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|Publication number
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|Feb 7, 2012
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|Jan 26, 2009
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|Jan 26, 2009
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|Maurice P. Bianchi, George A. Hamlin
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|The Boeing Company
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|Patent Citations (23), Non-Patent Citations (34), Classifications (8), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present disclosure relates generally to optical fibers, and more particularly to non-invasive sensing mechanisms for the real-time diagnostic analysis of an operational optical fiber.
While optical fiber transmission systems have numerous advantages, they also have several problematic aspects. For example, (1) the transmitter power is subject to high manufacturing tolerance; (2) the transmitter power decreases with time (depending on wavelength, from scarcely detectable to very strong); (3) optical fibers made from plastic age very quickly, especially when exposed to strong temperature fluctuations; (4) the surface of the contact points of the optical fibers is scratched by frequent changing of the plugs, which additionally increases the attenuation; and (5) the sensitivity of the receivers is likewise subject to high manufacturing tolerance. One of the worst problems is posed by aging and the decreasing transmitter power. The failure of an optical fiber link, for example owing to high attenuation of the optical fiber, can cripple entire systems.
Several different methods have been established to monitor the health of an optical fiber transmission system to detect such problems. However, current methods are extremely complicated, invasive, and often involve the disruption of the communication operation. For example, one method involves mechanically forcing and critically aligning a bare (uncladded) portion of an optical fiber against an unclad portion of the operational fiber in order to extract the information by evanescent wave coupling (i.e., the process by which electromagnetic waves are transmitted from one medium to another by means of the evanescent, exponentially decaying electromagnetic field). Another method involves bending the operational fiber enough to cause the transmitted information carrying light wave to fall into the escape cone of the fiber so that it can be retrieved by a diagnostic sensor.
As such, it would be advantageous to have a non-invasive fiber-optic sensor for performing real-time diagnostics on signal and information transmission with a minimum of disruption and complexity.
The present disclosure relates to an optical sensor device, and methods of using the device, for the real-time diagnosis of an operational single mode optical fiber communication system in a simple, non-invasive manner. The devices and methods of the present disclosure also do not require any force-fitting or critical alignment of another optical fiber, or bending of the optical fiber, to contact the operational fiber in order to couple the evanescent wave.
One aspect of the present disclosure provides an optical fiber capable of being diagnosed non-invasively comprising an optical fiber for conveying a light beam; the optical fiber comprising a first end for receiving said light beam and a second end opposed thereto, a core comprising an inner wall, and a cladding surrounding the core, the optical fiber further comprising at least one uncladded portion comprising a plurality of quantum dots dispersed in a medium, wherein the quantum dots become activated by evanescent wave coupling resulting from the total internal reflection of the light beam contacting the inner wall of the optical fiber core and wherein the activation results in emittance of light from the quantum dots.
In one embodiment, the plurality of quantum dots comprise a bandgap that is below the bandgap of the light beam. In yet another embodiment, the quantum dots are tuned to emit infrared light.
Another aspect of the disclosure provides a system for the non-invasive and real-time diagnosis of an optical fiber comprising an optical fiber for conveying a light beam, the optical fiber comprising a first end for receiving the light beam and a second end opposed thereto, a core comprising an inner wall, and a cladding surrounding the core, the optical fiber further having at least one uncladded portion, wherein the uncladded portion comprises a plurality of quantum dots dispersed in a medium; a light source to inject a light beam into the first end of the optical fiber; a detecting device for detecting light emitted from the plurality of quantum dots; and an analyzing apparatus for analyzing the detected light operably connected to the detector.
Yet another aspect of the present disclosure provides a method of non-invasively diagnosing an optical fiber comprising placing a medium comprising a plurality of quantum dots dispersed therein on an uncladded portion of the optical fiber; injecting a light beam into one end of the optical fiber; and detecting any light emitted from the quantum dot that has become activated by evanescent wave coupling resulting from the internal reflection of the light beam contacting an inner wall of the optical fiber core.
Various other aspects, features and embodiments will be more fully apparent from the ensuing discussion and appended claims. The features, functions, and advantages that have been discussed can be achieved independently in various embodiments of the present disclosure or may be combined in yet other embodiments further details of which can be seen with reference to the following description and drawings.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present disclosure, preferred methods and materials are described herein.
The articles "a" and "an" are used herein to refer to one or to more than one (i.e. at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. By way of example, "an element" means at least one element and can include more than one element.
As used herein, the terms "light" and "photon" are used interchangeably, and are defined as a discreet bundle of electromagnetic energy and is intended to include gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet rays, visible light, infrared light, microwaves and radiowaves.
As used herein, the term "dispersed" is defined as the distributing or spreading of a fine particle (e.g., a plurality of quantum dots) more or less evenly throughout a medium.
The term "optical communication" as used herein is defined as the ability of an object to come into contact with light reflected by, or emitted from, a different object. For example, a light detector of the present disclosure is in optical communication with a quantum dot of the present disclosure when light emitted from the quantum dot is able to come into contact with the detector.
The term "operably connected" as used herein is defined as the connecting of two devices or objects such that each is able to communicate (e.g., transmit data between devices) and/or function as a result of the connection.
The terms "light beam" and "carrier light wave" are used interchangeably herein and refer to the light that travels within the fiber optic core.
The term "activation" as used herein refers to the movement of an electron from the valance band to the conduction band of a quantum dot as a result of an external stimuli (e.g., heat, evanescent wave coupling, voltage, photon flux and the like). The raised electron and created hole taken as a pair are referred to as an exciton. The raised electron only remains in the conductive band for a short period of time before returning to the valance band. As the electron falls back down across the bandgap, electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength corresponding to the energy it loses in the transition is emitted. As used herein, the term "emitted light" refers to the emitted electromagnetic radiation released by the raised electron when falling back across the bandgap.
The terms "fiber optic cable," "optical fiber," "optical communication fiber" and "optical cable" are used interchangeably herein and refer to those fibers that carry light along its length. Typically, the longest wavelength used for optical fiber communication is about 1550 nm.
The present disclosure relates to the real-time diagnostic analysis of an operational single mode optical fiber communication system in a simple and non-invasive manner. Referring to
The uncladded portion 7 may be obtained by removing a portion of the cladding 6. The removal of the cladding 6 may be done using many techniques known to those skilled in the art, such as plasma processing, chemical etching, and laser processing. For example, chemical etching may be done using chemicals such as hydrofluoric acid (HF) that dissolves the optical fiber components in a rather linear way by removing progressively the exposed cladding material. Alternatively, it may be advantageous to use laser processing, which provides greater flexibility and improved integrity of the mechanical and physical properties of the optical fiber as compared to chemical etching. It is not imperative that all of the cladding be removed from a portion of the optical fiber. Indeed, it may be advantageous to remove the cladding from only a portion of the optical fiber, thereby reducing the risk of compromising mechanical integrity of the fiber, since less material need to be removed to reach the core. Such embodiments are illustrated in
Again referring to
As will be appreciated by the ordinary skilled artisan, the term "quantum dot" ("QD") in the present disclosure is used to denote a semiconductor nanocrystal. QDs are semiconductor materials whose size corresponds to the Bohr radius of the exciton (i.e., the bound state of an electron and electron hole). Instead of exhibiting characteristics of the bulk material, QDs instead exhibit characteristics of those atoms found in the bulk material of the same composition. Characteristically, and as shown generally in
According to the present disclosure, the QD comprises a "core" that is a nanoparticle-sized semiconductor. Semiconductors are chemical compounds of elements from the periodic table, and are grouped according those elements which make up the semiconductor. For example, group II-VI semiconductors comprise elements from groups II and/or VI of the periodic table (e.g., ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, alloys thereof and mixtures thereof, group III-V semiconductors comprise elements from groups III and/or V of the periodic table (e.g., GaAs, GaP, GaSb, InGaAs, InAs, InP, InSb, AlAs, AlP, AlSb, alloys thereof and mixtures thereof), group IV semiconductors comprise elements from group IV of the periodic table (e.g., Ge, Si), and group IV-VI semiconductors comprise elements from group IV and/or VI of the periodic table (e.g., PbS, PbSe, PbTe).
