text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Oct 14, 1958
|Filing date
|Nov 28, 1952
|Priority date
|Nov 28, 1952
|Publication number
|Erling Berner, Georg Munters Carl
|Original Assignee
|Erling Berner, Georg Munters Carl
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (6), Classifications (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Oct. 14, 1958 c. G. MUNTERS ETAL 2,355,369
v RQOFS 0F BUILDINGS- Filed Nov. 28, 1952 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 Tlil.
1 TI ORNE w INVENTORS BY M Oct. 14, 1958 c. e. MUNTERS EI'AI 2,855,869
ROOFS OF BUILDINGS Filed Nov. 28, 1952 I 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 T .L E JE.
asvmzgw ATTORNEY 2,855,869 I ROOFS F BUILDINGS Carl Georg Munters, Stocksund, andErling Berner,
Goteborg, Sweden Application November 28, 1952, Serial No. 322,884
4 Claims. 7 (Cl. 108-6) This application is a continuation in-part relating back to our co-pending application Serial No. 720,578 filed December 26, 1946, now abandoned. 1 I
Our invention relates to building roofs of the kind comprising a layer of heat insulating material over which there is an outer rain and weather-proof layer which may, for example, be sheet metal, asphalt, tar or the like the latter materials being possibly combined with impregnated building paper or felt, a common characteristic of all of which materials is that they are substantially proof against diffusion of water vapor through the roof to the outside atmosphere as well as being proof against leakage of water from the exterior through the roof.
While the provision of a continuous outer covering of water-proof andsubstantially diffusion-proof material accor'nplishes the purpose of preventing moisture from reaching the insulation from the exterior of the roof, such a layer paradoxically result in roof constructions of the kind hitherto employed, and particularly in what is generally regarded as flat roof constructions, in accumulation of moisture in the insulating layer of the roof to an extent such that not only may the insulating quality thereof be seriously impaired, but also to the extent such that the insulation may ultimately-be seriously damaged in other respects by corrosion or decomposition,
The accumulation of moisturein insulated wall and roof structures has previously been recognized as a phenomenon which in many instances occurs and it has previously been suggested that removal of moisture from I such insulated structures may be accomplished by circulation of a moisture-removing medium such as air through the insulated structure.
Such prior proposals have, however, not provided a practical solution for the removal of moisture from roofs of the kind with which the present invention is particularly concerned, largely because of lack of appreciation heretofore of the very large quantities of moisture that maybe diffused into flat roofs of the character under consideration in vapor'form and condensed therein, unless additional and highly essential features of roof construction are combined with ventilation for the purpose of removing such moisture as may be diffused intothe roof I structure in spite of all practical precautions taken to minimize or eliminate such diffusion.
The general object of the present invention is, therefore, to improve upon prior constructions by the pro vision of novel insulating roof structures, particularly for flat roof buildings such as factory buildings and other commercialstructures, which roofs combine with means for minimizing the diffusion of water vapor into the insulation of the roof to a relatively small value, ventilating means for removing from the insulation such moisture as area in desired condition by natural draft creating means of practical dimensions, or, in the case of verylarge structures or unusual circumstances, by power operated draft creating means only a fraction of the size than would otherwise be required.
Other and more detailed objects of the invention and of the ensuing portion of this specification, taken in conjunction with the accompanying darwings and diagrams forming a part hereof, in which:
Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrative of water vapor conditions in an insulated roof structure; I Fig. 2 is a perspective view, partly in section, of a roof construction embodying the invention; 7
Fig. 3 is a fragmentary section on enlarged scale take on the line 33 of Fig. 2;
Fig. 4 is a fragmentary section taken on the line 4- ofFigZ;
Fig. 5 is a view similar to Fig. 2 showing another form of construction embodying the invention;
Fig. 6 is a cross-section on enlarged scale taken onthe line 6-6 of Fig. 5; e
Fig. 7 is a view similar to Fig. 6 showing another. form of construction embodying the invention;
Fig. 8 is a perspective view on enlarged scaleof a detail of the structure shown in Fig. 7; and
Fig. 9 is a view similar to Fig. 8 showing still anothe form of construction embodying the invention.
In the accompanying drawings, Fig. 1 is a diagram of which the abscissa indicates the cross section through a roof composed of a layer A of insulating materialand a rain and diffusion-proof outer coating or layer B. The
ordinate represents water vapor pressure and the curve C illustrates saturated water vapor pressure for an assumed temperature drop though the roof in the direction from the interior of the building to the external atmosphere The air of the interior of the building from which mois'-' ture'is diffused into the insulation has a moisture content, for example as represented by the point D, which is much below the corresponding point on the saturated water vapor pressure curve C, that is to say, in the portionof the insulated layer A adjacent to the interior of the build ing the air is not saturated by water vapor. 'Now, if the.
impervious outer coating B were not provided, the vapor pressure in the insulating layer A would follow the curve B. This curve extends below the curve C, and may touch or intersect curve C in the portion of the insulating layer adjacent to the external air. densation of moisture may take placeonly in this limited region and thus to a'limited extent.
of the insulating layer A. If tha't'is done the vapor pressure then falls to the point H at the inside face of the insulating layer and will then, as shown by the curve I, remain at all times below the curve C.
The'weather-proof external layer B, which is substantially diflusion-proof as well if the roof is to be satisfac tory, results however in the vapor pressure followingthe curve K, which meets the saturation curve C close to the inner surface of the insulation. The layer B forms a barrier to thediffusion of the water vapor, so that practically may be diffused thereinto, at a rate operative to maintain the insulation in a stabilized substantially dry state. By
combining such diffusion;'resis ting and ventilating means it is possible, as will hereinafter more fully appear, to
maintain even very flat roofs ofjcomparatively large this layer only lowers thev vapor pressure at the inner face;
no fall in vapor pressure takes place within the insulating layer. The difference invapor pressure between the imaginary portion K of curve K and that of the correspond ing portion of the saturation curve C is large and would,
under the assumed conditions, result in very substantial condensation of moisture-withinthe insulation. Further,
As aresult of this, con-' Improvement may be obtained by providing a barrier layer G'on the inside 3: of the insulating layer to the point H, the vapor pressure curve from that point following the line L which is substantially parallel to the abscissa, like line K and also intersects the saturation curve C in the inner portion of the insulating layer.
However, if an internal diffusion barrier which is highly resistant to the diffusion of water vapor is provided, together with ventilation of the insulation, in accordance with the principles of the present invention, then, even with a substantially diffusion-proof external layerB', the vapor pressure curve can be maintained along a line, such as that indicated by curve M, well below the value resulting, in the condensation of moisture within the ins'ula'tion;
If the external temperature rises, or the roof is sub-' jected to sun radiation, any moisture enclosed in the insulation evaporates so as to cause a pressure on the coverstood from the above that the conditions in' roof structures l are different from those in walls, for example, which are not moistened by rain or snow in the same manner as the roof,. and which therefore do not require as weatherproof an external coating layer.
As previously noted, the invention contemplates the provision of roof construction in which diffusion of moisture into the insulation is minimized, and to this end the invention contemplates the provision on the inner face of the roof, and inside the" insulation, of a layer of material which is made as nearly continuous as practical constuction permits and which is of a material highly resistant to diffusion of moisture in vapor form therethroughand which provides what may conveniently be termed for the purposes of this specification, a diffusion barrier.
