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Interactions of some common pathogenic bacteria with Acanthamoeba polyphaga
Protozoan grazing is a major trophic pathway whereby the biomass re-enters the food web. Nonetheless, not all bacteria are digested by protozoa and the number known to evade digestion, resulting in their environmental augmentation, is increasing. We investigated the interactions of Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), with the amoeba, Acanthamoeba polyphaga. There was evidence of predation of all bacterial species except L. monocytogenes and S. aureus, where extracellular numbers were significantly higher when cultured with amoebae compared with growth in the absence of amoebae. Intracellular growth kinetic experiments and fluorescent confocal microscopy suggest that S. aureus survived and may even multiply within A. polyphaga, whereas there was no apparent intra-amoebal replication of L. monocytogenes and higher numbers were likely sustained on metabolic waste products released during coculture.
- pathogen
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Acanthamoeba polyphaga
- amoebae
- protozoa–bacteria interactions
Grazing by heterotrophic protists is a major source of bacterial mortality in soil (Clarholm, 1981; Ekelund et al., 2002), marine (Barbaree et al., 1986; Epstein & Shiaris, 1992) and freshwater (Sanders et al., 1989; Iriberri et al., 1995) systems and is considered to be a major trophic pathway whereby the biomass produced by bacteria, cyanobacteria and algae re-enters the food web (Azam et al., 1983).
Nonetheless, not all bacteria are ingested and digested by protozoa, some escape protozoan ingestion for a number of reasons, including their cell size (Šimek & Chrzanowski, 1992; Jürgens & DeMott, 1995; Kinner et al., 1998; Posch et al., 1999). Some are ingested but have evolved strategies of evading digestion and even multiplying within protozoa, the prototypical example being Legionella pneumphila (Rowbotham, 1980; Barbaree et al., 1986; Brown & Barker, 1994; Brown & Barker, 1999; Molmeret et al., 2005). It is also frequently reported that L. pneumophila uses similar mechanisms to invade protozoan and mammalian cell lines (Segal & Shuman, 1999; Gao & Abu Kwaik, 2000; Molmeret et al., 2005); thus protozoa have been termed as 'trojan horses' (Brown & Barker, 1994) or 'biological gymnasia' whereby intraprotozoan cells train for their encounter with the more evolved mammalian cells (Harb et al., 2000). There is also increasing evidence suggesting that other bacterial species, for example Burkholderia cepacia (Marolda et al., 1999), Chlamydophila pneumoniae (Essig et al., 1997; Fritsche et al., 2000; Poppert et al., 2002), Escherichia coli 0157 (Barker et al., 1999), Mycobacterium avium (Cirillo et al., 1997; Steinert et al., 1998), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA; Huws et al., 2006) can also evade digestion within amoebae. Thus, amoebae may augment the survival of many pathogenic bacteria within the environment.
Although data are increasing with regard to certain bacteria being able to survive digestion within protozoa, data are still sparse and currently available data are sometimes conflicting. Here we have investigated whether the survival of Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) is augmented by the presence of Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Acanthamoeba polyphaga is ubiquitous in soil (Rodriguez-Zaragoza, 1994), aquatic (Hunt & Parry, 1998), and healthcare (Rohr et al., 1998) environments and so it will commonly encounter these pathogens in nature.
Materials and methods
Bacteria and their growth conditions
Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579, E. faecalis JH2-2, EPEC E2348/69, L. monocytogenes NCTC 11994 (serovar 4b), S. enterica serovar Typhimurium SL1344, and MSSA RN4220 were used throughout. All bacteria were grown to stationary phase (16 h) in Luria–Bertani (LB) broth at 37 °C, shaken at 100 r.p.m. Viable bacteria were counted on LB agar following serial dilution and incubation at 37 °C for 24 h. For coculture experiments, bacteria were harvested by centrifugation (10 000 g, 5 min) and washed twice in Neff's amoebal saline (NAS; Page, 1976), before OD adjustment to the required cell density.
Amoebae and their growth conditions
Acanthamoeba polyphaga was obtained from Dr T.J. Rowbotham (Public Health Laboratories, Leeds, UK) and grown in proteose peptone-yeast-glucose (PYG) medium as monolayers in 75 cm2 tissue culture flasks at 23 °C. Amoebae were subcultured weekly by gently tapping flasks to detach cells before diluting 1 : 10 in fresh medium. Stationary phase (3–5 days) cultures were used throughout this study. For coculture experiments amoebae were harvested by gently tapping flasks, followed by centrifugation (300 g, 5 min) and washing twice in NAS, before numbers were adjusted to c. 2 × 105 cells mL−1 using a haemocytometer.
Coculture experiments
Cocultures were prepared in 12-well plates (Helena Biosciences, Sunderland, UK). Wells were seeded with A. polyphaga (c. 2 × 105 cells mL−1) and amoebae were allowed to adhere for 30–60 min before the addition of bacteria at MOI (Multiplicity of Infection) 1 : 100 or 1 : 1000 of amoeba to bacteria. Plates were incubated at 37 °C, and following various time intervals, wells were cell-scraped, with dilution of the resulting cell suspension in saline (0.9% w/v) and colony counts of extracellular bacteria determined. Control bacterial and amoebal monocultures were also set up. Viability of A. polyphaga was assessed using the trypan blue exclusion assay (Gao et al., 1997).
Intracellular growth kinetics
Cocultures were prepared as described, with L. monocytogenes and S. aureus, however the microplates were centrifuged (300 g, 5 min, 37 °C) following the addition of bacteria to enhance contact between bacteria and adherent amoebae. After 2 h, the extracellular medium was aspirated and the attached amoebal layer was washed twice in NAS. Gentamicin sulphate (50 mg L−1 for 2 h), in the case of L. monocytogenes, or lysostaphin (20 mg L−1 for 2 h), in the case of S. aureus, was added to kill c. 99.99% of extracellular bacteria. The antimicrobials were removed by washing twice with NAS (designated time 0 h), after which intracellular growth was followed using the method of Gao (1997). Briefly, growth kinetics were determined by adding the number of released bacteria to the number of intracellular bacteria released following lysis of amoebae for c. 5 min with cold triton X-100 (0.1% v/v).
Growth in coculture cell-free supernatant
Cocultures were prepared as described with L. monocytogenes and S. aureus in 12-well microplates. Following 12 h (S. aureus) or 24 h (L. monocytogenes) of coculture, wells were cell-scraped and the contents were filter sterilized through 0.2-μm pore size filters. Cell-free medium was then inoculated with stationary phase, NAS washed, bacterial cells at a density of 2 × 107 CFU mL−1 (as described for coculture experiments). Plates were incubated at 37 °C, and following various time intervals, wells were cell-scraped, with dilution of the resulting cell suspension in saline (0.9% w/v) and colony counts of bacteria determined.
Localization of intracellular bacteria
To visualize intracellular bacteria, cocultures were prepared as described, using bacteria that had been prestained with 10 μM Cell Tracker BODIFY Viable Green for 30–60 min according to the manufacturer's recommendations (Molecular Probes, Leiden, The Netherlands). We chose the highest concentration of dye that did not affect the extracellular numbers of the bacteria in the presence and absence of amoeba at the concentration used (data not shown). This was done as the stain concentration halves during each doubling as it passes to the daughter cells. Regardless, following 24 h of coculture, amoebae were harvested by cell-scraping followed by centrifugation and suspended in 5 nM Lyso Tracker Red for 30–60 min as recommended by the manufacturer (Molecular Probes). Lyso Tracker red stains acidic organelles red. Cells were dried on poly-l-lysine slides before visualization under a confocal microscope (Zeiss Axiovert 100 M, Carl Zeiss Vision, Oberkochen, Germany). The occurrence of intracellular bacteria was quantified by scanning 100 fields of view (overall magnification × 100) and expressing their occurrences as percentage in terms of total amoebae viewed.
Statistical analysis
Normality of extracellular bacterial counts in the presence and absence of A. polyphaga was ascertained before anova was performed on the data sets (Log10 transformed). A Bonferroni post hoc test was performed to determine significance between control and test data at each time point. Normality of amoebal survival data in the presence and absence of bacteria was also ascertained before data were transformed (Log10) and t-tests performed.
Cointeractions of bacteria and amoebae
In our coculture system we followed the extracellular bacterial viable count and compared it with the survival of bacteria grown without amoebae. If the comparative counts in the presence of amoebae were lower then this was evidence of predation. If counts were higher then amoebae were sustaining bacterial survival and we sought to determine whether there was intra-amoebal growth (and release), extracellular bacterial growth on amoebal products or a combination of both. Figure 1a–f, illustrates the effects of A. polyphaga on extracellular bacterial numbers. All bacteria, except L. monocytogenes (Fig. 1e) and MSSA (Fig. 1f), were significantly (P<0.05) lower in numbers in the presence of the amoebae compared with controls in the absence of amoebae. Extracellular numbers of B. cereus (Fig. 1a) and E. faecalis (Fig. 1b) decreased by over 1 log cycle after 72 h of coculture, as did EPEC (Fig. 1c) and S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (Fig. 1d). Survival of L. monocytogenes (Fig. 1e) and MSSA (Fig. 1f) decreased more than 10 000-fold after 72 h; however, in the presence of amoebae, numbers were at least 3 log cycles higher, indicating that some amoebal interaction was enhancing bacterial survival. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in amoebal viability in the various bacterial cocultures compared with amoebae alone (Fig. 2). Nonetheless it was apparent that in the presence of EPEC, B. cereus and S. typhimurium, amoebae had grown by c. 160%, 150% and 120%, respectively, compared to in the absence of these bacteria, indicative of ingestion and digestion. In the presence of L. monocytogenes, E. faecalis and S. aureus, amoebae were c. 90%, 80% and 70%, respectively, lower in number, compared with in the absence of these bacteria, which suggests that they were not good food sources.
Internalization and intracellular growth of L. monocytogenes and S. aureus
At time 0 h, A. polyphaga had internalized c. 4 × 103 listeriae per 106 amoebae; however, from 4 h onwards intracellular and released bacteria were undetectable (Fig. 3). In contrast, at time 0 h, A. polyphaga had internalized c. 2 × 105 MSSA per 106 amoebae and combined intracellular and released bacterial counts increased by c. 1 log cycle after 24 h (Fig. 3).
Growth in coculture cell-free medium
It was evident that L. monocytogenes may be sustained by metabolic waste products released during coculture (Fig. 4a). Following 48 h in the presence of 24 h cell-free coculture medium, L. monocytogenes were c. 1 log higher compared to amoebal and bacterial control cell-free supernatants. The same was not apparent with S. aureus and numbers present in coculture cell-free supernatant were comparable to those present in amoebal and bacterial control cell-free supernatants (Fig. 4b).
Localization of intracellular bacteria
Confocal microscopy showed that c. 30% of amoebae contained S. aureus within acidic vacuoles (Fig. 5a–d), and c. 10% of the amoebae were heavily infected with cocci throughout (Fig. 5e–h). Confocal microscopy also revealed that c. 30% of amoebae contained intravacuole L. monocytogenes, with most being within acidified vacuoles (Fig. 6a–d).
Our experimental aims within this study were to investigate the spectrum of pathogen–amoebal interactions under the same experimental conditions. This is the first time that interactions of amoebae have been looked at with regard to E. faecalis and B. cereus. However, we recognize that the predation/survival/intracellular replication data for the other bacteria presented here differ in some instances from some work already published. For example, we found that EPEC does not survive predation by A. polyphaga, whereas E. coli O157 does (Barker et al., 1999). Also, we found no evidence that S. enterica serovar Typhimurium survived in the presence of A. polyphaga under our test conditions, whereas others have shown that S. enterica serovar Typhimurium proliferates within A. rhysodes (Tezcan-Merdol et al., 2004) and A. polyphaga (Gaze et al., 2003). The lack of proliferation in our system may be due to differences in the bacterial and amoebal strain and the low MOI used by Tezcan-Merdol (2004). Gaze (2003), on the other hand, used the same bacterial and amoebal strains, but with an agar-based approach and temperatures of either 25 or 35 °C. Unusually, intracellular replication occurred only in contractile vacuoles and was seen in fewer than 1% of amoebae. We did not see growth in contractile vacuoles, nor did we see increases in extracellular Salmonellae numbers in our system. Additionally, Ly & Müller (1990) showed that following 8 days of coculture at 36 °C, viable listeriae were released from Acanthamoeba sp., before they encysted, with any remaining intracellular listeriae being killed within the cysts. We found that our strain of L. monocytogenes could not survive or replicate within A. polyphaga in our test system; however, extracellular numbers did increase, likely sustained on excreted amoebal products or debris. Indeed, our data agree with a recent report by Zhou (2007), who looked at survival of various species of Listeria as well as many serovars of specifically L. monocytogenes within A. castellanii. They found that the presence of amoebae caused numbers of L. monocytogenes (serovars 4b, 1/2a, and 1/2c) to be higher than in the absence of amoebae. They also concluded that they found no evidence for intracellular replication of L. monocytogenes and that it was possible that the bacteria were scavenging naturally dead amoebae or that metabolic waste products were sustaining the growth of their bacteria over the duration of the coculture.
We have previously shown that many isolates of epidemic MRSA survive and potentially proliferate within A. polyphaga (Huws et al., 2006). Indeed, extracellular and intracellular bacterial numbers obtained in this study with a MSSA in the presence of amoebae were very similar to previous results with epidemic MRSA isolates 15 and 16. Thus, it is apparent that irrespective of their methicillin susceptibility, S. aureus have the capacity to survive within A. polyphaga. Recently published data also suggest that S. aureus avoid digestion within the amoebae Hartmannella vermiformis and A. castellanii (Pickup et al., 2007a, b). They suggest that S. aureus possess no specific mechanism for evading digestion but have postingestion defences such as a thicker cell wall, or an antioxidant yellow carotenoid. In this study fluorescent confocal microscopy revealed that after 24 h of coculture, c. 30% of amoebae contained viable cocci within phago-lysosomes, and c. 10% of amoebae had viable bacteria throughout the cytoplasm. So, we believe that S. aureus may be able to withstand acidic conditions and potentially accomplish intracellular replication. The heavily infected amoebae also stain red throughout the cell, providing evidence that perhaps phago-lysosomal fusion does occur before the bacterium escapes the phago-lysosome, thus also releasing the red stain to the cytoplasm. However, recent data investigating Burkholderia cepacia complex within A. polyphaga showed their intracellular survival through an alternative mechanism of survival, specifically within an acidified vacuole that was distinct from the lysosomal compartment (Lamothe et al., 2004). We cannot rule out this mechanism of intracellular survival for S. aureus. Although S. aureus is generally classified as an extracellular pathogen, increasing evidence suggests that it has the capacity to infect various mammalian cell lines (Hudson et al., 1995; Lowry, 2000; Hess et al., 2003). It is known that phagocytosed S. aureus can either induce apoptosis of the host cell (Bayles et al., 1998), or survive for several days in the cytoplasm, which is lacking antistaphylococcal activity (Balwit et al., 1994; Proctor et al., 1994). Regardless, the precise mechanisms that allow the survival of epidemic S. aureus strains in A. polyphaga remain to be deciphered.
It should also be noted that although we found that numbers of L. monocytogenes and S. aureus were greater in the presence of A. polyphaga these data do not compare to that obtained using this amoebal strain and L. pneumpohila serogroup 1, subtype Knoxville (Barker et al., 1992). Barker (1992) set up their experiments in exactly the same way as we have in our experiments, except that a MOI of 1 : 1 was used, and they found that bacterial numbers were 2–3 logs higher after 48 h of coculture than in the absence of A. polyphaga.
In conclusion, it is becoming clear that there is a wide spectrum of interactions between pathogenic bacteria and environmental amoebae. Bacterial predation and digestion is at one end of the spectrum and the paradigm of L. pneumophila replication within amoebae is at the opposite end. Indeed increasing research also suggests that between these extremes, there is a variety of interactions where strain dependency is clearly significant and environmental conditions are crucial determinants of the outcome of the interaction. Our data with E. coli and S. enterica serovar Typhimurium highlight the dependency on strain on the outcome of an interaction and we add MSSA, like MRSA (Huws et al., 2006), to the list of pathogens whose survival is enhanced by amoebae.
We thank the Lord Dowding Trust for Humane Research (M.R.W.B. and S.A.H.), the UK Department of Health for support (M.R.W.B. and A.W.S.) and also Unilever Research (R.J.M.), who funded this work.
Editor: Pauline Schaap
- © 2008 Federation of European Microbiological Societies.


