text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Dec 10, 1974
|Filing date
|Apr 16, 1973
|Priority date
|Apr 16, 1973
|Also published as
|Publication number
|D Pinnow, Uitert L Van
|Original Assignee
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (22), Classifications (13)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
OR 3,853,384 ,13 c,
i y" i United Stan :2 5 84C 1111 3,853,384 Pinnow et al. [45] D 10, 1974 [5 OPTICAL TRANSMISSION LINE 31659.915 5/1972 Maurer et a1. 350/96 wo 3,737,293 6/1973 Maurer 350/96 WG UX [75] Invenmrs- 33" z 'g f fif 3,753,157 8/1973 Ash et al. 350/96 wo x e1g s; ran rar an Uitert, Morris Township, Morris County, both f NJ. Primary Ejaminer-gohn KCSorlbi: Arr 1, n i [73] Assignee: Bell Telephone Laboratories, omey gen or "m g Incorporated, Murray Hill, NJ.
221 Filed: Apr. 16, 1973 ABSTRACT [21] Appl. No.: 351,168 Optical transmission line suitable for transmitting electromagnetic radiation within the visible spectrum and adjoining portions of the infrared and ultraviolet spec- [52] 350/96 65/3 tra consists of an alumina-doped borosilicate core and [51] Int Cl G02) 5/14 clad by an undoped borosilicate. Intrinsic insertion 58] Fieid 350/96 WG loss is lowered relative to a similar structure using undoped silica as the core material. lnterfacial regions [56] References Cited between core and clad may be sharply defined or raded. UNITED STATES PATENTS g 3,647,406 3/1972 Fisher 350/96 WG X 16 Claims, 3 Drawing Figures TRANSMISSION BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The invention is concerned with glass transmission lines for use with a visible and near visible spectra.
2. Description of the Prior Art Recent technical literature reflects increasing activity and significant advances in optical communication systems. Much of the purported work in recent months concerns the transmission line medium which for years has lagged behind other elements, such as the oscillator, isolator, modulator, detector, etc.
Initial interest in optical communications took the form of the expected increased bandwidth attendant upon high carrier frequencies relative to the then developing microwave systems. More recently, interest has, to a large extent, centered on the space-saving attributed to recently developed small cross section lines. These lines, which may take the form of glass fiber, may be a cross section of the order of 100 micrometers or less for other single mode or multimode structures with expected bandwidth capacity comparable to coaxial microwave lines. By comparison, coaxial microwave lines of the same bandwidth capability may be of the order of l centimeter in diameter. Most likely, initial use will be in congested urban areas where underground duct space is at a premium.
While many compositions have been tested, the best developed at this time is silica or modified silica. One clad structure capable of multimode transmission with an insertion loss of the order of dB/km or less at bands in the infrared was recently announced. (R. D. Maurer (Corning Glass Works), Report at European Electro-Optics Markets and Technology Conference, Switzerland, September, 1972.) This structure utilizes a pure silica clad and a doped silica core. Doping of the core was required to increase the refractive index relative to the clad, so as to meet the usual design requirement of stepped or graded decrease in refractive index from core to clad of at least 0.1 percent.
A more recent advance took advantage of the unexpected finding that boron oxide and silicon oxide, while individually of approximately equal refractive index, evidenced lowered values of 0.1 percent or greater when mixed. This finding permitted structures utilizing pure silica cores with the required lowered index being produced in the clad by use of the mixed borosilicate composition. See U. S. Pat. No. 3,778,l32 issued Dec. 11, I973.
A related work conducted during the same period resulted in the development of a fundamental relationship between insertion loss and the various contributing loss contributions. (See D. A. Pinnow et al. Fundamental Optical Attenuation Limits in the Liquid and Glassy State with Application to Fiber Optical Waveguide Materials," Appl. Phys. Letters, Vol. 22, No. l0, page 527, May 15, 1973.) While this work was quite general and considered many contributions, two particularly significant relationships were reported. One of these identified a Rayleigh scattering contribution as due to the state of disorder of the transmission material at the formation temperature. Accordingly, it was found that the lower disorder corresponding with lower glass transition temperatures (or more generally solidification temperatures) resulted in a lowered scattering contribution from this mechanism. The lower molecular disorder associated with a lower glass transition temperature has also been determined to be desirable in reducing intrinsic optical absorption caused by disorder broadening of the exciton absorption bands. These bands are generally centered in the ultraviolet but they tail off throughout the visible portion of the spectrum and continue on out into the infrared. The magnitude of the absorption due to this mechanism in the red and near infrared where optical communications appear most promising is comparable to that of the intrinsic scattering loss. Generally, the lower the glass transition temperature the lower the intrinsic absorption will be. Another factor which influences the magnitude of this intrinsic absorption is the spectral position of the exciton bands. The greater the spectral displacement of these band centers from the optical communication band(s) the less they will influence absorption. Thus, the exciton bands should be centered as farout into the ultraviolet as possible. This is equivalent to saying the glass should have as large an energy gap as possible. It is fortunate that large energy gaps are generally associated with low refractive index (S. H. Wemple and M. DiDomenico, .Ir., Optical Dispersion and the Structure of Solids, Physical Review Letters, Vol. 23, pp. 1156-1160, Nov. 17, I969) since it has also been determined that intrinsic scattering loss varies as the eighth power of the refractive index.
While it has been known for some time that insertion loss due to scattering showed an increase with increasing refractive index, no previous writing suggested the relationship to be as pronounced. This fundamental work prompted inquiry into materials of lowered glass transition temperature and high energy gaps. There is also a very practical advantage associated with lower glass transition temperaturev This is due'to the relative ease in manufacturing. For example, it is noted that almost all commercial glass products have glass transition temperatures in the range of 400C. to 700C. simply because it is easier and thus cheaper to make such glasses. One immediate outgrowth was the serious consideration of low softening point, water soluble materials which had been largely ignored due to the need for protecting them from normal atmospheric humidity. See US. Pat. No. 3,722,981 issued Mar. 27, I973.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a section of a transmission line structure in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 2, on coordinates of index of refraction, r; (at 0.589um) versus the composition parameter SiO I- (Si0 -l- 3/2 B 0 is a plot of 1 versus composition line (4) as expected for fully annealed samples, line (5) as found for furnace cooled samples, and line (6) approximately as found for rapidly quenched samples such as drawn fibers; and
FIG. 3, on coordinates of increase in refractive index, A1; (at 0.589 p.) versus aluminum additions to borosilicate glasses, is a plot showing that A11 is proportional to the weight percent of aluminum present.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION intrinsic contributions to insertion loss in glass optical transmission lines have recently been identified. These mechanisms are all associated with the random structure of the glassy state and are summarized as follows:
I. Scattering Loss a. Density fluctuation associated with the random structure;
12. Random orientation of molecules which are not spherically symmetric;
c. Random molecular mixing of the components in a multicomponent glass.
11. Absorption Loss Due to microelectric fields associated with the random structure Phys. Rev. B, 594 (January 1972)) such microfields cause a broadening of the exciton absorption bands. Exciton bands generally center at ultraviolet frequencies. Loss for this mechanism continues to be of significance in the tail region at infrared frequencies.
Near intrinsic scattering and absorption losses in pure fused silica in the red and near infrared wavelengths have been measured. Levels are 5 dB/km at 0.7 pm, 3 dB/km at 0.8 pm, and 1.2 dB/km at 1.06 pm.
Core compositions in accordance with the invention result in low insertion loss due to a number of characteristics. Addition of boron oxide to silicon oxide results in a significant decrease in glass transition temperature T for example, the 3:1 Slo /B 0, composition has T, value of about 400C. as compared to l400C. for SiO alone. The value of T, is only slightly affected by the small alumina inclusion. This results in low scattering loss due to density fluctuations resulting from the frozen in disorder and also reduces the microelectric fields, thereby minimizing intrinsic absorption as discussed in 11. above.
The oscillator energy, E which is closely related to the energy gap in silica is large, about 13.4 ev. (See S. H. Wemple, Phys. Rev., Vol. B15, April 1973.) The gap is decreased only slightly by B 0 inclusion (a value of about 13.1 ev has been recently measured for the 3:1 composition). Alumina inclusion has only a small effect and tends to increase the gap slightly. As discussed, location of exciton absorption bands in the untraviolet results in relatively small absorption in the longer fre-' quencies generally contemplated for communication purposes.
lndex adjustment resulting from inclusion of additional components invariably increases scattering losses. A large part of the insertion loss in the prior art titania modified silica core was due to this factor. In that instance, loss was increased due to the large difference in refractive index (-2.7 for TiO, and -1.46 for SiO,). An inherent advantage of the B O /SiO system is the very close index matching of these two ingredients (1.4585 for SiO, and 1.4582 for 8,0,, at a wavelength of 0.589 pm). A1 0, with its index of -l.6 for that wavelength has only a small effect on this scattering contribution.
