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Welcome to George Miller Motorcycles, based in Ardstraw Co. Tyrone, just 20 minutes from Omagh and 10 Minutes from Strabane. We cater for all bikers, from Customs to Sports & Trail to Race. George Miller's has been in the Motorcycle trade for over 35 years and have been an Authorised Suzuki Dealer for almost 30 years.
We can supply new Suzuki Motorcycles & Scooters as well as the full range of WK Bikes and Quadzilla Quads.
We currently carry around 15 used motorcycles in stock at anytime (Suzuki, Honda, Yamaha, Kawasaki and Triumph) and can deliver across Northern Ireland. We also stock a wide range of parts and accessories and carry out service & repairs daily by our highly trained Technicians.
Feel free to contact us with any questions or enquires and make sure to check out our Facebook Page;
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Monday - Wednesday 09:00 - 18:00
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After having played pivotal roles in various shows, here he is...
Manit Joura might be soon seen in Zee TV's upcoming show...
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Information Morning Nova Scotia
Information Morning Nova Scotia | Weekdays 6 a.m. to 8:37 a.m. | CBC Radio One
Join hosts Don Connolly and Louise Renault for the news from your town, your province and your country.
Don't be afraid to talk, Nova Scotia whistleblowers say
Two rural Nova Scotians who publicly questioned the behaviour of their municipal officials are encouraging others to have the courage to speak out when they feel something is wrong.
Dalhousie University's Molly Appeal raising money for immunity research
Prisoners with Hepatitis C provide good models for rapidly aging immune systems, and data gathered during their treatment could lead to improved immunity in seniors.
1st-ever forum for Nova Scotia lobster fishermen in southwest called a success
Lobster fishermen in southwest Nova Scotia say a forum held yesterday represents an opportunity for an at-times divided industry to present a united front on the issues affecting it.audio
Information Morning Nova Scotia clips
Tuesday September 27, 2016
Audio Two whistleblowers on municipal accountability
Susanne Roy lives in the Municipality of the District of Guysborough and has investigated the expenses of councillors. Hal Davidson lives in Amherst. He asked town administration to intervene after one councillor used a racial slur.
Tuesday September 27, 2016
Audio A personal look at the after-effects of a concussion
Myra Barss had a recent, frightening experience ... one that surprised her family in many ways. She and her husband Peter talk to us about the lingering and surprising affects of concussions.
Monday September 26, 2016
Audio How one scammer got around Air BnB protections
Monday September 26, 2016
Audio A taste of Dartmouth Centre candidates
Friday September 23, 2016
Audio Corrrectional Services staff member fired over Matthew Hines' death
In 2015, Hines died in Dorchester Penitentiary. A post-mortem report found pepper spray likely killed him and the RCMP is re-opening its investigation. The CBC's Joan Weeks explains.
Friday September 23, 2016
Audio Some NS refugee sponsorship groups still waiting for families and info
Deborah Woolway is with the group Crichton Park Friends of Refugees in Dartmouth. Paul Allen is with the Birch Cove Baptist Church refugee group in Halifax.
Friday September 23, 2016
Audio Woman faces deportation and medical risks, says advocacy group
Elizabeth Fry Society of Cape Breton Executive Director Darlene MacEachern lays out situation faces Fliss Cramman, who recently served time at the Nova Institution for Women in Truro.
Thursday September 22, 2016
Audio Remembering the man behind some of the more memorable exhibits at the Museum of Natural History in Halifax
The man behind some of the more memorable exhibits at the Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History in Halifax has died. Ed Longard was chief curator for more than thirty years. In that role, he built or planned many of the permanent exhibits on display. Star
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- The 'change' candidate can't change his ways in 1st debate
- Private meeting at UN between Trudeau team and Omani officials led to Hoodfar's release by Iran
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- Actor Gordon Pinsent receives Stratford Festival's Legacy Award
- Tory MP asks Liberals if they are 'hiding' any more moving expenses
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- 3 Canadian banks served 2,000 offshore corporations, Bahamas leak shows
- Canadian ties exposed in leaked Bahamas tax-haven data
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- Clinton, Trump clash over taxes, race and terror in 1st presidential debate
- Liberals consider ending costly Canada Savings Bond program
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- WestJet, Air Canada imposed $25 checked bag fee within days of each other: Class action file alleges collusion
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- Web streaming service Shomi to shut down as of Nov. 30
- Liberals consider ending costly Canada Savings Bond program
- Whooping cough vaccine's immunity drops substantially over time
- Foot doctor used experimental implants unapproved for surgery on unsuspecting patients
- 'Just do it now:' doctors encouraged to make offices accessible
- 'Nothing to do with public health': Big Tobacco fights Canada's plain packaging plans
- 'Lives at stake': campus counsellors say province must address mental health 'crisis'
- Actor Gordon Pinsent receives Stratford Festival's Legacy Award
- Bruce Springsteen memoir Born to Run takes readers on riveting ride
- Web streaming service Shomi to shut down as of Nov. 30
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I'm new to web design and ASP so this may be a basic question. Setting up a company intranet web page and am using a ms access db for the data source. Doing 'simple' searches. However, when the response come back, the number formatting that I've created in Access is lost in my page. For example, in Access my numeric data looks like this 1,589. When it gets to the page, written in HTML, it looks like this: 1589. Or a number in Access appears as this: (34,568). In the web page it looks like this:
-34568.450000.
Where do you think the problem is, besides my inexperience?
Thanks very much,
Joe


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Spiced Citrus Cider Recipe
What could be better than sipping a tangy cup of this hot cider on a cold winter day? It sure warms the spirits!—Harriet Stichter, Milford, Indiana
- 5 cups water
- 4 medium lemons, sliced
- 4 medium oranges, sliced
- 2 cinnamon sticks (3 inches)
- 2 teaspoons whole allspice
- 3 quarts apple cider
- 1 cup sugar
- 1. In a large saucepan, bring the water, lemons, oranges and spices to a boil. Reduce heat; cover and simmer for 1 hour.
- 2. Strain and discard fruit and spices. Transfer citrus mixture to a large soup kettle. Stir in the cider and sugar; heat through. Yield: 20 servings (1 gallon.).
Nutritional Facts
1 cup: 94 calories, 0g fat (0g saturated fat), 0mg cholesterol, 16mg sodium, 24g carbohydrate (0g sugars, 2g fiber), 0g protein Diabetic Exchanges: 1 fruit.
Reviews for Spiced Citrus Cider
© 2016 RDA Enthusiast Brands, LLC


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Synthetic small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are an indispensable tool to investigate gene function in eukaryotic cells1,2 and may be used for therapeutic purposes to knockdown genes implicated in disease3. Thus far, most synthetic siRNAs have been produced by chemical synthesis. Here we present a method to produce highly potent siRNAs in E. coli. This method relies on ectopic expression of p19, a siRNA-binding protein found in a plant RNA virus4, 5. When expressed in E. coli, p19 stabilizes ~21 nt siRNA-like species produced by bacterial RNase III. Transfection of mammalian cells with siRNAs, generated in bacteria expressing p19 and a hairpin RNA encoding 200 or more nucleotides of a target gene, at low nanomolar concentrations reproducibly knocks down gene expression by ~90% without immunogenicity or off-target effects. Because bacterially produced siRNAs contain multiple sequences against a target gene, they may be especially useful for suppressing polymorphic cellular or viral genes.
RNA interference (RNAi) by double-stranded (ds) siRNAs induces the degradation of mRNAs bearing complementary sequences6,7. Although most synthetic siRNAs are designed by computer algorithms and produced by chemical synthesis, siRNAs can also be made from transcribed longer dsRNAs that are processed in vitro by RNase III family enzymes8,9. In the latter case, the resulting siRNAs contain many sequences against one target (rather than a single sequence as occurs with chemically-synthesized siRNA). A pool of several siRNAs can sometimes be more effective and have fewer off-target effects than any one single siRNA10,11. However, thus far functional siRNAs have not been produced in living cells. Here, we engineer bacterial cells to produce fully processed ready-to-use siRNAs specific for a target gene of interest.
