text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 11, 1999
|Filing date
|Dec 2, 1996
|Priority date
|Dec 2, 1996
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Eugene P. Lautenschlager, Jeremy L. Gilbert, Peter Monaghan, Steven J. Duray, Richard L. Wixson
|Original Assignee
|Northwestern University
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Referenced by (76), Classifications (19), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Orthopedic bone cement is currently prepared at the time of implantation by mixing together two components, one being a liquid and the other a powder. The liquid is a monomer, typically methyl methacrylate (MMA), which also contains a polymerization activator such as N,N-dimethyl-para-toluidine (a tertiary amine) and an inhibitor such as hydroquinone to prevent the monomer from spontaneously polymerizing. The powder typically consists of small spherical beads (usually about 75 μm in diameter) of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and a small amount of a polymerization initiator such as benzoyl peroxide. Different bone cements sometimes include powders or liquids containing other acrylate polymers or monomers. Such powders also commonly include up to about 12% by weight (of the total cement composition) of a radiopaque material such as barium sulfate. The radiopacifier only serves the purpose of rendering such a bone cement radiopaque, allowing a surgeon to observe by x-ray the location and distribution of cement after surgery, and does not function as a reinforcing filler.
When a surgeon mixes the powder and liquid together, the activator in the monomer solution reacts with the initiator in the powder to produce a free radical form of benzoyl peroxide which in turn reacts with the monomer to initiate the addition polymerization of the monomer.
A problem with the current system is that the powder must have air interspersed therein so that it is sufficiently fluffy to allow mixing with the liquid monomer. Unless the powder is loosely packed, effective mixing of the two components is difficult if not virtually impossible. The result of such fluffiness and the effects of mixing a finely-divided solid and liquid together is that air tends to be entrapped within the reaction mixture and remains after polymerization. The porosity caused by such entrapped air is believed to be highly detrimental to the physical and mechanical properties of bone cements and has been implicated in the failure (by loosening) of cemented prostheses.
A further concern regarding current bone cement technology is the sensitivity of cementation results to a surgeon's technique. Different results are often obtained by different surgeons using the same cement components with different mixing and delivery techniques based solely on the ability or familiarity of the surgeon with those techniques.
Patents on orthopedic bone cements disclose variations of the above-described composition and methodology, but focus essentially on ways of making the powder and liquid components and of mixing them to form cements. In Baker U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,686, powder and liquid are premixed and then frozen to halt the polymerization reaction. Lin U.S. Pat. No. 5,334,626 discloses ways of making fine powders or a range of poly(methyl methacrylate) beads which also contain dispersed barium sulfate. Arroyo U.S. Pat. No. 5,276,070 discloses alternative powders such as butyl methacrylate, and Murray U.S. Pat. No. 5,219,897 prepares powder preforms in which the powder is partially bonded but also has continuous porosity to allow methyl methacrylate monomer liquid to surround and encase the powder.
In the dental materials field, it is known to utilize two-paste systems to produce dental restoratives that contain high percentages of reinforcing fillers in crosslinked polymeric matrices. For example, in Walkowiak et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,308,190, the patentees describe a two-paste system in which one paste contains the initiator (benzoyl peroxide) and the other paste contains an amine activator or accelerator. Both pastes contain polymer beads which, being crosslinked, cannot dissolve in monomer, along with up to 80% by weight of inorganic filler particles for improved physical and mechanical properties, and a binder constituent made primarily from difunctional (crosslinking) methacrylic acid-based monomers.
Waknine U.S. Pat. No. 4,547,531 discloses a two-paste system in which one paste has an initiator (benzoyl peroxide) and the other has the accelerator (tertiary amine); however, such paste also contain difunctional (crosslinking) monomers based on methacrylic acid and 60% to 85% by weight of inorganic filler particles which are typically silanized to enhance bonding with the polymer. The difunctional monomers and the large proportion of filler particles are provided to enhance the physical and mechanical properties of the dental restorative material.
The bone cement system of this invention is an all-liquid system composed of two or more liquid components that are mixed together just prior to use under conditions allowing only minimal exposure to air. One of the liquid components takes the form of a non-crosslinked linear polymer or copolymer (e.g., PMMA) dissolved in a non-crosslinking monomer (e.g., MMA) along with a suitable polymerization inhibitor to prevent spontaneous polymerization during storage. Another of the liquid components essentially contains either a polymerization activator (e.g., a tertiary amine) or a polymerization initiator (e.g., benzoyl peroxide), with such second solution also optionally containing the same non-crosslinked linear polymer or copolymer dissolved in non-crosslinking monomer as in the first solution. Whichever activator or initiator that is not present in the second solution is included either in the first solution or in a third liquid component. Therefore, when the plurality of liquid components are mixed together just prior to application, the initiator of one component interacts with the activator of another liquid component to produce free radicals that in turn initiate the polymerization of the monomer. Taking the multiple component system as a whole, the weight/volume ratio of polymer to monomer should be in the range of about 0.5:1 to 2:1 g/ml. A small amount of radiopacifier (e.g., barium sulfate in an amount not exceeding about 12% by weight of all components) may be included in one or more of the components to serve as an x-ray imaging agent, such radiopacifier being incapable of involvement in the reaction or of functioning as a reinforcing component.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the system comprises at least two viscous liquid solutions each consisting of a linear polymer or copolymer of PMMA completely dissolved in a non-crosslinking monomer (MMA). One solution also has dissolved therein a polymerization inhibitor and one of either a polymerization activator or a polymerization initiator. A second solution containing the same polymer and monomer as the first also contains a polymerization inhibitor and whichever of the polymerization activator and polymerization initiator is not present in the first solution. Each solution therefore takes the form of a viscous liquid where the solvent is the monomer and the solute is the linear (non-crosslinked) polymer which, although dissolved, retains its molecular weight. In one solution is an initiator and in the second an activator, with a suitable inhibitor or antioxidant also being dissolved in each solution. One or both solutions or, if desired, a third solution containing the same monomer and optionally the same dissolved polymer, may include a small amount of a radiopacifier as already indicated.
Each solution is supplied to the user as a liquid premix which may be easily intermixed with the other(s), without the entrapment of air or other gases, at the time of surgery. The use only of liquid components not only eliminates or greatly reduces problems of porosity but also virtually eliminates technique of preparation from the factors affecting bone cement properties. Unlike conventional procedures in which PMMA powder is mixed with MMA monomer at the time of implantation, mixing may occur simultaneously with delivery, or at a selected interval prior to delivery, without variations in proportions and mixing techniques that may affect the properties and qualities of the resulting cement. Most advantageously, the premixed solutions may be contained in separate compartments of a conventional cement gun and be discharged simultaneously from their separate compartments into a mixing chamber where they are intimately blended without introducing air, and then be discharged in mixed and flowable condition either directly to the surgical site or to the single cartridge of an additional gun that is thereafter used to apply the uncured cement to a surgical site.
Other features, advantages and objects will appear from the specification.
FIG. 1 is a graph depicting maximum setting temperatures for three different polymer/monomer ratios as referenced in Example 3.
FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the relationship between viscosity and shear rate for four different polymer/monomer ratios as referenced in Example 4.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between viscosity and polymer/monomer ratios for polymers of two different molecular weights as referenced in Example 4.
The chemical components of a bone cement embodying this invention are essentially the same as those currently used in orthopedic practice. The differences lie not in the chemical composition but in the manner in which the components are combined. In both systems, the procedure involves dissolving a polymer in primarily a monomer liquid to form a solution and then polymerizing the monomer in the presence of an initiator (benzoyl peroxide) and an activator (a tertiary amine) to produce bone cement which is non-crosslinked and unfilled or unreinforced. Unlike prior practice, however, where one part is a powder (primarily PMMA) and the other a liquid (primarily MMA), this invention comprises a system involving two or more liquid components, at least one of which constitutes a solution of a linear polymer or copolymer of methyl methacrylate (PMMA) premixed with and dissolved in monomer (MMA). In such a liquid premix, the linear polymer is dissolved in the non-crosslinking monomer without altering the molecular weight of the polymer, that is, without depolymerizing the polymer.
In a preferred system, there are at least two such liquid premixes in which the linear polymer is dissolved in the non-crosslinking monomer. Liquid premixes containing monomer should also include a small amount of a polymerization inhibitor to prevent spontaneous polymerization. One particularly effective inhibitor is hydroquinone, although other agents having similar inhibitory properties may be used. one form in which MMA is commercially available contains approximately 75 ppm hydroquinone, and it has been found that such amounts of inhibitor are effective here in preventing spontaneous polymerization, although other concentrations within the general range of about 25 to 200 ppm are believed suitable.
