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"Basim Magdy: The stars were aligned for a century of new beginnings"
Albright-Knox Art Gallery Receives Historic $42.5 Million Gift
Nicole Smythe-Johnson Named Curator for Inaugural Tilting Axis Fellowship
Activists Boycott St. Louis Museum for Exhibiting "Racially and Sexually Charged" Works
Nanjing International Arts Festival Reveals Theme and List of 315 Participating Artists
Firefighters Battle Blaze that Engulfed Stockholm's Royal Institute of Art
Dutch Court Rules in Favor of Ulay in Dispute with Marina Abramović Over Joint Works
Vincent Fecteau, Kellie Jones, Mary Reid Kelley, Maggie Nelson, Claudia Rankine, and Joyce J. Scott Among 2016 MacArthur Fellows
Linda Yablonsky at the opening of Doug Aitken's "Electric Earth" at LA MoCA
Julian Elias Bronner at the 7th Düsseldorf-Cologne gallery weekend
The following guide to museum shows currently on view is compiled from Artforum's three-times-yearly exhibition preview. Subscribe now to begin a year of Artforum—the world's leading magazine of contemporary art. You'll get all three big preview issues, featuring Artforum's comprehensive advance roundups of the shows to see each season around the globe.
The complex interplay between movement and perception has long been the crux of Sarah Oppenheimer's work. Interrogating the ways in which architecture inflects our movement and thereby frames the horizon of our experience, her astonishingly precise interventions into institutional spaceswhich often take the form of apertures cut in walls, floors, and ceilingsproduce sudden shifts, expansions, and occlusions in our visual field as we pass around and through them. Her upcoming installation S-281913 is an audacious extension of this logic: Oppenheimer proposes to animate her work itself by introducing two large rotating glass panels that will alternate between transparency and reflection depending on their position and that of the viewer. Situated within Herzog & de Meuron's concrete-and-wood galleries (rather than in the white cube that is Oppenheimer's typical milieu), the work's mix of active viewer, kinetic sculpture, and assertive architecture promises to be an unusually catalytic combination.
Anthony Hernandez might be to Los Angeles what Eugène Atget is to Paris. While he has taken photographs in Rome, Baltimore, and elsewhere, Hernandez has, for more than four decades, persistently documented the oft-overlooked urban scenery of his native southern Californiafrom the manicured storefronts and mannequinesque denizens of Beverly Hills to the remnants of homeless encampments improvised on the margins of the urban landscape. This retrospective, a first for the artist and the inaugural special exhibition in the museum's new Pritzker Center for Photography, suggests that Hernandez, too, is worthy of a closer look. The catalogue accompanying this 160-work overview includes contributions by notable artistic peersamong them Robert Adams and Hernandez's longtime friend Lewis Baltzalongside reconsiderations of the photographer's work by Hayward Gallery director Ralph Rugoff and the show's curator.
The black men and women in Whitfield Lovell's ongoing series "Kin"each rendered on cream paper in velvety monochrome conté crayon and paired with gnomic found objectsseem not so much rescued from anonymity as discharged from a bureaucratic purgatory. For nearly twenty years, Lovell has worked from discarded early-twentieth-century ID cards, passports, and mug shotsfrom any black-and-white portrait at risk of haphazard defacement by stapler, reallyand his figurative kin are frozen in time, at sites of fraught systemic and organizational intake. The resulting objects are at turns stately, heartbreaking, opaque, and lovingly intimate. At the Phillips, twenty-odd pieces from "Kin," 2008–, will be paired with some dozen of the artist's signature large-scale tableaux in an exhibition that crosses scales and media as well as source materials: The aspirational poses of larger works based on vintage studio photography sit opposite the visual spectrum from the "Kin" series' institutional points of departure. A major monograph with contributions by the curator and others will accompany the show. After all, what's a family album without something to have and to hold?
Virginia Dwan is the stuff of legends: prescient dealer, visionary collector, generous benefactor. She's Leo Castelli, Count Panza, and Andrew Mellon rolled into one. Featuring some hundred paintings, sculptures, works on paper, and photographs, the National Gallery of Art will highlight the art that Dwan, still a tall beauty at eighty-five, has donated or promised to the museum. Other institutions, including MoMA, LACMA, and the Pompidou, are lending additional works shown at her galleries in LA and New York. From 1959 to 1967, her SoCal space hosted American abstractionists (Guston, Reinhardt), Nouveau Réalistes (Klein, Tinguely), and Pop artists (Oldenburg, Warhol, Rosenquist). Besides championing Minimalists (Andre, Flavin, LeWitt) and Conceptualists (Bochner, Weiner) on Fifty-Seventh Street from 1966 to 1971, the dealer-cum-philanthropist financed Heizer's Double Negative, 1969–70; Smithson's Spiral Jetty, 1970; and the first version of De Maria's Lightning Field, 1977. This exhibition and its catalogue, with an essay by Meyer, will showcase Dwan's intrepid vision. Travels to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Mar. 19–Sept. 10, 2017.
Animated film has come a long way since J. Stuart Blackton's pioneering Humorous Phases of Funny Faces (1906), with its crude sequences of goofy chalkboard drawings. An evolving palette of digital animation technologiesmotion capture, ever more detailed 3-D visualizationshapes not only mainstream culture but, increasingly, the work of artists (and the oft-unsung technicians to whom they outsource their production). "Suspended Animation" brings together Ed Atkins, Antoine Catala, Ian Cheng, Josh Kline, Helen Marten, and Agnieszka Polska, an international hexad whose practices are differentiated enough to suggest not only computer animation's pervasiveness but also its flexibilitywitness Atkins's emotive avatars adrift in an uncanny valley, Cheng's simulations mutating in real time, Polska's fluent digital-psychedelic effects, and Marten's loquacious skeuomorphic crossbreeds. In spite of these individual approaches, expect a shared responsiveness to the digital age's manifold crises, from the specter of surveillance to the collapse of distinctions between virtual and physical realities.
Over the past two decades, Sanford Biggers has woven references to African American culture, Eastern spirituality, and global music and dance traditions into patchwork myths and rituals. This exhibition promises to broaden our perspective on the artist's ambitious speculative histories, with a presentation of recent and newly made site-specific works, including Shatter, 2016, which makes its debut here. Following Shuffle, 2009, and Shake, 2011, Shatter is the final installment of Biggers's multichannel video trilogy filmed at key points along the North Atlantic slave trade route that considers the undoing and reimagining of personal identity. Shatter's three-screen installation will serve as a backdrop to an opening-night performance by Moon Medicin, Biggers's Afrofuturist band. "Subjective Cosmology" will also feature the biggest iteration to date of Laocoön, 2015, a prostrate, semi-inflated, pulsating Fat Albert, the corpulent cartoon star of Bill Cosby's animated series. A touchstone for the show, this work reflects on recent violence against African Americans as well as the loss of faith in public and authority figures, from Cosby himself to the US police.


