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Skip to comments.Darwinism's Dilemma (part I: Cave Man)
Posted on 02/07/2003 8:18:03 PM PST by Ethan Clive Osgoode
Darwinism's Dilemma (part I: Cave Man)
David Stove
"... in the state of nature... [human] life was a continual free fight."
T.H. Huxley, Evolution and Ethics.
IF DARWIN'S THEORY of evolution were true, there would be in every species a constant and ruthless competition to survive: a competition in which only a few in any generation can be winners. But it is perfectly obvious that human life is not like that, however it may be with other species.
This inconsistency, between Darwin's theory and the facts of human life, is what I mean by "Darwinism's Dilemma." The inconsistency is so very obvious that no Darwinian has ever been altogether unconscious of it. There have been, accordingly, very many attempts by Darwinians to wriggle out of the dilemma. But the attempts are conspicuously unsuccessful. They are not uninstructive, though, or unamusing.
The attempts to escape from Darwinism's dilemma all fall into one or other of three types. These can be usefully labelled "the Cave Man way out," "the Hard Man," and "the Soft Man." All three types are hardy perennials, and have been with us, in one version or another, ever since Darwin published Origin of Species in 1859.
What I call the Cave Man way out is this: you admit that human life is not now what it would be if Darwin's theory were true, but also insist that it used to be like that.
In the olden days (the story goes), human populations always did press relentlessly on their supply of food, and thereby brought about constant competition for survival among the too-numerous competitors, and hence natural selection of those organisms which were best fitted to succeed in the struggle for life. But our species (the story goes on) escaped long ago from the brutal regime of natural selection. We developed a thousand forms of attachment, loyalty, cooperation, and unforced subordination, every one of them quite incompatible with a constant and merciless competition to survive. We have now had for a very long time, at least locally, religions, moralities, laws or customs, respect for life and property, rules of inheritance, specialized social orders, distinctions of rank, and standing provisions for external defense, internal police, education, and health. Even at out lowest ebb we still have ties of blood, and ties of marriage: two things which are quite as incompatible with a universal competition to survive as are, for example, a medical profession, a priesthood, or a state.
THIS CAVE MAN story, however implausible, is at any rate not inconsistent with itself. But the combination of it with Darwin's theory of evolution is inconsistent. That theory is a universal generalization about all terrestrial species at any time. Hence, if the theory says something which is not true now of our species (or another), then it is not true--finish. In short, the Cave man way out of Darwinism's dilemma is in reality no way out at all: it is self-contradictory.
If Darwin's theory of evolution is true, no species can ever excape from the process of natural selection. His theory is that two universal and permanent tendencies of all species of organisms--the tendancey to increase in numbers up to the limit that the food supply allows, and the tendency to vary in a heritable way--are together sufficient for survival, and therefore universal and permanent natural selection among the competitors.
So the "modern" part of this way out of Darwin's dilemma is inconsistent with Darwinism. But the Cave Man part of it is also utterly incredible in itself. It may be possible, for all I know, that a population of pines or cod should exist with no cooperative as distinct from competitive relations among its members. But no tribe of humans could possibly exist on those terms. Such a tribe could not even raise a second generation: the helplessness of the human young is too extreme and prolonged. So if you ever read a report (as one sometimes does) of the existence of an on-going tribe of just this kind, you should confidently conclude that the reporter is mistaken or lying or both.
Even if such a tribe could somehow continue in existence, it is extremely difficult to imagine how our species, as we now know it to be, could ever have graduated from so very hard a school. We need to remember how severe the rule of natural selection is, and what it means to say that a species is subject to it. It means, among other things, that of all the rabbits, flies, cod, pines, etc., that are born, the enormous majority must suffer early death; and it means no less of our species. How could we have escaped from this set up, supposing we once were in it? Please don't say that a god came down, and pointed out to Darwinian Cave Men a better way, or that the Cave Men themselves got together and adopted a Social Contract (with a Department of Family Planning). Either of those explanations is logically possible, of course, but they are just too improbably to be worth talking about. Yet some explanation, of the same order of improbability, seems to be required, if we once allow ourselves to believe that though we are not subject now to natural selection, we used to be.
The Cave Man way out, despite its absurdity, is easily the most popular of the three ways of trying to get out of Darwinism's dilemma. It has been progressively permeating popular thought for nearly one hundred and fifty years. By now it is enshrined in a thousand cartoons and comic-strips, and it is as immovable as Christmas. But we should not infer from this that it lacks high scientific authorities in its favor. Quite the contrary, Cave man has been all along, and still is, the preferred way out of Darwinism's dilemma among the learned, as well as among the vulgar.
Darwinism in its early decades had an urgent need for an able and energetic PR man. Darwin himself had little talent for that kind of work, and even less taste for it. But he found in T. H. Huxley someone who had both the talent and the taste in plenty. Huxley came to be known as "Darwin's bulldog," and by thirty years of invaluable service as a defender of Darwinism against all comers, he deserved it. And he provides an unusually explicit example of a high scientific authority who takes the Cave Man way out.
Huxley knew perfectly well, of course, since he was not a madman, that human life in England in his own time did not bear any resemblance to a constant and ruthless struggle to survive. Why, life was not like that even among the savages of New Guinea--nay, even in Sydney--as be found when he was in these parts in the late 1840s, as a surgeon on board H.M.S Rattlesnake. Did these facts make him doubt, when he became a Darwinian about ten years later, the reality of Darwin's "struggle for life," at least in the case of humans? Of course not. They only made him think that, while of course there must have been a stage of Darwinian competition in human history, it must also have ended long ago.
BUT IN THOSE distant times, Huxley informs us, human beings lived in "nature," or "in the state of nature," or in "the savage state." Each man "appropriated whatever took his fancy and killed whomsoever opposed him, if he could." "Life was a continual free fight, and beyond the limited and temporary relations of the family, the Hobbesian war of each against all was the normal state of existence."[1]
It is hard to believe one's eyes when reading these words. Thomas Hobbes, forsooth! He was a philosopher who had published, two hundred years earlier, some sufficiently silly a priori anthropology. But Huxley is a great Darwinian scientist, and is writing in about 1890. Yet what he says is even sillier than anything Hobbes dreamed up about the pre-history of our species.
What, for example, is a Hobbesian savage, presumably an adult male, doing with a family at all, however "limited and temporary"? In a "continual free fight," any man who had on his mind, not only his own survival, but that of a wife and child, would be no match for a man not so encumbered. Huxley's man, if he wanted to maximize his own chances of survival, and had even half a brain, would simply eat his wife and child before some other man did. They are first class protein, after all, and intraspecific Darwinian competition is principally the competition for the means of subsistence, isn't it. Besides, wives and children are "easy meat," compared with most of the protein that goes around even at the best of times.
Huxley has even managed to burden Darwin with an absurdity which, though it was stronly suggested by Darwin's insistence on words like "struggle" and "battle", is by no means inherent in Darwinism itself. I mean, by his reference to "continual fighting." Fighting between conspecifics, even fighting over food, is not at all a necessary element in competition for survival as Darwin conceives it, whether it be humans, flies, cod or whatever that is in question. If you and I are competing for survival, and for ten days in a row you are able to get food while I cannot, then I starve to death and you win this competition, whatever may have been the difference between us which enabled you to win. Of course it may have been your greater fighting ability. But it might equally have been your superior speed, intelligence, eyesight, camouflage, or any one or more of a hundred other things. Fighting need never have come into the matter at all, as far as Darwinian theory is concerned. Which is just as well for that theory, since pines, most flies, and countless other species, cannot fight.
Huxley naturally realized that, as examples of Darwinian competition for life among humans, hypothetical ancient fights between Hobbesian bachelors were not nearly good enough. What was desperately needed was some real examples, drawn from contemporary or at least recent history. Nothing less would be sufficient to reconcile Darwinism with the obvious facts of human life. Accordingly, Huxley made several attempts to supply such an example. But the result in every case was merely embarrassing.
