text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 18, 2005
|Filing date
|Jan 6, 2003
|Priority date
|Jan 4, 2002
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Andrey N. Putilin, Andrew A. Lukyanitsa
|Original Assignee
|Neurok Llc
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (19), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (35), Classifications (53), Legal Events (12)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of the filing dates of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/345,245, filed Jan. 4, 2002, and U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/346,386, filed Jan. 7, 2002.
The present invention relates to the projection of three-dimensional images. More particularly, the present invention relates to apparatuses and related methods for three-dimensional image projection utilizing stereo aspect images projected onto a retro-reflective screen.
Projective displays use images focused onto a diffuser to present an image to a user. The projection may be done from the same side of the diffuser as the user, as in the case of cinema projectors, or from the opposite side. Prior art projection systems of the retro-reflective screen type used in, for example, movie theaters, as depicted in
In many contemporary projection systems, the image can be generated on one or more "displays," such as a miniature liquid crystal display device that reflects or transmits light in a pattern formed by its constituent switchable pixels. Such liquid crystal displays are generally fabricated with microelectronics processing techniques such that each grid region, or "pixel," in the display is a region whose reflective or transmissive properties can be controlled by an electrical signal. In an liquid crystal display, light incident on a particular pixel is either reflected, partially reflected, or blocked by the pixel, depending on the signal applied to that pixel. In some cases, liquid crystal displays are transmissive devices where the transmission through any pixel can be varied in steps (gray levels) over a range extending from a state where light is substantially blocked to the state in which incident light is substantially transmitted.
When a uniform beam of light is reflected from (or transmitted through) a liquid crystal display, the beam gains a spatial intensity profile that depends on the transmission state of the pixels. An image is formed at the liquid crystal display by electronically adjusting the transmission (or gray level) of the pixels to correspond to a desired image. This image can be imaged onto a diffusing screen for direct viewing or alternatively it can be imaged onto some intermediate image surface from which it can be magnified by an eyepiece to give a virtual image.
The three-dimensional display of images, which has long been the goal of electronic imaging systems, has many potential applications in modern society. For example, training of professionals, from pilots to physicians, now frequently relies upon the visualization of three-dimensional images. Understandably, three-dimensional imaging also has numerous potential applications in entertainment. In many applications of three-dimensional imaging it is important that multiple aspects of an image be able to be viewed so that, for example, during simulations of examination of human or mechanical parts, a viewer can have a continuous three-dimensional view of those parts from multiple angles and viewpoints without having to change data or switch images.
Thus, real-time, three-dimensional image displays have long been of interest in a variety of technical applications. Heretofore, several techniques have been known in the prior art to be used to produce three-dimensional and/or volumetric images. These techniques vary in terms of complexity and quality of results, and include computer graphics which simulate three-dimensional images on a two-dimensional display by appealing only to psychological depth cues; stereoscopic displays which are designed to make the viewer mentally fuse two retinal images (one each for the left and right eyes) into one image giving the perception of depth; holographic images which reconstruct the actual wavefront structure reflected from an object; and volumetric displays which create three-dimensional images having real physical height, depth, and width by activating actual light sources of various depths within the volume of the display.
Basically, three-dimensional imaging techniques can be divided into two categories: those that create a true three-dimensional image; and those that create an illusion of seeing a three-dimensional image. The first category includes holographic displays, varifocal synthesis, spinning screens and light emitting diode ("LED") panels. The second category includes both computer graphics, which appeal to psychological depth cues, and stereoscopic imaging based on the mental fusing of two (left and right) retinal images. Stereoscopic imaging displays can be sub-divided into systems that require the use of special glasses, (e.g., head mounted displays and polarized filter glasses) and systems based on auto-stereoscopic technology that do not require the use of special glasses.
Holographic imaging technologies, while being superior to traditional stereoscopic-based technologies in that a true three-dimensional image is provided by recreating the actual wavefront of light reflecting off a the three-dimensional object, are more complex than other three-dimensional imaging technologies. Thus, recent work in the field of real time thee dimensional electronic display systems has concentrated on the development of various stereoscopic viewing systems as they appear to be the most easily adapted commercially.
Recently, the auto-stereoscopic technique has been widely reported to be the most acceptable for real-time full-color three-dimensional displays. The principle of stereoscopy is based upon the simultaneous imaging of two different viewpoints, corresponding to the left and right eyes of a viewer, to produce a perception of depth to two-dimensional images. In stereoscopic imaging, an image is recorded using conventional photography of the object from different vantages that correspond, for example, to the distance between the eyes of the viewer.
Ordinarily, for the viewer to receive a spatial impression from viewing stereoscopic images of an object projected onto a screen, it has to be ensured that the left eye sees only the left image and the right eye only the right image. While this can be achieved with headgear or eyeglasses, auto-stereoscopic techniques have been developed in an attempt to abolish this limitation. Conventionally, however, auto-stereoscopy systems have typically required that the viewer's eyes be located at a particular position and distance from a view screen (commonly known as a "viewing zone") to produce the stereoscopic effect.
One way of increasing the effective viewing zone for an auto-stereoscopic display is to create multiple simultaneous viewing zones. This approach, however, imposes increasingly large bandwidth requirements on image processing equipment. Furthermore, much research has been focused on eliminating the restriction of viewing zones by tracking the eye/viewer positions in relation to the screen and electronically adjusting the emission characteristic of the imaging apparatus to maintain a stereo image. Thus, using fast, modern computers and motion sensors that continuously register the viewer's body and head movements as well as a corresponding image adaptation in the computer, a spatial impression of the environment and the objects (virtual reality) can be generated using stereoscopic projection. As the images become more complex, this prior art embodying this approach has proven less and less successful.
Because of the nature of stereoscopic vision parallax can be observed only from discrete positions in limited viewing zones in prior art auto-stereoscopy systems. For example, any stereoscopic pair in standard auto-stereoscopy systems gives the correct perspective when viewed from one position only. Thus, auto-stereoscopic display systems must be able to sense the position of the observer and regenerate the stereo-paired images with different perspectives as the observer moves. This is a difficult task that has not been mastered in the prior art.
In light of the current state of the art of image projection, it would be desirable to have a system that is capable of projecting numerous aspects or "multi-aspect" images such that the user can see many aspects and views of a particular object when desired. It would further be useful for such viewing to take place in a flexible way so that the viewer is not constrained in terms of the location of the viewer's head when seeing the stereo image. Additionally, it would be desirable for such a system to be able to provide superior three-dimensional image quality while being operable without the need for special headgear. Thus, there remains a need in the art for improved methods and apparatuses that enable the projection of high-quality three-dimensional images to multiple viewing locations without the need for specialized headgear.
In view of the foregoing and other unmet needs, it is an object of the present invention to provide a three-dimensional image projection system that enables projection of multiple aspects and views of a particular object.
Similarly, it is an object of the present invention to provide apparatuses and associated methods for multi-aspect three-dimensional imaging that provides high resolution images without having to limit the viewer to restricted viewing zones.
Also, it is an object of the present invention to provide apparatuses and associated methods for multi-aspect three-dimensional imaging that can simultaneously provide different views to different viewers located at different viewing locations relative to one another.
