text:
My Cousin Vinny (Blu-ray)
Joe Pesci &
Marisa Tomei
Jonathan Lynn
Starring: Joe Pesci & Marisa Tomei Director: Jonathan Lynn Rated:
Truth, Justice and the Gambini Way
Only 4 copies left
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|$8.30 Limited Time Only
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|$3.69 (31% Off)
Available: Usually ships in 1-3 business days
Format: Blu-ray
sku: WJ6R
Brand New
Also released as:
My Cousin Vinny for $5.21
Blu-ray Disc Features:
- Rated: R
- Run Time: 1 hours, 59 minutes
- Video: Color
- Released: August 4, 2009
- Originally Released: 1992
- Label: 20th Century Fox
- Encoding: Region 1 (USA & Canada)
- Sensormatic
- Aspect Ratio: Anamorphic Widescreen - 1.85
- Audio:
- Dolby Digital 5.1 - French, Spanish
- Dolby Digital Surround, DTS HD Master Audio - English
- Additional Release Material:
- Audio Commentary: Jonathan Lynn - Director
- Trailers:
- Original Theatrical Trailer
- TV Spots
- Previews
- Interactive Menus
- Scene Selection
- BD Live Bootstrap
Performers, Cast and Crew:
|Joe Pesci & Marisa Tomei
|Ralph Macchio, Mitchell Whitfield, Fred Gwynne, Chris Ellis, Lane Smith, Austin Pendleton, Bruce McGill, James Rebhorn & Maury Chaykin
|Directed by
|Jonathan Lynn
|Edited by
|Tony Lombardo
|Screenwriting by
|Dale Launer
|Composition by
|Randy Edelman
|Produced by
|Dale Launer & Paul Schiff
|Director of Photography:
|Peter Deming & Paul Schiff
Major Awards:
Academy Awards 1992 - Best Supporting Actress: Marisa Tomei
Entertainment Reviews:
Rolling Stone - 04/02/1992
"...Tomei is a sexy, comic find..."
"...Tomei is a sexy, comic find..."
New York Times - 03/13/1992
"...MY COUSIN VINNY is easily the most inventive and enjoyable American film farce in a long time....[Tomei] gives every indication of being a fine comedian..."
"...MY COUSIN VINNY is easily the most inventive and enjoyable American film farce in a long time....[Tomei] gives every indication of being a fine comedian..."
Entertainment Weekly - 03/20/1992
"...Marisa Tomei has the mischievous sparkle of a born star....Pesci and Tomei make a first-rate team..."
"...Marisa Tomei has the mischievous sparkle of a born star....Pesci and Tomei make a first-rate team..."
Los Angeles Times - 03/13/1992
"...PESCI's performance in MY COUSIN VINNY is something of a triumph....Tomei is so good at playing this svelte sharpie that she commandeers the screen whenever she's around..."
"...PESCI's performance in MY COUSIN VINNY is something of a triumph....Tomei is so good at playing this svelte sharpie that she commandeers the screen whenever she's around..."
Chicago Sun-Times - 03/27/1992
"...[Pesci and Tomei] create a quirky relationship..."
"...[Pesci and Tomei] create a quirky relationship..."
Product Description:
Two carefree pals traveling through Alabama are mistakenly arrested and charged with murder. Fortunately, one of them has a cousin who's a lawyer. When Vinny arrives in Alabama with his leather-clad girlfriend, it's a real shock for all of them! Academy Awards: Best Supporting Actress--Marisa Tomei.
Product Description:
Two carefree pals (Ralph Macchio and Mitchell Whitfield) traveling through Alabama are mistakenly arrested, and charged with murder. Fortunately, one of them has a cousin who's a lawyer - Vincent Gambini (Joe Pesci, Lethal Weapon 3, Home Alone), a former auto mechanic from Brooklyn who just passed his bar exam after his sixth try. Vinny's never been in court - or in Alabama - and when he arrives with his leather-clad girlfriend (Marisa Tomei in her Oscar® winning Supporting Actress performance), to try his first case, it's a real shock - for him and the Deep South!
Plot Synopsis:
New York City lawyer Vinny Gambini ventures into the deep South with his loud-mouthed, big-haired girlfriend in tow to free his cousin Bill and Bill's friend after they are mistakenly accused of murdering a convenience-store clerk. Unfortunately, Vinny passed the bar (after 6 failed attempts!) only a few weeks before, and has never even seen the inside of a courtroom. But no Gambini has lost an argument yet.