2. The Drawing FIG. 1 depicts a portion of an optical transmission line 1 constructed of a core section 2 of modified B,O,/Si0, (e.g., by use of A1,0, or other indexincreasing constitutents) and a guiding section as cladding 3 composed of B o -modified SiO,. Guiding section (cladding 3) may, as discussed, be a single layer of substantially uniform index or two or more layers with each successive layer being of lower index than that underlying so as to approximate a parabolic gradient of particular utility for multimode structures. Cladding 3 may itself, in the alternative, be of graded composition. Not shown is an exemplary means for introducing and- /or extracting wave energy into line 1. (In this instance) this means may consist of a section of closely matching index, and may constitute a coupling between line 1 and a transmitting or detecting means not shown. An additional layer not shown may be a shielding layer designed to avoid crosstalk between adjoining lines or other layer included, for example, for structural rigidity if of fabrication, etc. A suitable shielding may consist of any highly absorbent material which is absorbent of the wave energy being transmitted. Exemplary shielding materials for operation in the visible and nearvisible spectra are carbon impregnated polyethylene, vapor deposited chrome metallization, and black pigmented polyester resin or paint. While the form of data presented in FIG. 2 is fairly representative for the entire visible spectrum, as well as portions of the near infrared and near ultraviolet for which SiO, compositions are sufficiently transparent, the actual numbers are those for a refractive index 1; near 0.589 micrometers. Terminal values indicated are approximately 1.4585 for furnace cooled SiO and 1.45 82 for furnace cooled B 0 (curve 5). Mixtures of the two materials result in a lowering of 1; for furnace cooled materials over the entire range and reach a minimum of approximately 1.4545 at a value of SiOz/(SiO, 3/2 B 0 of 0.8. This corresponds with an SiO,:B O ratio of 6:1. Compositions in a range centering about this minimum, prepared as described in the Detailed Description, are substantially free of absorption attributable toH O or OH content. FIG. 3 illustrates the increase in index attendant upon alumina modification of a B O ISiO, mixture. As a first approximation, admixture of alumina with SiO- IB O glasses, as contemplated, results in an increase in index of approximately 10 for each 0.86 weight percent of included amount of A1 0 3. Composition Core and clad compositions both are basically B 0 modified fused silica. The useful range based'on the mole fraction SiOJB O is from 30:1 to 2:1 with a preferred range from 8:1 to 2.5:1. The highest silica ratio is prescribed by the desire to reduce the glass transition temperature by a significant amount and this limit corresponds with the decrease to 725C. The lower silica ratio limit is prescribed by the fact that low silica containing glasses tend to become attacked by water and moisture.
The general shape of the relevant refractive indexcomposition relationship-is unaffected by the amounts of index-increasing constituent added. Basically, clad compositions are so specified; although particularly where graded index structures are utilized, the clad may be considered as including regions with some alumina or other index-increasing constituent.
So the effect of one weight percent A1 0 addition is to increase the index by approximately 0.1 percent over the entire broad range of SiO /B O specified. Discussion in terms of index-increasing is in terms of alumina addition. While this is certainly the exemplary material, other materials may be substituted. The gen- ,eral requirement for the index-increasing additive is that it not substantially increase scattering loss due to concentration fluctuations when added to the borosilicate glass. It is further desirable. though not essential that the additive increase the energy gap. Al,0, has been found to be desirable on basis of both of these re- Na O, K 0, CaO, etc. should also be useful. These lat-- ter additives all decrease the energy gap somewhat so that A1 0 is definitely preferred.
The usual range of alumina doping is from about one weight percent to weight percent based on the entire composition; while the preferred range on the same basis is from two weight percent to 10 weight percent. The lower limit is necessary to produce the minimum useful index differential between core and clad. The upper limit comes about from fundamental considerations relating to insertion loss due to the excess scattering due to concentration fluctuations. While greater values of alumina may still be of benefit due to the decrease in density fluctuation scattering loss due to the low T, relative to SiO maximum benefit is obtained within the designated range.
The above ranges and other considerations are applicable both to structures utilizing step junctions between core and clad, as in the usual single mode line, and also to graded structures as are desirably utilized for multimode transmission.
OTHER INCLUSIONS The invention has been discussed in terms of the essential compositions. As noted, the lower index clad material is a boron oxide-silicon oxide glassy composition, while a higher index core is constructed of a mixture of the same two components, however, modified to increase the index by an appropriate amount and to optimize the match in thermal expansion. While theindex relationship may to a cetain extent be the result of appropriate choice of relative amounts of the majority constituents in the two functional portions of the line, increasing index in the core is largely the result of a third ingredient. In the exemplary case, this third ingredient is aluminum oxide Al O for the reasons noted. Alternative materials may be utilized in which case such materials should, for the reasons noted, have refraction coefficients which are within percent of the average for the unmodified core composition at the wavelength of concern. (For the wavelength range of general interest, the effective admixture is essentially linear so that the maximum index deviation noted may be considered a general value.) Examples of such alternative materials are Li O, Na O, K 0, and CaO. There is no objection to utilizing two or more indexincreasing materials, although compositional control is expedited by use of but one. As set forth above, many of the advantages of the inventive structure are directly related to the glass transition temperature which is lowered relative to other core materials such as, for example, in unmodified silica. Choice of an alternative index-increasing component may be dependent on the desire to stay within this prescribed T value and may also take into account other of the considerations noted-such as, bandgap, etc.
With respect to unintentional inclusions, requirements are based on the intended function of the structure. Therefore, inclusions in amount and kind that have a significant deleterious effect on transmissionquality (scattering or absorption) at the wavelength to be transmitted should be avoided. In terms of end result, since use of a structure of the invention may generally result in inherent improvement of the order of 0.5 dB/km or greater, impurity level must be kept sufficiently low so as not to result in a loss contribution of that magnitude. In general, good laboratory procedure for the preparation of optical glass elements results in a total transition metal ion impurity level on the order of less than 10 percent by weight based on the entire composition and such is adequate for purposes of the invention.
It is well known that a typical loss characteristic in the infrared is due to a harmonic of the fundamental OH absorption. In the near infrared, the third harmonic absorption centers about 0.95 pm wavelength as measured in vacuum. Assuming operation at a wavelength near 1.06 pm, OH level content of below 0.2 percent by weight is considered sufficient. A value of extinction coefficient of 20 cm at 2.8 pm corresponds with this level.
An advantage of the inventive system is closely matched thermal expansivity likely to be within 0.5 X'
l0 /C for core-clad compositions differing only by the inclusion of an index-increasing constituent in the core. In fact, by minor variations in the SiO :B O ratios in the core and cladding materials it is possible to produce exact matches in thermal expansivity. In practice the difference in expansivities may increase to a maximum of about 2 X lO /C for extreme compositions within the acceptable ranges indicated. Fabrication for mismatch of this magnitude is not considered a significant engineering problem. Another factor to be considered in the choice of core and cladding compositions is the difference between their respective glass transition temperatures. Experience in fabricating optical fibers from bulk glass preforms has shown that it is desirable for the outer cladding material to soften at the fiber drawing temperature no greater than the inner core. This is important in order to eliminate the tendency of the cladding to run" or flow away from the core. This means that it is desirable to adjust compositions in such a way that the glass transition temperature of the cladding is equal to or greater than the core transition temperature. if this is not done, fibers can still be produced by inserting both the core and the cladding into an outer glass jacket of sufficiently high transition temperature to restrict the flow of the cladding. Of course, it would be preferred not to have this complication.
4. Material Preparation Glassy material for use in core or clad may be prepared by any of several techniques. A conventional procedure for the preparation of optical quality silica glass is, for example, set forth in 5, Journal of Non- Crystalline Solids, 123-175, North-Holland Publishing Company (Nov. 1970).
A test procedure found acceptable for the preparation of bulk material involves milling the oxides together overnight in a plastic jar using plastic-coated spinners. Milled material was loaded into platinum crucibles and heated at a temperature of 1350C for several hours to bring about at least partial fusion. Fused materials were then again heated this time within'a range of l500 to 2,000C, depending on SiO, content, in an iridium crucible. Cooling to room temperature was conveniently achieved by turning off the power to the melt furnace. The efi'ective cooling rate was -50C/min. Test samples were then cut out of the solidified fused mass and were polished to suitable dimensions for preform fabrication or measurement.
5. Transmission Line Fabrication The preform assembly is supported in a fixture attached to a feed mechanism, for positioning in a source of heat sufficient to soften the glasses. Examples of heat sources include resistance furnaces, gas torches, noble gas plasmas, lasers and image focusing devices.
An alternative procedure of preform fabrication utilizes the general techniques described in D. B. Keck et al., U. S. Pat. No. 3,71 1,262 issued Jan. 16, 1973.1n accordance with this procedure, clad and/or core may be prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) by use of silane-borane-oxygen mixtures sometimes containing index-increasing material, as, for example, AlCl Such precursor material usually diluted with an inert gas such as nitrogen or carbon dioxide is passed over a heated surface upon which deposition is to proceed. Deposition may be on a solid core or within a hollow tube. It may be carried out in several stages so as to permit desired build up or to permit formation of a gradient corresponding with changing gaseous composition, particularly where deposition is within a tube (which may be a member separate from clad and core and which may be retained or removed during subsequent fabrication). The preforms obtained by either method of fabrication may be subsequently collapsed to produce a bubble-free solid body which is then locally melted and transformed into the final fiber line by drawing.