Additionally, it is an object of the present invention that such apparatuses and the associated methods do not require the viewer to utilize specialized viewing equipment, such as headgear or eyeglasses.
Further, it is an object of the present invention to provide three-dimensional displays and related imaging methods that can display various images and perspectives of an object using image pairs which have been calculated to produce a perceived three-dimensional image when simultaneously projected for viewing.
To achieve these and other objects, three-dimensional projection systems and related methods according to the invention employ at least two projectors, an imaging system that controls the projectors, and a retro-reflective screen upon which is projected multiple images of an object as created by the projectors. The imaging systems of the projection systems according to embodiments of the present invention are capable of numerically calculating image information and using that information to control the characteristics of the projectors to produce stereo images. In embodiments of the invention wherein the projectors have liquid crystal imaging display elements incorporated therein, the imaging system is adapted to control the liquid crystal display elements within the projectors to modify the images being projected. The calculated image information relates to a desired three-dimensional image scene. The calculated image information in such embodiments causes the liquid crystal displays to be controlled in such a manner that a desired image is produced thereon, and light passes through the display and hits the screen where it is diffused or reflected according to the characteristics of the screen to produce a viewable three-dimensional image.
In embodiments of the invention, the retro-reflective screen reflects light according to a non-linear distribution pattern that depends upon the angle of reflection between the light origination source and the surface of the screen.
In preferred embodiments of the invention, the imaging system comprises at least two projectors, each projector having one or more electronically controllable liquid crystal display panels and a light source, an image generation system for performing calculations regarding three-dimensional image generation and for controlling the liquid crystal panels, and a retro-reflective screen.
Also in preferred embodiments of the present invention, a system and method for presentation of multiple aspects of an image to create a three dimensional viewing experience utilizes at least two image projectors, an image generation system for controlling the projectors, and a retro-reflector screen to generate a three dimensional viewable image. The image generation system in such preferred embodiments is an auto-stereoscopic image generation system that employs a neural network feedback calculation to calculate the appropriate stereoscopic image pairs to be displayed at any given time. In such embodiments, the projectors each preferably include at least one electronically controllable liquid crystal display element or other suitable spatial light modulator (SLM).
According to alternative versions of any of the above embodiments of the present invention, separate sets of liquid crystal display ("LCD") panels can be used for each color in each projector such that full color displays can be obtained. In one such alternative embodiment, three individual LCD panels can be provided in each projector, corresponding to red light, blue light, and green light. In one particular alternative embodiment, the projectors are a tri-chromatic color-sequential projectors having three light sources for three different colors, such as red, green, and blue, for example. The image display sequentially displays red, green, and blue components of an image. The liquid crystal display and the light sources are sequentially switched so that when a red image is displayed, the corresponding liquid crystal display is illuminated with light from the red source. When the green portion of the image is displayed by the appropriate liquid crystal display, that display is illuminated with light from the green source, etc.
Another embodiment of present invention provides a system and related scheme for multi-aspect image matching. This embodiment of the projection system includes a digital camera and corresponding image capturing and processing software. In general, the system functions to create a feedback loop in which data related to the appearance of projected images is collected and analyzed to determine any modification to the projection system needed to achieve desired image characteristics. For the purposes of image mapping, the projected image is generally a two-dimensional array of color points or a series of the orthogonal lines transmitted onto a screen. Each projector emits a slightly different image on the screen, and the camera captures the different images. To ease detection of the differences in the test images, the image matching screen is preferably a white paper or a conventional projection screen that is temporarily placed over the retro-reflection screen.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the 3D projection system uses a retro-reflective screen that produces a scattering pattern having relatively low-angle horizontal scattering rays relatively large-angle vertical scattering rays. This desired scatter pattern may be produced by a retro-reflective screen formed by embossing two series of micro-prisms on a transparent polymer film. Specifically, a front surface is embossed with high spatial frequency horizontal prisms while a rear surface is embossed with low spatial frequency 90-degree micro-prisms that perform one-dimensional retro-reflection on total internal reflection. In another embodiment, the retro-reflective screen is the combination of a micro-prism retro-reflector film and a one-dimensional micro-prism array scattering film.
Various preferred aspects and embodiments of the invention will now be described in detail with reference to figures.
The present invention in its preferred embodiment is an image projection system and related method for presentation of multiple aspects of an image to create a three dimensional viewing experience using at least two image projectors, an image generation system for controlling the image projectors, and a retro-reflective screen.
In embodiments of the invention, the retro-reflective screen 22 reflects light according to a non-linear distribution pattern that depends upon the angle of reflection between the light origination source and the surface of the screen. A non-linear light distribution of one suitable retro-reflective screen is illustrated in
at the viewing point at the angle α. The peak intensity of the light is given by the constant I0, and σ is a constant and depends on the screen characteristics of the particular retro-reflective screen employed.
With respect to the two-projector embodiment of
where, in equations Eq. 2 and Eq. 3, Iol is the brightness of the left projector image, and I0r is the brightness of the right projector image. By fixing I(L) and I(R) for any specific point, one can generate the system of equations for Iol and I0r, which corresponds to the calculated images L and R thereafter produced by the left and right projectors. The system of equations produced is non-linear and non-convertible. Therefore, it can only be solved approximately.
A particularly suitable means for calculating this solution is with an artificial neural network operating on a computer. The application of a neural network to an equivalent three-dimensional imaging problem is described in detail in co-owned and co-pending U.S. utility patent application Ser. No. 09/977,462, filed Oct. 15, 2001, and entitled "System and Method for Visualization of Stereo and Multi Aspect Images", the specification of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
As depicted in
I e(φ)=I(ψ)�K(|φ−ψ|) Eq. 4
In equation Eq. 4, I(ψ) is a function defining the brightness of the projected light beam that travels from the projector 40 to the retro-reflective screen 42 at an angle ψ from the normal direction η. The K(|φ−ψ|), or the function of the kernel, is non-linear and is defined by the reflective features of the screen. An example of a kernel function is the below-listed Eq. 1′, in which original Eq. 1 has modified by substituting the angle defined by |φ−ψ| for the angle α.
The form of this kernel function in a two-dimensional case is plotted in the 50 graph of FIG. 5. As indicated above with respect to
If the system described by Eq. 4 is expanded to include a number of projectors in same horizontal level, the equation for the resulting image in eye 44 is as follows:
where n is the number of projectors in the system, and I(ψ) is the brightness of light beam from projector i that approaches the screen with angle ψ from the normal direction.
To create m different images Ie(1) through Io(m) for different eyes or eye positions, one needs to solve the following equation system having m equations:
for n unknown brightness's Ii(ψ) for all projectors. Note that angle ψ does not generally change since the positioning of the projector(s) does not vary significantly. This system may be solved employing a neural network as described above. Although disclosed in a particular embodiment, one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate how many other equivalent geometries can be employed by adapting equations Eq. 1 through Eq. 8 accordingly. The appropriate equations are thereafter used to calculate images that are projected by the various projectors in embodiments of the present invention.