By the provision of such a diffusion barrier the amount of moisture that can be diffused in vapor form into the insulation and condensed therein, because of the inability of moisture to diffuse through the outer layer of the roof to the external atmosphere, is reduced to an amount representing a very much smaller fraction of the moisture that-otherwise would be diffused and condensed than has heretofore been recognized. One of the reasons why this hasnot heretofore been fully recognized and appreciated is the fact that the relation between the diffusion constants or factors of various materials available for building construction purposes and the enormous difference in the effect due to the differences in the values of these constants have not previously been fully understood.
This has apparently been particularly due to the fact that different materials which are generally water-repellent, such as concrete, wood, brick and materials of that kind, have been considered reasonable proof against passage of moisture therethrough, whereas in fact they are, so far as diffusion of moisture in vapor form therethrough, relatively porous and capable of permitting moisture to be diffused through relatively thick masses of the material at quite a rapid rate.
In contrast with this class of materials, there are certain other materials which, in addition to being waterrepellent, are also very highly resistant to the diffusion of moisture through even very thin layers.
Sheet metal of" course is resistant to diffusion of moisture therethrough, and for that reason insulated, panels in which the insulation is hermetically sealed between inher andouter layers of metal do not present any problem due to moisture accumulated through diffusion.
However, roof constructions consisting of hermetically sea-led panels are not practically feasible for roof construction for economic as welL as many other praetic'al To illustrate the difference in the physical properties between different materials, insofar as their ability to provide a diffusion barrier is involved, the following tabulation gives the diffusion factors, as established by the best information presently known to us, of a number of different common building materials, and also the diffusion factor for still air.
The diffusion constant d as given in the following table, is expressed is terms of grammes of water vapor diffusing per square meter, per hour, through material 1 centimeter inthick ness, under the influence of a vapor pressure difference of'l millimeter of mercury.
Material: d Still air 8 to 10 Porous concrete 3 to 6 Pine (parallel with the directions of fibres) 3 to 6 Mineral wool 3 to 6 B'ricksl to 3 Porousfibre board 1' to'3 Pressed mineral wool l t'o Plywood 0. 5'to 1 Plaster 0.546 1 Concrete 0L5 tol Pine (perpendicular to the directions of fibres) 0.05 to 0.1 Hard fibre board 0L05to 01l Rubber of various kinds 0.0001 to 0.001 Asphalt 0.00005 to 0.0003 Wax 0.0000l In addition to the materials shown in the above table, there are certain other materials available in sheet form which might be thought suitable for the purpose of providing an inner layer or lining for the insulating layer of a roof of the kind under consideration to prevent substantial diffusion of water vapor into the insulation. Among such materials are various papers and the like and certain of the synthetic materials available in sheet form. Actually, however, it is the case that such materials are generally of little value as diffusion barriers, as is shown by the following tabulation of the diffusion factors for some such materials, the values of'the factors being comparable to those given in the preceding table, but for thicknesses ofthe' material indicated in the following table rather than for thicknesses of one centimetre thickness of the material.
From the foregoing schedules it is at once apparent that of the many different and commonly available materials only a very few are useful from the standpoint of providing an e'flicient diffusion barrier; It is also evident that the dilference between these materials and the" others is of very great magnitude.
Of the materials listed which have desirable a factors, wax has the weaknesss that in some instances the heat required to be withstood is above the softening or. melting point of most waxes, and while from the standpoint of physical properties rubber is a better material, its' cost is a deterrent factor.
From all standpoints, asphaltic material is probably most advantageous of the commonly available materials, its d factor being such that it can provide a highly effective diffusion barrier if applied only as a very thin layer. Thus for plain a'sphaltic coating, for example one cold and two hot applications which would have an ag gregate thickness of only approximately 3.040 mm, the d factor will be of the order of 0001. Suchcoatings with comparable: d factors may also be combined with paper or felt impregnated with the asphalt. Also, metalfoil'of aluminum or like material, so thin as to be not wholly impervious to diffusion of vapor therethrough, as for example 0.09-0.10 millimeters thick, when glued in place with asphaltic or artificial resinous material such as cellulosic derivative exhibits a d factor of only 0.001 or even less.
Thus, the provision of an effective diffusion barrier is not limited to a single material or construction but as of the present state of the materials art, asphaltic materials appear to be most advantageous when all factors inclusive of cost and installation are considered.
The extent to which the presence or absence of an effective dilfusion barrier affects quantitatively the amount of vapor condensate accumulating per unit of time in an insulated roof of the kind under consideration, under like conditions, is vividly illustrated by consideration of the following empirical formula, which has been found quite sufiiciently accurate for all practical commercial purposes, even though certain theoretical factors of negligible magnitude are omitted for the sake of simplification.
The formula, which is here stated for roofs having different layers of different materials, which layers may be of different number in diflerent specific case; is
a 2 n cl tz is in which V=amount of dilfused vapor, in grammes per square meter per hour.
P =water vapor pressure in millimeters of mercury at inner face of roof.
P =water vapor pressure in millimeters of mercury at outer face of roof.
t t etc., thickness in centimeters of the several layers.
d d g, etc.,=the diffusion factors of the materials of the several layers expressed as previously noted.
For the purpose of utilizing the above formula to illustrate the magnitude of the influence of a suitable vapor barrier on the quantity of vapor diffused into an insulated roof it is only necessary to apply it to two simple examples of roof construction of quite common nature, consisting of an insulating layer of porous concrete 12 centimeters thick laid on a supporting solid concrete decking 12 centimeters thick, in both cases the roof having a weather and diffusion proof outer covering, and in one case an internal difiusion barrier of 0.3 centimeter of asphalt being laid between the insulating layer of porous concrete and the supporting concrete decking while in the second case no diffusion barrier (other than the 12 centimeters of solid concrete, heretofore believed to be a sufficient barrier) is provided.
Applying the formula, and employing the highest a' values given in the first table above for the respective materials; for the first case,
and for the second case, P,--P., P,-P,,
application of the above formula, using the lowest if value for the plaster, shows that diffusion of vapor into the insulation will be more than fifty times greater without the diffusion barrier than with it.
Even with the provision of a diffusion barrier of the nature contemplated by the present invention, there will be sufficient diffusion of vapor into insulation so that its removal is required if the efiiciency of the insulation is to be maintained. However, when a diffusion barrier of the kind contemplated is provided the rate of diffusion is quantitatively so reduced per unit time that removal of the diffused moisture from the insulation continuously at a rate sufficient to maintain the insulation in substantially dry state may be eifected by continuous ventilation of the insulation through the medium of air channels which are in dilfusion relation with the insulating material and through which flow or circulation of air may be maintained by relatively small, simple and practical natural draft creating means, even in the case of roofs of the kind under consideration and hereinafter generally referred to as fiat roofs. By the term flat roofs we do not mean to restrict ourselves to roofs which are exactly horizontal but intend to use the term to cover both horizontal and substantially or generally horizontal roofs of the kind characterizing commercial and factory buildings, as contrasted with the relatively steeply pitched roofs generally characteristic of dwellings and other gabled structures.
We accordingly contemplate in accordance with the present invention not only the provision of roof construction including a highly efiicient vapor diffusion barrier, but also a roof construction in which vapor which does diffuse into the insulation is removed by ventilating air circulated through suitable ventilating channels in diffusion relation with the insulating material.
The specific ways in which the principles of the invention may be carried into effect may be varied considerably and will in most instances be dictated to a material extent by the specific character of the roof construction which it is desired to employ.
