text:
Star Tracks: Monday, May 16, 2016 42 years, 2,191 covers and 55,436 stories from PEOPLE magazine's history for you to enjoy
Latest News!
- Jennifer Aniston and Justin Theroux Step Out for a Date Night in N.Y.C.
- Read the Cover Story: Brad & Angelina Split After 12 Years: It's Over
- Country Singer Cam Marries in Intimate Desert Ceremony: All the Details
- Presenting… Every Single Thing the Kardashians Have Said About Their Nipples
- WATCH: The Bachelor's Chris Harrison on His Love Life: 'I Truly Couldn't Be Happier'
People Top 5
LAST UPDATE: Tuesday February 10, 2015 01:10PM EST
PEOPLE Top 5 are the most-viewed stories on the site over the past three days, updated every 60 minutes
- October 06, 1980
- Vol. 14
- No. 14
In a move that may provide additional evidence of the new conservatism, 7-year-old Free Carradine, son of David, has changed his name to Tom, just as little lowercase amerika Hoffman, 9, son of Abbie, changed his to Alan. Free's mom went back to Barbara Hershey after several years as Barbara Seagull, evidently no longer feeling that the soul of a bird was trapped within her.
More in a Moment
After Ann Arledge, 32, helped capture a mugger who grabbed her purse in Manhattan, an unknown comic on the crew of her husband Roone Arledge's ABC World News Tonight came up with this suggested schedule for the first half of that night's show:
1:40 (minutes) Ann Arledge's reaction to the purse snatch
1:20 the arraignment
1:30 a report by Tim O'Brien on the legal implications
2:20 a report by Jim Wooten on the political implications
2:00 a report on the growth of self-defense schools
2:00 an essay by Hughes Rudd on "The New Woman"
4:00 Barbara Walters with an exclusive interview with Ann Arledge
0:10 the controversy over the presidential debates
Look at the Record
This year he's pushing for tax cuts and a stronger military, but when JFK was in the White House Ronald Reagan Recommends was the title of an LP of "Award winning music from Hollywood." Among the actor's favorite movie tunes, performed as instrumentals, were Que Será, Será, Buttons and Bows and Zip a Dee Doo Dah. General Electric produced the record for a promotion since Reagan was its corporate spokesman at the time. Now the LP is a collector's item, selling for as much as $30 in secondhand shops. If Reagan wins, the price is sure to go even higher. Whatever happens in November, this is certain: One of Reagan's recommended tunes will be just right for the occasion. It'll either be the High and the Mighty or Baby, It's Cold Outside.
Quarterbacks Have More Fun
At a season-starting luncheon, Washington Redskins' owner Jack Kent Cooke admitted he was a bit confused by the unexpected blond-ness that quarterback Joe Theismann's hair had acquired over the summer. "One day he looked like a Notre Dame quarterback," puzzled Cooke, "and the next like Mary Pickford. I don't know whether to give him a football or ask him to dance."
•As happens with most people, Mick Jagger has modified his idea of what's old. "I know I said at 32 that I'd kill myself if I was still rocking at 40," says Mick, now 37. "But I was just a towheaded lad. Why don't you give me another decade and we'll see about it then?"
•Too many revivals, complained New York producer Joseph Papp, in describing the state of the theater today. What about his own Gilbert and Sullivan swashbuckler, The Pirates of Penzance, starring Linda Ronstadt opposite Rex Smith, which moves to Broadway this fall? "That was resuscitation," Papp told the National Press Club. "Anything over 100 years old is resuscitation."
•"I haven't made up my mind yet," replied veteran actress Ruth Gordon, 83 (My Bodyguard), at Wolf's Sixth Avenue deli in Manhattan. But the question wasn't "What'll you have?" Some wag had just asked her if she planned to make showbiz her career.
More in the Archive
Today's Photos
Treat Yourself! 4 Preview Issues
The most buzzed about stars this minute!


text:
Genevieve Goes Gender-Neutral
Asian Ideas • Crib Quilt: made by me www.etsy.com/shop/blueGiraffes • Curtains: sheers from Ikea • Paintings/pillows/origami swans/artwork/wreath/sock monkey: made by me (similar to what I sell in my Etsy shop, Blue Giraffes) • Lamp: the shade is vintage and the base is an old Target lamp I dug out of our basement. • Fabric basket: Sewing Momma • Plate/cup/elephant figurine on shelves: Mackenzie Childs • Crib: Ikea • Changing table: It was a display table at my husband's work that they were getting rid of. I just switched out the drawer pulls. • Rug: COSTCO • Rocking Giraffe: It was a gift purchased at a local shop named Trios • Rocking chair: it's the chair my Mom rocked me in! • Paint color: Ionic Sky by Behr Thanks Michelle! Readers, say hi to Michelle at lifebygrace. (Images: Samantha Miller Gott) • MY ROOM ARCHIVE • SUBMIT A BABY OR KID'S SPACE

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Located 2.8 mi (4.5 km) from West Oaks Mall, Comfort Suites is within a 15-minute drive of George Bush Park. This hotel has 70 rooms and welcomes guests with conveniences like free breakfast, an outdoor pool, and free in-room WiFi. The Galleria is also within a 30-minute drive of this Houston hotel.
Start your day off right with a free buffet breakfast.
Comfort Suites's 70 rooms are air-conditioned and provide sofa beds, microwaves, and refrigerators. Guests can expect free WiFi and plasma TVs with cable channels. Pillowtop beds grant a restful night's sleep, and bathrooms offer hair dryers and free toiletries. Coffee makers, phones, and ironing boards are other standard amenities.
Property features
Guests staying at Comfort Suites enjoy an outdoor pool, a fitness center, and free WiFi in public areas. You can take advantage of free parking if you drive. Helpful staff is there to provide a safe deposit box at the front desk, as well as offer insight about the area. Additional amenities include a meeting room, a business center, and free newspapers.
- Free buffet breakfast
- Free WiFi in rooms and public areas
- Free parking
- Outdoor pool
Comfort Suites7111 Rancho Mission Dr Houston TX 77083
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Comfort Suites features an outdoor pool and a fitness center. High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. This hotel offers access to a business center and a meeting room. Guests can enjoy a complimentary breakfast. This Houston hotel also offers complimentary newspapers in the lobby, laundry facilities, and a safe deposit box at the front desk. Complimentary self parking is available on site.
Comfort Suites is a smoke-free property.
- Total number of rooms - 70
- Number of floors - 3
- Business center
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Free breakfast
- Fitness facilities
- Free WiFi
- Laundry facilities
- Meeting rooms
- One meeting room
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Free self parking
- Smoke-free property
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Outdoor pool
Family Friendly Amenities
- Family Hotel
- Outdoor pool
- Free Wi-Fi
- Laundry facilities
- Sofa bed
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
- Cribs/infant beds (complimentary)
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Air conditioning
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Phone
- Refrigerator
- Coffee/tea maker
- Microwave
- Daily housekeeping
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Iron/ironing board
- Desk
- Sofa bed
- Cable TV service
- Free WiFi
- Pillowtop mattress
- Plasma TV
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge)
Where to Eat
Guests are offered a complimentary buffet breakfast.
Nearby Things to Do
Recreational amenities at the hotel include an outdoor pool and a fitness center.
To make special requests for accessibility needs, please note them at check-out when you book your room.
- In-room accessibility
- Accessible bathroom
- Roll-in shower
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Check-in time ends at 2 AM
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
- Pets not allowed (service dogs only)
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
Only service animals are allowed
Optional extras
- Rollaway bed fee: USD 10 per night
Hotel Name
- Comfort Suites West Energy Corridor
- Comfort Suites West Energy Corridor Hotel
- Comfort Suites West Energy Corridor Hotel Houston
- Comfort Suites West Energy Corridor Houston
- Comfort Suites Hotel Houston
- Comfort Suites Houston
We should mention
Children 18 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding. The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.