Generally, transmissive panel 64 is an LCD panel. LCD panels are well-known pixilated devices in which each pixel is either "on" or "off" or set to an intermediate intensity level. Each of the LCD panels is typically monochromatic and cannot individually control the intensity of more than one color component of the image. To provide color control, an LCD multi-panel system may be employed in each projector. Such LCD multi-panel systems typically use three independent LCD panels. Each of the three LCD panels is illuminated by a separate light source with spectral components that stimulate one of the three types of cones in the human eye. The three LCD panels each reflect (or transmit) a beam of light that makes one color component of a color image. The three beams are then combined through prisms, a system of dichromic filters, and/or other optical elements into a single chromatic image beam. Alternatively, separate liquid crystal display panels and multiple single-color light sources corresponding to each primary color can be used in each projector to produce multi-color displays by synchronous switching of different colored light sources and the LCD panels as is known in the art.
Also as is known in the art, in another embodiment each color panel system can be used for sequential color switching. In this embodiment, the LCD panels can be coupled in a projector with red, blue, and green colored switchable illumination sources. Each set of these colored sources is activated one at a time in sequence, while the LCD panel simultaneously cycles through blue, green, and red components of an image to be displayed. The LCD panels and corresponding light sources are switched synchronously with the image on display at a rate that is fast compared with the integration time of the human eye (less than 100 microseconds). Understandably, it is then possible to use a single monochromatic LCD panel in each projector and still provide a color calculated image.
It should be further appreciated that transmissive panel 64 may be other type of electronically controllable device for creating a projected image. For example, instead of the LCD panels, various embodiments of the present invention may employ a suitable spatial light modulator (SLM), such as a digital light processor (DLP) produced by Texas Instruments, Inc. of Dallas, Tex.
Memory unit 72 provides the desired stereopair to the processor 74 to produce calculated images (Lp and Rp as described above with respect to FIG. 2). These calculated images, once produced, are sent from processor 74 to liquid a projector units controller 76 (or alternatively stored in memory unit 72 to be accessed by controller 76). Projector units controller 76 then provides the calculated images to the appropriate transmissive panel 64 and controls the lighting of illumination source 63 that illuminates the transmissive panel 64 in each image projector 62. Alternatively, processor 74 could provide instructions to the individual panels 64 and illumination sources to control the projectors using appropriate driver software as is known in the art.
As is the case with all auto-stereoscopic displays, the images produced by the computing device 71 are necessarily a function of the viewer position, as indicated by the inputting of viewer position signal information 78 in FIG. 7. Various suitable methods are known in the art for producing viewer position signal information. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,712,732 issued to Street describes an auto-stereoscopic image display system that automatically accounts for observer location and distance. The Street display system comprises a distance measuring apparatus allowing the system to determine the position of the viewer's head in terms of distance and position (left-right) relative to the screen. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 6,101,008 issued to Popovich teaches the utilization of digital imaging equipment to track the location of a viewer in real time and use that tracked location to modify the displayed image appropriately.
It should be noted that memory unit 72 holds the accumulated signals of individual cells or elements of each LCD panel. Thus the memory unit 72 and processor 74 have the ability to accumulate and analyze the light that is traveling through relevant screen elements of the liquid crystal display panels toward the retro-reflective screen.
The data flow for the manipulation of the images of the present invention between the memory unit 72, processor 74, and projector units controller 76 results in the regulation of the luminous radiation emanating from the illumination source 63 and the transmissivity of the transmissive panel 64 in each projector 62 (only one such projector being shown in
Each of these left and right eye signals is summed to create calculated image value for the right eye and for the left eye. These signals are then compared in a compare operation to the relevant parts of the stored stereopair images of each aspect and to the relevant areas of the image of the object aspects.
Keeping in mind that the signal is of course a function of the location of the viewer's eyes, the detected signal can vary to some extent. Any errors from the comparison are identified for each cell of each LCD panel. Each error is then compared to a preset threshold signal and, if the error signal exceeds the preset threshold signal, the processor control routine changes the signals corresponding to the transmissivity of the LCD panels.
If the information concerning the calculated images of the object changes, as a result of movement of the viewer position (or a desire to project a different image), the processor recognizes this change and inputs into the memory unit signals corresponding to luminous radiation of the illumination source as well as the transmissivity of the appropriate LCD panel cells until the information is modified. When the viewer position varies far enough to require a new view, that view or image is extracted from the database and processed accordingly.
The signals corresponding to the transmissivity of the two projectors' are input into the memory unit by means of the processing block following the set program. The next step is to identify the light signals that can be directed from the projectors off of the screen and towards the right and left eyes of at least one viewer, Then compare the identified light signals directed towards each eye to the corresponding areas of the set two-dimensional stereopair image of the relevant object.
For each cell of each LCD panel, the error signal is identified between the identified light signal that can be directed towards the relevant eye and the identified relevant area of the stereo picture of the relevant object aspect that the same eye should see. Each received error signal is compared to the set threshold signal. If the error signal exceeds the set threshold signal, the mentioned program of the processing block control changes the signals corresponding to the screen cells. The above process is repeated until the error signal becomes lower than the set threshold signal or the set time period is up.
It is also possible to solve the calculations for the case of two (or more) different objects reconstructed in two (or more) different directions for two (or more) viewers. It must be mentioned specifically that all calculations can be performed in parallel; the DSP processors can be designed for this purpose. As indicated above, an artificial neural network can be advantageously used for problem solving in embodiments of the present invention because it allows for parallel processing, and because of the possibility of DSP integrated scheme application.
Thus, in this iterative manner, two "flat" (i.e., two-dimensional) images are calculated for projection onto the retro-reflective screen (one calculated image for each projector), taking into account the features of the retro-reflective screen and the pair of stereo images which are desired to be projected to a particular viewer to produce a perceived three-dimensional image. The fact that the calculated images that appear in the LCD panels of each projector are calculated has advantages in many applications. By using calculated images, the present invention can minimize superfluity and create three-dimensional images using liquid crystal panels that have lower resolution than that of photo materials.
It should also be noted that the system of the present invention may also be used with multiple viewers observing imagery simultaneously. The system simply recognizes the individual viewers' positions (or sets specific viewing zones) and stages images appropriate for the multiple viewers.
To adapt a system that uses a set image-viewing zone (or zones) so as to allow a viewer to move, a viewer position signal is input into the system. The algorithms used to determine calculated images necessarily include variables that reflect the optical geometry of the system. A viewer position signal can be used in a known manner to determine those variables. Also, the viewer position signal can be used to determine which stereopair to display, based on the optical geometry calculation. Numerous known technologies can be used for generating the viewer position signal, including known head/eye tracking systems employed for virtual reality ("VR") applications, such as, but not limited to, viewer mounted radio frequency sensors, triangulated infrared and ultrasound systems, and camera-based machine vision using video analysis of image data.
As will be readily appreciated by one skilled in the art, in certain embodiments of the invention, the illumination source in each projector can be a substantially broadband white-light source, such as an incandescent lamp, an induction lamp, a fluorescent lamp, or an arc lamp, among others. In other embodiments, the illumination source could be a set of single-color sources with different colors, such as red, green, and blue. These sources may be light emitting diodes ("LEDs"), laser diodes, or other monochromatic and/or coherent sources.