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Issue 7 • Date July 2013
Filter Results
Table of contentsPublication Year: 2013, Page(s):C1 - C4| PDF (140 KB)
IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control publication informationPublication Year: 2013, Page(s): C2| PDF (136 KB)
Scanning the issuePublication Year: 2013, Page(s):1629 - 1630| PDF (131 KB)
Parameter Estimation and Non-Collocated Adaptive Stabilization for a Wave Equation Subject to General Boundary Harmonic DisturbancePublication Year: 2013, Page(s):1631 - 1643
Cited by: Papers (18)
This paper is concerned with the parameter estimation and asymptotic stabilization of a 1-D wave equation that is subject to general harmonic disturbances at the controlled end and suffers from instability at the other end. First, we design an adaptive observer in terms of measured position and velocity. We then adopt the backstepping method for infinite-dimensional systems to design an observer-b... View full abstract»
Decentralized Stochastic Control with Partial History Sharing: A Common Information ApproachPublication Year: 2013, Page(s):1644 - 1658
Cited by: Papers (21)
A general model of decentralized stochastic control called partial history sharing information structure is presented. In this model, at each step the controllers share part of their observation and control history with each other. This general model subsumes several existing models of information sharing as special cases. Based on the information commonly known to all the controllers, the decentr... View full abstract»
Uncertainty Bounds for Spectral EstimationPublication Year: 2013, Page(s):1659 - 1673
Cited by: Papers (7)
The purpose of this paper is to study metrics suitable for assessing uncertainty of power spectra when these are based on finite second-order statistics. The family of power spectra which is consistent with a given range of values for the estimated statistics represents the uncertainty set about the "true" power spectrum. Our aim is to quantify the size of this uncertainty set using ... View full abstract»
A Unified Effective Method for Aggregating Multi-Machine Stages in Production SystemsPublication Year: 2013, Page(s):1674 - 1687
Cited by: Papers (3)
In production lines, multi-machine stages are pervasive in factory. In order to take advantage of analytical methods developed for transfer lines and assembly lines to analyze, optimize, and design the lines with multi-machine stages, a usual way is to aggregate each of such stages into a single machine. Aggregation results of existing methods may depend on the order of aggregation, which makes th... View full abstract»
Rapid Stabilization for a Korteweg-de Vries Equation From the Left Dirichlet Boundary ConditionPublication Year: 2013, Page(s):1688 - 1695
Cited by: Papers (12)
This paper deals with the stabilization problem for the Korteweg-de Vries equation posed on a bounded interval. The control acts on the left Dirichlet boundary condition. At the right end-point, Dirichlet and Neumann homogeneous boundary conditions are considered. The proposed feedback law forces the exponential decay of the system under a smallness condition on the initial data. Moreover, the dec... View full abstract»
Event Triggered Adaptive Differential Modulation: A New Method for Traffic Reduction in Networked Control SystemsPublication Year: 2013, Page(s):1696 - 1706
Cited by: Papers (14)
Congestion in a networked control system (NCS) has many undesirable effects that can make a control system unstable if severe enough. These include delays and packet drops. Therefore, reducing network traffic, including traffic generated by the NCS itself is a necessity. In event based control (EBC) a control signal is generated when a specific event is triggered such as the control error exceedin... View full abstract»
Finite-Horizon H∞ Filtering With Missing Measurements and Quantization EffectsPublication Year: 2013, Page(s):1707 - 1718
Cited by: Papers (99)
In this paper, a new H∞ filtering approach is developed for a class of discrete time-varying systems subject to missing measurements and quantization effects. The missing measurements are modeled via a diagonal matrix consisting of a series of mutually independent random variables satisfying certain probabilistic distributions on the interval [0,1] . The measured output is... View full abstract»
Controllability and Observability of Grid Graphs via Reduction and SymmetriesPublication Year: 2013, Page(s):1719 - 1731
Cited by: Papers (25)
In this paper, we investigate the controllability and observability properties of a family of linear dynamical systems, whose structure is induced by the Laplacian of a grid graph. This analysis is motivated by several applications in network control and estimation, quantum computation and discretization of partial differential equations. Specifically, we characterize the structure of the grid eig... View full abstract»
On the Extended Luenberger-Type Observer for Semilinear Distributed-Parameter SystemsPublication Year: 2013, Page(s):1732 - 1743
Cited by: Papers (13)
The design of an extended Luenberger observer is considered to solve the state observation problem for semilinear distributed-parameter systems. For this, a backstepping-based technique is proposed for the design of the output injection weights by making use of the (extended) linearization of the semilinear observer error system with respect to the observer state. Stability of both the linearized ... View full abstract»
Reduced-Order Quadratic Kalman-Like Filtering of Non-Gaussian SystemsPublication Year: 2013, Page(s):1744 - 1757
Cited by: Papers (7)
The state estimation for linear discrete-time systems with non-Gaussian state and output noise is a challenging problem. In this paper, we derive the suboptimal quadratic estimate of the state by means of a recursive algorithm. The solution is obtained by applying the Kalman filter to a suitably augmented system, which is fully observable. The augmented system is constructed as the aggregate of th... View full abstract»
Design of Polynomial Control Laws for Polynomial Systems Subject to Actuator SaturationPublication Year: 2013, Page(s):1758 - 1770
Cited by: Papers (7)
This paper presents results for the design of polynomial control laws for polynomial systems in global and regional contexts. The proposed stabilization conditions are based on inequalities which are affine in both the Lyapunov function coefficients and the controller gains. Input saturations are incorporated to the stability analysis and the design of polynomial controllers using a generalization... View full abstract»
Synthesis of Reactive Switching Protocols From Temporal Logic SpecificationsPublication Year: 2013, Page(s):1771 - 1785
Cited by: Papers (20)
We propose formal means for synthesizing switching protocols that determine the sequence in which the modes of a switched system are activated to satisfy certain high-level specifications in linear temporal logic (LTL). The synthesized protocols are robust against exogenous disturbances on the continuous dynamics and can react to possibly adversarial events (both external and internal). Finite-sta... View full abstract»
Consensus of Multi-Agent Systems With General Linear and Lipschitz Nonlinear Dynamics Using Distributed Adaptive ProtocolsPublication Year: 2013, Page(s):1786 - 1791
Cited by: Papers (119)
This technical brief considers the distributed consensus problems for multi-agent systems with general linear and Lipschitz nonlinear dynamics. Distributed relative-state consensus protocols with an adaptive law for adjusting the coupling weights between neighboring agents are designed for both the linear and nonlinear cases, under which consensus is reached for all undirected connected communicat... View full abstract»
Optimal Routing and Scheduling in Multihop Wireless Renewable Energy NetworksPublication Year: 2013, Page(s):1792 - 1798
Cited by: Papers (8)
We design routing and scheduling policies that optimize network throughput in multi-hop wireless networks where nodes are powered by renewable energy sources. The policies that we propose deliver maximum throughput, and yet do not require explicit knowledge of the statistics of the energy harvesting or the traffic generation processes. We consider both the cases of infinite and finite energy stora... View full abstract»
Kalman Filter Sensitivity Evaluation With Orthogonal and J-Orthogonal TransformationsPublication Year: 2013, Page(s):1798 - 1804
Cited by: Papers (4)
This technical note addresses the array square-root Kalman filtering/smoothing algorithms with the conventional orthogonal and J-orthogonal transformations. In the adaptive filtering context, J-orthogonal matrices arise in computation of the square-root of the covariance (or smoothed covariance) by solving an equation of the form CCT=DDT-BBT. The latter implies a... View full abstract»
Identification of Unknown Parameters for a Class of Two-Level Quantum SystemsPublication Year: 2013, Page(s):1805 - 1810
Cited by: Papers (2)
This technical note studies the identification of unknown decoherence rates for a class of two-level quantum systems undergoing spontaneous emission. Our previous work shows that estimates of the unknown decoherence rates can be obtained from the ensemble averages by imposing constant control and monitoring a sequence of identical systems continuously. Inspired by the work, this technical note fur... View full abstract»
Design of Saturation-Based Switching Anti-Windup Gains for the Enlargement of the Domain of AttractionPublication Year: 2013, Page(s):1810 - 1816
Cited by: Papers (5)
This technical note proposes a saturation-based switching anti-windup design for the enlargement of the domain of attraction of the closed-loop system. A widely adopted method of dealing with an m-dimensional saturated linear feedback is to express it as a linear combination of a set of 2m auxiliary linear feedbacks. For each value of the state, these auxiliary linear feedbacks form ... View full abstract»
Adaptive Compensation of Gyro Bias in Rigid-Body Attitude Estimation Using a Single Vector MeasurementPublication Year: 2013, Page(s):1816 - 1822
Cited by: Papers (7)
The presence of bias in measurement of rate gyros is a performance limiting factor for satellite attitude determination systems. Gyro bias is usually handled by Kalman filtering methods which are mostly based on linearization approaches and lack global convergence properties. On the other hand, the existing asymptotically convergent nonlinear observers take into account the gyro bias only when mul... View full abstract»
On Casimir Functionals for Infinite-Dimensional Port-Hamiltonian Control SystemsPublication Year: 2013, Page(s):1823 - 1828
Cited by: Papers (8)
We consider infinite-dimensional port-Hamiltonian systems with respect to control issues. In contrast to the well-established representation relying on Stokes-Dirac structures that are based on skew-adjoint differential operators and the use of energy variables, we employ a different port-Hamiltonian framework. Based on this system representation conditions for Casimir functionals will be derived ... View full abstract»
Gaussian Smoothers for Nonlinear Systems With One-Step Randomly Delayed MeasurementsPublication Year: 2013, Page(s):1828 - 1835
Cited by: Papers (8)
This technical note is concerned with the nonlinear state smoothing problem in the case that the measurements are randomly delayed by one sampling time. Under Gaussian domain, two general Gaussian approximation (GA) and Gaussian mixture approximation (GMA) smoothers are proposed in minimum mean square error (MMSE) sense. The smoothing implementation is transformed into computing some special poste... View full abstract»
Finite Horizon LQR Control With Limited Controller-System CommunicationPublication Year: 2013, Page(s):1835 - 1841
Cited by: Papers (4)
We consider finite-horizon LQR control with limited controller-system communication. Within a time-horizon T , the controller can only communicate with the system d <; T times. We present an explicit expression on the optimal control data schedule for unstable first-order systems and a class of higher-order systems. We also discuss when such a control data schedule remains ... View full abstract»
Realization of a Special Class of Admittances with One Damper and One Inerter for Mechanical ControlPublication Year: 2013, Page(s):1841 - 1846
Cited by: Papers (18)
In this note, we investigate the realization problem of a special class of positive-real admittances, which is common in vehicle suspension designs. The number of inerters and dampers is restricted to one in each case and the number of the springs is arbitrary. To solve the problem, we first convert a previous result by to a more direct form. A necessary and sufficient condition for realizability ... View full abstract»
Aims & Scope
In the IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, the IEEE Control Systems Society publishes high-quality papers on the theory, design, and applications of control engineering. Two types of contributions are regularly considered
Meet Our Editors
P. J. Antsaklis
Dept. Electrical Engineering
University of Notre Dame

subset: commoncrawl


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Joan Tate (1922–2000) was a prolific translator of Swedish works into English.