6. Design Considerations The following considerations are applicable to the design of any clad optical transmission line. While much of the information is in the literature, it is not readily available from one source.
Of the host of potential fiber designs that are being considered, one stands out as having recognized simplicity and good light guiding characteristics. This is the core-clad fiber shown in FIG. 1 in which the index of refraction of the core is A1; greater than the index of refraction of the cladding 1;. By appropriate choice of the core radius, a, and A1 this type of fiber can be either single or multimode. In either case, most of the optical energy of the guided modes is in the core region, although a fraction of the power percent for single mode and 1 to 2 percent for a highly multimode structure) is in the cladding. The overall optical attenuation, a for such a fiber is a superposition of the weighted attenuations in core and cladding materials:
a (percent of optical energy in core)a (percent of optical energy in clad)a (1) For highly multimode core-clad fibers, each of the many guided modes has a well-defined velocity of propagation. The fastest mode has its energy directed straight down the axis of the fiber. The off axis modes are slower because their energy is reflected from the core-clad interface many times as they weave their way down a long fiber. This difference in mode velocities limits the information bandwidth (or bit rate) of fiber optical waveguides, since energy in an extremely narrow pulse of light directed into the various guided modes of a fiber will be spread out in time as the energy propagates down the length of the fiber. When the spreading reaches the point where adjacent pulses in a bit stream sufficiently overlap, the transmitted information is lost.
Based on welLknown principles it can be shown, that the information bandwidth of a highly uniform and highly multimode fiber is related to the difference in refractive indices between the core and the clad. Specifically,
A1; s c/L X B where c is the velocity of light (3 X 10 km/sec), L is the length of the fiber, and B is the maximum information bandwidth. For example, in order to transmit a bandwidth of 30 MHz over a relatively short distance of 1 km, the value of A1 must be 0.01 or less. It is apparent from the above equation that long distance and broadband transmission require small values of An. In fact, the smaller the better. Unfortunately, if A17 becomes too small, the guided light will tend to leak excessively out of the fiber when it passes minor fabrication imperfections which inevitably occur during manufacture. The smaller A1 the greater this loss effect becomes. Thus, to keep optical loss to a reasonable value, A1 must have some minimum value.
For communication applications, the useful range of A1; is between 0.0001 and 0.10; and the preferred range is between 0.001 and 0.02. lt should be noted that the A7; of the core and the preferred composition clad of the invention is in the preferred range.
Although the above discussion concerns only multimode fibers, useful and preferred ranges for A1; are also applicable to single mode core-clad fibers. 1n the case of the single mode fibers, the reason given above for the lower limit on A1; is still applicable. However, there is obviously no pulse broadening effect due to differences in mode velocities so that Eq. (2) cannot be used to set an upper limit on A1 In this single mode case the upper limit is due simply to the fact that the fiber core radius, a, is constrained to where A is the free space wavelength of the optical signal and n is the index of refraction of the cladding. From this well-known equation, it can be seen that as A1; increases, a must decrease. In fact when An 0.02 one finds a A. There are two problems associated with such small core sizes. The first is the practical problem of the mechanicalprecision necessary to align such small cores for splicing etc. The second problem is fundamental and is associated with non-linear optical effects such as stimulated Brillouin and Raman scattering, which occur when modest optical power (i.e., 10 mW) is confined to a very small cross-section (i.e., lp.m square). If these non-linear effects occur, useful communication is precluded. A minimum core diameter of the order of about 3 micrometers is prescribed in view of these and other practical considerations. A maximum core diameter of less than 200 micrometers is prescribable to assure mechanical flexibility of the transmission line. The preferred core size is in the range of 30 to micrometers.
The cladding thickness of a core-clad fiber optical waveguide must be sufficiently great that only a very small amount of optical energy from the guided modes penetrates all the way through the cladding to its outer surface. It may be presumed that a substantial fraction of the energy that does reach this outer surface will be lost by absorption due to interaction with surface concladding thickness, t, is
10pm t s 250p.m
while the preferred range is 25pm t s lp.m.
An optimum transmission line designed for many purposes known as GRIN (graded refractive index) is described in Applied Optics, Vol. 9, pp. 753-759, March 1970.
In the GRIN fiber design, the index of refraction varies parabolically with distance from the core axis. The desirable and well-known feature of the GRIN design is that all guided modes propagate with the same velocity, even in a highly multimode structure. Thus, the limitation due to Eq. (2) is no longer applicable and the GRIN fiber is inherently capable of very broad band transmission (as is the single mode fiber).
It is convenient to think of the core-clad fiber design as being the first approximation to the GRIN structure. A better approximation to the GRIN design results by using two or more cladding layers having indices of refraction which decrease with increasing radial distance from the fiber axis. Compositions for these multiple layers may be selected from the SiO B,O system by reference to FIG. 1. During drawing of the fiber some mixing is expected to occur at the core-clad and cladclad interfaces which tends to smooth out the abrupt discontinuities in index of refraction. This effect helps to improve the approximation to a parabolic distribution. Further enhancement may result from high temperature heat treatment of the fiber.
A GRIN type of fiber may also be made by varying the control parameters during chemical vapor deposition of B O -modified SiO on a very thin silica core or during deposition in a tube.
7. Examples A multimode fiber line of overall diameter approximating l00 pm is produced as follows: a rod shaped piece 3 mm in diameter made by the addition of 4 percent Al O to a 3SiO :lB O glass composition serves as the core preform. This piece is inserted into a tube, 4 mm inside diameter and 7 mm outside diameter, of a similar but undoped borosilicate glass. The composite structure is locally heated at one end by an oxyhydrogen ring burner. The hot zone is contacted by a fused silica rod that is subsequently withdrawn with a thin fiber of the preform structure attached. This fiber is taped to a rotating take-up drum. The speed of rotation and the intensity of the oxyhydrogen flame is adjusted so that the final drawn fiber has an outside diameter of approximately mils. The inner core diameter in this case is about 2 mils.
Such a line is capable of multimode transmission with an inherent insertion loss of less than approximately 1 dB/km within the wavelength range of from 0.8 urn to 1.1 pm. In the range of 0.6 pm to 0.8 pm the inherent insertion loss is less than 2 dB/km and at shorter wavelengths the loss increases.
What is claimed is:
1. Glass transmission line for the transmission of electromagnetic radiation within the wavelength range of from 0.5 to 2.0 urn, said line consisting essentially of a core member manifesting a first refractive index for said wave energy and a cladding about said core, said cladding including at least one layer having a second refractive index for said wave energy which is lower than the said first index, said second index being of a value at least 0.1 percent lower than said first index at least within a region in the neighborhood of a periphery of the said cladding, in which said core and said cladding are both primarily a mixed composition of 8 0 and SiO; with the SiO /B O ratio being within the mole fraction range of from 30:1 to 2:1 and in which at least the innermost portion of the core contains sufficient additive material to result in a refractive index-increase for a wavelength within the said range of at least 0.1 percent, said additive being completely dissolved in the said mixture and having an index which is a maximum of 30 percent greater than that of the said mixture as unmodified by the said additive.
2. Transmission line of claim 1 in which the said additive material consists essentially of A1 0 and in which the content of said additive within the innermost portion of the core region is from within the range of l to 20 percent based on the entirety of the said mixture.
3. Transmission line of claim 2 in which the A1 0 content in the said core region is from 1 to 20 percent by weight based on the said mixture.
4. Transmission line of claim 2 in which the A1 0 content in the said core region is from 1 to 10 percent by weight based on the said mixture.
5. Transmission line of claim 1 in which the said ratio is from 20:1 to 4:1.
6. Transmission line of claim 5 in which the said ratio is from 2021 to 6:1.
7. Transmission line of claim 1 in which the core diameter as defined by a core region consisting essentially of 99.8 percent by weight SiO B O Al O mixture with transition metal ion impurities no greater than 10' percent and having a maximum refractive index variation of 0.01 percent is from 3 am to 200 pm thickness defined as the thickness of amorphous material, the composition of which is primarily SiO,/BO mixture containing no greater than 1 weight percent A1 0 but within which the refractive index as a differential value relative to the said core greater than the variations specified in claim 7 is from 10 to 250 um.
10. Transmission line of claim 9 in which the cladding thickness as defined is from 25 to pm.
ll. Transmission line of claim 10 in which the core dimension is within the range of from 3 pm to 200 um.
12. Transmission line of claim I in which the refractive index differential between the said region and the core is from 0.0001 to 0.10.
12 7 decrease in the radial direction away from the said core.
' 16. Transmission line of claim 1 in which the glass transition temperature of the said cladding material is equal to or greater than the glass transition temperature of the said core material.
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION PATENT NO. 1 ,853,38 DATED December 10, 197
INVENTOR(S) I Douglas Arthur Pinnow and LeGrand Gerard Van Uitert' it is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:
Column 2, line 58, change "11" to read --um-.
Column 3, line H2, change "untraviolec" to read --ultraviolet.