Whether the monomer and dissolved polymer are provided in only one liquid premix or in two or more of such premixes, the total weight/volume ratio of polymer to monomer for the system should fall within a range having a lower limit of about 0.5:1 g/ml and an upper limit of about 2:1 g/ml. Particularly effective results have been obtained with a ratio of about 0.7:1 to about 1:1 g/ml, although other ratios within the defined range may be as effective or possibly even more effective.
To initiate free radical polymerization of the monomer, the monomer must be exposed to the reaction product of an activator and an initiator. Since the activator is dissolved in one premix and the initiator in another, and since the premixed liquid components are maintained in separate compartments or cartridges and are not brought together until the cement is required for implantation, each premix may be stored and will remain in stable unpolymerized condition for periods of several months or more.
Benzoyl peroxide is a suitable polymerization initiator for use in this system, although other initiators capable of generating free radicals when reacted with a tertiary amine might be used. The tertiary amine activator may be N,N-dimethyl-para-toluidine. The precise amounts of initiator and activator depend partly on the desired rate of polymerization and the amount needed to produce complete polymerization upon mixing of the premixes while, at the same time, avoiding excessive amounts that might induce spontaneous polymerization prior to mixing. It has been found that incorporating about 0.4% to 10% by volume of benzoyl peroxide and between 0.5% and 3% by volume of N,N-dimethyl-para-toluidine, is sufficient to produce complete polymerization in about 3 to 20 minutes after the two liquid premixes have been blended together, such percentages being based on the total combined volume of monomer present in the system. Lower percentages will result in longer polymerization times whereas higher percentages will increase such rates, with such setting time generally being selected to fall within the range of about 3 to 30 minutes.
The viscosity of each premix may be tailored by varying the ratio of polymer to monomer and the molecular weight of the polymer. For a weight average molecular weight of about 120,000 g/mole (weight average molecular weights falling within the general range of 40,000 to 450,000 g/mole are believed suitable), a ratio of 0.75 to 1 results in a viscous but readily flowable solution. Flowability and workability increase as the proportion of polymer to monomer is reduced, but the heat generated by the exothermic polymerization reaction is increased and becomes an offsetting factor for surgical applications. conversely, increasing the proportion of polymer towards the upper limit of the range reduces the heat exotherm but also renders the liquid components increasingly viscous and may make them unacceptably difficult to mix together or apply the cement during surgery. Similarly, reducing the molecular weight of the polymer will reduce the viscosity of the solution. For a set polymer/monomer ratio, increasing the molecular weight of the polymer has a disadvantage of increasing viscosity but is advantageous in lowering the heat exotherm.
While the polymer of each premix in the preferred system has been described as being PMMA, it is to be understood that variations are acceptable. Thus, the polymerized component of each premix may be a copolymer of methyl methacrylate and styrene as, for example, in the copolymer marketed as Simplex-P by Howmedica, Rutherford, N.J. Similarly, methyl methacrylate monomers which contain some proportion of butyl methacrylate are known and believed suitable for use in this system. In any event, each liquid premix consists essentially of a linear polymer or copolymer of methyl methacrylate dissolved in a non-crosslinking methyl methacrylate monomer, with each premix then also containing either an activator or initiator dissolved in each premix.
Conventional bone cement usually contains a small amount (up to about 12% by weight) of an inert radiopaque agent such as barium sulfate for purposes of x-ray imaging of an implant in which such cement has been used as a fixative. The amount of radiopacifier must be strictly limited because it performs no function as a reinforcing agent and may even have a weakening effect on the fully cured cement. Where needed, such a radiopacifier may be incorporated in this system by simply including up to 12% (of the combined weight of all solutions) in one of the premixes or by including lesser amounts in each of the premixes to bring the total percentage to a level no greater than about 12%. Alternatively, the radiopacifier may be incorporated in a third premix which also contains a non-crosslinking methyl methacrylate monomer and, preferably, the same linear polymer or copolymer of methyl methacrylate dissolved in such monomer.
An important advantage of the multiple all-liquid premix system is that the solutions may be easily mixed or blended together in the surgical arena without introducing air into the mixture, thereby avoiding air entrapment and the undesirable porosity which such entrapment produces. Each premix, being prepared and placed in sealed compartments or cartridges by the manufacturer, may also be produced substantially free of air. At the time of use, the respective cartridges may be placed in a conventional mixing and dispensing gun which, in operation, discharges the premixes into a mixing chamber leading to a discharge nozzle. The mixing chamber may include a mixing impeller to insure that the liquid components are thoroughly mixed prior to discharge. Such an apparatus is commercially available from Semco, Inc., Los Angeles, Calif. and is used for insulating foams, adhering highway markers to concrete, and fuel tank repair. Also, effective results have been achieved using a 50 ml dual cartridge syringe with a 3.5 inch static mixing nozzle as marketed by Ellsworth Adhesive Systems, Germantown, Wis., but other similar guns for mixing miscible solutions in the absence of air and then discharging such solutions in thoroughly mixed condition may be used, similar to those commonly used for dispensing dental impression materials, or the dual syringe systems used for discharging epoxy adhesives.
In any event, the system is also advantageous because it reduces the time required to mix the materials in surgery (as compared with the conventional and involved practice of mixing a powdered polymer and liquid monomer together prior to implantation). Time may also be saved because the all-liquid system of this invention allows the use of cartridges and conventional equipment capable of mixing liquid components, thereby allowing the introduction of the cement at a stage during surgery where it can be immediately used for implant placement. The system also increases the reliability and reproducibility of the mixing operation with less dependence on variations in a surgeon's or nurse's technique. Thus, the quality of the finished cement produced by this system does not depend on the skill of the one who mixes the cement in surgery.
It is to be understood that the reaction mixture need not be applied directly to the surgical site as it is discharged from the mixing chamber of the gun. It may be preferable in some instances to discharge the reaction mixture into an additional cartridge that is then inserted into a conventional gun for application to the implant site, either immediately or after a short predetermined interval.
A further understanding of the invention may be obtained from the following illustrative examples:
This example illustrates the mixing and setting of a two solution bone cement embodying this invention.
A two solution bone cement system was prepared as follows: Part A contained 11 g poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), 10 ml methyl methacrylate monomer (MMA), (i.e., PMMA/MMA ratio of 1.1:1), 1.0 ml tertiary amine activator (amine), 200 ppm hydroquinone inhibitor (HQ) and 5 g barium sulfate radiopacifier (BaSO4). Part B contained 48 g PMMA, 40 ml MMA (i.e., a PMMA:MMA ratio of 1.2:1), 0.3 g benzoyl peroxide initiator (BPO), 25 ppm HQ and 10 g BaSO4. Both solutions were made with PMMA powder of 83,000 g/mole weight average molecular weight. Both solutions were made by placing the constituents into a partial vaccum mixing device which was set to 20 inches of mercury pressure (i.e., about 66% of atomospheric pressure) and mixed for about 5 to 7 minutes. Then, each solution was allowed to sit for a period of time until any bubbles separated to the top. The solutions were transferred to a mixing cartridge (Semco, Inc., Los Angeles, Calif.) where the smaller volume (part A) was placed in a tube and the larger (part B) in the outer compartment. All air was removed from both containers. Then part A was injected into the volume of part B and the two were thoroughly mixed together with an internal mixing impeller. Because there was no air present, no porosity was introduced on mixing. Then the mixture was dispensed into a mold for setting time and temperature rise measurements as the mixture polymerized into a set mass. This mixture demonstrated a setting time of about 6.5 minutes and a maximum temperature rise of 74� C., was fully set and hard after completion, and was virtually devoid of porosity.
A series of experiments were performed to assess the variation in setting times and maximum temperature rises associated with a two-solution system where the solutions contained varied amounts of benzoyl peroxide initiator (BPO) and tertiary amine activator (amine). Two solutions were made with the following conditions: both solutions has a PMMA/MMA ratio of 0.6:1, and the PMMA used in these experiments was 120,000 g/mole molecular weight. Into each solution was added varying amounts of amine and hydroquinone (HQ), and the ratio of BPO to amine was varied as in Table 1. Three solutions per test were performed. (In the table, averages of T max and test are given along with standard deviation in parentheses.)
TABLE 1______________________________________amine,Solutions vol % BPO/amine HQ,A and B of MMA molar ratio ppm Tmax, �C. tset, min______________________________________1 0.5 1.25 50 91.0 (3.0) 16.6 (0.73)2 0.75 1.50 75 87.7 (2.2) 9.7 (0.92)3 1.50 1.75 100 92.5 (4.7) 4.8 (0.17)4 2.60 2.00 150 96.4 (13.5) 3.5 (0.72)______________________________________
No BaSO4 was added to either solution in these tests. Thus, the major differences present in these solutions is the increase of amine, BPO and HQ.