The QD may also comprise a core and a cap comprised of different materials (i.e. fluorescence of the QD can be increased and enhanced by using a core/cap structure). Hence, in those embodiments where fluorescence of the QD is desired, a core/cap structure may be used. As used herein, the term "cap" refers to a semiconductor that differs from the semiconductor of the core and binds to the core, thereby forming a surface layer or shell on the core. The cap must be such that, upon combination with a given semiconductor core, results in a luminescent quantum dot. In this regard, the cap helps stabilize and enhance the fluorescence emitted by the excited core (e.g., when the core is contacted with ultraviolet light). Preferably, the cap passivates the core by having a higher band gap than the core, so the excitation of the QD is confined to the core, thereby eliminating nonradiative pathways and preventing photochemical degradation. Typical examples of QD cores include, but are not limited to, ZnO, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, CdO, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, MgS, MgSe, GaSa, GaN, GaP, GaSb, HgO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, InAs, InN, InP, InSb, AlAs, AlN, AlP, AlSb, alloys thereof, and combinations thereof. Some examples of core:cap combination which are within the scope of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, CdS/HgS/CdS, InAs/GaAs, GaAs/AlGaAs, and CdSe/ZnS. In general, the cap is 1-10 monolayers thick, more preferably 1-5 monolayers, and most preferably 1-3 monolayers. A fraction of a monolayer is also encompassed under the present disclosure. Regardless of whether a single core or a core/cap structure is used, the entire QD preferably has a diameter ranging from 0.5 nm to 50 nm, more preferably from 1 nm to 30 nm, more preferably from 1 nm to 20 nm, and more preferably from 1 nm to 10 nm.
QDs may be synthesized in numerous ways and are well known to those skilled in the art. Some common methods include (1) the spontaneous generation in quantum well structures due to monolayer fluctuations in the well's thickness; (2) the capability of self-assembled QDs to nucleate spontaneously under certain conditions during molecule beam epitaxy (MBE) and metallorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE), when the material is grown in a substrate to which it is not lattice matched; (3) the ability of individual QDs to be created from two-dimensional electron or hole gases present in remotely doped quantum wells or semiconductor heterostructures; and (4) chemical methods, such as synthesizing ZnTe QDs in high-temperature organic solution (see, e.g., Zhang, J. et al. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, Vol. 942, 2006). These and other processes for the synthesis of QDs are well known in the art as disclosed, for example, by U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,906,670, 5,888,885, 5,229,320, 5,482,890, and Hines, M. A. J. Phys. Chem., 100, 468-471 (1996), Dabbousi, B. O. J. Phys. Chem. B, 101, 9463-9475 (1997), Peng, X., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 119, 7019-7029 (1997), which are incorporated herein by way of reference.
The wavelength emitted by the QDs is selected according to the physical properties of the QDs, such as the size of the nanocrystal. QDs are known to emit light from about 300 nm to about 1700 nm. For example, CdSe QDs can be produced that emit colors visible to the human eye, so that in combination with a source of higher energy than the highest energy of the desired color, these QDs can be tailored to produce visible light of a spectral distribution. QDs can also be produced to emit light in the ultraviolet and infra red spectral ranges.
QDs may be "tuned" by varying the composition and the size of the QD and/or adding one or more caps around the core in the form of concentric shells to widen the band gap width of the QD. As the QD approaches the excitation Bohr radius of the semiconductor of the QD, the bandgap will get wider. Therefore, the smaller the QD, the wider the band gap. For example, Indium Arsenide has a bandgap of 0.36 eV. Light emitted from this QD has an infrared wavelength of 2.78 μm. However, by making a ternary alloy of Indium Arsenide having a composition of 0.53 Indium and 0.47 gallium, the wavelength of the emitted light can be changed to 1.68 μm. This concept is depicted in
In accordance with the present disclosure, the QDs are tuned to absorb the longest wavelength used for optical fiber communications, which is typically about 1550 nm. The QDs must then be able to absorb enough energy at that wavelength with little or nor overlap between the absorption and emissions spectral curves, which will be longer than 1550 nm (see, e.g.,
As used herein, the term "infra red light" refers to the wavelength of light which is longer than visible light but shorter than terahertz radiation and microwaves. Infra red light has a wavelength of between 750 nm and 1 mm. According to the International Commission on Illumination, infra red light encompasses three "subdivisions" based on wavelength. These include: (1) Infra Red-A (IR-A) that has a wavelength range of about 700 nm to 1400 nm; (2) Infra Red-B (IR-B) that has a wavelength range of about 1400 nm to 3000 nm; and (3) Infra Red-C (IR-C) that has a wavelength range of about 3000 nm to 1 mm. Those skilled in the art will also recognize that Infra Red light may also be subclassified according to the following scheme: (1) Near-infra red (NIR) that has a wavelength of about 0.75 to 1.4 μm; Short-wavelength infra red (SWIR) that has a wavelength of about 1.4 μm to 3 μm; (3) Mid-wavelength infra red (MWIR) that has a wavelength of about 3 μm to 8 μm; (4) Long-wavelength infra red (LWIR) that has a wavelength of about 8 μm to 15 μm; and (5) Far infra red (FIR) that has a wavelength of about 15 μm to 1,000 μm. All of these are within the scope of the present disclosure. In certain embodiments, the plurality of QDs emit light in the infrared regime and have a wavelength of about 0.1 μm to 1000 μm, from about 0.7 μm to 750 μm, from about 1.0 μm to about 500 μm, and from about 1.5 μm to about 250 μm.
According to the present disclosure, the plurality of QDs 8 are dispersed within a medium 9. The term "medium" 9 as used herein refers to any material in which the QDs 8 can be dispersed and that is at least partially transparent or translucent, i.e., allows light to pass through or diffuses light passing through.
Fiber optics use the property of total internal reflection to keep light beams focused without significant loss of signal. Total internal reflection is an effect that combines both reflection and refraction. This concept is depicted in
θc=sin−1(n 2 /n 1) equation 1
where n1 and n2 are the refractive indices of the fiber core 5 and cladding 6, respectively. This angle is measured between the ray of light and the normal to fiber core walls. Rays having an angle equal to or above this value (θc) will be reflected on the fiber core wall and the ones having an angle lower than this value will partly go through the wall.
At the point of total internal reflection, and as shown in
As previously discussed and according to Equation 1, in order to obtain optimal results, the coupling of the light from the optical fiber core to the medium containing the QDs is optimized through the proper choice of the refractive index of the medium with respect to that of the fiber core. This is achieved by making the refractive index of the medium lower than the refractive index of the fiber core. Table 1 below provides a number of materials suitable for use as a medium in the present disclosure as well as their respective indexes.