One attempt was as follows. Huxley draws attention to the fierce competition for colonies and markets which was going on, at the time he wrote, among the major Western nations. He says, in effect, "There! That's pretty Darwinian, you must admit."[2] The reader, for his part, scarcely knows where to look, and wonders, very excusably, what species of organism it can possibly be, of which Britain, France, and Germany are members.
A second attempt at a real and contemporary example was the following. Huxley says that there is, after all, still a little bit of Darwinian struggle for life in Britain around 1890. It exists among the poorest 5 percent of the nation. And the reason, he says (remembering Darwin and Malthus), is that in those depths of British society, the pressure of population on the food supply is still maximal.[3]
Yet Huxley knew perfectly well (and in other writings showed that he knew) that the denizens of "darkest England" were absorbed around 1890, not in a competition for life, but (whatever they may have thought) in a competition for early death through alcohol. Was that Darwinian? But even supposing he had been right, what a pitiable harvest of examples, to support a theory about the whole species Homo Sapiens. Five percent of Britons around 1890, indeed! Such a "confirmation" is more likeley to strengthen doubts about Darwinism than to weaken them.
A third attempt is this. Huxley implies that there have been "one or two short intervals" of the Darwinian "struggle for existence between man and man" in England in quite recent centuries: for example, the civil war of the seventeenth-century! You probably think, and you certainly ought to think, that I am making this up; but I am not. He actually writes that, since "the reign of Elizabeth..., the stuggle for existence between man and man has been so largely restrained among the great mass of the population (except for one or two short intervals of civil war), that it can have little, or no selective operation."[4]
You probably also think that the English civil war of the seventeenth century grew out of tensions between parliament and the court, dissent and the established church, republic and the monarchy. Nothing of the sort, you see: it was a resumption of "the struggle for existence between man and man." Cromwell and King Charles were competing with each other, and each of them with everyone else too, a la Darwin and Malthus, for means of subsistence. So no doubt Cromwell, when he had had the king's head cut off, ate it. Uncooked, I shouldn't wonder, the beast. And probably selfishly refused to let his secretary John Milton have even one nibble.
Huxley should not have needed Darwinism to tell him--since any intelligent child of about eight could have told him--that in a "continual free figh of each other against all" there would soon be no children, no women and hence, no men. In other words, that the human race could not possibly exist now, unless cooperation had always been stronger than competition, both between women and their children, and between men and the children and women whom they protect and provide for.
And why was it that Huxley himself swallowed, and expected the rest of us to swallow, this ocean of biological absurdity and historical illiteracy? Why, just because he could not imagine Darwinism's being false, while if it is true then a struggle for life must always be going on in every species. Indeed, the kind of examples for which Huxley searched would have to be as common as air among us, surrounding us everywhere and at all times. But anyone who tries to point out such an example will find himself obliged to reenact T. H. Huxley's ludicrous performance.
There is (as I said earlier) a contradiction at the very heart of the Cave Man way out of Darwinism's dilemma: the contradiction between holding that Darwinism is true and admitting that it is not true of our species now. But I should perhaps emphasize that the absurdities which we have just witnessed in Huxley, though they no doubt were generated by that initial contradiction, are additional to it.
[1] Huxley, Evolution and Ethics, pg. 204-205.
[2] Huxley, Evolution and Ethics, pg. 210-212.
[3] Huxley, Evolution and Ethics, pg. 40-41.
[4] Huxley, Evolution and Ethics, pg. 38.
The author should crawl back into his cave.
"IF DARWIN'S THEORY of evolution were true, there would be in every species a constant and ruthless competition to survive: a competition in which only a few in any generation can be winners."
Does he mean organisms within a species or organisms of different species? Each organism is in a constant competition with its peers for fitness, not survival. The competition of fitness is not winner-take-all. The functional unit of evolution is the population, not the individual.
will . . . create (( link )) - - - a cologne (( magic ointment )) --
called Affirmative Action (( govt science // evolution )) --
which makes ignorant people (( think // believe they )) smell educated (( tyrannical superiority complex )) ** ."
** . . . my additions !
It seems as if some people here are denying that Huxley made the above statement. Otherwise, they are implying that Darwin's bulldog is wrong about Darwin's theory.
The evolutionary purpose for these traits is success at war. Darwin knew that humans were a special case, that the discovery of war is what caused humans to develop intelligence far in excess of what is needed to find food. If two tribes go to battle, usually the smarter tribe wins, and the genetically inferior tribe dies off. And it isn't just intelligence, but group loyalty, self-sacrifice, cooperation, morality, even lifespan, are all genetically honed for success at war. War is in effect very high speed evolution, and is the only reason humans have become the most genetically advanced animal to ever live.
Darwin wrote about all this. I don't know why this key discovery about who we are and where we come from is never taught.
Wow, in two posts you've made your central arguments ad hominem and ad verecundiam.
Darwin has been used to push one political ideology or another.
I'm generally skeptical of Darwin's ideas, but this article is deserving of the criticisms on this thread.
You'll have to look at real evidence, such as the fossil record, DNA research, species data, etc. These "philosophy" pieces prove nothing except the ability of the writer to engage in circular logic.
This should have little bearing on the validity of his work though. He was a brilliant man, and also by definition a deadly warmaker. He was the genetic product of many thousands of years of brutal war, as are you and me.
I see you are attempting distraction by being the example for both of your erroneously used Latin terms.
First, my conversation was not with Dawkins and second, I was not appealing to authority in pointing out the consequences of the statements of others.
Now, your use of a reference to me was Ad Hominem and your use of the Latin terms was an appeal to authority.
There should also be noted a second level of evolution is at play here. Instead of genes fighting for survival it is a survival of memes or ideas instead. Call it "progress" instead of "evolution". An environment of cooperation is highly benefical to the propagation of ideas so any idea which helps ideas themselves propagate , such as "lets cooperate on this" naturally propagates itself better than a "let's not trade anything." kind of idea.
Genes or Memes, either way its self replicating self adjusting information and the outcome,evolution or progress, is quite similar.
IF DARWIN'S THEORY of evolution were true, there would be in every species a constant and ruthless competition to survive: a competition in which only a few in any generation can be winners. But it is perfectly obvious that human life is not like that, however it may be with other species.
It is good for the survival of mankind both for individual men to cooperate together, and for groups of men to live in the presence of other species that help provide such things as food, fur, etc. Therefore, Darwinism would favor the survival of men who cooperate and conserve other species. Those are the kinds of men that would tend to survive and reproduce. Therefore, the article begins with a complete and utter fallacy as its opening point. It's not worth reading further.
Oh? So why aren't we all tree-hugging communists?
With his first sentence, the author reveals an ignorance of natural selection, and thus of evolution, which is so profound that he rivals some of the hard-core creos on FreeRepublic. Having raised up a false idea (or strawman), he then devotes his diminished intellectual resources to demolishing that false idea. A peaceful occupation for someone who quite likely is -- or should be -- confined to his bed in a psycho ward. The article should have been posted in blue.
I will ping only a few people, not my entire list.
The sad thing is that you probably really believe that.
Yeesh, this is a stretch, particularly since the *jury* is still out on homo sapiens as a successful species. We may have been able to temporarily circumvent natural selection with advanced medical care and sanitation, but in the end our tinkering with biology alone may cause us to be selected for extinction. Many individuals with hertitable disorders now live long enough to breed...and pass on the traits. Our love-affair with antibiotics has accelerated advantageous mutations within pathogens beyond our capability to adapt. AIDS and other emergent diseases are burning across cultural and social divides. I fear the future for our species is not a rosy as this author wants to think.
Because being responsible capitalists works so much better, silly!
Therefore, Darwinism would favor the survival of men who cooperate and conserve other species. Those are the kinds of men that would tend to survive and reproduce.
Oh? So why aren't we all tree-hugging communists?
Well you got me there.
I see. You are what David Stove would call a Darwinian "Hard Man", or rather, Hard Woman. As such, you might enjoy reading part II: Darwinism's Dilemma (part II: Hard Man).
Total absolute nonsense. First of all, intelligence is useful in numerous things in life, not just in war. Second of all, even amongst animals there is war - war between species and war between those in the same species for mates. So intelligence is useful in numerous situations as anyone with half a brain should understand.