text:
Are you Michael Vajdy?Claim your profile
Publications (50)
Article: Vitamin A or E and a catechin synergize as vaccine adjuvant to enhance immune responses in mice by induction of early IL-15 but not IL-1 β responses[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Vitamins A and E and select flavonoids in the family of catechins are well-defined small molecules that if proven to possess immunomodulatory properties, hold promise as vaccine adjuvants and various therapies. In an effort to determine the in vivo immunomodulatory properties of these molecules, we found that while mucosal and systemic vaccinations with a recombinant HIV-1BaL gp120 with either a catechin, epigallo catechin gallate (EGCG) or pro vitamin A (retinyl palmitate) alone in a vegetable oil in water emulsion (OWE) suppressed antigen-specific responses, the combination of EGCG and vitamin A or E in OWE (Nutritive Immune-enhancing Delivery System, NIDS) synergistically enhanced adaptive B, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, following induction of relatively low local and systemic innate TNFα, IL-6, and IL-17, but relatively high levels of early systemic IL-15 responses. For induction of adaptive IFNγ and TNFα responses by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, the adjuvant effect of NIDS was dependent on both IL-15 and its receptor. In addition, the anti-oxidant activity of NIDS correlated positively with higher expression of the superoxide dismutase 1, an enzyme involved in reactive oxygen species elimination but negatively with secretion of IL-1β. This suggests the mechanism of action of NIDS is dependent on anti-oxidant activity and IL-15, but independent of IL-1β and inflammasome formation. These data show that this approach in nutritive vaccine adjuvant design holds promise for the development of potentially safer effective vaccines. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Article: Facial nerve palsy including Bell's palsy: Case definitions and guidelines for collection, analysis, and presentation of immunisation safety data
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Introduction: A detailed study of reports on the immunomodulatory properties of vitamin A and select flavonoids may pave the way for using these natural compounds or compounds with similar structures in novel drug and vaccine designs against infectious and autoimmune diseases and cancers. Areas covered: Intracellular transduction pathways, cellular differentiation and functional immunomodulatory responses have been reviewed. The reported studies encompass in vitro, in vivo preclinical and clinical studies that address the role of vitamin A and select flavonoids in induction of innate and adaptive B- and T-cell responses, including TH1, TH2 and regulatory T cells (Treg). Expert opinion: While the immunomodulatory role of vitamin A, and related compounds, is well-established in many preclinical studies, its role in humans has begun to gain wider acceptance. In contrast, the role of flavonoids is mostly controversial in clinical trials, due to the diversity of the various classes of these compounds, and possibly due to the purity and the selected doses of the compounds. However, current preclinical and clinical studies warrant further detailed studies of these promising immunomodulatory compounds.
Article: Lack of Interference with Immunogenicity of a Chimeric Alphavirus Replicon Particle-Based Influenza Vaccine by Preexisting Antivector Immunity[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Antivector immunity has been recognized as a potential caveat of using virus-based vaccines. In the present study, an alphavirus-based replicon particle vaccine platform, which has demonstrated robust immunogenicity in animal models, was tested for effects of antivector immunity on immunogenicity against hemagglutinin of influenza virus as a target antigen and efficacy for protection against lethal challenge with the virus. Chimeric alphavirus-based replicon particles, comprising Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus nonstructural and Sindbis virus structural components, induced efficient protective antibody responses, which were not adversely influenced after multiple immunizations with the same vector expressing various antigens.
Article: Immunomodulatory properties of vitamins, flavonoids and plant oils and their potential as vaccine adjuvants and delivery systems[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Introduction: During the past century, vaccinologists have attempted to mimic pathogens in their immune-enhancing capacity. This led to the development of life-saving vaccines based on live attenuated viruses, bacteria and toxoids. Hence, intense research in vaccine adjuvant discovery has focused on toll like receptors, mutant toxins and viral and bacterial vectors. Nutritive components such as vitamins and select polyphenols also possess immunomodulating properties without the potential toxic and adverse side effects of agents that mimic danger signals. Areas covered: This review pertains to immunomodulatory properties of nutritive components, that is vitamins A, C, D, E, flavonoids and plant oils, as potential vaccine adjuvants and delivery systems, covering Pubmed publication searches from 1980 through 2011. Expert opinion: This relatively unexplored field of the potential of nutritive components as vaccine adjuvants holds great promise to promote the development of effective and above all safe vaccines. Hence the future focus should be placed on enhancing their efficacy, mainly through novel approaches in designing structural derivatives, formulations, delivery systems and routes of administration. As safety has been the major issue in development of novel vaccines, this new approach will probably result in new discoveries in designing safe and effective vaccines.
Article: Use of Inactivated Escherichia coli Enterotoxins To Enhance Respiratory Mucosal Adjuvanticity during Vaccination in Swine[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: In order to augment responses to respiratory vaccines in swine, various adjuvants were intranasally coadministered with a foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) antigen to pigs. Detoxified Escherichia coli enterotoxins LTK63 and LTR72 enhanced antigen-specific mucosal and systemic immunity, demonstrating their efficacy as adjuvants for nonreplicating antigens upon intranasal immunization in swine.
Article: A novel retinoic acid, catechin hydrate and mustard oil-based emulsion for enhanced cytokine and antibody responses against multiple strains of HIV-1 following mucosal and systemic vaccinations[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Non-replicating protein- or DNA-based antigens generally require immune-enhancing adjuvants and delivery systems. It has been particularly difficult to raise antibodies against gp120 of HIV-1, which constitutes an important approach in HIV vaccine design. While almost all effort in adjuvant research has focused on mimicking the pathogens and the danger signals they engender in the host, relatively little effort has been spent on nutritive approaches. In this study, a new nutritive immune-enhancing delivery system (NIDS) composed of vitamin A, a polyphenol-flavonoid, catechin hydrate, and mustard oil was tested for its adjuvant effect in immune responses against the gp120 protein of HIV-1(CN54). Following a combination of two mucosal and two systemic vaccinations of mice, we found significant enhancement of both local and systemic antibodies as well as cytokine responses. These data have important implications for vaccine and adjuvant design against HIV-1 and other pathogens.
Article: Maintenance of long-term immunological memory by Ig+CD45R+non-plasma B cells following mucosal immunizations[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: To determine whether long-term immunological B cell memory following mucosal vaccinations is maintained by terminally differentiated Ig-CD45R- plasma cells or Ig+CD45R+ B cells, we immunized mice orally with the non-toxic B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB) as a carrier protein haptenated with FITC (CTB-FITC) plus CT adjuvant. We found that the adoptive transfer of Ig+CD45R+ but not the Ig-CD45R- cells, resulted in higher numbers of FITC-specific IgA-secreting cells in the intestine as well as higher anti-FITC serum IgA titers, suggesting that long term B cell immunological memory following oral vaccinations preferentially resided within the Ig+CD45R+ B cell population.
Article: Mucosal HIV transmission and vaccination strategies through oral compared with vaginal and rectal routes[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: There are currently over thirty million people infected with HIV and there are no vaccines available to prevent HIV infections or disease. The genitourinary, rectal and oral mucosa are the mucosal HIV transmission routes. An effective vaccine that can induce both systemic and local mucosal immunity is generally accepted as a major means of protection against mucosal HIV transmission and AIDS. Structure and cells that comprise the oral, vaginal and rectal mucosa pertaining to HIV transmission and vaccination strategies through each mucosal route to prevent mucosal and systemic infection will be discussed. Covering publications from 1980s through 2010, mucosal transmission of HIV and current and previous approaches to vaccinations are discussed. Although oral transmission of HIV is far less common than vaginal and rectal transmissions, infections through this route do occur through oral sex as well as vertically from mother to child. Mucosal vaccination strategies against oral and other mucosal HIV transmissions are under intensive research but the lack of consensus on immune correlates of protection and lack of safe and effective mucosal adjuvants and delivery systems hamper progress towards a licensed vaccine.
Article: Antibody-Mediated Protection against Mucosal Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Challenge of Macaques Immunized with Alphavirus Replicon Particles and Boosted with Trimeric Envelope Glycoprotein in MF59 Adjuvant[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: We have previously shown that rhesus macaques were partially protected against high-dose intravenous challenge with simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIV(SF162P4) following sequential immunization with alphavirus replicon particles (VRP) of a chimeric recombinant VEE/SIN alphavirus (derived from Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus [VEE] and the Sindbis virus [SIN]) encoding human immunodeficiency virus type 1 HIV-1(SF162) gp140DeltaV2 envelope (Env) and trimeric Env protein in MF59 adjuvant (R. Xu, I. K. Srivastava, C. E. Greer, I. Zarkikh, Z. Kraft, L. Kuller, J. M. Polo, S. W. Barnett, and L. Stamatatos, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 22:1022-1030, 2006). The protection did not require T-cell immune responses directed toward simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag. We extend those findings here to demonstrate antibody-mediated protection against mucosal challenge in macaques using prime-boost regimens incorporating both intramuscular and mucosal routes of delivery. The macaques in the vaccination groups were primed with VRP and then boosted with Env protein in MF59 adjuvant, or they were given VRP intramuscular immunizations alone and then challenged with SHIV(SF162P4) (intrarectal challenge). The results demonstrated that these vaccines were able to effectively protect the macaques to different degrees against subsequent mucosal SHIV challenge, but most noteworthy, all macaques that received the intramuscular VRP prime plus Env protein boost were completely protected. A statistically significant association was observed between the titer of virus neutralizing and binding antibodies as well as the avidity of anti-Env antibodies measured prechallenge and protection from infection. These results highlight the merit of the alphavirus replicon vector prime plus Env protein boost vaccine approach for the induction of protective antibody responses and are of particular relevance to advancing our understanding of the potential correlates of immune protection against HIV infection at a relevant mucosal portal of entry.
Article: Prolonged Protection against Intranasal Challenge with Influenza Virus following Systemic Immunization or Combinations of Mucosal and Systemic Immunizations with a Heat-Labile Toxin Mutant[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Seasonal influenza virus infections cause considerable morbidity and mortality in the world, and there is a serious threat of a pandemic influenza with the potential to cause millions of deaths. Therefore, practical influenza vaccines and vaccination strategies that can confer protection against intranasal infection with influenza viruses are needed. In this study, we demonstrate that using LTK63, a nontoxic mutant of the heat-labile toxin from Escherichia coli, as an adjuvant for both mucosal and systemic immunizations, systemic (intramuscular) immunization or combinations of mucosal (intranasal) and intramuscular immunizations protected mice against intranasal challenge with a lethal dose of live influenza virus at 3.5 months after the second immunization.
Article: Induction of Broad CD4+ and CD8+ T-Cell Responses and Cross- Neutralizing Antibodies against Hepatitis C Virus by Vaccination with Th1-Adjuvanted Polypeptides Followed by Defective Alphaviral Particles Expressing Envelope Glycoproteins gpE1 and gpE2 and Nonstructural Proteins 3, 4, and 5[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Broad, multispecific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses to the hepatitis C virus (HCV), as well as virus-cross-neutralizing antibodies, are associated with recovery from acute infection and may also be associated in chronic HCV patients with a favorable response to antiviral treatment. In order to recapitulate all of these responses in an ideal vaccine regimen, we have explored the use of recombinant HCV polypeptides combined with various Th1-type adjuvants and replication-defective alphaviral particles encoding HCV proteins in various prime/boost modalities in BALB/c mice. Defective chimeric alphaviral particles derived from the Sindbis and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses encoding either the HCV envelope glycoprotein gpE1/gpE2 heterodimer (E1E2) or nonstructural proteins 3, 4, and 5 (NS345) elicited strong CD8+ T-cell responses but low CD4+ T helper responses to these HCV gene products. In contrast, recombinant E1E2 glycoproteins adjuvanted with MF59 containing a CpG oligonucleotide elicited strong CD4+ T helper responses but no CD8+ T-cell responses. A recombinant NS345 polyprotein also stimulated strong CD4+ T helper responses but no CD8+ T-cell responses when adjuvanted with Iscomatrix containing CpG. Optimal elicitation of broad CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses to E1E2 and NS345 was obtained by first priming with Th1-adjuvanted proteins and then boosting with chimeric, defective alphaviruses expressing these HCV genes. In addition, this prime/boost regimen resulted in the induction of anti-E1E2 antibodies capable of cross-neutralizing heterologous HCV isolates in vitro. This vaccine formulation and regimen may therefore be optimal in humans for protection against this highly heterogeneous global pathogen.
Article: Dynamics of acute and memory mucosal and systemic immune responses against HIV-1 envelope following immunizations through single or combinations of mucosal and systemic routes[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: In this study, immunizations at 2 weeks vs. 6 weeks intervals, with an HIV-1 envelope protein in adjuvants, through intra-nasal (IN), intra-muscular (IM), IN followed by IM (IN/IM) and IM/IN, were compared for induction of mucosal and systemic immune responses. IN/IM immunizations at 2, but not at 6, week intervals induced the highest mucosal and systemic immune responses compared to other immunization routes. Following a resting memory phase, IN boosting of IN/IM-immunized mice, compared to IM-boosting of IM-immunized mice, induced increased IgA responses. Thus, depending on the immunization intervals, IN/IM may be more effective than IM immunizations for short- and long-term immunity.
Article: Beta7-integrin-independent enhancement of mucosal and systemic anti-HIV antibody responses following combined mucosal and systemic gene delivery[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Vaccination strategies that can block or limit heterosexual human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmissions to local and systemic tissues are the goal of much research effort. Herein, in a mouse model, we aimed to determine whether the enhancement of antibody responses through mucosal and systemic immunizations, previously observed with protein-based vaccines, applies to immunizations with DNA- or RNA-based vectors. Intranasal (i.n.) followed by intramuscular (i.m.) immunizations (i.n./i.m.) with polylactide-coglycolide (PLG)-DNA microparticles encoding HIV-gag (PLG-DNA-gag) significantly enhanced serum antibody responses, compared with i.m., i.n. or i.m. followed by i.n. (i.m./i.n.) immunizations. Moreover, while i.n./i.m., i.n. or i.m./i.n. immunizations with PLG-DNA-gag resulted in genital tract antibody responses, i.m. immunizations alone failed to do so. Importantly, beta7-deficient mice developed local and systemic antibody responses following i.n./i.m. immunization, or immunization via any other route, similar to those of wild-type mice. To compare the DNA with an RNA delivery system, immunizations were performed with VEE/SIN-gag replicon particles, composed of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE) replicon RNA and Sindbis surface structure (SIN). i.n./i.m., compared with any other immunizations, i.n./i.m. immunization with VEE/SIN-gag resulted in enhanced genital tract but not serum antibody responses. These data show for the first time that mucosal followed by systemic immunizations with gene delivery systems enhance B-cell responses independent of the mucosal homing receptors alpha4beta7 and alphaEbeta7.
Article: The potency of the adjuvant, CpG oligos, is enhanced by encapsulation in PLG microparticles[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to evaluate the potency of the CpG containing oligonucleotide encapsulated within poly(lactide-co-glycolide), and coadministered with antigen adsorbed to poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles (PLG particles). The formulations evaluated include, CpG added in soluble form, CpG adsorbed, and CpG encapsulated. The antigen from Neisseria meningitidis serotype B (Men B) was used in these studies. The immunogenicity of these formulations was evaluated in mice. Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles were synthesized by a w/o/w emulsification method in the presence of a charged surfactant for the formulations. Neisseria meningitidis B protein was adsorbed to the PLG microparticles, with binding efficiency and initial release measured. CpG was either added in the soluble or adsorbed or encapsulated form based on the type of formulation. The binding efficiency, loading, integrity and initial release of CpG and the antigen were measured from all the formulations. The formulations were then tested in mice for their ability to elicit antibodies, bactericidal activity and T cell responses. Encapsulating CpG within PLG microparticles induced statistically significant higher antibody, bactericidal activity and T cell responses when compared to the traditional method of delivering CpG in the soluble form. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 97:1155–1164, 2008
Article: Effects of a Th1- versus a Th2-biased immune response in protection against Helicobacter pylori challenge in mice[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: The roles that T helper type 1 (Th1) and T helper type 2 (Th2) Helicobacter pylori-specific immune responses play in protection from H. pylori challenge are poorly understood. It is expected that Th2 immune responses are required for protection against extracellular bacteria, such as H. pylori. However, recent studies have suggested that Th1 immunity is required for protection. The mechanisms by which this might occur are unknown. Our goal in this study was to more clearly define the effects of a Th1- versus a Th2-promoting H. pylori vaccine on immunity and protection. Therefore, we tested a Th1 vaccine consisting of an H. pylori sonicate and CpG oligonucleotides (CpG) and a Th2 vaccine consisting of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-depleted H. pylori sonicate combined with cholera toxin (CT). We demonstrate that although the Th2-promoting vaccine induced stronger systemic and local immune responses, only the Th1-promoting vaccine was protective.
Article: Protection of macaques against vaginal SHIV challenge by systemic or mucosal and systemic vaccinations with HIV-envelope[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Worldwide, the majority of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections occur by heterosexual transmission. Thus, the development of a vaccine that can prevent intravaginal HIV infection is an important goal of AIDS vaccine research. To determine which single or combination of systemic and mucosal routes of immunizations of female rhesus macaques with an HIV-1 SF162 envelope protein vaccine induced protection against intravaginal challenge with SHIV. Female rhesus macaques were immunized with an HIV-1 SF162 envelope protein vaccine administered systemically (intramuscularly), or mucosally (intranasally), or as a sequential combination of both routes. The macaques were then challenged intravaginally with SHIV SF162P4, expressing an envelope that is closely matched (homologous) to the vaccine. Macaques receiving intramuscular immunizations, alone or in combination with intranasal immunizations, were protected from infection, with no detectable plasma viral RNA, provirus, or seroconversion to nonvaccine viral proteins, and better preservation of intestinal CD4+ T cells. Serum neutralizing antibodies against the challenge virus appeared to correlate with protection. The results of this study demonstrate that, in the nonhuman primate model, it is possible for vaccine-elicited immune responses to prevent infection after intravaginal administration of virus.