By way of example but without limitation several different specific forms of roof construction suitable for carrying the invention into efiect are illustrated in Figs. 2 to 10 hereof, which are now to be described.
Referring now more particularly to Figs. 2 to 4 inclusive, the roof therein illustrated comprises a generally fiat structure the support for which is provided by the roof girders or beams 10 having only a very slight pitch and spaced at appropriate intervals, only a pair of such beams being shown in Figs. 2 and 4.
Beams 10 support the roof which in the present case is indicated as being made up of a number of units or slabs 12 of porous or so-called cellular concrete, which material has relatively high heat insulating value and which also has sufficient structural strength to form a roof decking when supported by beams spaced at reasonable intervals. The units 12 provide the insulating layer and over this is laid a weather-proof outer layer or covering 14 which may be of any well-known form suitable forv the purpose and which is ordinarily comprised of one or more coatings of asphaltic or equivalent bituminous material which may or may not be used in conjunction with building paper or roofing felt impregnated with such material. 1 v .In order for the roof to be satisfactorily rain-proof the outer layer is made as continuous as practical conditions permit, so that it constitutes not only a watertight but'also a substantially diffusion-proof covering for the roof. I r The insulating layer provided by the units 12 is further covered on its inner surface by a diffusion barrier 15, which is made as continuous and unbroken as circumstances permit and which may comprise an asphaltic coating or a layer of other material which is characterized by 'very high resistance to diffusion of water vapor therezgscagseo through, as for example, some of the other materials-and constructions herei-nbefore mentioned which are char-- acterized by diffusion factors a of very low value;.
The roof structure is provided with a multiplicity of channels 16 extending in diffusion relation or connection with the insulating material, these channels in the embo'dim'ent illustrated, being located at the: outer face of the insulating layer and advantageously being bridged by channel bars 18 providing suitable support for the portionsof" the outer layer 14,.overlyingthe channels.
As shown the channels 16 extend in parallel spaced: relation to each' other from the caves of the roof, where they communicate with the external atmosphere, to the ridge where they communicate with a common channel or header 20, such channel being'fornied in any suitable manner as, for example, by means of the-hood strip 22 and the bridging strip 23" connecting. confronting portions of the insulating material onopposite sides of the ridge. Channel 2% communicates with a: chimney or stack 2"4'- providing theoutlet for the air circulating system, the inlets of which should be confined to the inlets of the several ventilating channels 16:
Assuming winter conditions to be prevailingg so that the. ambient external atmosphere is at lowertemperature than that within the building; the temperature of the air in the channel 16 is slightlyhigher than that of'theopenair, and the stack 24 provides anair column the" temperature of which is also higher than that of the outside air; A difi'erential' pressure is thus setup, creating a natural draft in directions of how indicated by the arrows in Fig. 2. Due to this natural thermal flow, at'r'no'spheric and consequently relatively cold dryair enters the ventilating channels 16' at the eaves. This air, due
among other things to rise in temperature, is capable of and absorbs moisture from the insulating material with which the channels are in diffusing relation; The air from channels 16 discharges to the collecting or header channel 20 and tlows to the stack 241 in this as in other embodiments hereinafter described the spacing of the channels 16 from each other is suchas to enable the air flowing through the channels to have diffused thereto and to entrain and carry away the moisture condensed in the insulating layer as a result of diffusion of water vapor thereinto from the interior of the building.
A different kind of roof construction is illustrated in Figs. 5 and 6, these figures showing a very flat form of roof construction in which a continuous decking of solid concrete 26 is laid upon the supporting roof beams 10,
this decking in turn having laid therein an insulating layer 12 which may for example" be of a suitable form of cork, the latter being overlaid by the outer weatherproof and substantially ditfusi'on proof' coating or layer 14 as previously described. In this construction the internal diffusion barrier 15 for preventing diffusion of relatively large quantities of Water vapor into the insulating layer is located between the solid concrete decking 2.6 and the insulating layer 12. Obviously such a barrier may readily be applied in continuous form by applying fluid bitumen to the upper face'ofthe concrete decking 26 before the layer of cork or other insulating material is laid upon the decking In this embodiment the ventilating channels 16' are formed in the inner rather than the outer face of the insulating material. At their inlet ends they communicate with the ambient atmosphere and at' their outlet ends" connect'with a collecting or header channel 20 formed between the spaced apart portions of the insulating layer 12".
In this form of construction the air in the-ventilating channels receives more heat from the interior of the building than is the case when the ventilating channels. are a-tior adjacent to the external: surface of. the roof. As a result of this; higher air velocity through the channels may be developed due to thermal head. and if desired IOY this can beenhanced byffurthe'r' absorption of heat from the interior of: the building through an exit. stack 28, a portion of which 28a is made. in. the form of a U-bend extending from channel 20. into. the. interior of the buildingf to absorb heat: lhfil'fifLOIl'h The expedient of the use oh an additional heat absorbing conduitsuch as 2811: is not essential, and Whether or not such expedient is resorted to, it is desirable to provide: heat insulation such asis indicated: as 30 for the externally exposed wall of the channel 20 as well as heatinsulation 28b for the externally exposed portion of the stack 28, in order to avoid possible chilling. of. the warmed air delivered from the channels 16, during its passage through channel 20 and stack 28, fo a; temperature below the: dew point thereof and consequent condensation of moisture from such air before it is discharged to the ambient atmosphere.
In connection with theembodimentof construction just described it is to be: noted that the relatively small quantity of moisture which it isnecessary to remove from the insulating layer in order to maintain itin stabilized relatively dry condition, makes it possible for the ventilating channels tobe placed on the inner or warm side of the insulating layer without resulting in an uneconomically great loss of heat from the interior of the building to the ventilating air. This in turn enables the relatively small quantity of ventilating air to be heated through a relatively greater temperature range than if the ventilating channels were on the exterior face of the insulation and this greater temperature increase in. turn aids in creating a greater temperature or thermal head, so that either a greater velocity of air flow through relatively small. channels can be secured with a chimney or stack of given height, or, for channels having the same flow resistance, the desired velocity of flow can be obtained with a stack of. lesser height.
As previously noted, many other specific forms of construction. may be employed within the scope of the invention, and. by way of. example thereis shown in Figs. 7 and 8 a further embodiment of construction in which the units 12' forming the insulating layer are provided with tubular metallic reinforcing members 32 located in the lower portions of the units for reinforcing the insulationand enabling single units of the latter to bridge the gap between supportihg' beams spaced more widely than otherwise would be possible. In such construction the members 32 constitute the ventilating channelsand are provided with' amultiplicity of slotlike openings 34whi'ch pl ace the interiors .ofthe members indiflfusion relation with the surrounding insulation. The openings 3'4 may be coveredW-it-h suitable material which is substantially non-resistant to: diffusion of water vapor therethrough. inorder toen'sure' against the channels formed by the members 32 beii1g' filled or partially filledby debris material. I I
Fig: 9 is illustrative of an embodiment in which the insulating layer, with its inner diifusion barrier 15, has laid thereon a plane layer 36 and' a corrugated layer 38 of material which is substantially non-resistant to diffusion of moisture. Over thecor-rugated layer 38 there is laid a layer 40 or cement, mortar or the like, and upon the latter, after'it has set, there is laid the outer weather-proof layer or covering 143 this arrangement the ventilating passages 42- are formed between the plane and corrugated layers 36: and 38 respectively. The construction just described is adapted to provide greater load-carrying capacity than would otherwise be available, while at the same time affording. all of the requisite features foravoi'ding. accumulation of moisture within the insulating layer. 7
As will be observed from all of the structural modifications above described, the header or collecting channels 20; are. made. of larger cross sectionalarea than the ventilating channels 16 which deliver to them, and the entire ventilating system should be. laid out soas to provide the minimum practical amount of resistance to air flow, so that the necessary ventilation can be efiected with the minimum in the way of special draft creating means. We have found from experience that when channel systems are properly distributed and with the channels having appropriate areas, that for flat or substantially flat roof panels up to approximately 15 meters in width, sufiicient draft to provide the required ventilation, provided the roof is equipped with the eflicient diffusion-barrier contemplated by the invention, can be created by the provision of a thermal draft creating column or stack of approximately 2 meters height. It will be evident from the foregoing that the specific nature of the roof construction and also the specific form and arrangement of the ventilating and header channels, as well as the specific means for creating the required circulation of ventilating air, may be subject to wide variation without departing from the principles of the present invention, the scope of which is accordingly to be considered as embracing all forms of structure falling within the scope of the appended claims.
