 2
- Meeting rooms
- Conference space size (feet) - 1991
- Conference space size (meters) - 185
- Computer station
- 24-hour front desk
- Laundry facilities
- Hair salon
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Luggage storage
- Multilingual staff
- Year Built 1995
- Rooftop terrace
- Garden
In the room
- Air conditioning
- Ceiling fan
- Bathrobes
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Sofa bed
- Partially open bathroom
- Shower only
- Bidet
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Plasma TV
- Satellite TV channels
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Phone
- Refrigerator
- Free bottled water
- Daily housekeeping
- In-room safe
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
Also popular with travelers from the USA
Special features
All inclusive
This resort is all-inclusive. Onsite food and beverages are included in the room price (some restrictions may apply).
Activities and facilities/equipment
Land activities
- Access to golf course
Kids' club
- Supervised activities for children between 4 and 12 years old
- Access to onsite clubs
Not included
- Gratuities
Thalassotherapy Center has 11 treatment rooms. Services include massages, facials, body scrubs, and body treatments. The spa is equipped with a sauna, a spa tub, and Turkish bath/hammam. A variety of treatment therapies are provided, including hydrotherapy and thalassotherapy.
DiningLe Caroubier - This buffet restaurant specializes in international cuisine and serves breakfast and dinner.
Le Mogador - This restaurant specializes in Moroccan cuisine and serves dinner only. Reservations are required.
L Olivo - This bistro specializes in Italian cuisine and serves light fare only.
Chiringuito Beach Bar - This restaurant serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Reservations are required.
Hotel Riu Tikida Beach, Agadir's small print
Also known as
- Hotel Riu Tikida
- Hotel Riu Tikida Beach
- Hotel Riu Tikida Beach Agadir
- Riu Tikida Beach
- Riu Tikida Beach Agadir
- Tikida
- Tikida Beach
- Riu Tikida Beach Hotel
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms.
Reservations are required for massage services and spa treatments and can be made by contacting the property before arrival at the number on the booking confirmation.
Optional extras
Airport shuttle service is offered for an extra charge of MAD 300 per vehicle (roundtrip)
Dial-up Internet access is available in guestrooms for an extra charge
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
Recent reviews
Excellent 4.2 /5 from 186 reviews
Great staff working in this hotel! Perfect location and lovely poolside area. A very relaxing break away. Highly recommended!
Everything was just ok. The food was ok, the service was ok, the hotel was ok. The food and beverage staff weren't very friendly, and every the drink I had was flat.
As a Riu diamond member,I was very happy with everything . Only we had one week ,and 4 days rain ,so not nice! But this has nothing to do with the hotel.
Is the description of this hotel not correct? Tell us


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Adapting to Evolving Business Environments Is...
Expanding Use of NGS Has Largely...
LC-MS Gains Favor Due To the...
Wall Street Decline Takes Its Toll...
PerkinElmer and BioLegend entered an agreement that allows BioLegend to offer immunoassay development and bioanalytical testing based on PerkinElmer's AlphaLISA® assay technology. Homogenous bead-based AlphaLISA comprises highly sensitive and quantitative assays with broader dynamic ranges than standard ELISAs, according to PerkinElmer.
Furthermore, the advantages of AlphaLISA technology allow for easy integration into automated high-throughput testing systems, the firm adds. "The future of high-throughput assays lies in an increased need for automation," notes Brad Kraft, president of BioLegend.
"Many current immunological assay platforms have major drawbacks when it comes to meeting requirements for automation in the lab. We feel this collaboration with PerkinElmer is therefore a timely and highly promising advance that gives researchers greater understanding of basic disease biology and pathobiology, particularly when applied to biomarker assays."
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XCOM 2 Review: Mass Extinction Event
Humanity turns revolutionary in Firaxis' follow-up to the celebrated action-strategy game, but do the new additions make it better or just bigger? Our review.READ MORE >
"Very cool Josh, sounds awesome, nice write up. Damn 80 hours and you did not do all the side ..."see all 6 comments
Some XCOM 2 mods you can play from day one
Mods for your mods for your mother's mods.READ MORE >
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XCOM: Enemy Within shows off five minutes of gameplay from Gamescom 2013 with developer insight.