Paul R. Ehrlich
Hope on Earth
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Austin, TXUSA
January 17, 2012
Great way to exercise the mind and socialize!
You know me...
Help support your Meetup
South Austin Game Night (SAGN) is a great group of people who love to play board games. Everything from party games to Eurogaming, we'll do it all. We play every Tuesday and Sunday at Tribe Comics and Games on S. Lamar. Come on out and join us!
And, hey, I know our events look sparse as far as attendance, but that's not the case! Because we meet regularly, folks don't sign up for stuff. You don't have to RSVP for events, just show up. We get generally 30 to 40 people on our Tuesday meetings and 8-10 on Sundays. So come on out and play some games! There will be plenty of gaming to go around!
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Still more news from the Deutsche Bank 17th Annual Media And Telecommunications Conference: Bob Iger said Walt Disney Co is considering creating a subscription-based online movie and TV rental service from the company's huge video library. It could be an online Disney video club that mails DVDs or downloads video files to members.
Disney Looking At Online Video Service
3 Comments
Like the stillborn "Moviebeam" they were developing under Eisner?
Video download rather than mail DVDs. Then it's new media and they can screw everyone out of residuals.
It will be Disney films accessed by Apple Itunes downloads utilzing a digital locker… seriously – nuff said.


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Doctor insights on:
Bleeding At 8 Weeks Pregnant Pregnancy
Sex during bleeding in pregnancy of 1st trimester normal?
No, bleeding when: You have sex in the first trimester of pregnancy is not normal. Please see your doctor promptly and hold off on sex until medically cleared. ...Read more
Pregnancy (Definition)
If you're pregnant or planning to get pregnant, there are many things you can do to give your baby a healthy start: Regular prenatal visits along with laboratory testing, ultrasounds, prenatal vitamins and immunizations (like the flu shot and whopping cough booster). Now's the time to eat healthy, stay hydrated, and ...Read more
What can cause bleeding, not spotting, in 1st trimester of pregnancy besides miscarriage, ectopic, and molar?
Implantation: It can be what they call an implantation bleed when a fertilized egg attaches to the uterine wall. It can cause a variety if symptoms - from spotting to a quite significant bleed. ...Read more
Is cramping but not bleeding at 8 weeks pregnant normal?
Can be: Drinking some water may help. Sometimes cramps can be caused by dehydration. But cramps in early pregnancy are fairly common. ...Read more
8 weeks pregnant and still slightly bleeding after sex? I really wanna know if it's normal.
Needs evaluation: Bleeding in the first trimester of pregnancy is common but not normal. You need to be evaluated. See your doctor soon to determine that the hormone levels are normal and to confirm there is a live pregnancy located inside the uterus. ...Read more
My girlfriend is 8 weeks pregnant and has a spot of bleeding is this normal?
Not Normal: Bleeding in pregnancy is unexpected and not normal. ...Read more
I'm 8 weeks pregnant. I am having some occasional light brown stringy clot noted after wiping. No pain, bleeding, or spotting present. Is this normal?
No but not unusual: Painless vaginal spotting or staining is fairly common in early pregnancy and fortunately resolves spontaneously and easily. If you are concerned you may want to request a "viability sonogram" which will confirm the location and viability of your pregnancy and offer you peace of mind and reassurance. Make sure your Pap test and cervical screenings are also normal. ...Read more
8 weeks pregnant, noticed a light spotting/bleeding. Is it normal?
Common not normal: Bleeding in pregnancy is very common but is not normal. It should be promptly evaluated by your doctor. You need to confirm that you have a normal pregnancy located inside the uterus. ...Read more
I have fibroid and am 8 weeks pregnant.please can I do away with the pregnancy and not touching the fibroid?
Talk to your: OB about it. Whether or not the fibroid is significant depends on its size and location. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
I have my right Overy stuck to my utris I am 8 weeks pregnant. Could this cause me to have some pain during sex? They is no bleeding afterwards
Pain: cramping after sex is common in pregnancy. It is usually caused by the uterus. Certainly deep penetration may cause some discomfort with your issue, but it should get better right after sex ends. It might be time to teach your partner that there's no need to always penetrate deeply. ...Read more
I am currently just over 8 weeks pregnant (2 Positive home pt & 1 positive @ health dept.) My levels were @ 8097 7/6/15; 9315 (7/8/15) & dropped to 8913 (7/9/15). I have had no bleeding and am not sure if I its a miscarriage or not? I have all the pregnan
Wait and see: You need to have serial HCG's done and notify the MD if you have any sharp pains to rule out ectopic pregnancy. Your HCG levels have "leveled out" which can mean either a missed abortion (miscarriage) if there is no further increase or an ectopic pregnancy.(pregnancy outside of the uterus) ...Read more
Bleeding (Definition)
Bleeding is a term describing the loss of blood. It can occur inside the body due to damage to blood vessels or organs or outside the body during menstruation or when there is a ...Read more
Pregnant (Definition)
PREGNANT is ...Read more
- Talk to a doctor live online for free
- What does bleeding and cramping mean at 8 weeks pregnant?
- Implantation bleeding at 8 weeks pregnant
- Bleeding and cramping at 8 weeks pregnant
- Ask a doctor a question free online
- Low hcg at 7 weeks pregnant and negative pregnancy test
- 8 weeks pregnant and had bleeding after sex
- Implantation bleeding at 7 weeks pregnant
- Bleeding at 32 weeks pregnant
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April 28, 2013
| Step By Step Demo
Joanne Truitt creates this abstract design in varying shades of purple.
April 26, 2013
| Blog Post
Elisa Rodriguez, Nails by Elisa, Merced, Calif.
April 26, 2013
| Step By Step Demo
K. Abercrumbie-Gathers applies several colors of polish in ribbons to create this design.
April 22, 2013
| Article
Resembling simple strokes of a brush from a painter's hand, this runway trend translates perfectly to the blank canvas of a solid-colored nail plate
April 18, 2013
| Blog Post
Anna McDonald, Studio 138, Clarksville, Ark. Karymar Gonzalez, Jayri's Hair & Nails Salon, Caguas, Puerto Rico
April 18, 2013
| Article
Help your clients celebrate Mother's Day with themed nail art that shows how much we love them.
April 12, 2013
| Photo Gallery
Why limit your artistry to nails alone? These techs found another outlet for their creative juices by decorating their smart phone cases..
April 1, 2013
| Video
Calif.-based celebrity nail artist Elsbeth Schuetz explains her inspiration behind the April/May 2013 cover of Nail Art Gallery Magazine, a tablet-friendly digital-only magazine created with all nail art lovers in mind. Visit http://www.nailartgallerymag.com to check out the latest issue.
March 30, 2013
| Photo Gallery
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February 28, 2013
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 14, 1977
|Filing date
|Oct 22, 1975
|Priority date
|Oct 22, 1975
|Also published as
|Publication number
|H. Clark Bell, Jr., Harold A. Rosen
|Original Assignee
|Hughes Aircraft Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (30), Classifications (10)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to high frequency signal-combining apparatus and more specifically to apparatus for combining the frequency-separated output signals of a plurality of signal-producing devices for transmission over a common signal transmission path.
In modern wideband communications systems, it is common to combine a plurality of signals for transmission over an extended signal wave transmission path and at the receiving end to separate these bands of frequency for subsequent processing. The techniques of combining and separating such signals are generally referred to as multilexing and demultiplexing, respectively. A great many multiplexing schemes have been proposed and are in use including both time division and frequency division techniques. The present invention is concerned with means and apparatus for frequency division multiplexing.