Production Notes:
- Estimated budget $11.9 million.
- Shot at the Lee Arrendale Correctional Facility in Alto, Georgia, and in Monticello and Covington, Georgia. Filming began February 11, 1991; completed April 22, 1991. Color by Deluxe. Title design by Saxon/Ross Film Design Inc. Titles and opticals by Pacific Title.
- Released theatrically in the USA March 13, 1992. Released on video October 1, 1992.
- Reviewed in New York Times and Los Angeles Times on March 13, 1992.
- Copyright 1992 Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation.
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Oregon Bill Would Make Cigarettes Controlled Substancesby Phillip Smith
Jan. 25, 2013
Feminists Say It's 'Racist And Sexist' for Italians to Have Italian Babies
Female Volunteers At Calais Jungle 'Having Sex With Multiple Refugees A Day'
WATCH: Badass Asian Woman Comes Out Guns Blazing Against Home Invaders
Sweden: Migrant 'Dr Mohamed' Fondles, Licks Patient's Breasts During 'Medical Exam'
Burlington Mall Shooter is Muslim Immigrant from Turkey
An Oregon lawmaker has introduced a bill that would make cigarettes a Schedule III controlled substance. That means it would be illegal to possess or distribute cigarettes without a doctor's prescription.
Other Oregon Schedule III drugs include ketamine, LSD, and anabolic steroids.
Sponsored by Rep. Mitch Greenlick (D-Portland), the bill, House Bill 2077, would make violations a Class A misdemeanor with a maximum penalty of up to one year in prison, a $6,250 fine, or both. The same penalty would apply to both possession and distribution.
The bill directs the state Board of Pharmacy to "adopt rules to classify nicotine as a Schedule III controlled substance." It would also require people involved in tobacco transactions keep records and to "forward the records to the State Police if directed to do so by the department." Failure to do so would also be a Class A misdemeanor.
The bill had a first reading last week and has been referred to the speaker's desk for committee assignment. As of Thursday, it had not been assigned to a committee.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
9 Parks near Lanett, Alabama
Huguley, Alabama 2.41 miles SE
West Point, Georgia 6.05 miles NE
Lafayette, Alabama 9.63 miles NW
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
May 2015 - $14.00
This is another magnificent COE park. Some people seem to have a hard time locating it because it straddles the state line of AL/GA. This caused some low usage at times and the Corps has decided to only open it for three days per week in the 2015 season. This is the only drawback to an otherwise great place to get away. - tommyg
Aug 2011 - $12.00
This is an excellent COE campground. The rate quoted was with Golden Age Passport. The restrooms with shower were spotless and were cleaned twice a day. The sites were very wide and accommodated my RV (35 foot) without any problems. The only drawback is that there is not any stores within 7 miles of the campground, so be sure you have everything you need. - Phillip D
West Point, Georgia (map) | (706) 645-2404
Sites: 117 | Latest Rate: $42.00 | 25 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Jun 2016 - $42.00
We stayed here in our 31' Class C RV. We were on our way to North Carolina and were very disappointed in the choices of parks along I-85 going into Atlanta. (Actually if you want a chuckle from some creatively written reviews, check those out. (Look for the parks along I-85 West out of Atlanta.)
In any case, we stopped here because we didn't want to go into Atlanta to find a decent place to stay. WOW - it was incredible!!! It was our first COE (Corps of Engineers park) and we are now hooked.
The spaces were widely spread apart and you felt like you practically had the entire place to yourself. We stayed in space #29 and it was superb. It had an elevated view of the calm and lovely lake with a path going down to a tiny beach on the water. It would be great for a dog that wanted to swim in the water.
The site was heavily shaded and flat. There were a fire pit, grill, full size picnic table, and lamp pole. The people working at the entrance were so friendly. They were working on a 4-5 month contract, 4 days on, 4 days off, and had their camper on site.
The bathroom was right across the road. It was old but very clean. The only reason I'm giving this park a 9 and not a full 10 is that there was no shower in the bathroom. There were showers closer to the entrance, but were too far to easily walk to.