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XCOM: Enemy Within gameplay trailerPosted Sep 04, 2013 11:08am PDT - 9 downloads
XCOM: Enemy Within shows off five minutes of gameplay from Gamescom 2013 with developer insight.
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The Seeker and Mechtoid are out to wreck just a tad more havoc on your squad, Commander, in the new XCOM: Enemy Unknown expansion.


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Business, MA by Research
This programme is unlike many other Master's programmes as it places much more emphasis on original research and the contribution to knowledge, than on taught courses: a major part of the award is based on the dissertation, which makes up two-thirds of the credits required. In this sense, it provides you with a more critical and rigorous exploration of your particular subject area than may be found in a more vocationally orientated Master's programme.
The taught courses support your research: they introduce you to research design and methods, both quantitative and qualitative, appropriate to research in business and economics. At the heart of the programme is the learning contract between you and the research supervisor. The supervisor is an expert in your chosen area and will guide you through the process of: defining the aims of your research project, and its expected deliverables; outlining a suitable programme of work, monitoring its realisation, and helping you to keep your commitments; guiding you to obtaining ethical approval to realise your research programme, if your planned study requires it; identifying any further taught courses and training events (in addition to mandatory ones) to be attended in support of your research project. The supervisor is your first point of contact in the Faculty.
At the end of this degree, you may wish to register for a doctoral programme, since this MA provides a useful taster of research training and experience if you are considering this route.
Students are likely to be brilliant graduates in business or economics, or practising professionals who wish to return to academia and develop advanced research skills applicable to their area of expertise.
The aims of the programme are:
- To develop your research skills in business and economics
- To provide the foundation for future research at MPhil/PhD level.
1 year full-time (minimum)
2 years part-time (minimum)
Entry requirements
Applicants should have:
an appropriate Bachelors degree with first or second class honours
OR a professional qualification equivalent to honours graduate standard or equivalent
OR a postgraduate diploma appropriate to the main area of study
OR previous qualifications and/or experience (normally work in a relevant field) equivalent to honours standard.
If you are an international applicant, you must also provide proof of English language proficiency: IELTS 6.0 (minimum) in all areas is required.
Please make informal, preliminary contact with a potential supervisor, or a research group before applying. The research interests of the faculty are listed here: www.gre.ac.uk/bus/research. Please submit a detailed research proposal (about 1500 words). Guidance and an online form to apply are available at www.gre.ac.uk/apply/research.
For a September start, please apply by 31 May; for a January start, please apply by 30 September. Please note that applications will not be considered until the deadline, and that the recruitment process can take up to six to eight weeks.
Students are assessed through submission of their thesis and an oral examination. They also have to pass a small number of preparatory training courses.
Career options
This programme prepares students for a career in research, whether in academia or in the research and development departments of businesses or government bodies.
Course content
- Research Methods (15 credits)
- Advanced Research Methods (15 credits)
- Quantitative Methods (15 credits)
- Qualitative Methods (15 credits)
- Research Dissertation (120 credits)
Your time at university should be enjoyable and rewarding, and it is important that it is not spoilt by unnecessary financial worries. We recommend that you spend time planning your finances, both before coming to university and while you are here. We can offer advice on living costs and budgeting, as well as on awards, allowances and loans.Find out more about our fees and the support available to you at our:
Business - Research
Join us at our internationally renowned business research centre, a hub for knowledge, innovation and creativity where we work together to solve real-life business problems.


text:
Anyone know where I can buy "Daydream Believer"
Posted 31 August 2010 - 07:44 PM
Does anyone know of a place that stocks the book, or does anybody have a copy lying around they wouldn't mind selling? Sounds like a great book.
And on a side note, I'm very sorry that Stanleys stay at Halifax came to a sour end. I'm not sure what has happened but it's a shame a Legend like him should come to our club and it ends on a bad note. I wish Stan all the best...and maybe a return to Fax as this is all a misunderstanding?
You can't beat an owl!
Posted 31 August 2010 - 07:51 PM
Edited by TheDuke, 31 August 2010 - 07:53 PM.
