text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 11, 1980
|Filing date
|Jul 23, 1979
|Priority date
|Jul 23, 1979
|Publication number
|Jose M. Fernandez, Robert G. Cameron, Edward J. Walsh
|Original Assignee
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (5), Classifications (15)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 928,756, filed July 27, 1978 now abandoned.
This invention relates to photographic elements and compositions adapted to form infrared absorbing dyes, particularly those useful in forming integral dye sound track motion picture films, and to couplers particularly suited for forming microcrystalline infrared absorbing dyes when dispersed in selected coupler solvents.
In black-and-white motion picture projection films it is frequently desirable to provide an integral sound track. Both the photographic image and sound track images in the film are silver. The sound track, which can be of variable density or variable area, is read optically by a photocell which detects infrared radiation passing therethrough. The peak sensitivity of these photocells, generally referred to as S-1 photocells, is typically at about 800 nm plus or minus 50 nm. The wide variance in peak absorption is of little importance, since silver has a substantially uniform absorption in the infrared region of the spectrum.
In color photography, instead of employing silver images, as in black-and-white photography, the oxidized developing agent which is generated in imagewise developing silver halide to silver is used to form a dye image. The formation of color photographic images by imagewise reaction (coupling) of oxidized aromatic primary amine developing agents with incorporated color-forming couplers to form dyes is well known. In these processes, the subtractive process of color formation is ordinarily used, and the image dyes customarily formed are cyan, magenta and yellow, the colors that are complementary to the primary colors, red, green and blue, respectively. The silver image which is formed by development is an unwanted by-product which is removed by bleaching.
In color motion picture projection films it is conventional to employ a silver sound track. The requirement that silver be retained in the optical sound track of the motion picture film is distinctly disadvantageous because the developed silver must be removed from the picture area without disturbing the silver in the optical sound track. This has given rise to processing techniques which require the separate treatment of a portion of the film at least once during processing in order to obtain a silver sound track.
The desirability of employing dye sound tracks in color motion picture projection films, particularly dye sound tracks compatible with projection equipment now in use designed for films having silver sound tracks, has been long recognized. Unfortunately, the subtractive dyes which form the picture image have their regions of maximum absorption in the range of from about 400 to 700 nm and are relatively transparent in the infrared region where the S-1 photocells are most sensitive. In looking for dyes suitable for use in forming infrared absorbing sound tracks for color motion picture projection films two principal obstacles have been encountered. First, the dyes have for the most part lacked sufficient peak absorption in the required region of the spectrum. Second, the absorption peaks of the dyes have not been broad enough to accomodate the plus or minus 50 nm variation in peak sensitivity of S-1 photocells. Infrared absorbing dyes which have been disclosed for use in forming integral dye sound tracks are illustrated by Vittum et al U.S. Pat. No. 2,266,452, issued Dec. 16, 1941, and Frohlich et al U.S. Pat. No. 2,373,821, issued Apr. 17, 1945. More recent disclosures which address maximum absorption peak densities, but which do not address the breadth of the absorption peak, are illustrated by Japanese Publication No. 59838, laid open Aug. 22, 1973, based on patent application 94266, filed Nov. 24, 1971, and United Kingdom Pat. No. 1,424,454.
Cyan dye-forming couplers containing fluorine substituents are known in the art. Beavers et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,758,308, issued Sept. 11, 1973, discloses para-fluoro substituted phenolic couplers which can contain a perfluorinated phenyl substituent. Lau et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,998,642, issued Dec. 21, 1976, discloses a difluoro substituted phenolic coupler. N-Biphenylyl-1-hydroxy-2-naphthamide couplers useful in forming infrared absorbing sound tracks are disclosed by Ciurca, Research Disclosure, Vol. 134, June 1975, Item 13460.
In one aspect this invention is directed to a photographic element comprising a support and, coated thereon, at least one layer unit which comprises a photographic silver halide emulsion layer and coupler solvent particles dispersed in a photographically useful amount in said emulsion layer or in an adjacent hydrophilic colloid layer. The photographic element is characterized by the improvement wherein the coupler solvent particles are comprised of a combination, capable of permitting the formation of a microcrystalline dye, of a coupler of the formula ##STR1## wherein R is a coupling-off group, R1 is an alkyl group of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and a coupler solvent which is a lower alkyl ester of phthalic acid, wherein lower alkyl is from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, the coupler and the coupler solvent being present in a weight ratio of from 5:1 to 1:2.
In another aspect, this invention is directed to a composition, which can be coated to form a layer of a photographic element, comprising a hydrophilic colloid and coupler solvent particles dispersed therein in a photographically useful amount comprised of a combination, capable of permitting the formation of a microcrystalline dye, of a coupler of the formula ##STR2## wherein R is a coupling-off group, R1 is an alkyl group of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and a coupler solvent which is a lower alkyl ester of phthalic acid, wherein lower alkyl is from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; the coupler and the coupler solvent being present in a weight ratio of from 5:1 to 1:2.
In still another aspect, this invention is directed to a photographically useful dye-forming coupler capable of forming a dye having an absorption peak in the infrared portion of the spectrum of the formula: ##STR3## wherein R is a coupling-off group, R1 is an alkyl group of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
It is a surprising feature of this invention that the microcrystalline dyes which can be formed with coupler-coupler solvent combinations identified above have absorption peaks in the infrared portion of the spectrum and, when incorporated in a photographic element, are capable of producing densities at 800 nm well above 1. It is still more surprising that broad absorption peaks can be produced in the 800 nm region of the spectrum. Particularly, it is surprising that these coupler-coupler solvent combinations can produce infrared absorbing dye images having sufficient peak densities and spectral peak breadth to be useful in modulating the response of an S-1 photocell when coated in a photographic element to form a sound track. The present invention offers the specific advantage of permitting color motion picture projection films to be formed with integral infrared absorbing dye sound tracks, thereby eliminating the disadvantages in processing of selectively retaining silver in sound track areas and offering the distinct advantage of allowing such integral infrared absorbing dye sound track color motion picture films to be employed in projection equipment having S-1 and similar photocells intended for modulation with a silver sound track.
FIG. 1 shows dye absorption curves produced by plotting density on an ordinate versus wavelength as an abscissa.
The couplers capable of reacting in a coupler solvent particle with an oxidized color developing agent to form a microcrystalline infrared absorbing dye can be chosen from among N-(2,4-dialkylphenoxybutyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrafluoro-1-hydroxy-2-naphthamides of the following formula: ##STR4## wherein R is a coupling-off group, R1 is an alkyl group of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
Coupling-off groups, represented by R, are well known to those skilled in the art. Such groups are displaced when the coupler reacts with oxidized color developing agent. Thus, the coupling-off group is not included in the dye formed by this reaction. The coupling-off group can perform useful photographic functions, such as determining the equivalency of the coupler (e.g., determining if the coupler is a two-equivalent or a four-equivalent coupler), modifying the reactivity of the coupler or releasing a photographically useful fragment which can modulate other characteristics, such as inhibiting or accelerating bleaching, inhibiting development, color correction and the like. Representative of useful conventional coupling-off groups are hydrogen, alkoxy, aryloxy, arylazo, thioether and heterocyclic groups, such as oxazoyl, diazolyl, triazolyl and tetrazolyl groups. Hydrogen is a preferred coupling-off group.
R1 can be a lower alkyl group--i.e., any alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, or any one of the various isomeric forms of propyl, butyl, amyl and hexyl groups. R1 can in each occurrence be independently selected, but in a preferred form R1 is the same alkyl group in each occurrence.
The couplers can be chemically synthesized by techniques well known to those skilled in the art. For example, the synthesis of N-(2,4-di-t-amylphenoxybutyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrafluoro-1-hydroxy-2-naphthamide set forth below can be adapted to the synthesis of other of the novel couplers according to this invention by employing variations, such as the substituents in the starting materials which provide the coupling-off and/or ballast groups.
The preferred coupler solvents contemplated for use in combination with the above couplers can be lower alkyl esters of phthalic acid. The lower alkyl group can contain from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and can be methyl, ethyl, or any of the various isomeric forms of propyl, butyl, amyl or hexyl groups. The alkyl ester of phthalic acid can be the half ester of phthalic acid or, preferably, the diester.