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After a retreat to an Oregon farm, 19 of 31 college students developed an acute gastrointestinal illness. Campylobacter jejuni infection was recognized in all the ill students and caused asymptomatic infections in three others. In total, 22 (88%) of 25 students who consumed raw milk for the first time became infected as compared with none of two who had not consumed raw milk. Among ten persons who chronically consumed raw milk, none was ill, a striking difference from the 76% attack rate among the 25 acutely exposed students. The quantity of raw milk consumed was directly related to the occurrence and severity of illness. Acutely infected students showed significant rises in C jejuni—specific immunoglobulins, whereas the low antibody levels seen in unexposed persons did not rise. In contrast, acute-phase serum samples from persons with chronic exposure to raw milk showed elevated antibody levels to C jejuni. These findings indicate that chronic raw milk consumption is associated with elevated levels of C jejuni— specific serum antibodies and with immunity to symptomatic infection.
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204 N Galvin Rd
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Poor customer service.....
the owner is a real jerk.
The owner was very friendly, helpful and we would go there again without question. This was the easiest experience we've ever had with using uhaul trucks. He was very prepared and knowledgeable. Very happy customers.
Great location to pick up from. They offered to let me leave the auto transport there while I went to load the moving truck and then hooked it up for me when I was done. Very helpful!
I love this store. been here many times for trucks and supplies. nice to do business with!
The owner was very rude. I asked a question about the overage on miles and he responded," You should have read the contract, everything is in the contract." When I asked about a bigger truck he responded," You should have known what you was getting when you made the reservations online and that's what your get and walked away. VERY, VERY RUDE
Update the building, make it more bright and welcome. Turn on the air condition.
The truck was OK, but the service was horrible! The sales person was extremely rude. I had always used U-haul for one way trips (& have been very satisfied with the company!), but this time was an in-town trip which then had a "per mile rate" that I had never had and didnt realize was part of the bill I owed. When asking the salesperson about the charge, he rolled his eyes, told me he didnt care if I understood or not, walked out on me mid-conversation, and argued with me about other things in a way that was basically calling me stupid! He honestly was a shovanistic jerk, and your company would be better off if you got rid of him. I will certainly use U-haul again, but I will never use or recommend that location.
there is nothing that I can say except my overall experience was excellent, thank you
Very nice place to deal with.
Site showed store was open until 5pm. Arrived at 450pm to drop off trailer and shop was locked up. I left trailer & left voice mail, sent email by I-phone. Followed up the next to verify.
The only thing that I didn't like about the location was that if you say you're going to be there at 9am, you better be there at 9am or they will CLOSE! The location is only open based on reservation pick-ups.
friendly,quick, easy and very helpful. thank you
Bellevue location was very kind and apologetic and I had no issues with the very nice couple that assisted. I had to drive to Bellevue to put the excess items that did not fit in storage in daughters garage. Again,the reservation lady asked what size truck I had -she knew the truck was full and the unit did not come close to working. Very unprofessional.
Very rude service. Very disrespectful man that did not greet me. Terrible people skills and has no care for customer service. I will not be using uhaul ever again unless I receive anews apology from thathe store owner. He was unbelievably rude and hurtful.
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Robot cockroaches coated with pheromones are so well accepted by the household pests that the robots become part of the insects' collective decision-making process, researchers report on page 1155 of this week's issue of Science. (For more on robotics, see this week's special section.)