All solutions were fabricated by placing the appropriate components into parts A and B and then the solutions were rotated on a motorized shaft for 24 to 48 hours at room temperature. After each solution was thoroughly mixed, they were transferred to a two cartridge static mixing gun (Elsworth Adhesive Systems, Germantown, Wis.) in equal proportions and the solutions were stored in a refrigerator until needed. The two solutions were mixed by injecting each simulataneously into a static mixing nozzle where each component fully mixed with its companion solution. Then the mixture was dispensed into a mold for determination of the temperature rise and time to set.
Three tests of each solution combination were performed to determine the maximum temperature rise and time to set. It can be seen from Table 1 that the maximum temperature rise was relatively constant for the four solutions. No statistical difference was noted for the temperature. However, it should be noted that the time to set varied dramatically from a maximum of 16.6 minutes to a minimum of 3.5 minutes depending primarily on the amine amount and ratio of BPO to amine. Both of these factors will significantly affect the setting time and hence setting time can be adjusted with little change in the setting temperature.
Mechanical properties of the set polymers were also determined for the above solutions. Compression tests were performed on samples cut from the setting experiment samples. A length to diameter ratio of 2 to 1 was used on all samples. The compressive yield strength and modulus of the samples was determined from this testing. The results are shown in Table 2. Three tests per sample were performed.
TABLE 2______________________________________Solutions A and B Yield Stress, MPa Modulus, GPa______________________________________1 36.7 (2.9) 1.26 (0.17)2 60.0 (6.0) 1.82 (0.86)3 90.4 (9.5) 1.87 (0.57)4 83.4 (9.0) 1.94 (0.32)______________________________________
It can be seen from Table 2 that the strength and modulus values are susceptible to the amount of amine present and the ratio of BPO to amine.
In this example, the effect of polymer to monomer ratio was investigated. Samples of solutions of polymer dissolved in monomer were prepared with three different PMMA:MMA ratios, specifically, 0.6:1, 0.7:1, 0.8:1. Also, there were some variations in the amount of BPO and HQ present. Table 3 lists the compositions of the three solutions used. In all cases, the PMMA used was of 212,000 g/mole molecular weight. Three tests per condition were performed.
TABLE 3______________________________________PMMA:MMA Ratio Amine (%) BPO:amine Ratio HQ (ppm)______________________________________0.6:1 0.5 1.25 500.7:1 0.5 1.50 1000.8:1 0.5 1.75 150______________________________________
It should be noted that PMMA:MMA ratio, quantity of HQ, and BPO:amine ratio all increase in this data. Increasing HQ tends to lower Tmax, while increasing BPO tends to increase Tmax. However, the strongest effect was that of increasing PMMA:MMA ratio in decreasing Tmax. This can be seen in FIG. 1, where the maximum temperature upon setting is plotted versus the PMMA:MMA ratio.
This example concerns viscosity of PMMA/MMA solutions in relation to the molecular weight of the PMMA and the PMMA:MMA weight/volume ratios. Several PMMA/MMA solutions were prepared by placing PMMA powder and MMA monomer into a container and rotating the container for a period of time, or by placing both into a partial vacuum mixing system and mixing for a period of time. Two weight average molecular weights were investigated: 212,000 g/mole and 40,000 g/mole. The ratio of PMMA to MMA was varied for each molecular weight solution. Table 4 shows the combinations of PMMA:MMA ratio and molecular weight prepared.
TABLE 4______________________________________Molecular Weight, g/mole PMMA:MMA ratio______________________________________212,000 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 40,000 0.6, 1.0, 1.5______________________________________
In each case, the viscosity of the solutions was measured using a cone and plate viscometer. For the 212,000 MW solutions, the viscosity was measured as a function of shear rate (s-1) from 0.2 to 364 s-1. The results of this experiment presented in FIG. 2 show that the viscosity of the solutions increases with increasing polymer fraction but that viscosity also decreases with increasing shear rate. This points to the pseudoplastic nature of the solutions and demonstrates that it is possible to make the solutions reach a lower viscosity with the appropriate mixing and ejecting methodology.
A significant flexibility is available to make solutions with systematically controlled viscosity based on the ratio of PMMA to MMA and the molecular weight of the PMMA. This can be seen in FIG. 3, where the viscosity (in centipoise, cP) is plotted against the PMMA:MMA ratio for a constant shear rate of 4s-1. Two curves are present in this Figure : 1) Solutions made from 212,000 g/mole PMMA and 2) and solutions made from 40,000 g/mole PMMA. From FIG. 3 it can be seen that the viscosity for a fixed PMMA:MMA ratio is significantly lower for the 40,000 MW solutions compared to the 212,000 MW solutions. In other words, greater amounts of PMMA (i.e., higher PMMA:MMA ratio) can be placed into solutions to obtain the same viscosity if the PMMA is lower in molecular weight. This demonstrates the ability to selectively control the viscosity of the solutions based on both the ratio of PMMA:MMA and the molecular weight of the original PMMA powder.
There are several methods by which solutions of linear polymers or copolymers of PMMA in non-crosslinking MMA monomer can be prepared. These include typical mixing apparatus, rotating drum assemblies, mixing under partial vacuum and warming of the solutions during mixing. Which is used depends in part on the conformation of the starting polymer.
For example, when using a fine powder form (e.g. 75 μm) for the PMMA, dissolution occurs fairly rapidly, whereas when larger pellets (e.g. 4 mm) are used dissolution of PMMA in MMA may take longer. The mixtures can have all components added at once and then just allowing the solutions to be mixed for a period of time. It is also important to note, however, that the dissolution of the amine and particularly the BPO in their respective solutions of monomer can take place prior to the addition of PMMA. This will assist in the uniform distribution of these activators and initiators. Subsequent dissolution of the PMMA can then take place. Additions of BaSO4 can also take place at t he beginning or at the time when the polymer is added. After mixing and allowing the solutions to sit, it was noted that they were virtually devoid of porosity.
As an example of one typical mixing method, 40 ml MMA, 30 g of a very fine powdered PMMA (about 50 to 100 μm in diameter), 2.2 ml of amine, 5 g of BaSO4 and 75 ppm of HQ were placed in a partial vaccum mixing system and a partial vacuum was imparted (20 in Hg). T his solution was then mixed at a frequency of about 1 to 2 Hz for 5 to 7 minutes. After this time, the mixture was transferred to a mixing cartridge for combination with its corresponding second solution. After sitting upright for a period of time it was noted any porosity which may have been present had migrated to the top of the solution and was eliminated from the solution.
In another example of processing of solutions, 200 ml of MMA, 120 g of PMMA, 2 wt % BPO and 75 ppm HQ were placed into a polyethylene bottle. The PMMA in this case was from pellets about 4 to 6 mm in length and 2 to 4 mm in diameter. This bottle was then placed on a rotating shaft and allowed to rotate at about 1 Hz for 48 hours at room temperature. After this period, the solutions were uniform and all of the constituents were dissolved. After allowing the solution to stand for another 4 to 6 hours, it was noted that the solution was virtually devoid of porosity.
This example relates to the mixing and delivery of systems involving two or more solutions.
The manner of mixing and delivering liquid components in the all-liquid bone cement system of this invention depend in part on the composition, number, and volume of such components. For example, if two solutions are made with equal portions of the amine containing solution and the BPO containing solution (with each solution containing PMMA dissolved in MMA), they each can subsequently be placed into cartridges similar to those used for two component epoxy glues. At the end of each cartridge is a hole through which the solutions can be dispensed. If both cartridges are inserted into a dispensing gun and to the end of each cartridge is attached a static mixing nozzle, then the two components can be dispensed into the static mixing nozzle to be mixed and dispensed simultaneously. In the static mixing nozzle, the two components travel through a tube which has fins or protruding vanes which divert each component into the path of the other, substantially mixing the two together. If the nozzle is long enough, by the time the material exits the end of the nozzle, it is thoroughly mixed and ready for delivery to the site.
In another example, the two components, one containing the amine and the other containing the BPO (both containing PMMA dissolved in MMA) can be placed into a mixing system in which one component is in a smaller proportion to the other. The essential feature of this type of mix is that the quanities of amine and BPO are determined by the total quantity of monomer present in both solutions. Thus, if the smaller volume solution contains the amine, the quantity of amine is determined by the total amount of monomer present in both solutions. The mixing system used in this case would be one in which the compartment sizes for each mixture would be different, but that there would be no air present after the solutions were in place. Also, it should be the case that after the two components are introduced to each other, the two can be mixed by an internal impeller inside the chamber without the introduction of air or induction of porosity. Then, after a period of mixing inside the chamber, an exit port is opened to allow the mixed solutions to be dispensed through a tube and delivered to the site. An example of a mixing system of this type was one made by Semco, Inc., Los Angeles, Calif., and is commercially available.