Although disclosed in a particular embodiment, it is clear that many other geometries and embodiments are possible without departing from the scope of the present invention. For example, the present invention more than two projectors, each projector can have its own location, the retro-reflective screen can be a hologram, and two or more video cameras can be used for a back connection between the screen image and images in each projector.
As depicted in
The digital camera 80 is a well-known type of device that is commonly commercially available. The particular type of camera 80 may vary as needed. The camera 80 typically uses some type of radiation-to-electrical conversion technology, such as charge coupling devices (CCDs), to perform the function of collecting data on the projected image in an electronic format usable by the imaging computational device 61.
The projectors 62 and the camera 80 are configured on a platform 82. The platform is a structure used to positioning the projectors 62. At first, the placement and orientation of the projectors 62 may be randomly determined or may be configured using various known, standard procedures. While
The imaging computational device 61 and the image projectors 62 then operate as described above in
One of the projectors 62, typically the projector that is nearest to the center of the platform 82, is used as a reference. This reference projector illuminates the test image 83 onto the screen 84 to create a reference test image. Then, the imaging computational device 61 directs a second projector 62 to also transmit the test image 83 onto the screen 84, so that the image projections from the two projectors 62 overlap on the screen 84. However, the imaging computational device 61 directs to the second projector 62 to emit a slightly modified image that differs from the reference test image. Generally, the image from the second projector differs in color from the reference image.
To ease detection of the differences in the test images 83 by the digital camera 80, the screen 84 is preferably a white paper or a conventional projection screen that is temporarily placed over the retro-reflection screen. In this way, the screen 84 has a substantially linear reflection quality to minimize screen-induced distortion of the projected test images 83.
The camera 80 captures this set of overlapped images 83 and sends data related to the images to the imaging computational device 61. The image capturing and processing software 81 in the imaging computational device 61 uses the image data captured by the camera 80 to calculate any mismatching of the illuminated test images 83 and the determine any necessary compensation of this distortions by the image preprocessing, as described in FIG. 7 and the accompanying text. Similarly, the results of the image capturing and processing software 81 may be used to physically reorient the projectors 62 on the platform 82.
In this way, the imaging computational device 61 receives the test image from the camera 80 and uses this test image to calculate the shape and the position of the images that will be sent to these two projectors for 3D image forming. In the same manner, the procedure may be repeated for other pairs of projectors 62 for projection images matching.
Following completion of the above-described image matching procedure, the screen 83 may be removed so that the system may operate as normal for 3D imaging.
As described above, the 3D projection system of the present invention generally includes a retro-reflective screen having an asymmetric scattering pattern. In one embodiment, the retro-reflective screen has a scattering pattern as depicted in FIG. 9. Specifically,
Another possible embodiment of the retro-reflective screen is depicted in
While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous insubstantial variations, changes, and substitutions will now be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention disclosed herein by the Applicants. Accordingly, it is intended that the invention be limited only by the spirit and scope by the claims as follows.
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|Uni-Pixel Displays, Inc.
|Optical microstructures for light extraction and control
|Aug 28, 2007
|Dec 10, 2009
|Seereal Technologies S.A.
|Direction-Controlled Illumination Unit for an Autostereoscopic Display
|Sep 30, 2010
|Jing Xiao
|Resolution Scalable View Projection
|Oct 28, 2009
|Oct 7, 2010
|Chunyu Gao
|Retro-Reflective Light Diffusing Display Systems
|Mar 25, 2010
|Oct 7, 2010
|Chunyu Gao
|Aerial Three-Dimensional Image Display Systems
|Nov 9, 2009
|Jul 14, 2011
|Brett Stanton Haisty
|Systems and methods for optically projecting three-dimensional text, images and/or symbols onto three-dimensional objects
|Mar 1, 2010
|Sep 1, 2011
|Connor Robert A
|3D image display with binocular disparity and motion parallax
|Sep 22, 2011
|Chunyu Gao
|Various Configurations Of The Viewing Window Based 3D Display System
|Oct 26, 2010
|Nov 1, 2012
|Eric Houde
|Cooled pulsed light treatment device
|Dec 27, 2012
|Tianjin Taiyangshen Technology Co., Ltd.
|Solar reflective condensing device
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|European Classification
|Feb 26, 2003
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3 posts tagged with agism.
Displaying 1 through 3 of 3. Subscribe:
"Politicians. Businessmen. Nobody's watching them anymore."
As newsrooms disappear, veteran reporters are being forced from the profession. They dedicated their lives to telling other people's stories. What happens when no one wants to print their words anymore?
Freedom from....
The New York Times asks seven 'experts': Does makeup ultimately damage a woman's self-esteem, or elevate it? [more inside]
Wrinkled and Rankled
Okay, it wasn't exactly banned, but the new Dove ad for their anti-aging products-- featuring tastefully nude older women-- was pre-emptively rejected by broadcast networks. Dove's Campaign For Real Beauty shares reactions, lets you meet the cast, and invites you to discuss. Previously on MetaFilter: Dove's short "Evolution" about how image-manipulation distorts beauty standards.
Page: 1

subset: commoncrawl


text:
ROLAND BLEIKER Senior Lecturer and Co-Director, Rotary Centre for International Studies in Peace and Conflict Resolution, University of Queensland
QING CAO Doctoral Candidate, Nottingham Trent University
XIAOMING HUANG Lecturer in East Asian Politics, School of Political Science and International Relations, Victoria University, Washington, New Zealand
MEDHI MOZAFFARI Professor of Political Science, University of Aarhus, Denmark
HOUMAN A. SADRI Assistant Professor of International Relations, University of Central Florida
HIDEMI SUGANAMI Professor, Philosophy of International Relations, School of Politics, Keele University, England
WANG YI Current Affairs Producer, BBC World Service, London and Visiting Fellow, Department of International Studies, Nottingham Trent University
The Zen of International Relationsby S. Chan, P. Mandaville, Roland Bleiker
The new millennium can only be a time of true globalization if different histories and systems of understanding the world are appreciated. The authors unveil significant studies to do with epistemological debates in International Relations, and give detailed middle and far-eastern examples of how different cultures have used story-telling as a means of understanding what is outside and around. Especially provocative is the Chinese idea of the West as an 'Other', as atypical and, indeed, inscrutable, to the extent of not needing scrutiny at all.
Product Details
- 9780333688229
- Publisher:
- Palgrave Macmillan UK
- Publication date:
- 10/28/2001
- Edition description:
- 2001
- Pages:
- 254
- Product dimensions:
- 5.51(w) x 8.50(h) x 0.04(d)
Meet the Author
ROLAND BLEIKER Senior Lecturer and Co-Director, Rotary Centre for International Studies in Peace and Conflict Resolution, University of Queensland
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text:
Skip to comments.Republican Presidential Candidate Debate #10 St. Petersburg 11/28/07 - Official Discussion Thread
Posted on 11/28/2007 3:59:54 PM PST by CounterCounterCulture
click here to read article
Yes they will. Any candidate with zero chance of beating the RATS will be who they are pimping for.