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Vernon to reconsider vote to eliminate police department
VERNON More than 200 Vernon residents have signed a petition asking that voters reconsider their decision to eliminate the Vernon Police Department.
Michael Ball said Thursday he had turned in the petitions, had them checked and certified by the town office. He said the Vernon Select Board now has to schedule a special town meeting within 60 days. He said, in all, 213 signatures were collected.
The vote to cut out the police department and replace it with a part-time police contract was 118-112.
The town is grappling with the fact that Entergy Nuclear, the owner of Vermont Yankee, is shutting down the plant at the end of 2014. Entergy was the towns largest taxpayer, contributing half of the towns budget in recent years.
Ball, a former selectman and a member of the Vernon Fire Department, said he was concerned about the elimination of the police department, which he said came out of the blue during the second night of Vernons marathon town meeting, which lasted three nights.
He said while his concern was the $300,000 cut in the $2.1 million town budget, state law required that any reconsideration vote consider the entire budget.
I believe that it was a precipitous decision, said Ball, who works at Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant in Vernon. It was such a large scale decision. He said hes sure that if people knew the police departments funding was in jeopardy that night, more people would have turned out at the meeting and opposed the cut.
Ball said the amendment included $40,000 in funding for a part-time contract with either the Vermont State Police or the Windham County Sheriffs Department.
But Ball said $40,000 a year would only pay for 18 hours a week of police coverage, when the town has been used to 140 hours of coverage a week with a three-person department headed by Police Chief Mary Alice Hebert. The funding cut would take effect on July 1.
Select Board Chairwoman Patricia ODonnell couldnt be reached for comment Thursday.
Ball said in 2012 and 2013 firefighters had to deal with emergencies at fire scenes that required police protection or intervention and the $40,000 budgeted made no provision for emergency overtime.
He said in 2013, the Vernon Fire Department had to deal with two standoffs, both of which lasted hours. Each time, he said the police and fire, along with state police, were on hold until the standoff was resolved.
He said there are two homes in Vernon that firefighters have been told they cannot enter unless accompanied by a police officer, and the department had calls to those homes in recent years as well.
The citizens have their safety net, with the fire department and EMS. They need their safety net too, the police. What happens without them? he said.
Ball said he didnt know what the effect would be on Vermont Yankee, which has its own security force, but does rely on the local police to an extent.
He said there would be construction and activity at Vermont Yankee at least until 2021, and he said if Vernon did away with its police department, Entergy would have to hire outside security as well.
Entergy continues to step up and provide grants and pay for different equipment, he said. If we turn around and vote to get rid of the police department, how can we expect them to be a good neighbor and step up to the plate? he said.
@Tagline:susan.smallheer @rutlandherald.comMORE IN Vermont NewsBARRE Armed with what appears to be one workable bid, City Manager Steve Mackenzie said Friday ... Full StoryBARRE In the grand scheme of things it wasnt big money, but for the 19 recipients ranging... Full StoryMONTPELIER A pending deal between the state and federal governments will give a big boost to... Full Story
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"great ending"
awesome ending for the series, ties quite well with the speaker for the dead series as well
"Ends the Bean series on a good note."
Good narration and much better story than Shadow Puppets. Great way to end the series.
"dreaded to hit "pause""
excellent reading by the narrators. I didn't miss music between chapters at all. good job.
"A story of human experience that'll reshape you."
A beautiful and tragic tale that wraps through political mystery and intrigue w/in the confounds of science. This is a work of OSC that will be remembered as a marquee experience in the genree.
"love it!"
this is one of the best series I've ever listened to! must read! the performances are stellar
"outstanding to say the least"
this audiobook was an awesome finish to this awesome series. I have enjoyed this series immensely and inbite you to enjoy it as welll.
"makes one remember"
very few books dredge up great and terrible memories from my past but this one did and blessed me with the ability to look at them from a different perspective.
And Buffalo George
It's hard to write a cogent review of this book because it's really just a 'tweener between Shadow Puppets and Shadow in Flight. In this one the continual reminders that Bean is dying are annoying. Interesting insight on Islam (from a Mormon?) As are the continual search for Bean's babies...as if OSC couldn't loose one and then have him/her resurrected in the next book? The geopolitical conflicts were interesting and you have to wonder where OSC obtained those ideas? This completes the "Shadow" series for me...read them all. Liked the first one best.
I'm in love with this series, such a beautiful conclusion to the saga of war.
Aa ex yt sl uq
"Way better than the last two."
This is Orson Scott Card at his best. Great story arc and complex characters without the overly simplistic plot devices of alien invasion or super genius pathological killer antagonist.


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There are few regions in Switzerland where so many significant castles can be found, as in the area between Lenzburg and the Seetal (Lake Valley) within a relatively short distance, one finds 5 castle of remarkable historical value. They are the castles of Brunegg (privately owned), Wildegg, Lenzburg, Hallwil and Heidegg
We offer a visit to the castle of Lenzburg and to the moated castle of Hallwil which is remarkably well restored. It can be reached from Lenzburg, stroling along the river Aabach or vice-versa. The visit in this little known but interesting and most attractive region of central Switzerland can be completed with a navigation excursion on the lake Hallwil.
The route can be enlarged to your liking with guided tours in the castles or with an extended walk through the old town of Lenzburg led by one of the official guides. Or a superb experience would be to make the trip in an open horse drawn carriage from Lenzburg right up to the gateway of castle Hallwil.
Next etappe: The Lake valley castles, 2nd day
Places along the route: Lenzburg - Schlossberg - Castle of Lenzburg - Lenzburg
First published: Mittwoch, 1. März 2006
Last updated: Mittwoch, 22. Januar 2014


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TimeSquare china is simple yet elegant, perfect for a fancy dinner or a catered event. Choose from plates of various sizes and style, as well as cups, saucers and platters. The china is high quality and constructed to be durable and able to withstand constant use without chipping or cracking during normal wear and tear. The edges of the plates and platters are raised to aid in serving and holding food and also to give them a unique and stylish look. Purchase what you need in lots, or get an entire set and save with our great bulk pricing.
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text:
Snakes and Ladders Game
By ManualiPc
Open iTunes to buy and download apps.
One of the most popular boardgames Snakes and Ladders (a race game) now on your iPhone and iPad!
DON'T MISS OUR NEW EXCITING GAME!: FruitLand ... like Candyland, but with fruit
VIDEO: http://youtu.be/6QtQZ6a3SN8
- This delightful game is simple and easy to play, even for small children who cannot read yet.
- 1 to 4 players.
- Automatic or manual movement of the playing pieces.
- Beautiful graphics and animations, sounds and special effects.
- Zoom in and out.
Players spin the wheel and move their playing pieces for the number of steps indicated by the wheel. If they land on the lower-numbered end of the squares with a "ladder", they can move their token up to the higher-numbered square. If they land on the higher-numbered square of a pair with a "snake", they must move their token down to the lower-numbered square.
The first player who successfully arrives at the last space in an exact number of steps is the winner. If you exceed the required number of steps, you must step forward into last space and then move backwards for the number of steps in excess.
The Game of the Goose : https://itunes.apple.com/app/thegameofthegoose/id441003020?l=it&ls=1&mt=8
Cars Puzzles : https://itunes.apple.com/app/thegameofthegoose/id441003020?l=it&ls=1&mt=8
GIFT THIS APP: Click the "Buy App" arrow on the iTunes App Store.
VISIT US: http://apps.manualipc.com
What's New in Version 2.5
ipod touch 4 crash correction
Customer Reviews
Hayley law
I love this game instead of the lite version 😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😜
- $5.99
- Category: Games
- Updated: 01 September 2012
- Version: 2.5
- Size: 23.9 MB
- Languages: English, French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish
- Seller: Rudi Pio Loco Boscariol
- © ManualiPc
Compatibility: Requires iOS 3.2 or later. Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.


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Learn languages with LingQ wherever you go. Choose from 1000's of hours of audio lessons. Listen and follow along in the text. Look up and save new vocabulary to your personal database. Track which words you know and which words are new to you. Review your vocabulary using flashcards and even study your lessons offline. All your data is fully synchronized with the LingQ web app and any offline activity is automatically synced the next time you connect to the internet.
Website is better I think it would be more useful to make the audios available offline on default because every time I open the app, it takes ages to load the course, let alone the audios inside! I haven't even had proper access to content ever since I installed it because of this reason. If everything was available offline, audios and scripts or at least if we could navigate the windows without loading for an hour, it certainly would be a great help.
LingQ is on the right path It's a great method to learn languages, but it should receive updates more regularly. We haven't seen any improvements or changes in months. In addition, the experience for mobile users is just poor if compared to the website's.
Useful with problems I love Lingq's method of learning languages through input and I use their website A LOT. I use the app often (almost daily) and have improved my target languages by using it. However, I keep having the same annoying problem where audio from lessons I've downloaded skip to the next lesson when approximately halfway through, so I don't get to listen to the whole lesson. Fix this and I would be a happy customer ☺
Useful app but A pity your nice system of learning is bugged with glitches in your app! Has a few glitches like : moving all blue words to known does not simply work! Changing the number 1 2 3 4 after it is assigned initially does not work for me. Come on! If you are charging people, these intuitive steps should be straight forward!
Great concept, app is really flawed This app is really flaky and it's such a huge shame because I think this is a fantastic way to study a language. I regularly have issues logging in, lessons don't load and I get errors when I try to make lingqs. I have reinstalled but it made no difference. It's frustrating to use so I will not renew my membership and will revert to using anki. Maybe if the app becomes more robust in the future I will come back but for now it is pretty poor quality for a premium, paid app.
:( Can't play audio with Samsung or google on my note 5. Had high hopes then I became icarus.
What's New
New in Version 3.9.3:
- Status change in card doesn't scroll the text to the top of the lesson anymore
- Further improvements
New in Version 3.9:
- Upgrading to Premium is now possible in the application
- Several fixes, including for login problems reported by some users