What is claimed is:
l. A roof structure comprising a substantially continuous layer of insulating material, an external finishing layer of weatherproof material supported by said insulating material, a substantially continuous internal layer of material providing a diffusion barrier resistant to diffusion of water vapor therethrough on the inner face of said insulating material, a multiplicity of channels extending between said internal and external layers and in diffusion connection with said insulating material, header means comprising one or more collecting conduits with which said channels communicate, said collecting conduits having a substantially greater cross sectional area than said channels, said channels also communicating with a source of relatively dry air, said roof structure having insufficient slope to create substantial flow of air through said channels and header means due to natural draft, and draft creating means connected with said header means for creating flow of said relatively dry air therethrough to absorb and remove moisture from said insulating material.
2. A structure as defined in claim 1 in which said multiplicity of channels is formed in said continuous layer of insulating material.
3. In a building, a roof comprising a supporting structure, a substantially continuous layer of insulating material supported by and located externally of said supporting structure, an external finishing layer of weatherproof material supported by said insulating material, means comprising an asphaltic material providing a substantially continuous internal layer forming a diffusion barrier highly resistant to diffusion of water vapor therethrough interposed between said insulating material and the interior of the building, a multiplicity of channels extending between said internal and external layers and in diffusion connection with said insulating material, header means comprising one or more collecting conduits with which said channels communicate, said collecting conduits having a substantially greater cross sectional area than said channels, said channels also communicating with a source of relatively dry air, said roof structure having insufiicient slope to create substantial flow of air through said channels and header means due to natural draft, and draft creating means connected with said header means for creating flow of said relatively dry air therethrough to absorb and remove moisture from said insulating material.
4. A roof as defined in claim 3 in which said multiplicity of channels is formed in said continuous layer of insulating material.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,931,066 Eckcrt Oct. 17, 1933 2,192,458 Swenson Mar. 5, 1940 2,318,820 Voigt May 11, 1943
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 20, 1929
|Oct 17, 1933
|Barrett Co
|Ventilated roof and similar structure
|Dec 24, 1937
|Mar 5, 1940
|Celotex Corp
|Roof construction
|Jun 4, 1938
|May 11, 1943
|Johns Manville
|Building construction
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 18, 1974
|Nov 11, 1975
|Decks Inc
|Building deck construction
|May 8, 1978
|Jul 29, 1980
|F. D. Rich Housing Corp.
|Monolithic room enclosing module and method of forming the same
|Oct 8, 2004
|Feb 24, 2009
|Fennell Jr Harry C
|Method of creating a roof venting space
|Jun 8, 2007
|Dec 28, 2010
|Brentwood Industries, Inc.
|Cathedral ceiling vent baffle
|Oct 8, 2004
|Apr 14, 2005
|Fennell Harry C.
|Construction bracket and method
|Feb 27, 2007
|Sep 6, 2007
|Henry Gembala
|Top side venting of lightweight concrete in roof systems
|U.S. Classification
|52/302.3, 52/553, 52/276
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
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Skip to comments.[Kent] Bush: The tea party is GOPs own worst enemy
Posted on 06/30/2014 7:46:29 PM PDT by 2ndDivisionVet
Do you know why everyone loves the holidays?
Its because we all have that one wacky uncle that does enough stupid stuff during each family get together to give the rest of us funny inside jokes that last all year. If you dont know who that is in your family, its probably you.
In the GOP, it is the tea party. This fringe group has always clung to the edges of the Grand Old Party. Thanks to Barack Obama ostensibly because of his policies and not his pigmentation the group was able to cohere into a politically relevant force. It didnt hurt that a couple of billionaires paid the tab for the party to put a political magnifying glass on the group.
Even tea party members have expressed disappointment that their biggest successes have been in getting Democrats elected who would have lost to more moderate Republicans in general elections. The far right fringe has gained far more momentum in defeating other Republicans than Democrats.
Thats something that Thad Cochran (R-Miss.) and his supporters noticed. They used the rules of the game to knock off a tea party candidate in a runoff. Chris McDaniel, who was a right-wing talk-show host who made some pretty incendiary comments on the air, and has since spoken to the Sons of Confederate Veterans groups, had beaten the six-term incumbent in the primary although he didnt get the necessary 50 percent to avoid a runoff.
Cochran turned to an unlikely group to pull off the comeback. His campaign turned to black Democrats and showed them McDaniels questionable background and touted his own record in the Senate.
Thanks to the rules in Mississippi, those Democrats were able to vote for Cochran and sent McDaniel packing. Great minds like McDaniel and Sarah Palin cried foul.
Palin cited voting irregularities in the totals. I guess that is true if you find people legally voting against a candidate they dont like irregular.
After a couple of weeks of intense campaigning in areas with large constituencies of black Democrats, Cochran turned the tide just far enough to give himself a victory over McDaniel and a chance to win a seventh term in the Senate.
The reaction from the losing team in this race, which included Palin and Ted Cruz (R-Texas) and his Senate Conservatives Fund, has been pretty funny. The same team also lost in Oklahoma as Rep. James Lankford beat SCF-endorsed State House Speaker T.W. Shannon in that Senate primary.
I know it always seems like the AM radio hucksters are about one word from a mental break, even though most are generating faux outrage to keep their listeners buying tickets to the circus. But Glenn Beck lost it when he realized Cochran had outflanked McDaniel. During a break in his show, Beck grabbed his assault style rifle and fired a shot off of his porch. Im never comfortable with anyone who is so mad I just have to fire a gun, but Beck reassured his Instagram followers that he wasnt an unhinged, emotionally compromised blowhard.
Stress release on the ranch. Thats how we do it out west! Beck said with his best lispy tough guy voice.
I cant imagine a more mature and appropriate way to handle stress. I guess we are lucky he works from a ranch and not in an office building.
This has been the problem with the tea party since they formed into a voting faction in 2010. They are politically intransigent and, because of that, they become cannibals within their own home party. They never consider the quality or electability of the people they use to destroy establishment Republicans, and end up handing almost unwinnable seats to Democrats. Palin has said that the Mississippi Senate race has her considering leaving the Republicans for a third party.
The ironic part of that threat is that without the cover of the R behind their names, tea party candidates wouldnt have a chance. The Republicans would love it if Palin and Cruz took their toys and went home. They would have far more luck if the enemy wasnt in their own convention.