The following are exemplary of preferred coupler solvents contemplated for use:
dimethyl phthalate
diethyl phthalate
di-n-butyl phthalate
di-i-amyl phthalate
n-amyl phthalate
Other conventional coupler solvents which are capable of permitting associated couplers, described above, to form microcrystalline dyes can be employed. Coupler to coupler solvent weight ratios of from 5:1 to 1:2 can be selected. A preferred range of weight ratios is from 4:1 to 1:1, with the optimum being from about 2.5:1 to 1.5:1 for the preferred coupler solvents.
Coupler solvents of the type described above and techniques for dissolving couplers therein are known to those skilled in the art. Techniques are also well known for dispersing coupler-containing coupler solvents in hydrophilic colloid-containing coating compositions useful in forming photographic elements. The coupler-containing coupler solvent is typically dispersed in the hydrophilic colloid-containing coating composition in the form of particles of relatively small size, typically from about 0.3 to about 3.0 microns in mean diameter, usually by colloid milling. The coupler solvents herein employed, the dispersion of couplers therein, the introduction of the coupler-containing coupler solvents into hydrophilic colloid-containing coating compositions and the coating of the composition to form layers in photographic elements, are illustrated by Mannes et al U.S. Pat. No. 2,304,940, issued Dec. 15, 1942; Jelley et al U.S. Pat. No. 2,322,027, issued June 15, 1943; Vittum et al U.S. Pat. No. 2,801,170, issued July 30, 1957; Fierke et al U.S. Pat. No. 2,801,171, issued July 30, 1957; Thirtle et al U.S. Pat. No. 2,835,579, issued May 20, 1958; and Julian U.S. Pat. No. 2,949,360, issued Aug. 16, 1960, as well as the Japanese Publication No. 59838 and U.K. Pat. No. 1,424,454, both cited above, the disclosures of each of the above here being incorporated by reference.
In a simple form the photographic elements of this invention are comprised of a photographic support having coated thereon a single layer unit which comprises a photographic silver halide emulsion containing therein in a photographically useful amount particles which are comprised of the coupler and coupler solvent combined in the weight ratio described above. In a variant form, well known in the art, instead of incorporating the coupler-containing coupler solvent particles directly in the silver halide emulsion layer, the particles can be dispersed in a hydrophilic colloid layer immediately adjacent to the silver halide emulsion layer. In this form the hydrophilic colloid layer containing the particles and the silver halide emulsion layer together form the layer unit.
Such a single layer unit element can be employed for the sole purpose of forming a sound track or, preferably, the element can be employed to form both a photographic image and a sound track. It is possible with such an element to form an infrared absorbing dye sound track and a silver photographic image or, alternatively, a silver sound track and an infrared absorbing photographic dye image. In a specifically preferred use an integral dye sound track is formed. As employed herein, the term "integral sound track" indicates that a sound track and a photographic image are formed in separate portions of the same element and that following exposure the separate areas are concurrently and identically processed (i.e., requiring no process steps other than those required for processing the photographic image portion) to form sound track and photographic records, respectively. Since the novel couplers employed in the practice of this invention produce dyes which absorb not only in the infrared, but also in the visible portion of the spectrum, both a sound track and a photographic image can be formed solely by the dye. For example, an integral sound track and photographic image can be formed by the dye, the sound track portion being read by an S-1 or similar infrared responsive photocell and the photographic image being read by the eye as a projected dye image. Other variant uses will readily occur to those skilled in the art.
In a form capable of recording multicolor images the photographic element contains in addition to the support and the single layer unit described above at least two additional layer units, and the photographic element is capable of producing multicolor photographic images. The single layer unit described above can contain a red-sensitized silver halide emulsion and be employed to form a cyan dye image as well as an infrared absorbing dye image. The same dye can form both the cyan and the infrared absorbing dye image, but it is preferred in that instance that the single layer unit described above be modified to include in addition a conventional cyan dye-forming coupler. The cyan dye-forming coupler is preferably dispersed in separate coupler solvent particles from those containing the infrared absorbing dye-forming coupler or coated without employing a coupler solvent. A second layer unit is present containing a blue-sensitive silver halide emulsion and a yellow dye-forming coupler, and a third layer unit is present containing a green-sensitized silver halide emulsion and a magenta dye-forming coupler. The construction of the second and third layer units and their relationship to the first layer unit is conventional and requires no detailed description.
In another form, which is specifically preferred, the photographic element is provided with four separate layer units. Three layer units are conventional cyan, magenta and yellow dye-forming layer units of the type found in conventional silver halide photographic elements intended to form multicolor dye images. The fourth layer unit can be identical to the single layer unit described above. In a preferred form the silver halide emulsion in the fourth layer unit is sensitized to a portion of the spectrum to which the remaining layers are relatively insensitive. For example, the fourth layer unit emulsion can be spectrally sensitized to the infrared portion of the spectrum or to portions of the visible spectrum which lie at the fringes of the spectral regions the remaining layer units are intended to record. The blue portion of the spectrum is nominally defined as from 400 to 500 nm, the green portion of the spectrum from 500 to 600 nm and the red portion of the spectrum from 600 to 700 nm. The spectral regions in the vicinity of about 500 nm and 600 nm are frequently relatively insensitive to light as compared to the mid-regions of the blue, green and red portions of the spectrum. This is done intentionally to avoid recording in a layer unit light exposure from one of the two remaining thirds of the visible spectrum. By spectrally sensitizing the emulsion of the fourth layer unit to a peak sensitivity in a region of the spectrum where the silver halide emulsions of the other three layer units are relatively insensitive, for instance at about 470 to 500 nm, the fourth layer unit can be exposed by light in this region of the spectrum to form a sound track. In one preferred form the fourth layer unit is spectrally sensitized to the infrared portion of the spectrum. The fourth layer unit can be coated in any convenient order with respect to the remaining layer units, but it is preferable to coat the fourth layer unit nearer the exposure light source than the remaining layer units, typically to overcoat the other three layer units, so that the best possible definition of the sound track image will be produced. Useful layer arrangements are disclosed in Japanese Publication No. 59838 and U.K. Pat. No. 1,424,454, cited above.
Still other variant forms of the photographic elements can be employed. For example, the emulsion of the sound track layer unit can be employed with only its native spectral sensitivity. In this instance the respone of the sound track layer unit is confined to exposure to ultraviolet and the adjacent blue portion of the spectrum, the blue response varying to some extent with the silver halide chosen. In still another variant form the speed rather than the spectral response of the sound track recording layer unit can be different from that of another, image-forming layer unit. The sound track recording layer unit can be either faster or slower than an image-forming layer unit of similar spectral response. A combination of both differing spectral response and speed can also be employed to allow selective exposure of the sound track and image-forming layer units.
While any photographically useful amount of particles of the infrared absorbing dye-forming coupler and coupler solvent can be present in the layer units described above, for sound track applications employing S-1 photocells it is preferred that these particles be present in a concentration sufficient to provide a maximum dye density of at least 1.0 over the spectral region of from 750 to 850 nm, preferably at least 2. Such dye densities can be obtained readily with the preferred coupler-coupler solvent combinations within the concentration ranges conventionally employed for coupler solvent particles containing cyan, magenta and yellow dye-forming couplers. Generally coupler concentrations ranging from about 0.40 to 1.30 grams per square meter are contemplated, preferably from about 0.65 to 1.05 grams per square meter, optimally from about 0.75 to 0.95 gram per square meter.
The photographic silver halide emulsion layers, the adjacent hydrophilic colloid-containing layers in which the infrared absorbing dye-forming couplers can be incorporated and other layers, including overcoat, subbing and interlayer coatings of conventional character, can contain various colloids alone or in combination as vehicles. Suitable hydrophilic vehicle materials include both naturally-occurring substances such as proteins, for example, gelatin, gelatin derivatives, cellulose derivatives, polysaccharides such as dextran, gum arabic and the like; and synthetic polymeric substances such as water soluble polyvinyl compounds like poly(vinylpyrrolidone), acrylamide polymers and the like.