Posted 31 August 2010 - 09:53 PM
Anyone who would like to receive a copy by post please send a cheque for �15 inc P&P payable to Stanley Gene Testimonial Fund and send to Mike Smith at 20 St Bartholomews Way, Saltshouse Road, Hull HU8 0FD.
as old and as true as the sky;
And the Wolf that shall keep it may prosper,
but the Wolf that shall break it must die.
As the creeper that girdles the tree-trunk
the Law runneth forward and back --
For the strength of the Pack is the Wolf,
and the strength of the Wolf is the Pack.
Posted 31 August 2010 - 11:11 PM
Seriously though, if you find a stockist in Hull that are unwilling to send you a copy, let me know and I'll sort it for you.
For those of you out there still in doubt.....
Old Faithful, we roam the range together, Old Faithful, in any kind of weather, when the round up days are over, and the Boulevard's white with clover, for you Old Faithful pal of mine.
Giddy up old fella 'cause the moon is yellow tonight, giddy up old fella 'cause the moon is mellow and bright, there's a coyote howling at the moon above, so carry me back to the one I love, for you Old Faithful pal of mine.
Posted 02 September 2010 - 08:16 AM
I found it has more similarities to the Cliff Richard autobiography. I'm sure if you contact a SG testimonial committee member as mentioned by mm they might be able to get you a signed copy. Believe me it's a very funny and sometimes poignant account of Stan's life and is well worth �2.50*.
*Just joking Stan
Edited by deluded pom?, 02 September 2010 - 08:16 AM.
Posted 02 September 2010 - 08:47 AM
"I always enjoyed it more if there was a body or two lying about, it made the job a bit more interesting" Vince Karalius
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This concept defines disaccharide and gives examples of common disaccharides.
Goes over the formation of sucrose from glucose and fructose. Explains the concept of dehydration synthesis.
Discusses the content of energy drinks and bars, and how biochemical energy is created.


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Rent Blue Beetle: Reach for the Stars - VOL 03 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by John Rogers. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by DC Comics.
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September 21st Monthly Meeting
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Lunch Time Talk:
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As part of the CGWA's education and
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Over the winter, we'll be running extra wood splitting each Thursday at 9:30 am. As with other splittings, we'll be using our big hydraulic splitters. Winter splitting is a lot more comfortable and helps ensure we have a good stockpile of wood at cured for the start of the season.
Meet at the woodshed on the right in the campground (just at the end of the Old / front campground).
Splitting is cancelled if morning temps are below 32 degrees or raining heavily.
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- Table View
- List View
The Jack Vance Treasuryby Jack Vance Jonathan Strahan Terry Dowling
A massive (over 230,000 words) gathering of fiction by the master of science-fantasy. From his first published story "The World Thinker" in 1945 to his final novel Lurulu in 2004, Vance has shown an astonishing range of inventiveness, versatility and sheer storytelling power, as well as a gift for language and world-building second to none. Winner of the Hugo, Nebula, World Fantasy and Edgar awards, his acclaimed first book The Dying Earth and its sequels helped shape the face of modern heroic fantasy for generations of readers--and writers! In more than sixty novels, he has done more than any other author to define science fantasy and its preeminent form: the planetary adventure. Born in San Francisco in 1916, Vance wrote much of what you'll find between these covers both abroad and at home in the hills above Oakland, either while serving in the merchant marine or traveling the world with his wife Norma, all the while pursuing his great love of fine cuisine and traditional jazz. Now, at last, the very best of Vance's mid-length and shorter work has been collected in a single landmark volume. With a Preface by Vance himself and a foreword by long-time Vance reader George R.R. Martin, it stands as the capstone to a splendid career and makes the perfect introduction to a very special writer.
Select your format based upon: 1) how you want to read your book, and 2) compatibility with your reading tool. To learn more about using Bookshare with your device, visit the Help Center.
Here is an overview of the specialized formats that Bookshare offers its members with links that go to the Help Center for more information.
- Bookshare Web Reader - a customized reading tool for Bookshare members offering all the features of DAISY with a single click of the "Read Now" link.
- DAISY (Digital Accessible Information System) - a digital book file format. DAISY books from Bookshare are DAISY 3.0 text files that work with just about every type of access technology that reads text. Books that contain images will have the download option of 'DAISY Text with Images'.