Normally, eight years with a president of one party makes the opposing partys job of capturing the White House easier. But if the Republicans keep killing each other with friendly fire, the Democrats could end up with another winner in 2016.
Kent Bush is the publisher of the Butler County (Kansas) Times Gazette and can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com
But what else is new.
Really should write 'Kent Bush'. I was expecting some screed from the former president.
Sorry sonny but these are not "normal" times. You might want to try to focus a little better and pay attention.
Or from Jeb.
This is fairly new.
Kent may need to publish a retraction if there are indictments over the election.
Thad Cochran utilized voter fraud to win. If Bush can acknowledge that he can go soak his head.. Someone find some lye.
Yeah, I was wondering whether is was father or son.
Vote buying and teaming up with Democrats against conservatives is fine apparently, to stop those pesky conservatives.
Why? Because we want something other than a lite version of the Rat Party?
I thought we were supposed to post headlines as is, if at all possible?
Yes, and I agree with that, but whenever someone says 'Bush', one face pops up.
About the article, this dirtbag might as well have vomited on his keyboard. I did.
"First the ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win." —Mahatma Ghandi
And in his case, then they kill you.
Well, considering how the GOP-E has behaved in recent years, from the constant pushing amnesty, to the unforgivable backstabbing of Palin, to the nominating of a Massachusetts lib like Romney, to the deep-sixing of Cuccinelli in the VA race, and now to the unbelievably vile-beyond-words activities to prop up Cochran in MS...
...yeah, I think I'd be downright proud to be regarded as an "enemy" of the GOP, these days. This is quite apparently no longer a Party that represents my values nor my views in any way, shape or form.
"ostensibly because of his policies, not his pigmentation"
Bite me, butthole.
Boy, does he have egg on his face? Palin was right. There is some huge "irregulatin'" goin' on down deah in Mississippi.
Kent who?
Try to live without us. Just try. I dare you.
Kent Bush
He looks a little bit like a friend of mine.
"Thanks to the rules in Mississippi, those Democrats were able to vote for Cochran"
One of the problems is you can't vote in both primaries as a lot of Blacks did. Also you are no allowed to buy votes.
Another Bush?
Pleeze, Mommy - make the bad men go away!
Before the Tea Party was born in 2009, the Senate has 60 Democratic votes and the House has a Pelosi super majority. Yep, the GOP sure was doing an incredible job before the Tea Party came along.
Then after the base won the most decisive one-sided election year in modern history in 2010, the 'smart' party people retook control of the party and laid an egg in 2012 at every level. GOPe Senate loses all over the country, and dreadful presidential campaign, and a lackluster House election year.
Yep...those are the go-to guys for winning elections.
What is a Kent Bush, and more to the point, how does one go about pruning it?
Not quite correct, it should read "But if the GOP keeps killing Conservatives with hostile fire there won't be a distinction between them and the Democrats even if they win in 2016."
Here's another Bush to stay out of.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


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N. Richard Nash's Dust Bowl Comedy-Drama The Rainmaker
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Pulitzer-Winning Rock Musical Next to Normal
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Featured review from ElyceRed Velvet
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The cast was uniformly outstanding and having the audience right onstage with the actors (the regular seats were blocked off and we sat on chairs that were on risers) gave a wonderful intimacy to the performance.
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Set design & use of space was interesting, They chose not to use the house seats at all & brought 50 chairs onto the stage to create a thrust stage design (audience on 3 sides), It made the space for set/set design VERY limited. Felt intimate, but...continued
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Very good play, nicely acted, a very pleasurable evening in the theater.
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Went to a matinee April 22. Counted 14 people in the audience. The play and the cast deserved many more. A real good production.
By N. Richard Nash
Directed by Stephen M. Genovese
HC Curry: Robert Frankel
Lizzie Curry: Anna Hammonds
Jim Curry: Nate Santana
Noah Curry: Daniel Gilbert
Starbuck: Matthew Keffer
File: Thad Anzur
Sheriff: Russell Alan Rowe
Scenic Design: Stephen M. Genovese
Lighting Design: Diane D. Fairchild
Costume Design: Theresa Ham
Sound Design: Peter Robel
Properties Design: Cassy Schillo
Stage Manager: Meg Love
Production Manager: Tammy Goodman
Producer: Peter Blair


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|7 Reviews
|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|3 - 7 nights
When you book through the HomeAway checkout, your booking is backed by our Book with Confidence Guarantee™ offering comprehensive payment protection.Learn more
The home has a fantastic 230' sandy beach on Silver Lake. Relax in the Hot Tub! Bring your boat or enjoy the provided swim raft, 2 canoes, 2 kayaks or paddle boat. Enjoy the water from the beach or patio/firepit or from the deck over looking the water. The home features 6 bedrooms and 3 full bathrooms, a bunk room for kids(or adults), large kitchen and dining area. The Great Room overlooks Silver Lake. Play pool on our slate pool table, watch the kids from the deck or patio, enjoy the privacy of your own sandy beach. From Silver Lake you can boat to the Kalamazoo River and out to Lake Michigan. We have two other large homes listed on VRBO/Homeaway #787567 and #622944
I live in Saugatuck as does my business partner. We are both married with children. Both of us live within 1.5 miles of this property. We also have VRBO/Homeaway #622944 and #787567.
Scott Robison purchased this house in 2012
Large property and 230' of sandy beach on Silver Lake.
Sleeps 24 people. 230' of Sandy Beachfront on Silver Lake. Hot Tub!
Positives: close to town, beautiful lake view, lots of sleeping space, nice to have kayaks, canoes, and paddle boat to use, large kitchen table accommodates our whole group.
Negatives: very dark inside and overall just doesn't not seem very well maintained- toilet seat cracked in one bathroom, sink in another bathroom didn't drain well at all, 2 bathroom showers were TINY, no mirrors in any of the bedrooms, multiple outside lights burnt out, lots of flies in our house upon arrival with smooshed bugs all over kitchen ceiling, overpriced for quality, but not size. Check in is very late at 5pm and check out is very early at 10 am, yet they want you to wash all the towels before check out. Hot tub is more like a lukewarm bathtub as it will only go up to 93 degrees. Seems like it is owned by a bunch of former fraternity brothers.
Wow. Scott's place was just perfect for our weekend with 12 people. We all had PLENTY of space for ourselves. Everything was clean and the amenities were all there. We were seriously really impressed with the house inside and out.
Scott was a pleasure to work with and gave me any information I asked. It was great going in a little bit of a down season because the lake was very private and quiet.
There is so much outdoor space that we were able to play games too! And the fire pit area easily accommodated all 12 of us comfortably.
Each person in our group said they want to make this a yearly trip and even some said they hope to book thru Scott for family reunions, etc.
I can't say enough good things. Thank you Scott.
We were thrilled to find this vacation home for our large group. There were seven couples and we were perfectly comfortable in this beautiful home. We brought our bicycles and were able to ride to into town and then take the trail to Holland for a little shopping and lunch. We used the fire pit, kayaks, and hot tub...What a perk! Saugatuck is great and so close! The dune buggy ride was just a few minutes away and amazing, I would definitely recommend that! The kitchen was well stocked and we ate about half our meals there. There is plenty of outdoor seating so we could be together in our larger group or go find a quiet place for more privacy. The pictures don't do the property justice! It's beautiful and was very clean! While we were there we had a small issue, I text-ed Scott (he was on vacation) and he responded and had the issue resolved quicker than I would have expected. Scott was very easy to work with. My husband and I love vrbo and have stayed in Michigan, California, and Tennessee. We were very pleased and plan to come back. A+
We were so excited to book this property for the end of August for all of our children and grandchildren to vacation together. After sending in our deposit and confirming our week, we found out that three of our grandchildren who attend Catholic school were scheduled to start their school year at the end of August - the same week we had booked for our vacation! I contacted Scott immediately and he was SO EASY to work with! He followed through with what he said...putting the week back up for rent..and returning our deposit very quickly! We were very sad to have to give up our week and hope that we will be able to stay at this property in the future!