In a typical wideband communications system, a number of separate bandwidth-limited channels are utilized to generate, amplify or otherwise process the information containing signals. The channelization of a plurality of signals is desirable for several reasons, foremost among which is to minimize interaction and intermodulation among the many system users.
In such systems, therefore, a combination of devices generates, amplifies or otherwise processes signals extending over a first range of frequencies, a second combination of similar devices process those signals extending over a second frequency range and so on. At the output of each of the cascaded combination of devices, the signals are then combined for transmission. The combined signals are typically fed into a transmitting antenna for transmission over an extended distance whereupon they are received by a receiving antenna and demultiplexed for subsequent processing or utilization.
With regard to multiplexers, several important characteristics are necessary for optimum operation. These characteristics include the multiplexer loss, the in-band loss slope, the group delay, and the out-of-bound attenuation characteristics. The interaction between channel filters having relatively small frequency separation has made it difficult in the past to achieve a desirable combination of these characteristics. Communication multiplexers have consequently been designed to combine alternate channels of information rather than contiguous channels. That is, in the past, one output multiplexer has been utilized to combine the so-called "odd" channels and another multiplexer has been used to combine the "even" channels. Such multiplexing practice allows minimum channel-to-channel spacing and greatly alleviates undesirable interaction; however it has the disadvantage of requiring twice as many antennas or antenna modes as would otherwise be necessary. For systems in which the antennas are relatively complex, heavy and expensive, doubling their number becomes undesirable. In addition, for complex antenna coverage requirements, it is difficult to generate dual mode antenna patterns without severe degradation.
Accordingly, it is a general object of the present invention to provide a contiguous channel multiplexer.
In the past, contiguous channel multiplexers have been proposed which have been adequate for some applications. For example, in an article entitled "A Low-Loss Multiplexer for Satellite Earth Terminals," by R. W. Gruner and A. E. Williams, appearing in the COMSAT TECHNICAL REVIEW, Vol. 5, No. 1, Spring 1975, at pages 157-177, there is described a contiguous channel multiplexer which was designed for use in connection with satellite ground stations. The multiplexer described in this article generally displays characteristics which are satisfactory for its intended use. The described multiplexer, however, displays certain shortcomings which make it undesirable for use in applications where size and weight are important factors. In addition, the design described in the above-mentioned article displays an undesirably high loss slope and group delay over all but the last channel of the multiplexer. In most instances, it is necessary to compensate for these undesirable transmission characteristics of such a multiplexer by the use of equalizer elements; however, by so doing, additional losses, increased weight, and increased expenses are incurred.
It is another object of the present invention, therefore, to provide a contiguous channel multiplexer of simplified design.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a contiguous channel multiplexer having transmission characteristics which minimize the need for additional group delay equalizing elements.
One technique which has been proposed for overcoming the mutual interaction of a number of interconnected multiplexing filters is to use directional filters for each channel. In theory at least, directional filters are ideal for this application in that they can be designed for unity voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) at all frequencies so that a number of them can be cascaded in a multiplexer structure. In general, directional filters are realized by utilizing a pair of substantially identical filters interconnected at their input and output ports by quadrature hybrid couplers. Directional filters, their properties and design have been known for some years. See for example: "Directional Channel-Separation Filters," S. B. Cohn and F. S. Coale, PROCEEDINGS OF THE I. R. E., Vol. 44No. 8, August 1956, pp. 1018-1024. When cascaded in a multiplexer structure, the reflection characteristics of the succeeding channel filters interact with the transmission characteristics of the preceding channel filters to such a degree that it still has been found necessary to utilize equalizing elements. Although the reflection characteristics of all of the succeeding channel filters interact to some degree, it is only those channels which are adjacent to one another in frequency which cause severe interaction in the passbands of the channels. So far, it has not been feasible to design such a multiplexer so that the above-mentioned interaction is acceptably small without resort to undesirably large inter-channel guard bands or odd-even channel multiplexing.
Accordingly, it is yet another object of the present invention to provide a directional filter multiplexer having selected filter pairs which are purposely tuned to utilize the effects of contiguous channel interaction thereby optimizing the overall transmission characteristics.
In keeping with the present invention, the above objects are accomplished by utilizing in each of the multiplexer channels a pair of substantially identical high selectivity filters. Each of the pairs of filters for the several channels is coupled at its input and output port by means of quadrature hybrid networks. In one embodiment, each of the filters associated with a given channel is designed so that its upper cutoff frequency extends past the desired band into and past the lower band edge of the filters of the next higher channel. By extending the upper cutoff frequency of the filters of the lower channel in this manner, purposeful interaction occurs so that the return loss interaction of the adjacent higher frequency channel is compensated.
Depending upon the order in which the plurality of channels is arranged in the multiplexer, it is also possible to achieve the desired multiplexer characteristics by extending the lower cutoff frequency of the filter of a higher channel past its band edge to purposely interact with the adjacent lower channel. In other cases, again depending upon the order in which the channels are arranged, both the upper and lower cutoff frequencies of the filter of a given channel can be extended for simultaneous compensation of the reflection characteristics of both channels adjacent thereto.
The above-mentioned and other features and objects of the present invention will become more apparent by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals denote like elements and in which:
FIGS. 1a and 1b are graphical representations of a band of frequencies which has been channelized in accordance with the prior art practice;
FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram of a typical output multiplexer in accordance with the teachings of the prior art;
FIGS. 3a and 3b are graphical representations of the bandpass characteristics of the output multiplexer of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a multiplexer in accordance with the teachings of the present invention;
FIGS. 5a and 5b are typical channel transmission loss characteristics and channel group delay characteristics for one channel of the multiplexer of FIG. 4 without compensation;
FIGS. 6a and 6b are the overall transmission loss and overall group delay characteristics for the uncompensated single channel illustrated by the graphs of FIGS. 5a and 5b;
FIGS. 7a and 7b are graphical representations of the single channel transmission loss characteristics and single channel group delay characteristics of an output multiplexer designed in accordance with the teachings of the present invention;
FIGS. 8a and 8b are graphical representations of the overall single channel transmission loss characteristics and overall single channel group delay characteristics of the output multiplexer of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is an elevation view of a four-channel output multiplexer in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a simplified top plan view of one of the input sections of the multiplexer of FIG. 9;
FIG. 11 is a simplified bottom plan view illustrating the output hybrid coupling from the embodiment of FIG. 9; and
FIG. 12 is a graphical representation of the relative loss versus frequency characteristics of the output multiplexer of FIG. 9.
In FIG. 1a, curve 10 depicts a band of frequencies extending from a lower frequency f1 to an upper frequency fh. As mentioned hereinabove, for many communications purposes it is advantageous to channelize such a wide range of frequencies for more advantageous amplification and/or processing. In FIG. 1b, the band of frequencies between f1 and fh has been divided into six channels denoted channels 1 through 6. In practice, the upper frequency limit of a given channel (such as channel 1) may extend to the lower frequency limit of the next higher channel (i.e., channel 2) and so on. Generally, however, it is expedient to allow a small guard band between channels. In FIG. 1b, the guard band between channels 1 and 2 is depicted by the numeral 11; the guard band between channels 2 and 3 is denoted by the numeral 12; and so on up to numeral 15 which denotes the guard band between channels 5 and 6. Quite often, all of the several channels will be of the same bandwidth. It is also common that the guard bands between channels are of the same width. In FIG. 1b, however, the more generalized case is shown wherein each of the channels has a different bandwidth, and the guard band between channels is also different.
If it is assumed that each of the channels 1 through 6 depicted in FIG. 1b represents a plurality of information-containing high frequency signals, then the following description becomes more meaningful. As mentioned hereinabove, the signals within a given channel are generated, amplified, or otherwise processed by a cascaded combination of high frequency devices with each combination of devices having operating bandwidths which coincide with the bandwidths of the respective channels. Typically, such processing equipment includes a broadband amplifier, such as a traveling wave tube (TWT) in addition to its associated input and output devices, level-setting attenuators and so on. Having been processed, the several information channels are then coupled to a transmission path for transmission to the receiving terminal.
In FIG. 2, there is shown in block diagram an output multiplexer for combining the outputs of a plurality of signal channels. In accordance with the teachings of the prior art, the output multiplexer of FIG. 2 is divided into two portions. The top portion 17 of the output multiplexer combines the odd channels 1, 3, 5 . . . , and the lower portion 18 of the multiplexer combines the even numbered channels 2, 4, 6 and so on. The odd and even channels thus combined are then transmitted to an antenna feed means (not shown) by conventional transmission media, such as waveguides or coaxial transmission lines. In general, the even-numbered channels are fed into one antenna, and the odd-numbered channels are fed into a second antenna. In some applications, it is possible to use dual polarization in the antenna feed arrangement with a single reflector.