Evolutionists often cite this as supporting their theory but there are a couple of problems with it:
1. If the whole poulation had the trait then it would reproduce 1/4 less than other populations of the same species. (check out genetics 101).
2. Even bigger problem is that we have never found a population with as much as 50% of it carrying this trait. ( I think 25% or so is the highest). Now the question is, how does the rest of the population manage to survive malaria? If this mutation was the only way to survive it then it would exist in 100% of the population in malarial areas. Clearly there are other reasons why people survive malaria so this is not the reason for it. Let's note that the black death, one of the worst illnesses known, killed between 1/4 and 1/3 of Europe's population by all accounts, yet there was no 'immunity' to it in this fashion. Clearly, human beings have the ability to fight many diseases and survive, this is part of the inherent strenght of the genome pool of a species.
That's a pretty silly statement. Even evolutionists admit that we are at the top of the 'evolutionary tree'. We are the masters of the beasts - as the Bible said many millenia ago.
BTW - who is this *jury*?????
That's a straw man argument. I didn't say intelligence is only useful for war, only that war is the evolutionary reason we are intelligent. Those of us alive today are the living offspring of the winning warmakers. You attack me in a warlike anger because you are the product of war. It's both our nature, and we are naturally very good at it.
We are about to go to war with Iraq. They will lose because they are not as advanced at war as you and I. This is human evolution in action. We aren't going to kill all the Iraqis, but if they tick us off enough, at the press of a few buttons we can turn Iraq into a radioactive sheet of glass. Recent history shows it's not totally beyond us to do that.
This debate was hashed out in 1882. If you would like a better explanation you can read it in Darwin's own words at http://pages.britishlibrary.net/charles.darwin/texts/descent/descent05.html
To answer your question, the "jury" in this instance is Natural Selection.
Humans (as Homo sapiens) have only been around for about 300,000-400,000 years, barely a blip in time compared to dinosaurs, who reigned between 140-180 million years...or even cycads, which have existed for over 200 million years and still decorate landscapes today.
As far as being on the top-rung of the evolutionary ladder, just look around you at the greed, perversion, murder, child abuse, etc., etc. that pervades our society. I hardly think those traits qualify us for any sort of honor.
What a sad life you must lead, always looking at the worst in life and putting yourself and your fellow human beings down as worse than beasts of burden.
Just a realist...I was, after all, a paramedic in Chicago for 10 years. I've seen the best and worst of human behavior...and from my experience, evil outnumbers good at least 10:1.
This statement is false. The CCR5 Delta-32 mutation confers immunity to bubonic plague, and moreover has the fortuitous side-benefit of conferring immunity to HIV. Research has established that the alleles emerged around the time of the Black Death in 14th century Europe. That's why Caucasian populations have a notably higher resistance to HIV than do Africans, by the way.
Unlike a creationist, I won't use this error as a comprehensive rebuttal to your various unrelated points. Not least because those easily collapse on their own demerits...
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Mar 16, 1943
|Filing date
|Aug 31, 1940
|Priority date
|Aug 31, 1940
|Publication number
|Carl G Anderson, Donald E Richardson
|Original Assignee
|Us Golf Ass
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Referenced by (7), Classifications (20)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
March 16, 1943. c. 5. ANDERSON ETAL 2,314,063
APPARATUS FOR TESTING GOLF BALLS 4 Sheets-Sheet 1 17206222275. Cari G. Qndensom March 16, 1943. c. e. ANDERSON ETAL 2,314,063
APPARATUS FOR TESTING GOLF BALLS Filed Aug. 31, 1940 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 .fzUenZZ 915: Card Qrzderaom flanaldlflkfiardflm,
March 1943- c. G. ANDERSON ETAL 2,314,063
APPARATUS FOR TESTING GOLF BALLS 4 Shets-Sheet 3 Filed Aug. 31, 1940 601442 QndersQN/f 'March 16, 1943. 0. cs. ANDERSON ETAL 2,314,063
APPARATUS FOR TESTING GOLF BALLS Filed Aug. 33 1940 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 frzilenibrs Card 6. andefaow BY fimzmma Patented Mar. 16, 1943 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 2,314,0ss APPARATUS roa TESTING GOLF BALLS Carl G. Anderson and Donald E. Richardson, Chicago, 111., assignors to United States Goli. Association, a voluntary association Application August 31, 1940, Serial No. 355,012
9 Claims.
resiliency which to a large degreev determines their velocities and length of flight.
The primary object of our present invention is to provide an apparatus by which the initial velocities of driven golf balls may be determined, and by which such balls may be segregated into groups corresponding with their respective coefilclents of resiliency.
This object is attained by hitting each ball with a mass moving at a constant speed and measuring the resultant velocity with which the ball leaves the driving face. The initial velocity of a ball so driven indicates its inherent capability of flight and its expected distance of travel, except as modified by wind and atmospheric conditions.
Another object of our invention is to provide means for accurately locating a series of golf balls in succession in a predetermined position in the path of the continuously operating driver moving at a constant speed, so that each ball will be accurately hit by the driver at the same point on its surface.
Another purpose of our invention is to provide means operable by the driven balls in flight, whereby the actual linear velocity of anyball may be determined when desired and whereby a series of driven balls may be segregated or classified into groups of like or similar velocities.
A further object is to provide an apparatus for determining the velocity of a ball during its first few feet of flight, thereby eliminating the factors of wind and atmospheric conditions which materially affect the length of flight.
Another object is to provide an apparatus which will be compact and therefore capable of use indoors, and one which will be accurate, reliable and durable in use.
Other desirable features and inherent advantages of our invention will be readily appreciated as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings.
Referring to the drawings, Fig. 1 is a side elevation of an apparatus embodying our invention;
Fig. 2 1s a transverse sectional view taken on the line 2-2 of Fig. 3;
Fig. 3 is a longitudinal sectional view of the driving end of the machine taken on the line 3-3 of Fig. 2;
Fig. 4 is a similar view forming a continuation of Fig. 3;
Fig. 5 is a sectional view on the line 5-5 of Fig. 3; and
Fig. 6 is a wiring diagram of the electric circuits employed in the apparatus.
Referring to the drawings more in detail, and particularly to Fig. 1, reference character I indicates the mechanism which positions )and drives the balls through the tube or conduit 8 carried upon the supports 9 and ii. Light sensitive elements are located at stations i2 and i3, one at the entrance end of the tube 8 and the other about ten feet further along the tube. From the tube the balls are delivered into the velocity dissipator II from which they are discharged and diverted into selected groups by electrically operating diverting switches, which will be later described.
The mechanism for positioning and driving the balls, illustrated in Figs. 1, 2, and 3, is provided at one side near the bottom with an inclined hopper l5 adapted to receive the balls to be tested. From this hopper the balls are carried singly and in succession by a rotating disk l6 provided with a plurality of pockets I! to an upper position in alignment with an opening in a plate l8 through which the balls roll by gravity down a chute l9 onto the upper surface of an endless belt conveyor 2i equipped at regularly spaced intervals with feeding dogs or lugs 22. Each dog moves a ball 23 in front of it in an upwardly inclined direction, the balls being retained against displacement from the conveyor by a guide or shield 24 of inverted channel shape, as shown in Fig. 3.
The conveyor 2i is trained around and driven by a sprocket wheel 25 and is also trained around a lower sprocket wheel 26 mounted on a shaft 21 provided with a worm 28 meshing with a worm wheel 29 on the shaft 3i which carries the ball feeding disk l6. By this train of mechanism, the feeding disk is driven from the conveyor.
The conveyor sprocket wheel 25 is, mounted on a shaft 32 upon which is also mounted a gear wheel 33 meshing with and driven by a pinion 34 carried by a shaft 35, which also carries a sprocket wheel 36 driven by a. chain 31 from a driving sprocket wheel 38 fixed on shaft 39. A
large sprocket wheel 4| also fixed on this shaft has trained around it a sprocket chain 42 driven from a driving sprocket wheel 43 fixed on a shaft 44. A worm wheel 45 also fixed on shaft 44 is driven by a worm 45 mounted on a vertical shaft 41 equipped near its upper end with a worm wheel 48 meshing with and driven by a worm pads 58 of rubber or other suitable yielding ma-- terial adapted to grip the outer surface of a golf ball at opposite sides and hold it in predetermined position until it is forcibly driven at right angles to the path of travel of the chain from between the holding pads.