- BRF (Braille Refreshable Format) - digital Braille for use with refreshable Braille devices and Braille embossers.
- MP3 (Mpeg audio layer 3) - Provides audio only with no text. These books are created with a text-to-speech engine and spoken by Kendra, a high quality synthetic voice from Ivona. Any device that supports MP3 playback is compatible.
- DAISY Audio - Similar to the Daisy 3.0 option above; however, this option uses MP3 files created with our text-to-speech engine that utilizes Ivonas Kendra voice. This format will work with Daisy Audio compatible players such as Victor Reader Stream and Read2Go.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 25, 2001
|Filing date
|Aug 28, 2000
|Priority date
|Jun 25, 1998
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|David V. Caletka, Kevin Knadle, Charles G. Woychik
|Original Assignee
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (22), Referenced by (4), Classifications (16), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present application is a divisional application of Ser. No. 09/104,746 U.S. Pat. No. 6,138,893 filed on Jun. 25, 1998.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a plurality of novel and unique methods and arrangements for measuring the cooling rate and thermal gradient between the top and bottom of a printed circuit board. Moreover, the invention is intended to facilitate control over the temperature gradient which is encountered between the top and bottom of the PCB so as to prevent warpage thereof during the formation of solder joints in a reflow solder oven.
In the implementation of soldering procedures, for example, in reflow soldering ovens, which are employed in the soldering of high-mass printed circuit boards, particularly when these PCBs are equipped with high-mass ceramic CCGA or CBGA modules, there have been ascertained unique types of solder failures which are encountered in the formation of solder joints for producing electrical interconnections, and which are frequently referred to as solidification stress fractures. There are three types of failure mechanisms that can result;
(a) Solidification fractures, time-zero fails (any solder fillet).
(b) Stretched or disturbed joints, reliability exposure (any solder fillet).
(c) Brittle cracked columns, time-zero fails (Solder column modules only).
These modes or soldering failure has been investigated in the technology, and shown to be highly dependent upon the cooling rate and thermal gradient extending through the thickness of the printed circuit board during corner solder joint solidification. An aspect is which has been ascertained in cases of stress fracture failure has been the occurrence of a clean fracture which is produced between the intermetallic (Cu—Sn) material on the card pad and the solder material which is in the fillet. The result of the foregoing can be either an almost immediate time-zero (instantaneous) electrical open solder connection, or a latent reliability fail which necessitates cycling in order to become electrically open. The time-zero opens are characterized by gaps of up to 1 mil, which may occur on only a single solder joint which is surrounded by a large number of so-called "stretched" solder joints. The reliability failures have been separated through less than 100% of the soldered area and do not evidence any measurable gap until failure early during temperature cycling.
In essence, when a thermocoupled profile card is conducted or conveyed, such as on a belt or conveyor, through a furnace; for instance, an infrared (IR)/convection oven which is known to produce stress fracture interconnections, there has been indicated the presence of a sharp transient thermal spike, when thermocouple data is collected and plotted/analyzed as prescribed herein. This particular temperature spike is believed to be responsible for inducing printed circuit board (PCB) warpage at a critical period in time when module solder joints; especially at a corner and periphery, are at the verge of solidification, thereby resulting in this type of failure mode on nearly joints that have solidified.
For example, in cases where a wire is soldered to a CCGA pad, and shortly after solidification, it has been ascertained that the solder joint strength is extremely low; for example, approaching only a few grams. Moreover, from modeling studies, there has been indicated a variation in card warpage, which may be on the order of 1 mil. Thus, when these experimental observations are combined, confirmation is had that this can readily result in an occurrence of stress fracture types of solder joint failure.
Another aspect of these particular solder failures which may not be readily apparent after assembly of the PCB components, resides in that the application of PCB deformation during solder joint solidification; in effect, warping of the PCB, can readily weaken any resulting electrical interconnection of the components.