In the past, output multiplexers suitable for use in wideband communications have taken one of several general forms. One form of output multiplexer utilizes a plurality of bandpass filters arranged such that each frequency-separated channel is coupled into a common waveguide or manifold through the bandpass filter where it propagates toward the output end. Division of the signals in each of the bands of frequencies may be prevented by means of bandstop filters in the multiplexer. As pointed out by Gruner and Williams in their above-cited article, however, extremely high selectivity filters are required in order to minimize the interaction and tuning problems. This results in high dissipative losses, extra weight, bulk, and expense. For these reasons, therefore, the prior art output multiplexers have generally comprised two portions, as shown in FIG. 2-- one portion for combining the odd channels, and one portion for combining the even channels.
In FIG. 3a, there is shown the relative transmission loss characteristics of the odd channel portion 17 of the output multiplexer of FIG. 2. The curves 21, 23 and 25 represent the transmission loss characteristics of that portion of the multiplexer corresponding to channels 1, 3 and 5. In FIG. 3b, the transmission loss characteristics of the even channel portion of the multiplexer of FIG. 2 are shown. Curves 22, 24 and 26 represent the transmission loss characteristics for channels 2, 4 and 6, respectively. Because of the relatively wide separation (additional guard band, as it were) between the non-contiguous odd channels or non-contiguous even channels, the effects of mutual interaction are negligible. As previously mentioned, however, the multiplexing scheme of FIG. 2 requires either two separate transmitting antennas-- one for the odd channels and one for the even channels-- or it requires additional hardware for creating orthogonal modes with a single antenna structure. In either event, the full capability of the antennas and associated feed hardware is not utilized. For that reason, it is highly desirable to utilize a multiplexer which is capable of multiplexing contiguous output channels in a single structure for coupling to a single antenna.
In FIG. 4, there is shown in block diagram an output multiplexer structure which can be adapted for contiguous channel multiplexing. The multiplexer arrangement of FIG. 4 is generally termed a quadrature hybrid multiplexer for reasons which will become more apparent hereinbelow. Basic to the multiplexer structure of FIG. 4 are a pair of substantially identical bandpass filters for each channel to be multiplexed. Filters f1 and f1 ' comprise the filters for channel 1; filters f2 and f2 ' comprise the filters for channel 2; filters f3 and f3 ' comprise those for channel 3; and fn and fn ' denote the filters for the nth channel of the multiplexer. The input ports of each of the pairs of filters for each channel are interconnected by means of quadrature hybrid couplers. The inputs of filters f1 and f1 ' are interconnected by means of quadrature hybrid coupler 31; the inputs of filter f2 and f2 ' are interconnected by means of quadrature hybrid coupler 32; the input ports of filters f3 and f3 ' are interconnected by means of quadrature hybrid coupler 33; and the inputs of filters fn and fn ' are interconnected by means of quadrature hybrid coupler 35. In a similar manner, the output ports of each of the pairs of filters for each channel 1 through n are connected by means of quadrature hybrid couplers 41, 42, 43 and 45, respectively.
The signals to be multiplexed are derived from appropriate signal-generating or processing equipment indicated by amplifiers A1, A2, A3 and An for the respective channels. It is noted that the various amplifiers are not part of the multiplexer structure, but rather illustrate a possible source of signals for the multiplexer inputs. As a mater of practice, the input signals are ordinarily derived from prior stages which do comprise broadband amplifiers such as traveling wave tubes.
The operation of the embodiment of FIG. 4 may be more readily understood if the input and output ports of the dual filter-quadrature hybrid coupler combinations are designated. For this purpose, the input ports are a and b. The output ports are designated c and d. The output ports of amplifiers A1, A2, A3 and An are coupled to input ports a of the filter-coupler combinations of channels 1, 2, 3 and n, respectively. Ports b of each of the filter-coupler combinations are terminated by reflectionless load impedances R1, R2, R3 and Rn for each of the respectively numbered channels.
At the output side, output port c of the filter-coupler of channel 1 is likewise terminated in a reflectionless load impedance 46. Output port d of channel 1 is connected to output port c of channel 2; output port d of channel 2 is connected to output port c of channel 3; and output port d of channel 3 is coupled, through possible additional stages indicated by the dotted line, to output port c of channel n. Output port d of channel n comprises the multiplexer output.
Due to the nature of the quadrature hybrid couplers, a signal entering port a reaches the two filters of that channel at equal power but with quadrature phase. Although the two signal components are substantially transmitted through the filters, due to inevitable circuit imperfections they are partially reflected; the ratio of the reflected-to-transmitted energy, in turn depending upon the frequency of the signals and the tuning of the filters. The reflected components of the signals add in phase at port b where they are absorbed in the matched load and are in phase opposition and, therefore, cancel at port a. This property provides a wideband match at the input port a of the hybrid coupler-dual filter assembly. The components of the signal transmitted through the two filters cancel at port c whereas they add in phase at port d. The signals thus combined at port d then propagate toward port c of the next hybrid coupler-dual filter assembly.
If a signal is introduced at output port c, it reaches the two filters of that channel at equal power and quadrature phase where each is partially reflected and partially transmitted. The reflected components add in phase at port d where they again propagate toward port c of the next higher frequency channel. The transmitted components add in phase at port b where they are again absorbed in the matched load and are isolated from port a.
Consider a typical signal transmission through the channel 1 portion of the multiplexer of FIG. 4. Such a signal entering from the output of amplifier A1 and propagating to the multiplexer output is affected by the in-band transmission properties of filters f1 and f1 ' and the out-of-band reflection properties of the filter assemblies for channels 2, 3, . . . n. The transmission loss for this channel 1 signal is given by the expression |T1ρ2ρ3 . . . ρn | 2, where T is the voltage transmission coefficient of a quadrature hybrid-dual filter combination and ρ is its voltage reflection coefficient. Each succeeding channel signal sees only the reflection loss of the succeedingly higher frequency channels until at channel n, the transmission loss is merely | Tn | 2. For practical purposes, the reflection coefficient ρ is very nearly unity at frequencies more than one channel width away from a band edge; and therefore, the transmission losses for signals in the passbands of the several channels can be simplified as follows: For channel 1, | T1 ρ2 |2 ; for channel 2, |T2ρ3 |2 ; for channel 3, |T3ρ4 |2 ; and for channel n, |Tn |2.
The preceding expressions represent what has generally been regarded as the undesirable multiplication of the transmission coefficient by the adjacent channel reflection coefficient. The graphical representations of FIGS. 5a, 5b, 6a and 6b illustrate these relationships more clearly. In FIG. 5a, there is shown by curve 50 the channel transmission loss T1 of typical channel l. The group delay corresponding to curve 50 is given by curve 51 of FIG. 5b and on the same frequency scale. As can be seen, both curves 50 and 51 illustrate T1 with acceptable loss slope and group delay characteristics; however, when the reflection losses ρ2 are considered, the channel transmission and group delays are altered. In FIGS. 5a and 5b, the dotted curves 52 and 53 represent the contributions of the adjacent channel 2 voltage reflection coefficient to the channel transmission and group delay, respectively. The resultant transmission loss group delay for the channel 1 signal at the output of the multiplexer are given by curves 54 and 55 in FIGS. 6a and 6b, respectively. Whereas this added delay and loss at the upper band edge can be compensated as mentioned hereinabove, the additional weight, power loss, bulk and expense is undesirable.
In keeping with the present invention, the upper cutoff frequencies of filters f1 and f1 ' are increased substantially beyond the upper band edge of channel 1-- in fact, with a relatively narrow guard band between channels even past the lower band edge of channel 2. The resultant curves of the expanded transmission coefficient T1 ' and group delay are shown graphically by curves 60 and 61 of FIGS. 7a and 7b, respectively. Again, the contributions of the adjacent channel 2 reflection coefficient to the transmission and group delay are shown by curves 52 and 53, respectively. When these contributions are multiplied, the resultant overall transmission loss for a channel 1 signal through the multiplexer is narrowed so that it thereby conforms to the desired characteristic shown by curve 64 of FIG. 8a. The overall group delay similarly conforms to the desired characteristic shown by curve 65 of FIG. 8b.
It is apparent, of course, that the filters f2, f2 '; f3, f3 ' are also designed so that their upper cutoff frequencies extend past the upper band edges of their respective channels. Only filters fn and fn ' of the highest frequency channel of the multiplexer are designed so that their cutoff frequencies coincide with the channel band edges. This is due to the previously-mentioned fact that a channel n signal is not affected by the presence of the next higher hybrid-filter combination, since there is none.