Article: Long-term Protection in Hamsters against Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 Following Mucosal or Combinations of Mucosal and Systemic Immunizations with Chimeric Alphavirus-based Replicon Particles[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: No licensed vaccines are available to protect against parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3), a significant health risk for infants. In search of a safe vaccine, we used an alphavirus-based chimeric vector, consisting of Sindbis virus (SIN) structural proteins and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE) replicon RNA, expressing the PIV3 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein (VEE/SIN-HN). We compared different routes of intramuscular (i.m.), intranasal (i.n.), or combined i.n. and i.m. immunizations with VEE/SIN-HN in hamsters. Six months after the final immunization, all hamsters were protected against live PIV3 i.n. challenge in nasal turbinates and lungs. This protection appeared to correlate with antibodies in serum, nasal turbinates and lungs. This is the first report demonstrating mucosal protection against PIV3 for an extended time following immunizations with an RNA replicon delivery system.
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to conduct an in vivo comparison of nanoparticles and microparticles as vaccine delivery systems. Poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) polymers were used to create nanoparticles size 110 nm and microparticles of size 800-900 nm. Protein antigens were then adsorbed to these particles. The efficacy of these delivery systems was tested with two protein antigens. A recombinant antigen from Neisseria meningitides type B (MenB) was administered intramuscularly (i.m.) or intraperitonealy (i.p.). An antigen from HIV-1, env glycoprotein gp140 was administered intranasally (i.n.) followed by an i.m. boost. From three studies, there were no differences between the nanoparticles and micro-particles formulations. Both particles led to comparable immune responses in mice. The immune responses for MenB (serum bactericidal activity and antibody titers) were equivalent to the control of aluminum hydroxide. For the gp140, the LTK63 was necessary for high titers. Both nanoparticles and microparticles are promising delivery systems.
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Infections with seasonally prevalent strains of influenza cause a substantial healthcare burden worldwide. Influenza gains access to the host through the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract, but exerts most of its pathologic effects in the lower respiratory tract. The threat of avian influenza strains to cause bird to human and then human to human transmission and hence pandemic influenza, is serious. Thus, while improved vaccines for seasonal influenza, particularly for infants and the elderly, are sought for, new vaccines that are effective against pandemic influenza strains are urgently needed.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 10, 2006
|Filing date
|Feb 2, 2000
|Priority date
|Oct 25, 1999
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Munir H. Nayfeh, Joel Therrien, Gennadiy Belmoin
|Original Assignee
|The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Illinois
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (21), Non-Patent Citations (60), Referenced by (43), Classifications (18), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part application of prior application to Nayfeh et al., Ser. No. 09/426,204, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,597,496, issued Jul. 22, 2003, entitled SILICON NANOPARTICLE STIMULATED EMISSION DEVICES, filed on Oct. 25, 1999 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,597,496.
The present invention concerns transistors. More particularly, the invention concerns single electron technology transistors, being transistors in which one-by-one transport of electrons controls device operation.
A co-pending and commonly owned application to Nayfeh et al., Ser. No. 09/426,389, entitled SILICON NANOPARTICLES AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING THE SAME, filed on Oct. 22, 1999, is incorporated by reference herein.
Transistors are the basic building block of electronic devices. The power of a transistor depends, in large part, on its switching speed and its power requirements. Faster switching transistors offer improved performance. Transistors having lower power requirements offer energy conservation and reduced heating. The latter effects are especially important in devices which rely upon self contained power sources.
The power required to switch a transistor is a function of the amount of current necessary to cause device operation. Much research has been conducted in an effort to reduce the amount of current. The end goal is a device in which operation is caused by a single electron. In single electronics (single electron technology), device operation is based on the concept of one carrier for one bit of information. That is, it is based on one-by-one manipulation of electrons through a small sub-structure, and specifically a transistor.
American researchers first made a transistor that relies on a single electron about fifteen years ago, employing techniques used to make advanced semiconductor chips. They also built a single electron device in which a semiconductor substrate is coated with a thin layer of an insulating material and sprayed minute blobs of indium onto it. They then positioned the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope over it. By manipulating the voltages applied to the tip and the substrate, the researchers controlled the movement of single electrons in and out of the blob. A challenging problem for room temperature operation of such devices is that of thermal fluctuations.
So far, reasonably long range quantum effects on transport properties have been mostly observed near liquid helium/liquid nitrogen temperatures. An important step in the practical development of the single electron devices is therefore the ability to produce operation at higher temperatures, e.g., room temperatures. Thus, there is a need for an improved device in which operation of the device is controlled by the flow of an electron. It is an object of the invention to provide such an improved device, in the form of a silicon nanoparticle field effect transistor.
The present invention concerns a transistor including silicon nanoparticles. Silicon nanoparticles are a previously unknown material. The silicon nanoparticles and a method for making the same are described in co-pending application Ser. No. 09/426,204, to Nayfeh et al. entitled SILICON NANOPARTICLE STIMULATED EMISSION DEVICES, which is incorporated by reference herein.
In a preferred embodiment, the silicon nanoparticles occupy a gate region of the transistor. The resulting transistor is a transistor in which single electron flow controls operation of the transistor. Room temperature operation is possible with the novel transistor structure by radiation assistance, with radiation being directed toward the silicon nanoparticles to create necessary holes in the quantum structure for the flow of an electron.
The transistor of the invention also forms the basis for a memory device. The device is a flash memory device which will store electrical charge instead of magnetic effects.
Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent by reference to the detailed description and the drawings, of which:
The present invention concerns single electron transistor devices which rely upon elemental silicon nanoparticles. The silicon nanoparticles provide a set of discrete levels for electron capture with energy spacing much larger than the thermal fluctuation energy.
Silicon nanoparticles of diameter ˜1 nm, have a discrete set of states resulting from the quantum mechanical wave-like nature of electrons, capable of capturing/emitting single charge carriers, with an energy spacing on the order of 1 electron volt, and a discrete set of electric charging potential energy of 0.24 eV spacing. We demonstrated single electron transport through the particles at room temperature. The I-V spectra, taken using a scanning tunneling microscope, show single electron charging effects at a spacing of ˜0.26 eV. In addition, upon light irradiation, and superimposed on the charging resonances, near one hundred percent resolved single electron conductance resonance are observed with a spacing consistent with the spacing of the energy levels of the quantum dots (the nanoparticles). This development permits single electron transistors that operate at room temperatures with radiation-assistance.
The discrete set of states resulting from the quantum mechanical wave-like nature of electrons in the silicon nanoparticles is capable of capturing/emission single charge carriers. The energy is multiples of the basic unit E=h2 /3 md2 where m is the mass of an electron, h is Planck's constant, and d is the diameter of the particle. For the particles of the invention, d˜1 nm, providing an energy spacing of 1 electron volt, five decades greater than room temperature thermal energy fluctuations (0.025 electron Volt). Only thermal fluctuations at temperatures approaching 12,000 C, more than twice the temperature on the surface of the sun, may interfere with the single electron processes in the particles. Thus, transistor devices utilizing the particles of the invention will maintain single electron processes comfortably at room temperature or any other temperature encountered under laboratory or real field conditions. Such transistor devices are truly high temperature single electronics devices.
The spacing of the energy states is a sensitive function of the diameter of the particle (quadratic dependence). For a particle of 6 nm diameter, the spacing drops to 0.027 of an electron volt. For this size, fluctuations at room temperature are equal to the energy of single electron processes. Thus, to ensure high quality operation at room temperature, sizes reasonably below 6 nm must be used. Even for 6 nm, the device must be cooled to liquid nitrogen temperature to exhibit reasonably resolved single electron processes. Thus, it is preferred that transistor devices of the invention use silicon nanoparticles having approximately 1 nm diameters.
In addition to energy discreteness provided by quantum mechanical dynamics, there is an energy discreteness due to charging potential energy. For small enough particles, the electric capacitance C will be very small such that the presence of a single electron during capture raises the electric potential, e2/C, by an amount larger than the energy associated with the thermal fluctuations. In this case, single electron processes may be exhibited in terms of discrete values of the electric potential energy. The unit e2/C due to a single electron is called the Coulomb blockade.
Thus, in the concept of single electron devices there is an interplay between three energies: the quantum energy, the charging energy, and the thermal fluctuation energy. It is basically an interplay between size and temperature. The capacitance of a spherical particle C=2πεd is proportional to the diameter d of the particle (the charging energy is inversely proportional to the diameter), whereas the quantum energy is inversely proportional to the square of the diameter. The potential energy due to the discreteness of the charge is therefore more important for larger sizes. At intermediate sizes, the two become comparable. The quantum energy dominates, however, for the silicon nanoparticles used in the present transistor. The single electron devices become operational at a given temperature if at least one of the two of these discrete systems dominate the energy of thermal fluctuation. For the transistor of the invention, the characteristic charging unit is 0.24 eV, smaller than the quantum energy (1 eV). But both are much larger than thermal fluctuation energy for room temperature (0.025 eV). The discreetness, hence the single electron processes, are also maintained at elevated temperatures as high as 12,0000 C.
Operation of the present transistor requires assistance. The silicon nanoparticle of ˜1 nm diameter is essentially non conducting because all of the electronic energy levels are filled with stationary electrons. Standard doping levels of 1015/cm3 boron atoms allocates only 10−6 electron vacancies per particle (essentially none). Even strong doping at a level of 1017/cm3 would be insufficient. The lack of non conductivity, however, will not hamper the operation of the high temperature device based on the single electron charging effects. Moreover, the present invention provides means to create vacancies for electrons to be captured by the quantum energy levels, rendering single electronics operational at high temperatures via both the discreteness of energy and the single electron charging. Irradiation of the silicon nanoparticles creates the necessary vacancies for single electron operation. Such operation has been experimentally demonstrated.
An experimental device, as shown in
The measurement results are given in
For the ultra-small silicon nanoparticles, the spacing of the energy levels, according to a standard theory of particle in a box is E=h2/3 md2 which gives for d=1.1 nm, and m=the mass of an electron, an energy spacing of Δ=1.03 eV. Also, the capacitance of the particles is C=2πεd, where e is the permittivity of silicon which gives for d=1 nm, and ε=12 ε0 a capacitance of 6.7×10−19 F. The characteristic charging due to a single electron of charge e is δ=e2/C=0.24 eV. According to theory, if the temperature is such that kT<<δ, Δ, as is the case in the present experiment, effects due to the discreteness of the charge (charging effect) and the discreteness of the energy spectrum (level spacing) should coexist at room or higher temperature. Because Δ≧δ, then the Δ series should appear as a modulation of the smaller period δ. However, we do not see any modulation at or close to Δ, and note that the measured spacing of the steps, 0.26 eV, is consistent with the characteristic single electronic charging, hence we interpret the observed resonance structure as due to charging. Thus, the single electron device is operational based on the charging effect.
To investigate the effect of light stimulation, data was also taken with the
In the biasing region where both series coexist (≦−1 Volt), current steps at dc voltage level obey a very simple rule: eη(Vn,k−Vt=δn+εk with n=0, 1, 2, . . . is the number of electrons already residing on the dot, k=1,2, . . . designate the energy level of the dot, η is the fraction of the capacitance of the collector from the total, εk is the energy of the kth level of the particle. The derivation of the simple expression applies for an initially empty particle, kT<<δ, Δ, and E>εf. The step appears when the voltage aligns the Fermi level of the emitter with the kth energy level of the particle, with an account of the dot charging by n electrons already residing there. This condition gives, for Δ>>δ, a constant modulation period dominated by Δ. Thus, we relate the additional modulation resonances observed to the opening of tunneling channels as the Fermi energy level of the tip is scanned across the particle's energy levels.
The light effect may simply be understood in terms of hole generation. Under standard doping levels of ˜1015/cm3 boron atoms, as is typical for a wafer like that used to produce nanoparticles for experiments described herein, less than one in one million particles may contain a hole, hence there are no empty levels for the injected electrons. Practical laboratory temperature would not be sufficiently high to induce holes. Light irradiation, however, creates the necessary holes for the process to proceed.
The present observations have some interesting implications for the relative tunneling rates in and out of the silicon nanoparticles. Since the charge accumulation is observed, then Γe the tunneling rate from the tip into the particles, must not be much smaller than Γc, the tunneling rate from the particle to the substrate. If Γe<<Γc the charge is not accumulated in the particles and the only visible structure is the one related to energy quantization. Moreover, according to theory, if the energy discreteness Δ is dominant as in this case, and Γe/Γc≦1, the two fine structures also can be easily separated: the energy quantization structure with larger period modulates the charging related superfine structure with smaller period. For Γe/Γc≧1, the modulation period is increased due to charge accumulation, and equals Δ+2δ. Since the period measured for the discreteness of energy is equal to the atomic transitions, then it is concluded that Γe and Γc are comparable.
The data demonstrates the potential to operate radiation-assisted single electron transistors based upon the silicon nanoparticles, such as the transistor shown in
Silicon particle floating flash memory devices operate on the use of media that store electric charge instead of using media that store magnetic effects. This requires electrical isolation of the sub elements of the media from each other and from the connection to the powering elements (source-drain). Silicon islands (particles or so called quantum dots) which are electrically floating (electrically insulated from every other element) within the volume of the insulating oxide of the gate of a field effect transistor are the backbone of this device, shown in
The deposition (sandwiching) the particles in the gate oxide may be accomplished using a Si nanoparticle gun. The gun delivers the particles onto the gate area simultaneously with the deposited control oxide. The concept of the particle gun is similar to an ion beam gun used for ion implantation. The particle's energy, however, need not be as high since they are to be deposited and not implanted. In the particle gun, a colloid of the particles in a volatile liquid (such as acetone, or alcohol) is used. A jet or stream of the colloid is leaked into the system. A mechanism such as a plasma, or a radiation source is used to electrically charge the particles. The particles will then be accelerated to the required energy. A Mass filter is used for size selectivity and to reject any residual material from the solvent.
A particle gun may be constructed as shown in
The memory device of
In p-channel memory where the channel is rich in holes, biasing the gate negative relative to the source and to the drain attracts holes from the channel to tunnel through the thin oxide and charges the particles in the writing step. Erasure is achieved by reversing polarity of the gate voltage.
The effective memory threshold voltage shift that retains the charge on the particles is given by the simple expression:
where n is the surface density of the nanoparticles, q is the electronic charge, t0 is the thickness of the control oxide, d is the diameter of the nanoparticle, and ε0 and εp are the permittivities of the oxide and the particle respectively. For a particle density of 1012/cm2, t0=7 nm, and a particle diameter of 1 nm, a shift of ˜0.35 eV per one electron per particle is achieved. This shift is an excellent shift since it provides a change of five orders of magnitude in the subthreshold current of a transistor.
The ultra-small particles of the invention provide several advantages to transistor technology. First, they can be accommodated in extremely down-scaled transistors. Second, our preparation and colloid filtering, along with the mass analysis provided by the particle gun delivery system provide a high quality control on the definition and selection of the size. A narrow mass distribution (<0.25%) ensures that the discrete energy system is well defined and that the device threshold is sharp. Large variations in the size of an ensemble of particles turns the discrete spectrum into a quasi continuum and washes the device threshold. Previously, sizes smaller than 5 nm have not been achieved, and the size fluctuation exceeds 5 to 10 percent. Third, the particles are very small such that the single electron charging and the quantum energy spacing is larger than the thermal energy, thus single electron processes are in operation at room or higher temperature. Moreover, since the discrete levels are spaced out considerably, then more than one level of the particle may be utilized, namely, the particles may be operated as a multi-level memory system. Fourth, the single electron characteristic charging energy is high enough such that it limits the number of electrons that can be accommodated on each particle to one. Fifth, the use of ultra-small particles allows us to attain a larger inner particle oxide thickness for the same particle density. Thicker oxide improves the isolation of particles, hence it limits the lateral leakage further, thus improving the memory of the device. Moreover, since a thin tunneling oxide is used, the nanoparticle memory can be operated at low voltages compared to conventional flash memory. The use of a thin oxide between the particles and the silicon channel allows charging via quantum tunneling instead of hot carrier injection at higher voltages. Direct tunneling is therefore desired in the charging and discharging of the Si particles to prevent hot-carrier degradation. Finally, lower voltages mean less electrons are accommodated on particles.