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سكس سوداني سكس سوداني Earth`s orbit defines a two-dimensional plane which we call the ecliptic. Throughout this process of finding your own unique secret key I will explain concepts, ideas and principles to apply wherever in life you want to create abundance, be it in your finances, your relationships, your health, your children, your reputation, your knowledge base, your career or your business. سكس باكستاني It is this. Most often described as a large white stallion with wings, they have been a mainstay of fantasy art for generations.
سكس هندي مخفي The confusion is also because because it`s been hard to figure out the exact distances to nearby stars and the position and geometry of the spiral arms where these stars reside. The methods for analyzing a space and the ``cures`` to correct the problems can vary from esoteric modalities used for centuries to technological solutions of our current timeline. سكس سوداني Pegasus sprang from the blood of the Gorgon Medusa when the hero Perseus beheaded her.
سكس سوداني Both must blend in harmony to created balance in one`s life.
سكس هندي مخفي Fennoscandian werewolves were usually old women who possessed poison coated claws and had the ability to paralyse cattle and children with their gaze. Together with Song Seung-hun and Son Ye-jin, Han is noted for her role in the well-known KBS drama Summer Scent.
The buzz around the film started building during the Cannes Film Festival in May 2006, when Baron Cohen posed in character on the beach in a neon green mankini, alongside two models. more traditional triangle cups that lift and shape the breasts.


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Sometimes I have to let an idea incubate. Every month I pen a short piece for InThePowderRoom, probably the greatest humor blog on the web. Or, accurately, the greatest humor blog on the web that has asked me to …Read More
Bloggers are Weird Podcast – Tara Wood – Love Morning Wood
Tara Wood is a mother of seven, humor , and public speaker. She writes at LoveMorningWood and routinely says things you would have d to hear from your friend's mom, but would have been horrified to hear from your own …Read More
I Reviewed the F-Cup Cookie on InThePowderRoom
Once in a while I make a good life decision. Recently, I worked out an exclusive content agreement with bed humor site InThePowderRoom. This means I write fresh stuff for them every month. My dead for this month's article is …Read More
I'm Going to Impress You With a Big Word
I always wanted to write a piece where I used the word "precipice." Just wanted to say that. Great opener, yes? Let's move on. We all need a council of people that will tell us the truth even when it …Read More
The Twenty-Four Year Old Running The Chili's Twitter Account is Fun
The past few weeks have been unfortunately busy. I'm trying to cut down on my adverbs, by the way. I couldn't even make past the first sentence. Dammit. Anyhow, my best friend's father passed away and I traveled back to …Read More
My First Bidet – #LetsTalkBums
Cottonelle asked me to write about my first bidet experience – I told them to screw off because D.J. only does bidet humor on video! Seriously, and they're not paying me to say this (well, they are sponsoring the blog, …Read More
Queerie Bradshaw – Part I – Bloggers are Weird Podcast
D.J. invites political activist, feminist, and sex and humor Queerie Bradshaw to talk about what we don't. In this episode we learn about her background in sex education, law, and writing. Part II coming soon! Via iTunes Zune or …Read More
Why I Don't Respond to Your Twitter Replies – A Confession
This may cost me some followers. There are a lot of posts out there with these types of titles. Usually lists of stupid things people do on which cause the author to roll their eyeballs and not respond. You've …Read More
Proud to be a Man of BlogHer
As I drove home from night two of BlogHer I started to cry. I was lucky this year. BlogHer, the largest blogging conference in the country, was hosted in my hometown of Chicago. This meant easy travel from my condo …Read More


text: Austin News, events, and entertainment happening in and around Austin and the Central Texas counties of Travis, Hays, Caldwell, Bastrop and Williamson East Austin Reunion Tells Two Tales of Local Preservation By Audrey McGlinchy • Apr 4, 2016 Jorge Sanhueza Lyon/KUT Jimmy Reed, 78, stands in front of his childhood home on East Austin's Garden Street. It has been stripped to the 1920s wooden frame, and the barely 800-square-foot home looks more condemned than livable. Listen Listening... / 7:33 City Seeks to Bridge Gap, Improve Quality of Life for its Asian American Residents By Syeda Hasan • Mar 31, 2016 Syeda Hasan for KUT News The City of Austin is hosting a series of community meetings for Asian American residents as part of an effort to help improve their quality of life. Listen Listening... / 2:16 That Time UT Austin Waged a War on Grackles By Mose Buchele • Mar 31, 2016 Mose Buchele for KUT News You know what happens when you leave your car under a tree full of grackles? What your car looks like after a day or two? To hear John Burns tell it, there was a time when the University of Texas campus looked like that. Listen Listening... / 7:48 The Uber and Lyft Proposition Doesn't Fall Neatly Along Party Lines By Audrey McGlinchy • Mar 31, 2016 Miguel Guitierrez Jr./KUT Recently, local political action committee Ridesharing Works for Austin hired two Republican campaign veterans – Reed Galen and Travis Considine. Between them, they've worked on campaigns for John McCain, George W. Bush and Rick Perry. And in what feels like the same breath, the Travis County Democratic Party formally took a stance in opposition of Proposition 1, the ride-hailing regulations proposed by Ridesharing Works for Austin as an alternative to those passed by the city. The regulations were submitted by petition in January. Listen Listening... / 4:12 Why Do Grackles Flock To Grocery Store Parking Lots at Dusk? By Mose Buchele • Mar 31, 2016 Miguel Gutierrez Jr./KUT Some birds are well-liked. Some are considered pests. Many just slip under the radar—but not the grackle. The grackle demands that you take notice. Pamela Gooby certainly did. "It's like this big velvet wave of grackle in the parking lot of the grocery store," says Gooby, whose question was chosen for this edition of KUT's ATXplained series. Listen Listening... / 6:26 A History of Austin's Love-Hate Relationship with the Grackle By Andrew Weber • Mar 30, 2016 Carlos Lowry via Flickr Mention the lowly-but-ubiquitous grackle to an Austinite, and you'll likely elicit a binary, typically love/hate, response. Unlike the city's other winged mascot, the bat, which is more or less tolerated by some and celebrated by others, the grackles of Austin have been hunted, hated, loved and praised since their migration here more than a century ago. Want to Swim at Hamilton Pool This Summer? You'll Need a Reservation By Audrey McGlinchy • Mar 30, 2016 darrellrhodesmiller from flickr As visitors to Austin-area pools multiply, some local municipalities are having a hard time accommodating all those would-be swimmers. That's the case with Hamilton Pool, which is managed by Travis County. Listen Listening... / 1:42 2015 Racial Profiling Numbers Point at Trend Within APD By Audrey McGlinchy • Mar 28, 2016 Nasha Lee for KUT News New racial profiling data from the Austin Police Department solidifies what the Austin Police Monitor says is a five-year trend of policing people of color most often. Listen Listening... / 2:41 CLEAT Appeals APD's Firing of Officer Involved in David Joseph Shooting By KUT Staff • Mar 24, 2016 Nathan Bernier, KUT News Today, the state's largest law enforcement association formally appealed the firing of Austin Police Officer Geoffrey Freeman for the shooting death of 17-year-old David Joseph. Attorneys with the Combined Law Enforcement Associations of Texas (CLEAT) filed the paperwork Thursday with the Austin Civil Service Commission, arguing that Freeman acted in accordance when he shot and killed Joseph last month. Freeman was fired on Monday. Mild Winter Brings Bluebonnets a Bit Earlier Than Usual By Syeda Hasan • Mar 24, 2016 Syeda Hasan/KUT If you've taken a drive through Central Texas lately, you might have noticed that bluebonnets are already dotting some roadsides, which prompted some to ask whether state's famous flower is early or right on time this year. Listen Listening... / 2:11 Before Batman Was Broody, Austin Hosted the Hero's First Film Premiere By Andrew Weber • Mar 23, 2016 Neal Douglass, via Austin History Center, ND-66-290-01 On Thursday, the next Batman movie will hit screens in Austin. While it's technically a Superman movie, the Dark Knight's top billing in "Batman v. Superman" and some of the early reviews intimate otherwise. But, nearly 50 years ago, the Caped Crusader's first film outing flew into Austin for its premiere. As Splash Season Nears, City Begins to Write Future of Austin Pools By Audrey McGlinchy • Mar 23, 2016 Miguel Gutierrez Jr. for KUT News As the temperature in Austin climbs, kids and adults flock to the city's several dozen pools. But while the industry puts a pool's lifespan at 30 years, many of Austin's are 50 years or older. So in 2012, the city decided it would create an Aquatic Master Plan, a document that would imagine the future of Austin's pools. That process is now in its third and final phase of completion. Listen Listening... / 2:13 CapMetro Approves Saltillo Plaza Deal By Syeda Hasan • Mar 22, 2016 Via Endeavor Real Estate Group After much back-and-forth with labor groups, Capital Metro's board of directors approved a final agreement Monday with developers for its Plaza Saltillo project. The final agreement addresses two points that labor groups have been pushing for – better wages and on-site supervision. Listen Listening... / 2:06 As Distance, Costs of Procedures Increase, Austin Groups Help Women Seeking Abortions By Ashley Lopez • Mar 21, 2016 Miguel Guitierrez Jr. for KUT News For many women in Texas, abortions are getting harder to obtain. The cost of the procedure is increasing, and so are the distances people have to travel to get one. For some, that's making it almost impossible to get an abortion, but there are groups here in Austin working to transport women to clinics far from home and help them cover the costs. Listen Listening... / 4:30 How Nonprofits Capitalized on SXSW Crowds to Boost Charitable Efforts By Syeda Hasan • Mar 21, 2016 Jorge Sanhueza Lyon/KUT South By Southwest is known for drawing leaders in film, music, and tech to Austin. The festival may be over, but some are hoping it can leave lasting impression. Some groups are used the festival to promote social causes. Listen Listening... / 2:07 Here's Why Concert Noise From Downtown Sometimes Makes Its Way To Hyde Park By Kate McGee • Mar 18, 2016 One night two years ago, Terrence Henry (devout KUT listeners will probably remember him) was at home during SXSW when he felt his floorboards start to vibrate. "I stepped outside, and it sounded like there was a concert happening a couple blocks away. I could hear the bass. I could hear the lyrics," he said. "After a little bit of research, we determined it was Snoop Dogg." Advocates Call for Wage, Safety Safeguards for Plaza Saltillo Workers By Syeda Hasan • Mar 18, 2016 Syeda Hasan for KUT News Capital Metro unveiled plans Thursday for its Plaza Saltillo redevelopment, but some labor groups are concerned about working conditions on the project. Listen Listening... / 1:55 Requiem for a Rehearsal: The Story of One Band's SXSW Audition By Trey Shaar • Mar 17, 2016 via Facebook For three decades now, musicians have been making their ways to Austin in March, hoping South by Southwest will provide that elusive boost to their musical careers. It's happened countless times. But as my band, Dread, experienced back in 1989, it often doesn't happen exactly as planned. Listen Listening... / 5:15 Fight the FOMO: What It's Like to Work (and Not Work) During SXSW By Mose Buchele • Mar 17, 2016 Jorge Sanhueza Lyon/KUT This time of year, thousands of visitors flock to Austin to network and to party. And thousands of Austinites still need to get up in the morning and go to their jobs. It's not easy, and sometimes it's just not even possible. Listen Listening... / 4:32 As SXSW Parties On, The City Cleans Up By Audrey McGlinchy • Mar 17, 2016 Miguel Guitierrez Jr./KUT On 6th Street just past midnight, small herds of young people mill in the street or near the entrances of bars – some smoking cigarettes, others looking at their phones. Virginia Alexander honks at them to move. She is trying to drive her ATV down the street to get to the trash cans. Listen Listening... / 8:59 Pages« first ‹ previous … 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 … next › last »