Photographic emulsion layers and other layers of photographic elements such as overcoat layers, interlayers and subbing layers, as well as receiving layers in image transfer elements can also contain alone or in combination with hydrophilic, water-permeable colloids, other synthetic polymeric vehicle compounds such as dispersed vinyl compounds such as in latex form and particularly those which increase the dimensional stability of the photographic materials. Typically synthetic polymers include those described in Nottorf U.S. Pat. No. 3,142,568 issued July 28, 1964; White U.S. Pat. No. 3,193,386 issued July 6, 1965; Houck et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,062,674 issued Nov. 6, 1962; Houck et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,220,844 issued Nov. 30, 1965; Ream et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,287,289 issued Nov. 22, 1966; and Dykstra U.S. Pat. No. 3,411,911 issued Nov. 19, 1968. Other vehicle materials include those water-insoluble polymers of alkyl acrylates and methacrylates, acrylic acid, sulfoalkyl acrylates or methacrylates, those which have cross-linking sites which facilitate hardening or curing as described in Smith U.S. Pat. No. 3,488,708 issued Jan. 6, 1970, and those having recurring sulfobetaine units as described in Dykstra Canadian Pat. No. 774,054.
The vehicles and binders are typically coated from aqueous dispersions. The preferred hydrophilic colloids for coating purposes are gelatin and related derivatives. Gelatin and gelatin derivatives are typically coated in a concentration of from about 0.1 to 10 percent, preferably 2 to 6 percent, by weight, dry, based on total weight. The other hydrophilic colloids can be coated in similar concentration levels.
The silver halide photographic emulsions employed can be of any conventional, convenient form. For example, the silver halide emulsion types set forth in Paragraph I, Product Licensing Index, Vol. 92, December 1971, Item 9232, can be employed. The emulsions can be washed as described in Paragraph II, chemically sensitized, as described in Paragraph III and/or spectrally sensitized, as described in Paragraph XV. The emulsion and other hydrophilic colloid-containing layers of the photographic elements can contain development modifiers, as described in Paragraph IV, antifoggants and stabilizers, as described in Paragraph V, developing agents, as described in Paragraph VI, hardeners, as described in Paragraph VII, plasticizers and lubricants, as described in Paragraph XI, coating aids, as described in Paragraph XII, matting agents, as described in Paragraph XIII, brighteners, as described in Paragraph XIV, and absorbing and filter dyes, as described in Paragraph XVI. The various addenda can be incorporated by known methods of addition, as described in Paragraph XVII. The photographic elements can contain antistatic layers, as set forth in Paragraph IX. The color-forming materials, particularly the dye-forming couplers, can be chosen from those illustrated by Paragraph XXII. The dye-forming couplers which form the dye image to be viewed need not be coated in a coupler solvent, but can be coated in any conventional manner illustrated by the patents in Paragraph XVIII. As these patents further illustrate, interlayers can be provided between adjacent layer units containing compounds such as ballasted hydroquinones to prevent migration out of the layer unit of oxidized developing agent. Coating of the various materials can be undertaken employing procedures such as those described in Paragraph XVIII. Product Licensing Index is published by Industrial Opportunities Ltd., Homewell, Havant Hampshire, P09 1EF, UK.
The silver halide emulsion and remaining layers of the photographic elements can be coated on any conventional photographic support. For projection film applications including an integral sound track the support is specularly transmissive--e.g., transparent. For such applications conventional photographic film supports can be employed, such as cellulose nitrate film, cellulose acetate film, poly(vinyl acetal) film, polystyrene film, poly(ethylene terephthalate) film, polycarbonate film and similar resinous film supports.
In one preferred mode of exposure the photographic element is panchromatically exposed and an edge portion of the film is exposed to infrared radiation to form the sound track. When this mode of exposure is undertaken, the silver halide grains in the sound track recording layer unit are spectrally sensitized with infrared absorbing spectral sensitizing dyes. Typical useful infrared spectral sensitizing dyes are described, for example, in Trivelli et al U.S. Pat. No. 2,245,236, issued June 10, 1941; Brooker U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,095,854 and 2,095,856 issued Oct. 12, 1937; Dieterle U.S. Pat. No. 2,084,436, issued June 22, 1937; Zeh U.S. Pat. No. 2,104,064, issued Jan. 4, 1938; Konig U.S. Pat. No. 2,199,542, issued May 7, 1940; Brooker et al U.S. Pat. No. 2,213,238, issued Sept. 3, 1940; Heseltine U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,734,900 and 3,582,344, issued Feb. 14, 1956 and June 1, 1971, respectively; Barth et al U.S. Pat. No. 2,134,546, issued Oct. 25, 1938; Brooker U.S. Pat. No. 2,186,624, issued Jan. 9, 1940; Schneider U.S. Pat. No. 2,073,759, issued Mar. 16, 1937; Thompson U.S. Pat. No. 2,611,695, issued Sept. 23, 1952; Brooker et al U.S. Pat. No. 2,955,939, issued Oct. 11, 1960; Jenkins et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,573,921, issued Apr. 6, 1971; Jeffreys U.S. Pat. No. 3,552,974, issued Jan. 5, 1971; and Fumia et al U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,482,978, 3,623,881 and 3,652,288, issued Dec. 9, 1969, Nov. 30, 1971 and Mar. 28, 1972, respectively.
The photographic elements can be processed to form dye images which correspond to or are reversals of the silver halide rendered selectively developable by imagewise exposure by conventional techniques. Multicolor reversal dye images can be formed in photographic elements having differentially spectrally sensitized silver halide layers by black-and-white development followed by a single color development step, as illustrated by the Kodak Ektachrome E4 and E6 and Agfa processes described in British Journal of Photography Annula, 1977, pp. 194-197, and British Journal of Photography, pp. 668-669. The photographic elements can be adapted for direct color reversal processing (i.e., production of reversal color images without prior black-and-white development), as illustrated by Barr U.S. Pat. No. 3,243,294; Hendess et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,647,452; Puschel et al U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,457,077 and 3,467,520 and German OLS No. 1,257,570; Accary-Venet U.K. Pat. No. 1,132,736; Schranz et al German OLS No. 1,259,700; Marx et al German OLS No. 1,259,701; Muller-Bore German OLS No. 2,005,091 and U.K. Pat. No. 1,075,385.
Multicolor dye images which correspond to the silver halide rendered selectively developable by image-wise exposure, typically negative dye images, can be produced by processing, as illustrated by the Kodacolor C-22, the Kodak Flexicolor C-41 and the Agfa color processes described in British Journal of Photography Annual, 1977, pp. 201-205. The photographic elements can also be processed by the Kodak Ektaprint-3 and -300 processes as described in Kodak Color Dataguide, 5th Ed., 1975, pp. 18-19, and the Agfa color process as described in British Journal of Photography Annual, 1977, pp. 205-206.
The photographic elements can be processed in the presence of reducible species, such as transition metal ion complexes (e.g. cobalt(III) and ruthenium(III) complexes containing amine and/or amine ligands) and peroxy compounds (e.g. hydrogen peroxide and alkali metal perborates and percarbonates).
Dye images can be formed or amplified by processes which employ in combination with a dye-image-generating reducing agent an inert transition metal ion complex oxidizing agent, as illustrated by Bissonette U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,748,138, 3,826,652, 3,862,842 and 3,989,526 and Travis U.S. Pat. No. 3,765,891, and/or a peroxide oxidizing agent, as illustrated by Matejec U.S. Pat. No. 3,674,490, Research Disclosure, Vol. 116, December 1973, Item 11660, and Bissonette, Research Disclosure, Vol. 148, August 1976, Items 14836, 14846 and 14847. The photographic elements can be particularly adapted to form dye images by such processes, as illustrated by Dunn et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,822,129; Bissonette U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,834,907, 3,847,619 and 3,902,905 and Mowrey U.S. Pat. No. 3,904,413.