Who will it be? Huckster? Ghouliani? Paul? Perhaps Willard now that he is slipping in Iowa?
And the Snowman says....
Post 23 gives you the link to the live stream at CNN.com. Don't know if any radio stations are broadcasting this.
Well I'm not gonna hold my breath but I pray Thompson shows some stones and gives some sign of life.
CNN Video Stream link:
Nah, not like your videotapes of Hollywood insider Freddy Thompson.
I had to install a plug-in to watch cnn.com/video (for the last, WoBlitz moderated debate).
Hopefully it's harmless.
P.S., chester, videotapes don't have pages.
Thanks for posting....I would have missed the debate otherwise!
I am down for that!
Agreed. This thing is gonna be a $hitstorm. Guaranteed.
And the retort to your silly little response is "Do you beat your wife"?
You got a talk station or an all news radio station? They might carry it. Given the size of LA I bet you can find someone covering it on radio.
If not, Cspan maybe will rebroadcast it later
Should be interesting.
Count me in.
I like both of you guys. What the heck are you squabbling about? I'm going to get my 8yo in here to talk you both down.
If you can't understand why I would never do that, you've never met her (Such a lucky girl!).
Good one, Ron Paul and we all will freak out in 2008!!!
C'mon Dane, nobody here "hates" Huckabee. From what I've read, people like him as a person, but just severely disagree with some of his less than conservative stances, especially when it comes to size/scope of government.
I thought he wanted to be abusive with a George Orwell theme. I was just trying to oblige.
LOL, that was hilarious. I loved the "scary popup" part and the fact that I've seen all the videos they showed.
Knock it off!
Gov. Romney, how come you don't believe in Jesus?
Mayor Guiliani, how come you dress up in panty hose?
Senator McCain, how come you're so old you fart dust?
Mr. Ron Paul, I think you are just the most fabulous candidate ever!
Governor Huckabee, how many times did you raise taxes in Arkansas?
Mr. Duncan Hunter, how come you're against gun control?
Mr. Tancredo, how come you hate Mexicans so much?
Senator Thompson, why did you dump your first wife?
To All: What is your position on abortion?
To All: Do you prefer a water bong or a pipe to smoke your dope? Ooops, that one is for Obama...
You mean the Clinton Infomercial hosted by Poodle Blitzer in Las Vegas a few weeks ago. You actually watch all of that? I salute your will power and courage
I'll vote for Hucklebee when I decide my taxes are too low.
What's your problem with Thompson? If you want people to show respect foor your candidate, perhaps you should lead by example.
Sounds like a plan!
Jah, I know that but they(videotapes) can be stuck together by human vodily fluids that you probably pronounced on after every Freddy Thompson episode of Boston Legal or whatever.
Excuse me for my ignorance in your hero's television career. I don't watch network television.
Number 10! Debate Number TEN?! Should I hit the abuse button?
Dane's schtick seems to be finding a really important issue and taking the contrarian view, or else he really is left of center on some important issues.
Note: Three commercial timeouts during the debate.
Anyone watching Lou Dobbs all over this hispanic congressguy? Don't know his name...
not enough time to get questions generated fo him!
Response withheld at instruction of Admin Mod.
No, not for me, 5 shots of vodka in 4 minutes would spell the end of the debate for me...and I'd have to call into work tomorrow..LOL!
After the Jets raped your Steelers last week live on CBS, I really can't blame you.
How many of the undecided independents will actually be DNC plants?
Answer: ALL OF THEM!!!!!
You get FReepmails from the Admin Moderator? That's pretty cool.
I'm withholding comment.
Q. How many of the undecided independents will actually be DNC plants?
A. All of them.
Ditto....the rest would join with the DUmocrats in selling us down the river for cheap labor or Chinese-made toxic toys.
Current trading prices at Intrade. Huckabee has the most momentum. Fred recently passed up Ron Paul.
Is there an echo in here...in here...in here?
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


text:
Located within a 5-minute walk of Fox Performing Arts Center, Santa Cruz Inn Riverside is within a 15-minute stroll of California Museum of Photography. This 25-room hotel has in-room conveniences like balconies, refrigerators, and microwaves. It's in the historical district and also close to University of California-Riverside.
All 25 air-conditioned rooms provide balconies, microwaves, and refrigerators. Guests can enjoy free WiFi and cable TV. Hair dryers, phones, and ironing boards are other standard amenities. Limited housekeeping is available.
Property features
At Santa Cruz Inn Riverside, guests have access to free WiFi in public areas and laundry facilities. If you plan to drive, free parking is available.
- Free WiFi in rooms and public areas
- Free parking
- Laundry facilities
Santa Cruz Inn Riverside3425 Market St Riverside CA 92501
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Santa Cruz Inn Riverside features laundry facilities. High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. Complimentary self parking is available on site.
- Free WiFi
- Total number of rooms - 25
- Number of floors - 2
- Laundry facilities
- Year Built 1990
- Free self parking
- Internet access
Family Friendly Amenities
- Free Wi-Fi
- Laundry facilities
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Free WiFi
- Balcony
- Air conditioning
- Phone
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
- Limited housekeeping
- Shower/tub combination
- Hair dryer
- Iron/ironing board
- Desk
- Cable TV service
- Partially open bathroom
- Heating
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
Check-in time ends at midnight
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
- Pets not allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
No rollaway/extra beds available
No cribs (infant beds) available
Hotel Name
- Riverside Inn Santa Cruz
- Riverside Santa Cruz
- Santa Cruz Inn Riverside
- Santa Cruz Riverside
- Santa Cruz Hotel Riverside
We should mention
Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms.


text:
- Anonym
- Japan, Man, 41+
- Nybörjarnomad
- 1 Recension
All the guests we met were positive and talkative. Staff were very helpful in giving directions how to get to the top of Mount Aso, restaurant tips etc. The private rooms were in impeccable condition, looked completely new. The dorms do not have doors, just curtains so it is important to respect the silence at night. There is a function area with kitchen and dining tables were you can socialise and play games. Important to know if you are arriving late is that check-in closes at 8.00 pm.
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Top Definition
The act of mutually groping another person. Generally more on the pg-13 side of things, but can also be used to describe more overtly sexual gropings.
She was the first girl I ever played Squeeze and Squish with.
Beküldő: Banana42 2010. április 18.
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Ophthalmologist (eyes)
21 years of experience
21 years of experience
1670 Clairmont Rd
Decatur, GA 30033 Phone number & directions
Decatur, GA 30033 Phone number & directions
License & Identifications
A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
Learn more about Dr. Steven Urken:
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Diabetic Macular Edema Read all about Diabetic Macular Edema by visiting our Vitals patient education guides.Before Visiting Dr. Urken Learn More
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Specialties & Research
Dr. Steven Urken, MD is board certified in Ophthalmology.
- He has special expertise in 1 area:
- Glaucoma
Education & Awards
Dr. Urken graduated from Emory University , Atlanta.
Dr. Urken has 1 hospital affiliations:
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Home > Find an Ophthalmologist > GA > Decatur Ophthalmologists > Dr. Steven Urken, MD
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- Additional Information
- Dr. Steven Urken MD is a male Ophthalmologist, has 21 years of experience and practices in Ophthalmology.