TABLE 1 Refractive Index Material (approximate) Glass, Arsenic Trisulfide 2.04 Glass, Crown (common) 1.52 Glass, Flint (29% lead) 1.569 Glass, Flint (55% lead) 1.669 Glass, Flint (71% lead) 1.805 Glass, Fused Silica 1.459 Glass, Pyrex 1.474 Lucite 1.495 Plastic 1.46-1.55 Salt 1.516 Polystyrene 1.55-1.59 Polyimide 1.70 Polyacrylamide 1.48 Polymethylmethacrylate 1.48 (PMMA) Polyethylene 1.51 Poly-diacetylene 1.50 Polysaccharide 1.10-1.80 Polysulfone 1.63 Polypyrrole 1.334 Polythiophene 1.95-2.28 Polyether 1.42-1.45 Epoxy 1.49-1.53 Silica glass 1.459 Silica gel 1.47 Siloxane 1.44 Polyphosphate 1.48 Hydrogel 1.48-1.55 Agarose 1.33-1.51 Cellulose 1.46 Sol Gel 1.40-1.60 Polycarbonate 1.55 Polypropylene 1.51
It should be noted that the index of refraction of a medium can be changed by altering its composition and/or properties, and are well known to those skilled in the art. For example, the index of refraction for PMMA can be altered by exposing the PMMA to an ion beam, see, e.g., Biersack, J. et al., Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. 1990. Section B, 46(1-4): 309-312. Similarly, the addition of inorganic compounds may also alter the index of refraction for a medium. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,192,999. For polyacrylamide, the index of refraction can be altered by adding/removing sucrose. See, e.g., Franklin, J. et al. Chem. Mater. 2002. 14:4487-4489. In certain embodiments, the medium material may include, but is not limited to, Sol-Gel glass, polyacrylate, polystyrene, polyimide, polyacrylamide, polymethylmethacrylate, polyethylene, polyvinyl, poly-diacetylene, polyphenylene-vinylene, polypeptide, polysaccharide, polysulfone, polypyrrole, polyimidazole, polythiophene, polyether, epoxies, silica glass, silica gel, fluorozirconate glass, fluoroaluminate glass, chalcogenide glass, siloxane, polyphosphate, hydrogel, agarose, cellulose and the like. In certain embodiments, the medium is Sol Gel glass or polymethylmethacrylate. Sol-gel chemistry, and exemplary monomers used to prepare inorganic matrices by sol-gel chemistry, are disclosed in the following references, where each of the following references is hereby incorporated herein by reference: see, e.g., C. J. Brinker et al. Sol-Gel Science, The Physics and Chemistry of Sol-Gel Processing, Academic Press, San Diego (1990); D. R. Ulrich J. Non-Cryst. Solids (1990) 121:419; G. L. Wilkes et al., Silicon-Based Polymer Science, Advances in Chemistry Series 224; J. M. Ziegler and F. W. Fearon, Eds. Am. Chem. Soc., Wash., D.C. (1990), pp. 207-226; R. Dagani, Chemical & Engineering News (1991) 69-21:30; P. Calvert, Nature (1991) 353:501; and B. M. Novak, Adv. Mater. (1993) 5:422.
The insertion of the QDs dispersed in the medium may be placed within the uncladded portion of the optical fiber in many ways that are well known to those skilled in the art. For example, in the case where the QDs are in a powder, they can be placed within the opening by integrating the QDs with an epoxy glue, preferably having a refractive index less than that of the fiber core. The medium may also be integrated into a silica powder which can be melted into the opening by heating with a heating devices, such as a laser. In the case where the medium can be melted with a laser without damaging the quantum dots, the medium could me directly melted into the uncladded portion. Alternatively, the medium can be included into a paste, which can be cured by UV or laser illumination. In the case where the medium can not be down sized into a powder or paste, it can be chemically etched or laser machined to match the shape of the uncladded portion. The medium may then "glued" into place with, for example, an epoxy.
Again referring to
The medium may be of various thicknesses so long as the QDs dispersed within the medium can come in contact with the evanescent waves generated by the total internal reflection of the carrier light wave traveling within the fiber optic core. Suitable thicknesses for the medium include, but are not limited to, for example, from about 1 to 50 μm thick, from about 2 to 40 μm thick, from about 3 to 35 μm thick, from about 4 to 30 μm thick, and from about 6 to 26 μm thick.
As used herein, the term "detecting device" refers to any device capable of detecting light. Examples include, but are not limited to, the AP series, AT1 series, AT2 series, and AT2S series infrared detectors manufactured by CalSensors, Inc., and the like. Preferably, the device will be able to detect low light levels (i.e., low light sensitive). More preferably, the device will be a low light sensitive infrared detector. In certain embodiments, the optics of the detecting means comprises a band pass filter having a transmission window matched to the peak emission of the QD. In other embodiments, the optics of the detecting device comprises a notched filter having a transmission window matched to the peak emission of the QD.
As used herein, the term "analyzing apparatus" refers to any device capable of analyzing data collected by the detecting device that are well known to those skilled in the art, such as a spectral analyzer. Suitable analyzing apparatuses include, but are not limited to, the AQ6331 Optical Spectrum Analyzer (OSA) manufactured by Yokogawa Electronic Corp., the MS9780A OSA manufactured by Anritsu Co., the Q8344A, Q8347, Q8383, and Q8381A OSAs manufactured by Advantest, the 71450B, 71451B, and 71452B OSAs manufactured by Agilent, and the like. In certain embodiments, the analyzing apparatus further comprises a demodulating device that is capable of recovering the information carried in the light beam.
In another embodiment of the disclosure, and shown in
According to another aspect of the present disclosure and with reference to
Thus, in order to diagnose the system according to the present disclosure, QDs dispersed in the medium within the uncladded portion are excited by evanescent wave coupling generated by the total internal reflection of a carrier light beam traveling within the fiber optic core. The excited QDs then emit light at a wavelength according to the QDs bandgap. The emitted light is then collected by a detecting device that is operatively connected to the uncladded portion of the fiber optic cable. The collected light is then sent to an analyzing apparatus that is operatively connected to the detecting device, where it is then analyzed to determine the parameter values to be measured. Suitable parameters to be measured include any parameters that will provide information relating to the health and integrity of the optical fiber, such as disruptions of the carrier light beam due to breaks or fractures in the optical fiber, temperature, and the like. In certain embodiments, the means for detecting light comprises a transmission window that is matched to the peak emission of the QDs.
In yet another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of non-invasively diagnosing an optical communications fiber comprising providing an optical fiber for conveying a light beam, where the optical fiber comprises a first end for receiving the light beam and a second end opposed thereto, a core having an interior wall and a cladding surround the core, the optical fiber further having at least one uncladded portion, wherein the uncladded portion comprises a plurality of quantum dots dispersed in a medium; providing a means for generating light, where the generated light is injected into the first end of the fiber optic cable; providing a means for detecting light in optical communication with the QDs; and providing a means for analyzing the detected light that is operably connected to the detector, wherein the QDs become activated by evanescent wave coupling generated by the total internal reflection of the light beam off of the interior wall of the fiber core, the QDs emit light at the wavelength of the QDs bandgap. The detecting device detects the light emitted by the activated QDs and transmits the collected information to an analyzing apparatus to measure the different parameters.
It is understood that the foregoing detailed description are illustrative only and are not to be taken as limitations upon the scope of the disclosure. Various changes and modifications to the disclosed embodiments, which will be apparent to those skilled in the art, may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Further, all patents, patent applications and publications cited herein are incorporated herein by reference.