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Nick Hwrote a review of Ibex Stretch Merino Glove Liner on January 1, 2016
BC warranty department is unresponsive.
Familiarity: I've used it once or twice and have initial impressions
Fit: True to size
Bought two pairs, one for me, one for my ladyfriend. The smalls came and had a small hole in the thumb. BC told me to email the warranty department, which I did 3 days ago, with pics, and haven't heard anything back.


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Ice Armor Stalhrim shared a video (@ShadowJ)
Nov 26, 09 9:11am
Ice Armor StalhrimCan't wait til this game comes out. MassEffect2
Jul 19, 09 5:47pm
Ice Armor StalhrimThis game looks freakin' awesome!!!!!!!!!!!! yeahh!!!!!! TheElderScrolls4Oblivion
Jul 17, 09 6:36pm
Ice Armor StalhrimFull demo wth Sega GT 2002 JetSetRadioFuture
Oct 11, 08 12:13pm
Ice Armor StalhrimI ony have a full demo with another game called JSRF: Jet Set Raio Future SegaGT2002
Oct 11, 08 12:11pm
Ice Armor StalhrimThis is better than the XBOX version. TomClancysSplinterCellDoubleAgent
Oct 11, 08 12:06pm
Ice Armor StalhrimThis game is good, but not as good as Splinter cell: Chaos Theory TomClancysSplinterCellDoubleAgent
Oct 11, 08 12:02pm
Ice Armor StalhrimCombat's better than morrownd, but like morrowind G.O.T.Y. better, but when bored i play Fable: The Lost Chapters, until i'm bored of... FableTheLostChapters
Oct 11, 08 11:39am
Ice Armor StalhrimBetter than, COD4, knda like both though, morrowind alot though. TomClancysRainbowSixVegas2
Oct 1, 08 3:47pm
Ice Armor StalhrimMorrowind is the best ame, could play it for an Eternity TheElderScrolls3MorrowindGOTY
Sep 30, 08 6:30pm
- private
- Joined Sep 30, 2008
- private
- private
- private
- nothing
Game Identities
- XBL Gamertag: CyberNerd95


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Coventry University is a diverse and exciting place to work and we share the enthusiasm of our staff and students to be the best at whatever they choose to do. As one of the City's biggest employers, we offer some impressive benefits for our staff and are committed to delivering the very best opportunities. We have a comprehensive training, personal and professional development programme that provides our employees with the skills to enhance their performance in the workplace and grow in their careers. There are pension schemes, a generous holiday allowance and flexible working opportunities as well as lifestyle benefits including childcare vouchers, discounted membership to the £4 million sports and recreation centre and schemes such as Cycle to Work and the CU Car Share initiative.
View current job vacancies.
Access the central point of information for all staff across the University.
Check your assessments, access Solar and get course information.
Proudly presenting our annual report for 2015/16 - a summary of our achievements, research highlights and our developing partnerships and collaborations.
Featured Video
Katherine Hall talks switching her PhD to Coventry University to study Psychology.
Experts in migration and psychology are to highlight the urgent need for improved well-being support for refugees at an event hosted in Coventry later this month.
Coventry University seeks to make significant contribution towards the conservation of lions and incentivising previously aggrieved communities.
Not a sprint but a journey.
We are continuing to make a substantial contribution to some of today's most challenging issues – that's why we're putting ground-breaking research at the heart of everything we do. You can discover our research in a number of ways; take a look at our people, projects, news or events by browsing through the research directories, explore our different areas of research or read some of our spotlight features to discover our latest cutting edge thinking. Read more...
Contact for corpus linguistics and academic writing | Email: email@example.com
Contact for educational technologies, pedagogy, staff experiences, digital research methods and methodologies | Email: firstname.lastname@example.com | Phone: +44 (0) 24 7765 9486
Contact for conflict economics, economics, political economy, conflict studies, economics of terrorism | Email: firstname.lastname@example.com | Phone: +44 (0) 24 7768 8467
Contact for corpus linguistics, discourse analysis, migrant correspondence and business correspondence | Email: email@example.com | Phone: +44 (0) 79749 84639
The British Academic Written English Corpus (BAWE) was collected as part of the project, 'An Investigation of Genres of Assessed Writing in British Higher Education'. The project was funded by the Economic and Social Research Council.


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Two bowl games tonight, but zero involving non-AQ teams. Not to fret, several more non-AQ bowls are on tap for this week.
Now on to some links:
Air Force put its training to use in its 14-7 win over Georgia Tech in the AdvoCare V100 Independence Bowl.
The Falcons seniors starred for the last time.
TCU stopped and smelled the roses Monday.
East Carolina coach Ruffin McNeill is not concerned about his team's long layoff heading into the Military Bowl against Maryland on Wednesday.
FIU could be an overwhelming favorite to repeat as Sun Belt champs.
Will SMU or Army have more fans at the Armed Forces Bowl, being played at SMU's home stadium?
Jared Hassin leads the Army ground game.
UCF has arrived in Memphis for the AutoZone Liberty Bowl on Friday.
BYU's future is unclear due to the uncertainty of the offensive coaching staff.


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1 review of Skyport Restaurant, first by you?
January 23, 2010
Sky Port
Sky Port is a good basic place for breakfast with interesting specials that appeal to the whole family.
Skyport Restaurant Articles — Things To Know Before You Go
In the U.S., sandwiches are as ubiquitous as they are delicious. But it turns out that sandwiches, in all of their various, glorious forms, are popular all over the world. From Danish smørrebrød to... read more
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Recent Visitors
8/25/2014 A diner from San Francisco, CA tried it.
9/10/2013 A diner from Salem, MA tried it.


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Turns out there was a lot more to this Judaism than anyone had let on in the first 30 years of my life.
Despite talk of Tel Aviv's insulated status, the 'first Hebrew city' is very politically saturated — if you look beneath it.210
Throughout Donald Trump's campaign, Jared Kushner has done what Court Jews have done for centuries — rationalized insults for the sake of survival.76
'The soldiers were aware that we were watching and they changed their treatment of the Palestinian accordingly.'26
A new book by Rabbis Against Gun Violence calls out the American gun fetish as a form of idolatry that values unfettered access to guns over the sanctity of human life.
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Tips And Tricks That You Need To Know About The IPhone
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Ankara Hotel Midi - Ankara
Your hotel has 2 restaurants serving lunch and dinner where you'll find good menu choices and service with a smile. The bar/lounge is a perfect place to have a drink.
A health club and a sauna are among the leisure facilities on offer. Free WiFi and high-speed (wired) Internet access is provided.
Ankara Hotel Midi - Ankara
Hotel Info: 1-877-214-4288from $51
- Executive Room, 1 Double Bed with Sofabed
- Luxury Room
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 73 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 5 floors
- Check-in time starts at 2 PM
- Check-out time is 1 PM
- Express check-in/out
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Children (12 years old and younger) stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding
- Pets not allowed
Extra people
- Roll-away beds available, charges may apply*
- Free WiFi and wired Internet access in public areas
- Free WiFi and wired Internet access in rooms
- Airport shuttle *
- Free valet parking
Other information
- Smoke-free property
In the hotel
- Free breakfast
- 2 restaurants
- Bar/lounge
- Coffee shop/café
- 24-hour room service
- Health club
- Steam room
- Sauna
- Free use of nearby fitness center
- Business center
- Number of meeting rooms - 6
- Conference space
- Meeting rooms 6
- Conference space size (feet) - 3767
- Conference space size (meters) - 350
- Computer station
- 24-hour front desk
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Luggage storage
- Wedding services
- Multilingual staff
- Porter/bellhop
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Year Built 1992
- Elevator/lift
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Rooftop terrace
- Garden
- Terrace
- Fireplace in lobby
- Television in common areas
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
In the room
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Air conditioning
- Minibar
- Bathrobes
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Soundproofed rooms
- Premium bedding
- Individually furnished
- Private bathroom
- Deep soaking bathtub
- Rainfall showerhead
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- 66-cm LCD TV
- Premium TV channels
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Phone
- Daily housekeeping
- In-room safe (laptop compatible)
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Access via exterior corridors
Special features
DiningLe Salle d Or - Overlooking the garden, this restaurant serves lunch and dinner. Guests can order drinks at the bar and enjoy alfresco dining (weather permitting).
Crystal Restaurant Bar - Overlooking the garden, this bar serves dinner only. Guests can enjoy alfresco dining (weather permitting).
Ankara Hotel Midi - Ankara's small print
Also known as
- Ankara Hotel Midi
- Ankara Midi
- Ankara Midi Hotel
- Hotel Midi
- Hotel Midi Ankara
- Midi Ankara
- Midi Ankara Hotel
- Midi Hotel
- Midi Hotel Ankara
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms.
Optional extras
Airport shuttle service is offered for an extra charge of TRY 90 per vehicle (one way)
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
Recent reviews
Excellent 4.0 /5 from 28 reviews
They should prepare more table for the breakfast