While various embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it should be understood that other modifications, substitutions and alternatives are apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. Such modifications, substitutions and alternatives can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which should be determined from the appended claims.
Various features of the invention are set forth in the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 30, 1969
|Aug 3, 1971
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Optical raman oscillator employing colloidal suspension or emulsion
|Oct 12, 1988
|Jun 5, 1990
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Luminescing member, process for preparation thereof, and electroluminescent device employing same
|Dec 15, 1992
|May 3, 1994
|Lee Huai Chuan
|Moving disks made of semiconductor nanocrystallite embedded glass
|Nov 18, 1994
|Jun 18, 1996
|Manfred R. Kuehnle
|Composite media with selectable radiation-transmission properties
|Apr 29, 1994
|Jul 16, 1996
|The Regents, University Of California
|Electroluminescent devices formed using semiconductor nanocrystals as an electron transport media and method of making such electroluminescent devices
|Apr 10, 1995
|Oct 1, 1996
|Ontario Hydro
|Radioluminescent semiconductor light source
|Aug 3, 1995
|Nov 25, 1997
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|Method for producing semiconductor particles
|Nov 22, 1995
|Dec 9, 1997
|Dow Corning Corporation
|Silicon nanoparticles
|Mar 5, 1996
|Dec 30, 1997
|The Regents Of The University Of Colorado
|Silicon quantum dot laser
|Sep 29, 1995
|Feb 3, 1998
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Nano-structure memory device
|Dec 5, 1996
|May 5, 1998
|University Of Notre Dame Du Lac
|Electrochemical synthesis of quasi-periodic quantum dot and nanostructure arrays
|Jun 5, 1997
|Jun 23, 1998
|Dow Corning Corporation
|Method of making silica nanoparticles
|Sep 29, 1995
|Mar 9, 1999
|British Telecommunications Public Limited Company
|Optical fibre with quantum dots
|Oct 3, 1996
|Apr 6, 1999
|Dow Corning Corporation
|Encapsulated silica nanoparticles
|Nov 15, 1994
|May 25, 1999
|Isis Innovation Limited
|Making particles of uniform size
|Nov 20, 1995
|Aug 3, 1999
|Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd.
|Semiconductor device with floating quantum box
|Feb 26, 1997
|Aug 24, 1999
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy
|Liquid level sensor and detector
|May 20, 1998
|May 9, 2000
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Semiconductor memory device having multilayer group IV nanocrystal quantum dot floating gate and method of manufacturing the same
|Mar 29, 1999
|Dec 4, 2001
|Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha
|Microstructure producing method capable of controlling growth position of minute particle or thin and semiconductor device employing the microstructure
|Sep 2, 1998
|Jun 18, 2002
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Flash memory with nanocrystalline silicon film floating gate
|Jul 27, 1989
|Feb 7, 1990
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Diode laser with improved means for electrically modulating the emitted light beam intensity including turn-on and turn-off and electrically controlling the position of the emitted laser beam spot
|A. Pasquarello, M.S. Hybertsen, R. Car, "Si 2p Core-Level Shifts at the Si(001)-SiO<SUB>2 </SUB>Interface: A First-Principles Study", Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 74, No. 6, Feb. 6, 1995, pp. 1024-1027.
|A.G. Cullis, L.T. Canham, P.D.J. Calcott, "The Structural and Luminescense Properties of Porous Silicon", J. Appl. Phys., vol. 82, No. 3, Aug. 1, 1997, pp. 909-965.
|Anton Fojtik, Arnim Henglein, "Luminescent colloidal silicon particles", Chemical Physics Letters 221, Apr. 29, 1994, pp. 363-367.
|Brus, L., "Luminescence of Silicon Nanocrystals and Porous Silicon," Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Publication Office Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Tokyo, JP, vol. 34, No. 34-1, Suppl., Jan. 1994, pp. 5-7.
|D. Andsager, J. Hilliard, J.M. Hetrick, L.H. AbuHassan, M. Plisch, M.H. Nayfeh, "Quenching of Porous Silicon Photoluminescence by Deposition of Metal Adsorbates", J. Appl. Phys., vol. 74, No. 7, Oct. 1, 1993, pp. 4783-4785.
|D. Andsager, J. Hilliard, M.H. Nayfeh, "Behavior of Porous Silicon Emission Spectra During Quenching by Immersion in Metal Ion Solutions", Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 64, No. 9, Feb. 28, 1994, pp. 1141-1143.
|D. Andsager, J.M. Hetrick, J. Hilliard, M.H. Nayfeh, "Diffusion of Copper in Porous Silicon", J. of Appl. Phys., vol. 77, No. 9, May 1, 1995, pp. 1-4.
|D.J. DiMaria, J.R. Kirtley, E.J. Pakulis, D.W. Dong, T.S. Kuan, F.L. Pesavento, T.N. Theis, J.A. Cutro, and S.D. Brorson, "Electroluminescence studies in silicon dioxide films containing tiny silicon islands", J. Appl. Phys., vol. 56, No. 2, Jul. 15, 1984, pp. 401-416.
|E. Hanamura, "Very Large Optical Nonlinearity of Semiconductor Microcrystallites", Physical Rev. B, vol. 37, No. 3, Jan. 15, 1988, pp. 1273-1279.
|E. Werwa, A.A. Seraphin and K.D. Kolenbrander, Excitation Intensity and Temperature Dependent Photoluminescence Behavior of Silicon Nanoparticles, Material Research Society Symposium Proceedings, vol. 452 pp. 129-134, 1997.
|F. Koch, "Models and Mechanisms for the Luminescence of Porous Si", Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., pp. 319-329.
|Fujii, M., Hayashi, S., Yamamoto, K., "Photoluminescence from B-Doped Si Nanocrystals," Journal of Applied Physics, American Institute of Physics, New York, vol. 83, No. 12, Jun. 15, 1998, pp. 7953-7957.
|G. Allan, C. Delerue, M. Lannoo, "Nature of Luminescence Surface States of Semiconductor Nanocrystallites", Physical Rev. Lett., vol. 76, No. 16, Apr. 15, 1996, pp. 2961-2964.
|G.M. Credo, M.D. Mason, and S.K. Buratto, "External quantum efficiency of single porous silicon nanoparticles", Applied Physics Letters, vol. 74, No. 14, Apr. 5, 1999, pp. 1978-1980.
|Gennadiy Belomoin, Joel Therrien, and Munir Nayfeh, "Oxide and hydrogen capped ultrasmall blue luminescent Si nanoparticles", Applied Physics Letters, vol. 77, No. 6, Aug. 7, 2000, pp. 779-780.
|J. Erland, P. Yu, S.I. Bozhevolnyi, J.M. Hvam, N.N. Ledentsov, "Second harmonic spectroscopy of semiconductor nanostructures", Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference Technical Digest, May 1999, pp. 233-234.
|J. Gole, D. Dixon, "Evidence for Oxide Formation from the Single and Multiphoton Excitation of a Porous Silicon Surface or Silicon 'Nanoparticles'", J. Appl. Phys., vol. 83, No. 11, Jun. 1, 1998, pp. 5985-5991.
|J. Hillard, D. Andsager, L. Abu Hassan, H.M. Nayfeh, M. H. Nayfeh, "Infrared Spectroscopy and Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry of Luminescent, Nonluminescent and Metal Quenched Porous Silicon", J. Appl. Phys., vol. 76, No. 4, Aug. 15, 1994, pp. 2423-2428.
|J. Wang, H.B. Jiang, W.C. Wang, J.B. Zheng, F.L. Zhang, P.H. Hao, X.Y Hou, X. Wang, "Efficient Infrared-Up- 22, Conversion Luminescence in Porous Silicon: A Quantum-Confinement-Induced Effect", Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 69, No. Nov. 30, 1992, pp. 3252-3255.
|J.E. Hilliard, H.M. Nayfeh, M.H. Nayfeh, "Re-Establishment of Photoluminescence in Cu Quenched Porous Silicon by Acid Treatment", J. App. Phys., vol. 77, No. 8, Apr. 15, 1995, pp. 4130-4132.
|J.L. Heinrich, C.L. Curtis, G.M. Credo, K.L. Kavanagh, M.J. Sailor, "Luminescent Colloidal Silicon Suspensions from Porous Silicon", Science, vol. 255, Jan. 3, 1992, pp. 66-68.
|K.A. Littau, P.J. Szajowski, A.J. Muller, A.R. Kortan, and L.E. Brus, "A Luminescent Silicon Nanocrystal Colloid via a High-Temperature Aerosol Reaction", The Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol. 97, No. 6, 1993, pp. 1224-1230.
|Kouichi Murakami and Tetsuya Makimura, Silicon nanoparticles with visible light emission -Laser ablation-, Oyo Buturi, vol. 67, No. 7, pp. 817-821, Jul. 1998 (with verified translation).
|L. Pavesl, L. Dal Negro, C. Mazzoleni, G. Franzo and F. Prlolo, "Optical gain in silicon nanocrystals", Nature, vol. 408, Nov. 23, 2000, pp. 440-443.
|L.A. Chiu, A.A. Seraphin, and K.D. Kolenbrander, "Gas Phase Synthesis and Processing of Silicon Nanocrystallites: Characterization by Photoluminescence Emission Spectroscopy", Journal of Electronic Materials, vol. 23, No. 3, 1994.
|L.E. Brus, P.F. Szajowski, W.L. Wilson, T.D. Harris, S. Schuppler, and P.H. Citrin, "Electronic Spectroscopy and Photophysics of Si Nanocrystals: Relationship to Bulk c-Si and Porous Si", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, vol. 117, pp. 2915-2922.
|L.T. Canham, "Silicon Quantum Wire Array Fabrication by Electrochemical and Chemical Dissolution of Wafers", Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 57, No. 10, Sep. 3, 1990, pp. 1046-1048.
|Levoska, J., Tyunina, M., Leppävuori, S., "Laser Ablation Deposition of Silicon Nanostructures," NanoStructured Materials, Elsevier, New York, Published Online Oct. 6, 1999, pp. 101-106.
|M. Nayfeh, "Fabrication of Nanometer Scale Structures", SPIE Institutes, vol. IS 10, (1993), pp. 200-217.
|M. Nayfeh, O. Akcakir, J. Therrien, Z. Yamani, N. Barry, W. Yu, and E. Gratton, "Highly Nonlinear photoluminescence threshold in porous silicon", Applied Physics Letters, vol. 75, No. 26, Dec. 27, 1999, pp. 4112-4113.
|M.H. Nayfeh, N. Rigakis, Z. Yamani, "Photoexcitation of Si-Si Radiative Surface States in Nanocrystallites", Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., vol. 486, pp. 243-248.
|M.H. Nayfeh, N. Rigakis, Z. Yamani, "Photoexcitation of Si-Si Radiative Surface States in Nanocrystallites", Mater. Res. Soc. Proc., Boston, MA, 1997.
|M.H. Nayfeh, N. Rigakis, Z. Yamani, "Photoexcitation of Si-Si Surface States in Nanocrystallites", Physical Review B, vol. 56, No. 4, Jul. 15, 1997, pp. 2079-2084.
|M.H. Nayfeh, Z. Yamani, O. Gurdal, A. Alaql, "Nanostructure of Porous Silicon using Transmission Microscopy", Mater. Res. Soc. Proc., Boston, MA, 1998.
|M.L. Brongersma, K.S. Min, E. Boer, T.Tambo, A. Polman, and H.A. Atwater, "Tailoring the Optical Properties of Si Nanocrystals in SiO<SUB>2</SUB>: Materials Issues and Nanocrystal Laser Perspectives", Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., vol. 486, 1998 Materials Research Society, pp. 213-217.
|N. Rigagis, Z. Yamani, L. Abu Hassan, J. Hilliard, M.H. Nayfeh, "Time-Resolved Measurements of the Photoluminescence of Cu-Quenched Porous Silicon", Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 69, 1996, pp. 2216-2218.
|N. Rigakis, J. Hillard, L. Abu Hassan, J. Hetrick, D. Andsager, M.H. Nayfeh, "Effect of Oxidation Treatments on Photoluminescence Excitation of Porous Silicon", J. App. Phys., vol. 81, No. 8, Jan. 1, 1997, pp. 440-444.
|R.P. Chin, Y.R. Shen, V. Petrova-Koch, "Photoluminescence from Porous Silicon by Infrared Multiphoton Excitation" Science, vol. 270, Nov. 3, 1995, pp. 776-778.
|R.W. Collins, P.M. Fauchet, I. Shimizu, J.C. Vial, T. Shimada and A.P. Alivisatos, Luminescence Properties of Silicon Nanocrystals, Advances in Microcrystalline and Nanocrystaline Semiconductor Symposium, Boston, MA, USA, Dec. 2-6, 1996 (abstract).
|S. Juen, K. Überbacher, J. Baldauf, K.F. Lamprecht, R. Tessadri, R. Lackner, R.A. Höpfel, "Technology and Photoluminescence of GaAs Micro- and Nanocrystallites", Superlattices and Microstructures, vol. 11, No. 2, 1992, pp. 181-184.
|S. T. Yau, D. Saltz, M. H. Nayfeh, "Laser-Assisted Deposition of Nanometer Structures Using Scanning Tunneling Microscopy", Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 57, No. 27, Dec. 31, 1990, pp. 2913-2915.
|S.I. Raider, R. Flitsch, M.J. Palmer, "Oxide Growth on Etched Silison in Air at Room Temperature", J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 122, No. 3, Mar. 1975, pp. 413-418.
|S.T. Yau, X. Zheng, M.H. Nayfeh, "Nanolithography of Chemically Prepared Si With a Scanning Tunneling Microscope", Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 59, No. 19, Nov. 4, 1991, pp. 2457-2459.
|Shoutian Li, I.N. Germanenko, M.S. El Shall, "Semiconductor nanoparticles in contact: quenching of the photoluminescence from silicon nanocrystals by WO3 nanoparticles suspended in solution", Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 102, No. 38, pp. 7319-7322, Sep. 17, 1998 (Abstract).
|Shoutian Li, Stuart J. Silvers and M. Samy El-Shall, Luminescence Properties of Silicon Nanocrystals, Material Research Society Symposium Proceedings, vol. 452, pp. 141-146, 1997.
|Tetsuya Makimura, Yasuhiko Kunii and Kouichi Murakami, "Light Emission from Nanometer-Sized Silicon Particles Fabricated by the Laser Ablation Method", Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 35, (1996), pp. 4780-4784.
|Tiware, S., et al., "A silicon nanocrystals based memory," Appl. Phys. Lett. 68(10), Mar. 4, 1996, pp 1377-79.
|U. Neuwald, A. Feltz, U. Memmert, R.J. Behm, "Chemical Oxidation of Hydrogen Passivated Si(111) Surfaces in H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB>", J. Appl. Phys., vol. 78, No. 6, Sep. 15, 1995, pp. 4131-4136.
|U.S. Appl. No. 09/426,204, filed Oct. 25, 1999, Nayfeh et al., entitled Silicon Nanoparticle Stimulated Emission Devices.
|U.S. Appl. No. 09/426,389, filed Oct. 22, 1999, Nayfeh et al., entitled Silicon Nanoparticle and Method for Producing the Same.
|U.S. Appl. No. 09/572,121, filed May 17, 2000, Nayfeh et al., entitled Silicon Nanoparticle Microcrystal Nonlinear Optical Devices.
|U.S. Appl. No. 09/781,147, filed Feb. 9, 2001, Nayfeh et al., entitled Silicon Nanoparticle Electronic Switches.
|W.H. Thompson, Z. Yamani, L. Abu Hassan, O. Gurdal, M. Nayfeh, "The Effect of Ultrathin Oxides on Luminescent Silicon Nanocrystallites", Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 73, No. 6, Aug. 10, 1998, pp. 841-843.
|W.H. Thompson, Z. Yamani, L.H. Abu Hassan, J.E. Greene, M. Nayfeh, "Room Temperature Oxidation Enhancement of Porous Si(001) Using Ultraviolet-Ozone Exposure", J. Appl. Phys., vol. 80, No. 9, Nov. 1, 1996, pp. 5415-5421.
|Xinwei Zhao, Olaf Schoenfeld, Jun-ichi Kusano, Yoshinobu Aoyagi and Takuo Sugano, "Observation of Direct Transitions in Silicon Nanocrystallites", Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 33, Jul. 1, 1994, Pt. 2, No. 7A, pp. L899-L901.
|Z. Yamani, A. Alaql, J. Therrien, O. Nayfeh, M. Nayfeh, "Revival of Interband Crystallite Reflectance from Nano-crystallites in Porous Silicon by Immersion Plating", Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 74, No. 23, Jun. 7, 1999, pp. 3483-3485.
|Z. Yamani, N. Rigakis, M.H. Nayfeh, "Excitation of Size Selected Nanocrystallites in Porous Silicon", Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 72, No. 20, May 18, 1998, pp. 2556-2558.
|Z. Yamani, O. Gurdal, A. Alaql, M.H. Nayfeh, "Correlation of Diffuse Scattering with Nanocrystallite Size in Porous Silicon Using Transmission", J. Appl. Phys., vol. 85, No. 12, Jun. 15, 1999, pp. 8050-8053.
|Z. Yamani, S. Ashhab, A. Nayfeh, W.H. Thompson, M. Nayfeh, "Red to Green Rainbow Photoluminescence from Unoxidized Silicon Nanocrystallites", J. Appl. Phys., vol. 83, No. 7, Apr. 1, 1998, pp. 3929-3931.
|Z. Yamani. W.H. Thompson, L. Abu Hassan, M.H. Nayfeh, "Ideal Anodization of Silicon", Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 70, No. 25, Jun. 23, 1997, pp. 3404-3406.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 25, 2005
|Dec 4, 2007
|Industrial Technology Research Institute
|Method of manufacturing a quantum-dot element
|Jan 12, 2005
|Jun 23, 2009
|Asahi Glass Company, Limited
|Nonvolatile semiconductor memory device and manufacturing process of the same
|Sep 7, 2010
|Board Of Regents Of The Nevada System Of Higher Education
|Construction of flash memory chips and circuits from ordered nanoparticles
|Oct 3, 2007
|Dec 7, 2010
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Plasma surface treatment for SI and metal nanocrystal nucleation
|Jan 25, 2007
|Dec 28, 2010
|Au Optronics Corporation
|Methods of forming silicon nanocrystals by laser annealing
|Jun 7, 2011
|Nanomix, Inc.
|Flexible nanostructure electronic devices
|Mar 27, 2012
|Nanosys, Inc.
|Methods and devices for forming nanostructure monolayers and devices including such monolayers
|Feb 17, 2010
|Feb 5, 2013
|Nanosi Advanced Technologies, Inc.
|Silicon-based nanosilicon composites and fabrication methods
|Jun 4, 2013
|Nanomix, Inc.
|Flexible nanostructure electronic devices
|Jun 29, 2010
|Aug 13, 2013
|Sandisk Corporation
|Methods and devices for forming nanostructure monolayers and devices including such monolayers
|Apr 29, 2011
|Oct 15, 2013
|Sandisk Corporation
|Methods and devices for forming nanostructure monolayers and devices including such monolayers
|Dec 9, 2005
|Oct 22, 2013
|Sandisk Corporation
|Compositions and methods for modulation of nanostructure energy levels
|Oct 31, 2012
|Dec 24, 2013
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Techniques for fabricating janus MEMS transistors
|Aug 1, 2013
|May 27, 2014
|Sandisk Corporation
|Methods and devices for forming nanostructure monolayers and devices including such monolayers
|Aug 31, 2013
|Sep 30, 2014
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Janus complementary MEMS transistors and circuits
|Feb 28, 2011
|Oct 14, 2014
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Structure and method for adjusting threshold voltage of the array of transistors
|Apr 11, 2014
|Oct 28, 2014
|Sandisk Corporation
|Methods and devices for forming nanostructure monolayers and devices including such monolayers
|Jul 12, 2013
|Feb 24, 2015
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Janus complementary MEMS transistors and circuits
|Sep 20, 2013
|Mar 17, 2015
|Sandisk Corporation
|Methods and devices for forming nanostructure monolayers and devices including such monolayers
|Oct 2, 2012
|Mar 31, 2015
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Non-volatile memory device employing semiconductor nanoparticles
|Nov 8, 2010
|May 19, 2015
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Texturing surface of light-absorbing substrate
|Sep 4, 2013
|Oct 6, 2015
|Sandisk Corporation
|Compositions and methods for modulation of nanostructure energy levels
|Nov 9, 2006
|Feb 16, 2016
|The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Illinois
|Silicon nanoparticle photovoltaic devices
|Jan 20, 2015
|Aug 23, 2016
|Globalfoundries Inc.
|Non-volatile memory device employing semiconductor nanoparticles
|Jan 12, 2005
|Jun 9, 2005
|Asahi Glass Company, Limited
|Novolatile semiconductor memory device and manufacturing process of the same
|May 14, 2004
|Aug 25, 2005
|Armitage N. P.
|Flexible nanostructure electronic devices
|Jul 25, 2005
|Mar 2, 2006
|Industrial Technology Research Institute
|Method for manufacturing a quantum-dot element
|Feb 14, 2005
|Aug 17, 2006
|Sharp Laboratories Of America, Inc.
|Wide wavelength range silicon electroluminescence device
|Mar 2, 2007
|Jan 10, 2008
|Imra America, Inc.
|Method for producing and depositing nanoparticles
|Jan 25, 2007
|Jul 31, 2008
|Au Optronics Corporation
|Methods of forming silicon nanocrystals by laser annealing
|Oct 22, 2007
|Jul 31, 2008
|Au Optronics Corporation
|Layered structure with laser-induced aggregation silicon nano-dots in a silicon-rich dielectric layer, and applications of the same
|Mar 12, 2008
|Sep 25, 2008
|The Board of Regents of the Nevada System of Higher Education on behalf of the University of
|Construction of flash memory chips and circuits from ordered nanoparticles
|Nov 5, 2008
|Mar 12, 2009
|Nanosys, Inc.
|Methods and devices for forming nanostructure monolayers and devices including such monolayers
|Sep 30, 2008
|Apr 9, 2009
|Nayfeh Munir H
|Nanosilicon-based room temperature paints and adhesive coatings
|Oct 3, 2007
|Apr 9, 2009
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Plasma surface treatment for si and metal nanocrystal nucleation
|Nov 9, 2006
|Dec 17, 2009
|Nayfeh Munir H
|Silicon Nanoparticle Photovoltaic Devices
|Jul 25, 2006
|Feb 25, 2010
|Nayfeh Munir H
|Silicon Nanoparticle Formation From Silicon Powder and Hexacholorplatinic Acid
|Sep 16, 2010
|Nanosi Advanced Technologies, Inc.
|Organosilicon nanosilicon composites and fabrication methods
|Jun 29, 2010
|Feb 10, 2011
|Nanosys, Inc.
|Methods and devices for forming nanostructure monolayers and devices including such monolayers
|Nov 8, 2010
|Sep 6, 2012
|Jun-Ying Zhang
|Texturing surface of light-absorbing substrate
|Jul 12, 2013
|Jan 15, 2015
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Janus complementary mems transistors and circuits
|Nov 1, 2006
|Mar 11, 2009
|Silicon based single electronic memory device with side grid structure and production method thereof
|Jan 8, 2008
|Jul 17, 2008
|Unniversity Of Connecticut
|Nonvolatile memory and three-state fets using cladded quantum dot gate structure
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 12, 2000
Owner name: BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, T
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:NAYFEH, MUNIR H.;THERRIEN, JOEL;BELOMOIN, GENNADIY;REEL/FRAME:010790/0431;SIGNING DATES FROM 20000218 TO 20000229
|Jun 13, 2006
|Certificate of correction
|Jul 10, 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Aug 23, 2013
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jan 10, 2014
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Mar 4, 2014
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20140110