This house was perfect for our family vacation! We had 11 adults and 3 children and we all fit without feeling like we were on top of each other. The two living room areas were big enough to accommodate our needs. There was plenty to keep us busy and also room to relax. The house was just remodeled when we arrived and everything was in great condition. Scott was incredibly helpful both before, during, and after our stay. I would highly recommend this house to anyone.
The house and location are PERFECT!! My husband and I, 5 adult kids and their spouses, 2 four year olds, 2 three year olds, and a one year old and and 18 month old child (that is 18 people) ...and one dog..had the most ideal week vacation ever. First, the house is down a paved road about a 1/4 mile off the main road with plenty of parking for many cars and no danger of kids being near traffic. Inside the house, which is completely remodeled with new furniture, the great room on the main level is so big, we had plenty of room for the whole crew to socialize and play together. We were ALL able to eat together in the kitchen/dining area. The entire main floor has walls of sliding doors opening onto a large deck from the great room and dining area with a great view of the lake (second level on this side of the house, built on a hill). The lower level has another great room from which you can walk out to a patio and the lake. We used the kayaks, paddle boat and canoe for lovely trips up and down the lake. The lake water was warm, with a sand bottom, and the little kids could walk a good distance out in shallow water. The kids played in the water and the sand non stop! One of the kiddos even caught a small fish from the dock! The property is quite big so the adjacent houses are not right next to this one. We use the fire pit/patio area several nights as we had cool weather most of the week. There are plenty of outside chairs, life jackets, adult board games, and beach towels. Kitchen is well equipped. TWO refrigerators and washer and dryer are a bonus. The house is less than 10 minutes from Saugatuck and Douglas for shopping, and the kids went into nearby Holland on a rainy day for fun at Dutch Village and a Bouncy Town. I can't image anything place that would have suited our needs better. I don't really want to HIGHLY recommend this property because I am afraid to share the good news fearful that we won't be able to get a week next year for ourselves?!?!? Just kidding...this house is great, clean and well maintained, and the owners are very accommodating and concerned about providing guests with a good experience. Enjoy
This home is located 2 miles from Saugatuck and Douglas in Silver Lake. 230' of sandy beachfront with a swimming platform, paddle boat, canoe and kayaks for your use. Hot Tub!! No High School or College Parties, this home is made for families!!
|Rate Period
|Weekend Night
Early Summer 2017
Jun 9 2017 - Jun 29 2017
7 night minimum stay
Peak 2017
Jun 30 2017 - Aug 4 2017
7 night minimum stay
Late Summer 2017
Aug 5 2017 - Sep 1 2017
7 night minimum stay
Fall 2017
Sep 2 2017 - Jan 5 2018
3 night minimum stay
My Standard Rate
3 night minimum stay
|Pet Fee
|$75 + Tax
|Insurance Fee
|$50 + Tax
|Refundable damage deposit
|Tax Rate
Rates are subject to change until rental is confirmed. There is a $50.00 insurance fee that will cover the first $200 of damage/broken/missing items.


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- This Is Europe's Most Expensive Home


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ODP/RN Anaesthetics and Recovery- Skelmersdale
- Recruiter
- Pulse Nursing Regions
- Location
- Skelmersdale, England
- Salary
- £25000 - £30000 per annum
- Posted
- 13 Sep 2016
- Closes
- 11 Oct 2016
- Ref
- Contact
- Ellie King
- Nursing Field
- Private Healthcare, Theatre
- Function
- Registered General Nurse
- Job Type
- Permanent
Position - ODP/RN Anaesthetics and Recovery- Skelmersdale
Ref - EKODPSK
Salary - £25,000-30,000
Hours - Full Time
We are inviting applications for the position of an ODP and / or RN for Anaesthetics and Recovery. Reporting to the Theatre Manager, the successful candidate will be expected to demonstrate a high level of performance within the Theatre Team. The Theatre Anaesthetic/Recovery Practitioner will contribute to maintaining a high standard of individualised patient care, providing an excellent customer experience, whilst facilitating the best possible clinical outcomes.
Your duties will include:
* Cover Anaesthetics and Recovery for a wide range of surgical procedures
* Participate in an on-call rota
* Work as part of a multi-disciplinary team
* Facilitate effective communication within the multidisciplinary team
* Assist with the maintenance of adequate consumable stock levels
* Maintain accurate and legible patient documentation
The ideal candidate will have:
* a strong clinical background in acute surgical care
* experience working in anaesthetics and recovery for a wide range of surgical specialties
* demonstrate a sound knowledge and experience within a range of surgical specialties
* a good understanding of relevant clinical standards
In return, we offer the successful candidate:
* Attractive rates of pay dependent upon skills and qualifications
* Enhancements for unsocial hours
* Private Healthcare
* On-going training and development
* Staff discount and voluntary benefits
* Life Assurance
* Contributory Pension scheme
* 25 days annual leave increasing with service
* Uniform provided
* Free parking and subsidised staff restaurant
Key Words - ODP, Scrub, Anaesthetics, Recovery, Practitioner, Lancashire.
Pulse is an employment agency/employment business (as defined by the Conduct of Employment Agencies and Employment Businesses Regulations 2003) and is acting on behalf of its client in relation to this vacancy.
For more information please contact Ellie Conlon at Pulse Jobs on 0161 245 4453 alternatively please forward your CV
Apply for ODP/RN Anaesthetics and Recovery- Skelmersdale
Already uploaded your CV? Sign in to apply instantly
All answers are required


text:
Trains Leamington Spa
134 results for Trains in Leamington Spa
Arriva VauxhallRugby Road, MilvertonCV32 6AT Leamington Spa 01926 889988
Arriva is one of the largest transport services organisations in Europe, employing some 34, 000 people and delivering more than one billion passenger journeys across nine European countries every...
Leamington SPA Rail StationOld Warwick Rd Leamington Spa, Warwickshire Cv31 185 Ft SeCV31 3NS Leamington SpaClosed
Our fast frequent Mainline service gets you from Leamington Spa to London in less than 69 minutes. Other regular services with Chiltern Railways go to Birmingham Moor Street station, Warwick Parkway...
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London Midland Leamington SPAOld Warwick RoadCV31 3NS Leamington SpaClosed
London Midland, in its full name London and Birmingham Railway Ltd, is one of the United Kingdom's train operating companies. It is a subsidiary of Govia Limited and it started operating in 2007. ..., railway station, Rail transport, railroad, Railways, London Midland Trains, rail transportation
Towerinput LEAMINGTON SPA56 Kenilworth RoadCV32 6JW Leamington Spa 0121 568 7003
Towerinput Limited is invovled within the composite manufacturing industry and in 2008 has taken over an established business which is currently invoved with the Rail sector.