The p19 protein encoded by the plant RNA virus tombusvirus4 selectively binds to and inhibits the function of ~21 nt siRNAs, including those containing sequences complementary to virus RNA5. A p19 dimer binds to the ~19 nt duplex region of an siRNA in a sequence-independent manner12,13. In agreement with previous publications, we found that endogenous siRNAs in mammalian cells can be isolated using p19 coupled to magnetic beads (Fig. 1a)13. As a negative control because E. coli lacks canonical RNAi-processing machinery, we used p19 beads incubated with total RNA isolated from E. coli (a wild-type strain and a strain transformed with a pcDNA3.1+ plasmid encoding p19). Surprisingly, p19-coupled beads retrieved ~21 nt dsRNAs from the p19 plasmid-containing E. coli strain (Fig. 1a). Although the CMV promoter14 driving expression from this plasmid is mostly used for efficient gene expression in mammalian cells, pcDNA3.1+ plasmids encoding FLAG-tagged p19 or a FLAG-tagged control gene of a similar size (TREX1) drove detectable protein expression in E. coli (Fig. 1b). We detected small ~21 nt RNAs on SYBR Gold-stained denaturing polyacrylamide gels of total RNA harvested from p19-expressing bacteria, but not on gels of total RNA isolated from bacteria transformed with the empty vector or a vector encoding TREX1 (Fig. 1b). These data suggest that p19 expression stabilizes a cryptic siRNA-like RNA species in E. coli. Similarly sized small RNAs were also detected in p19-expressing, but not WT, strains of the Gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes (Supplementary Fig. 1).
To determine if the small RNAs detected in E. coli depended on functional p19, RNA was isolated from E. coli expressing WT p19 or p19 containing mutations that disrupt siRNA binding12,15 (Fig. 1c). The ~21 nt dsRNA band was more prominent in bacteria expressing WT than mutant p19. Thus siRNA-binding to p19 promotes the accumulation of siRNA-like RNAs in E. coli.
Next we looked for the nuclease responsible for making small RNAs. The most likely candidate was RNase III, an ancestor of eukaryotic Dicer, which is responsible for the final step of siRNA biogenesis16. E. coli RNase III can generate siRNA-sized dsRNAs from longer dsRNAs in vitro9. We transformed two RNase III mutant strains, rnc1417 and rnc3818, with plasmids encoding p19 (Fig. 1d). In both RNase III mutant strains, p19 beads failed to pull down any visible small RNAs. Furthermore, restoration of RNase III expression in HT115(DE3) cells, a rnc14 strain, restored the production of p19-dependent small RNAs (Fig. 1e). Thus, accumulation of these small RNAs in bacteria depends on ectopic p19 expression and endogenous RNase III expression.
We next asked whether small RNAs generated in p19-expressing E. coli exhibit properties similar to those of chemically synthesized siRNAs. We cloned p19 into the pGEX-4T-1 plasmid to express a GST-p19 fusion protein with a C-terminal His tag (Fig. 2a). A T7 promoter driving expression of a hairpin RNA encoding the sequence of the target gene was inserted immediately after the His tag in this plasmid. We first used a hairpin encoding full-length EGFP (EGFPFL). The expression of the GST-p19-His fusion protein and hairpin RNA were both induced by IPTG. We used nickel (Ni) affinity chromatography to capture the GST-p19-His protein, and 0.5% SDS to selectively elute p19-bound RNAs, which were predominantly ~21 nt long (Fig. 2b and Supplementary Fig. 2). Small RNAs were further purified from other longer RNAs by anion exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). To verify that these bacterial small RNAs, which we refer to as pro-siRNAs for prokaryotic siRNAs, are double stranded, we treated them with a variety of nucleases. Like chemically synthesized siRNAs, bacterial small RNAs were sensitive to RNase A, but were insensitive to enzymes that digest ssRNA or DNA (Xrn1, RNase T1, exonuclease T (Exo T), exonuclease I (Exo I), or DNase Turbo) (Fig. 2c). Next we tested whether transfection of bacterial small RNAs that were purified from E. coli expressing p19 and EGFPFL hairpin into HeLa cells stably expressing d1EGFP (HeLa-d1EGFP) would load them into Argonaute (Ago), the central component of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). To do this we performed immunoprecipitation with a pan-Ago antibody, and analyzed the ability of the associated RNAs to hybridize to an EGFP probe (Northern blot) (Fig. 2d). RNAs that co-immunoprecipitated with anti-Ago were ~21 nt long and hybridized to the EGFP probe only in pro-siRNA transfected cells; in contrast no small RNA co-immunoprecipitated with control mouse IgG. Thus bacterial small RNAs were similar to synthetic siRNAs in chemical composition and were incorporated into the RISC.
Since pro-siRNAs exhibit properties of siRNAs, we next tested whether pro-siRNAs can suppress expression of specific target genes. We transfected HeLa-d1EGFP cells with a chemically synthesized EGFP siRNA or with pro-siRNAs purified from E. coli expressing p19 and EGFPFL hairpin or a hairpin encoding a100 nt fragment of EGFP that overlapped with the chemically synthesized siRNA sequence (EGFP100). As measured by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and flow cytometry, both EGFPFL and EGFP100 pro-siRNAs knocked down EGFP expression more effectively than equimolar concentrations of chemically synthesized siRNA (Fig. 2e and Supplementary Fig. 3a). pro-siRNAs made from the p19-expressing plasmid lacking any EGFP sequence or expressing only the antisense half of the EGFP hairpin did not effectively knockdown EGFP (Supplementary Fig. 3b). As expected, silencing by pro-siRNA was Dicer-independent because EGFPFL pro-siRNA still functioned in Dicer-deficient HCT116 cells19 and recombinant Dicer protein did not further process pro-siRNAs in vitro (Supplementary Fig. 4).
To test the effectiveness of pro-siRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous and viral genes, we used convenient restriction sites to clone and express hairpins from the coding regions of LMNA (which encodes two splice variant products, lamin A and lamin C), PLK1, TP53 and HIV vif (viral infectivity factor) and gag (capsid antigen). These hairpins contained 200–579 nt of each sense and antisense sequence (523 nt for LMNA, 299 nt for PLK1, 300 nt for TP53, 579 nt for vif, 200 and 500 nt for gag). The HPLC-purified pro-siRNAs for each gene contained a few different sized species that migrated close to the 21 nt marker on both native and denaturing polyacrylamide gels (Fig. 2f). For LMNA and PLK1 pro-siRNAs, a minor RNA band migrated at ~25 nt. We transfected HeLa-d1EGFP and HCT116 with pro-siRNAs and commercially available chemically synthesized siRNAs (LMNA and TP53 siRNAs were from a single sequence; PLK1 siRNAs were a pool of 4 siRNAs and were chemically modified by proprietary methods for enhanced stability and reduced off-target effects20). The extent of gene knockdown was similar when siRNAs and pro-siRNAs were transfected at 4 nM (Fig. 3a). To more closely evaluate the potency of pro-siRNAs, we performed dose response experiments comparing transfection of pro-siRNAs (0.2, 2, 20 nM) targeting LMNA, TP53 and PLK1 with five commercial siRNAs for each gene (four siRNAs from Dharmacon, of which the PLK1 siRNAs were chemically modified20) (Supplementary Fig. 5). The potency of the commercial siRNAs varied, as best evaluated at the lowest concentration. The pro-siRNAs, whose sequences were not optimized, achieved similar gene knockdown as the commercially optimized siRNAs. At a concentration of 2 nM, each pro-siRNA achieved knockdown of ~90%. Because siRNA design algorithms are imperfect, identifying potent siRNAs often requires testing several sequences, which can be time consuming and costly. pro-siRNAs might circumvent the need to test multiple sequences to identify a single potent siRNA.
To examine potential toxicity of pro-siRNAs, we analyzed the growth of HeLa-d1GFP and HCT116 cells after they were transfected with either a negative control siRNA or EGFP pro-siRNA (Fig. 3b). Their growth curves were not significantly different. To compare the effectiveness of gene knockdown by pro-siRNAs and siRNAs, we examined cell proliferation after knocking down PLK1, which kills dividing cells21. PLK1 siRNAs and pro-siRNAs markedly reduced viability with indistinguishable kinetics (Fig. 3b).