The conveyor chain 42 and the conveyor 2| are driven in such timed relation that, as a ball approaches th top of the conveyor sprocket wheel 25, it is brought into registration with a pair of the holding pads 58. The ball, however, is not at this point positioned between the pads but is simply contacted thereby sufficiently to carry the ball upwardly around the sprocket wheel 4| as the feeding lug 22 passes downwardly around the sprocket wheel 25. A channel-shaped curved guard 59 extends partially around the sprocket wheel 4| and in such spaced relation to the sprocket chain 42 as to loosely accommodate a ball as it is being fed upwardly around the sprocket wheel by th fingers 51. The speed of the sprocket chain 42 is such that the ball within the guard 59 moves by centrifugal force outwardly against the guard during its upward travel, which movement is permitted by the separation of the opposed fingers 51 and pads 58 induced by the curvature of the wheel around which the chain is traveling, each finger 51 being fixed to a link of the chain so as to project at right angles to the path of travel of the link. It will be manifest that as the links pass around the sprocket wheel 4|, the outer ends of the fingers 51 are separated one from the'other so that the ball is very loosely held and is permitted to travelradially of the sprocket wheel under centrifugal force as far as is permitted by the guard 59. When the ball reaches the top of the sprocket wheel 4|, it is induced by gravity to fall inwardly away from the guard, but at this point the fingers 5! are moved toward each other to firmly grip the ball between them and hold it at exactly a predetermined height. In this manner, each of the balls to be tested is accurately positioned and held between a pair of opposed, resilient pads so that when it reaches the driving station, it is positioned at exactly the proper height to be impacted by the driver. To insure against downward curving of the chain 42, which would cause a ball carried thereby to be lowered below the predetermined driving level, an accurately positioned supporting plate 5| extends beneath the upper lap of the chain, as illustrated in Fig. 2.
The driver, by which the balls are driven from their predetermined position between the holding pads 58 through the tube 8, comprises a disk 82 fixed on the shaft 52 and provided with a radially projecting hammer or head 53 equipped with a driving face 64 of suitable material. From Fig. 3 it will be observed that the horizontal axis of a ball 23 positioned between a pair of the holding pads 58 coincides approximately, if not exactly, with the arc in which the center of the driving head is traveling at the instant of impact of the head with the ball. By accurately positioning each ball between its holding pads, assurance is provided that each ball will be impacted by the driver at the same point on the ball, and since the driver is traveling at a constant linear velocity, the same momentum will b imparted to each ball when it is hit by the driver.
The motor 54 to which the driver is directly connected is of the three phase synchronous type operating at a constant speed of 1800 R. P. M. This insures a uniform linear velocity of the driving head and insures the delivery of a uniform driving impact to all balls properly positioned in the path of the driver. The timing of the travel of the chain 42 with respect to the driver is such that the driver when passing the chain at one revolution passes just ahead of the forward finger 51. On the next revolution, the
driver impacts the center of the positioned ball,
and on the next revolution passes behind the rear finger 51. This timing of the parts not only properly positions each ball to be driven, but also prevents the holding fingers and pads from being struck by the driver.
Since all of the balls are accurately hit with a uniform impact by the driver, it necessarily follows that any differences in the velocities of the driven balls must result from differences in their resiliencies. With our invention, these differences are determined during the first few feet of flight of the balls, by either measuring the actual velocity of each individual ball, or by determining the relative velocities of the balls and segregating them into groups corresponding with their determined relative velocities.
While we appreciate that various devices, mechanical or electrical, for accomplishing this purpose might be devised, we believe we are the first to accurately test the velocity of balls during their first few feet of travel in flight and therefore wish it to be understood that the specific apparatus herein disclosed for accomplishing these results is to be considered typical only of such devices, and as an exemplification of one suitable means in which the principles of our invention may be embodied.
Referrring first to the method of determining the actual linear velocity of a ball impelled through the tube by the driver, we position at the spaced apart stations l2 and 13 in the tube, devices adapted to be actuated by a ball as it passes these points. Since the two devices are substantially identical in structure and operation, a detailed description of one only will suffice, and for this purpose we have selected the device located at the station l3, and illustrated in Figs. 3 and 5 of the drawings. From Fig. 5 it will be observed that in a suitable frame interposed in the tube 8 we have mounted at opposite sides of the tubelight reflectors or mirrors 55 and 68, and at one side above the mirror 65 a light pro- :ector 01, the structural details 01 which need not here be described. This projector projects an upper light beam 88 against the mirror I! by whichit is reflected along the line 89 against mirror 65 and then repeatedly reflected back and iorth between the mirrors until it finally emerges as beam 1| into a light sensitive element P02, a similar element PCI, Fig. 6, being provided at station i2. These elements are photo-electric cells oi usual or preferred construction incorporated in an electrical circuit in which advantage is taken of the characteristic of such cells that their electrical resistance ismaterially increased when the light beam to which they are subjected is cut ofl.
It willbe observed that each reflection of beam 88 until it finally emerges as beam 1| is always spaced from adjacent reflections a distance not greater than the diameter of a ball to be tested so that, irrespective of the position in thetube of a ball in flight, such ball as it passes the vertical plane of the light beams will always intercept one or more of the beams and thereby momentarily shut off the projection of light into the element P02, thereby rendering the same active for the performance of its intended function.
Similar mirrors, a light projector, and a light sensitive element PM are embodied in the device interposed in the tube at the station l2 adjacent to the driving mechanism I. When the projectors at the stations i2 and i3 are both in operation, the circuits, including the light sensitive elements, will be successively affected as the light rays are intercepted by the passage of a ball, and the time elapsing between the successive light beam interceptions at the stations I: and I3 oi the tube is utilized to indicate the actual linear velocity of the ball in its passage between stations i2 and lb. The circuit and indicator for making this determination of actual velocity will be described more in detail in connection with the wiring diagram of Fig. 6.
Since the linear velocity indicator requires an appreciable period of time to assume a position indicating the speed of a ball, and since an ap preciable time is required also for the reading of the indicator, the balls cannot be fed through the apparatus in as rapid succession when their actual linear velocity is being determined as they can when their relative velocities only are to be determined. Therefore, when the apparatus is used for determining actual linear velocity, some of the pockets i! in the disk It by which the balls are, fed from the magazine It may be plugged or closed to increase the length of time between the feeding of successive balls to the apparatus, or, if preferred, the balls may be droppedinto the magazine singly at spaced time intervals. When the apparatus is to be used for determining relative ball velocities and for sorting or segregating the balls into groups of like velocities, the balls will be delivered from the magazine to the apparatus at intervals of approximately two seconds.
Irrespective of whether actual or relative velocities are being determined, the driven balls are delivered at high speed from the right hand end oi the tube 8 viewing Fig. 1, into a velocity reducer or dissipator l4 which, as will be apparent from Fig. 4, comprises a series of barriers 13, I4, 15, I6 and 11 so disposed that a ball impinges against the barriers in the order given by reason of being deflected from one barrier to the next. Each barrier comprises a resilient pad ll of soft rubber or other suitable material covered by a i'acing 1| 0! fabric or other durable material adapted to receive the successive impacts of the balls without destruction or marked deterioration.
At each deflection by a barrier, the ball gives up some of its energy until it finally drops by gravity into the upper end of the delivery tube ll. One side of this tube is provided with a plurality of openings 82 registering with corresponding delivery chutes 83, 84, and 85, respectively, each adapted to deliver into a ditlerent receptacle or compartment in which the balls are collected. The lower end or the tube Bi also discharges into still another receptacle or compartment. Opposite each opening 82, the tube BI is provided with a switch or deflector plate 8! hinged at its upper end, as indicated at 81, so that when the plate is swung to the right viewing Fig. 4 a ball entering tube 8| will be diverted into the oppositely positioned delivery chutes 83, 84, or 85, as the case may be. The deflecting plates 88 are adapted to be individually actuated by corresponding electro-magnetic devices 88, 89, and 90, respectively. Each device comprises a solenoid and a movable core adapted, upon energization of the solenoid,'to project the switch plate 86 into the tube 8!. Upon deenergization of a solenoid, the parts are restored to normal position shown in Fig. 4 by a light coiled spring 80 surrounding an extension of the solenoid core.