More than two solutions could be combined during mixing to result in essentially the same final set polymer. For example, one solution may be provided in which there is only MMA, PMMA, a small amount of HQ, and BaSO4. This solution may be, by far, the largest volume component to be mixed. Two other solutions could then be introduced and mixed with this first solution. The latter two solutions could contain, for example, MMA, BPO and HQ in one, and amine alone in the other. (BPO, normally a solid available in powder form, would be pre-dissolved in the MMA.) It may be noted that the level of HQ in the component containing BPO dissolved in MMA could be increased significantly to inhibit spontaneous polymerization in that component without raising overall level of HQ in the entire system. That is, the amount of HQ needed in the first solution could be correspondingly reduced because of the lack of initiator or activator in the first solution.
The two latter components would then be introduced to the larger first component and thoroughly mixed with it for a period of a few minutes prior to dispensing and delivery to the site.
Another example, similar to the above, would have the BPO in MMA but also the amine in MMA as well. In that case, there would be three solutions, the first containing PMMA, MMA, BaSO4 and HQ, the second containing MMA, BPO and HQ, and the third containing MMA, amine and HQ.
Other variations of three component systems are believed operative. For example, BaSO4 and MMA only may be present in one liquid component, PMMA, MMA and amine in a second component, and PMMA, MMA and BPO in a third component. Again, if the amount of BPO and amine are set for the entire volume of MMA, such a three-component system should operate effectively.
In the above description concerning mixing and delivery, it is to be understood that the cartridges used for such operations may or may not be the same. Mixing cartridges are those where the two or more components are mixed together, and a delivery cartridge is one where the cement mixture is delivered to the site. In some cases they are the same (e.g., the static mixing system, or the aforementioned Semco mixing system). In some cases they are different (e.g., a static mixing cartridge or nozzle to mix the cement which is then transferred to a second (delivery) cartridge or syringe for subsequent application to the site).
While in the foregoing we have disclosed embodiments of this invention in considerable detail, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that many of these details may be varied without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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|Syracuse University
|Multi-solution bone cements and methods of making the same
|Feb 22, 2006
|Apr 9, 2013
|Depuy Spine, Inc.
|Methods, materials, and apparatus for treating bone and other tissue
|Feb 27, 2009
|Jul 16, 2013
|Dfine, Inc.
|Bone treatment systems and methods
|Apr 23, 2010
|Sep 17, 2013
|Teknimed Sas
|Two-component system for bone cement
|Jun 16, 2009
|Sep 24, 2013
|DePuy Synthes Products, LLC
|Methods, materials and apparatus for treating bone and other tissue
|Jun 30, 2011
|Oct 1, 2013
|DePuy Synthes Products, LLC
|Bone cement system for bone augmentation
|Jul 17, 2007
|Nov 5, 2013
|Syracuse University
|Multi-solution bone cements and methods of making the same
|Sep 22, 2004
|Nov 12, 2013
|DePuy Synthes Products, LLC.
|Device for delivering viscous material
|Jul 6, 2007
|Apr 1, 2014
|Surmodics, Inc.
|Beaded wound spacer device
|Sep 23, 2011
|Apr 15, 2014
|Surmodics, Inc.
|Coating composition
|Mar 11, 2013
|Aug 19, 2014
|DePuy Synthes Products, LLC
|Methods, materials and apparatus for treating bone and other tissue
|Apr 20, 2012
|Sep 9, 2014
|Osseon Llc
|Steerable vertebroplasty system with cavity creation element
|Mar 27, 2008
|Sep 9, 2014
|Innotere Gmbh
|Implant material based on a polymer system and the use thereof
|Aug 29, 2013
|Sep 9, 2014
|DePuy Synthes Products, LLC
|Bone cement system for bone augmentation
|Oct 18, 2007
|Feb 10, 2015
|DePuy Synthes Products, LLC
|Fluid delivery system
|Aug 27, 2013
|Feb 17, 2015
|DePuy Synthes Products, LLC
|Methods, materials and apparatus for treating bone and other tissue
|Nov 27, 2013
|Mar 31, 2015
|DePuy Synthes Products, LLC
|Hydraulic device for the injection of bone cement in percutaneous vertebroplasty
|Feb 17, 2009
|Jul 7, 2015
|Syracuse University
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|Sep 8, 2015
|Dr. H.C. Robert Mathys Stiftung
|Bone repair material
|Oct 16, 2013
|Oct 13, 2015
|Surmodics, Inc.
|Wound packing device and methods
|Feb 5, 2015
|Nov 17, 2015
|DePuy Synthes Products, Inc.
|Hydraulic device for the injection of bone cement in percutaneous vertebroplasty
|Jun 19, 2013
|Dec 22, 2015
|Dfine, Inc.
|Bone treatment systems and methods
|Aug 10, 2012
|Feb 16, 2016
|DePuy Synthes Products, Inc.
|Mixing apparatus having central and planetary mixing elements
|Sep 28, 2006
|Jul 5, 2016
|DePuy Synthes Products, Inc.
|Marked tools
|Aug 28, 2008
|Aug 30, 2016
|Etex Corporation
|Bone cement mixing and delivery system and methods of use thereof
|Jul 11, 2002
|Feb 13, 2003
|Neil Watkins
|Vertebroplasty bone cement
|Nov 20, 2002
|Apr 24, 2003
|Preissman Howard E.
|High pressure applicator
|Dec 18, 2003
|Jul 1, 2004
|Frank Schilke
|Bone cement having improved mechanical properties, and process for the preparation thereof
|Aug 9, 2004
|Jan 13, 2005
|Vasanth Prabhu
|Sterile polymerizable systems and kits and methods of their manufacture and use
|Nov 25, 2003
|May 26, 2005
|Arramon Yves P.
|Remotely actuated system for bone cement delivery
|Jan 14, 2005
|Aug 4, 2005
|Loctite (R&D) Ltd.
|Rapidly curing formulations including a conductive component
|Jun 21, 2004
|Nov 17, 2005
|Ceravic Sas
|Polymer cement for percutaneous vertebroplasty
|Aug 15, 2005
|Mar 23, 2006
|Arthrocare Corporation
|Bone access system
|Jan 21, 2005
|Jul 27, 2006
|Arthrocare Corporation
|Multi-chamber integrated mixing and delivery system
|Apr 5, 2004
|Nov 30, 2006
|Ta Contrast Ab
|Bone cement compositions
|Nov 22, 2005
|May 24, 2007
|Hooper David M
|Facet joint implant and procedure
|Jul 17, 2007
|Feb 14, 2008
|Syracuse University
|Multi-Solution Bone Cements and Methods of Making the Same
|Jun 4, 2007
|Feb 21, 2008
|Claudine Lavergne
|Polymer cement for percutaneous vertebroplasty and methods of using and making same
|Jul 6, 2007
|Aug 7, 2008
|Kloke Tim M
|Beaded Wound Spacer Device
|Feb 1, 2008
|Aug 7, 2008
|Robert Luzzi
|Bone treatment systems and methods
|Apr 26, 2007
|Oct 30, 2008
|Abhijeet Joshi
|Injectable copolymer hydrogel useful for repairing vertebral compression fractures
|Apr 26, 2007
|Oct 30, 2008
|Abhijeet Joshi
|Implantable device and methods for repairing articulating joints for using the same
|Sep 5, 2008
|Dec 25, 2008
|Vita Special Purpose Corporation
|Sterile Polymerizable Systems And Kits And Methods Of Their Manufacture And Use
|Jan 6, 2009
|Aug 13, 2009
|Keough Steven J
|Medical device with coating composition
|Nov 15, 2005
|Sep 3, 2009
|Dr. H.C. Robert Mathys Stiftung
|Bone repair material
|Feb 17, 2009
|Sep 24, 2009
|Syracuse University
|Multi-solution bone cements and methods of making the same
|Feb 27, 2009
|Oct 1, 2009
|Dfine, Inc.
|Bone treatment systems and methods
|May 29, 2008
|Dec 3, 2009
|Abhijeet Joshi
|Interspinous dynamic stabilization system with anisotropic hydrogels
|Feb 27, 2009
|Jan 21, 2010
|Dfine, Inc.
|Bone treatment systems and methods
|Sep 9, 2010
|Vasanth Prabhu
|Sterile Polymerizable Systems And Kits And Methods Of Their Manufacture And Use
|Sep 16, 2010
|Bingyun Li
|Method of surface coating devices to incorporate bioactive molecules
|Apr 21, 2010
|Oct 28, 2010
|Syracuse University
|Multi-solution bone cements and methods of making the same
|Mar 27, 2008
|Mar 3, 2011
|Innotere Gmbh
|Implant Material Based On A Polymer System And The Use Thereof
|Jun 13, 2009
|May 12, 2011
|Heraeus Medical Gmbh
|Pmma paste
|Aug 28, 2008
|May 12, 2011
|Robert Palazzolo
|Bone cement mixing and delivery system and methods of use thereof
|Jun 23, 2011
|Andreas Boger
|Bone cement containing bone marrow
|Sep 29, 2011
|Alain Leonard
|Two-component system for bone cement
|Mar 21, 2013
|Dec 10, 2014
|Hardenable two-part acrylic composition
|Mar 25, 2015
|Oct 21, 2015
|Heraeus Medical GmbH
|Polymethyl methacrylate bone cement
|Apr 5, 2004
|Oct 14, 2004
|Ta Contrast Ab
|Bone cement compositions
|Apr 5, 2004
|Feb 17, 2005
|Ta Contrast Ab
|Bone cement compositions
|Jun 13, 2009
|Jan 7, 2010
|Heraeus Medical Gmbh
|Pmma paste
|Jun 13, 2009
|Sep 30, 2010
|Heraeus Medical Gmbh
|Pmma paste
|Mar 4, 2011
|Sep 9, 2011
|Synthes Usa, Llc
|Bone cement system for bone augmentation
|U.S. Classification
|523/115, 522/902, 606/92, 523/116, 522/47, 523/117, 524/533, 524/358
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 17, 1997
Owner name: NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, ILLINOIS
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text:
I don't know why, but right after this I started breaking shit around the house. It first happened when Sarah decided she was going to go to Charleston one day. This always rubbed me the wrong way because she was always going to Charleston and never inviting me. That day she took off and I was left alone.