Column 5, line 5, change "usual" to read -useful-.
Signed and sealed this 17th day of June I375.
SEAL) fittest:
C. MARSHALL DANN RUTH C. 2" ASON Commissioner of Patents Attesting Officer and Trademarks
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|Schott Ag
|Verwendung eines Aluminoborosilikatglases als Substratglas
|Oct 15, 2014
|Dec 30, 2015
|Fundacia Polskie Centrum Fotoniki Swiatlowodow
|Thermal bonding of optical fibres
|Mar 14, 1983
|Oct 27, 1983
|Western Electric Co
|Doped optical fiber
|U.S. Classification
|385/141, 385/127, 65/385, 385/124
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|May 8, 1973
|Filing date
|Sep 22, 1971
|Priority date
|Sep 22, 1971
|Publication number
|Hamilton W, Schmidt F
|Original Assignee
|Horizons Research Inc
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (3), Classifications (19)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
I Umted States Patent m1 [1 11 3,731,612 Schmidt et al. 1 May 8,1973
[54] PHOTOGRAPHIC DEVELOPING [56] M References Cited DEVICE UNITED STATES PATENTS [75] Inventors: Frederick W. Schmidt, Bedf rd 3,202,070 8/1965 Pratt et a1 ..355/100 Heights; William P. Hamilton, 3,033,980 5/1962 Pickering et al ..240/47 Cleveland, both of Ohio 3,397,630 8/1968 Pratt ..355/106 [73] Assign: Horimns ,"F' "1. a of Primary ExaminerSamuel S. Matthews Horizons Research Incorporated Assistant Examiner-Fred L. Braun Cleveland Attorney-Lawrence I. Field [22] Filed: Sept. 22, 1971 [57] ABSTRACT [21] Appl. No.: 182,642
An apparatus for optical development of images in non-silver organic free radical photosensitive media. U-S. R, The apparatus provides uniform intensity radia- Cl. ..G03d tion of desired wavelengths without accompanying [58] Field of Search ..95/89 R; 219/216; heat or i f d (IR) radiation which is detrimental to the apparatus and to the photosensitive medium.
3 Claims, 2 Drawing Figures PATENTED HAY 1 7 (7 FAN 24 n4 rwarr 4;
700 800 900 I000 "00 IZ)O I300 I400 I500 I600 INVENTOR FREDERICK W. SCHMIDT8| "WILLIAM F. HAMILTON WAVELENGTH (NANOMETERS) ATTORNEY PHOTOGRAPHIC DEVELOPING DEVICE The invention herein described was made under a contract with the United States Air Force.
This invention relates to a cold red light source of illumination to be used in photochemical development of non-silver organic free radical films, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,510,300 and in 3,573,046 and is an improvement of the photochemical developing apparatus described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,573,046 and in US. Pat. application Ser. No. 766,160, filed Oct. 9, 1968, now Pat. No. 3,618,504 the disclosures of which are intended to be incorporated herein by reference.
Free radical photographic systems have the unique advantage that the latent image can be developed by flooding the entire film with radiative energy in the red or infrared region. A latent image dye is formed from its precursors by the original exposure to visible or near ultraviolet light. It appears that the dye, in turn, has the ability to absorb red and/or infrared photons and use them to form additional dye molecules from neighboring dye precursors. Less light of shorter wavelengths during development allows more development before the fog level reaches the maximum allowable. Less radiation of longer wavelengths reduces thermal fog.
In order to obtain optimum results in the development of free radical films, it is necessary to utilize a high intensity source for the radiation provided for development and such sources usually provide a large amount of heat in addition to the desired radiation. The heat may be considered noise, and in contrast to the desired actinic radiation which is signal.
One object of the invention is to provide development radiation having a high signal-to-noise ratio of actinic to visible intensities and actinic to infrared intensities.
Another object of the invention is to provide the red and near-infrared radiation for development of organic free radical films in a manner that is more effective and more uniform than has heretofore been possible.
Another object of the invention is to provide a simpler and more versatile apparatus than the prior art apparatus noted above.
Still a further object is to provide an apparatus in which the peak sensitivity of the developing radiation is readily changed to accommodate the spectral sensitivity of the particular film being processed.
Still another object is elimination of the water filter, and mechanical drive of previously known units and to provide an apparatus for simultaneously achieving greater intensity, more uniformity, better control of waveband, higher signal-to-noise ratio, operating with lower wattage and less heat output, thereby yielding higher photo speeds, more latitude for gamma control and better general appearance of the free radical films developed.
These and other objects are accomplished by the use of the method and apparatus hereinafter described taken in connection with the drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view of a preferred apparatus; and
FIG. 2 is a graphical representation showing the radiation provided by the apparatus of FIG. 1.
Briefly, the apparatus includes an enclosure having a source of radiation 12 mounted at one end of the apparatus, opposite the end at which a film F is exposed to the radiation. The enclosure comprises an upper well 15 in which the radiation source 12 is supported. One suitable source of radiation is a 650 watt DVY Quartzline (Registered Trademark) sun gun. Vertical sidewalls 16 may enclose a square, rectangular, oval or cylindrical or other configured space. Adjacent to the film and positioned between the film plane and the lower end of enclosure 10 is a support or shelf 18 for one or more Wratten type filters or other transmission filters 20.
In line with the axis passing through the radiation source and preferably at an angle of 45 to the plane of filter 20, is the first series of dichroic filters 26, 28.
To remove a substantial portion of the heat and to protect the filter 20 from overheating and fracturing, a fan 24 is positioned in an opening in wall 16. Fan 24 expels heated air from the enclosure 10 and sucks air into the enclosure from the filter end thereof, thereby effecting a flow of air along the surfaces of filters 20, 26, 28. Fan 24 also sucks air into the enclosure past the source 12 and ultimately all the air is expelled from the enclosure.
As shown in FIG. 1, it is preferred to utilize two dichroic filters 26, 28, one of which serves to determine the short wavelength cutoff and the other of which can be used to determine the long wavelength cutoff. A third dichroic, if used, may be the same as the first or last filter, depending on which end of the waveband is intended to have the sharpest cutoff.
It is also possible to provide only one dichroic filter which will provide a gradual cut off and cut on of the wavelengths of the radiation from the source 12.
As shown in FIG. 1, the radiation passed by the dichroics can be further modified by the use of one or more of the usual Wratten filters, disposed to receive radiation from which most of the IR and heat have been removed. The relatively delicate Wratten filter 20 is positioned downstream from the dichroics 26, 28. Heretofore, the Wratten filters were not usable in a practical sense because of the heat generated and passed from the previously used radiation sources.
The apparatus includes means for positioning a film to be photochemically developed into the path of the radiation passed by the train of filters. Any suitable means may be provided for bringing individual exposures or a reel may be passed out intermittently by any conventional film feeding means.
The dichroic unit consists of a 650 watt GE DVY tungsten lamp in a Sylvania Super 8 sun gun which is a well optimized tungsten source for radiometric intensity in the red, and collection for projection through a relatively small aperture. The halogen cycle, however, insures relatively constant color temperature until a relatively sudden burn out.
A fan 24 is positioned to cool both the lamp from back to front and the dichroics and cut-off filter by pulling air into the apparatus. The filters are positioned to prevent any stray light from the lamp house from bypassing both dichroics and still hitting the film platen directly.
Utilizing Kodak No. 301 dichroics in the apparatus described has been found to effectively dump the heat beyond 700 nm so that glass filters, especially the absorbing type, no longer break from its absorption beyond 900 nm.
FIG. 2 shows the opening of the red/IR window of the Kodak No. 301 SWP (changing these dichroics optimizes the unit for other films) dichroic and the cutoffsof the red filters of interest. The curves are plots of relative intensity vs. wavelength. The dichroic was placed in the light path at a 45 angle. Moving it away from the 45 angle shifts the reflection cutoff to shorter or longer wavelengths, since the effective depth of optical coatings is increased or decreased. The curves are empirical measurements of the radiation that actually floods the film, andcan thereby be directly related with the film results experienced.
We claim:
1. An apparatus for photochemically developing visible images from latent images existing in non-silver free radical photographic film whichcomprises:
an enclosure having an opening at one end wall thereof;
means for positioning a film bearing a latent image adjacent to said opening;
a high intensity light source positioned adjacent to the other end wall of said enclosure, for illuminating said film bearing the latent image which is to be developed;
means disposed in said enclosure between said light source and said film, for filtering a substantial portion of thevisible and infrared radiation emitted by said light source from the radiation delivered to the photographic film to be developed, said means comprising at least two dichroic filters supported so that they are parallel to each other and so that each of them is inclined 45 to the path of the 7 radiation delivered by said light source to said film.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 including, in addition, at least one means for effecting a movement of cool air along the surface of said dichroic filters.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 including, in addition, at least one transmission filter positioned downstream from said dichroic filters.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 26, 1960
|May 8, 1962
|Eastman Kodak Co
|Diffuse lamphouse for photographic projection printing
|Nov 15, 1962
|Aug 24, 1965
|Gen Aniline & Film Corp
|Diazotype copying apparatus
|Jun 15, 1965
|Aug 20, 1968
|Gaf Corp
|Diazotype copying apparatus
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 28, 1991
|Apr 14, 1992
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Apparatus and method for fusing an image onto a receiver element
|Oct 10, 1989
|Sep 8, 1992
|Unisys Corporation
|Infra-red extraction from illumination source
|Oct 23, 2000
|Jan 7, 2003
|Fire Products Company
|Cover assembly for a light
|U.S. Classification
|396/661, 362/300, 362/294, 362/293, 396/588, 355/71, 219/216
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification

subset: commoncrawl


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No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
How has this condo rated in the past?
- Suites
- Free High-Speed Internet
- Refrigerator in room
- Swimming pool
- Outdoor pool
- Microwave in room
Photos of Paki Maui Resort
Travelers also looked at:
Historical Traveler Reviews Paki Maui Resort Lahaina
Best vacation ever
If you want a breathtaking ocean view on a small budget, then this is the place! The room was very clean and we no problems, it was a perfect vacation! Who needs A/C when you can open the windows and a cool ocean breeze fills the room! My wife and I will be returning to the Paki Maui next year.
This was the most awful hotel I stayed at. Don't every stay there if you have to. The travel agent said that it was renovated but when we got there the only thing that looked renovated was the garden. There was no A/C, it was noisy, and we felt unsecure. In the 2 days that we were there (till we moved to a better hotel.) there were 2 police visits due to stolen hotel guest property. We ended up having to stay at another hotel.
Stayed in better
We stayed at Paki Maui in February 2003 for 10 nights. It is a good value and the view is pretty good. The pool set up is o.k. but pretty small and you can't really see the ocean from the bushes planted around the pool.
We stayed at Napili Shores in 2002 and it was a much nicer place and area. More traditional for Hawaii and great restaurants within walking distance of your room. The pool is right on a grassy area overlooking beautiful Napil Bay. Whale watching from this place is EXCELLENT and snorkeling is unbelievable. I will definetely stay somewhere along the Napili Bay when we return!
Million dollar view from a $10 balcony
We stayed at the Paki Maui from 7/14-7/28. We reserved a partial ocean view room that had a fabulous sweeping view of the ocean and across the channel to Molokai. Unfortunately the condo was run down. There had been an extensive water leak under the kitchen sink that was "fixed" but the dry rot and mold was still there, along with a gaping hole through the bottom of the cabinet and a very musty, moldy odor that permeated the entire kitchen. There were other several maintenance & housekeeping issues, but not as serious at the water leak. The clothes washer and dishwasher were marginally functional. After bringing these issues to the attention of the management, we learned that each condo is privately owned and it is the owner's responsibility to maintain it, therefore each condo is unique. A brief look at other units indicated that they were better maintained and more tastefully decorated. If you stay at the Paki Maui, get assurance that you stay in one of the nicer units.
My wife hated the place from the time we opened the door to the dingy 1 br 1 ba condo. It was run down and poorly maintained. My wife says we will never go return there. Next time we'll stay at a hotel. On the plus side, the staff was friendly and helpful. The rooms have no AC, but if u let the constant breeze blow through the rooms it is bearable.
There is no beach to speak of. If you want to swim you need to go to drive somewhere else. Parking is not a problem. In one sentence, I was disappointed with the accommodations.
Great Value
Over the years we have checked many locations in Maui for the best accommodations in terms of price and quality. Paki Maui has consistently stood out as a great value! With rooms right along the oceanfront and views of Molokai and Lanai, fresh ocean breezes and a tropical inner courtyard, Paki Maui is a quiet and peaceful retreat.
Clean and tastefully decorated, and recently renovated, there is a great selection of rooms with kitchenettes and more than one bedroom for up to four guests. We are taking our entire wedding party there this year! A dependable place to return to, year after year... our family favorite!
****Unbelievably.......breath taking!!!!
The Best Vacation every, We LOVED our oceanfront room...We had the 2 bedroom 2 bath, It was absolutely beautiful...The staff was very pleasant and Helpful.. Planning my next trip and staying here again. 5 Stars*****
Pretty cool place!
Great location...we had the oceanfront room...it was absolutely heavenly. Very helpful staff. Nice rooms and decor. Good kitchenette. In house service to help activities planning. The only negative was the carpet which was a little worn down. This place is awesome!
Paki Maui
This was our third time to the Paki Maui. Although the room we were just in could use a little work it was still very very nice the best part is the lanai, we go in March and the whale watching was the best from our lanai. The property is very nice and the beach(small area) lawn was a great place to relax and swim. If you like something a little on the more private side(not touristy) Then is a great place. Close to all the touristy stuff and a great fish market across the street to get your supper. They even give you all the spices you need. We did have to buy some pans cause the ones they had were no good, but we went to the salvation army for that $3 for 2 good no stick pans. Anyway we will be back next year:) Oh and the rooms are very clean. good maid service too.
So happy with this condo!
I spent months online looking for just the right place to stay for my family of 5. I was so nervous about choosing online....in the end you are just choosing from a picture. We were so delighted and thrilled with our condo. It had SPECTACULAR views, truly ocean front, nice and quiet, huge balconies, etc. The staff were great...limitless supplies of fresh towels,etc. The condo had absolutely everything in the world we needed, even down to laundry detergent and curling iron! The little supermarket down the street was handy for stocking the frig. Our only complaint was the carpet could be replaced, it was quite worn. But all in all, what a great value and we will certainly be back!
TripAdvisor Reviews Paki Maui Resort Lahaina
Travel Blogs from Lahaina
Snorkelling with a rare Seal in an extinct volcano
Well today turned out to be another amazing day in paradise, and in Declan's opinion, the best day yet. Declan and I had to get up quite early to be at the Port of Maalaea by 6 am for a 6:45 am departure on the good ship Quicksilver. While we were gone, Judy and Ruth visited the Whaler's Village shopping area at Kaanapali Beach, and had a nice …
Exploring Lahaina
Our first full day on Maui dawned with brilliant blue sky and not a cloud in the sky. The temperature is so mild - it certainly doesn't feel like a northern hemisphere winter. We had a nice breakfast with supplies we had bought at the local supermarket last night. It was quite large, certainly bigger than the Woolworths or Coles we usually go to. …
Cycling down a Volcano
We awoke early for one of the big adventures of our time on Maui. We were delighted to have crystal clear sky with no clouds and no wind. The 1 hour and 20 minute drive took us to Haiku which is a little village on the north coast just past the airport. This is where the Haleakala Bicycle Company is based. They do a sunrise tour for which you have …
More Fun and Games on the way to Maui
After a jet lag interrupted sleep, we awoke to a cloudy day in the Aloha capital of the world. With rain threatening, we didn't feel quite so sad about leaving this amazing place, and hopefully the sun has moved to Maui. On our way to breakfast, we saw more of the indigenous wildlife that calls the Hilton home.
We will be flying over to …
Wow, wow, what a birthday!!!!!
... best of the best restaurants compared to these cute kids going to school to be amazing chefs! Beyond super fun! Box 3 checked! I cannot say thank you enough to my wonderful family and friends, especially my brother and husband, Craig, for making sure I had the most amazing birthday. Craig started out the day by sending to me the most BEAUTIFUL bouquet of local flowers. I am so blessed. So, on to the next century! Love you all. Aloha, from Maui! ...


text:
ATN Odin-61BW 640x480 35mm Thermal Weapon Sight Kit
Item # WX2-282292
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ATN Odin-61BW 640x480 35mm Thermal Weapon Sight Kit puts you on-target at distances up to 1,650 meters!
Own the night! The ATN Odin-61BW Thermal Weapons Sight Kit has a larger sensor and greater magnification capability to detect targets at greater distances. Designed for hand-held, head-mounted or weapon-mounted operation, this compact, lightweight system weighs just 13 ozs.Get the picture:
- Mil-spec 35mm lens
- 640 x 480 uncooled VOx sensor
- 800 x 600 OLED display with black / white polarity and multiple color modes
- 30 Hz frame rate
- E-Zoom for 2x, 4x, 8x magnification
- Analog RS-170 video output
- Easy-to-use, icon-based menu system with digital brightness control
- Start up time <4 seconds
- Thermal sensitivity <50mK
- Human detection: 750m Recognition: 300m Identification: 180m
- Vehicle detection: 1650m Recognition: 660m Identification: 400m
- F.O.V. is 24° x 18°
- Waterproof / dustproof
- Includes J-arm head mount adapter with head strap, hard case, lens cap and CR123A battery
- Measures approx. 3.5" x 2 1/ 4 " x 2". Weighs approx.13 ozs.
- Made in USA.


text:
Congratulations to the successful applicants. Cheques will be mailed to each individual next week.
|Logan Clegg
|Sardis Secondary
|Johnson Hu
|Semiahmoo Secondary
|Sukhvinder Multani
|Kwantlen Park Secondary
|Isaac Evans
|Terry Fox Secondary
|Alexander Asperin
|Holy Cross Secondary
|Bilaval Aujla
|Delview Secondary
|Kyle Helsloot
|G.W. Graham
|Hayden Simon
|G.W. Graham
|Katherine Holden
|G.W. Graham
|Megan Galbraith
|Alexandra Norris
|Lord Tweedsmuir Secondary
|Ali Wergeland
|Langley Christian
|Justin Robinson
|Maple Ridge Christian
The Fraser Valley Basketball Commission is a member of the Fraser Valley Secondary Schools' Athletic Association.
The Fraser Valley Secondary Schools' Athletic Association is composed of an Executive made up of the Presidents of the 7 Local Athletic Associations. Every sport in the Fraser Valley is connected to the FVSSAA through a Commission and a Commissioner (who represents the Commission).
In the Fraser Valley, individual sports are responsible for the maintenance and growth of their sport.
The Mission of the Fraser Valley Commission is to:
- Operate leagues for all Senior Boys and Senior Girls teams in the Fraser Valley.
- Operate Fraser Valley Championships for all levels of play in the Fraser Valley: Grade 8, Grade 9, Junior, Senior A, AA, AAA Boys and Girls
- Operate a program of scholarships for our senior players.
- To operate whenever financially possible, post-season all-star games for graduating seniors in the Fraser Valley.
The Fraser Valley Commission determines:
- The format of the playoffs.
- The number of teams that qualify.
- The number of playoff games.
- The dates and sites of the playoffs based on a district rotation in the commission.
- The price of admission.
- The awards.
- The referees.
- The playing rules.