When the apparatus is employed for deter mining relative ball velocities and for sorting the balls into groups oi like velocities and without the determination of the actual linear velocity of a ball, the first light sensitive element and its projector, that is the element PCI and the projector located at station II, are switched out of operation, andonly the element P02 and projector located at station It are employed. The general mode of operation for this purpose will now be explained, and the details of the circuits involved will be described later.
Speaking generally, the constant speed motor shaft 53 is equipped with a disk or cylinder 9i (Figs. 2 and 6) of insulating material provided with an arcuate, metallic sector 92. For adjustment or regulating purposes, the sector may be adjustable circumferentially of the cylinder, or the cylinder maybe adjustably mounted onv the motor shaft. Brushes 93, 94, 95 and 96 arepositioned to contact the sector at each revolution of the shaft. Since the constant speed ball driving head isin fixed adjusted relation to the sector $2, and the light sensitive element P02 at station I 8 is located a fixed distance from the point of impact of the driving head with a ball...
the relative times at which the light sensitive element P02 will be de-energized by the interruption of the light beam and the various brushes will contact the sector 92 will be dependent upon the velocity of the driven ball. For instance, if
the light beam at station i3 is interrupted when brushes 93 and 95 only are in contact with sector 92, solenoid will be energized to divert the ball into chute 85. Should the speed of the driven ball be suiiiciently slower, so that all the brushes 83, 94, 95, and 98 will be in contact with sector 92 at the instant of interruption of the beam, and the circuit thus established will energize solenoid 08 to divert the ball into chute 03. If the speed of the ball should be either sumciently greater or less than above indicated so that none of the brushes would be in contact with the sector 02 at the instant of interruption of the light beam, none of the solenoids would be energized, and the ball would in consequence be delivered at the lower end of the tube 5|.
The speed or velocity or the driven balls is therefore utilized through the medium of electric circuits to sort or segregate the balls into groups of like velocities. In the present instance, they are divided into three groups, all within the contemplated velocity range of the apparatus and those balls, if any, having a velocity and a resultant coefilcient of resiliency outside the range provided for, are collected in a fourth group.
Referring now to the wiring diagram of Fig. 6, those circuits will first be considered which are employed in determining the actual linear velocity of a particular ball. For such a measurement both of the photo-electric cells PCI, PC2 are employed, the increase in resistance of respective ones of these cells, incident to a diminution of the light falling on them, being used to change the grid bias on respective amplifier tubes I00, IOI. For this purpose each cell is connected across a battery I02 and in series, respectively, with resistors I03, I04, which may be of about five megohms. One terminal of each of these resistors is connected to the cathode I05, I of its associated amplifier tube through a small bias battery I01, I08, while the other resistor terminal is, in each case, connected to the grid I09, IIO of its associated amplifier through smaller resistors III, II2 of about two megohms. Accordingly, the decrease in voltage drop across the respective resistors I03, I04 (resulting from a diminution in current through them when their respective cell's internal resistance increases as light on it is diminished) is used to change the biasing potentials on the corresponding ones of the grids I00, I I0 to diminish the output currents of the corresponding amplifier tubes I00, IOI practically to zero. These amplifier tubes are preferably high-mu tubes and may be type 6F5G triodes. The desirable high degree of sensitivity of such high-mu tubes is accompanied by fairly low current carrying capacity, and, consequently, they are used to control, in turn, tubes of higher current rating, as will appear below. In the output circuits of the amplifiers a load resistor II3 of approximately 65,000 ohms is connected between the plate H4 and cathode I05 of the first amplifier I00 while a similar load resistor H5 is connected between the plate I I5 and cathode I05 of the other amplifier IOI. A milliammeter III is arranged to be connected through a reversing switch I I8 to measure the output currents.
The outputs of the amplifiers I00, IOI are utilized, respectively, to control the biasing potentials on the control grids of gaseous discharge vacuum tubes I20, I2I, that is, the higher current rating tubes mentioned above. These latter may be type 2051 tetrodes. Thus the tube I20 includes a plate I22, a cathode I23 connected to a screen grid I24, and a control grid I25. Similarly, the tube I2I includes a plate I25, a cathode I21 connected to a screen grid I20, and a control grid I29. Plate voltage for the tubes I20, I2I is supplied from terminals I30, I3I to which a suitable source of direct current potential is connected with a resistor I32 and condenser I33 across these terminals. Incidentally, all of the vacuum tubes in the circuit are of the indirectly heated cathode type and since their cathode heaters, as well as the supply circuits therefor, are of conventional form, neither have been shown.
The control grid I20 of the tube I2I is permanently connected to a terminal of the load resistor II5 of the corresponding amplifier tube IIII through a resistor I34, while the control grid I25 of the other tube I20 may be connected through a resistor I35 and a two-position selector switch I30 with either the output circuit of the amplifier I00 or with the output of the other amplifier IOI. Thus when the selector I35 is in the position shown the photo-electric cells PCI, P02 are effective through the medium of their respective amplifiers I00, IOI to control the outputs of the respective gaseous discharge tubes I20, I, but when the selector I30 is thrown to its other position the photo-electric cell PC2 alone controls the output of both of the gaseous discharge tubes through its amplifier tube IOI. Load resistors IIIand II5 are paralleled by condensers I31 and I30.
A ballistic galvanometer I30 of conventional form serves as an indicating device for the system when velocity measurements are being made. This galvanometer has the usual mirror, not shown, arranged to swing through a distance dependent upon the length of time that voltage is applied to the instrument and the scale, not shown, is calibrated in terms of feet per second or other linear speed. The resistors I40, I are connected in shunt and series respectively with the galvanometer, while it is connected across a resistor network of the potentiometer type including a resistor I42 across the instrument and resistor sections I43, I44, I45, I46 and I41 connected in series with each other and in parallel with the resistor section I42. The section I45 comprises an adjustable potentiometer arm. Three terminals I40, I40, I50 are provided on tlfie ietwork and to which input current is supp e A selector switch I5I serves, in conjunction with the selector switch I36 heretofore noted, to condition the circuits alternatively for either the velocity type or comparative type of measurements heretofore generally described. The selector switch I5I is of the rotary type and comprises four stationary segments I52, I53, I54 and I55 as well as four corresponding sliding brushes I50, I51, I58, I50 riding over these segments to connect them to one or the other of respective ones in two stationary sets of contact points I60, IGI, I02, I03 and I04, I65, I66, I61. Inthe position of the selector I5I shown, the first of these sets of contacts, namely I60, I6I, I62, I63, is connected to respective ones of the stationary segments to condition the circuits for measurement of ball velocity.