3 hours passed.
4 hours passed.
5 hours passed.
I called her pissed off.
She said, "Hey bubbie. Watcha doing?"
I said real gruff, "Wondering when in the hell you're going to get back here? I'm getting hungry."
Sarah said, "Why don't you fix yourself something to eat?"
"What? I think I need to send you to wife school. If you went to wife school you wouldn't even think about saying something like that."
This started us going back and forth at each other until Sarah hung up.
This flash of anger went through me. I saw this chair sitting in front of me. I thought, "I'm gonna pick up that chair and bust the shit out of it."
I picked up the chair and I held it high and bashed it against the floor, but instead of the chair just bouncing against the floor—it broke into two pieces.
"Ah shit," I thought, "they don't make furniture like they used to." I decided to hold it high and slam it again. It was already broken. I smashed it again and broke it into three pieces. I picked it up and threw it in the trash.
I thought, "Uh oh. I bet I'm going to be in trouble with Sarah."
A chapter from McClanahan's new book, Hill William, a collection of stories centered in West Virginia and described as a "Homeric hymn to adventure, to the human comedy's upsets and small downfalls, [that] revels in its whispers of victory."

subset: commoncrawl


text:
What It's Like To Intern With SA
Posted by Snowboard Addiction on
Check out what it's like to Internship with Snowboard Addiction for a winter. According to Jake Adams, it ain't so bad.Read more →
How To 360 Nose Roll
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You've watched the rest of the Buttering Like a Boss series, so let us teach you a big boss dawg buttering trick, the 360 Nose Roll.Read more →
The Brand New Jib Training Board
Posted by Snowboard Addiction on
Jib like the pros with our newest addition to the product line; the Jib Training Board.Read more →
How To Front Blunt 270 Out
Posted by Snowboard Addiction on
Blunts of all kinds are dope, especially the Front Blunt 270 Out! Learn how to do this trick in butters and on features in the park!Read more →
How To Remove Wax From Your Snowboard
Posted by Snowboard Addiction on
You've waxed your snowboard and you're about to hit the hill, but hold your horses! You still have one more step. Learn how to get that excess wax off the base of your snowboard.Read more →


text:
El Gran Concierto DVD
El Gran Concierto Combo
The Allergy Solution Ultimate Healing Combo
Stronger Bones, Longer Life
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KPBS Glass Mug
A 13oz glass mug with the KPBS logo
New KPBS Chico Bag
KPBS Chico bag, "Original" chico bag in red with white logo
Suze Orman's Financial Solutions For You DVD
Suze Orman's popular program DVD
New KPBS Chico Bag + KPBS Mug
Combo: KPBS Clear glass 13oz mug; KPBS ChicoBag
KPBS Power Pack Pair (2)
These pocket-sized portable KPBS Power Packs are perfect for charging on the go
Downton Abbey - The Complete Collection Blu-Ray Set
Bluray set: Downton Abbey: the Complete Collection
Downton Abbey - The Complete Collection DVD Set
DVD set: Downton Abbey: the Complete Collection
Suze Orman's Financial Solutions For You Combo
Includes a program DVD, "The Do's and Don'ts Of Money" book, a 9-DVD set, and an Online Course and CD-ROM
Downton Abbey - The Complete Limited Edition Collector's Set
DVD Collector's Set: Downton Abbey: The Complete Limited Collector's Edition(includes: Downton Abbey pull bell, 6 coasters, Supercuts, Favorite Scenes, Great Houses, Manners I and II)
5 Good Traveler Carbon Offset Tags
Credits to offset your carbon footprint
Brain Maker with David Perlmutter DVD
Brain Maker program DVD.
Wild Kratts: Predator Power
Wild Kratts: Predator Power DVD. DVD also includes downloadable PDFs of instructional activity sheets.
10 Reasons You Feel Old and Get Fat with Frank Lipman, MD - DVD
Program DVD with Bonus Q&A
Ed Slott's Retirement Roadmap DVD 2016
Program DVD with bonus lecture
Patient's Playbook DVD
Patient's Playbook with Leslie Michelson DVD
Daniel Tiger: Ready-to-Read Pack
Daniel Tiger: Ready-to-Read Pack: Ready-to-Read pack includes six stories about all of Daniel's adventures from the Neighborhood
Fresh Air Ceramic Mug
Fresh Air multi-color on two-tone 15oz ceramic mug. Black Matte exterior with blue gloss interior
On the Psychiatrist's Couch Combo
This Combo includes: the "Change Your Brain, Change Your Life" Book, and the "On the Psychiatrist's Couch" DVD
Washington Week Mug
Washington Week Mug
Patient's Playbook DVD and Book
The Patient's Playbook by Leslie Michelson Hardcover Book and
The Patient's Playbook DVD with Bonus Q & A
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Affordable Digital Solution With Amazing Result
Thank you for visiting our website. We are glad to introduce ourselves. Pride is trusted and award-winning digital media company. we are offering affordable Web Development services, Ecommerce Websites, Logo Designing, Social Media Management, Online Marketing Solutions and many more. We specialize in working with businesses throughout worldwide. Currently we are serving our services in 30+ countries. We trusted by leading brands and over 350 established businesses. We are India's go to digital media company.
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Top Definition
Like shock or awe, it can be used in many contexts. Mainly used by Yorkshiremen and oter suck pricks <(^_^)>
Eeee by gum she dont 'alf look fine in those panty's
by Syanide July 07, 2003
Trending Now
Can you define these popular missing words?
the method of injecting ecstasty in the mouth
'e' by gum - gettit. um me neither...
by f August 13, 2003


text:
Our Terms of Use (click here to view) have changed. By continuing to use this site, you are agreeing to our new Terms of Use.
Describes the structure and properties of waxes and gives some examples of these compounds.
Shows how a beekeeper can harvest and process the natural wax made by bees. This wax can make an assortment of products.
Learn about the chemical structures, properties, and sources of waxes.


text:
Hard To Pin Down
- Saheer Umar
- Tokion
- November 08, 2006
We don't just mean stylistically, since she heavily borrows from golden-era free jazz, floats on a cloud of dusted hip hop and possesses a voice that penetrates the deepest of souls. We mean that she is literally difficult to get a hold of. It took us weeks of postering to get her on the phone. Once we finally chatted, we learned it's tough to be a 22-year-old singer fighting to save the world from self-destructing and turn dark hearts to the light.
Your album opens with 'New Orleans,' and the first word you utter is, 'murderer.' What was your intent? I'm one of the type of people that thinks it's important to get all of your feelings out in whatever creative form you do, no matter what. Because that means you're standing for peace, regardless.
Your sound, especially with that track, is obviously rooted in spiritual free jazz of the '60s, when there was a lot of political unrest. That's a very inspiring thing to hear. That means maybe I might be on the right track. But for me, I don't see no time, as far as that situation goes. It's about right and wrong, you know? When you're talking about human rights, it's still just a question of the issues. That's why it's more timeless.
What was it that attracted you to the hip hop sound? Some days I do wish I could be organized enough to say, 'I'm going to be a jazz balladeer for the rest of my life.' We're not all here to be just a hip hop trend. Brand Nubian wasn't hoping to be a trend...
I don't mind whatever time period they place upon us. I just know that we're here to bring the funk. And it's really awake, and it's African greatness to all humanity. It belongs to all humanity, because it is all humanity. That's what I know about it. This is my heart that was built to transmit like this: I just want everybody to do their own thing and hopefully everybody frees up a little bit and won't worry about being cool all of the time...