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- Dr. Steven Urken has 1 office location.
Dr. Steven Urken practices Ophthalmology near Decatur, GA.
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text:
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Queer PsychologyThis exciting and engaging textbook introduces students to the psychology of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and queer lives and experiences. It covers a broad range of topics including diversity, prejudice, health, relationships, parenting and lifespan experiences from youth to old age. The book includes 'key researcher' boxes, which outline the contributions of significant individuals and their
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Queer PsychologyThis exciting and engaging textbook introduces students to the psychology of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and queer lives and experiences. It covers a broad range of topics including diversity, prejudice, health, relationships, parenting and lifespan experiences from youth to old age. The book includes 'key researcher' boxes, which outline the contributions of significant individuals and their
Successful Qualitative Research
A Practical Guide for Beginners*Shortlisted for the BPS Book Award 2014 in the Textbook Category* *Winner of the 2014 Distinguished Publication Award (DPA) from the Association for Women in Psychology (AWP)* Successful Qualitative Research: A Practical Guide for Beginners is an accessible, practical textbook. It sidesteps detailed theoretical discus...
A Resource for the Transgender CommunityThere is no one way to be transgender. Transgender and gender non-conforming people have many different ways of understanding their gender identities. Only recently have sex and gender been thought of as separate concepts, and we have learned that sex (traditionally thought of as physical or biological) is as variable as gender (traditionally thought of as social). While trans people share many
A Simple Guide to a Complex IssueWritten by a social worker, popular educator, and transgender man, this well-rounded resource combines an accessible portrait of transgenderism with a rich history of transgender life and unique experiences of discrimination. The first guide to treat transgenderism as a distinct topic of study, this text moves beyond mere anecdote and recommendations for clinical practice to legitimatize
Feeling Wrong in Your Own Body
Understanding What It Means to Be TransgenderBoys who play with Barbie dolls. Girls who join the football team. What is gender? What are gender roles? What's the difference between being a tomboy and being transgender? Is it possible to be in the wrong body? Explore the answers to these questions with an in-depth look at what it means to be transgender, based on the personal experiences of the men and women who have taken steps to transition
$24.69As crime continues to be a high profile issue troubling politicians, the public and the media alike, the study of criminology has boomed. Providing an international and comparative introduction to the discipline, Criminology: The Basics is an accessible guide to the theoretical and practical approaches to the phenomena of crime. Topics covered in this new edition include: challenging myths about
$54.89This rewritten, expanded and updated 7th edition of the long-running bestseller Research Methods in Education encompasses the whole range of methods currently employed by educational research at all stages. It offers plentiful and rich practical advice, underpinned by clear theoretical foundations, research evidence and up-to-date references. Chapters new to this edition cover: Causation,
AQA A2 Sociology Student Unit Guide New Edition: Unit 4 Crime and DevianceWritten by a senior examiner, Tony Lawson, this AQA A2 Sociology Student Unit Guide is the essential study companion for Unit 4: Crime and Deviance.This full-colour book includes all you need to know to prepare for your unit exam: clear guidance on the content of the unit, with topic summaries, knowledge check questions and a quick-reference index examiner's advice throughout, so you will know
Successful Qualitative Health ResearchA practical overview for health students and health professionals embarking on an applied research project using a qualitative approach.Successful Qualitative Health Research offers a thorough introduction to the field, written in a very clear and concise fashion. Emphasising the rigorous approach required in health research, it provides a step by step guide to designing a research project using
Society, Inclusion, ParticipationOccupational Science: Society, Inclusion, Participation is the must have resource for occupational therapists, occupational scientists, students and researchers. The book begins with a comprehensive review of the current literature and the knowledge generated to date. Reasons for the field's limited impact are proposed, including its focus on individuals rather than groups and communities, its


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Let the holiday cheer spill out of your home.
12 Impeccable Pantries Fit for a Dream House
We all want our porches to have that curb appeal during the holiday season.More
Here's an idea! Spray paint your old tires and use a stencil to add a Christmas-y touch with a snowflake or a Christmas tree. Display these recycled tires as festive ornaments for the whole neighborhood to see.
Get the tutorial at Addicted 2 DIY.
Add a touch of green year-round by installing forest green lamps on the exterior of your home or barn. (Carson L-Arm Fixture, from $199; rejuvenation.com)
65 Stunning New Ways Decorate Your Christmas Tree


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This readalike is in response to a customer's book-match request. If you would like personalized reading recommendations, fill out the book-match form and a librarian will email suggested titles to you. Available for adults, teens, and kids. You can browse other book matches here
Bengal's Quest by Lora Leigh
He was a shadow, ever shifting and insinuating, able to blend in everywhere and anywhere. The elusive ideal conceived and created by the Genetics Council, he went by just as many names as he had identities--the last one being Gideon. Now calling himself Graeme, he hides in plain sight, terrifyingly close to his goal. A rogue Bengal Breed, he has loyalties to no one but himself. And he has a need for vengeance that surges hot and swift through his veins. (catalog summary)
Try these other paranormal romance titles as well:
Blood Kiss by J.R. Ward
Paradise, blooded daughter of the king's First Advisor, is ready to break free from the restrictive life of an aristocratic female. Her strategy? Join the Black Dagger Brotherhood's training center program and learn to fight for herself, think for herself...be herself. It's a good plan, until everything goes wrong. The schooling is unfathomably difficult, the other recruits feel more like enemies than allies, and it's very clear that the Brother in charge, Butch O'Neal, a.k.a. the Dhestroyer , is having serious problems in his own life. And that's before she falls in love with a fellow classmate. Craeg, a common civilian, is nothing her father would ever want for her, but everything she could ask for in a male. As an act of violence threatens to tear apart the entire program, and the erotic pull between them grows irresistible, Paradise is tested in ways she never anticipated--and left wondering whether she's strong enough to claim her own power...on the field, and off. (catalog summary)
Crave the Night by Lara Adrian
Born and raised to be an emotionless killing machine, Nathan is one of the most lethal Breed vampires in existence. A key member of the Order--an elite group of warriors charged with protecting both mortals and vampires--Nathan executes each mission with flawless precision and a total lack of mercy. Now he must pursue a powerful, hidden enemy. But Nathan's hard discipline and training are no match for the fierce pull he feels toward a young woman he has no right to desire--a woman of wealth and high social standing who has long been promised to another Breed male, and who may also prove to be the key to rooting out Nathan's elusive quarry. (catalog summary)
There should be a shelf in the library with yellow caution tape labeled WARNING, UNHAPPY ENDINGS and UNHAPPILY EVER AFTER. Reach for a book from that shelf, and you'll need your Puffs Plus tissues. Authors have the power of the pen, so why end on an unhappy note with disaster, calamity, catastrophe, cataclysm, misfortune, mishap, blow, trial, tribulation, affliction, adversity, and death?
Estes Park, Colorado: a place of history and serenity. With classic saloons, Wild West lodges, and the infamous Stanley Hotel, Estes Park is a shining example of the days of old.