What started out as just a convenient stop along the way, is now a future vacation destination for our family.
FYI, on the way out, talked to the hosts. They said there were some sites with even better views. Can't remember the numbers, but they must be incredibly awesome because our site (#29) was amazing. - GearDown
Mar 2016 - $12.00
Another great COE park, very easy to get to off Interstate 85. Big rigs should have no issues, might be a few sites that would be slightly difficult to get in but not many. Roads are big rig friendly, most sites are paved, sites in the first loop are all gravel but nice. Our Verizon was not the greatest in the first loop, our neighbors ATT was fine, our Verizon seemed to be fine in the other loops. Dish will for the most part be OK if yours is portable, over air TV is limited, about 10 channels. Water and 50 AMP at all sites, water pressure was great, showers are very limited. Very nice lake, great boating, beach is a short drive. Our price reflects senior discount. We would camp here again. - rmckee
Feb 2016 - $12.00
Rate is for $12 for one night with Golden Age Passport. But recreation.gov website requires 2 nights for a reservation, so effective discounted rate for a one-night transit stop was $24. Annoying, but still a very good buy compared to many of the alternatives.
Interior roads were wide and well maintained as were the sites that we observed. Our site (#50) as easy to negotiate drive-thru with 50-amp and water service, both easy to access. AT&T and Verizon 4G LTE service ran about 5 mhz down/.1 mhz up. Sent several texts with pictures attached with no problem. Service stations and shops in West Point, about 5 miles from this quiet campground. - KodiakHouse
LaGrange, Georgia (map) | (706) 884-8972
Sites: 58 | Latest Rate: $12.00 | 14 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Mar 2016 - $12.00
This is an excellent COE park. Sites are more spacious than most and spaced out very well. The gravel pads at Whitetail Ridge are contiguous to the parking pad, unlike most of the sites at Holiday COE up the road; I like that layout better. There really aren't any "bad" sites, and if you want a good water site there are plenty to pick from. The tree canopy is fairly thick, so satellite reception will probably require a portable dish to find a hole. I rated this park a "9". The only reasons I didn't give it a 10 is lack of full hook ups and a convenience issue in the bathrooms: in the shower area, there are no hooks, stools or benches to put your clothes. The dump station is one lane, so on leaving at a peak time, you may have a short wait. SWe saw lots of fish being caught on the river: crape, bass and catfish. Verizon coverage 5/5, local TV reception is good, shopping, fuel and restaurants are 5 miles away toward La Grange. We will be back here. - Bama Camper
Nov 2015 - $24.00
This is a very well kept park. There is large trees everywhere. It was difficult to get a satellite signal. Water/electric sites. Lots of really long sites. Easy to get into. Lots of deer in the park. Would stay here again. Nice level sites. - jacknpeg
Apr 2014 - $24.00
This is a very nice Corps of Engineers park on West Point lake. The sites are well spaced and offer lots of privacy. Water and electrical hookups were fine and I did not experience any problems with either. The front office personnel were very hospitable and helpful. They do a great job. The only objection to the park is that its about 12 miles or so from the nearest city. Other than that, its a wonderful park and we will be coming back. - willief47
LaGrange, Georgia (map) | (706) 884-6818
Sites: 163 | Latest Rate: $12.00 | 16 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
May 2016 - $12.00
We stayed here 20 years ago when, as we remember, the campground we more open. My, how much the trees have grown! We could not get satellite reception. But, this is a great campground for fishing (on-shore or boats) and other water sports. The campground has several parking areas for boat trailers. A very quiet campground and we will come again. - gatordan
Apr 2014 - $24.00
We only overnighted here but we will definitely return. While this campground is well outside of the city of LaGrange, it is a beautiful facility along the shores of West Point Lake. Sites are large and private with paved pads, easy back in, and a woodsy lakeside setting. Everything is very well tended and clean. - khorne
May 2013 - $24.00
We camp in a popup and we like to see clean updated restroom and showers. Holiday COE at best has dated restrooms and showers. We have never been to a campground much less a COE where there are seperate shower buildings that are not close to each loop. I would think that this campground needs an overhaul of the entire facilities. This was our first stay on West Point and probably will not be back. The scenery was fantastic especially at sundown and the camping was peaceful. - AU Fishing