We next used pro-siRNAs to knockdown the HIV gene vif, which targets the host restriction factor APOBEC3G for ubiquitylation and degradation, thereby preventing APOBEC3G packaging into virions. Vif is therefore dispensable for the initial round of HIV replication but essential for spread of the infection to new cells. We compared the efficacy of vif pro-siRNAs with two validated chemically synthesized siRNAs22, 23. Neither siRNAs nor pro-siRNAs targeting vif altered the percentage of initially infected HeLa-CD4 cells (data not shown), but both suppressed vif gene expression and inhibited subsequent rounds of infection, as assessed in the TZM-bl luciferase reporter cell line (Fig. 3d). vif pro-siRNAs were more potent than chemically synthesized siRNAs.
One major obstacle to using RNAi to suppress HIV or other viruses is virus sequence diversity. Because pro-siRNAs target many sequences within a gene (see below), compared to chemically synthesized siRNAs, pro-siRNAs directed against a viral gene might have broader activity against diverse viral strains and might be less likely to incite generation of siRNA-resistant mutants. We previously tried unsuccessfully to identify an siRNA against HIV-1 clade B gag that could also inhibit viral isolates from other clades22. To investigate whether pro-siRNAs might have broader activity, we used hairpins encoding 200 and 500 nt from the gag coding region of clade B HIV-IIIB virus. Compared to a chemically synthesized gag siRNA, the gagB200 and gagB500 pro-siRNAs more potently suppressed HIV-IIIB (Fig. 2d). More importantly, both gag pro-siRNAs, but not the chemically synthesized gag siRNA, knocked down expression of gag mRNA and inhibited in vitro spread of viruses of different clades (UG29, clade A; IN22, clade C). However, not surprisingly, the gag pro-siRNAs more efficiently inhibited the IIIB virus than the UG29 or IN22 viruses. These data suggest that pro-siRNAs could be particularly useful for targeting heterogeneous and rapidly evolving viral genes.
Because mammalian cells are sensitive to bacterial endotoxin, which elicits production of inflammatory mediators by stimulating Toll-like receptor 4, we assessed whether purified pro-siRNAs are contaminated with endotoxin. Although SDS-eluted pro-siRNAs contained significant amounts of endotoxin as measured by Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay, HPLC-purified pro-siRNAs, even at concentrations as high as 320 nM, contained no detectable endotoxin (Supplementary Table 1). We also tested for endotoxin contamination by measuring expression of proinflammatory cytokine and interferon-stimulated genes in monocyte-derived human macrophages incubated with (Supplementary Fig. 6a) or transfected with (Supplementary Fig. 6b) HPLC-purified pro-siRNAs. Neither pro-inflammatory nor interferon-stimulated genes were induced by pro-siRNAs in these highly endotoxin-sensitive cells.
To ascertain the sequence composition of pro-siRNAs, we cloned and deep sequenced pro-siRNAs using a method established for eukaryotic siRNAs (sequencing summary in Supplementary Table 2). Most reads were 20–22 nt in length (Fig. 4a and Supplementary Fig. 7). The majority of reads (on average ~75%) aligned to the target gene sequence, plasmid backbone or the E. coli genome and, consistent with the efficiency of target gene knockdown, the majority of aligned sequences (82–99%) originated from the target gene sequence (Fig. 4b). Reads spanned the entire target gene sequence, but some reads concentrated at specific sites (`hot spots') (Fig. 4c, Supplementary Fig. 7 and 8). We detected some sequence strand bias for most of the hot spots (Supplementary Fig. 8a). Because our data (Fig. 2c and f) strongly suggested that pro-siRNAs are double stranded, we suspected that strand bias may have been due to differences in ligation efficiency during cloning, a well-known problem24, rather than to the presence of many single-stranded RNAs. To evaluate this, we designed forward and reverse DNA oligonucleotide probes (26–27 nt) aligning to three EGFPFL pro-siRNA hot spots and performed solution hybridization and native gel electrophoresis (Supplementary Table 3 and Supplementary Fig. 8b). The relative intensity of hybridized bands was approximately equal for sense and antisense probes for each hot spot and loosely correlated with the number of reads from each hot spot (Supplementary Fig. 8c–e). Thus, the strand bias in the deep sequencing data likely reflects ligation bias introduced during cloning.
To further investigate the hot spot pattern, we compared two independent preparations of EGFPFL pro-siRNAs cloned using different sets of adapters. Their potency, size profile and sequence content were similar, but not identical. The most abundant hot spots were consistent in the 2 samples, but the strand bias changed with the adapters, consistent with cloning bias (Supplementary Fig. 9a–d). Hot spots might be due to intrinsic sequence preferences for RNase III cleavage, or to differences in RNA stability or RNA binding to p19 after cleavage. To determine whether `hot spots' are determined by sequence differences at or close to the hot spot, we constructed hairpins of equal sizes from the 5' and 3' ends of the full length EGFP sequence. The pro-siRNAs generated from the two half EGFP hairpins contained hot spots mostly identical to those generated from the full length EGFPFL hairpin (Supplementary Fig. 9e). Thus hot spots seem to be determined by local sequence differences. However a basic bioinformatic analysis searching for preferred sequence motifs or bases in the hot spots was inconclusive (data not shown). E. coli RNase III might process dsRNA into siRNA-sized small RNAs in vivo through a mechanism that differs from Dicer25, whose cleavage of a long dsRNA results in phased and evenly distributed sequences along a target gene.
Because pro-siRNAs contained non-targeting sequences derived from the plasmid or E. coli genome, we were concerned about possible off-target effects26. To evaluate off-target effects, we compared by RNA deep sequencing the RNA expression profile of HeLa-d1EGFP cells transfected with 4 nM of negative control siRNA, chemically synthesized EGFP siRNA or EGFPFL or EGFP100 pro-siRNAs (sequencing summary in Supplementary Table 2). We used Tophat and Cufflinks to analyze the data and generated volcano plots of all annotated transcripts27 (fold change versus p value, Fig. 4d). Compared to chemically synthesized EGFP siRNA, EGFPFL and EGFP100 pro-siRNAs induced significant changes in expression of a smaller and larger number of genes, respectively (Fig. 4e, Supplementary Fig. 10a and Supplementary Table 4). EGFPFL pro-siRNAs also produced the fewest changes in long non-coding RNA levels (Supplementary Fig. 10b,c). EGFP100 pro-siRNAs, made from a shorter hairpin (100 bp), contained a higher proportion of sequences mapping to plasmid and E. coli genomic sequences, compared to pro-siRNAs made from longer hairpins (200 to 720 bp, Fig. 4b). Thus, longer target gene hairpins will likely generate pro-siRNA preparations that will have fewer off-target effects. We also compared by microarray the gene expression profiles of cells transfected with LMNA chemically synthesized siRNAs and pro-siRNAs. Consistent with the EGFPFL data, LMNA pro-siRNAs made from a longer hairpin (523 bp) led to fewer significantly changed genes compared with the chemically synthesized LMNA siRNA (Fig. 4e,f and Supplementary Fig. 10d and Supplementary Table 4). For both EGFP and LMNA, the intended target was always the most down-regulated gene, and pro-siRNAs consistently induced greater suppression than the siRNA. The significantly changed genes in each of these experiments were not enriched for innate immune genes28 (Supplementary Table 4), confirming that the pro-siRNAs did not stimulate an innate immune response. Thus pro-siRNAs offer highly specific knockdown that is at least as good as synthetic siRNAs without the need to test multiple sequences.
Here we showed that bacteria can produce siRNAs that are not toxic and efficiently suppress expression of exogenous genes (EGFP), viral genes (vif and gag) and endogenous genes (PLK1, TP53, LMNA) in mammalian cells. Because pro-siRNAs are natural products of RNase III, they likely have favorable ends (e. g., 5′-phosphate, 3′-hydroxyl and 3' overhangs) for efficient loading by Ago into the RISC, and they do not activate cytosolic innate immune RNA sensors. Although we used one plasmid to express p19 and the target gene hairpin, it is possible to use two separate plasmids to express p19 and the sense and antisense strands of the target sequence (Supplementary Fig. 11). Like chemically synthesized siRNAs, but unlike short hairpin RNA-mediated stable gene knockdown, pro-siRNA-mediated gene silencing is temporary.