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|Peng et al.; Formation of High-Quality CdTe, CdSe, and CdS Nanocrystals Using CdO as Precursor; J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 2001; vol. 123, No. 1; pp. 183-184; American Chemical Society.
|Qu et al.; Alternative Routes toward High Quality CdSe Nanocrystals; Nano Letters; 2001; pp. 333-337; vol. 1, No. 6; American Chemical Society.
|R. Leon; Intermixing induced tunability in infrared emitting InGaAs/GaAs quantum dots; SPIE; Jul. 1999; vol. 3794; Part of the SPIE Conference Materials for High-Speed Detectors; Denver, CO, US.
|Schaller et al., Seven Excitons At a Cost of One: Redefining the Limits for Conversion Efficiency of Photons Into Charge Carriers Nano Lett. Mar. 2006;6(3):424-9.
|Shabaev et al., Multiexciton Generation by a Single Photon in Nano crystals, Nano Lett. (2006) 6(12).
|Shan et al.; The structure and character of CdSe nanocrystals capped ZnO layer for phase transfer from hexane to ethanol solution; Surface Science; 582; 2005; pp. 61-68; Elsevier B.V.
|Song et al., Red light emitting solid state hybrid quantum dot-near-UV GaN LED devices Nanotechnology 2007 18 255202 (4pp).
|Song et al., Red light emitting solid state hybrid quantum dot—near-UV GaN LED devices Nanotechnology 2007 18 255202 (4pp).
|Takashi Jin et al.; Gd3+-functionalized near-infrared quantum dots for in vivo dual modal (fluorescence/magnetic resonance) imaging; Chem. Commun.; 2008; pp. 5764-5766; The Royal Society of Chemistry 2008.
|Weiyong Mao et al.; Synthesis of high-quality near-infrared-emitting CdTeS alloyed quantum dots via the hydrothermal method; Nanotechnology; 2007; 485611 (7pp); 18; IOP Publishing Ltd.; UK.
|Wen Jiang et al.; Optimizing the Synthesis of Red-to Near-IR-Emitting CdS-Capped CdTexSe1-x Alloyed Quantum Dots for Biomedical Imaging; Chem. Mater.; 2006; pp. 4845-4854; 18; American Chemical Society.
|Wu et al; Surface modification of ZnO nanocrystals; Applied Surface Science; 253; 2007; pp. 5473-5479; Elsevier B.V.
|Xiaogang Peng et al.; Epitaxial Growth of Highly Luminescent CdSe/CdS Core/Shell Nanocrystals with Photostability and Electronic Accessibility; Journal of the American Chemical Society; 1997; pp. 7019-7029; 119; American Chemical Society.
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 26, 2009
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BRAND NEW MATTRESS for baby by Sealy baby classic priced for $2 0. 0 0 KID'S CHAIR kids wooden lion chair for $5. 0 0 SWIMMING DEVICE swim school swimschool aqua tot trainer flotation device for $5. 0 0 BATHING STEP Safety 1st tubside kneeler & padded step stool for only $1 0 NEW DIAPER DISPOSAL SYSTEM Diaper Genie Elite model 2 priced for $1 0. 0 0 LIGHTED LAMP for wall or bedside, star or ...
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Jewish Theological Responses during and after the HolocaustThis volume presents a wide-ranging selection of Jewish theological responses to the Holocaust. It will be the most complete anthology of its sort, bringing together for the first time: (1) a large sample of ultra-orthodox writings, translated from the Hebrew and Yiddish; (2) a substantial selection of essays by Israeli authors, also translated from the Hebrew; (3) a broad sampling of works
Jewish Theological Responses during and after the HolocaustThis volume presents a wide-ranging selection of Jewish theological responses to the Holocaust. It will be the most complete anthology of its sort, bringing together for the first time: (1) a large sample of ultra-orthodox writings, translated from the Hebrew and Yiddish; (2) a substantial selection of essays by Israeli authors, also translated from the Hebrew; (3) a broad sampling of works
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Confronting Religious Violence***2015 National Jewish Book Award Winner***In this powerful and timely book, one of the most admired and authoritative religious leaders of our time tackles the phenomenon of religious extremism and violence committed in the name of God. If religion is perceived as being part of the problem, Rabbi Sacks argues, then it must also form part of the solution. When religion becomes a zero-sum conceit
$12.99Winner of the Pulitzer prize in 1974 and the culmination of a life's work, The Denial of Death is Ernest Becker's brilliant and impassioned answer to the "why" of human existence. In bold contrast to the predominant Freudian school of thought, Becker tackles the problem of the vital lie -- man's refusal to acknowledge his own mortality. In doing so, he sheds new light on the nature of humanity and
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Top Definition
to threaten to or to slap someone upside of the head.
to hit someone in a quick manner.
to hit someone in a quick manner.
Man I was about to bipsmack that bitch.
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The Chicago Manual of Style (15th Edition)by University of Chicago Press
In the 1890s, a proofreader at the University of Chicago Press prepared a single sheet of typographic fundamentals intended as a guide for the University community. That sheet grew into a pamphlet, and the pamphlet grew into a book--the first edition of the Manual of Style, published in 1906. Now in its fifteenth edition,The Chicago Manual of Style--the essential reference for authors, editors, proofreaders, indexers, copywriters, designers, and publishers in any field--is more comprehensive and easier to use than ever before. Those who work with words know how dramatically publishing has changed in the past decade, with technology now informing and influencing every stage of the writing and publishing process. In creating the fifteenth edition of the Manual, Chicago's renowned editorial staff drew on direct experience of these changes, as well as on the recommendations of the Manual's first advisory board, composed of a distinguished group of scholars, authors, and professionals from a wide range of publishing and business environments. Every aspect of coverage has been examined and brought up to date--from publishing formats to editorial style and method, from documentation of electronic sources to book design and production, and everything in between. In addition to books, the Manual now also treats journals and electronic publications. All chapters are written for the electronic age, with advice on how to prepare and edit manuscripts online, handle copyright and permissions issues raised by technology, use new methods of preparing mathematical copy, and cite electronic and online sources. A new chapter covers American English grammar and usage, outlining the grammatical structure of English, showing how to put words and phrases together to achieve clarity, and identifying common errors. The two chapters on documentation have been reorganized and updated: the first now describes the two main systems preferred by Chicago, and the second discusses specific elements and subject matter, with examples of both systems. Coverage of design and manufacturing has been streamlined to reflect what writers and editors need to know about current procedures. And, to make it easier to search for information, each numbered paragraph throughout the Manual is now introduced by a descriptive heading. Clear, concise, and replete with commonsense advice,The Chicago Manual of Style, fifteenth edition, offers the wisdom of a hundred years of editorial practice while including a wealth of new topics and updated perspectives. For anyone who works with words, whether on a page or computer screen, this continues to be the one reference book you simply must have. What's new in the Fifteenth Edition: * Updated material throughout to reflect current style, technology, and professional practice * Scope expanded to include journals and electronic publications * Comprehensive new chapter on American English grammar and usage by Bryan A. Garner (author of A Dictionary of Modern American Usage) * Updated and rewritten chapter on preparing mathematical copy * Reorganized and updated chapters on documentation, including guidance on citing electronic sources * Streamlined coverage of current design and production processes, with a glossary of key terms * Descriptive headings on all numbered paragraphs for ease of reference * New diagrams of the editing and production processes for both books and journals, keyed to chapter discussions * New, expanded Web site with special tools and features for Manual users at www.chicagomanualofstyle.org
Select your format based upon: 1) how you want to read your book, and 2) compatibility with your reading tool. To learn more about using Bookshare with your device, visit the Help Center.
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Road Records
See Dublin by Bike
Three-hour themed tours that start outside Cafe Rothar on Fade St and take in the city's highlights and not-so-obvious sights. The Taste...
No Name Bar
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16 Fade St · interesting places nearby
Road Records information
This small record shop, a favourite with the indie music crowd, closed in 2009, seemingly another victim of the digital music industry. But then a concerted fundraiser by those same indie fans (and presumably their mates) saw the shop reopen and retake its place as the best spot for all the latest indie sounds.


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Apple iPhone 6 is a truly global phone with record LTE bands count, see which countries you can use it in
59 Comments
1. jaytai0106 (Posts: 1888; Member since: 30 Mar 2011)
This is one thing I like about the iPhone... the only thing I like about the iPhone. However, I'll stick with my Z2. Kudos to Apple for this though.
13. JC557 (Posts: 1513; Member since: 07 Dec 2011)
Z2 has almost as many bands ( I forget the actual Z2 model number) and hopefully the Z3 and Z3 Compact will follow suit and add more.