With the selectors I36 and lil set as shown the circuit is conditioned for measurement of ball velocity. Thus a ball moving through the tube 0 (see Fig. l) first of all diminishes light passing to photo-electric cell PCI at station I2. Thereupon the output current of the amplifier I00 (Fig. 6) is decreased to such a point that the voltage drop across its load resistor II3 becomes negligible and in view of this condition the control grid I25 of the gaseous discharge tube I20 is at the potential of its cathode I23 so that the tube ionizes and becomes conductive. Thereupon current fiows in its plate or output circuit to set up a voltage drop through a portion of the resistor network across which the ballistic galvanometer is connected so as to actuate the latter (through a circuit I22I"IIl--I53I6'I-I8l-- ill- -I58-Ifi6--ifl5-I49II2--I3I--I8'8--I'I9- E28). As the ball, whose velocity is being measured, moves on down the tube 9 it next momentarily diminishes the light falling on the second photo-electric cell P02 at station M. This in turn causes the output of the amplifier tube IUI to be diminished so that the drop across its resistor i I9 is negligible, whereupon the associated gaseous discharge tube iii is ionized and becomes conductive to supply current in its output circuit through a second portion of the potentiometer network of the ballistic galvanometer l59 (through a circuit i26--l14-l52i96i69- ilii--M9-i=lt-ld5-M9-l12-l3ii9iii"l3- This second impulse applies to the galvanoineter resistor network is in voltage opposition to the first, and accordingly, the mechanical impulse to the galvanometer movement is arrested. Thus the deflection of the galvanometer indicates the time required for the ball to pass from station it to station is, and since the scale oi the 'galvanometer 599 is calibrated in terms of linear speed, a precise reading is given of the velocity the ball. During such velocity measuring the brush 5%, through contact with point ids, closes a circuit including a pilot light which visually indicates to the operator that the machine is set to measure the velocities of the individual balls. When the machine is employed to segregate balls into groups based on velocities, the brush I59 contacts point led to close a circuit including another pilot light, which indicates that the machine is set for segregation purposes.
The control apparatus shown in Fig. 6 also includes additional apparatus used during the segregating or sorting operation of the machine, to control the three solenoids 98, 69 and 98 heretoiore described. This additional apparatus com prises a pair of relays R1 and R2 as well as vacuum tubes itd and till to hold the corresponding re lays R1, R2 closed once they have been picked up. The relay R1 includes an actuating winding RWi and two sets of normally open contacts I82, ids as well as a normally closed set of contacts let. Similarly the relay R2 includes an actuating winding RWs, a set of normally open contacts B89 and a set of normally closed contacts I86. The tubes l80, I8! may, like the tubes I29, I2I, be type 2051 gaseous discharge tetrodes. Thus the tube G89 includes a plate I91, a screen grid 589 connected to its cathode I89, and a control grid I98 connected with the cathode through a condenser I9I and connected to it through a bias battery i9l' in series with grid current-limiting resistor I92 and biasing resistor I93. Similarly, the other tube I8! includes a plate I94, a screen grid I95 connected to a cathode I96, and a control grid I91 connected to the cathode through a condenser I98 and connected to it through a bias battery I99, grid current-limiting resistor 296 and biasing resistor 20I. Plate current may, for circuit testing purposes, be supplied to the tubes I 98, I8I from the source at terminals I39,
' I3I through a normally open manual switch 292,
but in normal operation the current is supplied through a normally closed manual switch 203 and a cam-operated recycling switch 284, which opens during each revolution of the rotating disk I6 (Fig. 1) for a purpose which will appear below. Energizing current for the three solenoids 88, 89, 90 is supplied from a suitable source of current connected to terminals 285, 206.
To condition the apparatus for sorting operation, the selector switches I 36 and I5I are shifted to their alternative positions from-those shown in Fig. 6. Thus the selector I86 connects both of the tubes I29, I2I to have their grids controlled trom the single photo-electric cell PC2- through the medium of its amplifier tube IBI, while the selector I5I cuts the galvanometer I89 out of circuit and cuts the relays R1, R2 into clrcult ion control by the tubes E29, 5121. With the selectors so set, when a ball moves down the tube 9 past the photo-electric cell P02 cutting oil the light to it momentarily, the output oi its amplifier Bill is diminished so that the gaseous discharge tubes 520, 112i become conductive. The position of the revolving cylinder 9i has been so set that ii the ball is of a desired average speed all four of the brushes99, 94, 95, 96 will be in contact with the segment 92 at the instant the tubes-E29, i2I become conductive. As a consequence the relay R1 is energized from the tube 525 (through a circuit i2S-il'tll5Z--i56- i9d--2oEi- RWi ts-i 9il2ol-499-92--93 ltd-lt3i!i99-I59--299--294-29t2l9i3l-- ii3il9--i2'l) while the other relay R2 is energised from the other tube 329 (through a circuit ittiio liiiiioi --i69 t i --RJV2- 2i2- till-2 i3 99-92 9 l-298--lt" ltd-E99 299-29l-299-2i9i3i--l9dil d-i233). Normolly, the tubes H89, till are non-conductive because or the potential applied to their control grids by the respective biasing batteries ibi, I99. it will be observed, however, that in the relay circuits set out just above, the resistors 2M and E93 are included. The resultant voltage drops through these later resistors changes the grid bias on the tubes ltd, idl, rendering them conductive. The tube 599 is connected in the circuit of the relay R1 so that its output terminals (cathode and plate) are, in effect, in shunt with the rotating contactdevice 9i, and similarly the output of the other tube 119i is connected in shunt with this contact device in the supply circuit of the other relay R2. Accordingly, when once picked up these relays will remain onergized by the tubes tau and let, respectively, until the plate circuits of the latter are interrupted by opening oiizhe cycling switch 288 to drop the relays out and condition the circuits for the next cycle of operation.
When both of the relays R1, R2 are energized as described above the relay R. closes its contacts I83 (its other contacts i82 which are closed being ineffective at the moment) and the relay R2 closes its contacts I85, thereby energizing the solenoid 88 to deliver the ball through the associated chute 83 as heretofore described.
In the event that a ball is traveling through the tube 8 somewhat faster than the average speed noted above, only the brushes 95, 93 will be in contact with the segment 92 at the instant the tubes I28, I2I become conductive. It will be seen that in such case the circuit of the relay R2 will be open at 96, 92 so that only the relay R1 is energized through its circuit heretofore noted. Accordingly, the solenoid 98 is energized (through contacts I82 on the relay R1 and cuit be'ng interrupted at ll. 82, but the other relay 2 is picked up. As a consequence, the third solenoid 88 is energized (through contacts I88 on the relay R: and normally closed i contacts I84 on the relay R1) and diverts the ball into the associated delivery chute 8|.
In the event that the ball is traveling so iast or so slow that none oi the brushes 93 to I are in contact with the segment 92 at the instant that the tubes I20, Iii are rendered conductive by the photo-electriccell PCI, neither oi the relays R1 or R: will be energized nor will any oi the solenoids 88, 88, 80. Consequently, the ball will be delivered at the. lower end oi the outlet tube 8| in the delivery system as heretoiore noted.
It will be apparent irom the ioregoing that we have provided an apparatus which is capable oi determining with accuracy the actual linear velocity oi a ball during its first iew ieet oi flight, and is also capable oi determining the relative velocities oi a series oi successively driven balls,
and oi segregating such balls into groups corresponding with the determined'velocities oi the balls. While the apparatus illustrated is designed to sort the balls into three groups within a predetermined velocity range and to segregate into another group all balls following outside said range, it should be understood that the number oi groups or classifications into which the balls may be divided may be increased or diminished as desired within the preview oi our invention.
Furthermore, various modifications oi the apparatus shown and described may be resorted to without departing irom. the essence oi our invention as defined in the iollowing claims.
We claim: a
1. In an apparatus oi the character described, the combination oi a driving element, means for actuating said element at a predetermined linear velocity, means for positioning a ball in the path of said driving element whereby the ball is driven, means for projecting a light beam across the path oi the driven ball, a light-sensitive device rendered operable upon the interception oi said beam by said ball, and means under the joint control oi said device and the means ior actuating the driving member adapted to be actuated in accordance with the velocity oi the driven ball.
2. In an apparatus-oi'the character described,
the combination oi a rotatable driving member,
means for rotating said member at a predetermined speed, means ior positioning balls in succession in position to be driven by said member, means for projecting a light beam in the path oi the driven balls, a light-sensitive device rendered operable upon interception of said beam by a ball, and an operative device controlled by the position of said driving means at the instant of said light beam interception so as to operate in accordance with the velocity .01 the ball efiecting the light beam interception.
3. In an apparatus of the character described, the combination of means for delivering a predetermined uniform impact to each oi a series oi balls to be tested, a tube through which said balls travel in flight, means for projecting a series oi light beams across said tube in a plane transverse to the axis thereof, the spacing between adjacent beams being less than the diameter oi the balls being tested, and means rendered operable by the interception oi a beam by a ball in conjunction with the actuation oi said impact delivering means to classify each driven ball in accordance with its velocity through said tube.