Without much optimization we achieved an average yield of ~4 nmol (~42 μg) pro-siRNA per liter of E. coli culture, which, albeit modest, is more than enough for most laboratory experiments, given the activity of pro-siRNAs at low nanomolar concentrations. The engineered plasmid or E. coli genome could potentially be further optimized to maximize yield and improve effectiveness and/or specificity. For example, we doubled the yield of EGFPFL pro-siRNA by overexpressing E. coli RNase III (Supplementary Fig. 12).
Previous studies described use of E. coli to induce RNAi. For example, RNase III-deficient E. coli expressing dsRNAs can be fed to C. elegans to knockdown expression of worm genes17, and bacteria-derived dsRNAs can be applied to plants to induce specific gene knockdown29. In worms and plants, unlike mammalian cells, gene silencing is enhanced by RNA-dependent RNA polymerases that amplify small amounts of RNA. More recently, genetically engineered E. coli engineered to express an invasin (to induce bacterial uptake) and listeriolysin (to allow bacterial RNAs to escape from phagolysosomes), delivered dsRNAs into the cytoplasm of human cells through "trans-kingdom RNAi" technology30,31. In all these scenarios, target gene silencing requires host cell processing of long siRNA precursors by Dicer.
pro-siRNAs could become a valuable addition to existing RNAi techniques for both research and therapeutics. Use of pro-siRNAs would eliminate the need to purchase and test multiple individual chemically synthesized siRNAs. When generated from longer hairpins, pro-siRNA preparations containing multiple sequences might trigger fewer off-target effects than individual siRNAs and, in the cases of virus infection or cancer, might more effectively prevent target gene escape by mutation. The method we developed for producing pro-siRNAs was adapted from well-established techniques for making recombinant proteins from E. coli and could easily be adopted and scaled-up in an industrial setting. In addition, mammalian cDNA libraries might be used to generate pro-siRNA libraries for siRNA screening purposes. That said, chemical synthesis provides the opportunity for chemical modifications to increase potency, enhance stability and reduce off-target effects or to couple fluorophores or targeting moieties. More work is needed to determine if such modifications might also be possible for pro-siRNAs; this might be achieved by adding modified ribonucleotides to bacterial cultures during IPTG induction or by performing the same coupling reactions with purified pro-siRNAs as are used to modify chemically synthesized siRNAs.
A recent study found that yeast Ago protein expressed in E. coli binds small RNAs that are predominantly a mixture of sense and antisense strands derived from sequences of the expression plasmid32. That study confirms our finding that siRNA-like small RNAs are generated in bacteria and can be stabilized by binding to proteins like Ago or p19. Future studies should evaluate whether siRNAs generated in bacteria might have functional significance, for example in bacterial defense against foreign genetic elements and pathogens or in regulation of endogenous bacterial genes.
All E. coli strains used in this study are listed in Supplementary Table 5. E. coli strain DH5α was used for cloning and for initial characterization of the siRNA-like RNA species. For recombinant protein expression and pro-siRNA production, we used T7 Express Iq (NEB), a BL21-derived E. coli strain. We utilized two mutants of RNase III, rnc-14::DTn10 (TetR) and Drnc-38 (KanR). These were moved by P1 transduction from parent strains HT115(DE3)17 and SK762218 into E. coli strain MG1655 ΔlacZYA (also referred as MG1655 Δlac). All E. coli strains were cultured in LB broth, Lennox (BD) at 37°C with shaking at 250 rpm and antibiotics when required were used at the following concentrations; carbenicillin (100 μg/ml), kanamycin (50 μg/ml), spectinomycin (50 μg/ml), tetracycline (12.5 μg/ml).
Listeria monocytogenes strain 10403S was cultured in brain-heart infusion medium (BD Biosciences) at 30°C. Transformation of bacterial cells was performed as previously described34.
The p19 gene used in this study was cloned from Tomato bushy stunt virus (gift of James Carrington, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center). All plasmids are listed in Supplementary Table 6 and will be made available through Addgene. To produce p19 in E. coli, we used pcDNA3.1+ (Invitrogen) to express the p19 protein with a C-terminal FLAG tag (pcDNA3.1-p19-FLAG) or an N-terminal His tag (pcDNA3.1-His-p19). Plasmid pcDNA3.1-TREX1-FLAG encodes a C-terminal FLAG-tagged TREX1 protein. To express p19 in L. monocytogenes, pLIV-1-His-p19 plasmid was used, which encodes for p19 with an N-terminal His tag in the pLIV-1 plasmid (gift of Darren Higgins, Harvard Medical School). E. coli RNase III with an N-terminal FLAG was cloned into pcDNA3.1+ and pCDF-1b (Novagen) plasmids.
We used two strategies for pro-siRNA production in E. coli. In one approach p19-His was fused to GST in pGEX-4T-1 (to express GST-p19-His fusion protein). On the same plasmid we cloned a hairpin RNA expressing cassette consisting of an inverted repeat separated by a 32 bp linker downstream of a T7 promoter (Fig. 2a). The hairpin RNA sequences were: EGFPFL, the entire 720-bp EGFP coding sequence (from pEGFP-N1, Clontech); EGFP100, 100 bp from nt 219 to 318; EGFP Hotspot-1 360 bp from nt 1 to 360; EGFP Hotspot-2 360 bp from nt 361 to 720; LMNA (NM_005572.3), 523 bp from nt 267 to 789; TP53 (NM_000546.5), 301 bp from nt 376 to 676; PLK1 (NM_005030.3), 299 bp from nt 92 to 390; vif (K03455), the entire 579-bp; gag (K03455), gagB200: 200 bp from nt 1183 to 1382, gagB500: 500 bp from nt 1004 to 1503. (Genbank entries listed; numbers refer to position with respect to the translation start site).
In another approach we used two compatible plasmids for pro-siRNA production. The GST-p19-His protein was cloned under the control of the T7 promoter in pRSF-1b (Novagen) or pCDF-1b to generate pRSF-GST-p19-His and pCDF-GST-p19-His. The second plasmid is a L4440 plasmid encoding the entire EGFP coding sequence (L4440-EGFP).
All cloning was performed using PCR and standard techniques. All primers (with information for restriction enzyme sites) are listed in Supplementary Table 7.
HeLa-d1EGFP, HCT116, HCT116 Dicer−/−, HeLa-CD4, TZM-bl, U87.CD4.CXCR4 and U87.CD4.CCR533 were cultured in DMEM medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS). ACH2 cells (human leukemia T cell line CEM latently infected with HIV-1) were cultured in RPMI medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS. For assays using primary monocyte-derived human macrophages, monocytes were isolated from the blood of a healthy donor by Ficoll-Paque Plus (GE Healthcare) density separation. Human samples were obtained with approval by the Boston Children's Hospital Investigation Review Board. Monocytes were plated on PRIMARIA plates (FALCON) in RPMI medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated human serum and adherent cells were cultured for 5 d to allow differentiation into macrophages.
Total RNA was isolated from 3 ml of E. coli stationary phase culture with 1 ml Trizol reagent (Invitrogen) following the manufacturer's protocol. RNA from human cells was collected in Trizol and extracted according to the manufacturer's protocol. Total RNA (1 μg) was converted to cDNA using SuperScript III Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen). For qRT-PCR, 10 μl reaction, containing SsoFast EvaGreen mastermix (Bio-Rad), appropriate primers (Supplementary Table 5), and template cDNAs made from 10 ng RNA, was amplified on a Bio-Rad CFX 96 Thermal Cycler. All qRT-PCR data were normalized to the human GAPDH gene. qRT-PCR primers for human genes (Supplementary Table 7) were selected from PrimerBank (http://pga.mgh.harvard.edu/primerbank/).
p19 magnetic beads were prepared at NEB as previously described13. To pull down siRNAs, 50 μg of total RNA (isolated from human or E. coli cells) was used following the manufacturer's protocol13.
GST-p19-His was purified as follows. A fresh single transformant of T7 Express Iq containing pGEX-4T-1-p19-T7 was used to inoculate 300 ml LB medium in a 1.5 L flask. When the OD600 reached 0.3-0.6, protein and pro-siRNA expression were induced by adding 0.5 mM IPTG for 1 hr. Cells were centrifuged and lysed in 10 ml lysis buffer (50 mM Phosphate buffer pH 7.0, 300 mM NaCl, 10 mM imidazole, 1% Triton X-100, 1 mg/ml lysozyme) at 4°C for ~30 min followed by sonication (Misonix S-4000) until the lysate was non-viscous. Following centrifugation the lysate was incubated with rotation with 1 ml Ni-NTA resin (Thermo Scientific) overnight at 4°C. The resin was washed with lysis buffer 4 times, each time for 10 min at 4°C with rotation. Bound GST-p19-His was eluted in lysis buffer containing 300 mM imidazole at room temperature.