It is noted that the same principle can be applied to extend the transmission characteristics in other than the upper frequency direction. For example, if channel 1 of the miltiplexer of FIG. 4 were the highest frequency channel and channel n were the lowest, then it would be the lower frequencies of each filter (except n) which would be extended. It is even possible to extend both the upper and lower cutoff frequencies of a given channel, if it is followed in the multiplexer structure by interacting channels which are adjacent to it on both sides.
It is thus seen that by redesigning the transmission characteristics of the filters at the band edge at which the interaction occurs to extend well into the adjacent interacting band, the overall transmission characteristics are greatly improved. This minimizes the rise in group delay and gain slope associated with the transmission coefficient so that when combined with the reflection coefficient, the overall characteristics are symmetric and sufficiently low across the channel bandwidth. The required out-of-band attenuation at the affected band edge in this design is supplied, in part, by the interacting filter which directs a portion of the out-of-band signals into its matched load impedance R.
A practical embodiment of the present invention has been constructed in accordance with the principles of the invention and is shown in the slightly simplified elevation and top and bottom plan views of FIGS. 9, 10 and 11. Referring more specifically to FIG. 9, a four-channel quadrature hybird multiplexer is shown. For the sake of clarity, the structure designators for the various multiplexer components have been carried over from FIG. 4 where appropriate.
In FIG. 9, filters f1, f1 ', f2, f2 ', f3, f3 ', f4 and f4 ' are shown as cylindrical coupled cavity filters. For the sake of clarity, the various external coupling and adjusting screws have been omitted. In practice, elliptic-function or quasi-elliptic-function filters of prior art and design can be utilized. The detailed design of such coupled cavity filters can be found in an article by A. E. Atia and A. E. Williams entitled "Narrow-Bandpass Waveguide Filters," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHINIQUES, Vol. MTT-20, No. 4, Apr. 1972, at ppg. 258-265.
The input ports, output ports and intermediate terminated ports are depicted as coaxial fittings. Input ports a and b of channel 1 are coupled to hybrid coupler 31. The outputs of hybrid coupler 31 are coupled through input transition sections 71 and 71' into filters f1 and f1 ', respectively. The outputs of the filters are coupled through output transition sections 81 and 81' into quadrature hybrid coupler 41. The same order of assembly is shown for channels 2, 3 and 4 with the input quadrature hybrid of channel 4 being designated 34. The input transition sections 72, 72'; 73, 73'; 74, 74', and the output transition sections 82, 82'; 83, 83'; 84, 84' correspond to channels 2, 3 and 4, respectively.
In FIG. 9, only the external portion or housing is shown for the input and output quadrature hybrid couplers. In the experimental embodiment, so-called "square-ax" TEM transmission lines have been utilized to further reduce the size, weight and complexity of the multiplexer. FIG. 10 illustrates the inner conductors of the input guadrature hybrid coupler 32 in a simplified top plan view of FIG. 9. The outer conductors and housing has been omitted for the sake of clarity. The hybrid coupler 32 is that section of closely coupled line between the two cavities. The design of such quadrature hybrid couplers is known in the art. The transition sections 71 and 71' are utilized to convert the energy in the TEM mode in the hybrid coupler to the proper waveguide mode for coupling into cavities f2 and f2 '.
The use of square-ax or other forms of TEM line hybrids rather than the waveguide hybrids results in greatly improved packaging convenience highly desirable for satellite applications. In addition, these devices provide a wider band match than comparable waveguide quadrature hybrid couplers thereby avoiding the necessity of utilizing isolators between each of the output amplifiers and the multiplexer.
The output quadrature hybrid couplers and the transmission lines interconnecting them are also of square-ax construction. Again in the bottom plan view of FIG. 11, the outer conductors and housing of the line have been omitted. The output lines from the first filter section, for example, emerge from output transition sections 81 and 81' and proceed to the coupled quadrature hybrid 41. The conductor emerging to the left comprises the isolated multiplexer output which is connected to load impedance 46, not shown. The line emerging to the right enters quadrature hybrid coupler section 42 and so on as shown schematically in FIG. 4. The output of the multiplexer is derived from the output of hybrid coupler 44.
In FIG. 12 there is shown graphically the relative loss versus frequency curves of all four channels of the multiplexer of FIGS. 9, 10 and 11. Curve 91 depicts the relative loss in dB of channel 1. Curves 92, 93 and 94 depict the relative loss curves of channels 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Channel 1 occupies the band of frequencies between 3.704 GHz and 3.781 GHz; channel 2 covers 3.789 to 3.861 GHz; channel 3 covers 3.869 to 3.941 GHz and channel 4 covers 3.959 to 4.031 GHz. The 3 dB points of the respective channel relative loss curves correspond to these frequencies.
In all cases it is understood that the above-described embodiments are merely illustrative of but a small number of the many possible specific embodiments which can represent applications of the principles of the present invention. Numerous and varied other arrangements including other forms of directional filters can be readily devised in accordance with these principles by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 26, 1966
|Feb 18, 1969
|Us Army
|Multiplexer channel units
|Mar 22, 1966
|Jul 1, 1969
|Communications Inc
|Multiplex package
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|Aug 12, 1969
|Westinghouse Electric Corp
|Contiguous filter bank using shared resonators
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|Nippon Electric Co
|Delay distortions reducing branching filter network for frequency division multiplex communication system
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|Siemens Ag
|Radio relay systems
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|Jun 28, 1978
|Dec 16, 1980
|Micro Communications, Inc.
|Diplexer and multiplexer
|Feb 22, 1979
|May 12, 1981
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Switching circuit consisting of CTD lines
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|Jan 19, 1982
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|Modified vestigial side band transmission system
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|May 24, 1983
|Communication Satellite Corporation
|High power multiplexer for dual polarized frequency reuse earth stations
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|Feb 21, 1984
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy
|Millimeter wave suspended substrate multiplexer
|May 20, 1983
|Aug 25, 1987
|Hughes Aircraft Company
|Dual band phased antenna array using wideband element with diplexer
|Mar 4, 1987
|Mar 21, 1989
|Com Dev Ltd.
|Modular contiguous channel multiplexer
|Mar 29, 1988
|Feb 20, 1990
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy
|Millimeter-wave multiplexers
|Mar 28, 1988
|Feb 27, 1990
|British Aerospace Public Limited Company
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|Centre National D'etudes Spatiales
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|Feb 11, 1992
|Jul 5, 1994
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|Method and apparatus for combining adjacent channel television signals
|May 20, 1993
|Nov 15, 1994
|Northern Telecom Limited
|Backplane databus utilizing directional couplers
|Jan 29, 1993
|Aug 1, 1995
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy
|Microwave non-logarithmic periodic multiplexer with channels of varying fractional bandwidth
|Apr 17, 1996
|Oct 13, 1998
|Com Dev Limited
|Repeaters for multibeam satellites
|Sep 17, 1996
|Oct 20, 1998
|Com Dev Limited
|Intersatellite communications systems
|Sep 25, 1997
|Apr 4, 2000
|Com Dev Limited
|Regional programming in a direct broadcast satellite
|Oct 31, 1997
|Jul 18, 2000
|Nortel Networks Corporation
|High speed databus utilizing point to multi-point interconnect non-contact coupler technology achieving a multi-point to multi-point interconnect
|Aug 20, 1999
|Dec 24, 2002
|Com Dev Limited
|Regional programming in a direct broadcast satellite
|Nov 29, 1999
|Jun 17, 2003
|General Signal Corporation
|Signal multiplexer and method
|May 1, 2000
|Mar 9, 2004
|Spx Corporation
|Signal multiplexer and method
|Sep 13, 2000
|Mar 23, 2004
|Spx Corporation
|Multiplexer for adjacent NTSC and DTV channels
|Mar 14, 2002
|Sep 5, 2006
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Ltd.
|Radio frequency distribution network system
|Feb 10, 2006
|Jul 8, 2008
|Com Dev International Ltd.
|Enhanced microwave multiplexing network
|Apr 9, 2008
|Aug 21, 2012
|Astrium Limited
|Routing of downlink channels in a communications satellite
|Feb 26, 2014
|Jan 5, 2016
|Stmicroelectronics Sa
|Radio frequency splitter
|Mar 14, 2002
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|Rodolico Joseph T.
|Radio frequency distribution network system
|Feb 10, 2006
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|Ming Yu
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|Jan 12, 2012
|Johannes Benedikt
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|U.S. Classification
|370/497, 333/109, 333/110
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
This is primarily a class to introduce beginners to the basic Argentine Tango technique. We will work on the basic elements in Tango.