38. torr310 (Posts: 837; Member since: 27 Oct 2011)
jaytai0106, I agree with you!
46. domfonusr (Posts: 384; Member since: 17 Jan 2014)
Where Motorola introduced the first tri-band phone in the Timeport in 1999, and Palm possibly introduced the first quad-band GSM phone in the Treo 600 in 2003 (this is the earliest one I could find, though it is probably not right), while Nokia introduced the first penta-band WCDMA phone in the N8 in 2010, here is Apple introducing an LTE Swiss-army knife in the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus now in 2014. The iPhone 5s had a bunch of LTE bands, but was missing some notable ones. They certainly didn't leave many LTE bands out this time around.
49. domfonusr (Posts: 384; Member since: 17 Jan 2014)
Actually found the oldest quad-band GSM phone, the NEC 515 from 2002.
So there you go. NEC 515 is quad-band GSM in 2002. Nokia N8 is penta-band WCDMA in 2010. Apple iPhone 6 and 6 Plus go 16-band LTE in 2014. Interesting progression, if you ask me.
61. d_scott (Posts: 4; Member since: 31 May 2016)
It can be a bit of a problem when it comes to SIMs though. As a result, I just thought you might find this site useful if you are in need of a code to unlock your phone so you can enjoy its full benefits when you're travelling: unlockyoursim.com. It's helped me quite a lot and comes highly recommended.
2. RebelwithoutaClue (Posts: 2887; Member since: 05 Apr 2013)
Since they are using Cat 4 and not Cat 6 LTE, it doesn't reach higher speeds than 75 Mbps on the 2 biggest providers in the Netherlands (they work on the 800Mhz band). Most recent Android phones use Cat 6 LTE and can reach speeds of 150 Mbps on that band.
Not to mention the max speed of Cat 6 is 300, Cat 4 max speed is 150. But those speeds won't be reached any day soon
10. PapaSmurf (Posts: 10456; Member since: 14 May 2012)
The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus don't support Band 12, which is the band T-Mobile is rolling out the 700MHz spectrum in 2015. :/
36. Federated (Posts: 261; Member since: 06 Mar 2010)
LTE band 12 will be live before the end of the year 2014. :)
12. Mxyzptlk (Posts: 12941; Member since: 21 Apr 2012)
"But those speeds won't be reached any day soon"
That just made everything you said before pointless since it's theoretical not tested and proven.
16. RebelwithoutaClue (Posts: 2887; Member since: 05 Apr 2013)
You should read better. Cat 4 still won't go over 75 Mbps in my country while Cat 6 does go to 150. At the moment. So not in the future, but right now. And the full speed of Cat 6 LTE will be 1-2 years max. It's not theoretical, just not implemented. This means a current Cat 4 device won't get the max speed in less than 2 years, while the others will.
26. Mxyzptlk (Posts: 12941; Member since: 21 Apr 2012)
Again theory. Cat 6 is fairly new. You're jumping way ahead of the curve.
30. RebelwithoutaClue (Posts: 2887; Member since: 05 Apr 2013)
Ericsson and Qualcomm already had tests where they managed those speeds. Also 1 big provider rolled out one area of 4G+ delivering speeds up to 225Mbps. So no.. not theory but it won't be implemented tomorrow.
51. lsutigers (Posts: 820; Member since: 08 Mar 2009)
Anything is possible in a lab environment. Sprint hit the record with 1gbps (gigabit) at their lab in Silicon Valley but that's not happening anytime soon in real world speeds.
55. RebelwithoutaClue (Posts: 2887; Member since: 05 Apr 2013)
Yet the test area of one of those providers are working on 4G+ are doing speeds of 225mbps. Not in a lab environment, but with live users, in an entire region. Might not be 300mbps yet, still a lot quicker than the maximum of Cat 4. And things do go quickly when it comes to tech. And agreed, under normal circumstances, they rarely make it to the max speed. Let's say 50% is average. 50% of 300 is still a lot more than 50% of 150.
34. Taters (banned) (Posts: 6474; Member since: 28 Jan 2013)
Lol you are hilarious. Yes you won't be able to reach the theoretical peak of cat 6 lte in while, probably never. However, that isn't the point. The point is average cat 6 speeds are still way better than average cat 4 speeds so whether each reach the full potential or not is completely irrevelent. Cat 6 is here now and its faster period.
I remember the same itards making the same arguments when the 4s was standard 3g and the GS2 was hspa +.
29. pulkit1 (Posts: 354; Member since: 03 Jul 2014)
You are right normally in real word situations carriers can only achieve 1/3 the speeds of a said technology because of :
1) non full scale implementation .
2) network congestion .
3) concrete infrastructure that obstructs the signal .
4) well iPhone is metal so it has a hard time getting the bars ( my 5s does ).
41. leroy98 (Posts: 11; Member since: 29 Jun 2014)
Tested with a Galaxy Alpha (4G+) and iPhone 5S on Vodafone NL:
So yes you will be able to reach 75mbit/s with a iPhone 5S.
With T-Mobile Netherlands you will reach theoretical 150mbit/s.
Most speedtests around 75 mbit/s down and 30 mbit/s up.
I've seen speeds of 140mbit/s.
56. RebelwithoutaClue (Posts: 2887; Member since: 05 Apr 2013)
The iPhone 6 (which has a faster LTE than 5S) is able to reach the full 1500mpbs on T-mobile, since they work on the 1800 band. KPN & Vodafone uses 800 band though, which limits it to 75.
39. torr310 (Posts: 837; Member since: 27 Oct 2011)
For real, most cases are the speed cannot reach the optimized rate.
My verizon 4G speed has been dropped for a long time, especially at the peak hours.
I would prefer the carriers spending more money on the coverages over the speed (but should still be over 4MB/s).
3. smarttechbadworld (Posts: 74; Member since: 07 May 2014)
I am sure that it doesn support more than thoso countries, israel has lte and it will be funny for the iphone 6 not to support lte in israel i will lol at isheip
4. marbovo (Posts: 658; Member since: 16 May 2013)
9 countries is a "truly global LTR phone"?
6. a_merryman (Posts: 749; Member since: 14 Dec 2011)
Those are probably just the launch partners. Look at where the 5S can work with less LTE bands.
14. JC557 (Posts: 1513; Member since: 07 Dec 2011)
Even if the country lacks LTE at least it can be used on HSPA+ which is good enough.
19. a_merryman (Posts: 749; Member since: 14 Dec 2011)
I know, my point was that Apple is only showing the countries it is launching in currently. Since the guy I responded to was being an idiot. But yeah, HSPA+ is fast enough for pretty much anything you would want to do on a phone.
45. marbovo (Posts: 658; Member since: 16 May 2013)
hey kid, if you don't know how to discuss without offending people, ask your parents if they can teach you good manners...
48. a_merryman (Posts: 749; Member since: 14 Dec 2011)
Hey, if you weren't so obtuse I wouldn't have to be. If you paid attention you would've noticed that it was the same places where the iPhone is launching. If you didn't notice...well, I don't think my word choice was wrong in that case.
57. marbovo (Posts: 658; Member since: 16 May 2013)
OK, you got reported, if your parents if your parents are unable to teach you manners, maybe PA can.
58. a_merryman (Posts: 749; Member since: 14 Dec 2011)
Reported for what? It isn't spam, it is in English, it isn't bad language. Just because you are upset that you got called out on your crap attempt at trolling isn't a good enough reason for them to do anything. It isn't my fault that you can't handle any critique of your comment, or that it hurt your feelings when I said you were being an idiot with that comment(since you were with that comment, there's no way you honestly believed the LTE will only work in 9 countries when the 5S works in most countries in the world that have LTE networks.)