text:
Learn About Poker Rooms - Online Casinos
In an on web poker hall, a player with the similar receive rate playing a relatively easy pace of four tables without delay at a relatively weakened 60 arms per hour each obtains about $24/hour on average. Virtually, sit and go players in network poker rooms have a mutual rapport with the house because these require regular players to hold the hall monetized uniquely as a lot as the players demand to gain currency.
Poker, in last days has found out a steep rise in fame, and with the debut of armies of web poker halls, enthusiasm has substantially increased to a various stance altogether.
Involved into each research is an overview, a brief of the value of the poker chambre working men, a representation of the circumambient and tables, games and confines offered, player recompenses, promotions, food variants, accommodations and more.
Providing a chance to play poker chargeless on-line is a good manner of pulling new poker hall guests.
In addition to the various poker play codes for instance betting structures, procedure of plays, and poker hand estimations, these outside directions and principles assure the Pacific current of things and operations in casinos and gaming establishments around the world.
Poker Rooms - In depth reviews of best online gambling houses, as lovely as a lovely section of regulations on a lot of popular games of poker. Every single poker dear will view for the best poker chambre so as to gain the best performance.
Learn About Poker Room: Online Games
Learn About Poker Room - Online Casinos
What Means Free Poker: Casino Gambling
Purpose Of Play Poker: Online Casinos
Types Of Poker: Online Casinos