To purify p19-bound pro-siRNA the procedure was as above until the final elution step when 500 μl 0.5% SDS was added for 10 min at room temperature with rotation. This step was repeated and both SDS eluates were combined and passed through a 0.22 μm centrifuge filter (Corning) before HPLC purification on a Bio WAX NP5 anion exchange column (Agilent Technologies). The HPLC buffers were: Buffer A, 25 mM Tris-HCl, 2 mM EDTA; Buffer B, 25mM Tris-HCl, 2 mM EDTA, 5 M NaCl. HPLC was initiated with a flow rate of 1 ml/min at 25°C. Elution was performed using a linear gradient of 0–10% Buffer B over 4 min, followed by 10% Buffer B for 6 min, and a second linear gradient of 10–25% Buffer B over 15 min at a reduced flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. pro-siRNA eluted in the second gradient was collected by isopropanol precipitation.
For denaturing electrophoresis of RNA, mini-sized pre-cast 15% polyacrylamide TBE-Urea gels (Invitrogen) were used. RNA samples were heated to 95°C for 5 min in Gel Loading Buffer II (Ambion) and then immediately placed on ice until gel loading. Electrophoresis was performed in a 70°C water bath (to ensure complete denaturation of siRNA) and gels were stained with SYBR Gold (Invitrogen). For analysis of E. coli total RNA, 20 μg samples of Trizol-isolated RNA were loaded. RNA size standards (miRNA marker, siRNA marker and Low Range ssRNA Ladder) were from NEB.
For native electrophoresis of RNA, mini-sized homemade 10–20% polyacrylamide TBE gels were used with the Bio-Rad Mini-PROTEAN Tetra Cell. RNA samples were prepared in Gel Loading Buffer II (Ambion) without heat denaturation and electrophoresis was performed at room temperature.
The nucleases tested were: RNase A, RNase T1, and Turbo DNase (all from Ambion), Xrn1, exonuclease T, and exonuclease I (all from NEB). For each assay, 200 ng of an unmodified synthetic negative control siRNA (GenePharma) and vif pro-siRNA were used and assays were incubated in a 20 μl reaction volume using standard amounts of enzymes at 37°C for 1 hr. Treated RNAs were purified by phenol/chloroform extraction followed by isopropanol precipitation.
RNA samples diluted in ddH2O to the indicated concentration were analyzed by the single vial Gel Clot LAL assay (detection limit 0.25 EU/ml, Lonza) following the manufacturer's protocol. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli O111:B4 (Sigma-Aldrich) was used as a positive control.
To test for cytokine gene activation, monocyte-derived macrophages plated in 24 well plates (1×105 cells/well) were incubated with medium containing RNA or LPS at the indicated concentration for 4 hr before harvesting RNA. siRNAs and pro-siRNAs (20 nM) were also transfected into cells using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) and total RNA was harvested 24 hr after transfection.
RNA samples were dephosphorylated by Antarctic Phosphatase (NEB) for 30 min at 37°C in the presence of Murine RNase Inhibitor (NEB). The Antarctic Phosphatase was deactivated by incubation at 65°C for 5 min and the RNA was end-labeled with γ-32P ATP (PerkinElmer) and T4 Polynucleotide Kinase (NEB). Gels were exposed using a phosphorimager screen and visualized using a FLA-9000 Image Scanner (Fujifilm).
Northern blot for small RNAs was performed as previously described35. The EGFP specific sense probe was a 32P-UTP-internally labeled RNA prepared by in vitro transcription using T7 RNA polymerase (NEB) and a PCR-generated DNA template of the full-length EGFP gene that incorporated a T7 promoter.
All siRNA transfections were performed using Lipofectamine 2000 following the manufacturer's protocol. Briefly, cells were plated in 24 well plates (1×105 per well) and the transfection complex (containing 1.0 ml Lipofectamine 2000 and siRNAs) was added directly to the medium. RNA and protein samples were isolated from cells 24 hr post-transfection. For the PLK1 cell killing experiment, cells were counted using a TC-10 automatic cell counter (Bio-Rad). The following siRNAs were used: ON-TARGETplus Non-targeting siRNA #4 (D-001810-04-05, Dharmacon), siGENOME Lamin A/C Control siRNA (D-001050-01-20, Dharmacon), Set of 4: siGENOME LMNA siRNAs (MQ-004978-01-0002, Dharmacon), ON-TARGETplus SMARTpool - Human PLK1 (L-003290-00-0005, Dharmacon), Set of 4 Upgrade: ON-TARGETplus PLK1 siRNA (LU-003290-00-0002, Dharmacon), Set of 4: siGENOME TP53 siRNA (MQ-003329-03-0002, Dharmacon), Negative control siRNA (NC siRNA, B01001, GenePharma), Positive control siRNA TP53 (B03001, GenePharma), custom EGFP siRNA (sense, GGCUACGUCCAGGAGCGCACC; antisense, UGCGCUCCUGGACGUAGCCUU), custom vif siRNA-122 (sense, GUUCAGAAGUACACAUCCCT; antisense, GGGAUGUGUACUUCUGAACTT) and custom siRNA-223 (sense, CAGAUGGCAGGUGAUGAUUGT; antisense, AAUCAGCACCUGCCAUCUGTT), custom gag siRNA24: (sense, GAUUGUACUGAGAGACAGGCU; antisense, CCUGUCUCUCAGUACAAUCUU).
Cells (3×106) were transfected with 4 nM NC siRNA or EGFPFL pro-siRNAs. After 24 hr cells were scraped from the plate in 2 ml lysis buffer (150 mM KCl, 25 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 2 mM EDTA, 0.5 mM DTT, 1% NP-40 and Roche Complete Protease Inhibitor Cocktail). Cells were then mechanically disrupted for 1 min using a micro-MiniBeadbeater (BioSpec). The cell lysate was incubated at 4°C with rotation for 1 hr to ensure complete lysis. IP was performed by adding anti-Ago (2A8) antibody (Millipore, MABE56) or mouse total IgG (Jackson Labs) at 1:100 dilution together with 30 μl protein G Dynabeads (Invitrogen) and samples were rotated at 4°C overnight. After washing 4 times in lysis buffer, precipitated RNAs were isolated using Trizol reagent from 90% of the reaction mix, while 10% was saved for immunoblot input.
Protein samples were prepared by heating cells to 95°C for 5 min in 1× SDS loading buffer before SDS-PAGE. Immunoblot was performed using SNAP i.d. Protein Detection System (Millipore) following the manufacturer's protocol. Antibodies and their dilutions were: anti-FLAG (M2) 1:1,000 (Sigma-Aldrich, F1804), anti-His tag 1:500 (Covance, MMS-156P), anti-PLK1 1:100 (Santa Cruz, sc-17783), anti-LaminA/C 1:1,000 (Santa Cruz, sc-7292), anti-p53 (DO-1) 1:500, (Santa Cruz, sc-126), anti-beta-Tubulin 1:10,000 (Sigma-Aldrich, T5168), anti-Ago (2A8) 1:1,000 (Millipore, MABE56). Horseradish peroxidase conjugated anti-mouse or anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibodies were used at 1:5,000 dilution followed by incubating the membranes in SuperSignal West Pico Chemiluminescent Substrate (Thermo Scientific).