In a specific preferred application the photographic elements of this invention are employed to form a motion picture film for projection containing an integral sound track useful in a projector having an S-1 photocell. The photographic element is comprised of a transparent film support on which are coated, in the order recited, a red-sensitized cyan dye-forming coupler containing first layer unit, a green-sensitized magenta dye-forming coupler containing a second layer unit, a blue-sensitive yellow dye-forming coupler containing third layer unit and an infrared-sensitized fourth layer unit containing coupler solvent particles according to this invention, as has been described above. The picture recording portion of the element is flashed to infrared and is then exposed to the blue, green and red portions of the spectrum through a master image film. The master image film has a transparent support and has been processed so that it carries a positive multicolor dye image. The edge of the photographic element on which the integral sound track is to be formed is panchromatically exposed through a positive sound track master by a light source to which at least the fourth layer unit is sensitive. In a preferred form this is a white light source which exposes the red-sensitized, green-sensitized and blue-sensitive layer units. The fourth layer unit by reason of its native sensitivity to blue light is also exposed by the white light source. The white light source can also emit infrared to expose the fourth layer unit. The photographic element after exposure of both the picture and sound track areas is reversal processed. In reversal processing of negative-working silver halide emulsions, positive dye images are formed in unexposed areas. Since the picture area was uniformly flashed to infrared, no density attributable to the fourth layer unit is present in the picture area. In the sound track area the major portion of the infrared density is attributable to the fourth layer unit, but the other layer units can also add to the total infrared density.
In another specific application which further illustrates the diversity of uses contemplated, a motion picture projection film containing an integral sound track can also be obtained using a fourth layer unit which is spectrally sensitized to the region of 470 to 500 nm. The element can be exposed in picture recording areas through a multicolor negative master image film with red, green and blue (420 to 470 nm) light. The film sound track area can be exposed through a negative master sound track using a light source emitting in at least the 470 to 500 nm region of the spectrum. Using negative-working silver halide emulsion in the layer units, development produces in picture and sound track areas of the element positive dye images. The sound track image is formed primarily by the fourth layer unit.
In processing to form dye images in the manner described above any conventional color developing agent can be employed which will permit the formation of a microcrystalline dye. Depending upon the specific color developing agent selected, the maximum dye densities, the wavelength of the peak densities and the increased breadth of bathochromic absorption will vary. The color developing agent 4-amino-3-methyl-N-β-(methanesulfonamide)ethylaniline sulfate hydrate has been observed to produce microcrystalline infrared absorbing dye images having a maximum density in excess of 1.0, often in excess in of 2.0, not only at 800 nm, but over the entire spectral region of from about 750 to 850 nm. Such microcrystalline infrared absorbing dye images are ideally suited to forming dye sound tracks for use in motion picture projection film equipment employing S-1 and similar photocells intended to respond to silver sound tracks. In the photographic elements of this invention can be produced infrared absorbing dye sound tracks which are comparable in fidelity with the silver sound tracks they are intended to replace, although a somewhat higher gain may be required for comparable decibel output, since the dye sound track is of somewhat lower maximum density than are silver sound tracks.
As employed herein, the term "microcrystalline dye" refers to a dye which is present in a crystalline physical form, but the size of the dye crystals are too small to be visually detected with the unaided eye. Such crystals can sometimes be seen upon microscopic examination, but in many instances the crystals are of submicroscopic sizes. Since each dye is a reaction product of a coupler and an oxidized color developing agent in a coupler solvent particle, it follows that the steric configuration of the coupler, the developing agent and the coupler solvent as well as their relative proportions all influence the crystallinity of the dye produced. The choice of the coupler is generally most important to forming photographic elements which can form microcrystalline dyes. The formation of mixed phases of microcrystalline and noncrystalline dyes is specifically contemplated and is in many instances preferred to permit the formation of broadened absorption peaks. It is believed that the broadening of the absorption peak is the product of two unresolved or fused absorption peaks--one attributable to the microcrystalline dye produced and the other attributable to the noncrystalline dye produced. Although at least a portion of the dye produced is microcrystalline, it should be noted that the couplers are not themselves crystalline, since crystallinity in couplers produces significant loss of dye density attributable to lack of availability of the coupler as well as severe problems in dispersing and coating the crystalline coupler.
Crystallinity, particularly submicroscopic microcrystallinity, can be ascertained by a number of known general analytical techniques as well as by some techniques which are peculiar to the photographic arts. In photography microcrystalline dyes are commonly associated with shifts in hue as a function of concentration and by asymmetrical absorption peaks. Both hyposchromic and bathochromic shifts attributable to microcrystallinity have been observed in varied conventional dye structures. Microcrystalline dyes have, for example, found applications in photographic elements because of their sharp transition between high peak and low toe densities, as illustrated by S. J. Ciurca, Research Disclosure, Vol. 157, May 1977, Item 15730. Analytical techniques, such as X-ray diffraction and detection of birefringence, can also be employed to identify crystalline structure. Such analytical techniques are described by A. Weissberger and B. W. Rossiter, Techniques of Chemistry, Physical Methods of Chemistry, Vol. 1, p. 3A-D, Wiley, 1972.
The practice of this invention can be better appreciated by reference to the following examples:
A. A sample of N-(2,4-di-t-amylphenoxybutyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrafluoro-1-hydroxy-2-naphthamide, hereinafter designated Coupler 1, was prepared in the following manner:
To 2.0 grams of phenyl 5,6,7,8-tetrafluoro-1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate were added 2.0 grams 4-(di-2,4-t-amylphenoxy)butylamine. The mixture was heated at 130� C. for 1 hour with constant stirring. Following cooling to room temperature 100 ml of n-hexane were added. The mixture was heated to dissolve the gummy solid and then cooled in an ice bath to give an off-white solid. Recrystallization from fresh n-hexane gave 1.2 grams of a white product, m.p. 95� to 96� C. Coupler 1 is of the following structure: ##STR5##
B. A sample of N-(2-tetradecylphenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrafluoro-1-hydroxy-2-naphthamide, hereinafter designated Control Coupler 1, was prepared for purposes of comparison with Coupler 1. It is to be noted that Coupler 1 and Control Coupler 1 have the same molecular weight and are isomers. Control Coupler 1 is of the following structure: ##STR6##
C. A sample of N-(2,4-di-t-amylphenoxybutyl)-1-hydroxy-2-naphthamide, herein designated Control Coupler 2, was prepared for purposes of comparison with Coupler 1. It is noted that Control Coupler 1 is identical to Coupler 1, except that it is lacking fluorine substituents. Control Coupler 2 is of the following structure: ##STR7##
A. A photographic element having a transparent film support and a gelatino-silver halide emulsion layer was prepared. The emulsion coating contained the ingredients set forth below in Table I. Unless otherwise stated, all coating coverages in the examples are reported parenthetically in terms of grams per square meter. Silver halide coverages are reported in terms of silver.
TABLE I______________________________________Photographic Element 2-A______________________________________Gelatino-Silver Halide Emulsion Layer: SilverBromoiodide (1.47); Gelatin (4.86); Coupler 1(0.93); Coupler Solvent Di-n-butyl phthalate(0.46)Transparent Film Support______________________________________
The coupler was dispersed in the coupler solvent which was in turn dispersed in particulate form in the gelatin of the silver halide emulsion.
B. A sample of the photographic element was exposed for 1/50 second at a color temperature of 3000� K. with an Eastman 1B sensitometer through a graduated density step object. The test object had 21 equal density steps ranging from 0 density at Step 1 to a density of 3.0 at Step 21.
C. The exposed sample of the photographic element was then processed at 20� C. in the following manner:
The sample was developed for 10 minutes in the color developer set forth in Table II.
TABLE II______________________________________ Color Developer______________________________________800 ml Water4.0 ml Benzyl alcohol0.5 g Sodium hexametaphosphate2.0 g Sodium sulfite0.4 ml 40% Sodium hydroxide solution5.0 g 4-Amino-3-methyl-N-ethyl-N-β- (methanesulfonamido)ethylaniline sulfate hydrate50.0 g Sodium carbonate1.72 ml 50% Sodium bromide solution______________________________________ Water to 1 liter, pH 10.75
The sample was then immersed in a stop-fix bath for 5 minutes. The composition of the stop-fix bath is set forth in Table III.
TABLE III______________________________________ Stop-Fix Bath______________________________________800 ml Water240 g Sodium thiosulfate15 g Sodium sulfite48 ml 28% Acetic acid solution7.5 g Boric acid15.0 g Potassium Alum______________________________________ Water to 1 liter, pH 4.25
The sample was washed for 5 minutes in water and then immersed for 5 minutes in a bleach bath of the composition set forth in Table IV.