But it wasn't always so ideal. One hundred and fifty years ago, pioneer Nathan Kendall and his wife were murdered, leaving an infant son behind. The crime was never solved.
I know there have been many famous time travelers throughout literary and cinematic history, but few seem to capture the interest of the Millennial Generation the way Doctor Who has. I should know. I'm one of those captivated by his shenanigans.
As we wait for series 9 to air (September 19!!), enjoy these time-traveling adventures.
Like martial arts, magic, and high school heartbreak? Amanda Sun's Ink has got you covered.
It's not easy moving to Japan, and Katie Greene was having an especially rotten day. She forgot to change from her school slippers—again! and ended up barging into a huge break-up scene between moody, gorgeous kendo captain Yuu Tomohiro and his leggy, book-smart girlfriend of the glittery nails.
Samantha Sotto's Before Ever After is a magical, mysterious, and romantic treat. Shelley was a very locked-down person before she met up with Max, who took her and a bevy of eccentric souls on a European tour unlike any other. Stuffed into a VW microbus and crossing the English Channel, Max leads them on a truly fascinating tour off the usual path. Along the way, Shelley and Max fall deeply in love. It's a pity it can't last.
I don't usually choose to read romances, but the setting for Jessica Brockmole's debut novel, Letters from Skye, interested me. It is a true "old-fashioned love story," told in alternating chapters through letters written during World War I and World War II.
First will ye Lie
Curst shall ye Crye
Worst must ye Die
They should have heeded the warning on the guard stone. But, no, through the years many people couldn't resist the lure of riches though many died in trying to recover them. For in 1695, English pirate Edward Ockham had commanded his men bury his silver, gold, and jewels on an island off the coast of Maine. He didn't just bury it deep in a simple hole in the ground. The pirate had his many thousand pounds of loot safely placed in a devious trap called the Water Shaft as is recounted in Riptide, by Douglas Preston and Lincoln Child.
Flight attendant Summer Benson heads to Black Dog Bay, Delaware, to recover from two disastrous events in her life: a terrifying airplane accident and a man who doesn't love her enough to marry her. Full of humor, snappy dialogue, and lively characters, Cure for the Common Breakup is a perfect summer read to slip into your beach tote.


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Top Definition
Frumpy meets Sexy. Used to describe sweat (yoga) pant wearing, ponytail rocking, messy haired ladies and scruffy unkempt men who are sexy to someone.
My Husband thinks I am frexy when I rock my yoga pants and pony tail.
dodane przez FrexyBrexy maj 13, 2016
Trending Now
Can you define these popular missing words?
Fresh and sexy
Synonymous to Fuck
Synonymous to Fuck
the bitch is frexy. that pussy is frexy. look at that frexy girl. RAWRR!
dodane przez Rarr patel luty 14, 2008
freaking sexy, He's the frexiest man alive!
person 1: Look at him!!
person 2: ooh he's frexy!!!!!
person 2: ooh he's frexy!!!!!
dodane przez PvGirl007 luty 16, 2008
Frickin Sexy A** Man Of Mine
My frexy man Nakoma Jo Wells in GJ Ut mofos
dodane przez Ambz listopad 07, 2006
Frexy is a Five Nights at Freddy's ship. It's Freddy Fazbear x Foxy, and it's motherfucking great.
Did you read that Frexy fanfic? It was so adorable!
dodane przez Frexican sierpień 24, 2016


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As I write this, I can't help but feel a little sad; this is the final piece of DLC for Shepard and this epic trilogy. The good thing however is that Bioware has done a fantastic job in giving us one last "HURRAH!" and a final chance to spend time with our friends we've fallen in love with over the past 6 years.
Citadel costs 1200msp and took me around 5 hours to complete everything, but you could easily lose more hours on the numerous mini games or combat arena. The only real problem I had with time, is that it is a huge piece of content and took me quite a while to download.
Citadel takes place anytime after the Cerberus attack, but is best played just before you attack Kronos Station at the end to get the most out of it. Please note however, this content does not affect the ending (other than war assets). The story see's Shepard and crew being ordered to take shore leave in order to unwind, relax and briefly forget about the Reapers and the war. However, you soon come under attack from a group of mercenaries and are thrown back into combat to uncover who is behind the attack which leads you to new locations on the station, including a casino, lower wards and council archives. It's a light hearted adventure that doesn't take itself too seriously and is a welcomed change from the dark and often sad moments of the main story. You have your entire ME3 crew to hand and even Wrex (provided he survived) to help. Needless to say, you'll find yourself picking him in your party simply due to nostalgia. It is paced well and combat gets broken up with a stealth section similar to the previous Kasumi content for ME2. You can also play various mini games in the casino which are pretty simple, or visit the combat arena. It is a nice way of using your old ME2 squadmates and plays pretty similarly to the multiplayer. The only real issue I had with the story section is that there is a pretty cheesy plot twist, which isn't strictly improbable in the lore of Mass Effect, but it's still a questionable story decision.
Where Citadel shines however is in it's character moments. Once the mission is finished, you get a chance to unwind and reconnect with all of your old squad, including the ME2 team, and love interests on a new hub area in the wards or in Shepard's new apartment. Each character has their own unique scene, with some being extremely touching and moving (Liara's scene in particular for me). There is even a chance to throw a party with all involved which I absolutely loved. Which leads me to the hilarity of this content. It is extremely funny. There are numerous references to previous games, multiplayer, fan favourite lines and more. Watching Shepard question his infamous "I should go" line because someone else said it was just brilliant. And who would of thought that Volus pizza delivery could be so funny. It really does show that Bioware was able to let their hair down with the writing and make the fans smile.
Overall this is a great piece of content for die hard fans. It's awesome they got the whole gang back (unfortunately no mention of Legion or Morinth). Sure it's just fan service at it's core but for those , such as myself, who will find it hard to let go of these fantastic characters Bioware has given us something fantastic to remember them by. Seeing the group picture of everyone at the end of the party just made me so happy I had experienced this fantastic trilogy. I would highly recommend this DLC for any who wishes to have fond memories of our beloved group of friends.


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4 String Electric Bass
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Having the power to establish the beat is one of the greatest parts about learning the bass. With the four-string being the most popular bass model, you have the ability to choose an instrument that suits your needs to a tee. The great array of options available ensures you can get the features and specs that you've always wanted. The history of the four string bass begins with the stand-up double bass that you still see in many string quartets and jazz trios. In the 1930s the first electric, fretted bass was created in the shape of a guitar making it much easier to transport and play. Fender went on to create the first mass produced four-string that produced low-tones with little feedback. Everything from pop music to jazz welcomed this easy-to-handle instrument with open arms. When you're on the lookout for a bass, you'll want to consider the material of the body. Most models are made with select wood solids that define the tone of the instrument. If you're looking for an even balance, try ash or alder like the G&L L-2000. Want a warm tone? Then you'll want a smooth mahogany option like the Kala Rumbler. If you're interested in a bright and crisp response, maple selections like the ESP LTD EC-414 are your best bet. With four-string basses being the most popular version of a bass, you have some extra options to consider. Bass guitars can come with either a fretted or a fretless neck, both of which offer very distinct playing experiences. Fretted necks are much more standard and make learning the bass much easier as you can tell exactly where to place your fingers. The fretless option is usually used by more experienced players who have the musical theory down pat. Without the guides of the chromatic scales the fretted options have, you have the ability to slide up and down the neck easily and perfect a different style of playing. Just like any instrument, the components of a bass guitar are made in a range of qualities. Once you have an idea of the style of playing you want to aspire to as well as the sound you want, you can easily find a bass that will be the perfect fit.