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Sarah Horne86 Warwick StreetCV32 4QG Leamington Spa 01926 424826Closed
The brief was to design and create racing silks, fresh flowers and foliage should predominate by two thirds It was one of the hardest schedules I've ever had to work to and took many hours to...
The CloistersLower Leam StreetCV31 1DJ Leamington Spa +44 1926 316420Closed
We are committed to providing every client with a quality service in a friendly, caring environment. Our team of eight specialist, highly experienced physiotherapists are able to provide therapy in...
Bath Place Community Venture4&6 Clemens StreetCV31 2DL Leamington Spa 01926 338421
Bath Place Community Venture is a charity based in Leamington Spa dedicated to enabling local people to gain access to facilities, support, information and education.
Results International PLCClarence StreetCV31 2AD Leamington Spa 01926 741111
Results International is in the business of helping other businesses become more successful by providing coaching and people development
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3 items from 2016
11 May 2016 3:39 AM, PDT | indicine | See recent indicine news »
Actor Arjun Kapoor, who made his debut in Yash Raj Films' 'Ishaqzaade', has completed four years in the industry.
"Tomorrow it is going to be #4YearsofArjunKapoor… Going down memory lane, all I can say is – it's been surreal!" Arjun tweeted on Tuesday.
In a series of tweets today, the actor relived memories of all his films and thanked his co-stars and directors.Read More
The post Arjun Kapoor completes four years in the industry appeared first on . »
- Indicine Team
23 March 2016 10:00 PM, PDT | Bollyspice | See recent Bollyspice news »
In a career spanning 16 years, ever since she made her debut with Refugee, Kareena Kapoor Khan has done close to 50 films as the leading lady. On the other hand Arjun Kapoor, who started his career with Ishaqzaade just four years back in 2012, has done only six films as the male lead. With a difference in experience of 12 years and 44 films, there is quite a wide gap between the two Kapoors.
However, now that the duo is coming together, one wonders how Kareena's experience bounced off on Arjun during the making of the Balki directed affair.
Smiles Arjun, "Well, it really helps when your co-actor is not interfering in your work and moreover, she has an ability to not interfere in someone's work. That by itself was wonderful as it made me a better performer eventually. She was amazing to work with."
What further impressed Arjun was the kind »
- Joginder Tuteja
27 February 2016 5:56 AM, PST | BollywoodHungama | See recent BollywoodHungama news »
Just recently Yash Raj Films announced Aditya Chopra's next Befikre that will feature Ranveer Singh and Vaani Kapoor with a bunch of newcomers. Now we hear that Yrf will be producing yet another film that will feature two new faces. In fact, a story for the said film has already been locked and Aditya has roped in none other than Habib Faisal, who has earlier directed Ishaqzaade and Daawat -E -Ishq, to helm the project whose script is currently being worked on. Confirming the same, Yash Raj Film released an official statement saying, "Habib Faisal will direct the film. Currently, the hunt for these two newcomers - a leading man and a leading lady is on." »
- Bollywood Hungama News Network
3 items from 2016
IMDb.com, Inc. takes no responsibility for the content or accuracy of the above news articles, Tweets, or blog posts. This content is published for the entertainment of our users only. The news articles, Tweets, and blog posts do not represent IMDb's opinions nor can we guarantee that the reporting therein is completely factual. Please visit the source responsible for the item in question to report any concerns you may have regarding content or accuracy.See our NewsDesk partners


text:
You need to have knowledge of jewelry care regardless of how you acquire it; you should also maintain a basic familiarity with buying and selling trends so you make the best choices with the pieces you have or are considering purchasing. This article is going to show you great ideas for getting the biggest bang for your buck when it comes to jewelry.
Keep your jewelry free of tarnish to make it look its best. Avoid wearing your jewelry near water. Many types of jewelry become dulled or tarnished when they are exposed to water. For added protection for your jewelry, try adding a thin coating of clear nail polish.
If you are wanting to collect costume jewelry, you should ensure you are aware of its condition. If you do not maintain the piece, it will depreciate in value. An item in good condition holds its value better in the long run.
Costume jewelry requires specific care. Many of their settings are glued instead of set. Don't immerse costume jewelry in water or use chemicals on it. The most effective way to safely clean them is wiping with a damp cloth, then drying with a different, soft cloth. This will keep your costume jewelry clean and shiny.
When deciding on which jewelry pieces to buy, look through the sales advertisements. The right sale can save you a ton of money. Check for the best sales in the paper, online, and in store windows. Buying styles that are going out of fashion can be a huge money saver, even getting up to 50% off.
Before buying any jewelry, think about what you will use it for. What's the fun in buying jewelry you never actually wear? Think about the style of clothing you will be wearing when choosing a piece of jewelry.
When you list jewelry for sale online, make sure you present it in the best possible way. An online buyer doesn't get the opportunity to handle the jewelry, so photos of the piece have to speak for themselves. Avoid taking photographs of jewelery with backgrounds that distract from the piece.
Think about getting a set of jewelry rather than a single piece. Jewelry stores often offer remarkable deals on jewelry sets. You can separate pieces of the set and gift a piece to your loved one every holiday season. By doing this, you'll always have a gift ready and you know they'll like it.
Don't swim while wearing your jewelry. The chlorine in pool water will corrode your jewelry and remove its shine. In the same way, salt water can have the same effects to jewelry over time. Take your jewelry off first to keep it from becoming damaged or tarnished.
When you are making a serious, high-dollar jewelry purchase, make sure that you can get years of use out of it. This goes not only for the quality of the piece but also the style of it. Even though a piece of jewelry is the latest trend right now, it might look outlandish in just a few years. Check out some of the options that stand the test of time and maintain a unique edge.
When adorning yourself with over-sized or prominently displayed jewelry, try contrasting it with clothing that is understated. This type of jewelry is best complemented by solid clothing, including the basic "little black dress."
When creating jewelry for selling at craft sales, holiday sales and flea markets, you probably do not know methods of displaying it in a beautiful fashion. You may be able to purchase something where you buy your other materials. Baskets, boxes, wig stands and various racks can be used to display your wares if you apply some creative thought.
There have been so many advances in created stones that it is difficult to distinguish between natural gems and lab created ones. The artificial rubies and sapphires are chemically the same as the real thing. They cost only a fraction of what the real things cost for suppliers, though. A jeweler can fraudulently claim a sapphire is natural, but you won't know for sure unless you have it examined by a gemologist.
Well-maintained jewelry holds both its resale value and sentimental value. By learning how to treat your jewelry right, you are protecting the memories and dollars invested in it. There is a lot more information you can learn if you just educate yourself and know how to get the most from your jewelery.


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Jerry Sandusky
Jerry Sandusky Denies Abusing Boys in Court as He Tries to Get Conviction Thrown Out
Originally posted 08/15/2016 04:25PM
Jerry Sandusky, the former Penn State assistant football coach serving 30 to 60 years in prison after his 2012 conviction for child sex abuse, denied he abused boys during an hour of testimony on Friday, according to multiple reports.
Jerry Sandusky Accuser Says Joe Paterno Dismissed Sex Abuse Claim in 1976: 'I Have a Football Season to Worry About'
Originally posted 07/12/2016 04:15PM
A man who says he alerted former Penn State football coach Joe Paterno in 1976 that he was allegedly being sexually abused by Jerry Sandusky when he was 14 claims Paterno brushed him off, according to newly released documents reviewed by PEOPLE.