TABLE IV______________________________________ Bleach Bath______________________________________800 ml Water21.5 g Sodium bromide100.0 g Potassium ferricyanide0.07 g NaH2 PO4 . H2 O______________________________________ Water to 1 liter, pH 7.0
The sample was again washed for 5 minutes in water, again immersed for 5 minutes in the stop-fix bath of Table III, again washed for 5 minutes in water and allowed to dry.
D. In FIG. 1 a plot of density versus wavelength is shown. The reference numerals applied to the curves refer to the step number of the step tablet through which that portion of the sample was exposed. It can be seen where low maximum dye densities were produced the absorption peak produced by the dye was in the vicinity of about 700 to 725 nm. In Curve 15 and in the lower numbered curves broadening of the absorption peak and shifting the peak to well above 800 nm is in evidence. In Curves 13, 11 and 9 the absorption peak extends over the entire spectral region about 700 nm to above 850 n. In Curve 9 the second absorption peak above 800 nm has clearly become predominant.
E. When a procedure generally similar to that described above was repeated substituting Control Coupler 1 for Coupler 1 a maximum dye density was obtained as illustrated by Curve C1 in FIG. 1. It can be seen that the dye had a maximum density in the range of about 700 nm. There is no evidence of spreading of the absorption peak, and the density of the dye in the region of 800 nm is relatively low. The Curve C1 is the curve for the step which produced the highest peak density. The other steps produced progressively lower dye densities. In each instance the peak dye density observed for a given step in an element containing Control Coupler 1 was lower than that for the corresponding step employing Coupler 1.
F. When another color developer was employed containing 4-amino-3-methyl-N,N-diethylaniline hydrochloride as the developing agent, a higher peak dye density was obtained with Control Coupler 1, but the absorption peak remained at about 700 nm and showed no evidence of broadening. The absorption of the dye produced with Control Coupler 1 and this developing agent was relatively low at 800 nm. With this developing agent Coupler 1 produced a dye image, the peak absorption being at about 720 nm. No broadening of the absorption curve was in evidence, and the absorption was relatively low in the region of from 800 to 860 nm.
G. When a procedure generally similar to that described above in paragraphs A through D was repeated substituting Control Coupler 2 for Coupler 1 a dye density at step 13 was obtained as illustrated by Curve C2 in FIG. 1. The dye had a maximum density in the range of about 700 nm. There is no evidence of spreading of the absorption peak, and the density of the dye in the region of 800 nm is relatively low. It can be seen that for the purposes of the invention Curve C2 is inferior to Step 13 produced by Coupler 1. In each instance the steps produced by Control Coupler 2 were inferior to the corresponding curve for Coupler 1 in a generally similar manner.
The invention has been described with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 17, 1939
|Dec 16, 1941
|Eastman Kodak Co
|Nitronaphthol coupler for color photography
|Feb 17, 1942
|Apr 17, 1945
|Gen Aniline & Film Corp
|Production of color photographic images
|Oct 1, 1973
|Apr 29, 1975
|Eastman Kodak Co
|Silver halide emulsion containing acylamidophenol photographic couplers
|Jul 11, 1975
|Dec 21, 1976
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Silver halide emulsions with incorporated 4,6-difluorophenolic couplers
|Jul 27, 1978
|Dec 11, 1979
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Thiazolyl coupler compositions and photographic elements suited to forming integral sound tracks
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 5, 1997
|Jan 5, 1999
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Chromogenic sound recording film
|Mar 22, 2000
|Jan 30, 2001
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Photographic imaging system incorporating metadata recording capability
|Jan 30, 2002
|Feb 11, 2003
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Infrared couplers for incorporating and recovering metadata
|Jan 30, 2002
|Feb 18, 2003
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Infrared couplers for incorporating and recovering metadata
|May 21, 2003
|Aug 31, 2004
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Apparatus and method for thermal film development and scanning
|U.S. Classification
|430/140, 430/546, 430/553, 430/552, 430/449, 430/505
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
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Scary scenario 1: It's the day before Halloween and while you were quite happy with your plans to sit on the couch and watch "Psycho" with a bag of mini Snickers, you get a last minute invitation to a Halloween party. You think, "Does black nail polish count as Halloween makeup?" Panic sets in. See videos
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text: Francis in the Schools is a free and fun-filled one-day educational outing offered for schoolchildren in inner-city neighborhoods. The program is designed as a nonsectarian history lesson about Francis of Assisi, the remarkable figure for whom San Francisco was named, and also about those who brought the message of Francis to the Americas. A colorful musical play or concert is offered in the morning, followed by a festive Faire with music, dancing, games, and treats in the afternoon. Since its founding in 2011 by Dr. Carol Weyland Conner, the program has hosted over 10,000 children at 20 events in San Francisco, Oakland, New York City, Baltimore, and Washington, DC.


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Top Linksmain detailsbiographyby votesphoto galleryquotes
Filmographiesby yearby typeby ratingsby votesby TV seriesby genreby keyword
Did You Know?photo galleryquotes
Ramona Flowers (Character)
from Scott Pilgrim vs. the World (2010)
|Photos (See all 16 | slideshow)
|Related Videos (see all 13)
Alternate Names:
FilmographyEdit Credits
- "Smosh"
- If Superheoes Were Real (2011) TV episode, Played by Tygar Hicks
- Scott Pilgrim vs. 60 Seconds (2011) Played by Jodii Grono (as Ramona)
- Scott Pilgrim vs. the World (2010) Played by Mary Elizabeth Winstead
Additional Details
Plot Keywords:
Fun Stuff
Ramona V. Flowers: Well, it was nice to meet you and tell your gay friends I will see them later.
Stacey Pilgrim: Gay friends?
[Wallace and Jimmy are making out]
Stacey Pilgrim: Wallace? Again?
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Bo Lyu, piano, Luka Okros, piano, Samson Tsoy, piano concert supported by Talent Unlimited and Asia House.
If you wish to purchase pass to all 7 concerts: https://asia-house-talent-unlimited-music-futures-festival.eventbrite.co.uk
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Drinks Reception after the concert. Find more information here: http://talentunlimited.promogogo.com/lp/evening-recitals-28-septemberse
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Your Guide to Cutting the Cord to Cable TV
by Mark Glaser
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Does the soaring price of cable and satellite TV have you down? This easy-to-use guide helps you cut the cord to those expensive services, while providing a tour of the best software, hardware and services so you can watch the TV shows and movies you want. "Your Guide to Cutting the Cord" helps make the process painless, while also including essays by Dan Reimold and Seth Shapiro and deeper thoughts on how the rise of Netflix, Hulu, Roku, Apple TV, Amazon and other streaming services will change how we all get entertainment into our homes in the future.
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*NEW* Saturday service 125 between Lewes and Eastbourne
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Minor revisions will be made to Thursday's service 44.
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The Cuckmere Valley Ramblerbus operates until 30 October and
Wednesday service 49 from Eastbourne to the Science Centreoperates until 26 October,
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Timetables from 10 September (2.2 MB)
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By investigating the shadow and its source we come to light ~ Zhander Remete
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AOL has quietly rolled out a major upgrade to its search service, adding new "FullView" links that automatically pull in multimedia, local, news or other types of content to supplement Google-powered web search results. Others have experimented with including non-web search content on result pages, but AOL has really pushed the idea to a new level with this release, and I highly recommend you try it out. More on the new release in today's SearchDay article, AOL Enhances Search with FullView Results.
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Please join us for our Annual BEACH BASH, Saturday, October 1, doors open at 7:30pm, Palm Room, 11 East Salisbury Street, Wrightsville Beach.
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The Brigade's 23rd Annual Golf Classic at Magnolia Greens HAS BEEN CANCELLED. Players, please call Cindy Anzalotti or Mackenzie Hopkins at (910) 392-0747 for more information about obtaining a rain check from the course or to have your money returned. We greatly apologize for the inconvenience, but we thank you for your support of the Brigade Boys & Girls Club!


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Exuding a 1970s flavor, this small and sparkling cafe has a creative political vibe, with polka-dot tiles on the counter handmade by one...
Chez Panisse
Foodies come to worship here at the church of Alice Waters, the inventor of California cuisine. It's in a lovely Arts and Crafts house...