text: Very small cabin for three of us. Sofa bed converted to third bed but huge loss of valuable space when made up - couldn't open vanity drawers, balcony door or fridge as bed in the way. A ceiling drop down bed is far better for all concerned. Step up and into bathroom could be cumbersome in the middle of the night!!! Good job that we weren't larger framed people as there would be serious difficulties in using the facilities. Carpet felt very thin underfoot - could feel very firm metal(?)base underneath. Windows/door onto balcony smeary/grimey - surely these should be in the cleaning shedule?


text:
When Ducati's Were Red. Laguna Seca Ducati Island Turns 19
By Vicki Smith
Near as I can figure, Ducati Island Laguna Seca turns 19 this year so when I found these old photos I thought they were worth sharing. There is, of course, a back story:
That little piece of land now known world wide as Ducati Island was originally under contract to another company. We heard a rumor the space might come available so my business partners and I made a deal with the track and rented it on a multi-year contract. The inspiration? ...
For the rest click HERE


text:
A compliment saying that the one being complimented has a large penis. Holmes is derived from the 70's porn star who had a 14 inch wang.
Minority 1: Yo holmes!
Minority 2: Yo ese!
Minority 2: Yo ese!
dari bbbigbossbb Minggu, 16 Oktober 2005
Email dikirim dari firstname.lastname@example.com. Kita nggak bakalan nge-spam kamu kok :).×