DNA oligonucleotides purchased from IDT were PAGE purified. Purified DNA oligonucleotides (10 pmol) were end-labeled with γ-32P ATP by T4 Polynucleotide Kinase (NEB) and 2 pmol was then mixed with 5 ng of pro-siRNAs in buffer containing 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.9, 100 mM NaCl and 2 mM EDTA. Samples were heated to 80°C for 10 min and allowed to cool to room temperature. A fraction of the sample was separated on a native 15% polyacrylamide gel. The gel was directly exposed to a phosphorimager screen. Multi-gauge software (Fujifilm) was used for image quantification.
siRNAs were cloned according to the Illumina small RNA sample preparation guide v1.5 with the following exceptions. Custom 5' RNA ligation adapters were synthesized with a 4 nt nucleotide barcode sequence (Supplementary Table 8). Small RNA libraries were pooled and sequenced on one sequencing lane of an Illumina GAII sequencer (Genome Technology Core, Whitehead Institute or NEB). Novocraft software (www.novocraft.com) was used for sequence alignment. Reference genome was E. coli K12 substr. MG1655. We wrote Perl software scripts for data analysis. All small RNA deep sequencing data are available in the BioProject database, NCBI (PRJNA188722, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/).
siRNAs and pro-siRNAs (4 nM) were transfected into HeLa-d1EGFP cells and RNA was isolated 24 hr post-transfection. Non-targeting siRNA #4 (Dharmacon) was used as negative control siRNA. Data from biological duplicates were analyzed at the Microarray Core, Dana Farber Cancer Institute for microarray analysis using GeneChip 1.0 ST (Affymetrix). Microarray data was analyzed using dChip software and p values of gene expression changes were calculated using paired T-test method36. Microarray data can be retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus database at NCBI (GSE44105, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/).
For RNA deep sequencing, a Ribo-Zero rRNA Removal Kit (Epicentre) was used to remove large ribosomal RNAs from total RNA following the manufacturer's protocol. For each condition, two libraries were constructed and sequenced independently from duplicate samples. rRNA-depleted RNA (from 500 ng total RNA) was used to construct a deep sequencing library using NEBNext Ultra RNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina (NEB #E7530) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Illumina GAII was used for sequencing (NEB). Tophat and Cufflinks software suites were used to analyze the RNA deep sequencing data from biological duplicates according to27. Reference genome was Human genome GRCh37/hg19 and annotations of lincRNA transcripts were downloaded from UCSD genome browser. Deep sequencing data can be retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus database at NCBI (ID number pending, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/).
For EGFP, cells were removed from plates by trypsin digestion and re-suspended in FACS buffer, DPBS (Invitrogen) containing 2% heat-inactivated FBS. Intracellular staining of p24 antigen was performed using an Intracellular Staining Kit (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's protocol and fluorescein-labeled p24 antibody (1:200, Beckman Coulter, cat#KC57-FITC). Fluorescence was analyzed on a FACSCalibur (BD) using FlowJo software (Tree Star).
HeLa-CD4 cells were transfected with 4 nM siRNA or pro-siRNA in 24 well plates (1×105 cells/well). Cells were infected 12 hr post-transfection with HIVIIIB (~400 ng/ml p24) and culture medium was changed 12 hr post-infection. For HIVUG29 U87.CD4.CXCR4 cells were used and for HIVIN22 U87.CD4.CCR5 cells were used. Culture medium was collected for TZM-bl assay and RNA was extracted for qRT-PCR 36 hr post-infection. TZM-bl cells, plated in 24 well plates (1×105 cells/well) 12 hr before, were analyzed 24 hr after adding culture supernatants by luciferase assay performed using a Luciferase Assay System kit (Promega) following the manufacturer's protocol.
~2 ug of total E. coli RNA were incubated with 1.0 unit of RNase A for 15 min at 37°C in 1× DNase I reaction buffer (NBE) supplemented with 400 mM NaCl. The resulting products were analyzed on a 0.8% agarose gel containing EtBr.
The authors thank James Carrington (Donald Danforth Plant Science Center) for the p19 clone, Chi Zhang and Gary Ruvkun (Massachusetts General Hospital) for L4440 plasmid and HT115(DE3) strain, Sidney Kushner (University of Georgia) for SK7622 strain, Darren Higgins (Harvard Medical School) for pLIV-1 plasmid, Shahin Ranjbar (Boston Children's Hospital) for HIV strains and cell lines. We thank Laurie M. Mazzola, Joanna M. Bybee and Daniela B. Munafo from NEB for assistance with RNA deep sequencing and Zander Ansara for technical help. We thank Ann Hochschild (Harvard Medical School) for suggestions and critical reading of the manuscript and Lieberman Lab members for technical assistance, helpful discussions and comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by NIH grant AI087431 (J.L.) and a GSK-IDI Alliance fellowship (L.H.).
Competing financial interests J.J. and L.M. are employees of New England BioLabs, a company that sells deep sequencing kits, p19 and other proteins for RNA and DNA research. L.H., P.D., E.K. and J.L. declare no competing financial interests.
Author Contributions L.H. and J.L. designed the experiments with advice from J.J., L.M., and P.D.. J.J. and L.M. prepared p19 beads and RNA deep sequencing libraries. P.D. constructed E. coli mutant strains. E.K. performed siRNA comparison and macrophage transfection experiments. L.H. performed all other experiments. L.H. and J.L. wrote the paper.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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I really do miss the old Batman television show with Adam West and Burt Ward, cheesy as it was. Actually, I miss the villains, especially Frank Gorshin's "Riddler" and his taunting brain-teaser's that often started with "Riddle me this Batman!" That stuff was classic!
On to the serious stuff now.
With bated breath, I have been waiting for something more (anything more) to come from the RFP-EZ project which is cited as a "signature project of the Presidential Innovation Fellows program" by my friend Matthew Weigelt in his Jan 31 FCW article. During this period of waiting, I have reviewed information about RFP-EZ to understand it's purpose and related benefits. I'm always a fan of anything that will create efficiencies for government contracting, specifically how Government and Industry do business, and of course, if it benefits small business in some way.
So after reading and pondering and reading some more, I've come to this point.
Riddle me this Presidential Innovation Fellows!
Why are you trying to make "EZ'r" (sorry!) a process that is already streamlined?
On your page for Project RFP-EZ you specifically discuss: "The projects inside of RFP-EZ are only "simplified acquisition
threshold" projects. This means that they qualify for simpler
procurement procedures because the value of the contract is in a certain
range – in this case between $3,000 and $150,000."
The Simplified Acquisition Procedures exist (among other reasons) to reduce administrative costs and avoid unnecessary burdens for agencies and contractors. So in all sincerity, what can you possibly do to effect positive change to this already simplified process?
Will it be in the areas Steve Kelman describes in his recent op-ed to FCW where he talks about "Relative weights for evaluation factors (such as price and past
performance) do not need to be specified in the solicitation, and
evaluation itself is simplified. Past performance judgments may be based
on the contracting officer's own knowledge or based on customer
surveys, rather than requiring a more formal process."
I don't mean to be a skeptic, but I have to believe this falls under the category of trying to fix something that isn't broken. I don't mean to profess the Simplified Acquisition Procedures are perfect, but purchasing activity under these procedures have increased greatly in recent years (from $3.8B in FY09 to $15.5B in FY11). Is that what this is all about?
If the goal is to make things "EZ" for agencies and contractors in the area of smaller and lower risk opportunities, I vote we adopt an idea Mr. Kelman published shortly after OFPP's Joe Jordan issued his Maximizing Opportunities Under the Simplified Acquisition Threshold for Small Businesses memo on June 6, 2012.
It goes something like this:
"Raise the micropurchase threshold to $250,000 for the
first five contracts a new small-business entrant into the federal
marketplace has with federal customers. Why the micropurchase threshold? Purchases below the micropurchase
threshold are not subject to any government-unique requirements of the
kind that often scare commercial businesses from entering the federal
marketplace. The government can make a decision to go with a vendor
without any complex requests for proposals or proposals of the kind that
also often scare small new businesses off from federal work."
That would be much easier than what appears to be happening with Project RFP-EZ.
Or we can go with my idea of making all purchases made using Simplified Acquisition Procedures set-aside (versus reserved) for small business, and raise the Simplified Acquisition Threshold to $500K.
All of you giving me the hairy eyeball should back off because I was being nice. I could have said to raise the threshold to the limit of the recently re-authorized test program that allows agencies to leverage simplified procedures to make buys of up to $6.5M for certain commercial items.
I could have.
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Category page
11,349pages on
this wiki
this wiki
Pages in category "News"
Blog posts
" Hey there guys. I was reading through some articles on a website when I came across something...
LS11sVaultBoy/GTA Series Not Continuing?
" Ok as i'm writing this R* haven't confirmed anything. xboxachievements.com had San Andreas on...
SociallyAwkwardEpic/GTA: San Andreas getting a re-release?