1512 Shattuck Ave · interesting places nearby
Cheese Board Pizza information
Stop in to take stock of the over 300 cheeses available at this worker-owned business, and scoop up some fresh bread to make a picnic lunch. Or sit down for a slice of the fabulously crispy one-option-per-day veggie pizza just next door, where live music's often featured.


text:
On the Water: Mixed results on the water this week
September 21, 2016 Overall it was a good week on the water with plenty of sunshine and a light to moderate breeze on most days. more »»
Rotary Happenings: Ty Symroski compares Sanibel with Florida Keys
September 21, 2016 This past Friday, Sept. 9, one of Sanibel Captiva Rotary's own, Ty Symroski, was the featured speaker. Ty is known to many of the Sanibel community as a long time Sanibel islander. more »»
Faces on Faith: Etiquette never out of fashion
September 21, 2016 "Civility is not a sign of weakness," said President John F. Kennedy in his inaugural address on Jan. more »»
Shell Shocked: Getting old in style
September 21, 2016 Why do older people often get frail, fragile and hunched over? Why is nature punishing us for living a long life? I asked God about this the other day and believe it or not He was stuck for an... more »»
In the Garden: The elegant palm that can be used for making jam
September 21, 2016 The Sylvester date palm tree, also known as the phoenix sylvestris, is one of the most popular palm trees in the world. more »»
Living Sanibel: Lettered olive and apple murex
September 21, 2016 Lettered olive The best location to find a living lettered or golden olive is along the beaches and near the sandy bottoms of the passes and shoals. more »»
On the Water: Hermine disrupts the local fishing
September 14, 2016 Thanks to Hurricane Hermine, fishing around our waters came to a standstill for the better part of the week. more »»
Poetic License: E-mail from Emily Em —
September 14, 2016 Please don't forward this E-mail Or click reply to me — The screens are blank as zero Out here in Eternity — The bits and words of what We always thought we were Unsaved forever In Nobody's... more »»
Living Sanibel: The Naples Zoo at Caribbean Gardens
September 14, 2016 The long history of the Naples Zoo begins with a deep freeze. In the winter of 1917, Dr. more »»
In the Garden: Our native sunflower loves the beach
September 14, 2016 Southern Florida is bringing the sun to you with this native bloomer, the dune sunflower (Helianthus debilis), which owns a bright flare of yellow, and spreads like a wild fire! But don't be alarmed... more »»
Faces on Faith: Fear not!
September 9, 2016 Sept. 11 will mark the 15th anniversary of the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 200. more »»
Shell Shocked: The balance of nature
September 7, 2016 I recently convened a meeting of representatives from many of the wildlife species in Sanibel. more »»
Living Sanibel: Mahogany
September 7, 2016 This semi-evergreen tree is commonly planted as an ornamental in both residential and commercial landscape designs. more »»
In the Garden: Blooming grass
September 7, 2016 Fun, whimsical and versatile only begin to describe a Floridian plant known as Muhly Grass (Muhlenbergia capillaris), with its long green stalks and fluffy blooms making their showcase amongst your... more »»
Faces on Faith: Which way America?
September 7, 2016 Earlier this summer, my wife Linda and I had the joy of hosting our entire family at a cookout and pool party to (belatedly) celebrate our 30th anniversary. more »»
Poetic License: Romney was right: Deport yourself
September 7, 2016 (to the tune of Enjoy Yourself, It's Later Than You Think) Deport yourself, it's later than you think, Deport yourself, or you'll end up in the clink. more »»
On the Water: Snook season to reopen in September
September 7, 2016 Snook is a Southwest Florida game fish that is known for its unparalleled fighting ability, tenacity and great table fare. more »»
Reading between the lines
August 31, 2016 Someone once asked me to review a document but to read between the lines. He then winked at me – a knowing, conspiratorial wink. So I tried reading between the lines. I saw nothing but white spac. more »»
Living Sanibel: Poison Ivy
August 31, 2016 Although it would not look as good on the Chamber of Commerce's tourist brochures, another appropriate name for Sanibel could well be "Poison Ivy Island. more »»
What's Blooming in Paradise: Beautyberry's native status makes it easy to care for
August 31, 2016 Plant Subject: Beautyberry (Callicarpa americana) First impression: Mesmerizing reflective purple popsicle color in a petite pea shaped fruit. more »»
Poetic License: Denial
August 31, 2016 It was not in another country Nor in another time. There was no music playing And we did not dance or dine. more »»
Local Columns Poll
October 3, 2011 Even the most diligent exercisers tend to forget one of the most important components of any exercise program –stretching. more »
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THE SIMPSON CASE: THE JURY;With Spotlight Shifted to Them, Some Simpson Jurors Talk Freely
By TIMOTHY EGAN
Published: October 5, 1995
LOS ANGELES, Oct. 4— Shadowed by news helicopters, limousines bearing network celebrities and tabloid-television producers offering up to $100,000 for exclusives, a few of the jurors in the O. J. Simpson murder trial emerged today to give insight into their celebrated verdicts.
"It wasn't a matter of sympathy, and it wasn't a matter of favoritism," said Brenda Moran, a 45-year-old computer technician. "It was a matter of evidence."
Ms. Moran, the first Simpson juror to go public, was offered a hair makeover, a limousine ride to an interview with the "Today" host Bryant Gumbel and numerous other enticements to talk, proffered by television producers at her doorstep in Gardena, south of Los Angeles.
She shunned those offers. Instead, she held a midday news conference on the roof of a Beverly Hills parking garage where she detailed how the verdicts were reached. At the same time, she held out for what her lawyer, Robert Ball, called "a later, person-to-person interview" with a personality whom Mr. Ball did not identify.
Another juror, Gina Rosborough, emerged on Oprah Winfrey's television show with her husband, Jerome. Mrs. Rosborough said she, like Ms. Moran, beyond simply believing that the prosecution had not made a good enough case to establish Mr. Simpson's guilt, thought that he had actually not killed his former wife.
Most of the other jurors, however, were nowhere to be found today. Some of them have asked for police protection from battalions of reporters and producers. Many of those producers are carrying cash for interviews with television outlets all over the world, and some said they had hired private investigators to help them track down the jurors.
By the accounts of Ms. Moran, Mrs. Rosborough and at least two other jurors, the panel thought there were so many flaws in the prosecution's case that even evidence as to motive did not seem to fit.
The prosecutors said Mr. Simpson had killed his former wife, Nicole Brown Simpson, in a jealous rage spawned by his obsession to control her, and in support of that contention they introduced an abundance of evidence concerning spousal abuse. But today Ms. Moran said: "This was a murder trial, not domestic abuse. If you want to get tried for domestic abuse, go in another direction."
That remark seemed to lance the heart of the prosecution effort: that the trial had been for "Nicole Simpson and every other victim of domestic violence," as District Attorney Gil Garcetti said after the verdicts were announced on Tuesday.
The so-called mountain of prosecution evidence -- the trail of blood from the murder scene to Mr. Simpson's house and car, the lack of an alibi, the bountiful testimony of genetics experts -- all seemed tainted by police incompetence or tampering, jurors said. A bloody glove, which former Detective Mark Fuhrman said he had found outside Mr. Simpson's house, was particularly troubling to them.
"Somebody planted it," Ms. Moran said.
When asked whether Mr. Fuhrman's racially bigoted comments had made a difference in the deliberations, Ms. Moran, who like Mrs. Rosborough is black, responded without missing a beat.
"Actually we didn't touch on Fuhrman that much," she said. But she said she had been convinced, after hearing testimony concerning a letter in which Mr. Fuhrman said he did not like interracial couples, "that he is a racist." As a witness, she said, "he was not credible."
On the Oprah Winfrey show, Mrs. Rosborough, a 29-year-old postal worker, said she believed early onthat Mr. Simpson was innocent. "I had my doubts from the beginning," she said.
Asked whether the jurors' verdicts had been intended as a message about the Los Angeles Police Department or racism, Mrs. Rosborough, like Ms. Moran, seemed offended. "This was O. J. on trial, the O. J. Simpson case," Mrs. Rosborough said.
Ms. Moran said she was "humiliated" by suggestions that the jury, 9 of whose 12 members were black, had sided with Mr. Simpson simply because of his race.