text: Food Papaya Avocado Salad Yankee Magazine • February 9, 2005 • Add Comment 0.00 avg. rating (0% score) - 0 votes Papaya Avocado Salad Yield: Makes 4 servings. Ingredients 1 ripe papaya, peeled and diced 1 ripe avocado, peeled and diced 2 cups mixed greens 1/4 cup lime juice 1/2 cup olive oil salt and pepper, to taste Instructions Prepare papaya and avocado and wash greens. Arrange all of these on 4 salad plates. Whisk lime juice, oil, and seasonings together and pour over salad. If papaya is unavailable, try substituting cantalope pieces.


text:
VerticalMeasures.com Website Move, Update & Blog Integration
adminNovember 19, 2008No commentsVM News On-Site SEO, verticalmeasures.com, website move, website update, wordpress
The time has come to update our company website http://www.verticalmeasures.com however for extra fun we are also moving the website to a new hosting company AND merging this blog (Link Building Best Practices) in to the website so they are no longer separate sites and domains. We thought it would be cool to document the process in a 4...Read more
Recent Posts
The Weekly Measure: Setting Content Marketing Goals, Keyword Research Lessons from Netflix & How to Conduct Link Audits
Sep 23, 2016
How a Project Manager Can Solve Your Content Marketing Challenges
Sep 22, 2016
Should I Create Soft or Hard Goals for My Content Marketing?
Sep 20, 2016
The Weekly Measure: The Reliability of Search Volume Tools for Content Creation, Google Update Summary & Keyword Research Tips
Sep 16, 2016


text:
Company Overview of Kleverbeast, Inc.
Executive Profile
Martin B. O'Connor II
Co-Founder, Kleverbeast, Inc.
|Total Calculated Compensation
|This person is connected to 1 Board Members in 1 different organizations across 4 different industries.
See Board Relationships
Mr. Martin B. O'Connor, II, serves as the Managing Partner of O'Connor, Morss & O'Connor, P.C. Mr. O'Connor focuses on advising his clients and their business interests regarding strategic planning, ownership and wealth management issues, as well as advising their family offices. He co-founded Kleverbeast, Inc. in 2011. His varied professional experiences have resulted in a practice representing individuals and entities in the financial, real estate, entertainment, sport ...
Corporate Headquarters
518 BroadwayPhone: 646-470-7635
New York, New York 10012
United States
Fax: --
Board Members Memberships
Independent Director, Chairman of Nominating & Governance Committee and Member of Compensation Committee
EducationThere is no Education data available.
Other Affiliations
Annual CompensationThere is no Annual Compensation data available.
Stocks OptionsThere is no Stock Options data available.
Total CompensationThere is no Total Compensation data available.
The information and data displayed in this profile are created and managed by Capital IQ, a Standard & Poor's company. Bloomberg.com does not create or control the content. For inquiries, please contact Capital IQ directly by clicking here.
|There is no Competitor Compensation data available.
Sponsored Financial Commentaries
Sponsored Links
Request Profile Update
Only a company representative may request an update for the company profile. Documentation will be required.
To contact Kleverbeast, Inc., please visit . Company data is provided by Capital IQ. Please use this form to report any data issues.
Please enter your information in the following field(s):
Your requested update has been submitted
Our data partners will research the update request and update the information on this page if necessary. Research and follow-up could take several weeks. If you have questions, you can contact them at email@example.com.


text:
Hotels near Naples City Centre
Search Naples City Centre Hotels
Trending now in Naples
- Most bookedUNA Hotel Napoli
499 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"My husband and I stayed here for our honeymoon last year. The hotel is right on Piazza Garibaldi which is very busy and noisy, but we felt safe walking around at night and did not have problems with anyone. The location is convenient if you would like to catch the train to visit nearby towns and ..."
A Traveller, Sep 2016, US
90 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"The hotel is fine and the location is good even if the area is not the best. The hotel staff was very nice, friendly and helpful. The room was clean and the breakfast ok. The only bad point would be the noise as the hotel is located on a very busy street."
A Traveller, Nov 2015, GB
47 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Wouldn't hesitate to recommend this hotel, it was a much needed haven in the bustle of Naples and we were very glad of it. Lovely roof terrace and helpful staff. Great bathroom too!"
A Traveller, Jul 2016, GB
44 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"We stayed here for a week in 2014. The room was clean and comfortable. A good selection at the breakfast buffet. Friendly and helpful staff. Well situated for the cities markets, train station, the metro along the coast and boats to Capri. Plenty of nice pizzerias in the surrounding area."
I, Sep 2016, GB
22 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Hotel is a short walk from the train station. It's right in the historic market district and right on the main shopping street. Close to restaurants."
C, Aug 2016, CA
- Napoli Garibaldi SquareNo Guest Reviews yet
17 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
15 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"The problem was that I was charged double, cash at the reception ( what I chose as payment method ) and also on my credit card using data from the VENERE reservation form. I did not checked my credit card during this vacation and when I returned the hotel already charge me, although I paid in cas..."
A Traveller, Jan 2016, IE
12 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
11 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
7 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"A little difficult to find in a tucked away courtyard behind double doors and just a small sign next to the door. Once in the building it was very clean and tidy. Ideal as a base for Pompeii, Herculanium and Vesuvius and at a very good price."
A Traveller, Mar 2015, GB
View hotels near to Naples City Centre on a map
- Piazza del Plebiscito
- Castel dell'Ovo
- Piazza Bellini
- Piazza del Municipio
- Piazza Dante
- U. S. Consulate
- University of Naples Federico II
- Ercolano Ruins
- Piazza Giuseppe Garibaldi
- Cathedral of Naples (Il Duomo)
- Castel Nuovo (Maschio Angioino)
- Teatro di San Carlo
- Spaccanapoli
- Baia
- National Archaeological Museum (Museo Archeologico Nazionale)
- Stadio San Paolo
- Napoli Sotterranea
- Mostra d'Oltremare
- Piazza del Gesu Nuovo
- Varcaturo Beach
Best Cheap Naples City Centre, Naples Hotels
5 of our most popular choices are:
1. Maison La Minervetta
2. Surriento Suites
3. Villa Ketty
4. Santa Chiara Boutique Hotel
5. Relais Villa Savarese
And to help you make up your mind, you can read some of our reviews for Naples City Centre hotels.
Staying near Naples City Centre
Our map based hotel search function can be accessed from the map image above (or via standard search results) clearly showing the location of each hotel around Naples City Centre. You can also refine your search within Naples based upon other nearby landmarks and neighbourhoods as well as transport options to help you get around.
If you're driving, be sure to also check for hotels that offer onsite parking.
To get the best hotel deals near Naples City Centre you can also filter by price/ average nightly rate, and if you know what quality you are looking for, you can also filter by star rating and our own guest review rating, with reviews written by other guests from the UK and around the world.
If you're visiting Naples City Centre with the family or in a large group, be sure to check out the room options and facilities we list for each hotel to ensure we help find you the perfect hotel. Right now, our most popular hotel in Naples is Maison La Minervetta.
Deals on hotels near Naples City Centre
Hotels.com makes it easy to save money on every booking. We offer our Best Price Guarantee on most bookings. Plus we offer 4 more ways to save:
1. Hotels.com Rewards - Collect 10 nights, get 1 free*
2. Hotels.com Deals - Search over 10,000 deals!
3. Hotels.com voucher codes - All our official promo and discount codes in one place.
4. City Breaks - Save up to 50% on weekend and short breaks.
Things To Do Near Naples City Centre - Naples Travel Guides
A Naples travel guide – Roman relics, medieval castles and Neapolitan pizza
Seaside promenades lead around the bay on a Naples city break, and Mount Vesuvius hovers magically o...
Where to Stay in Naples – a neighborhood guide
Naples is a dizzying assault on the senses. One of Italy's largest cities, whose historic districts ...
Naples Shopping Guide – where and what to shop and buy
Generations-old, family-run craft shops, antique hideaways packed with quirky treasures, and bustlin...