5 Things to Know About the Sandusky Case in Light of New Allegation About Joe Paterno
Originally posted 05/06/2016 02:20PM
New allegations that Penn State football coach Joe Paterno was aware that assistant coach Jerry Sandusky was sexually abusing boys as early as 1976 have sparked many questions. Here are five things to know about the allegations.
Joe Paterno Knew About Jerry Sandusky Sexual Abuse Allegations in 1976, Insurance Company Claims: Reports
Originally posted 05/06/2016 10:00AM
Former Penn State University football coach Joe Paterno, who died in 2012, knew about sexual abuse allegations against former assistant coach Jerry Sandusky since 1976, according to a Pennsylvania court order released Thursday and obtained by PEOPLE.
Jerry Sandusky Asks Court For New Trial; Judge Orders Attorney General to Turn Over Leaked Information Defense Says Impacted His Trial
Originally posted 10/29/2015 04:20PM
Convicted serial child molester Jerry Sandusky appeared in a Pennsylvania court on Thursday in an effort to get a new trial.
Jerry Sandusky's Victim No. 1 Speaks Out
Originally posted 10/18/2012 05:05PM
For the past four years, since he first came forward to say that former Penn State assistant football coach Jerry Sandusky had sexually abused him, he's been known as Victim Number 1.
But now, the young man who was a key witness in Sandusky's trial is ready to share his name, the horror of the abuse he suffered and how he found the courage to speak out.
Aaron Fisher, 18, has written a book, Silent No More: Victim 1's Fight for Justice Against Jerry Sandusky, with his psychologist, Mike Gillum, and his mother, Dawn Daniels, to be published on Oct. 23 by Random House.
Jerry Sandusky Sentenced to 30-60 Years for Child Sex Abuse
Originally posted 10/09/2012 10:30AM
Former Penn State football coach Jerry Sandusky was sentenced Tuesday morning to 30-60 years in prison for molesting 10 boys over a period of 15 years.
The judge said that he would serve no less than 30 years in prison and no more than 60 years.
Sandusky, 68, who proclaimed his innocence in an audio statement that aired Monday night on Penn State's student radio station, could have faced as much as 400 years in jail after being convicted on 45 counts, NBC reports.
Jerry Sandusky's Adopted Son: I'm a Victim, Too
Originally posted 06/21/2012 05:50PM
Just hours after a jury began deliberating the fate of Jerry Sandusky, who is on trial for allegedly sexually abusing 10 boys over a 15-year period, his adopted son Matt said he, too, was sexually abused by Sandusky.
"During the trial, Matt Sandusky contacted us and requested our advice and assistance in arranging a meeting with prosecutors to disclose for the first time in this case that he is a victim of Jerry Sandusky's abuse," read a statement issued by Matt's attorneys, Andrew Shubin and Justine Andronici.
"At Matt's request we immediately arranged a meeting between him and prosecutors and investigators," the statement continued. "This has been an extremely painful experience for Matt and he has asked us to convey his request that the media respect his privacy. There will be no further comment at this time."
Jerry Sandusky Trial: Tales of Rape and Cries for Help
Originally posted 06/15/2012 04:10PM
He's an 18-year-old man now. But in his painful memories, he said, he'll always be a little boy, less than 70 pounds, alone in a basement, where he was repeatedly raped and forced to perform oral sex.
His tormentor, he says, was Jerry Sandusky.
"There was no fighting against it," the recent high school graduate told the jury at Sandusky's trial. "Sometimes [I'd] scream, sometimes tell him to get off me, but other than that, who was there? We were in the basement, no one could hear you down there."
Those in the courtroom in Bellefonte, Pa., were brought to tears by the testimony of the witness identified only as Victim 9, the last in a string of alleged victims of sexual abuse called by prosecutors against Sandusky.
Joe Paterno in Serious Condition
Originally posted 01/21/2012 07:00AM
Former Penn State coach Joe Paterno is listed in serious condition after suffering complications in his battle with lung cancer, says a family spokesman.
Paterno, 85, began hospital treatment for the disease on Jan. 13, after being diagnosed in November. Around 9 p.m. Jan. 21, erroneous reports circulated that Paterno had died, prompting one of the coach's sons to Tweet, "Joe is continuing to fight."
On campus, the dark stadium was playing football videos, seemingly in "JoePa"'s honor, and people were flooding the area where his statue stands, despite freezing temperatures. Tears flowed.
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Watco Supply Chain Services has introduced a new international division that will operate as a registered non-vessel operating common carrier and an indirect air carrier, the company said in a statement.
Regulators in the United Kingdom ordered Amazon UK Services Ltd. to pay 65,000 British pounds (U.S. $84,288.92) for four counts of "causing dangerous goods to be delivered for carriage in an aircraft," according to the country's Civil Aviation Authority.
The parcel giant and unmanned aircraft manufacturer CyPhy Works have begun joint testing of drone usage for commercial package delivery in remote or difficult-to-reach locations.
Registration takes less than 1 minute.
Third-party logistics providers like Expeditors International of Washington have traditionally benefitted from disruptions in direct shipper/carrier relationships, according to a recent client note from William Blair Equity Research.
The world's two largest container shipping carriers, Maersk Line and MSC, are beefing up their presence on the transpacific trade in the wake of Hanjin Shipping filing for receivership in Korea last week.
Carriers may seek to "turn the table" on shippers who drove hard bargains, but an upturn in rates may be short-lived.


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Watch the BOSS Livestream
Enjoy!By The Cut
Enjoy!By The Cut
The true star of Apple Music.By Ashley Weatherford
Shows up when she's good and ready — boss.By Hilary Weaver
The "Two Beers and a Puppy" test is key.By Jesse Singal
The Divergent actor is the new face of Hugo Boss.By Ella Ceron
For our final "Day in the Life" video installment, we trailed Imran Amed, the founder and editor-in-chief of the Business of Fashion.By The Cut
Rigging an election often works (about half the time).By Nate Jones
Pairs patchwork leather dress with estranged fiancé.By Maureen O'Connor
Grab the tissues!By Sarah Frank
Enjoy your me-time, Kelsey Grammer.By Margaret Lyons
Plus: Blake Shelton's crudest comments ranging from Christina Aguilera's huge "duo" to his panty-dropper mullet, and more, on our daily late-night roundup.By Caroline Shin
Season One was anything but subtle, and Two doubles down on its Boss-iness.By Matt Zoller Seitz
Plus, an offended Jennifer Garner to David Letterman: "[Ben Affleck] will stomp you!" and more, in our daily late-night roundup.By Caroline Shin
Much of modern TV is said to take place in a post-Sopranos universe, but this summer David Milch's gold-rush Western Deadwood seems just as influential.By Matt Zoller Seitz
Looks like Camille got out just in time.By Eliot Glazer
And so does Sanaa Lathan.By Willa Paskin
Duh nuh nuh nuh. Duh nuh nuh nuh. Clap! Clap!By Gwynne Watkins
'Boss' nails it, but 'Prime Suspect' falls way short.By Margaret Lyons
Rest easy, Kelsey Grammer.By Margaret Lyons
Will a familiarity with 'The Count of Monte Cristo' endear you to 'Revenge' or turn you off?By Willa Paskin


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Louis Lunch – Beef Touchdown, Wiener Win and BBQ Backup
Louis Lunch http://louislunch.com/ 263 Crown St New Haven, CT 06511 THE STORY How does that old saying go? "If at first you don't succeed, fry, fry again." Or am I thinking of "5th time is a charm"? Either or, in … Continue reading
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