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All the staff are super friendly, the food is amazing. I will definitely eat there again if I am ever in the area.
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All the staff are super friendly, the food is amazing. I will definitely eat there again if I am ever in the area.
Average restaurant with average diner food. Will stop and get pies to go once in awhile. Love their fruit pies specifically.
We eat here often always get there breakfast as they serve it all day. Very good breakfast we get the take 4 and select the four items we want many selection to choose from friendy service. Good prices also they have the best pie around if you sre looking for s something sweet. One day a week it is free... 更多
Love this place. Great food like mom makes. Excellent variety of breakfast & other items. Prices are right on. And free pie on Wednesdays.
They had 30 options for breakfast... price of $7.89. The food was piping hot and very good. The server, Aurora was VERY efficient and friendly. Stopped again on our way home it was SO good!
We had a large party on Fathers Day and they were able to accommodate without a long wait. Food was fast and good.
Ate breakfast there once on a Sunday morning. Then went back on a Wednesday I think for lunch. Both were... 更多
Had the Southwest Chicken Salad- fresh and quality was good- dressing was very good chipolte. My guest had the breakfast... 更多
I love going here on a frequent basis and ordering the skillet. The skillets are amazing and the price is... 更多
We travel a lot by car and really enjoy having a late breakfast. We read the reviews of the Village... 更多
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text:
You asked, Lehman's listened…and set me to researching and washing load after load of dishes! When I searched for 'homemade dishwasher soap' on the web, I found over 95,000 listings! Here are recipes and links for two that I found most effective.
Two of the Best
Earlier this year, American Preppers Network ran a feature on Lehman's (http://americanpreppersnetwork.com/2012/07/lehmans.html), and I've followed them as part of my research reading since. In September, they ran a solid recipe for auto dishwasher detergent that is one of the best I tried. (Click the blue link for the article and recipe.)
Another recipe you may find useful if you have very hard water–click on the blue link: www.ourhomemadehappiness.com
As with most of the recipes I found, these two use washing soda, borax and citric acid (or Ball Fruit Fresh) as main ingredients. If you're already making your own laundry soap, you should have these on hand. They're great dishwashing, laundry, and general household cleaning supplies. These cleaners are reliable, biodegradable and act as powerful cleaners and disinfectants. They can easily replace the chemical-based cleaners you may be using.
Evaluation and Results
Many recipes say to leave the detergent mixture out a few days and mix it well several times after you initially combine ingredients to counteract the tendency of the citric acid to clump. I have three cats, so I'm not leaving anything out that resembles sand, if you catch my meaning. I can't imagine leaving this out in a house with little ones either. Although these are all natural products, they are cleansers. One wouldn't want one's pets or children to eat it.
I kept my detergent mix in a salvaged and washed 4 quart deli container. I shook the mixture well a couple of times a day. It stayed fairly free-flowing. I have very hard city water, and the dishwasher in my rental house is about 9 years old. It was fantastic to see my glasses come out clear and my plates film-free for the first time since I moved in this summer.
I used Ball's Fruit Fresh in my rendition. It was simpler for me to pick this up at Lehman's in Kidron (it's also available at www.lehmans.com) than to track down citric acid.
My husband is working out of town right now—I can't wait to use this at his place, which has very soft water. Sometimes, the dishes feel almost sticky, no matter how light a hand he uses with the dishwasher detergent.
Extra bonus: You can use this powdered detergent as a scouring powder. Test it first on a hidden corner to make sure the surface on which you choose to use it won't fade. As with all strong cleansers, protect your eyes and hands with safety glasses and rubber gloves.
The Last Word
Is it really less expensive to run a fully loaded dishwasher than to do dishes by hand? Will the dishes be more sanitary? According to Amy Dacyczyn's Tightwad Gazette, no, not so much. Overall, you'd still use less water by hand washing. So…I'm off to research homemade liquid dishwashing (by hand!) soap! I know there's got to be something out there, my fellow frugalites, and I intend to share it with you.