. 2,s14,oes
4. In a testing apparatus, the combination oi a tube, means ior projecting a series oi balls in succession through said tube, means ior projecting a light beam transversely oi the tube, means ior reflecting said beam back and iorth across the tube to produce a series oi beams in a plane transverse to the axis oi the tube spaced apart less than the diameter oi the projected balls so that a beam will be intercepted by each projected ball, and means rendered operable by the interception oi a beam in conjunction with an electric circuit operating synchronously with said projecting means ior classiiying the projected bails according to their velocities.
5. In a ball testing apparatus, the combination oi a driver, means ior actuating said driver in a predetermined path and at a predetermined velocity, an endlessconveyor, ballholding clamps comprising spaced fingers carried by said conveyor, means ior positioning a ball in a predetermined position in said clamps, and means ior actuating said conveyor in predetermined timed relation with the driver to locatesaid ball in the path oi travel oi said driver.
6. In a ball testing apparatuslthe combination oi a driver, means for rotating said driver at a predetermined linear velocity, a conveyor, a ball clamping and holding device comprising a pair oi spaced fingers provided with opposed holding pads carried by said conveyor, means ior positioning a ball in predetermined position in said clamping and holding device, and means ior operating the conveyor in timed relation with the driver to locate the positioned ball in the path of said driver.
7. In a ball testing apparatus, the combination oi a rotatable driver, a conveyor, ball clamping and holding means carried by the conveyor, a sprocket wheel around which said conveyor is trained, said clamping means being opened during the travel thereoi in an arc around said sprocket wheel, means ior delivering a ball to said clamping means, a guard cooperating with said clamping means to locate the ball in predetermined position in said clamping means, and means ior driving the conveyor in timed relation with said driver to present said positioned ball in the path oi the driver.
8. In an apparatus oi the character described, the combination oi a tube, means located at one end of the tube ior driving balls singly through said tube, means atthe other end oi the tube ior receiving the driven bails, means for projecting a light beam across the path of travel of balls through said tube, light sensitive means adapted to be actuated'upon the interception of said light beam, an electric circuit including a contact arranged to be opened and closed in synchronism with a predetermined position of said ball driving means and means controlled jointly by said light sensitive means and said contact whereby the relative velocities of balls intercepting said light beam may be ascertained.
9. In an apparatus of the character described, the combination oi means ior projecting in succession a series oi balls, means ior projecting a light beam across the path oi said balls so as to be intercepted by the passage oi a ball in flight at a predetermined distance irom the point of projection, and means controlled jointly by said light beam and by the projecting means for segregating the projected balls in accordance with variations in their velocities in flight.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 29, 1948
|Jan 20, 1953
|Electrical scoring game
|Mar 17, 1949
|Dec 7, 1954
|William S Scull 2Nd
|Sorting apparatus
|Jul 11, 1951
|Feb 12, 1957
|Gen Electric
|Apparatus for testing magnets
|Jul 22, 1960
|Jun 18, 1963
|Us Golf Ass
|Apparatus for measuring the coefficient of restitution of a resilient body
|Mar 19, 1964
|Jan 24, 1967
|Spalding A G & Bros Inc
|Velocity measuring and segregating device for propelled articles
|May 2, 1968
|May 5, 1970
|Us Golf Ass
|Apparatus for testing impact reaction of resilient bodies
|May 9, 1979
|Mar 8, 1983
|Acushnet Company
|Method of matching golfer with golf ball, golf club, or style of play
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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amazementnoun [ U ]uk /əˈmeɪz.mənt/ us /əˈmeɪz.mənt/
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text:
FEMA concentrations camps in America
Posted in the Wise Forum
"Are you ready???"
Since: May 10
West Jefferson,NC
#1 Nov 1, 2012
"Are you ready???"
Since: May 10
West Jefferson,NC
#2 Nov 1, 2012
And then there are the FEMA coffins and of course some hauled by a 32* Mason:
#3 Nov 2, 2012
Those are coffin liners. My Dad's coffin was placed in one of those things just last year. You "Conspiracy Theorists" really need to chill.
#4 Nov 3, 2012
Yea, they (the conspiracy theorist) are REALLY SHALLOW.
#5 Nov 3, 2012
The are for Miracle Day
#6 Nov 4, 2012
Yeah the grave liner deal is a little far-fetched. Any mass deaths from a pandemic or something and they aren't going to worry about plastic boxes. They'll just dig mass graves as quickly as possible and pile in the bodies. However, it is no conspiracy theory that there are re-education camps designated in the United States. This has been on record since the REX84 plan and has been revised in the 1990's and again after 9/11. Most of these are planned to use existing federal prisons, military bases, older "closed" facilities, etc. If you really want to get creeped out, look up the facility built in Hardin Montana and the private company "American Police Force" that tried to take over the town.
#7 Nov 6, 2012
APF had been contracted to control and operate a prison facility which had been empty for over two years[7] in the city of Hardin, Montana. The contract was reportedly a 10-year, multimillion-dollar deal with APF to run the jail.[8]
According to a CBS News article, dated from 29 September 2009, the APF is "a little known company which claims to specialize in training military and security forces overseas", which has "seemingly taken control of a $27 million, never-used jail, and a rural Montana town's nonexistent police force."[9] Following APF's Mercedes SUVs entering the community with "City of Hardin Police Department" stenciled on the side of their vehicles, a city official released a statement dismissing such accusations: "There are no commandos in the streets. There is no fence or gate being built around Hardin. People are free to come and go as they please. APF is not running our town or our police force."[10] The city of Hardin had no official police department, and traditionally relied on the Big Horn County Sheriffs department police protection.[11]
According to a reporter's blog dated from 1 October 2009 on the USA Today website, it is unclear why and by which authority the APF has taken control over the empty jail facility in Montana.[12] However, CNN reported back in April 2009 that Hardin city officials may invite and willingly host a Guantanamo Bay detention camp-style prison in order to improve the economic situation of the city, even though Senator Max Baucus of Montana opposed the idea and said it would be a security risk.[13]
Steve Bullock, the Attorney General of Montana, investigated APF for possible violations of the Montana Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Act in connection with dubious statements on APF's website with regard to APF's operations and supposed contracts with the federal government.[14]
As the story unveiled, Serbian authorities have stated that the coat of arms appearing in the APF logo is being used illegally, and had requested its removal.[15][16] Also, a California attorney who worked with APF has cut his ties to the project.[17]
Michael Cohen, a former supervisor for the Secret Service was named by Michael Hilton to be the future operations director for the jail facility.[18] Cohen who served 14 months in prison for stealing $2,800 from the government [19] admits submitting a resume to APF several weeks ago but decided not to follow through when Michael Hilton declined to give him information about the company.[20]
On October 9'th, it was announced that American Police Force would not be taking over the jail after all. Spokeswoman Becky Shay, former beat reporter for the Billings Gazette, denied any wrongdoings on the part of the company, but said that, "Two Rivers deserves a considerably less-controversial partner." [21]
On October 13 Steve Bullock, the Attorney General of Montana, dropped his investigation.[22]
Since: Oct 12
#8 Nov 10, 2012
I like how when you try to change one's world view just a lil bit they freak out, become uncomfortable and upset, and call you a conspiracy theorist...never mind what evidence there is they refuse to even look at the information, and cant realize they have been conditioned to have that response! Coffins...Coffin liners...both are for dead body's!
#9 Nov 20, 2012
It's still very creepy. It is a fact that the APF members had their SUV's with Hardin Police written on them. That, to me is a violation of our sovereignty.
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ARLINGTON, Texas -- It took nearly every minute of the 30-day negotiating window to get Yu Darvish to Texas.
Those involved in the negotiations worked day and night until Wednesday afternoon, securing a deal to bring the celebrated Japanese star to the Rangers and right into the middle of what should be a hotly contested AL West race.
It took years of scouting, a gaggle of frequent flier miles, a face-to-face meeting in Arlington between Darvish and Rangers personnel a few weeks ago, a recruiting video and gallons of coffee. Oh, and a willingness by ownership to send a check for $51.7 million to the Hokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters to go along with the $60 million they'll be sending to Darvish.