text:
Let's start this like Bioshock starts you off, by going into a total nose-dive and letting you wonder what the hell's going on! The first thing that ran through my mind was "wow, this is a bit abrupt, where am I?" As I clambered for the edge of something to hold on to, and found what I would call a lighthouse beconing me to saftey, which turned out to be anything but. I am ofcoarse talking about the opening to Bioshock, the game that everybody's played except me, until yesterday. I have an unfortunate tendancy to steer clear of the latest and gratest you see, and Bioshock was one of those games that absolutley everyone was talking about and I purposly ignored. Does that sound awkward to the point of stupidity? Good, coz that's me all over, awkward and stupid.
I have to say (as I find myself saying a lot) I wish I'd picked this up sooner, but instead decided to wait until nobody had any interest left before seeing what all the fuss was about, and boy am I glad I did. The thing is, I like my art. Not in that arty-farty 16th centuary kinda way but more in a sort of 'how it can be applied to modern culture' kinda way. This attitude however still has to pull from most art from all different periods, and the style that Bioshock seems to pull most of it's influence from is the 1930-40's Art-Deco period whilst being set at the end of the 50's. An odd idea but one that's put to amazing use throughout the entire game. There's a continuity of it's style from beggining to end that keeps you beliveing in the city it's self, as an entity rather than just a place. And it's almost that, that kept me playing, I'm not saying I'm a graphic's whore or anything but the feeling of being in that place kept me rooted in there.
Soon into the game I started finding little voice notes left around the place, and this was where the genius struck me. There is very little narritive to guide you through the story, no big, long CGI bits at the beggining or through the game at any point infact, and here's where Bioshock really started to shine for me. It allows you, as a visitor, to start putting together what's happened to this obviously once great city that now sits in decay. The twisted and demented running around trying to deal with their own tragedy. The unfortunate that are still alive that have been preyed upon by those that welcomed the change or even helped instigate it leads to a very unsettling place to be. The atmosphere this creates makes you twitchy yet mesmerised by what's around the next corner, and when you catch sight of your first Big Daddy and Little Sister doing their rounds well, all I could do was watch.
This game seems as if it can be taken in two ways, you can run around killing like the rest of the maniacs and treat it as just another shooter or you can pussy-foot about and disect what's happened, I'd rather do the latter, and found it to be a rewarding way of playing it. Unraveling the tragedy of what had happened to those who were there when it was "normal" and finding out the horrific ideas implemented by those "great minds" where things with beauty and grace have been re-moulded into their own visions of perfection, the conciquinces of which was their own un-doing.
Though there's plenty to pick at here from a technical stand point I think Bioshock should be taken as more of an experience than anything else, y'know, one of those games you play once and put it down feeling like you came through the other end in one piece. I might just add that this whole thing's not a review but more just about what I've taken from playing it to completion. I know a lot of people feel let down by the end boss but I have to say, it seems the developers kept him rooted in the "realism" of the Bioshock world, that there are weakneses to all who live in Rapture and Fontaine was still just a man after all. Like the rest of Rapture he was twisted to the point of being a god, yet was as equal as all who would call the city home.
All in all, I'm glad to say that I found this gem of a game for the price I did (£15) and really enjoyed my time there. There are fair comparisons to Fallout in it that I found to be a little too close to home at times (the music being the most obvious) but I think it carves it's own way through it's story and style enough to set it apart from the other (I'm aware it's much older than Fallout by the way). However, much like Fallout, it's the intricasies that make it what it is, miss these and you miss the point of Bioshock and I dare say many people may have taken it on face value, or as a fairly technical shooter. Making my way through Rapture has been a pleasure to do and I'd do it again if there wern't so many other games on my to-do list. So, to anyone who's reading this that hasn't yet had the time or inclination to pick up a copy I say "go for it", you will not be dissapointed.


text:
"Don't turn away from possible futures before you're certain you don't have anything to learn from them."
Related quotes
"Limitations live only in our minds. But if we use our imaginations, our possibilities become limitless."
"We learned a lesson in turning a close game into a rout. All you've got to do is turn the ball over."


text:
Potato Fans
Total Time
Prep 10 mins
Cook 20 mins
These potatoes are dramatic in presentaion and can easily be served as a side for an elegant buffet or a quick side for the family!
Ingredients Nutrition
- 4 large idaho potatoes
- 1⁄4 cup grated parmesan cheese
- 3 tablespoons fresh parsley, chopped
- 1⁄2 teaspoon paprika
- 1⁄4 teaspoon salt
- 1⁄4 cup butter or 1⁄4 cup margarine
- 1 tablespoon lemon juice
- 2 teaspoons lemons, zest of
- Scrub potatoes and pat dry.
- Combine cheese, parsley, paprika and salt in a small bowl; set aside.
- Cut each potato crosswise into 1/4-inch thick slices, cutting to, but not through, bottom of potato.
- Allow potatoes to stand in ice water 10 minutes.
- Combine margarine, lemon juice and lemon rind in a 1-cup microwave-safe glass measure; microwave, uncovered, at HIGH 30 to 40 seconds, or until margarine is melted.
- Drain potatoes and pat dry.
- Arrange potatoes, cut side up, in 12x8x2-inch microwave-safe baking dish.
- Brush tops and sides of potatoes with margarine mixture.
- Cover with microwaveable plastic wrap and microwave at HIGH 12 to 14 minutes, or until tender; rearranging potatoes every 6 minutes and brushing with remaining margarine mixture.
- Sprinkle potatoes with cheese mixture.
- Let stand, covered, 5 minutes.
- You could alternatively, bake the potatoes in a conventional oven.
Most Helpful
These potatoes are delicious. They are easy to make and really don't take a lot of time to prepare.
These were GREAT! Everyone enjoyed them and they were simple to make. Thankyou :)
Oh my gosh this is the best potatoe I've ever had. I've made them 2 days in a row. They are too easy to prepare. And I love that you can cook them in the microwave. The finished produce looks as if you have spent so much time in preparation. Thank you so much for posting.


text:
Coming up in the next {{countdown}} {{countdownlbl}}
Coming up next:
Skip to this video now
Now Playing:
Play Video
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
Will NSA Whistleblower Find Asylum?
ABC News' Jonathan Karl and Dan Abrams discuss Edward Snowden.
Reported NSA Leaker Comes Forward
Edward Snowden, NSA Contractor, Says He Revealed Secret Documents on Surveillance Programs
Now Playing: Will NSA Whistleblower Find Asylum?
Now Playing: Reported NSA Leaker Comes Forward
Now Playing: White House Reacts to NSA Whistleblower Revelation
Now Playing: President Obama Attends Funeral of Former Israeli President Shimon Peres
Now Playing: Police Search for Answers in Mysterious Death of 2 Sisters
Now Playing: Obama Joins World Leaders in Eulogizing Israel's Shimon Peres
Now Playing: Prince George, Princess Charlotte Attend Military Children's Party in Canada
Now Playing: Prince George, Princess Charlotte Make Royal Appearance
Now Playing: Syrian Refugee Saves Wedding Day With Sewing Skills
Now Playing: Carter: 615 More US Troops Heading to Iraq
Now Playing: 92% of World Lives With Pollution Above WHO Limit
Now Playing: Inside the Distilling Process at Scotland's Highland Park
Now Playing: Humanitarian Aid Finally Reaches Besieged Towns in Syria
Now Playing: Aleppo Sees Unprecedented Day of Airstrikes as UN Condemns Violence
Now Playing: US and UK Left 'Door Open' to Russia in Syria, UK's Boris Johnson Says
Now Playing: Prince William, Princess Kate Arrive for Royal Visit to Canada
Now Playing: Boy Survives 3 Days Alone in Siberian Wilderness
Now Playing: Young Girl Pulled From Rubble in Aleppo
Now Playing: Adorable White Lion Cubs Born in Poland
Now Playing: Check Out the Newest Baby Gorilla in Germany
Now Playing: {{itm.title}}


text:
by Stephen Sachs
directed by Kevin Christopher Fox
Chicago Premiere
Our 20th Anniversary season opener features Company Member Janet Ulrich Brooks and Associate Artist Mike Nussbaum.
by Kate Hennig
directed by Nick Bowling
U.S. Premiere
Fresh off an acclaimed debut at the Stratford Festival in Canada, this U.S. premiere is a bold and contemporary return to Tudor England.
Bakersfield Mist. The Last Wife. A Disappearing Number. Paradise Blue. Ensure that you don't miss any of our 20th Anniversary Season with a FlexPass: It's the most convenient, flexible and affordable way to enjoy this landmark year.
"Want to make you sit up ... brains are assumed ... ideas consumed." There are many possibilities ahead as TimeLine embarks upon our 20th Anniversary season, and all of them are thrilling! Watch our video to hear more.
In March 2016, TimeLine received the prestigious MacArthur Award for Creative and Effective Institutions, which "recognizes exceptional nonprofit organizations that have demonstrated creativity and impact, and invests in their long-term sustainability with sizable one-time grants."
PRE-Show Discussions
Join us for an informal sneak peek into the show with members of the production team.
at 1:00 pm
Post-Show Discussions
Join us for informal post-show discussions with members of the production team and cast.
at 9:30 pm
at 9:00 pm
Sunday Scholars Series
This one-hour post-show panel discussion features experts on the themes of the play.
at 5:00 pm
A TimeLine FlexPass is the most convenient, flexible and affordable way to see every moment of our 20th Season.
A contribution in any amount helps support TimeLine productions and all the programs of TimeLine Theatre Company.
TimeLine has ended our involvement with developer Svigos Asset Management's project to renovate the Trumbull School in Chicago's Andersonville neighborhood.


text:
My mother, Marie Logue, of Margate, is the most selfless person I have ever known. She once told me she didn't look at herself in the mirror because she didn't have the time. She made raising seven children look easy. I can recall telling my co-workers when I was 22 that I would like to have at least six kids! I have one. That's all it took to realize how much emotional and physical effort is required to parent. She was a child of the Great Depression and her frequent saying was "Waste not, want not." I have never forgotten that. Of course I also have trouble getting rid of things too. We don't know what we would do without her. She keeps us bonded together. Holidays and family celebrations center around her. This Mother's Day will be a gathering of family to celebrate what my father always said we had, "The greatest mother in the whole world!" - Linda Brown, Egg Harbor Township
Marie Logue: No time to look in the mirror, plenty of time to care for others
We've gathered some of the best stories on Donald Trump's time in Atlantic City and national coverage of his campaign.
Today's ePaper
Sep 24
Sep 24
Sep 24


text:
Run and jump through dangerous tunnels in space! This intense action game sends you on a terrifying journey through a highly restricted area. You must guide the little alien as it traverses constantly evolving territories. Run along any wall to find the safest route!
Run 3 is one of our selected Action Games. Also very popular on this website right now are Transmorpher 3, Daddy Long Legs, Give Up 2 and Running Fred .
Report game as broken
Cancel report of broken game


text:
It's important to note that bookings need to be made on a "first-come first-service basis". If the tour is fully booked, we will try our best to arrange another tour with another guide, but 4 persons are required, due to the hiring of a van plus driver. Please note that wine tours need to be made in advance to avoid disappointment.�
Payment is via PayPal, which is very safe and easy. If you have paid in advance you will be refunded in full 30 days before the proposed date, should you not be able to make the tour for whatever reason. If you cancel before 7 days of the tour, you will be refunded 50% of the tour.