" It seems the Rockstar Games has hired real Gangsters and criminals to do voice acting for the...
C903jerk/Rockstar Hired Real Gangsters And Criminals To Do Voice Acting For GTA V
" Here we go more DLC for GTA V we get. Turismo, Jester, Alpha.
SociallyAwkwardEpic/GTA V - Business Pack DLC announced.
" An article concerning real life events is in urgent need of updating. The Controversy article...
TAlim 1994/Cleanup - "Controversy"
" In a recent article, IGN revealed much information about the upcoming Heists update...
RainingPain17/IGN plays GTA V heists


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Everything is ok and I feel much better about it! He started moving around yesterday but alot less active then before. I went in for my 30 week appt this morning and they put me on the monitors. He moved alittle bit and his heartbeat was steady. They reassured me and didn't make me feel bad for worrying about it. I'm sure it happens all the time. Of course my OB had to tell me she will be gone in Sept.on vacation, as long as I don't deliver early Sept. she should be able to be there.
Baby is not moving! I know I just read a post about this somewhere and everything was ok, but I can't help but worry. This LO has been so active since I have started feeling movement at 20 weeks. I'd say i feel pretty consistent movement all day and even when i'm busy and doing things I feel him. Then, all the sudden it has just stopped. This has been going on since last night. Usually he wakes me up at night rolling around and kicking. I used my doppler and his heartbeat was about 130. I have been resting and drinking water all day but still nothing. I'm not sure if I should wait until m 30 week appt on tuesday to see what's going on or if I should try to be seen sooner. Or maybe this is normal? I don't like to worry like this though and I have been super stressed lately too. At a loss of what to do.


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We are looking for an experinaced VBA programmer
This project received 30 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $15 USD / hour.Get free quotes for a project like this
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Project Budget$8 - $15 USD / hour
Total Bids30
Project Description
we have some custom made Word and Excel docuemtns with micros in them that we need to make changes to and also make better.
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Scenic Hotel Southern Cross - Dunedin
You will be spoilt for choice in terms of dining at this hotel as there are 2 restaurants serving breakfast, lunch and dinner where you will find great menu choices and a nice spot to eat during the day. The bar/lounge is a perfect place to have a drink.
The leisure facilities include a fitness center. Free WiFi is provided.
Scenic Hotel Southern Cross - Dunedin
Hotel Info: 1-877-214-4288from $101
- Superior Suite, Connecting Rooms (2 King Beds)
- Superior Room, Connecting Rooms (2 King Beds)
- Suite, 1 King Bed, Tower
- Suite, 2 Queen Beds, Tower
- Superior Twin Room, 2 Double Beds
- Superior Room, 1 King Bed
- Suite, 1 King Bed
- Standard Room, 1 King Bed
- Presidential Suite, 1 King Bed
- Executive Suite
- Presidential Suite, Connecting Rooms (King and 2 Doubles)
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 178 rooms
- Check-in time 2 PM-3 AM
- Check-out time is 10 AM
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
- Minimum check-in age is 18
Travelling with others
- Pets not allowed
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Self parking *
Other information
- Smoke-free property
In the hotel
- Breakfast daily (surcharge)
- 2 restaurants
- 2 coffee shops/cafés
- Bar/lounge
- 24-hour room service
- Fitness facilities
- Number of meeting rooms - 2
- Conference space
- Meeting rooms 2
- 24-hour front desk
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Elevator/lift
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
In the room
- Minibar
- Iron/ironing board
- Premium bedding
- Private bathroom
- Shower/tub combination
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- 29-inch LCD TV
- Pay movies
- Satellite TV channels
- Desk
- Free newspaper
- Free WiFi
- Refrigerator
- Daily housekeeping
Special features
DiningCarlton Restaurant - This restaurant serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar.
Ports OCall Grill - This restaurant serves dinner only. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar.
Awards and affiliations
Green / Sustainable Property
This property participates in Qualmark, a program that measures the property's impact on one or more of the following: environment, community, cultural-heritage, the local economy.
Scenic Hotel Southern Cross - Dunedin's small print
Also known as
- Hotel Southern Cross
- Scenic Hotel Southern Cross
- Scenic Hotel Southern Cross Dunedin
- Scenic Southern Cross
- Scenic Southern Cross Dunedin
- Scenic Southern Cross Hotel
- Southern Cross Scenic Hotel
Optional extras
Self parking costs NZD 13 per day
Rollaway beds are available for an additional charge
Breakfast is offered for an extra charge of NZD 15.00 per person (approximately)
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
Recent reviews
Excellent 4.2 /5 from 206 reviews
Loved our stay and would stay with them again :)
Time for a refurb I think! It's nice enough, great location but a bit dated now


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I haven't really tried to settle into my obvious new home in the last 2.5 years...figured it's time now. I quit the job I moved out here for that stole my soul, and now I work for myself and love every second of it.
I am in a relationship, but LA traffic makes it long distance, so I need some local friends to hang out with.
I love happy hours, dinners, wine nights, doing "girls' night out" shit, brunch, bars, clubs, concert, whatever the fuck.
I need to stop flying back to Texas every time I want to have brunch or dinner with someone...even if the food is a million times better.
I'm always open for networking or collaborating if you're into that. I'm in the investment/marketing industry (capital raising and business development)
So yeah, let's hang.
LA, Laguna, Texas, SD,SF, wherever.
I don't really stay in the office very long on Fridays, so wherever my heart takes me by noon is what I end up doing for the rest of the day.
The last few months I've been jumping on flights back to Dallas to spend the weekend with friends and family back home.


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Herpes B Follow-up
- Author: Sowmya Nanjappa, MD; Chief Editor: Pranatharthi Haran Chandrasekar, MBBS, MD more...
Developing herpes B virus–free colonies
The endeavor to develop virus-free colonies has found some success, especially in the United States, where the National Center for Research Resources took a leading role in the 1990s by promoting experimental strategies in husbandry and management.
Achieving completely herpes B virus–free colonies has proven difficult because some macaques may show no antibodies but may retain latent herpes B virus particles. Furthermore, the B virus may become reactivated and shed without any visible symptoms.
Because of the relative ease of monkey-to-monkey transmission, even a single animal infected with herpes B virus may compromise the virus-free status of an entire facility.
Current research focuses on the development of techniques (eg, PCR) to reduce false-negative results and the implementation of regular screening protocols that quickly identify infected monkeys.
Accepting moderate to high infection rates in macaques but minimizing human exposure to herpes B virus
Minimizing social, nutritional, pharmacological, and psychological stress (especially overcrowding and shipping) can reduce viral shedding by monkeys. Promoting good veterinary care and immunocompetence also can reduce shedding.
Eliminating transmission pathways can prevent human exposure. Some means of prevention include the use of protective suits, gloves, eye shields, and similar devices. Given the difficulties and costs of achieving herpes B virus–free colonies, these methods may remain the reality at most facilities, at least for the near future.
Nonmacaque species are highly susceptible to herpes B virus infection. The risk of infection in these animals can be easily minimized by housing macaques in separate nonadjacent cages. A failure to follow this precaution has sometimes led to cross-species infection and fatalities.
Immunoprevention has been attempted in animal studies using several different vaccines. Most recently, a recombinant vaccinia virus that expresses herpes B glycoprotein D appears promising in preventing infection and/or latency.
Aseptic meningitis results in a moderate lymphocyte pleocytosis and erythrocytes, moderately elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein level, and normal CSF glucose. In humans, herpes B virus can be grown from CSF, skin lesions, and urine.
Nonfatal cases of human herpes B virus infection may result in complete recovery, but residua are common and include the following:
Extremity paresis or plegia
Residual chorioretinitis
Because of prolonged or long-term use of antiviral therapy in surviving patients, the frequency of asymptomatic or symptomatic reactivation and/or viral shedding occur is unclear.
Historically, human herpes B virus infection carries a case-fatality rate of approximately 70%, a rate similar to that of untreated HSV encephalitis.
As with HSV encephalitis, many survivors of herpes B virus infection have substantial residua.
Reported cases seem to have a lower case-fatality rate, possibly because of earlier diagnosis, earlier treatment, and/or better supportive care.
Patient Education
Until a vaccination is available or certified, herpes B virus–free colonies are the rule; educating primate workers on the avoidance of high-risk exposures is mandatory.