text:
Picture yourself spending some time with congenial friends, sharing your lives and pictures from your cell phones." They're curious about that cool game, song, movie, camping trip, art show, or other event that fascinated you. You talk about all kinds of stuff, poetry, styles, personal achievements, relationships, and bad days. You can share your inner child, and laugh together. They sympathetically listen to your feelings about serious topics like politics or climate change, even when they don't agree.
Personal validation comes from paying attention to one another, giving more than you get. Everyone respects you and themselves, despite our amazing range of personal tastes and interests. They'll tell you they don't agree with an idea or behavior without implying you're a bad person or somehow deficient. It's an "I'm OK, You're OK" kind of fellowship, where nobody tries to make himself look better by picking on somebody else.
Nobody here is into mind games. A discussion started with a loaded guilt-throwing question will be deleted.
This group is not intended to compete with other groups on topics they cover but to "fill in the cracks." Whenever a discussion dwells at length on a topic for which there's an existing group, we urge you to provide members a link to that group to continue along their tangent.
A comment is a shout-out, which will get lost in a few days, because the comment wall is just a random stack.
Please start a discussion to share stories, photos, and videos. Replies will pop up in your "latest activity" and a conversation can develop from the feelings and thoughts you contributed. Groups are built on discussions.
Started by Loren Miller. Last reply by Compelledunbeliever on Tuesday. 37 Replies 6 Likes
The following is one of TheraminTrees' most thorough-going pieces, wherein he looks at the process and techniques whereby a "religious" organization (which will sound VERY familiar to most of us, once introductions are made!) takes a person who…Continue
Tags: indoctrination, truth, manipulation, TheraminTrees
Started by Loren Miller Sep 6. 0 Replies 2 Likes
If you are associated with religion and especially a fundamentalist religion, doubt is intolerable. Certainty, however it may be achieved or imposed, becomes a necessary element, especially considering the utter dearth of any form of evidence or…Continue
Tags: religion, TheraminTrees, punish, doubt
Started by Joan Denoo. Last reply by Chris G Sep 5. 11 Replies 0 Likes
Morally Bankrupt Christian Sex Hang-Ups Turned Zika into a Brain Damage CrisisGod may have created the…Continue
Started by Loren Miller. Last reply by Idaho Spud Sep 2. 17 Replies 5 Likes
I suppose I've heard stories like this before:Conscientious atheist donates money to worthy cause.Worthy cause initially accepts money.Worthy cause discovers source of donation.Worthy cause rejects donation.Swell, eh? Well Matt Willbourne of…Continue
Tags: American Baptist Churches Association, Murrow Indian Children's Home, The Thinking Atheist, Seth Andrews
Started by Loren Miller. Last reply by Randy Hatly Sep 2. 3 Replies 3 Likes
Ever decide that you wanted to read the whole bible, cover to cover, only to realize half-way through Deuteronomy that the darn thing is industrial-strength BORING?!? Well, never fear! America's Best Christian, Betty Bowers, has done the Cliff's…Continue
Started by Loren Miller. Last reply by Chris G Aug 29. 22 Replies 1 Like
You might think that Betty Bowers, America's Best Christian, would be stepping outside of her comfort zone in tackling the concept of patriotism. As it turns out, not only does she have a proper handle on the term and its implications, she also…Continue
SPUD!!! What are you doing?
but ugly!
Your flag is bright! Hard to forget.
Schiedam has wasp stripes.
My cities' Flag was voted the ugliest in the USA, but there are some other cities that I would rate higher (lower?), like Grand Rapids MI, which looks like Ms. Pac-Man after a bender. http://gizmodo.com/are-these-the-ugliest-city-flags-on-earth-172826...
It could be several months, perhaps even a couple of years before I was discovered. I don't interact with any of my used-to-be Mormon friends, and there's very tittle interaction with my Mormon family anymore.
Theres only one neighbor that I talk to, and not often at that. It would take them several months to wonder. In the summer, their first clue would be the plants in my garden dying. If it was in the winter, they wouldn't become concerned until early summer.
My mailbox is huge and can't be looked in, so it would be several months before the mailman would experience a clogged box.
Then you'd better organize a fixed point in your day for a short contact so someone can press alarm buttons when you don't react.
I recently read about a woman who had died in her home in Michigan, but found 5 years after the fact! She had no family or friends evidently. Neighbors mowed her lawn (thinking she was job-related traveling). All her bills and deposits were done automatically. She was not missed.
I was thinking that could be me--maybe not for 5 years, but several months. In the winter, I often hunker down and could possibly disappear from radar. If I slipped in the bathtub and went into a coma, who would know? How long would it take to be discovered? Fortunately, I have a sister and daughter nearby that might wonder where I was. But, it is a concern for me.
I was thinking of Luara and Steph as well as Pat.
Carl, that video was fun--very entertaining! Jimmy was quite talented.
Joan, in my genealogy work, tracing Smith ancestors has been a real challenge. Since my 3rd great grandfather came from Germany, I'm thinking he may have been a Schmidt (sp?) of some sort. He's where the line ends.
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text: Electronic Theses and Dissertations http://hdl.handle.net/1957/88 2016-09-22T07:18:48Z 2016-09-22T07:18:48Z Post-Aggregate Aggregation : A Geographic Evaluation of Enhancement Reclamation at Aggregate Mines in the Western United States Morrison, Elizabeth A. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/59842 2016-09-21T23:09:34Z 2016-07-29T00:00:00Z Post-Aggregate Aggregation : A Geographic Evaluation of Enhancement Reclamation at Aggregate Mines in the Western United States Morrison, Elizabeth A. The aggregate industry is responsible for the extraction and production of crushed stone, sand, and gravel— the literal building blocks of our society. Across the U.S. there are tens of thousands of quarries and sand and gravel pits, the majority of which are left abandoned or with minimal reclamation efforts. However, the combination of population growth, increased permitting difficulties for the aggregate industry, growing environmental concerns, and land use competition has spurred the enhancement reclamation of some sites in the U.S. Enhancement reclamation is defined as the actualization of a quarry or sand and gravel pits' secondary beneficial use potential achieved through reclamation or restoration. There is currently no documentation of where these sites exist or how frequently such projects occur. This research addresses the broad question, "What is the status of enhancement reclamation in the western U.S.?" and takes the first step towards the creation of a nationwide enhancement reclamation database. Enhancement reclamation projects were identified in western states in the conterminous U.S. and their geographic location(s) and reclamation type(s) were documented. These data are analyzed by region (pacific vs mountain), state, geographic environment, and enhancement reclamation type. The discussion is framed using the adaptive cycle to explain the frequency of enhancement reclamation projects between states and identifies population density, land use competition, and the geography of amenity as key drivers of enhancement reclamation. Graduation date: 2017 2016-07-29T00:00:00Z Investigating the Current Teaching Evaluation Practices used in Engineering Programs and their Usefulness to Educators Villanueva, Keisha A. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/59841 2016-09-21T23:01:51Z 2016-09-14T00:00:00Z Investigating the Current Teaching Evaluation Practices used in Engineering Programs and their Usefulness to Educators Villanueva, Keisha A. Evaluation of teaching is used to examine and improve teaching quality in higher education. The literature consists of best teaching evaluation practices that have been developed, yet there is little research that has been conducted which investigates teaching evaluation practices in engineering programs. This thesis represents two manuscripts that explore the current teaching evaluation practices that are used in engineering programs at three institutions using exploratory sequential mixed-method design. The data were collected by interviewing and surveying thirty-four educators including course instructors, department heads, and program coordinators. The results showed that there are six approaches to evaluate teaching currently used in engineering programs. These approaches are utilized either for formative or summative evaluations to determine an educators' effectiveness. Participant's perspectives were also examined to identify teaching evaluation practices that were found to be useful to educators. A major finding of this study is that current teaching evaluation practices in engineering programs do not align with evidence-based teaching practices despite a substantial interest in improving teaching evaluation practices. It is important for educators to identify and adopt best teaching evaluation practices that have been shown to enhance teaching effectiveness and student learning. Graduation date: 2017 2016-09-14T00:00:00Z Development of Novel Agents to Combat Tuberculosis and Malaria Almabruk, Khaled Husain G. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/59840 2016-09-21T22:54:27Z 2016-09-02T00:00:00Z Development of Novel Agents to Combat Tuberculosis and Malaria Almabruk, Khaled Husain G. Despite the advance of biomedical science, infectious diseases remain one of the number one killers in the world. They claim the lives of millions of people annually, particularly in underdeveloped and developing countries. In fact, more than 32% of the health burden in Africa is caused by infectious diseases, e.g., tuberculosis, malaria, and HIV/AIDS, as well as other neglected tropical diseases. Tuberculosis (TB), one of the most devastating infectious diseases, is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In 2014, 9.6 million people were diagnosed with active TB, 1.5 million of whom died from the disease (WHO). Most of these deaths occur in HIV patients who are more vulnerable to the infection due to a weakened immune system. Moreover, the emergence of multi-drug resistant strains of M. tuberculosis in recent years has rendered some of the first-line anti-TB drugs, such as isoniazid (INH) and rifampin, less effective. Consequently, TB is becoming a bigger problem worldwide. Similar to TB, malaria also causes a significant health burden in tropical countries. It is a parasitic disease transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. The main malarial parasites that infect humans are Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax. In 2015, there were an estimated 214 million new cases of malaria and 438,000 deaths (WHO). Furthermore, the development of resistant strains of P. falciparum to chloroquine and artemisinin has raised a public concern. Therefore, the development of new anti-malarial agents is urgently needed. Our research focuses on the discovery of new drug candidates that can be developed as new anti-tubercular and anti-malarial drugs. Using a combination of contemporary biosynthetic approaches and semisynthetic modifications, we have produced analogs of rifampin, a clinically used first-line anti-tubercular drug. Rifampin is derived from rifamycin B, a complex natural polyketide compound produced by the soil bacterium Amycolatopsis mediterranei S699. This polyketide natural product is biosynthesized by a type I modular polyketide synthase (PKS) system. While simple modifications of the functional groups of rifamycin can be done chemically, alterations of its polyketide backbone are difficult to achieve, thus requiring alternative approaches, e.g., biosynthetic engineering. In collaboration with the group of Professor Rup Lal at the University of Delhi, we designed a strategy to construct mutant strains of A. mediterranei S699, in which the acyltransferase (AT) domain of module 6 of the rif-PKS (recognizes methylmalonyl-CoA as substrate) was replaced with the AT domain of module 2 of the rapamycin PKS (recognizes malonyl-CoA). The mutant strain was able to produce a novel rifamycin analog, 24-desmethylrifamycin B, which was confirmed by mass spectroscopy, NMR and X-ray crystallography. The product was subsequently modified semi-synthetically to 24-desmethylrifampin. The latter compound was then tested against a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Mycobacterium smegmatis, and the results showed that 24-desmethylrifampin has antibacterial activity comparable to the commercially used antibiotic rifampin. More interestingly, 24-desmethylrifampin showed excellent activity against both rifampin-sensitive and rifampin-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis. As a part of our efforts to discover potential candidates for anti-TB drugs, we also investigated a prenylated isoflavanone, perbergin, which was isolated from the Madagascar plant Dalbergia pervillei. Perbergin was found to have a virulence factor quenching activity in the plant pathogen Rhodococcus fascians. R. fascians to some extent is similar to M. tuberculosis in that their cell walls are rich in mycolic acids. Also, structurally, perbergin is somewhat similar to trehalose monomycolate (TMM), which is involved in the M. tuberculosis cell wall biosynthesis and virulence. Thus, it is intriguing to investigate the use of perbergin as a trehalose monomycolate mimetic, which may disrupt the cell wall structures or act as an inhibitor of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of acyltrehaloses. To this end, we synthesized the reported perbergin in nine steps with an overall yield of 13.5%. However, the NMR data for the synthetic products are inconsistent with those published for perbergin. Analysis of the raw data for perbergin, which was kindly provided by Prof. Mondher Eljaziri at Université Libre De Bruxelles, revealed that the natural perbergin contains a geranyl moiety at C-6 instead of C-8, and the geranyl moiety has an E configuration instead of a Z configuration. Moreover, the synthetic products (±)-(Z)- and (E)-isoperbergins showed good antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacteria S. aureus and M. smegmatis, but not the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and P. aeruginosa. Furthermore, we tested the activity of the synthetic compounds against both rifampin-sensitive and rifampin-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis; however, they were not active at a concentration lower than 10 μg/mL. The fourth part of this dissertation is to develop novel agents to combat malaria. Previously, our research group has generated a number of novel pactamycin analogs through manipulations of the pactamycin biosynthetic pathway. Pactamycin, a bacterial-derived natural product discovered by the Upjohn Company in the early 1960s, has broad-spectrum growth inhibitory activity against mammalian cells, viruses, bacteria and protozoa. However, it is also highly toxic. Inactivation of the ptmH gene, which encodes a radical SAM-dependent protein, in the pactamycin producing strain of Streptomyces pactum resulted in a mutant that produced pactamycin analogs, TM-025 and TM-026. Both of these compounds showed excellent anti-malarial activity and were 10-30 fold less toxic than pactamycin. To improve the biological and pharmaceutical properties of TM-025 and TM-026, we employed a mutasynthetic strategy to generate their fluorinated analogs. We created a double knockout mutant, S. pactum ΔptmTH, which lacks the ptmH gene and also lacks the ability to produce 3-aminobenzoic acid (a precursor of pactamycin). The mutant was then fed with synthetically prepared 2-fluoro-5-aminobenzoic acid to give two fluorinated analogs, TM-025F and TM-026F. The compounds were tested against chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of P. falciparum, and the results showed that TM-025F and TM-026F have excellent activity against all plasmodial strains tested. In conclusion, we have applied genetic, mutasynthetic, and synthetic approaches to produce new analogs of complex natural products with promising activity against tuberculosis and malaria. The study also provided insights into the biosynthetic machinery and the modes of formation of those compounds in nature. Furthermore, using a total synthesis approach, we generated geranylated isoflavanones that showed good activity and selectivity toward Gram-positive bacteria, including M. smegmatis. However, they lack activity against M. tuberculosis at concentrations lower than 10 μg/mL. It is noteworthy that this synthetic study led to the revision of the published chemical structure of perbergin. Graduation date: 2017; Access restricted to the OSU Community, at author's request, from September 21, 2016 - September 21, 2018 2016-09-02T00:00:00Z The Ecophysiology of Thiamine Deficiency Complex : Evaluating Sources of Thiaminase in Great Lakes Food Webs Evans, Allison N. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/59839 2016-09-21T22:46:23Z 2016-08-25T00:00:00Z The Ecophysiology of Thiamine Deficiency Complex : Evaluating Sources of Thiaminase in Great Lakes Food Webs Evans, Allison N. Thiamine (vitamin B₁) is required by all living organisms for carbohydrate metabolism and synthesis of amino acids. Thiamine deficiency is responsible for several related classes of early life stage mortality disorders in salmonines, including Thiamine Deficiency Complex (TDC) in the Laurentian Great Lakes, Cayuga Syndrome in the Finger Lakes, and the M74 in the Baltic Sea. TDC is caused not by lack of sufficient intake of thiamine but rather by a diet rich in prey that contain thiaminase, a thiamine-degrading enzyme. TDC caused by ingestion of thiaminase-containing prey occurs in these wild fish populations and has also been observed in mink, foxes, seals, alligators, chickens, and ruminants. TDC is one of several impediments to rehabilitation of Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush), the native apex predator in the Great Lakes. The proximate cause of TDC is known to be the ingestion of prey fish containing high levels of thiaminase, specifically Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and Rainbow Smelt (Osmerus mordax); however, the ultimate source of thiaminase in thiaminase-containing fishes remains unknown. Evaluating potential sources of thiaminase in fishes is essential for understanding thiaminase trophodynamics and developing management strategies for mitigating TDC and facilitating rehabilitation of Lake Trout populations. Thiaminase in prey fishes is hypothesized to originate from two possible sources: either thiaminase-containing fishes acquire thiaminase from their diet (dietary acquisition hypothesis) or thiaminase-containing fishes make the thiaminase enzyme themselves (de novo synthesis hypothesis); these two hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. Chapter 1 describes the causes of TDC and why characterization of the sources of thiaminase in aquatic food webs is necessary. The three primary data chapters presented herein describe whole food web investigations that seek to determine the source of thiaminase in Great Lakes fishes. In Chapter 2, zooplankton were evaluated as a potential source of dietarily acquired thiaminase activity by comparing the thiaminase activity in bulk zooplankton to the zooplankton community composition. Three types of multivariate analysis revealed one candidate source of thiaminase activity, Ploesoma, an omnivorous loricate rotifer. Despite the apparent correlation between Ploesoma biomass and thiaminase activity in bulk zooplankton, Ploesoma spp. constituted sufficiently low biomass that its thiaminase activity would have to be extraordinarily high (i.e., at unprecedented levels) to constitute the major source of thiaminase in Great Lakes food webs. Furthermore, Ploesoma was never observed in the diet of thiaminase-containing fish. Therefore Ploesoma is an unlikely source of thiaminase. No other component of the zooplankton community was consistently related to thiaminase activity. In Chapter 3, the thiaminase activity in fishes was assessed in relation to species, season, depth, and location of capture, and the dietary acquisition hypothesis was assessed directly using stomach content and fatty acid signature analysis. Thiaminase activity was higher in spring than in summer and fall. Round Goby (Neogobius melanostomus) thiaminase activity was higher than previously reported, and Slimy Sculpin (Cottus cognatus) thiaminase activity was highly variable, sometimes exceeding that of Rainbow Smelt. The dietary acquisition hypothesis was evaluated by comparing the thiaminase activity in fish viscera to both the diets and fatty acid signatures of fishes. No compelling evidence that thiaminase activity of fish viscera was consistently the result of consumption of any specific prey taxa was found using three types of multivariate analyses. Indicator Species Analysis suggested Bythotrephes as a potential candidate source of thiaminase, but Bythotrephes was not consumed by some fishes with high thiaminase activity. If the source of thiaminase activity is dietary, the source may be Bythotrephes for some fishes, but those that did not consume Bythotrephes would need to obtain thiaminase from a different source. Fatty acid analysis suggested a moderate tendency for higher thiaminase activity in pelagically-feeding rather than benthically-feeding fishes, but several pelagically feeding fishes contained undetectable thiaminase activity and some benthically feeding fishes contained thiaminase activity comparable to or greater than pelagically feeding fishes. Together, this evidence indicated that no specific prey item was consistently related to thiaminase activity. In Chapter 4, the de novo hypothesis was assessed directly using two approaches. The first approach compared the biochemical characteristics of thiaminases in Alewife, Carp (Cyprinus carpio), quagga mussels (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis), and a bacterium (Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus) that has been isolated from the intestines of Alewife and is known to produce thiaminase. Thiaminases in these four organisms vary in their mass, migration characteristics, tolerance to denaturation, and isoelectric points, suggesting that the source of thiaminase differs in these four taxa. The second approach identified candidate thiaminase genes in fishes using existing information from small peptide fragments from two fish thiaminases from partially purified from Carp and Red Cornetfish (Fistularia petimba). Candidate genes in Carp, Zebrafish (Danio rerio), and Alewife that were homologous to the known peptide fragments were identified, synthesized, and overexpressed. The Zebrafish candidate gene produced an active thiaminase enzyme. This finding confirms de novo synthesis and represents the first report of a thiaminase-encoding protein in any multicellular organism. The candidate gene identified for Alewife is predicted to produce a protein product with biochemical properties that match those determined empirically. The dietary acquisition hypothesis was not well-supported, and findings from Chapters 2 and 3 did not converge as would be expected if the source of thiaminase was dietarily acquired. The potential for de novo synthesis by fishes was confirmed experimentally, which represents the first report of a gene for a thiaminase enzyme from a multicellular animal. Future research should focus on confirming that de novo production accounts for the thiaminase activity in fishes and understanding the physiological factors that lead to increased thiaminase production. This work is relevant to fishery managers in affected ecosystems (Great Lake, Baltic Sea, Finger Lakes, NY) and to biochemists and nutritionist interested in thiamine metabolism. Graduation date: 2017; Access restricted to the OSU Community, at author's request, from September 21, 2016 - September 21, 2018 2016-08-25T00:00:00Z