One of the trial's defining moments, in which Mr. Simpson tried on the gloves that the prosecution said he wore while murdering his former wife and Ronald L. Goldman, weighed heavily with some jurors.
"That was a large factor with me," Ms. Moran said. Then, echoing the closing arguments of Mr. Simpson's chief lawyer, Johnnie L. Cochran Jr., she said, "In plain English, the glove didn't fit."
One of the two white jurors, Anise Aschenbach, was also troubled by Mr. Fuhrman's link to the evidence. Her daughter, identified only by her first name, Denise, said in an interview with ABC News that Ms. Aschenbach believed Mr. Simpson had probably killed his former wife but that she was disturbed by the Fuhrman connection.
Yet another juror, Lionel Cryer, the black man who raised his fist in a gesture of solidarity with Mr. Simpson after the verdicts were read in the courtroom on Tuesday, said there had simply been too many problems with the evidence. "It was garbage in, garbage out," he told The Los Angeles Times. "We felt there were a lot of opportunities for either contamination of evidence, samples' being mixed or stored together."


text:
President Obama: 'Patron' of the Israeli Occupation
Here's What Hillary Clinton Could Do to Get Bernie Sanders' Supporters to Vote for Her (Video)
Tensions Over Dakota Access Pipeline Intensify in Wake of Police Raid
Did Donald Trump Actually Win the First Presidential Debate?
Rapid Burnout, Dissatisfaction of U.S. Doctors Threatens Public Health Crisis
By Shalom Auslander
By Chris Abani
Steve Sack, Cagle Cartoons, The Minneapolis Star Tribune
The debate over the Affordable Care Act can stay small, focusing on website failures and other short-term difficulties facing the law. Or it can get bigger, with wider insurance coverage seen as part of a larger struggle for social justice in a nation growing steadily less equal.
By Clay Bennett
Now that Senate Democrats have deployed the so-called nuclear option, the question arises: From a progressive perspective, who is the worst sitting federal judge in America today?
With their dramatic decision, Senate Democrats have frankly acknowledged that the power struggle over the judiciary has reached a crisis point and that the nature of conservative opposition to President Obama is genuinely without precedent.
John Cole, Cagle Cartoons, The Scranton Times-Tribune
By Nick Anderson
Bob Englehart, Cagle Cartoons, The Hartford Courant
By Mike Luckovich
Way to nuke 'em, Harry. It was time—actually, long past time—for Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid to invoke the "nuclear option" and ask his colleagues to change the Senate's rules.
(AP/J. Scott Applewhite)
Republicans filibustering seemingly every second to obstruct the Obama administration's agenda has gotten under Democrats' skin at last. Thursday, after being dared by the GOP to go nuclear, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid pulled the plug on filibustering, allowing presidential nominees to be approved with a simple majority vote for the remainder of this Congress.
After The Washington Post mocked the idea of Americans facing a looming retirement crisis, the inimitable senator from Massachusetts took to her chamber's floor to remind us that talking about Social Security benefits isn't about "math, [it's] about our values."
Rena Schild / Shutterstock.com
The president, members of Congress and now even the Supreme Court have all come to the defense of the most invasive espionage program ever. Luckily a few lawmakers say "no."
Looks like the holidays are going to be, shall we say, a bit awkward for the Cheney family.
Gage Skidmore (CC-BY-SA)
Staying consistent with the terrible judgment he showed as vice president, Dick Cheney has come to the defense of his bigoted daughter.
spirit of america / Shutterstock.com
It was a necessary retreat, but President Obama made clear Thursday that his bottom line remains unchanged: "I'm not going to walk away from 40 million people who have the chance to get health insurance for the first time."
Thankfully, there are still a few political leaders who remember the wisdom of the founders in designing a system that properly limits governmental power.
Rolling Stone has investigated the "unrelenting campaign to exploit every weakness and anachronism in our electoral system" that keeps Republicans influential in American politics, and the numbers are really quite startling.
DonkeyHotey (CC BY 2.0)
The Senate voted to include gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender people in the country's nondiscrimination law Thursday when 64 of its members approved a prohibition on discrimination in the workplace based on sexual orientation.
David Fitzsimmons, Cagle Cartoons, The Arizona Star
The political chattering class is abuzz with Chris Christie as the GOP's great hope to retake the White House in 2016. But they miss a vital and growing undercurrent in U.S. politics: grass-roots movements at the local and state level that are challenging the establishment, and winning.
Pat Bagley, Cagle Cartoons, Salt Lake Tribune
By Signe Wilkinson
AP/Patrick Semansky
The National Security Agency has pissed off the world, and the world is fighting back.
Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., announced Tuesday that he now opposes his own plan to avoid the kind of debt ceiling fiasco that nearly led the nation to default this month.
AP/J. Scott Applewhite
Now we know that even the president needs leaks from Edward Snowden to be fully informed about the dastardly acts of his own top spy agency.
White House/Pete Souza
Intelligence officials speaking anonymously (do they know any other method?) are reportedly pissed that the White House seems to be distancing the president from the NSA's metastasizing eavesdropping scandal.
When we talk about the national budget, it is vitally important that we remember how we got into this fiscal crisis in the first place and who was responsible for it.
Bill Day, Cagle Cartoons
With a minimum of sabotage, millions and millions of Americans, Republicans and Democrats alike, share the tea party's hatred of Washington.
With the stroke of his pen, just after midnight Wednesday, President Obama ended the government shutdown.
The Senate reached a budget compromise Wednesday that will end the government shutdown and raise the debt ceiling.
AP/Evan Vucci
If the oral arguments conducted the first two weeks of the court's current term are any indication, the Supreme Court will drift further to the right.
A crazy thing is happening in shuttered, dysfunctional Washington: Democrats are pushing back.
Democratic and Republican leaders in the Senate came close to a budget deal Monday.
UNLV Photo Services/GERI KODEY (CC-BY-ND)
Smelling blood in the water, Senate Democrats over the weekend rejected a Republican proposal to reopen the government and raise the debt limit.
Abroad, what is happening in Washington remains to most a mystery of very little interest.
The federal shutdown fits seamlessly into the long ideological war to reduce Washington's role to little more than defense, internal security and the protection of property rights.
Fibonacci Blue (CC-BY)
If the nation is lucky, this October will mark the beginning of the end of the tea party.
House Speaker John Boehner went on television Sunday to scare the hell out of everybody.
Republicans in Congress are like a dog that chases cars and finally catches one. There is a fleeting sense of accomplishment, followed by sheer panic.
By Washington standards, the current government shutdown is an everyday disaster—of a kind we are gradually learning to expect whenever the Republican Party controls Congress.
The right-wing extremists got exactly what they wanted. Now, what will the country do about it?
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Latest Updates
Press Release
May 20, 2012
Artists Including Meryl Streep, Sting, Joan Baez, Cynthia Nixon, Yoko Ono and Patrick Stewart Sign Amnesty International Letter to Presidents Obama and Karzai on Afghan Women's Rights
Stars support Open Letter released at Amnesty International's "Shadow Summit" for Afghan women as NATO leaders gather in Chicago.
Press Release
May 20, 2012
Amnesty International Asks President Obama and President Karzai to Give Women a Role in Talks on Afghanistan's Future to Avert "Catastrophe"
At "Shadow Summit" in Chicago with Madeleine Albright and Melanne Verveer, Amnesty International urges leaders to protect hard-won rights and freedom for Afghan women as troops leave.
Press Release
May 17, 2012
Amnesty International to Bring Afghan Women's Voices to the Forefront of NATO Summit During May 20 "Shadow Summit" in Chicago; Press Conference to Release Open Letter to Presidents Obama and Karzai
U.S. Ambassador on Global Women's Issues, Melanne Verveer, to Give Opening Remarks; Followed by Panel Discussion: "The Conversation NATO Should Have About Afghan Women's Rights"
May 11, 2012
Afghan journalist Nasto Naderi was released on bail on 8 May after being detained for broadcasting material criticizing the mayor of Kabul without proof.


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Alexander Strauch
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Alexander Strauch (naturalist))
Alexander Strauch (born 1 March 1832 in Saint Petersburg – died 14 August 1893 in Wiesbaden, Germany) was a Russian naturalist, most notably an herpetologist.