All workers should be aware of prevention and treatment protocols.
Fan Q, Amen M, Harden M, Severini A, Griffiths A, Longnecker R. Herpes B virus utilizes human nectin-1 but not HVEM or PILRa for cell-cell fusion and virus entry. J Virol. 2012 Apr. 86(8):4468-76. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Ohsawa K, Black D, Ohsawa M, Eberle R. Genome sequence of a pathogenic isolate of monkey B virus (species Macacine herpesvirus 1). Arch Virol. 2014 Oct. 159(10):2819-21. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Cohen JI, Davenport DS, Stewart JA, et al. Recommendations for Prevention of and Therapy for Exposure to B Virus. Clin Infect Dis. Nov 2002. 35:1191-203. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Du T, Zhou G, Roizman B. Modulation of reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus 1 in ganglionic organ cultures by p300/CBP and STAT3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Jul 9. 110(28):E2621-8. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Fujima, A, Ochiai Y, Saito A, et al. Discrimination of Antibody to Herpes B Virus from Antibody to Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2 in Human and Macaque Sera. J Clin Microbiol. Jan 2008. 46(1):56-61. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Oya C, Ochiai Y, Taniuchi Y, Takano T, Ueda F, Yoshikawa Y, et al. Specific detection and identification of herpes B virus by a PCR-microplate hybridization assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2004 May. 42(5):1869-74. [Medline].
Focher F, Lossani A, Verri A, et al. Sensitivity of Monkey B Virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) to Antiviral Drugs: Role of Thymidine Kinase in Antiviral Activities of Substrate Analogs and Acyclonucleosides. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. Jun 2007. 51(6):2028-2024. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Bennett AM, Slomka MJ, Brown DW, et al. Protection against herpes B virus infection in rabbits with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing glycoprotein D. J Med Virol. 1999 Jan. 57(1):47-56. [Medline].
Bryan BL, Espana CD, Emmons RW, et al. Recovery from encephalomyelitis caused by Herpesvirus simiae. Report of a case. Arch Intern Med. 1975 Jun. 135(6):868-70. [Medline].
Chellman GJ, Lukas VS, Eugui EM, et al. Activation of B virus (Herpesvirus simiae) in chronically immunosuppressed cynomolgus monkeys. Lab Anim Sci. 1992 Apr. 42(2):146-51. [Medline].
Davenport DS, Johnson DR, Holmes GP, et al. Diagnosis and management of human B virus (Herpesvirus simiae) infections in Michigan. Clin Infect Dis. 1994 Jul. 19(1):33-41. [Medline].
Fierer J, Bazely P, Braude AI. Herpes B virus encephalomyelitis presenting as ophthalmic zoster. A possible latent infection reactivated. Ann Intern Med. 1973 Aug. 79(2):225-8. [Medline].
Freifeld AG, Hilliard J, Southers J, et al. A controlled seroprevalence survey of primate handlers for evidence of asymptomatic herpes B virus infection. J Infect Dis. 1995 Apr. 171(4):1031-4. [Medline].
Hilliard JK, Weigler BJ. The existence of differing monkey B virus genotypes with possible implications for degree of virulence in humans. Lab Anim Sci. 1999 Feb. 49(1):10-1. [Medline].
Holmes GP, Chapman LE, Stewart JA, et al. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of B-virus infections in exposed persons. The B virus Working Group. Clin Infect Dis. 1995 Feb. 20(2):421-39. [Medline].
Holmes GP, Hilliard JK, Klontz KC, et al. B virus (Herpesvirus simiae) infection in humans: epidemiologic investigation of a cluster. Ann Intern Med. 1990 Jun 1. 112(11):833-9. [Medline].
Jainkittivong A, Langlais RP. Herpes B virus infection. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1998 Apr. 85(4):399-403. [Medline].
Kessler MJ, Hilliard JK. Seroprevalence of B virus (Herpesvirus simiae) antibodies in a naturally formed group of rhesus macaques. J Med Primatol. 1990. 19(2):155-60. [Medline].
Ostrowski SR, Leslie MJ, Parrott T, Abelt S, Piercy PE. B-virus from pet macaque monkeys: an emerging threat in the United States?. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998 Jan-Mar. 4(1):117-21. [Medline].
Palmer AE. B virus, Herpesvirus simiae: historical perspective. J Med Primatol. 1987. 16(2):99-130. [Medline].
Perelygina L, Patrusheva I, Hombaiah S, Zurkuhlen H, Wildes MJ, Patrushev N, et al. Production of herpes B virus recombinant glycoproteins and evaluation of their diagnostic potential. J Clin Microbiol. 2005 Feb. 43(2):620-8. [Medline].
Scinicariello F, Eberle R, Hilliard JK. Rapid detection of B virus (herpesvirus simiae) DNA by polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Dis. 1993 Sep. 168(3):747-50. [Medline].
Weigler BJ. Biology of B virus in macaque and human hosts: a review. Clin Infect Dis. 1992 Feb. 14(2):555-67. [Medline].
Weigler BJ, Scinicariello F, Hilliard JK. Risk of venereal B virus (cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) transmission in rhesus monkeys using molecular epidemiology. J Infect Dis. 1995 May. 171(5):1139-43. [Medline].
Ask a question about Herpes B: Consult with other physicians on Medscape Consult


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Erie police investigating baby found with high blood-alcohol content
A 1-year-old Erie girl is in a Pittsburgh hospital undergoing treatment and police were questioning the girl's mother and another person Thursday after the child was brought to Saint Vincent Hospital with a dangerously high blood-alcohol content Wednesday afternoon.
The child, whose name was not released, was flown to Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC from Saint Vincent after testing at the hospital determined the child's blood-alcohol content was 0.289 percent, Erie police said Thursday. A person with a blood-alcohol content of 0.08 percent is considered legally drunk under Pennsylvania's driving laws.
The child, who lives on Erie's west side, was in stable condition Thursday afternoon, investigators said.
Police said they learned of the child's condition Wednesday at about 3 p.m., when hospital officials notified police and the Erie County Office of Children and Youth after the child was brought to Saint Vincent.
Erie Police Chief Randy Bowers said the investigation was centering on determining the child's whereabouts before she was brought to the hospital. The child was brought to the hospital by her mother and a friend, Bowers said.
Erie police detectives interviewed the mother and another person Thursday afternoon.
TIM HAHN can be reached at 870-1731 or by e-mail. Follow him on Twitter at twitter.com/ETNhahn.


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9 Reviews
This is the best layer dip I have ever tasted. I think the difference comes from using fresh ingredients. My family knocked it out in record time. Thanks for posting this.
This was surprisingly easy to put together. If you left off the avocado and substituted salsa for the tomatoes, it could be a real quickie in a pinch. We started eating this yesterday about noon, and I didn't even have to fix supper last night - everybody just ate this again. Delicious.
I got this from TOH too. Been wanting to make it for some time and finally did last week. I was a bit disappointed by it. I wasn't crazy about the sour cream/mayo/taco seasoning layer. I thought it took over the whole dish.
I, too, got this from TOH WAY back in 1998 ! Have been taking it to Sue's annual Trim the Tree part ever since. It is a great tasting dip and pretty as well. I have a special platter which shows it off so well. Thanks for posting, ratherbe
This is wonderful! My daughter loves it. I think it is her favorite dish because everytime you ask her what she wants for dinner this is what she asks for.
This was a great Tex-Mex dip. I added a layer of salsa over the avocado. Served it with chips. Gone in a flash. Thank-you for posting this.
Overall this dip was pretty good. But my review may be biased because I used light miracle whip. The flavor of the miracle whip overpowered the recipe, which was why I found it disappointing. So tip: DO NOT use miracle whip in this recipe.
This was an excellent layered Mexican dip. I used a potato masher for the beans. That made things easier for me. I increased the hot sauce to 1/2 teaspoon for my husband's tastes. That was the only change I made. It was a delicious appetizer/dip that I could have eaten as my main meal. Hard to stop eating it once you get started. Thanks Nurse Di.
One of our favorite things to do when we watch sports on TV is eating what we call Mexican Layered Dip. I have always made it with canned bean dip and guacamole. But this was so much better. It took a little longer to put together but it just tastes fresher. Don't think we can go back to the old way now. Delicious!!