The Rangers need to be right about this one.
The posting fee and contract amount are more than Daisuke Matsuzaka cost the Boston Red Sox a few years ago. That's not by accident. The Rangers feel Darvish is not Matsuzaka, who won 15 games his first season (with a 4.40 ERA) and 18 in his second (with a 2.90 ERA), but has struggled to stay healthy and be consistent the past three seasons.
The Rangers see a 6-foot-5, 220-pound pitcher with a full repertoire of pitches and the ability to command the fastball, change speeds and get batters out. They see a guy they feel has the right makeup to succeed. Their scouts have said he's got drive and determination, rebounds from rough innings and wants to prove that a pitching star from Japan can become one of the best pitchers in the big leagues for years to come.
Soon, we'll all get to see if that's true.
The Rangers will be careful not to put too much pressure on Darvish. He's going to have enough to deal with as he makes the transition to the big leagues. He'll have a large shadow in the form of a host of Japanese reporters following his every move -- starting with his flight landing at one of the local airports for his news conference, I imagine -- and must deal with living in a new place away from many friends and family members, a new language, and new teammates and coaches.
Maybe the mound will make the transition easier. He's thrived there in Japan and will be asked to do the same in North America.
But this is not a low-risk signing for the Rangers. They've made a major investment and they have to get a good return. If they do, it would certainly help ensure the balance of power in the AL West doesn't shift from Arlington back to Anaheim.
The Angels made their offseason statement right in the Rangers' backyard, exiting the winter meetings at the Hilton Anatole in Dallas -- a half-hour drive from Rangers Ballpark in Arlington -- with the best hitter in the game and one of the best pitchers on the market.
Rangers officials quickly said they didn't have to react to the blockbuster signings, but they acknowledged that the Angels had closed the gap a considerable amount in the division on that early December morning.
Albert Pujols gives the Angels' offense a much-needed boost, but questions remain about who will step up and protect him in that lineup. But the Angels' pitching staff, at least on paper, is one of the best in the majors.
The Rangers made a choice this offseason and decided they wanted Darvish -- even though he'd cost more and is unproven in the big leagues -- rather than left-hander C.J. Wilson, who was drafted and developed in their system. That speaks volumes about their trust in Darvish's abilities. And they watched as Wilson went to the Angels, joining a staff that includes Jered Weaver, Dan Haren and Ervin Santana. Wilson went from No. 1 with the Rangers to likely No. 3 with the Angels.
That's why Darvish is so critical to the future pennant hopes of the Rangers. The two-time defending American League champions still have the best lineup in baseball from top to bottom. But the pitching staff is a young one. Colby Lewis, who rekindled his career thanks to two years in Japan and was signed by the Rangers prior to the 2010 season, is the veteran anchor. He's joined by 25-year-old Derek Holland, who will have a chance to prove that he took a critical step in the second half of 2011 and with his dazzling World Series Game 4 start toward becoming one of the top young left-handed starters in the game.
Matt Harrison, 26, finally showed he could put together a consistent season. It's time to see if 23-year-old Neftali Feliz, the club's closer the past two seasons, can be a starter. He's been told he's in the rotation. Alexi Ogando, 28 years old but with only a 1½ seasons of big league experience, was an All-Star after his brilliant first half but ran out of gas down the stretch. He was a force in the bullpen in the division series and American League Championship Series before struggling in the World Series and could end up back there should the rest of the rotation stay healthy.
But collectively, the group doesn't have the track record or résumé of the Angels' starters. That's why Darvish needs to come in and help stabilize the group. That's not to say he needs to win 17 games and be the club's ace in 2012. But he has to pitch well enough to let his offense go to work and win games.
And he can't be a one-year wonder, either. General manager Jon Daniels said after the club committed five years and $80 million (with a vesting option for another $16 million in the sixth year) to Adrian Beltre last year, that Beltre had to be a part of the club's core in the coming years.
The same is true for Darvish.
The Rangers did their homework and spent long hours and a considerable amount of money to get Darvish into a Rangers uniform. In a few months, they'll get a chance to see if the big investment starts paying the dividends they need.
Richard Durrett covers the Rangers for ESPNDallas.com.


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Residence Retezova, Prague
- Free WiFi
Main amenities
- 9 apartments
- Breakfast available
- Coffee shop/café
- Fitness center
- Valet parking
- Airport shuttle
- Childcare
- 24-hour front desk
- Air conditioning
- Daily housekeeping
- Car rentals on site
- Front desk safe
Feel at home
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Babysitting or childcare (surcharge)
- Supervised childcare/activities (surcharge)
- Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge)
- Kitchen
- Refrigerator
What's around
- In Stare Mesto
- Old Town Square (0.3 mi / 0.4 km)
- Prague City Hall (0.1 mi / 0.2 km)
- Clementinum-Prague National Library (0.1 mi / 0.2 km)
- Astronomical Clock (0.2 mi / 0.4 km)
- Charles University (0.3 mi / 0.5 km)
Residence Retezova, Prague
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $380
- Studio
- Suite, 2 Bathrooms
- Junior Suite
- Royal Suite, 2 Bathrooms
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 9 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 4 floors
- Check-in time 3 PM-midnight
- Check-out time is noon
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Babysitting/childcare *
- Pets allowed (dogs only) *
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi and wired Internet access in rooms
- Airport shuttle (available on request) *
- Valet parking *
In the hotel
- Supervised childcare/activities (surcharge)
- Continental breakfast daily (surcharge)
- Coffee shop/café
- Fitness facilities
- Bicycle rentals nearby
- 24-hour front desk
- Concierge services
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Limo or Town Car service available
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Luggage storage
- Multilingual staff
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Elevator/lift
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
In the room
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Air conditioning
- Minibar
- Slippers
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Turndown service
- Private bathroom
- Bathtub or shower
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Satellite TV channels
- DVD player
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Refrigerator
- Microwave (on request)
- Kitchen
- Daily housekeeping
- In-room safe
More great choices
Special features
DiningCafe Ebel - This café serves breakfast and light fare.
Residence Retezova, Prague's small print
Also known as
- Residence Retezova
- Residence Retezova Aparthotel
- Residence Retezova Aparthotel Prague
- Residence Retezova Prague
- Retezova
- Residence Retezova Hotel
For transfers, guests must contact the property 24 hours prior to arrival at the number on the booking confirmation.
Mandatory fees
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at check in or check out:
- A tax is imposed by the city: EUR 0.60 per person, per night
Optional extras
Valet parking costs EUR 30 per night
Rollaway beds are available for EUR 30 per night
Continental breakfast is offered for an extra charge of EUR 7 for adults and EUR 4 for children (approximately)
Babysitting/childcare is available for an extra charge
Pets are allowed for an extra charge of EUR 7 per pet, per day
Airport shuttle service is offered for an extra charge of EUR 25 per vehicle (roundtrip)
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
Recent reviews
Outstanding 4.6 /5 from 65 reviews
Loved my stay at this cute & quaint apartment hotel. Location was great! Service was awesome! If you are expecting 4 or 5 star cleanliness, this is not the place but if you like the old charm, this place is wonderful.
My husband, his cousin, and I spent one week in the "London" apartment (room 9) in October 2015. Spacious living room and eat-in kitchen, large foyer, two bedrooms (one queen bed in one, two single beds in the other), two full bathrooms, second floor with small sitting area and small, but perfect rooftop terrace. We loved our stay here. Friendly and extremely helpful staff. Coffee cafe downstairs rated best in town in our guide book. Location is great - in the center of the old town, but down a quiet street so very peaceful. Great value for the price. I highly recommend the Residence Retezova.
We had a wonderful time in Prague. The hotel location was perfect...right in the middle of old town and the service was wonderful. Our apartment was large and for the most part comfortable, but the bath rooms were a bit small. However, the location and service makes up for those minor deficiencies.
Beautiful suite. Friendly and helpful staff.
Fantastic place. Best located hotel for all the sights, you can walk everywhere I Stayed in the New York Room, was very happy
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