In 1861 he started work as a curator of the zoological museum at the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. From 1879 to 1890 he was director of the museum. He is credited with establishing St. Petersburg as a major world center in regard to herpetology.[1]
Taxa with the specific epithet of strauchi commemorate his name, two examples being:
- Ctenotus strauchii, taxonomic authority George Albert Boulenger (1887).[2]
- Gloydius strauchi, taxonomic authority Jacques von Bedriaga (1912).[3]
His zoologist author abbreviation is Strauch.
Selected works[edit]
- Die Vertheilung der Schildkröten über den Erdball : ein zoogeographischer Versuch, 1865 – The distribution of turtles across the globe, etc.
- Synopsis der Viperiden : nebst Bemerkungen über die geographische Verbreitung dieser Giftschlangen-Familie, 1869 – Synopsis of Viperidae.[4]
- Revision der Salamandriden-Gattungen nebst Beschreibung einiger neuen oder weniger bekannten Arten dieser Familie, 1870 – Revision of Salamandridae genera along with descriptions of some new or lesser known species within the family.[5]
- ^ "History". Department of Herpetology of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2008-09-08. Retrieved 2014-11-08.
- ^ The Reptile Database Ctenotus strauchii
- ^ The Reptile Database Gloydius strauchi
- ^ Biodiversity Heritage Library published works
- ^ Hathitrust Revision der Salamandriden-Gattungen, etc.
External links[edit]
|Wikispecies has information related to: Alexander Strauch
|This biographical article about a Russian scientist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
|This article about a zoologist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


text:
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Mick Ward used to dream of a secret crag: \'It was never in the same place twice. And, when I\'d wake up, it seemed so real, yet... Read more
This review has been something of a long-term affair, starting a year ago when I received a pair of Instinct VSs for a trip to... Read more
From the west the Lenzspitze appears as a rather modest bump at the southern end of the Nadelgrat. However from Saastal to the... Read more


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Home > News > Curb your enthusiasm
February 24th, 2007
As far as exterior paint goes, he said choices have never been better. New types of paint are available that use nanotechnology, or the science of very small things, so the paint can be applied during lower temperatures and lasts longer, he said.
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Chains of nanogold – forged with atomic precision September 23rd, 2016
Tattoo therapy could ease chronic disease: Rice-made nanoparticles tested at Baylor College of Medicine may help control autoimmune diseases September 23rd, 2016
Speedy bacteria detector could help prevent foodborne illnesses September 21st, 2016
Coffee-infused foam removes lead from contaminated water September 21st, 2016
New flexible material can make any window 'smart' August 23rd, 2016
Industrial Nanotech, Inc. Provides Shareholder Update August 22nd, 2016
Lucintel identifies and prioritizes opportunities for alumina trihydrate (ATH) fillers in the global composites industry August 3rd, 2016
Industrial Nanotech, Inc. Expands Distribution Network in US and Internationally May 9th, 2016
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Weizmann Institute of Science Presents: Weizmann Wonder Wander - 4G - is Online June 21st, 2016
Call for NanoArt and Art-Science-Technology Papers June 9th, 2016
Scientists propose non-animal tools for assessing the toxicity of nanomaterials: Particle and Fibre Toxicology publishes recommendations from expert group meeting April 26th, 2016
Are humans the new supercomputer?Today, people of all backgrounds can contribute to solving serious scientific problems by playing computer games. A Danish research group has extended the limits of quantum physics calculations and simultaneously blurred the boundaries between mac April 14th, 2016
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Sumesh Krishnan to fight it out with SreesanthThe news about cricketer Sreesanth making his Mollywood debut in Team 5, with an ensemble cast of Pearle Maaney, Nikki Galrani and Makarand Deshpande has been hogging the limelight. The latest addition to the cast is Sumesh Krishnan, who has done ... Times of India, 5 hours ago
130 images for sreesanth
MS Dhoni Biopic: You should watch it, plenty of surprises in store Sushant Singh Rajput tells S Sreesanth
New Delhi: Former India cricketer S. Sreesanth is excited to watch India limited-overs captain M.S. Dhoni`s biopic "M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story". " I am really excited to watch Dhoni`s biopic as he is a great captain. Certainly, there is a ...ZeeNews.com, 1 week ago Excited to watch MS Dhoni biopic: Sreesanth The Statesman, 1 week ago Excited to watch Dhoni biopic: Sreesanth Yahoo! India, 1 week ago Sreesanth COMMENTS on Dhoni's biopic 'M S Dhoni: The Untold Story' Yahoo! Singapore, 1 week ago
Bigg Boss 4 Kannada: Sreesanth likely to enter Sudeep's show, take a look at the contestants list
Sreesanth will reportedly be a contestant in Sudeep's Kannada reality show Bigg Boss 4. Reuters Colours Kannada seems to be leaving no stone unturned to make its forthcoming Bigg Boss 4 a talk of the town. It has approached several big names ...International Business Times India, 3 days ago Who'll be Bigg Boss 4 contestants? We catch a few names New Indian Express, 4 days ago
Pearle rides a bike again in Team5
Riding a motorbike for a movie is nothing for Pearle Maaney. But when she had to do it for her upcoming Sreesanth movie, she was still a bit flustered. "There isn't much of riding for me, but it's nothing hard core. Most of it was shot along the ...Times of India, 3 days ago
What if: Sreesanth had dropped the catch of Misbah-ul-Haq in the 2007 T20 World Cup final
The famous catch of Shantakumaran Sreesanth in the 2007 World T20 final is still fresh in every Indian cricket lover's mind. In a tournament where no one really gave India a chance, they came out with flying colours under the captaincy of the ...Yahoo! India, 1 week ago What if: Sreesanth dropped the catch of Misbah-ul-Haq in the 2007 T20 World Cup final Sportskeeda.com, 1 month ago Misbah-ul-Haq opens up on his fateful scoop shot played in the final of the 2007 World T20 Sportskeeda.com, 1 week ago
Cricketer Praveen Kumar joins Samajwadi party, follows Sreesanth and Sidhu in Indian politics
Praveen Kumar was well-known for his incredible swing with the new ball.Reuters Praveen Kumar may have been a quality swing bowler for India in the past. The cricketer has once again swung it big, and has decided to start a new innings and join ...International Business Times India, 2 weeks ago
Sreesanth recalls his Onam memories
All through my childhood Onam was celebrated in a big way. We would spend the entire 10 days' Onam holidays in our father's and mother's tharavadu, (ancestral homes) five days each, and all the cousins would have gathered there. We followed every ...Times of India, 2 weeks ago
S Sreesanth goes DHOOM! Dons the John Abraham avatar for Tollywood debut – WATCH PROMO
The fast-bowler was discharged in the 2013 IPL spot-fixing case by Delhi court a month ago.Zee News, 3 weeks ago Suspended BJP MP Kirti Azad seeks CBI enquiry into 2013 IPL spot-fixing New Indian Express, 4 days ago
Sreesanth's wife expecting again
Ex-cricketer Sreesanth celebrated the birth of his first child two years back and now, his wife, Bhuvneswari Kumari, is expecting again. The baby will be born in December, the couple told us. "We are happy to announce that Bhuvneswari is 6 months ...Times of India, 3 weeks ago
WATCH: Sachin Tendulkar's epic reply after being hit by vicious Sreesanth bouncer
The master blaster was a rare batsman who was equally good at both Test and ODI cricket.Zee News, 2 months ago
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Meetings & EventsOctober 19 & 20: SFC Meeting, RawlinsOctober 24: Joint Appropriations Meeting, CasperOctober 25: Select Committee Mtg., CheyenneDecember 21 & 22: SFC Meeting, Cheyenne
SFD: School Facilities welcomes new administrator Shelby Carlson. Click here for details.
State Construction Department: SCD needs your help choosing a new logo and tagline. Click here.
SFC: Monday, 9/26, is the last day to submit agenda items for the Commission's October meetings.
FYI: Click here for updates on the Wyoming Capitol Square Project.
Carbon #1: Don't miss these new construction photos of Rawlins HS. Click here.
Crook #1: Bids are being accepted for the installation of a football field lighting and electrical system in Sundance. Bids close October 12.
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