As indicated, the process causing solder joint failure and related influencing factors are essentially as follows:
1. The temperature differential (ΔTz=Ttop−Tbot) which is created extending through the thickness of the PCB (the Z-axis) during the cooling segment of the conveyor belt or rail driven oven reflow cycle. The temperature on the upper surface of the printed circuit board can be significantly higher or lower than that on the bottom surface, depending on which surface cools more rapidly. One surface will cool faster than the other due to oven factors (forced air rate/volume/temperature, belt effects, etc.) and product attributes (component density and thermal mass). Thus, the magnitude of this Z-axis thermal differential (ΔT) is a function of
(a) PCB thickness; inasmuch as thicker boards can support a larger temperature difference between the top or upper surface and the bottom surface;
(b) The mass, density and placement of components on the printed circuit board; whereby the greater mass and density retains more heat on the top side or upper surface in comparison with the bottom side or surface.
(c) Cool-down rate; wherein higher cooling rates exaggerate the instantaneous temperature differential between the top or upper and the bottom surfaces of the printed circuit board.
(d) The employment of direct impingement fans in order to cool the upper and/or lower PCB surfaces; whereby one surface is cooled significantly faster than the other (instantaneously or during the entire cool down period) due to differences in
(1) Design and use of top versus bottom fans; staggered location of top/bottom fans, differences in airflow, and balanced use (some ovens have fans only on one side or the other).
(2) Design and use of oven belt or work board holder on which PCB is placed; can impede airflow more from one side than the other.
(3) Layout of components on PCB top and/or bottom surface, which can also impede airflow locally across PCB.
2. Differential thermal expansion between upper and lower board surfaces due to Z-axis temperature differential causes the printed circuit board to warp practically instantaneously, thereby imparting a load or stress on some of the solder joints.
In case of a positive ΔTz or change in the positive direction, the top side or upper surface of the printed circuit board expands at a greater rate than the bottom surface, causing the PCB to warp or bend concavely downwardly. In effect, below a module site, the PCB moves away from the component at corner and edge solder joints.
3. The instantaneous warping of the printed circuit board with respect to the modules or components which are positioned thereon creates a displacement and a resultant load which can readily produce a disturbed or fractured solder joint, depending upon the timing and the temperature of:
(a) The solder fillets; subject to solidification fractures or disturbed joints in critical temperature range 190� C.>T (temperature of the solder joint)>170� C.
(b) The solder columns (CCGA components); subject to brittle cracking in the critical temperature range 190� C.>T (temperature of the column)>180� C.
4. The result of the foregoing is a time-zero electrical opening of the joints (or columns), and/or early life cycle reliability failures.
Although considerations have been given in the technology towards improving the reliability of solder joints on printed circuit boards, and particularly in monitoring and possibly regulating encountered temperature differentials as the printed circuits boards are conveyed through infrared ovens or solder reflow ovens on conveyor belts, transport rails or the like, these generally do not readily provide for simple remedial methods measures and arrangements which enable correction of the temperature spike problems which are encountered during soldering sequences and which cause PCT warping and resultant solder joint failures.
2. Discussion of the Prior Art
Bast et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,647,667 discloses an arrangement for the proof testing of ceramic parts. Utilized is an acceptance stress test in which a stress is generated by a temperature distribution on a part through thermal radiation. The stress is then characterized in order to validate the test. Although the temperature distribution is characterized similarly to the process employed in the present invention as between various component regions, there is no teaching of a method and algorithm for the profiling of a printed circuit board transported through a reflow solder oven in order to obtain results which will be indicative of any temperature spikes tending to warp a PCB and adversely affect the integrity of solder joints and electrical connects.
Ume, U.S. Pat. No. 5,601,364 discloses a method and apparatus for measuring thermal warpage including a test setup and apparatus for producing shadow moire measurements on printed circuit boards over a given time interval and temperature profile. The temperature profile obtained thereby is a highly simplified simulation of an actual reflow oven, such as is obtained from typical oven profile cards. Although, the patent evaluates printed circuit board warpage for a desired temperature profile over a period of time, there is no disclosure of positioning thermocouples in a unique manner on opposite surfaces of a printed circuit board for detecting specific failure mechanisms, nor is the thermal gradient (ΔTz) through the PCB thickness ascertained.
Ito, U.S. Pat. No. 5,630,667 merely discloses a modeling method for predicting heat cracking through three-dimensional polymer model constituted of photo-set resins having a particular thermal conductivity in order to identify hot spots which may be susceptible to heat cracking; for example, such as exhaust manifolds.