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The PCR amplification of non-tuberculous mycobacterial 16S rRNA sequences from soil
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria are free living saprophytic organisms commonly found in soil and water. Some are major causes of opportunistic infection, particularly in immuno-compromised patients, and may influence the efficacy of bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccinations. Many of these organisms are not amenable to culture, so information about their distribution is limited. PCR primers designed to amplify part of the mycobacterial 16S rRNA gene were applied to DNA extracted from cultured organisms and soil. The PCR products from soil contained sequences with similarity to slow growing mycobacteria similar to Mycobacterium lentiflavum, and to fast growing mycobacteria such as the xenobiotic degraders PYR-I and RJGII.
- Non-tuberculous mycobacterium
- Soil
- 16S rRNA
1 Introduction
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are a group of saprophytic organisms that have been isolated from a range of environments including soils [1–3], rivers [1], lakes and water supplies [4,5]. Some of these environmental NTM are opportunistic pathogens, capable of infecting patients who are immuno-compromised or have a pre-disposing lung disease [6]. With the advent of the AIDS epidemic, NTM have become a more serious clinical problem with patients becoming infected predominantly from the environment rather than from people [2,5,7].
In addition to causing infection, exposure to environmental NTM may also be responsible for regional variation in the efficacy of Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. [8]. Exposure of animals to certain environmental NTM can cause sensitisation to mycobacteria [9] and lead to levels of protection against virulent strains similar to that conferred by BCG [10]. The effectiveness of subsequent BCG vaccinations can be masked or modulated by such prior exposure to NTM [11]. Thus, variation in the efficacy of the BCG vaccination may be associated with the regional differences in diversity and prevalence of environmental NTM. Soil is potentially a major reserve, and thus a source of exposure to environmental NTM. Therefore, an improved understanding of the distribution of environmental NTM within soils is important.
Many mycobacteria have been cultured from soils using methods designed to isolate virulent mycobacteria from clinical samples. Typically these studies isolate a variety of species including fast growing organisms such as Mycobacterium fortuitum[12] and putative pathogens including organisms from the Mycobacterium avium complex [2]. However, these methods are not suitable for detecting all environmental NTM [13] and so cannot fully describe the mycobacterial diversity within soils. The use of PCR to amplify 16S rRNA sequences directly from the soil overcomes the need to culture soil organisms, and so avoids the bias inherent in classical microbiological isolation methods [14]. PCR primers specific for mycobacterial 16S rRNA genes have been designed to amplify sequences from a wide range of species [15,16]. Such primers have not previously been used to amplify soil DNA. In this study, primers specific for mycobacterial 16S rRNA genes were developed and applied to DNA extracted directly from soil to examine mycobacterial diversity.
2 Materials and methods
Ten soil samples were taken from arable plots at Rothamsted Experimental Station, which have been under a 5-year wheat rotation. Samples were mixed, sieved and DNA extracted from a 1-g subsample using the method described by Cullen [17]. DNA was extracted as described by van Soolingen et al. [18] from cultured isolates of Mycobacterium chelonae, Mycobacterium xenopi, M. avium/intracellulare, Mycobacterium mucogenicum, Mycobacterium kansasii and several unnamed mycobacteria all originally from Malawi, held at the Mycobacterium Reference Unit, Public Health Laboratory Service, Dulwich, UK.
Primers for the mycobacterial 16S rRNA gene were designed using the GCG8 suite of programs (Genetics Computer Group, Madison, WI, USA). Sequences representative of all the major clades of the mycobacterial 16S rRNA phylogenetic tree [19] were aligned using the program LOCALPILEUP. Regions of similarity were identified and prospective primers compared to the GenEmbl and Ribosomal Database Project II (RDPII) [19] databases using the programs FASTA and PROBE [19], respectively. Primers with maximal similarity to mycobacterial sequences, but minimal similarity to the 16S rRNA genes of other organisms, were selected. The primer sequences were 5′-ATGCACCACCTGCACACAGG and 5′-GGTGGTTTGTCGCGTTGTTC. PCR reactions contained 10 mM Tris–HCl, pH 8.3, 100 mM KCl, 2.5 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM dNTP mix, 0.8 μM primers, 0.04 U μl−1 Taq (Roche Diagnostics, Lewes, UK) and soil DNA, equivalent to 50 μg fresh soil. PCR cycle conditions were 94°C for 1 min, 55°C for 1 min, 72°C for 1 min, 45 cycles were used for soil DNA and 25 cycles for DNA from cultured isolates. Each PCR was finished with a final extension at 72°C for 5 min. Agarose gel-purified PCR products were cloned using TA cloning kits® (Invitrogen, Groningen, The Netherlands). Plasmids were prepared with Qiagen Mini kits (Qiagen, Crawley, UK) and sequenced using the ABI PRISM™ Dye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction kits (Perkin Elmer, Warrington, UK). To confirm that PCR products from cultured isolates were mycobacterial, they were restriction-digested by adding 2 μl×10 'O' reaction buffer (500 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 100 mM MgCl2, 1 M NaCl, 1 mg ml−1 BSA) and 10 U Eco130I (Helena Bioscience, Sunderland, UK) to 20 μl of PCR product and incubating at 37°C for 18 h.
Cloned sequences from PCR amplifications of soil DNA were compared to the GenEmbl and RDPII databases using the programs FASTA and Sequence Match [19], respectively, and aligned with the most closely related sequences using LOCALPILEUP and CLUSTALW [20]. Transition to transversion ratios was estimated using the program PUZZLE [21]. Ambiguous positions in the alignments were removed and distance matrices and trees generated using the PHYLIP V3.57 suite of programs [22] using DNADIST (Kimura-2-parameter method), DNAML and NEIGHBOUR (neighbour joining).
The 16S rRNA sequences from this study have been deposited in the GenEmbl databases under accession numbers AJ269557–AJ269566, named myco 1–myco 10.
3 Results and discussion
The forward and reverse primers were identical to 50% and 82%, respectively, of the Mycobacterium sequences in the RDPII database [19] and had single mismatches with the majority of the other mycobacterial sequences. Non-mycobacterial sequences had significantly less similarity to the primers. Thus, although not inclusive, the primers were predicted to be specific for mycobacterial 16S rRNA genes. Mycobacterial 16S rRNA gene product of the predicted 470-bp size was amplified from all the cultured isolates tested and from soil DNA. Digestion of PCR products from the cultured isolates with Eco130I to give 261- and 208-bp fragments was a convenient method of confirming the identities of the products. The product from M. xenopi was an exception: it was not predicted to, and did not, digest with Eco130I.
All of the 10 16S rRNA sequences isolated from the soil contained the Eco130I restriction site, were homologous to other mycobacterial 16S rRNA sequences and could be placed phylogenetically within the Mycobacterium clade. Most of the variable positions in regions encoding 16S rRNA stem structures contained complementary substitutions. The sequences formed three groups (Fig. 1). Group A contained sequences myco 1, myco 2 and myco 3 which were most similar, and phylogenetically closest to the fast growing xenobiotic degrading soil mycobacteria PYR-I [23] and the related environmental isolate Mycobacterium austroafricanum[24]. These sequences may be from similar pollutant degrading organisms, although the site is not contaminated. Alternatively, they may be representative of a more extensive and perhaps widespread group of mycobacteria, from which xenobiotic degrading strains have been selected for by the soil contaminants or by the procedures used to isolate them. Group B contained sequences myco 4, myco 5 and myco 6 which were most similar to, and phylogenetically associated with, the slow growing Mycobacterium heidelbergense and Mycobacterium lentiflavum[25]. The isolation of a sequence similar to myco 4 by McVeigh et al. [14] when examining the diversity of actinomycetes in woodland soils suggests that these organisms are not uncommon in the environment. Group C contained the sequences myco 7, myco 8, myco 9 and myco 10, which could not be reliably associated with any particular mycobacterial group. They may represent a novel group of mycobacteria, or may be an artefact of the PCR and cloning processes. They do show some indications of being chimeric although it would be unusual to generate such a large proportion of chimeras using these methods. The clinical significance of the sequences from this study cannot be determined, indeed, unless cultured, an organism's properties can only be inferred from its 16S rRNA sequence. However, no sequences similar to those of the virulent mycobacteria were isolated.
This study has demonstrated the utility of these primers in amplifying DNA extracted from cultured isolates, and directly from soil. Although the primers may not fully describe the mycobacterial diversity of this soil, they do demonstrate that both fast and slow growing groups are prevalent. Using these primers to amplify gene sequences directly from environmental samples has considerable potential to further our knowledge of environmental mycobacterial diversity. By examining samples from areas such as Malawi or Southern India, where the variable efficacy of the BCG vaccine has been studied, the relationship between uncultured environmental NTM and the vaccine can be investigated.