P.S. - I didn't report you even though you are making personal attacks to both my parents and I, unlike me who just said you were purposefully acting liking an idiot with your comment and said you were being obtuse. Also, I'm not a kid, seeing how you responded and acted like I made personal slights against you it seems like you are pretty young though.
5. leekielowe (Posts: 7; Member since: 05 Dec 2012)
Pop Quiz......What all of these bands and innovative features, Now will I be able to browse the internet while on a phone call with the Verizon version? Currently my 5s can't do that.
7. Derekjeter (Posts: 889; Member since: 27 Oct 2011)
From what Apple support told me we still can't talk and web at the same time.
They would have had to add more radios is what the support team told me. I'm disappointed cuz I was hoping for that as we'll. I use it a lot on my S5 and G3
11. PapaSmurf (Posts: 10456; Member since: 14 May 2012)
Really? Still aren't able to? That's kind of a huge deciding factor imo.
15. JC557 (Posts: 1513; Member since: 07 Dec 2011)
Wait, even on LTE the Verizon iPhone can't browse the web/ maps during a call? Wonder what the reasoning behind that was as it clearly didn't make a difference battery life-wise.
23. Derekjeter (Posts: 889; Member since: 27 Oct 2011)
Wait.... Apple updated its info and it looks like the Verizon iPhone 6 will be able to web and talk..... F@ck yeah!!!!! So happy. And the reason why older iPhones couldn't was due to limited radios. I guess Androids have multiple radios. I'm definitely getting the iPhone 6plus now.
31. JunitoNH (Posts: 1774; Member since: 15 Feb 2012)
Apple blames Verizon for this. However, Android devices are able to use voice and data simultaneously; therefore, is Apple inability to add extra radio, prevents simultaneous voice and data on CDMA network. I'm sure when volte is implemented, no longer will be an issue.
8. Federated (Posts: 261; Member since: 06 Mar 2010)
Lacks LTE band 12 700 MHz block A for T-Mobile USA. Epic failure by Apple again.
17. Mxyzptlk (Posts: 12941; Member since: 21 Apr 2012)
They don't even have band 12 up yet. That's not a fail.
24. Federated (Posts: 261; Member since: 06 Mar 2010)
LTE band 12 will be up LIVE at the end of this year. The most revolutionary and innovative company on the planet can't even foresee the immediate and imminent upcoming lte bands? How can they possibly miss that?
27. Ninetysix (Posts: 2375; Member since: 08 Oct 2012)
Phone's not for you broseph. Stop crying like a little girl and get a phone that supports your future LTE band 12 on tmobile. Get one of these phones.
32. Federated (Posts: 261; Member since: 06 Mar 2010)
I already know that that's why I'm picking up Sony Xperia Z3. Thanks for the link, though.
18. wrm2013 (Posts: 203; Member since: 28 Mar 2013)
so should I keep my s5 handy?
9. Ashoaib (Posts: 3229; Member since: 15 Nov 2013)
we have to purchase this midrange phone in double the price and still we cant have cat 6... cat 6 will be available soon, so iphone 6 is good for only 5 or 6 months... either you have to switch to other phone or you have to stick with 75mbps speed for long time
20. mistercarter (Posts: 360; Member since: 01 Sep 2011)
Cat 4 is 150mbps duh....
40. Ashoaib (Posts: 3229; Member since: 15 Nov 2013)
Cat 4 do have 150mbps but it is not crossing 75mbps...
21. RebelwithoutaClue (Posts: 2887; Member since: 05 Apr 2013)
Cat 4 does have 150mbps speed, just not on 800 band.
22. iyngr (Posts: 72; Member since: 14 Jul 2013)
g3 prime with cat6 way to go..
25. caesantos (Posts: 86; Member since: 27 Feb 2014)
Actually 10 countries. This must be a record, LOL!
28. DaBigDogg (Posts: 13; Member since: 17 Sep 2013)
And good luck getting Sprint to unlock your iPhone so you can actually *use* all those bands...
52. lsutigers (Posts: 820; Member since: 08 Mar 2009)
Sprint will unlock the phone if you are traveling internationally, you have to call Sprint Worldwide Care. Our company just did that with our iPhones for traveling overseas but it wasn't even necessary as we keep the Sprint SIM card and phone number.
33. xfire99 (Posts: 827; Member since: 14 Mar 2012)
This is the only good with iphones. Others OEMs should do the same.
35. Federated (Posts: 261; Member since: 06 Mar 2010)
No LTE band 12. T-Mobile customers who'll get the new iPhones will be disappointed when they learn their new, shiny, and expensive iPhones won't get optimum LTE data speeds, coverage, and performance especially building penetration. This topic has been hot all over the internet. A lot of people are furious about Apple's decision. I hope this can fixed via software update. If it's a hardware problem then better wait for the iPhone 6s.
42. darkoman4 (Posts: 164; Member since: 30 May 2014)
So far only Galaxy Avant supports this band. That is a big failure on TMobile part. They should have worked with OEMs for better part of this year to make sure they are including this frequency in their hardware.
44. Federated (Posts: 261; Member since: 06 Mar 2010)
Sony Xperia Z3, Samsung Galaxy Note 4, Motorola Moto X (2014) will have LTE band 12. Seems like those 3 companies did their homework.
53. lsutigers (Posts: 820; Member since: 08 Mar 2009)
What's up with that? Sounds like a classic Apple tactic to get customers to buy the next version of the iPhone by "leaving something out". They did the same thing last year with Sprint Spark. The previous gen 5S, 5C iPad Air and iPad Mini only support dual band Sprint LTE and not triband. The new iPhone 6 and iPads now have Spark triband support. I wonder if they will do the same with Verizon XLTE bands.
37. mamadathu (Posts: 48; Member since: 01 Mar 2014)
where is india??? 2300mhz band are supported in india.
43. sraj49 (Posts: 19; Member since: 12 Sep 2014)
I have a sprint Nexus 5 ( CDMA network) and I travel a lot. I am in Australia and all I need is a local SIM Card GSM and I pop it in and the the phone works without any issue. nThe same thing when I go to India. This has been there for a long time and not exclusive to iPhones...
54. lsutigers (Posts: 820; Member since: 08 Mar 2009)
The Nexus is also a beast when it comes to international support of CDMA, GSM and LTE bands but I think you can buy it unlocked directly from Google or Sprint unlike other non-Nexus phones which are usually carrier locked from AT&T, Sprint or Verizon.
47. mike2959 (Posts: 537; Member since: 08 Oct 2011)
Most phones have additional bands that are not "officially" supported.. My LG G Pro 2 F350S (South Korean model) doesn't list band 17 700mhz for AT&T but works fine. Oh.. And it's a awesome phone.
50. eldyagustius (Posts: 177; Member since: 30 Oct 2013)
The title is somewhat just an overreaction from PA when they write articles about Apple, or maybe Samsung.


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The Albany-Dougherty Drug Unit executed a search warrant Friday at 624 16th Avenue in Albany.
Neighbors complained about potential drug activity to the drug unit and Major Bill Berry says the department responded by sending undercover officers to watch the house for a few weeks. Enough evidence was gathered for a search warrant which they executed Friday afternoon. Officers found 142 oxycodone pills, xanex, marijuana, spice, crushed pulls, alcohol, and more than $1300 in cash. Below are the people arrested and their corresponding charges after the drug bust.
- Alexander Antonio "Poochie" Brown, 39
- Possession of oxycodone with intent to distribute, tampering with evidence, drugs not in original container, and obstruction
- Lentrail Thomas, 30
- Possession of oxycodone with intent to distribute, tampering with evidence, drugs not in the original container, and obstruction
- Wayne Brumbley, 24
- Possession of spice
- William Dent Jr., 27
- Possession of marijuana less than 1 ounce
- Rick Webb, 30
- Giving a false name
- Victoria Huiras, 25
- Possession of dangerous drugs, possession of drug related objects, giving a false name


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Careers news
Making a difference as a mentor
Acting as a mentor this year to not just one but nine current Lancaster students, Economics and Politics alumnus Ian Newman is a shining example of alumni generosity and of the mutual benefits of mentoring.