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text:
If the Cap Fits…
by ago 786 views0
As Holbeck flat cap company JW Myers faces closure Phil O'Connor faces a Yorkshire future bart 'at.
The news about the crisis at JW Myers broke around the turn of the millennium. It seemed almost unbelievable. The company, based in inner city Leeds, has turned out the familiar flat cap for 110 years exporting to 22 countries. They have fought against the vagaries of fashion for years as us young tykes turned away from the traditional headgear. They have seen it all, from straw boaters to baseball hats, and with a few nifty new ideas stayed in business.
The firm was taken over a decade ago by the Cumbria firm Kangol, and this seemed like the deal that would take the firm into the 21st century. Kangol, specialises in berets were big enough to market, to finance new ideas and to expand. Despite all this, it looked as if the old flat cap was history. Like Dickie Bird, our famous flat cap wearing cricket umpire, it had had a long magnificent innings. 110 not out. The light fading and the overs were over.
But the flat cap was in surprisingly good hands. Kangol was a company with a fine tradition too. Founded in 1938 in Cumbria they had a huge market amongst workers, members of the British Armed Forces and legions of golfers. The Angstood for Angora, the ol for wool and the K for euphony. In the states the name was always mispronounced as Kanga, and the now ubiquitous Kangaroo logo leapt forth.
Then the Hip Hop world in New York got a hold of it. 80's rappers like Doug E Fresh and Run DMC were strolling around in broad daylight with what looked suspiciously like their dad's hat on. Then LL Cool J came on strong with a terry cloth Bermuda on his nut, and suddenly the cap was back – worn with as much jewellery as you could get from Rattner's or you could prize from the neighbours VW.
In the early nineties it was the Spitfire model, made of an angora-wool mix called furgora, that caught stateside imagination. Still we sniggered. By now though Kangol were doing serious business and wide boys in Britain were soon catching the drift. Liam Gallagher of Oasis was moseying around in his coolest sneer, a Kangol covering the head. The cap suddenly fitted. Suddenly we all want one.
Finally epiphany. The hype went into overdrive with Quentin Tarantino's filming of an Ellmore Leonard novel, Jackie Brown in '97. Miramax, the film's distributors used the Kangol Spitfire as promotional items. On the screen the gorgeous Pam Grier as the title character and gun-toting Samuel L Jackson were conspicuously Kangolled, wearing the thing backwards so we could see the logo throughout the movie. Majorly cool, Kangol profits soared yet again.
The hype continues in the persona of Phillip Bloch, Hollywood's hippest style guru. His signature style is the Kangol flat cap, which he wears constantly, in fine old-bloke tradition. Bloch is so hip he's dislocated. Sandra Bullock, John Travolta, Will Smith, Jim Carrey. You get the idea. Definitely not the kind of names you normally see in Ayup's pages. No-one speaks the words "you look Fabulous" in quite the same way. The flat cap is so right-now-dot-com it is unbelievable.
So how come JW Myers, flat cap makers to the glitterati,, (albeit one step removed) are in trouble? The Guardian quotes Kangol MD David Heyts as saying that a move to production in Panyu, China would be the logical step. He told the paper that the factory in Holbeck, employing just 40 people, is losing his company over £100,000 a week. This, friends, is serious losses. Even for a company putting the flat cap back on young heads.
So after the foundries, the pits, the mills and the weavers, it seems the little guys with the big traditions are hitting the wall too. Like Rover and BMW. The big guy won't take the losses. Won't get their top notch highly paid marketing gurus back on the plane from Hollywood and New York to work out a bold new strategy. Won't step in for fellow countrymen when profits are at stake, and you can pay Far-Eastern workers 20p to make a $29 dollar product.
But you never know. This might have been a "Salad Cream" stunt. Tell the people that the old traditional product is about to cease production, reap huge publicity, then change your mind and play the hero. It happens. You never know.


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Google announces Daydream, the future of Android virtual reality
Clay Bavor, VP virtual reality at Google, took to the stage at Google I/O 2016 to add flesh to the bones of Google's future VR plans. Evolving the VR offering beyond that of Cardboard, Bavor confirmed that Android is working on a new platform called... >>
Android N will be called... you decide
Google today took to the stage at Google I/O 2016 to announce that anyone will be able to contribute to the name of the next version of Android. Unlike previous years, with the Android N release, Google released the developer beta to the general public... >>
Nokia is back with Android smartphone and tablet plans
Nokia has announced that it is returning to the world of smartphones and it's turning to Android as its platform of choice. Few companies have a smartphone history as rich as Nokia. Having dominated the mobile phone market and feature phone markets for... >>
Android Pay in the UK: Here's how to get set up
Android Pay finally arrived in the UK in May 2016, following its launch in the US last year. The service allows anyone with a compatible bank and an NFC-enabled Android device running KitKat 4.4 or above to pay for items using their phone anywhere that... >>
Pret A Manger slip-up reveals Android Pay coming to UK sooner than you think
It's been known for a while that Android Pay is to launch in the UK this summer, but it seems we won't have long to wait before the service becomes available. It could be a matter of days. That's the impression given by food chain Pret A Manger. The Telegraph... >>
HTC likely making Google's next Nexus devices, M1 (Marlin) and S1 (Sailfish)
We now know which company might be making Google's next Android N devices and what they're internally called, thanks to two new reports. Evan Blass, who often writes for Venture Beat and is a well-known leakster, has claimed that Google's next Nexus... >>
Gmail for Android adds Microsoft Exchange support for all devices
Google has updated Gmail for Android with support for Microsoft Exchange. Stop wondering whether Gmail for Android already supported Exchange, because it did... but only on Nexus devices. The new update, which is available in the latest version of the... >>
Android N preview available to phones other than Nexus at last
Google has decided to begin sharing the Android N Developer Preview to more handsets than just its Nexus devices, in a world first. Now owners of the Sony Xperia Z3 will be able to install and try out the Android N Developer Preview. The idea behind the... >>
When is Android 6.0 Marshmallow coming to my phone?
The current version of Google's mobile OS is Android 6.0 Marshmallow, and roll-out of the new OS is well underway across devices globally. As is tradition, it comes pre-installed on Google's latest Nexus devices - the Nexus 5X and Nexus 6P - and it quickly... >>
Could this be the Android games console we've been waiting for?
There have been plenty of Android devices dedicated to gaming. Many even believed that an Android games console could rival dedicated machines from Sony, Nintendo and Microsoft one day. However, while plenty have tried, all have seemingly failed. Ouya,... >>


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Oregon Institute of Technology
324 reviews
- Klamath Falls, OR
- 4 Year
Overall Niche Grade
- AcademicsC+
- ValueA
- DiversityB-
- CampusC
- AthleticsB
- Party SceneC
- ProfessorsC+
- LocationC
- DormsB
- Campus FoodC+
- Student LifeB-
- SafetyA-
Oregon Institute of Technology is ...
Athletic Division
NAIA Division II
Athletic Conference
Cascade Collegiate Conference
Acceptance Rate
SAT Range
ACT Range
Net Price
$14,723/ year
Average cost after financial aid for students receiving grant or scholarship aid, as reported by the college.
Based on faculty accomplishments, salary, student reviews, and additional factors.
Student Faculty Ratio
Evening Degree Programs
- 81%
- of students agree that professors put a lot of effort into teaching their classes.16 responses
- 71%
- of students agree that it is easy to get the classes they want.17 responses
- 65%
- of students agree that the workload is easy to manage.17 responses
Most Popular Majors
- Dental Hygiene83Graduates
- Sonographer and Ultrasound Technician73Graduates
- Computer Engineering Technician58Graduates
- Medical Technician56Graduates
- Radiologic Technician43Graduates
- Psychology36Graduates
- Engineering29Graduates
- Respiratory Care Therapy27Graduates
- Emergency Medical Technician (EMT Paramedic)26Graduates
- Mechanical Engineering23Graduates
Full-Time Enrollment
Undergrads Over 25
Pell Grant
Varsity Athletes
What one word or phrase best describes the typical student at this school?
Based on 11 responsesReport
Campus Life
Freshmen Live On-Campus
Data not available
- 45%
- of students say Greek life is pretty low-key and has little effect on the social scene.22 responses
- 50%
- of students say varsity sporting events are attended, but not a huge part of campus life.24 responses
What one word or phrase best describes your school?
Based on 8 responsesReport
After Oregon Institute of Technology
- 78%
- of students feel confident they will find a job in their field after graduation.9 responses
324 reviews
- Excellent59
- Very Good109
- Average106
- Poor33
- Terrible17
I am getting a good education and expierience from attending this school. I also enjoy the people who are in almost all of my classes. We are a small group but we make the most of it and have fun doing it.
- College Junior
- 5 months ago
Oregon Tech is a great school that provides a lot of hands-on opportunities for students in the STEM programs. I was able to get involved in the school's 2015-2016 concrete canoe team and learn a variety of skills outside of the classroom. As for classes, the professors are very helpful and enthusiastic. I actually look forward to class everyday! The labs provide even more learning opportunity for students as we get to work together in small groups to learn. I would choose this school again in a heartbeat! The staff at this school really cares about your education and is willing to help in any way. Also, the students are very diverse, accepting, and want to see each other succeed.
- College Student
- 5 months ago
Oregon Tech is a small, highly specialized school that attracts serious students who don't want to just party, but truly want to learn. Most of the teachers are very approachable and easy to talk to, which is very helpful. The students here are dedicated to learning and are very interesting, knowledgeable and supportive people.
- College Freshman
- 5 months ago