Marcantonio, U.S. Pat. No. 5,562,243 discloses a method and apparatus for reflow temperature settings, in which an artificial network provides for the reflow oven settings for acceptable soldering of printed circuit boards based on inputted thermal/physical features and feedback "learning". There is no disclosure of the utilization of thermocouples on opposite PCB surfaces for detecting specific failure mechanisms when measuring temperature at the upper and lower surfaces of the printed circuit board.
Similarly, O'Rourke, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,180,199 also merely describes a mass soldering system for measuring temperature as a function of time through a wave soldering process, and does not direct itself to a method and arrangement pursuant to the present invention.
Accordingly, pursuant to the present invention, in order to be able to utilize a thermal profile card representative of a PCB, which will measure the cooling rate and the Z-thermal gradient; in effect, the localized temperature differential between the top and bottom of the card during a specific time interval while the module or component solder joint are solidifying, this is accomplished by providing a thermocouple at both the top and bottom surface of the PCB at all critical points on the profile card or printed circuit board, such as at the diagonal points of a module, middle of a module, leading edge of the card at three points, the trailing edge of the card at three points and the center line of the card at three points, between the leading and trailing edge.
A recommended profile has to ensure that there is an absence of a significant temperature differential (ΔT) of the thermally coupled sensing pairs or thermocouples during the critical cooling period when the PCB is conveyed through the cooling segment of the reflow solder oven, whereby there will be no encountered board warpage while the solidifying solder joints are susceptible to fracture.
For example, examples of acceptable limits for (ΔT) include, but are not limited to:
1. average delta-T (ΔT) of all pairs of thermocouples is less than 6� C.
2. No single delta-T (ΔT) is greater than 10� C.
From experimental investigations, it has become known that the solidified solder joint strength is extremely weak at temperatures slightly below melting temperature. Based on the foregoing testing, a critical cooling period is defined as 190� C.>T(solder)>170� C. In view thereof, it is desired to eliminate any thermal spike which translates into a high Z-thermal gradient and therefore profile card or PCB warpage, within the range of 190� C. to 170� C.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an arrangement for the producing of reliable BGA solder joint interconnections.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method of utilizing a thermal profile card which will measure the cooling rate and Z-thermal gradient delta-T (ΔT) between the top and bottom surfaces of a printed circuit board during the time interval while module corner joints are solidifying.
A more specific object of the present invention resides in providing an arrangement for measuring the cooling and Z-thermal gradient through the utilization of thermocoupling the upper surface and lower surface of a printed circuit board so as to be able to compensate for temperature variations in a reflow solder oven and to thereby be able to avoid temperature spikes,
Reference may now be had to the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings; in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates, generally diagrammatically, the sequence of potential printed circuit board warpage encountered during a reflow soldering cycle in a soldering oven;
FIG. 2 illustrates diagrammatically a fragment of a printed circuit board or profile card illustrating the thermocoupling of the upper and lower surfaces thereof in order to obtain a thermal profile; analysis;
FIG. 3 illustrates a graphical representation of the thermal profile encountered during solidification stress fractures which will result in solder interconnect failures; and
FIG. 4 illustrates a graphical representation similar to FIG. 3, illustrating an improved and optimized thermal profile obtained by the method of the present invention.
Reverting to FIG. 1 of the drawings there is diagrammatically illustrated a printed circuit board 10 which is subjected to heat in a reflow soldering oven 12 within which it is transported in a conveyor belt system or on a suitable conveyor rail (not shown). The printed circuit board 10 is shown with the upper surface 24 thereof equipped with different modules or components 16 such as; for example, ceramic (CCGA) or (CBGA) modules, which have solder connections 18 provided thereon.
As can be ascertained from the left hand end of the drawing FIG. 1, the printed circuit board 10 is in the cooling section of the oven 12 in which forced air cooling 20 is imposed on both upper and lower side of the PCB. As shown, the forced cooling air directed against the upper surface of the board 10 is to a considerable extent reflected away by the components 16, allowing a greater amount of heat to remain in the upper PCB surface. This represents only one factor. Differences in the volume/rate of airflow on the top and bottom PCB surfaces is the most significant factor.