Newsfeed October 1, 2016
+ Aesop Rock & Homeboy Sandman – LICE TWO: STILL BUGGIN' Free stream/download, 5-track EP
+ Mild High Club – Kokopelli Video animated and directed by Pierce McGarry
+ Homeboy Sandman – "Bus (a Rhyme)" new video & track produced by Onra
+ Devonwho – CRUISE CONTROL Zackey Force Funk and I, Ced join Devonwho on a track from his forthcoming album on Leaving Records
+ NxWorries – Anderson.Paak & Knxwledge – to release YES LAWD! on October 21 Listen to the single "Lyk Dis"
+ Stones Throw Superfest - November 5
+ Mndsgn – Wherever U R
+ I need a shirt freak. Egyptian Lover designed T-shirts for your freaky self
+ Fab 5 Freddy with Vex Ruffin on "The Balance"
+ Surface to Air Missive – A V Second album coming in November on Leaving Records.
+ Mndsgn – "Use Ya Mnd (Twentyfourseven)"
+ Stones Throw Records: THE POSTER
+ In the dungeon: Deantoni Parks
+ Now on vinyl: Swarvy – Elderberry – Leaving Records
+ Australia & New Zealand Tour: PB Wolf, Egyptian Lover, J Rocc, Mndsgn
+ Mild High Club – Skiptracing
+ Stones Throw Podcast 97: Eric Andre & Peanut Butter Wolf
+ Stones Throw Podcast 96: A Mix by Jimi Hey
+ The name is EOLA, the album is DANG. Leaving Records
+ VHVL's album Evn on Leaving Records
News Archive


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Most Liked Positive Review
Great Cook Top
Very satisfied with this cook-top..Dark/Jet Black in color which goes perferct with my multicolor black granite countertop..I have a stainless steel double oven so I wanted to match the black countertops...Read complete review
Very satisfied with this cook-top..Dark/Jet Black in color which goes perferct with my multicolor black granite countertop..I have a stainless steel double oven so I wanted to match the black countertops instead which works out perfect..Many cook-tops that I looked at were a light black/gray but this is true jet black. I choose not to have the stainless rim around the edge I wanted a solid black. Overall it is a great product. just to add this information..ABT is the only store I will buy from they have great service when you need it..
Most Liked Negative Review
So So
When I bought the Profile, the off light quickly went out. Had to have it repaired which took two trips by GE. While the knobs are easy to use, they're more difficult to...Read complete review
When I bought the Profile, the off light quickly went out. Had to have it repaired which took two trips by GE. While the knobs are easy to use, they're more difficult to clean around than the electronic controls. I've had other issues with my GE refrigerator, so obviously my opinion of GE has gone down substantially.
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Beautiful Clean Look, heats rapidly
By melorigan
from St. Petersburg, Florida, United States
Comments about GE Profile 36" Built-In CleanDesign Electric Stainless Steel Cooktop:
The stove-top went installed easily once I lined someone up who could make small adjustments on the existing hole to drop it in. Beautiful stove top, clean lines, heats up very very fast. Excited about many years of great cooking ahead.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
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Comment on this review
None Better!
By rdeltd
from Chapin, SC
perfect addition to a remodeled kitchen in our home
Love the sleek look.
By Mima1
from Sorrento, FL, United States
The sleekness looks great on the granite counters. Love the stainless steel buttons and trim.
Great features
By nbmomof2
from New Braunfels, TX, United States
Has lock knob to lock cooktop from little wondering fingers. 5 burners and tons of extras. I need to study it more to figure out what some of them even are. Heats up quickly.
enjoy using it
By ginang
from Duncanville, TX, United States
we are pleased with the purchase and think it is great value for the money.
So nice
By dawoo
from Stafford, VA, United States
So nice to cook on and easy to clean. It has so many cooking options. and it makes my kitchen look high end.
By bbrn
from Florida
Thrilled with the product, I love the center burner feature.
Great just what I wanted
By R M house redo
from Missouri, United States
Special ordered, 36" cooktop with the features that I wanted it fit the design of the re modeled kitchen. The old appliances were similar yet these were an upgrade, excellent function and classic rich look
Fits the bill
By orrellas
from CT, United States
Was the right size, electric, stainless surround and on clearance too.
Great style
By King23
from Clarksville, TN, United States
I have all GE appliances in my new home and the stove top is very modern and sleek. My only issue is after use of stove the cleaning of it sucks. I literally have to use a razor blade to scrape spillage that may have landed on the hot stove while cooking. Still nice concept but wish there was a better way of making stove easier to wipe clean after use.
Fill out the form below to request Better Price for this product.
your next order of $250 or more.


text:
A new conference, ArkLaTex Interdisciplinary Cell Conference or ArkLaTex ICC for short, is being held here at LSUS on Saturday November 5th, 2016 from 9:00 AM until 4:00 PM.
Students across all STEM disciplines will have the opportunity to apply their research and discoveries towards cell biology. The topic will focus on using interdisciplinary approaches to solving today's cell and molecular biology questions, ranging from bioinformatics to biochemistry. The primary goals of the 2016 ArkLaTex ICC will include practicing collaboration techniques while optimizing poster and oral presentation skills. Combined with emphasizing the importance of a balanced hypothesis and controlled experiments the students and post-docs will leave the conference with a larger knowledge base to carry themselves to national level conferences, grant submissions, and article writing.
More information for The ArkLaTex Interdisciplinary Cell Conference
Nomination: 2 p.m. (Eastern Standard Time), November 18, 2016
Voice: 301-215-8511 or 800-448-4882, ext. 8511 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
More information for The Gilliam Fellowships for Advanced Study
September 14, 2016, LSU Life Sciences Auditorium Room 101 at 5pm-6pm, refreshments to follow.
Sponsored by the LSU College of Science, the Department of Biological Sciences, the Center for Computation & Technology and the Louisiana Biomedical Research Network
— This is one of several Computational Biology seminars held in the Spring and Fall for Undergraduate students (open to all). For more information on this seminar series go to:
RFAs (click on title to download proposal information)
The purpose of these programs is to to solicit new start-up and shared instrumentation funds as well as for new pilot and full projects for the proposed grant period as well as provide an additional opportunity for junior and senior LBRN PUI faculty to engage in clinical and translational research. The selection and distribution of these projects by the Steering Committee will be based on the quality of the proposals and the needs of the INBRE program. Proposed projects should be consistent with the program's focal research areas.
The Online Form is available for the Letters of Intent to be submitted. We're using an online submission system instead of emailing completed proposals.
The Summer Undergraduate Research Forum (SURF), will be held Friday, July 29st, 2016 from 1:00pm – 4:00pm in LSU's Union's Cotillion Ballroom. SURF speakers will be from 10:00am - 11:30am in LSU's Union's Theater. All Welcome.
The 23rd Annual Summer Undergraduate Research Forum (SURF) where undergraduate students from across the LSU campus present their summer research projects. SURF includes students from research programs such as LSU/BRCC Bridges to the Baccalaureate Program (Bridges), CCT REU, CHE REU, CIMM REU, IRIS REU, IMSD, HHMI, LBRN, NOYCE, Office of Strategic Initiatives REU (OSI REU), Physics & Astronomy REU, SURE and other REU's as well as individual student researchers in various laboratories across LSU. The students will be on hand to discuss their work, which ranges widely across a variety of scientific fields - chemistry, biology, chemical engineering, math, computer science, biochemistry and physics will be represented. Students come from LSU, colleges from all across the state, and universities all across the country.
Please come and ask the participants about their summer research!
Summer Undergraduate Research Forum Information
note: Deadline for SURF Registration: Friday, July 15, 2016
On Wednesday, July 6-7, 2016 at LSU Digital Media Center Theatre
The Louisiana Biomedical Research Network is happy to announce the IBM (Delta) special training and workshop.
This event is presented by IBM as the follow-up interaction between IBM and the research community of DELTA, our newly built IBM Power8 system for Big Data research.
This two-day event is composed of the introduction of the overall IBM technology and DELTA to the general audience on Day 1, and more advanced technical training sessions on Day 2.
For more information:


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Six Senses Expands Portfolio
Monday February 4th, 2013 - 10:07AM
These are shortcuts to your favorite social networking and bookmark sites. Add this story to your Facebook page, del.icio.us, DiggIt, and many others!
NEW YORK—Six Senses Hotels Resorts Spas is expanding its portfolio, adding five new-build properties across five countries. All are scheduled for completion by 2016.
The new additions will include the brand's Western Hemisphere debut, with properties under development in St. Lucia, Dominican Republic and Colombia; its first presence in Bhutan, and the opening of Six Senses Qing Cheng Mountain, China at the end of 2013.
The expansion is in tandem with new leadership: Wolf Hengst is the new executive chairman and Neil Jacobs is CEO.