Pair honoured with staff of the year awards
Two members of staff have been honoured for the help and support they have given students over the past year.
Lancaster in the world top 80 for graduate employability
Lancaster has featured in a list of the top universities in the world for graduate employability.
LUMS alumni shared insights about working in the Financial Services sector
Lancaster University Investment and Finance Society (LUIFS) organised the 5th City Careers Event on 24th October 2015, in collaboration with the LUMS Careers, Alumni & Employer Relations Team.
MBA students meet alumni at London event
MBA students had the opportunity to network and get career advice during a recent trip to central London.
Lancaster fourth in the UK for graduate employability
Lancaster University is ranked fourth in the UK for total employability, outperforming all other research-intensive universities.


text:
Tom Morello Joins Bruce Springsteen Onstage at Record-Setting Show
Tom Morello performed three songs with Bruce Springsteen as The Boss broke his own record for his longest stateside show ever.
Tom Morello performed three songs with Bruce Springsteen as The Boss broke his own record for his longest stateside show ever.
Tom Morello has taken a stance against gear, declaring it does not matter 'at all - ever - in any circumstance.'
Saturday at Lollapalooza was somewhat of a victory lap for Perry Farrell.
Tom Morello shares his thoughts on rap's place under the rock umbrella and N.W.A.'s induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Rage Against the Machine guitarist Tom Morello has weighed in on N.W.A.'s Rock Hall induction, defending the hip-hop icons.
Rage Against the Machine's Tom Morello is the latest to express how he feels about the loss of Lemmy Kilmister and pays tribute to the fallen rocker.
Corgan and Morello lend a hand during performances of 'Comfortably Numb' and a cover of Bob Dylan's 'Forever Young.'
"I talked my doctor into letting me shoot the surgery, then explained the concept to Tom [Morello], who was totally into the idea."
Dave Grohl and Tom Morello will be among those paying tribute to this year's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction class with performances at this year's event.
Get ready to trade some of your favorite rockers, or at least put them in the spokes of your bike.
Tom Morello used a Los Angeles concert to debut a new Nightwatchman track called 'Marching on Ferguson.'


text:
Luis Hernando Gómez
Luis Hernando Gómez Bustamante (born March 14, 1958) is a Colombian drug trafficker for the Norte del Valle Cartel, who was arrested in 2004 and, on July 19, 2007 transported for extradition to the United States on charges of money laundering and drug smuggling. Gomez, also known as "Rasguño" (English: Scratch) is reported to have received his nickname after being grazed in the cheek by a bullet, he dismissed the wound as "just a scratch."[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
Position and indictments[edit]
According to prosecutors, Gomez went from pumping gas in 1991 to declaring property worth more than half a million dollars a year later. According to U.S. federal prosecutors Gomez co-managed the Norte del Valle empire from 1990 to 2004.[2] Between 1997 and 2004 he would be indicted in the United States three times in three different states.The first indictment issued in January 1997 in the Southern District of Virginia is on charges of Continuing Criminal Enterprise, conspiracy, firearms, and money laundering. On October 10, 2002, an indictment was issued in Eastern District of New York on charges of drug trafficking and money laundering. In March 2004, Washington D.C. indicted Gomez on drug trafficking and RICO charges. on March 11, 2004, Colombian police conducted raids against Gomez, stripping him of 68 farms, 24 offices and 17 parking lots as well as other items and properties, a total worth listed at over 100 million.[1][3][5][6][7]
Gomez has since admitted to managing the payroll and operations of 800 of the cartels 6,000 workers, including several members of the Colombian Congress and also eight town mayors. His accumulated wealth at the time of extradition included such luxuries as a Ferrari and two paintings claimed to be originals of Baroque master Peter Paul Rubens.[2]
Capture and extradition[edit]
On July 2, 2004, Gomez was captured as he stepped off a plane in at the José Martí International Airport in Havana on immigration charges. Gomez was attempting to enter Cuba with a falsified passport. It is believed that Gomez was fleeing the 5-million-dollar reward for his capture placed by the U.S. State Department, and possible extradition to the U.S. if captured. Due to tense relations between Cuba and the United States, Colombia was forced to act as an intermediary to secure the deportation and extradition of Gomez to the United States. On July 9, 2007, Gomez was extradited from Cuba to Colombia.[1][2][4][5]
Shortly before Gomez was extradited, he stated, in an interview for RCN TV, that he had shipped as much as 11 tons of cocaine in one night to the United States, the cocaine belonging to former United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia para-military leader Salvatore Mancuso. He further stated that the Cuban government attempted to have him implicated, with the Colombian President, Álvaro Uribe, offering at one point to release him if he did.[8][clarification needed]
On July 19, 2007 the extradition procedure began with Colombian police transporting Gomez from the Cómbita maximum security prison to be handed over to agents of the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. Gomez was outfitted with a bulletproof vest as he was transported to the airport for extradition. The cited fear was an attempt on his life by other drug traffickers or corrupt politicians fearing what testimony he may give.[1] It is believed his testimony and personal computer will show links to political officials and police as well as expose the Colombian cocaine trade and the Norte del Valle Cartel.[2][6]
Gomez was believed to be happy for his extradition to the U.S. citing death threats from rival cartels since arriving in the Colombian prison system. The head of Colombia's judicial police, Col. Cesar Pinzon, who has called Gomez the "capo of capos", has verified that the prison authorities had received intelligence regarding assassination attempts and moved prisoners to prevent them from occurring.[1][6]
On October 18, 2008, Gomez pleaded guilty to racketeering charges in a Washington court. He also admitted sending over 500,000 kilograms of cocaine to America through Mexico between 1990 and 2004 as well as conspiracy to make and distribute more than 10,000 kilograms of cocaine destined for the US. Due to an extradition agreement between the United States and Colombia Gomez cannot receive a life sentence, so prosecutors are instead looking for a multi-year prison sentence.[9]
Norte del Valle Cartel[edit]
The Norte del Valle Cartel is believed to have shipped 500 tons of cocaine since 1999 in relation to the 600 tons per year estimated to ship from all of Colombia, an estimated value of over 10 billion. Gomez and the cartel have paid right-wing paramilitary militias to protect smuggling routes. The cartel is believed to be the last in Colombia that managed the complete process from the cultivation of the coca to the production of cocaine and distribution.[1][2][3][4][5] It is believed the cartel employs the use of aircraft, go-fast boats, and maritime cargo vessels to transport cocaine around the world. The cartel owns cocaine HCl conversion laboratories in the Valle del Cauca region of Colombia, and also has cocaine distribution cells in the New York / New Jersey area.[7]
Popular culture[edit]
'Rasguño' is portrayed by the Colombian actor Juan Carlos Arango as the character of 'Oswaldo Tovar aka Buñuelo' in TV Series El Cartel.
See also[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f "Colombia extraditing suspected drug kingpin to U.S.". Associated Press. July 19, 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f Hugh Bronstein (July 19, 2007). "Colombia extradites cocaine lord "Scratch" to U.S.". Reuters.
- ^ a b c "Colombia cartel raid nets $100m". BBC. March 11, 2004.
- ^ a b c "Cuba deports suspected drug baron". BBC. February 9, 2007.
- ^ a b c d "Cuba seizes Colombia 'drug chief'". BBC. July 9, 2004.