Consequently, as indicated in the middle portion of FIG. 1, there is encountered a temperature differential (ΔT) between the upper surface of the PCB which support the component 16 and the bottom surface of the PCB. Resultingly, a higher temperature is present at the upper surface 24 of the printed circuit board 10 which, as shown in the right-hand portion of the drawing, causes the downward warping of the board, and thereby a potential fracture of at least some of the electrical solder joint interconnections 18 between the components 16 on the board, during the time interval when the temperature of the solder is less than 190� C. and higher than 170� C.
In order to ameliorate the foregoing problems by eliminating any thermal or temperature spikes which may be encountered during the critical cooling period of the solder which is in the range of from 190� C. to 170� C., as shown in FIG. 2 of the drawings, there is constructed a thermal profile card, which comprises a printed circuit board 10 fully assembled with components or modules 16, and with the addition of pairs of thermocouples 38 at a corner joint of the modules, located at the leading edge, trailing edge, and center of the upper and lower sides of the board. The pairs of thermocouples are preferably located at the following critical points of the module:
Diagonal points of module.
Middle of the module.
Leading edge of card 3 points.
Trailing edge of card 3 points.
Center line of card 3 points (between leading and trailing edge).
As shown in the drawing FIG. 2, for each point the printed circuit board 10 has a typical hole 30 drilled therethrough from the bottom to the top for the passage of a thermocouple wire 32. A thermocouple pair includes a thermocouple 34 placed at the bottom of the hole 30 measuring the temperature on the bottom surface 36 on the printed circuit board 10, and a further thermocouple 38 for measuring the temperature at the top surface 24 of the printed circuit board which correlates with the temperature of the solder, and is positioned at the hole so as to contact the solder while being secured to the upper surface 24 with an epoxy resin.
Similarly, the thermocouple 34 which is positioned at the lower end or in close proximity to the drilled hole 30 is secured to the bottom surface of the board with epoxy resin.
Thereafter, the temperatures of the upper and lower thermocouples are measured while conveyed through the reflow solder oven as a function of time.
The measured temperatures are calculated and plotted on the same graph as a function of time, whereby the temperature of the solder is equal to the temperature of the upper surface 24 of the printed circuit board 10 at the corner solder joints; whereas the temperatures of the upper surface minus the temperature of the bottom surface is defined as the top to bottom temperature gradient.
As shown in FIG. 3, the temperature differentials between the thermocouple pairs 34, 38 are evaluated with regard to susceptibility to solder fracture failure mode. Thus, a large and sudden positive increase in the temperature of the top or upper surface 24 relative to the bottom surface 36 during the cooling of the temperature of the solder within the range of 190� C. and 170� C. (defined as the critical cooling period) indicates a so called "bad" or temperature spike profile. This high differential temperature which can cause interconnect failures of the solder joints is clearly illustrated in FIG. 3.
In order to compensate for the foregoing, the oven temperature profile can be adjusted by one or more of the following steps:
(a) Reduce cooling rate in reflow solder oven, calculated as the slope temperature T(slope) of the solder over a period of time,
(b) Reduce or eliminate impingement cooling fans, such as forced air cooling, especially at the bottom surface of the printed circuit board so as to maintain this bottom surface at a somewhat warmer temperature, thereby considerably reducing temperature differential (ΔT) with upper surface which could lead to critical connect failures at the solder joints. This is accomplished by controlling the temperature so as to reduce temperature differential (ΔT) within range of 6� C. to 10� C., and preferably closer to or even below 6� C.
(c) In lieu of eliminating impingement fans, balance top/bottom fans so cool down rate is identical (top vs. bottom) at each time (t) at any point (x,y) on PCB.
(d) Shielding the PCB bottom surface from direct cooling air impingement against any components or modules on the bottom of the PCB. This, again, will reduce any temperature differentials.