Ben Chilima is supported by EU Grant ERBIC18TC970254. We thank Koen de Smet, Belgian Free University, for useful advice and Malcolm Yates of the Mycobacterial Reference Unit, Public Health Laboratory Service, for supplying the cultured reference strains. IACR receives grant-aided support from the Biotechnology and Biological Research Council of the UK.
- © 2000 Federation of European Microbiological Societies


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The first time I came in, I Loved him. But then, when i had to start going in a regular basis I felt he was always rushing not really paying much attention to my concerns and not being as helpful as the begining. I feel he is not as interested to find a solution for your health issues, unless you have the solution yourself and let him know that. All his staff is really nice but this one receptionist (the youbg one is really nice) can be kind of rude and dry.
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|Key Info
Fantastic 1 bed apartment with stunning sea views, a stone's throw away from a gorgeous private beach. Great on-site facilities catering for families, couples and groups.
The apartment sleeps up to 4 with one double bed and one sofa bed. Marina Fort View Beach offers all the facilities you could need.
|Sleeps up to 4, 1 bedrooms
|1 bedroom, 2 bathrooms of which 1 family bathroom and 1 shower room
|Nearest beach
|On site
|Car advised
|Nearest Amenities
|1 km
|Nearest travel links
|Nearest airport: Bourgas 40 km, Nearest railway: Sunny Beach 7 km
|Family friendly
|Great for children of all ages
|No pets allowed, No smoking at this property
|Staffed property, Sea view
|Shared outdoor pool (unheated), Children's pool
|Central heating, Air conditioning, TV, CD player, Telephone, Satellite TV
|Kettle, Toaster, Iron, Hair dryer
|Clothes dryer, Cooker, Microwave, Fridge, Freezer
|Double Beds (1), Sofa Beds (1), Dining seats for 4, Lounge seats for 4
|Linen provided, Towels provided
|Shared outdoor pool (unheated), Balcony or terrace, Shared garden, Climbing frame, Swing set
|Secure parking, Not suitable for wheelchair users
|Further details outdoors
Key Resort Features:Fitness club with saunaFour RestaurantsTwo barsIrish pub CafeteriaPlaygrounds for childrenTennis court and football field Four swimming pools for adultsSpecial swimming pool for childrenBeauty and Medical centreSupermarket and Shops
|Further details
Flexible in terms of start/end dates
English-speaking representative on hand to answer any questions.
Sunny Beach is now the most prevalent holiday resort in Bulgaria, it lies just 26 km north of Bourgas, along the Black Sea coast. The beach is the longest and widest of any Bulgarian resort and boasts magnificent fine sand and high levels of cleanliness, having recently been awarded the prestigious International Blue Flag prize. The area is quickly expanding to meet the demands of tourism and now offers over 130 restaurants, nightclubs, a casino and various water sports including surfing and water-skiing. Excellent golf courses are only a short drive away.
Marina Fort View Beach resort is located along the coastal town of St. Vlas (also known as Sveti Vlas).
The Sveti Vlas (St.Vlas) village has about 3,000 inhabitants and is situated just 4 km to the north of Sunny Beach resort and 9 km away from the town of Nessebar. It lies in the skirts of the Stara Planina mountain (also called the Balkan mountain) and thus offers a beautiful combination of sea and mountain climate, considered favourable for those suffering from lung diseases. The adjacent beaches are of a total length of about 1km and average width of 16 metres. Besides the village's central beach, there is also a smaller one (the so-called 'Campinga' after the campsite there), stretching from the Sun Palace complex to the Riviera complex. The eastern end of the village's adjacent coastal line hosts the small port of local fishermen.


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"We were close enough to grab it, but we just didn't grab it," said team manager Rick Armijo of his Las Vegas Little League 11-12 All-Stars' run at the state title this past week in Taos.
Las Vegas reached the final four of the tournament, which brought the best majors division teams in nine districts from around the state.
The run ended Wednesday with a 14-2 defeat to Carlsbad.
"I'm real proud of the kids," Armijo said. "We had a great run. We were part of the last 48 players (in the age division) to be playing in the state."
Basketball is just the starting point for a learning experience about healthy choices, said Michael Cooper II, the founder and director of this weekend's Coops Life Skills camp.
The camp runs from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. both Saturday and Sunday at Mike Marr Gym. Cost is $80, which includes a camp T-shirt and a chance to win prizes including sports memorabilia from NBA legends. Registration forms are available at La Fiesta Restaurant on Seventh.
Nobody's perfect, but their record is.
With a 21-6 crushing of Tecolote in Tuesday night's final, the Benavidez Construction Hackers earned another Las Vegas men's adult softball league championship.
The team went 13-0 in the regular season and breezed through the postseason tournament with four wins, seeming to get stronger as the competition got tougher.
On July 18, the Hackers opened the tourney with a 14-6 verdict over the eighth-seeded Yo Momma. The next evening, Alta Vista's Balls Deep bunch gave the defending champions their biggest scare before losing 10-5.
• Women's city league tournament: games TBA, 6, 7 and 8 p.m., city complex
No local varsity sporting events scheduled
No local varsity sporting events scheduled
Memorial Middle School football practice will begin at 7 a.m. Aug. 6 at the MMS field. Athletes must have a current physical to practice; bring form on first day of practice or you will not be able to participate. If you have any questions, please contact Coach Martinez at 429-7975.
West Las Vegas football workouts are ongoing at 5 p.m. daily at the Herrera Complex. Two-a-days start Aug. 6; first practice will be at 6 a.m., and second practice will start at 5 p.m.
In two and a half months and counting, the Benavidez Construction Hackers hadn't dropped a single game in the Las Vegas men's adult softball league.
The hard-hitting juggernaut of a squad — often limited only by the league rules that restrict how many home runs count in the offensive team's favor — began the summer schedule back on the first week of May, clubbing the Vegas Hitmen 26-9.
Ely the Eliminator played the action hero role again for a Monday matinee at Isotopes Park.
Isotopes starting pitcher John Ely struck out seven Iowa Cubs in seven and one-third innings of work, holding the visitors to one run on four hits and a walk. He retired 13 of the first 14.
Ely improved to 9-7 with a 3.34 earned run average, and closer Scott Rice picked up a save after fanning three of the five batters he faced.
It's already been a busy summer as far as youth sports camps and clinics go, and the Las Vegas Recreation Department is adding to the smorgasbord with a full slate of low-cost camps this coming week.
The Abe Montoya Recreation Center is presenting "Sports Week: Skills and Drills" from Monday, July 30, to Friday, Aug. 3, at various locations in town. Each day of the week will be devoted to a different sport and a short camp for participants age 5 to 14.
Copyright © 2016
The Las Vegas Optic is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in San Miguel County and Las Vegas, NM, and the surrounding area.


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Blu, the US-based smartphone manufacturer, has announced a 4G-equipped smartphone for the Indian market, named as the Blu Life Mark. It is up for sale on Amazon at Rs. 8,999. The main feature of the device is its fingerprint scanner placed on the back panel. The company introduced two Windows-based smartphones for the Indian market, last year. Blu claims that the Life Mark smartphone features CNC machines-metal build, which gives… Read More
February 26, 2016 5:17 pm 7 comments


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Hi Everyone and Welcome to the 74th edition of Weekend Inspiration!
Every week we gather 25 inspiring photos from all around the Web to give a kick-start to YOUR weekend!
Where do these photos come from exactly? Well, they are gathered weekly from Websites such as Flickr, 500PX, Behance, and Photographers' Personal websites. And remember, these images just don't come from professional photographers – they come from amateur photographers as well, and there's always an image or two (or three, or four!) in here from the Phamily. (Scroll to the bottom of the post for information on how to submit work of your own or other's to possibly be featured in an upcoming edition of Weekend Inspiration)
So what are you waiting for?! Have a look at these awesome photos and don't forget to give the photographers some love or tell us your favourites!
If you have any suggestions of work to feature in upcoming editions of weekend inspiration, or if you would like to submit your own work to possibly be featured, please e-mail Angela at firstname.lastname@example.com. When e-mailing please provide links to the work from your Website, Flickr, 500px, Facebook, or Behance Page.
Make sure to become part of the Phlearn Family on Facebook, conversate with us on Twitter, and #hashtag your Phlearn inspirations on Instagram. We want to know what the Phlearn community social chatter is about, and who is sharing it. You all keep us motivated to do our best.
Have a great weekend everybody!


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