Bernhard Bohnenberger remains as president of Six Senses and Anna Bjurstam is the new VP/spa and wellness for the brand.
Six Senses Hotels Resorts Spas also will introduce a new website in early March.
Six Senses resorts and spas currently operate in Asia, the Middle East, the Americas and Europe.
Tags: • Hospitality • Ownership • Social Media • Brands •
For our special report, "A View from the C-Suite," we took the temperature, so to speak, of executives representing our broader readership to present the views from not only the brands, but from leaders who head owner, broker, lender and management firms. Our executive lineup in this issue includes Jim Merkel, CEO, Rockbridge; Teague Hunter, president, Hunter Hotel Advisors; Jon Wright, president/CEO, Access Point Financial; John Belden, president/CEO, Davidson Hotels & Resorts; and Keith Cline, president/CEO, La Quinta Holdings Inc.
Meliá Hotels Signs Meliá Ho Tram in Vietnam »
Morgans Hotel Group Shareholders Approve Acquisition by sbe
Luma Hotel Times Square Set For Fall Debut
First Hampton by Hilton Opens in Hawaii
Radisson RED to Debut in Minneapolis in November
Anbang to Complete Acquisition of Strategic Hotels & Resorts
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Chat with Bruce Levine
Welcome to ESPNChicago.com! Want to know what's happening with your favorite Chicago baseball team?
ESPNChicago.com's baseball beat reporter will be here to take your questions about the Chicago Cubs and Chicago White Sox.
Send your questions now and join the chat Tuesday at noon CT/1 p.m. ET!
Bruce Levine (1:03 PM)
Welcome to the Mike Quade era of managing and the home of the walking wounded White Sox. This is a huge week for the Sox by putting their home field back to the advantage it was last month. Welcome ...
Joe (Bloomingdale)
Is Manny comming to the White Sox?
Bruce Levine (1:05 PM)
Probably unlikely. Scoring runs hasn't really been the problem for the White sox of late. Their major concern right now is hoping the bullpen can get somebody out.
Matt J. (Dubuque, IA)
Who is the Cubs manager next year? Sandberg, Quade, or someone else (possibly Bob Brenly)?
Bruce Levine (1:07 PM)
Hendry is on record as saying there is no favorite at this point. You have to take him at his word. I think there will be at least 6-7 viable candidates that will pare down over the next couple months. The interview process started earlier this week and informal calls have already been made. But there is no clear-cut leader other than the fact that they have already stated Sandberg will get an interview.
Robert (Madison, WI)
With the Sox recent bullpen struggles (injuries playing a significant part) is there anyone who has cleared waivers that might help and not cost a kings ransom to get?
Bruce Levine (1:09 PM)
Yes and no. Nobody trades viable bullpen guys. Over the past two years if you document it, there has probably been only four or five primary setup men or closers traded. The White Sox kicked the tires on Toronto's Scott Downs on numerous occasions and were rebuffed by demands that seemed unrealistic to them.
Eric (Chicago)
Bruce, the Cubs in 2007 made the right choice for Piniella over Girardi to manage the Cubs, now Girardi's contract is up, I still don't think that Girardi is the right man for the job at Wrigley. I believe that Sandberg is the best option to lead a young Cubs team with soon to be expiring large contracts for the next few seasons. He has proved himself at every level. Thoughts?
Bruce Levine (1:11 PM)
Both would be viable candidates. Sandberg has taken a different route to the majors, spending four years in the minors. Girardi began managing the Marlins without any managerial experience and won the NL manager of the year award in his first season. My only advice to Cubs fans is to take your Cubs hats off and hope that Hendry chooses the most viable candidate regardless of his background as a former Cub. Sandberg may well be the best candidate but you need to go through the process first.
Jeff (Los Angeles)
Are they going to re-sign Konerko? It's hard to imagine him in a different uniform. They're going to have an interesting off season.
Bruce Levine (1:13 PM)
During spring training Konerko told me he might want to play one or two more years depending on how he plays this season. Konerko is the type of guy that wouldn't mind signing a year contract with an option. As you can see, being a free agent hasn't bothered Konerko. He's had two of his very best years in 2005 and 2010 when he was a would-be free agent. You can't say the same thing for all the White Sox free agent candidates.
Nick (Denver)
Hi Bruce, how do you think the future will hold up for Carlos Zambrano?
Bruce Levine (1:16 PM)
He's got to get by some command issues. In two of his last three starts he walked six and seven batters. With that said, he looks like he's becoming a pitcher understanding to use all four pitches effectively. I don't think he has to throw 95 mph to be a winner again. The most important thing he has to do is maintain a very good physical condition. The unreported story about his time away from the team is that he lost a lot of weight and conditioned himself everyday. He needs to keep up a good in-season maintenance program.
Ray (Chicago)
Hi Bruce:Will the Cubs sign Ted Lilly going into 2011?Thanks. Go Cubs.
Bruce Levine (1:18 PM)
Highly doubtful. Lilly, at age 36, will demand between $10-$12 million a year and also will want to go somewhere he knows he will have a good chance of winning. I'm not sure the Cubs are the answer. I can tell you he loved his Chicago experience and would come back if he was convinced the team would be competitive next year. But if the Yankees come calling that would be hard to resist. Andy Pettite's career may be just about over.
Ray (Chicago)
Hi Bruce:Do you like Adam Dunn for the Cubs in 2011? Thanks.
Bruce Levine (1:21 PM)
I started to speculate about Dunn a month ago because he brings a potent left-handed bat, something the Cubs have been missing for a long while. The key would be whether the Cubs could get him to sign a relatively short-term deal. Dunn is a lumbering 31-year-old position player with little athleticism. He's a defensive liability at first base. But the 40-home run, 100-RBI potential cannot be underscored. I know Hendry loves Dunn's makeup. I'm sure that he will be on the list of free-agent possibilities.
Scott (Downers Grove)
Bruce, do you believe the Cubs will hire a "baseball guy" ala Sandy Alderson to be the team president? Crane Kenny seems better suited to run the business side of things and should not have any input on the baseball side in my opinion.
Bruce Levine (1:23 PM)
That type of information is only known by the Ricketts family at this point. I think Tom Ricketts is being smart in taking his time to evaluate the people who work for him. When you own the Cubs, patience should be one of your virtues. I wouldn't be surprised if he hired a baseball consultant but there are only a few really great ones out there. If you can hire a John Schuerholz or Pat Gillick that would be a positive for the Cubs. Hendry himself probably would applaud a baseball president like that.
PA (Chicago)
I'm not really up on my minor league prospects, did the Cubs get any studs in the D.Lee deal?
Bruce Levine (1:24 PM)
They got three minor-league pitchers. One of them they feel can be projected as a middle-of-the-rotation starter. The other two are marginal prospects.
Mike (Chicago)
It has been a long time since we heard anything about the renovations for Wrigley and the new spring training sites, how are those two things coming along?
Bruce Levine (1:26 PM)
I believe we will have some information soon. Ballpark renovations will most likely begin in the offseason. A spring training site near their home in Mesa is the front runner for the area to be developed for the Cubs new spring home.
Dennis (Chicago)
If you had to guess, what is going to happen to Konerko, Pierzynski, and Jenks in the off season? Do they go young and have Morel, Flowers and Viciedo play at the corners and if so, where do we find some left handed production in the lineup?
Bruce Levine (1:28 PM)
They could. I think a lot still depends on how the White Sox finish. If those vets help them get deep into the playoffs there may be a greater affinity by management to keep that group together. Jenks will be entering his final year of salary arbitration before becoming a free agent. The White Sox might want to do their best to trade him in the offseason. But the bullpen looks vulnerable at this point and Jenks continues to be a solid performer over a five-year period.
Dave (Chicago)
Do you know what the Cubs front office feelings are regarding Josh Vitters?I know he is still young but he doesn't seem to be developing like one would hope a 1st rounder would. Some of that could be due to injuries, but doesn't he need to start showing some progress next season.
Bruce Levine (1:30 PM)
I haven't heard much about Vitters lately. I know he had a hip problem that limited his season. There are some questions in the organizations about his overall makeup. The scouts that I talk to still feel he is a major-league hitting prospect.
Bill (Chicago)
So all this Colvin going to play first base was a smoke screen by the Cubs? Was it just an excuse to sit him most of the past week?
Bruce Levine (1:31 PM)
I think you will see him a little bit over there. But they need to be cautious with his development. I believe the proper place for him to lear first base is the Arizona Instructional League in November.
Travis Selleck (Cincinnati, OH)
Why not go after Adrian Gonzalez? Adam Dunn would just fit the bill of another "home run or strikeout" player that this team doesn't need, who plays horrendous defense? They could either attempt a trade this winter with S.D. or sign a stop-gap 1st baseman for next year and go after Gonzalez the following winter.