text:
12 years of experience
Accepting new patients
Video profile
1850 E Park Ave
State College, PA 16803 Phone number & directions
A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
Learn more about Dr. Philip Bosha:
View the full profile to get information on:
- Qualifications
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The overall average patient rating of Dr. Philip Bosha is Average.
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Insomnia Patient Education Patient education guide to insomnia and how to battle the common causes of sleeplessness.Before Visiting Dr. Bosha Learn More
Specialties & Research
Dr. Philip Bosha, MD is board certified in Family Medicine and Family Medicine - Sports Medicine.
Education & Awards
Dr. Bosha graduated from Drexel University , Philadelphia.
Dr. Bosha has 4 hospital affiliations:
- Mount Nittany Medical Center
- Milton S. Hershey Medical Center
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Dr. Joseph Wiedemer
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- Additional Information
- Dr. Philip John Bosha MD is a male Family Practitioner, has 12 years of experience and practices in Family Medicine and Sports Medicine.
- Where does Dr. Philip J. Bosha practice?
- Dr. Philip Bosha has 2 office locations.
Dr. Philip Bosha practices Family Medicine and Sports Medicine near State College, PA.
Additional practice locations include: Hershey, PA.
See State College Primary Care Doctors and State College Family Physicians.


text:
Energy Assistance Funding Cut
You are our best hope.
With little notice, we've been told EOC will have $1.3 million less in state funds to work with this year -- $1.3 million less to help struggling Coloradans stay warm during the harsh winter months. It's a situation we've not faced in 27 years, and it may be dire for the seniors and families who so desperately need our help to pay their energy bills.
You are our best hope for bridging this funding gap so no one is left in the cold.
Please make your fiscal year-end gift to Energy Outreach Colorado by September 30 and help us provide warmth, relief and precious hope to those who need it most.DONATE NOW
See more stories and updates on our Blog
Energy assistance a lifeline for senior living with illness and disability
Peggy Hofstra
Sep 20, 2016Read more...
Colorado's Touchstone Energy Cooperatives' Bike Team Pedaling for Energy Assistance
Peggy Hofstra
Sep 12, 2016Read more...
Poor Renters Devote More of Their Income to Keeping the Lights On
Jen Kinney
Sep 09, 2016Read more...
EOC Supports Stable Rent, Better Living Conditions for Senior Community
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text: Get Blown Away By This Architectural Music Light Showkelly6/10/11 1:41amFiled to: WatchThisAndré ChocronOsloNorwayColdMailmanTime is of the essenceMusicVideoLightShowArchitecturebuildingApartment25EditPromoteDismissUndismissHideShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink I love what happens when you put technology in the hands of very creative people like André Chocron. Using only time-lapse photography, the Norwegian director created one of the best music light shows I've seen. Advertisement Chorcon filmed old apartment buildings in Oslo, Norway and used the lights in each room as the medium for his light show. He captured each building using time-lapse photography taken at night. Using this technique, he was able to get pictures of each room with the lights on and off. He then used a computer to map the lights in a pattern to the tune "Time is of the essence" by Cold Mailman. If you have no idea what this means, watch the video and it will all make sense. The results are simply amazing. [Fast Company]Gear from Kinja DealsCalNaturale Svelte Is The Tastiest Bottled Protein Shake, and Dairy FreeOf Course OXO Makes A Better Can OpenerSave $15 on (Almost) Any $60 eBay OrderReply25 repliesLeave a reply