The foregoing steps of measuring the thermocouple temperatures through the conveyance within the reflow oven as a function of time, and calculating and plotting on the same graph, over a function of time, the temperature of the solder at the various corner joints and the temperature of the top surface 24 minus the temperature of the bottom surface 36, which is defined as the top to bottom temperature gradient can be repeated, and appropriate oven profile adjustments implemented until no significant top to bottom temperature gradient is in evidence during the PCB critical cooling period of the conveyance therethrough. This is clearly illustrated in the optimized temperature profile illustrated in FIG. 4 of the drawings, and which can be employed for the same product or printed circuit board as shown in FIG. 3 of the drawings.
From the foregoing, it becomes readily apparent that through the utilization of the paired thermocouples 34, 38 at the upper and lower surfaces 24, 36 of the printed circuit board 10, and through suitable control of reflow solder oven temperature conditions and the cooling of the solder joints, it is possible to avoid temperature spikes which could adversely affect the reliability of the solder joints, inasmuch as there is a significant reduction in any potential warpage of the printed circuit board.
While there has been shown and described what are considered to be preferred embodiments of the invention, it will, of course, be understood that various modifications and changes in form or detail could readily be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. It is, therefore, intended that the invention be not limited to the exact form and detail herein shown and described, nor to anything less than the whole of the invention herein disclosed as hereinafter claimed.
|Cited Patent
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|Motorola, Inc.
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|Sep 30, 1980
|Pace Incorporated
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|Verwaltungsgesellschaft Heinrich Neitz GmbH & Co. KG
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|Oct 4, 1988
|Electrovert Limited
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|Nihon Den-Netsu Keiki Co., Ltd.
|Soldering apparatus of a reflow type
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|Jan 19, 1993
|Pace Incorporated
|Printed circuit thermocouple arrangements for personnel training and equipment evaluation purposes
|Mar 29, 1991
|Aug 3, 1993
|Watkins-Johnson Company
|Method of soldering in a controlled-convection surface-mount reflow furnace
|Aug 29, 1991
|May 9, 1995
|Fujitsu Limited
|Heating furnace in combination with electronic circuit modules
|Nov 10, 1992
|Jul 18, 1995
|Spigarelli; Donald J.
|Soldering system
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|Jul 25, 1995
|Lsi Logic Corporation
|Integrated circuit having a coplanar solder ball contact array
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|Nov 12, 1996
|Vitronics Corporation
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|Feb 11, 1997
|Georgia Tech Research Corporation
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|Mar 20, 1995
|May 13, 1997
|Martin Marietta Corp.
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|Hitachi Metals Ltd
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|Wave solder analyzer
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|Quad Systems Corporation
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|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 28, 2000
|Nov 25, 2003
|Unisys Corporation
|Method of reworking a multilayer printed circuit board assembly
|Mar 7, 2001
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|International Business Machines Corporation
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|U.S. Classification
|228/103, 374/112, 374/113, 228/104, 228/102
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 26, 2002
|Certificate of correction
|Dec 15, 2004
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Apr 6, 2009
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Sep 25, 2009
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Nov 17, 2009
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20090925


text:
First photos show 2012 iPod shuffle colors, textures
iLounge has posted a photo gallery showing the refreshed 2012 iPod shuffles, which have changed in both colors and textures from the original fourth-generation iPod shuffle models released in 2010.
The refreshed iPod shuffles have returned to the classic sandblasted anodized aluminum look of earlier iPod shuffles and nanos, doing away with the polished, glossy aluminum seen in earlier versions. Apple has also restored the high-contrast white Apple logos on the rear of the shuffles, which were previously rendered with a lighter version of each model's base color, and changed the colors to a new set of tones. Pink, for instance, has become rose-colored, and blue has the classic aqua tones originally seen in earlier iPod mini models. Additional colors, such as purple, yellow, and black, have been added to the lineup as well.
While minor, these changes cosmetically align the refreshed shuffles with the colors and textures of the yet-to-be-released seventh-generation iPod nano. Apple continues to include its prior-generation Apple Earphones with the shuffles, which continue to come in tiny hard plastic boxes. The colors of the shuffles are obvious from both the fronts of the boxes, and in colored Apple logos and iPod shuffle text found on their tops and sides.
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I tried one of the 4th-generation shuffles, but returned it because of the slick finish. My thumb would slip off the button.
Posted by Galley in East Amherst, NY, USA on September 17, 2012 at 6:46 PM (CDT)
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