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Skip to comments.Byrd's family will receive remainder of his salary (Senator Robert Byrd)
Posted on 09/29/2010 2:48:13 PM PDT by Texas Fossil
The must-pass spending bill pending in the Senate includes a little-noticed provision that would pay the family of the late Sen. Robert C. Byrd for the salary he would have commanded in the next fiscal year.
The Senate handbook says that upon the death of a senator who had been serving in office, in the next appropriations bill, an item will be inserted for a gratuity to be paid to the widow(er) or other next- of-kin, in the amount of one-years compensation.
As a result, the bill calls for equal shares of the late senators $193,400 salary to be split between Byrds seven children and grandchildren.
(Excerpt) Read more at politico.com ...
Interesting, I did not know this.
Just a taste of how the Congress takes care of ITSELF....as opposed to governing America. Maybe some of the money will go toward preserving his KKK robe for all the proud Democrat voters of his state....especially the African-American ones.
Stop giving away the tax payer money. Just say NO!
Isn't his generous pension gratuity enough?
We are more corrupt than Rome.
"Not yours to give..."
Still giving the byrd to the American taxpayer even after his dirtnap.
Me neither! But then, considering our two loving parties, why would we??
Are his kids and grandkids in the Klu Klux Klan too?
Many will know now, this was on Drudge today.
Yet, Dems want to impose the DEATH TAX on anything you or I want to will to our families.
"We are more corrupt than Rome."
And almost as dead.
One last tug on the teat from beyond the grave...
It's also interesting that a social security recipient's monthly check is cut off immediately. Not that it shouldn't but this should also apply to senators.
Well just stop it! I say and while your at it stop retirement pay for congressmen no matter how long they have been in congress!
Yes, they are convinced when you die it belongs to them. Since you no longer need it. By any other definition than those made by a government bureaucrap, this would be called theft. However, it is not likely you will be able to take them to court to resolve this, since you are dead.
Well isn't that special. Servants of the public, they are.
This is insane!
My Brother died last month.
His family had to send his last pension check back even though it was the middle of the month.
Congress not only gets to keep the last check , they get a years salary for when they werent there??
Not bad.
Great, the country's broke but the ruling class will take care of their own.
KKK? Naw.. Just his muslim family members. Senator Byrd happens to have an Iranian son-in-law, Mohammad Fatemi, who is married to his daughter Mona Byrd (one of their kids is named Darius, the name of the ancient Persian king who appears in the Bible).
In addition to continuing to draw his congressional salary, the late Senator Byrd will also uphold Democratic tradition by voting in the November election.
There's too much Gratuitatin goin on heir ....
This is highway robbery.
Next they'll let them resale the naming rights to all the buildings named after him.
"This is highway robbery."
Using highways for theft was, indeed, Byrd's speciality.
John Raese For Senate.
Oh, really? Since when? When was the first time this practice went into effect? Probably a LIE to keep the "Serfs" in line. Rotten Bastards!!
Funny, my friend's husband, Ret USAF died and the government DEMANDED back his last month's retirement check. Within weeks of his death.
I put DEMANDED in caps for a reason.
You've got to be kidding me...
"We" are not corrupt.
It's the Congress that is corrupt.
Neither did I. Bloody affront to We The People if you ask me. It's a kind of trust fund or golden parachute except it's done with our money.
Why an entire year's salary and not just the remainder of Byrd's current year's salary that was owed to him for the actual time that he served?
Could this be a payoff for someone to keep his or her mouth shut about something?
I wonder if Ted Kennedy's family got the same "gratuity."?
Is the "gratuity" going to be tax free?
This bill must also pass the House. Is no one in House going to question it?
How much and how long has this type of legislative stealing been going on?
They are our elected representatives. "We" collectively as a people, have the government we deserve. Individually, yes, "we" still have good Americans, just as, no doubt, there were stalwart, patriotic citizens of Rome during its decline as well.
I did a little research and here are the rules (somewhat vague):
Members of Congress Who Die in Office: Historic and Current Practices
This practice must and will stop.
Absolutely outrageous! The only upside is getting rid of Byrd at only 193K.
Why on earth should it be cut off? That's money paid in. Why shouldn't it go to heirs?
Byrd died?
From what I have read it is considered a gift. I assume that means tax free.
"I did a little research... "
And that makes you a 'Grade A' Freeper- bless your heart!
Looks like it's been going on for almost a hundred years, with the pension system in place now it isn't needed and the practise should be discontinued.
His widow can drive down Byrd Highway over Byrd Bridge and deposit that check in the bank at Byrd Mall...
The idea behind this is to give the family enough money to pay for a fantastic burial and NOT be tempted to talk to news reporters about what was discussed over the family dinner table by the deceased.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


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This music video features a rap song about some of the causes and effects of climate change with the goal of increasing awareness of climate change and how it will impact nature and humans. The website also includes links to short fact sheets with lyrics to the song that are annotated with the sources of the information in the lyrics.
This is a hands-on inquiry activity using zip-lock plastic bags that allows students to observe the process of fermentation and the challenge of producing ethanol from cellulosic sources. Students are asked to predict outcomes and check their observations with their predictions. Teachers can easily adapt to materials and specific classroom issues.
This video highlights the benefits of electric vehicles, including improved fuel efficiency, reduced emissions, and lower maintenance costs.
This engaging activity introduces students to the concept of albedo and how albedo relates to Earth's energy balance.
This hands-on activity is a kinesthetic game illustrating the dynamics of the carbon cycle. Acting as carbon atoms, students travel from one carbon reservoir to another; at each reservoir they determine, by rolling dice, how long they stay in the reservoir or how likely it is that they will move to another carbon reservoir.
This three-part, hands-on investigation explores how sunlight's angle of incidence at Earth's surface impacts the amount of solar radiation received in a given area. The activity is supported by PowerPoint slides and background information.
This visualization presents a collection of sea ice data taken over a period of 34 years. Selected data can be animated to show changes in sea ice extent over time. Data is added by the National Snow and Ice Data Center as it becomes available.
This activity relates water temperature to fishery health within inland freshwater watersheds as a way to explore how environmental factors of an ecosystem affect the organisms that use those ecosystems as important habitat.
In this 3-part lab activity, students investigate how carbon moves through the global carbon cycle and study the effects of specific feedback loops on the carbon cycle.
In this activity, students explore the way that human activities have changed the way that carbon is distributed in Earth's atmosphere, lithosphere, biosphere and hydrosphere.


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Rent Friedman and Collins' the Law of Civil Procedure 4th edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Joel Friedman. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by West Academic.
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