Bruce Levine (1:34 PM)
Gonzalez has one year left on his contract before he becomes a free agent. With the Padres headed to the playoffs I doubt they would trade their top run producer. Trading for Gonzalez would put you in the position of having to sign him beyond 2011. He is an oustanding first baseman.
Phil (Chicago )
I may be in the minority, but I hope that the Cubs don't hire Sandberg as the next manager. However if they do, it would seem that the whole interview process was a farce since Sandberg would have less managerial experience that anyone they hire, including Mike Quade.
Bruce Levine (1:38 PM)
Just remember Bob Brenly took over Arizona in 2001 and managed without prior experience and won a World Series. And Joe Girardi has never had any minor-league managerial experience.
SteveFitz (Chicago, IL)
If the Cubs are going to attempt to get a somewhat young, face of the franchise type player in the offseason they're going to have to start with a package that includes Carlos Marmol. I'd be ok with that. This team, does not have one face that goes with this franchise at the moment.
Bruce Levine (1:39 PM)
I wouldn't agree with that. I think Castro and Dempster fit that mold. I wouldn't be opposed to trading Marmol. The Yankees are going to need a closer. Rivera's career is just about over. How about Marmol for Gardner and Joba?
Derek (Country Club Hills)
Bruce please tell me vicideo isn't going to replace paulie for the south siders next year... i know he started out good but vicideo struggled down the end of his run before being sent down and he hasnt prooven to come through with the clutch hits like konerko has!
Bruce Levine (1:40 PM)
Keep in mind this team is always going to need a DH. So there's no reason why Viciedo and Konerko can't flip flop in that position. If Viciedo looks like he's going to hit, third base is definitely not the future for him.
Goose (Chicago)
Why do the Cubs continue to bat Geovany Soto in the 7th or 8th hole?
Bruce Levine (1:41 PM)
He has no speed, so you can't bat him up high. He hasn't had a lot of RBIs this season, so somewhere around 6 is the proper spot.
Steve (Chicago )
I get the feeling that we may see Steve Stone in some sort of consultant capacity with the Cubs. I am off base in that thought?
Bruce Levine (1:42 PM)
If Steve wants to consult about broadcasting, there's absolutely no one more qualified. As far as what he can offer a team with his baseball knowledge adn running a franchise, I'm not quite sure. I have the highest admiration for Steve and his baseball accumen, but running a team is a different subject.
John (Chicago)
Other than first base, do you think there will be any other position change on the 2011 Cubs?
Bruce Levine (1:44 PM)
You're most likely going to have a new 2b, new RF, absolutely a new 1B, and probably at least one rotation spot and 2-3 relief spots that have to be upgraded for this team to be competitive.
Tom (DT)
Do you think Rothschild will be back next year? If not will Greg Madux be a candidate for the Cubs pitching coach position?
Bruce Levine (1:44 PM)
Don't know about Larry. A lot will depend on the manager. Maddux has no interest in being a pitching coach. At this point he's not interested in managing, either.
Tim (Northbrook)
Hi Bruce, where do you project Chris Sale next year?
Bruce Levine (1:45 PM)
He's a fun pitcher to watch. He obviously has no fear of major-league hitters. I would he continues his progress as a starting pitcher, but with age and attrition being a factor in the bullpen, they might be tempted to leave him there.
BK (Mpls)
Where are Dewitt and Colvin going?
Bruce Levine (1:47 PM)
DeWitt hasn't proved to anybody he's the starting 2b as of yet. Colvin can either be your 1b or RF, or your 4th outfielder. Nobody's quite sure yet.
Zack (Chicago)
Hey Bruce, i cant imagine the Cubs going into next season with a similar lineup. Are there any off season acquisitions, i as a Cub fan, can look forward too. Also, any young players that have a chance of coming up and making an impact next season.
Bruce Levine (1:49 PM)
CF Brett Jackson seems to be a year away. He's the only real impact player who is close. The Cubs are going to have to trade young people to get young people back. Right now they're going to watch to see how their young players are going to develop the last 35 games before deciding on who they would make available on trades and who has progressed enough to be projected on next year's roster.
Matt J. (Dubuque, IA)
What are the chances of the Cubs going out and getting either Adam Dunn, Lance Berkman, or Carlos Pena in the off-season to fill the team's hole at first base following the departure of D-Lee?
Bruce Levine (1:50 PM)
Berkman's not a free agent. He's under contract option to the Yankees, but there is a buyout. Among the names you mention, Dunn is your most likely guy they're intrested in.
Joe (Evergreen Park)
Bruuuuuce,I just wanted to know your opinion on the Cubs retiring Sosa's number from all the years you spent with him and the Cubs organization. He was one of the greatest Cubs of all time and the face of the Cubs and even all of baseball for years helping ressurect baseball post strike with the home run record chase of '98. As always keep up the great work.
Bruce Levine (1:52 PM)
Personally, whether Sosa did steroids or not, he should have his number retired. He brought more people into that ballpark than anybody over a 10-year period. He played every day and he played hard. So to me, you should honor a guy who meant that much to your team. That's just me. I don't think anyone is going to agree with that.
Adam (Chicago)
The Cubs, over the course of four years, took a likely HOF manager, broke him over their knee and cast him aside. How can any manager hope to be successful here?
Bruce Levine (1:53 PM)
Both Piniella and Dusty Baker won division titles in their first years with the Cubs. The players, not the manager, choked away a great opportunity to go to the World Series. Betters players it he ultimate answer to your question.
dean (chicago)
hey bruce, whcih positions will the white sox have to adress in the off-season? Which players will they most likely go after?
Bruce Levine (1:55 PM)
The White Sox have a good-looking, young third baseman named Brett Morel, who should be ready to compete for the third base job next year. Knowing Kenny, he'll be looking for some speed and to get a litlte younger. I'll give you a full list of free agent and trade possibilities over the next couple of weeks. They need a catcher, starting pitcher and a better bullpen.
Bill (Chicago)
Why should I Have any confidence in Hendry hiring the next manager?
Bruce Levine (1:57 PM)
Because the last two were the right hires at that time. Piniella certainly helped raise the bar by having 3 teams over .500 and two playoff teams. Baker was coming off a World Series appearance as manager of the Giants when he had the Cubs five outs away from their first World Series appearance since 1945. I think the four-year, $3 million is something the Cubs might stay away from. The so-called celebrity manager might be a think fo the past for the Cubs.
Tim (Arlington)
Hi Mr. Levine, would Dunn considered the Southside next year?
Bruce Levine (1:58 PM)
Dunn abhors the DH. The AL is his last choice. He wants to be a first baseman in the NL. Therefore the Cubs may be his best choice.
bob (minooka)
I think it is a no brainer to get Dunn, u dont need a good defensive first baseman, the way he can hit he would easily have the same nymbers or better hitting at wrigley, look at stats in wrigley, we also need a #1 or #2 starter since we dont have one on the team, I say pursue cliff lee and eat half of z's money and trade him away in the winter meetings
Bruce Levine (2:00 PM)
It would be easy to eat the money if it's you or I. But you haven't told me what you're going to get back for Zambrano. First base is the most undeerrated defensive position in baseball. You'll see a lot of balls getting trhough that didn't get by in the past as other players play the position instead of Derrek Lee, although Lee's range deteroriated this season.
Bruce Levine (2:02 PM)
This is a huge week for the White Sox. They have to defend their home field and cut that lead back down against the Twins, who are playing a tough series with the Rangers this week. The bullpen is something you need to watch. Thornton's forearm issue may be the key to the season. Cubs wise, look for Hendry to begin his pursuit of his next manager with extensive interviews over the next month. Keep reading my blog and my teammate's Doug Padilla's on ESPNChicago.com.
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All those in Christ have become co-heirs of the promises made to Abram whether they be slave or free, male or female, Jew or Gentile (Gal. 3:28). The old covenant Israelites failed to bear witness to this promise; but Jesus ...Read More
Before Abraham Was
Many people think that they are truly free when they can do whatever they want to do—even sin. Yet Scripture repeatedly tells us that true freedom is found in desiring and being able to do what is pleasing to God. ...Read More
Righteousness, Peace, and Joy
Dr. R.C. Sproul writes in his commentary Romans: "Life in the kingdom is about loving the things of God and loving those for whom Christ died. That is the recipe for mature Christian unity." When we keep in first ...Read More
Meekness and Mourning
Meekness rejects any thought of self-sufficiency. It is antithetical to our aggressive, dog-eat-dog world that teaches people never to be satisfied with what they have and therefore to pursue more and more "stuff," even if it means they lack the ...Read More


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wc3 bot download.zip - download 2015
Name: wc3 bot download.zip
Release: 2015
Type: WinZip
Total Downloads: 14196
License model: Shareware
Language: English
Last updated on: 02/02/2015 16:19:45
Supported OS: Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows XP
Keys:02/02/2015 16:19:45
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