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Quick: What do you see in this picture of the sky above the site for the Aurora tragedy victims' vigil? If you said "Clouds," you would be correct. If you said "An angel," then, um, you would be Crystal Fuller: Crystal Fuller took the photo after the vigil was finished Sunday night, but said she [Read More…]
21 Injured After Walking Across Hot Coals at Tony Robbins Seminar
Ever seen people walk across hot coals? They can do it because coal is a poor conductor of heat and, if you walk fast enough, you should be ok. Richard Wiseman offers a brief explanation here: New age-y motivational speaker Tony Robbins uses the demonstration in many of his seminars. On Thursday night, at an [Read More…]
Fortune Teller Wins First Amendment Case in Louisiana
A Louisiana fortune-teller and Tarot card reader has just successfully defended her First Amendment rights — but not the rights you're (probably) thinking of. The city of Alexandria, LA enacted an ordinance in 2011 that made it "unlawful for any person to engage in the business or practice of palmistry, card reading, astrology, fortune-telling, phrenology, [Read More…]
Where Religion and Pseudoscience Meet
If there was a Venn diagram of religious claims and pseudoscientific claims, this would be the intersection: A pastor in Christchurch, New Zealand has been handing out a magical "health juice" to cure people. Instead of taking their medication. For $60 a pop. Registered social worker and trauma counsellor To'alepai Louella Thomsen-Inder said the minister [Read More…]
Indian Rationalist Still in Hiding After Debunking 'Miracle'
A couple of weeks ago, I posted an update to the story of Sanal Edamaruku, head of the Indian based Rationalist International, who has been forced into hiding in Finland. In case you forgot, Sanal had debunked a supposed "miracle" at a Catholic church in Mumbai and faced arrest for "deliberately hurting religious feelings." Sanal has [Read More…]


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Skin sense 4.5 Illusionist
This skin ONLY works on the HTC One X, One X, or on devices which run custom ROMs based on the HTC One X, One X+ software (Sense4.5) jelly bean only. Please dont leave negative comments or under rate if you DONT have any of the above. To apply the skin go to Settings Personalize Skin. this skin is based on the other skin i have Retro.
$1.99 Free • 5


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14,765 total episodes
That's crazy!! When I saw your post I was like "what? how would they-" so I decided to take a look for myself, and it deffinitely looks like they ran out of money. Haha it only took me about 2 minutes to jump through episdoe 10, and the rap-up of the story looked really weird. o.0 Then I got to the black and white... omg it was not good! Kudos to you for sticking it to the end with that anime though :)
Do you have any animepl recommendations you could give me? I'm looking for something to watch until the next season of saekano comes out. Preferably something like Toradora or Sakurasou no pet na kanojo or Nisekoi. Thanks!
Nice reviews. Had a good laugh :) Keep it up.
I kinda agree with your "Cross Ange" review.
Can't give up all those pretty anime girls, AND all those bishi boys! And cute lil kawaii anime critter.
OK, facing facts. I -am- an amine addict!


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Create a free account to check out faster, store multiple shipping addresses, view and track your orders in your account, and much more.
Please enter your password to continue.
Our friends say we have a lip balm addiction (we've got 'em in our jacket pocket, glove compartment, and on our bedside table, to name a few places), but we like to think we're just prepared. We'll be stashing one of each of these lip balms in said locales, including prime purse real estate—they're packed with moisturizing ingredients like shea butter, and as a bonus, each is infused with one of five pretty hues.
I could not rave more about this product if I tried! First of all, it is so moisturizing! It goes on thick in the best way possible, but you can thin it out if you like it better that way! The smell is DIVINE- I am so in love with it!! And so is my boyfriend ;) This is my preferred color, though I have other ones because I love it so much! The color isn't too overpowering for me (light skin, hair, and eyes) which is to say a lot since that doesn't happen too often. This is perfect for everything! An evening out or just off to the grocery store! It's a staple for the purse (or in my case, my desk!) and this is the first lip balm I have looked for (and thankfully found!) when I lost it :)5


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Editor's update: 24 September 2016
As the nights draw in, why not think about sorting through those photos and enter the OGA Photo Competition? There's been plenty going on around the Areas this summer, with cruises in company as well as other events, so do send in your reports for the website News section. There's updates to our Members' blogs listings and, if you like what we do, the OGA is keen to welcome new members, so why not think about joining us?


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Hotels in Wismar
Hotel Schwedenhaus WismarSella-Hasse-Str. 11, Wismar 3.0 out of 5.0
Situated in Wismar, this hotel is within a 15-minute walk of Wonnemar Wismar and Theater Wismar. University of Wismar and St. George's Church are also within ...
WONNEMAR Resort-HotelBürgermeister-Haupt-Straße 36, Wismar 4.0 out of 5.0
Situated in Wismar, this hotel is within a 5-minute walk of Wonnemar Wismar and Theater Wismar.
Hotel Am Alten HafenSpiegelberg 61-65, Wismar 3.0 out of 5.0
Situated in Wismar, this hotel is within a 10-minute walk of St. Nicolai Church, Holy Spirit Church, and Hinter Dem Rathaus Gallery. Alte Wasserturm and Wilsmer ...
Steigenberger Hotel Stadt HamburgAm Markt 24, Wismar 4.0 out of 5.0
Located in the heart of Wismar, this hotel is steps from Wasserkunst, Wilsmer Market Square, and Hinter Dem Rathaus Gallery. Holy Spirit Church and St. Nicolai ...
Phoenix Hotel SeeblickErnst-scheel-straße 27, Wismar 4.0 out of 5.0
Situated by the sea, this spa hotel is within 3 mi (5 km) of Park der Solidaritaet, University of Wismar, and Tierpark Wismar. Theater Wismar and Wonnemar Wismar ...
Phoenix Hotel ReuterhausAm Markt 19, Wismar 3.0 out of 5.0
Situated in Wismar, this hotel is steps from Wasserkunst, Wilsmer Market Square, and Hinter Dem Rathaus Gallery. Holy Spirit Church and Alte Wasserturm are also ...
Pension am WassertorSpiegelberg 66, Wismar 2.0 out of 5.0
Located in the heart of Wismar, this hotel is within a 10-minute walk of St. Nicolai Church, Holy Spirit Church, and Hinter Dem Rathaus Gallery. Alte Wasserturm ...
Stadthotel SternLübsche Straße 9, Wismar 4.0 out of 5.0
Located in the heart of Wismar, this spa hotel is steps from Hinter Dem Rathaus Gallery and Holy Spirit Church. Wilsmer Market Square and Wasserkunst are also ...
Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten KühlungsbornOstseeallee 10-12, Kuehlungsborn 4.5 out of 5.0
Nestled on the beach, this Kuehlungsborn hotel is within a 10-minute walk of Baltic Border Tower and Kuehlungsborn Beach. Marina Kuehlungsborn and Ostsee Golf ...
Hotel Alter SpeicherBohrstrasse 12-12a, Wismar 4.0 out of 5.0
Situated by the sea, this hotel is within a 5-minute walk of St. Nicolai Church and Hinter Dem Rathaus Gallery. Wilsmer Market Square and Alte Wasserturm are ...
Wismar Hotels
Orbitz makes it easy to find the best Wismar hotel deals for your trip. With an outstanding selection, easy-to-use search tools and descriptive hotel profiles, you'll find Wismar hotel deals in a wink..
Great selection of hotels in Wismar
Whether you're searching for hotels in Wismar on business, or hunting for a family getaway, Wismar hotel options are only a click away. Find hotels in Wismar with the location, star-rating and facilities you need. Narrow your search results even further by star rating, hotel chain and amenities, such as free parking, babysitting services, or fitness centers. And with area maps, you can view Wismar hotels close you are to the airport and nearby attractions.
Wismar hotel reviews, photos and virtual tours
Thanks to photos and virtual tours, you can look before you book your Wismar hotel reservation. Check out Wismar hotel properties using interactive tools which allow you view hotel rooms, common areas and key features. On Orbitz, you can also learn more about hotels in Wismar with unbiased reviews from verified Wismar hotel guests. We ask guests to offer candid feedback on services, comfort, location, value and amenities.
Grab Wismar hotel deals and special offers
Orbitz works around the clock to find exclusive offers and Wismar hotel deals, just for you. Sign up for deals by e-mail where you'll get first crack at money-saving extras like promo codes, resort credits, free nights and more. You can also "Like" Orbitz on Facebook and follow us on Twitter to receive up-to-the-minute news on hotel discounts, giveaways and more.
24/7 support with Wismar hotel reservations
When it comes to finding hotels in Wismar, an Orbitz specialist can help you find the property right for you. Chat live or call 1-800-454-3743 any time for help booking your hotels in Wismar. Our team of experts can help you pinpoint Wismar hotels options suited to your tastes and budget.
Forget Orbitz change or cancel fees on Wismar hotels
On Orbitz, Wismar hotel deals mean flexibility. If you need to change your Wismar hotel reservations, or cancel your stay, Orbitz doesn't charge cancel or change fees. Orbitz also offers great selection on airline tickets, vacation packages, and car rental deals to so you can plan your trip to Wismar all in one place.
Cities near Wismar
- Kuehlungsborn (20 mi)
- Boltenhagen (11.6 mi)
- Schwerin (19.69 mi)
- Bad Doberan (22.72 mi)
- Wismar (0 mi)
- Rerik (13.58 mi)
- Insel Poel (5.95 mi)
- Crivitz (22.41 mi)
- Kluetz (12.36 mi)
- Grevesmuehlen (10.8 mi)
- Biendorf (15.14 mi)
- Gadebusch (19.96 mi)
- Demern (21.33 mi)
- Wedendorf (15.96 mi)
- Raben Steinfeld (21.58 mi)
- Blowatz (5.55 mi)
- Dobin am See (11.67 mi)
- Kalkhorst (17.31 mi)
- Sternberg (20.29 mi)
- Dorf Mecklenburg (4.8 mi)
Top Points of Interests in Wismar
- Schwerin Castle (19.5 mi)
- Schwerin Cathedral (19.15 mi)
- St. Nicholas Church (11.49 mi)
- Village Park (7.96 mi)
- St. John's Church (15.14 mi)
- St. George's Church (1.04 mi)
- University of Wismar (1.16 mi)
- Wasserkunst (1.08 mi)
- St. Nicolai Church (0.79 mi)
- Alte Wasserturm (0.95 mi)
- Holy Spirit Church (0.97 mi)
- Hinter Dem Rathaus Gallery (1 mi)
- Park der Solidaritaet (1.06 mi)
- Wilsmer Market Square (1.07 mi)
- Theater Wismar (1.24 mi)
- Wonnemar Wismar (1.36 mi)
- Tierpark Wismar (1.81 mi)
- The Church of Kirchdorf (6.14 mi)
- Kirchdorf Harbor (6.23 mi)
- Heimatmuseum (6.46 mi)
More to Explore
* Prices reflect the lowest "base rate" found over the next 30 days. Rates are subject to change and may not include taxes and fees, hotel service charges, extra person charges, or incidentals, such as room service. All rates are displayed in USD unless otherwise noted. Converted rates are provided for your convenience. They are based on today's exchange rate, but the hotel will charge you in the local currency.