- ^ a b c d "Colombia extraditing alleged drug boss to U.S.". CNN. July 19, 2007.[dead link]
- ^ a b c "Luis Hernando Gomez-Bustamante". United States Department of State.
- ^ "Colombia extradites alleged cocaine boss to U.S.". Philadelphia Daily news. July 20, 2007. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007.
- ^ "Colombian drug baron admits guilt". BBC News. 2008-10-18. Retrieved 2014-07-30.


text:
URBANA, Ill., Aug. 26 (UPI) — A University of Illinois food science professor is working on developing a baby food using wild-caught salmon from Alaskan waters.
Susan Brewer, who is also a registered dietitian, and former University of Illinois Professor Peter Bechtel, now of Alaska's Agricultural Research Service, says babies need a lot of the omega-3 fatty acids found in fish for brain, nerve, and eye development, and when they switch from breast milk or formula to solid food, most of them don't get enough.
he researchers tried pink and red salmon but red salmon survives the baby food production process better, Brewer says.
To boost nutrition, the researchers added bone meal to increase calcium and pureed salmon roe — eggs — which contain vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids, particularly docohexaenoic acid, better known as DHA.
"A newborn infant's brain is 50 percent DHA," Brewer says. "However, babies and toddlers have immature livers and can't synthesize enough DHA to ensure an adequate supply to their developing nerve tissues. If small children are going to get DHA, they must ingest it in their food."
More than 100 parents of preschoolers tasted the baby food and 81 percent say they would offer to their children.
The findings are scheduled to be published in the Journal of Food Science.
Copyright 2010 United Press International, Inc. (UPI). Any reproduction, republication, redistribution and/or modification of any UPI content is expressly prohibited without UPI's prior written consent.


text:
Published: 11 Aug 2016
IT IS hard to know when we are making a good choice.
Published: 12 Jul 2015
ROTTERDAM could be the first city to build streets with plastic bottles after the city council announced it is considering...
Published: 18 Jul 2015
COFFEE pods are technically 100% recyclable. But are they being recycled? In most cases they're ultimately ending up in...
Published: 15 Aug 2015
POLITICIANS from both sides of NSW politics have backed a call to ban single-use plastic bags.
Published: 4 Sep 2015
GLADSTONE'S Northern Oil Refinery is looking at expanding by taking on two apprentices and a lab technician.
Published: 15 Feb 2016
NEW research suggests Australians are hoarding their old tech gadgets for some very simple reasons.
Published: 13 Jan 2015
A DRINK container deposit scheme looks set to be introduced in New South Wales in coming weeks.
Published: 7 Nov 2012
A REPRESENTATIVE of one of the nation's biggest alcohol companies has attacked a Senate inquiry in Adelaide, calling it "a...
Published: 23 Apr 2014
GLADSTONE'S oil re-refinery hasn't even begun to produce clean oil but it may be forced to close if proposed changes cut a...
Published: 11 Jan 2013
THE Australian Packaging Covenant and state government have committed more than $600,000 to a new state-of-the-art plastic...


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I'd like to think that the Confederate Flag in the back was photo-shopped. At any rate, what's amazing is the frame here--It's not the firing on federal property that inaugurated the War, it's Bull Run, or some such. It's as if I punch you in the face and then accuse you of bullying me after I get the crap kicked out of me. Except worse.
The Irony of American History
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New Products
InfiniCon Systems released version 3.0 of its architecture for the InfiniBand-based hardware and software platform. The platform includes all host software, switch embedded software and InfiniCon's FastFabric tools, opening the architecture to enable the use of third-party tools and applications. The 3.0 software can be incorporated into server architectures that embed InfiniBand on the motherboard—either on servers or on blade platforms—eliminating the need for a Host Channel Adapter (HCA) to access the InfiniBand network. Release 3.0 also includes support for Linux 2.6, scalability to more than 1,000 node fabrics, Oracle certification, certification of additional commercial MPI packages, additional fabric reliability features, performance enhancements for InfiniBand and Ethernet protocols and additions to FastFabric tools for management needs.
InfiniCon Systems, 680 American Avenue, Suite 100, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, 610-233-4747, www.infinicon.com.
Mark 21 of the NAG Fortran Library includes more than 300 new functions, taking the total to more than 1,500 functions. New functions include a complete chapter covering mesh generation that incorporates routines for generating 2-D meshes with a number of associated utility routines. Extensions have been included for zeros of polynomials, partial differential equations, eigenvalue problems (LAPACK) and sparse linear algebra. The random number generation (G05) function also has been expanded to include a new random number generator, the generation of univariate GARCH, asymmetric GARCH and EGARCH processes, quasi-random number generators and generators for further distributors. The NAG Fortran Library is available for implementations ranging from PCs to supercomputers. Not restricted to a single environment, algorithms can be called from other languages including C++.
The Numerical Algorithms Group Ltd., Wilkinson House, Jordan Hill Road, Oxford OX2 8DR, UK, www.nag.com.
Wind River Systems announced the availability of Platform for Network Equipment (NE), Linux Edition. Platform NE supports the Carrier Grade Linux 2.0 specification and Linux 2.6 kernel technology for device software development. It also enables ATCA-based commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) solutions for control and management applications in carrier grade network equipment. In addition, Platform NE provides access to a wide range of third-party runtime and tool vendors, as well as the Eclipse-based Wind River Workbench IDE to support the entire development cycle.
Wind River Systems, 500 Wind River Way, Alameda, California 94501, 800-545-9463, windriver.com.
A new family of console servers is available from Opengear, Inc. The CM4000 serial console server comes in 8-, 16- and 48-port versions that enable control of serial consoles on Windows, Sun and Linux servers. Opengear's CM4000 products also can monitor and control network appliances, including routers, gateways, PBXes and power switches. Remote site servers can be accessed in-band through the enterprise TCP-IP network or directly through a dial-up modem port, both using up to 128-bit AES encryption. The Opengear CM4000 console server also provides filtering and access logging facilities, enabling console logs to be archived off-line. The CM4000s are built with the okvm open-source console and KVM management software, as well as open-source KVM hardware. Both Web browser and command-line management options are available.
Opengear, Inc., 7984 South Welby Park #101, West Jordan, Utah 84088, 801-282-1387, www.opengear.com.
The IBM eServer Application Server Advantage for Linux, also known as Chiphopper, combines support and testing tools that enable ISVs to develop cross-platform Linux products. Chiphopper is a no-charge offering that can be used to take existing Linux-on-x86 (Intel or AMD) applications and test, port and support those applications across all IBM systems. Chiphopper supports applications written directly to the operating system or written to middleware. For applications written directly to the OS, Chiphopper bases portability on the Linux Standard Base (LSB) specification. In addition, Chiphopper supports LSB applications that use open extensions including OpenLDAP, OpenSSL, Kerberos, PHP, Perl and Python. For applications using middleware, Chiphopper supports IBM's WebSphere, DB2 and Rational, providing Java, J2EE, Web services and services-oriented architecture open standards-based support.
IBM Corporation, 1133 Westchester Avenue, White Plains, New York 10604, www-1.ibm.com/linux.
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Pick up any e-commerce web or mobile app today, and you'll be holding a mashup of interconnected applications and services from a variety of different providers. For instance, when you connect to Amazon's e-commerce app, cookies, tags and pixels that are monitored by solutions like Exact Target, BazaarVoice, Bing, Shopzilla, Liveramp and Google Tag Manager track every action you take. You're presented with special offers and coupons based on your viewing and buying patterns. If you find something you want for your birthday, a third party manages your wish list, which you can share through multiple social- media outlets or email to a friend. When you select something to buy, you find yourself presented with similar items as kind suggestions. And when you finally check out, you're offered the ability to pay with promo codes, gifts cards, PayPal or a variety of credit cards.Get the Guide