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Breed Guide & Compatibility Chart - Justpuppies.net
Pure Breed guide information
Pure Breed guide information
Dillie is a deer. But instead of spending her days foraging for veggies in the wilderness, she lives in a home with a human family in Canal Futon,
Full Punch
A place to worship cute animals, with funny photos, videos, and gifs
Are allergies, small living space, or mean parents not allowing you to have a dog? It's okay—there's always a silver lining!
Here is a big compilation of photos about animals. Take a look at them and they will surely make your day. Enjoy) …...
Check out 36 perfectly timed animal shots. Taken with high precision but most of the time just lucky shots. Animal photography at it's best, at least in a fun w
When I decided to get a pup for my new pet-friendly apartment, little did I know I would be racing against the clock to save a sick doggie's life.
Fake but funny!
Animals are capable of so much more compassion, love, bravery, and ingenuity than most people realize. Here are 14 incredible stories that reveal their hidden depths.
Site stumbleupon is very big company where you can found many things for plesure and for fun.
For everyone who's "in love" with a furry, four-legged canine, let's take a moment to reflect on why we're so crazy about our dogs......
We owe it to our animal companions to learn a little "dogese" or "catish," so here are the meanings of some of the most common......
Sometimes we take wildlife pictures that we see in books and magazines for granted; seldom does it give you the impressions that they were taken easily. Th
Design inspirations for designers
Currently browsing 50 Adorable Animals To Melt Your Heart for your design inspiration
These awesome humans have submitted these great 'Then and Now' photos demonstrating that they know that dogs are family for life. If you have a a photo (or two!) to add to the collection, upload your photo here on DogHeirs.com and TAG the photos 'Dog...
Doggelganger Human to Canine Pairing Software developed by NEC and the Pedigree Adoption Drive to match homeless dogs with potential owners.
Seeing a dog hurt or in distress can be a helpless feeling for a pet owner. Be prepared by learning first-aid tips to help your dog.


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News & Events
Tin House Galley Club: After James
We surveyed our galley club members and here are their responses.
After James: An Excerpt
One morning on a small harbor ferry heading to Granville Island she'd watched the boat taking its level with False Creek and felt a kind of weightlessness that seemed telling.
3 Stories of God
38 The child wanted to name the rabbit Actually, and could not be dissuaded from this. It was the first time one of our pets was named after an adverb. It made us uncomfortable. We thought it to be bad luck. But no ill befell any of us nor did any ill befall the people […]
Posted in Fiction, Flash Fridays, Tin House Books
Comments: 0
Last Sext: An Excerpt
I AM ABOUT TO BE HAPPY Can you feel it? You are art and you are not art Yesterday I thought it was good to be dead I babbled, a wildwoman boiling your pelt I wore you as my t-shirt and mouth I said it was good for you to be art Save me from […]
Posted in Poetry, Tin House Books
Comments: 0
Before the Feast: An Excerpt
We are sad. We don't have a ferryman any more. The ferryman is dead. Two lakes, no ferryman.
Posted in Excerpts, Tin House Books
Comments: 0
Tin House Galley Club: Before the Feast
We surveyed our galley club members and here are their responses.
Posted in Tin House Books
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Eleven Extraordinary Hours: An Interview with Pamela Erens
Jim Ruland talks to Pamela Erens about her new novel, Eleven Hours
Eleven Hours: An Excerpt
No, the girl says, she will not wear the fetal monitoring belt. Her birth plan says no to fetal monitoring.
A Public Space
Bookstores are not a dependable resource in the suburbs.
Tin House Galley Club: Eleven Hours
We surveyed our galley club members—here's what they thought.
Posted in Tin House Books
Comments: 0
The 5 Best Childbirth Scenes in Contemporary Literature
So little fiction has been written about one of the most common of human experiences: childbirth.
Ghosts of Bergen County: An excerpt
There were no witnesses except the woman who'd been up all night…
Posted in Excerpts, Fiction, Tin House Books
Comments: 0
Six Ghost Stories
Ghosts in literature are often treated like hybrid elements: part character, part plot device, part setting.
Ghosts of Bergen County: An Interview with Dana Cann
The idea for this novel began, as many of my works begin, as a dream: a friend and I take heroin, shoplift in a mall, and are chased by store security.
The Coyote's Bicycle: An Excerpt
For readers of Jon Krakauer and Susan Orlean, The Coyote's Bicycle brings to life a never-before-told phenomenon at our southern border, and the human drama of those that would cross. Prologue: EVERYBODY LOVES A BIKE This is the story of several thousand bicycles that made an incredible journey. They were very ordinary, used bicycles. […]
The Sleep Garden: An Interview with Jim Krusoe
Meg Storey: The Sleep Garden takes place mostly within an apartment complex called "The Burrow," but a few characters do not exist in this space. Why did you choose to extend the story beyond the Burrow? Jim Krusoe: The Sleep Garden is a combination of two elements. At first, all I wanted to do was to find […]
Posted in General, Interviews, Tin House Books
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Michael: An Essay
It so happens that Michael Woodcock, whose painting St. Joseph's Day appears as the cover of The Sleep Garden, also designed the cover of my first book of poems, a lifetime ago. It's my hope that what follows will let others know how important he was to me and to everyone who knew him. * […]
The Sleep Garden: An Excerpt
I • Where are we? How did we come here? Where are we going? • And anyway, who lies sleeping here with us? Wherever that is— I mean—wherever we are. II • To begin: the Burrow is a low mound that rises out of the ground. It rests on what would be, if not […]
The New and Improved Romie Futch: An Interview with Julia Elliott and Rachel Kaplan
Although many people see "sci-fi" and "Southern Gothic" as incompatible genres, combining the two seems natural to me because the contemporary South exists in the same technology-mediated world as other parts of the US, a world in which the internet inundates the mind with diverse forms of information and where the boundaries between science and sci-fi are often blurry.
Jess Pane, Greenlight Bookstore
A book that I hand sell a lot is "The Boys of My Youth" by Jo Ann Beard. That book stops my heart. I have to pound my chest to get it going again.
Winter Workshop Buoy: Lacy M. Johnson
As we continue to take applications for our upcoming fiction and nonfiction coastal workshops, we decided to check in with a few of our winter captains to get their perspective on the workshop experience. On the deck, our own Lacy M. Johnson, who will be teaching during Session Two. Tin House: What can you tell […]
Posted in Interviews, Tin House Books, Workshops
Comments: 0
"Where Do You Get Your Ideas From?"
Fiction: Imagination working on experience.
Posted in Events, General, Tin House Books
Comments: 0
Haunted Reading
As I walked the eerily empty streets of downtown Spartanburg the evening before my reading, I imagined good old boys morphing into slimy reptiles, conducting human sacrifices, and wallowing in bloodbaths, their scales glistening with gore.
The Art of the Sentence: Padgett Powell
"The caterwauling bug song will abate as you do this." –Padgett Powell
Posted in Art of the Sentence, Tin House Books
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The New and Improved Romie Futch: An Interview with Julia Elliott
Author Julia Elliott talks about dystopian satires, Southern gothic tall tales, brain enhancements, and fear-hog hunting in this Q&A with her editor.


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Handsome Male Chiweenie puppy. "MAGIC" is a smart fun little guy! He was born 6/21/16 and is ready for her new home when he is 9 weeks old after 8/20/16!
Latest photos of MAGIC @ 9 weeks on 8/24/16 !! Magic is Available! He's a pretty cool little dude! Gets along with all our other dogs.. He's bold and adventurous! Loves attention and keeps you laughing for hours!!! He would be a perfect ...
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