305 Old Roanoke Rd LaGrange, Georgia 30240 (map) | (706) 845-7655
Sites: 48 | Latest Rate: $25.00 | 2 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Jul 2010 - $25.00
I was supposed to stay for two nights only lasted one. The campground is littered in trash. The campfire ring had old clothes, bottles, and trash in it along with the two sites next to me. The bathrooms were never cleaned and were the worst that I have seen since camping. Shower curtain was covered in mold, and the floors had not been swept or moped in a long time. The road is gravel with pot holes and washed out places. The back of the sites had beer cans and bottles all in the woods. The majority of the sites were unlevel. I would highly recommend staying away from this place. They had no pride in the campground at all. - smedic29
Apr 2006 - $20.00
Owner is very nice. Yes, there are trains during the night, but we love trains. We will return. We had a site on the small lake (pond) that faces the water from the patio area, and no other RV's, though you must be a Class C or A to get into it because you have to back out. There is also a Roller Rink($), 2 300' water slides($), and batting cages($) on site. Mostly under trees, the sites are plenty shady. A few are small but mostly they are decent sized, and fairly level. (We didn't have to use any blocks at all) Typical Georgia clay roads that are in good shape other than the entry. Their flyer does not say how many sites are here. The owner is working hard on the park, and took the time to use the tractor on our site to make sure it was plenty level, and spread hay over the clay areas, once we made our reservation. - TaylorShopping
Opelika, Alabama (map) | (334) 745-5414
Sites: 50 | Latest Rate: $35.00 | 29 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Dec 2015 - $35.00
Gravel sites with red clay on top. Hookups worked great. Very friendly owner who escorted us to our site. Checks or cash only no discounts. No Wifi or cable but was able to get satellite. Only stopped for overnight not sure if we would stop again. - roaming around
May 2015 - $35.00
Where is the Lake? One unisex bathroom/shower - that's it. Next to noisy Rt. 280. No swimming pool. Not a Good Sam Park anymore. Should be priced in the $20-25 range. No site/facilities map. No Wi-Fi. No cable - told we would get a few air channel stations (no CBS or PBS). No credit cards. - Livermorered
Aug 2014 - $35.00
Narrow gravel entrance roads. Gravel sites with full hookups. Nice shade trees. No cable. Very marginal Wi-Fi. Good 50 amp. Very friendly host with site escort. Rate is high for what you get. OK for an overnight stay if you need to get off the road. The park seems to be full of long term residents and needs some work. I had to pull grass out of the water valve box in the ground to get my fresh water hose hooked up. - Pjoe
Opelika, Alabama (map) | (334) 705-5552
Sites: 24 | Latest Rate: $20.00 | 5 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Nov 2014 - $20.00
This is a nice little out of the way, quiet park for an overnight or few day stay. There are hiking trails and a playground for the kids and even an old haunted house on the property.
The restrooms and showers are dated but clean and functional. The caretaker of the park is very friendly and helpful. A lot of the sites are pull-through and easy to access even for big rigs. Nice place to rest up when traveling through this area. - digger2280
Apr 2011 - $20.00
Very nice well kept park. Good gravel roads and cement pads. Small, quiet and remote CG, 8 miles off the Hwy. We had a 50 amp power problem, one line went above the 132v max for our Electrical Management System causing intermittent power shut downs for our RV. At night I turned the pedestal power off. The rooftop sat dish worked fine, no trees in the campsite area. Our Sprint cell phones and hot spot did not work, no signal. - big greg
Apr 2009 - $40.00
This is a new park. Due to road repairs in the area, you had to go the long way around to get to the park. There is lots of space between the paved/raised sites. We were here as the only residents and appreciated the freedom to run the dog. Please pickup your dog's droppings every time. This park has a leash regulation: use one on your dog at all times. Remember if we break the rules, parks will begin to deny pets as guests. Thanks! - zen_letitbe
LaGrange, Georgia (map) | (800) 844-6737
Sites: 160 | Latest Rate: $20.00 | 2 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Jan 2008 - $20.00
Hard to say whether this place is friendly. We never saw a soul. Just signs telling us where to drop our money. We called the phone number posted, but the woman who answered was nowhere near this place and knew nothing. So we deducted the Good Sam discount since they advertise on their own sign and in Trailer Life as a Good Sam park and dropped the resulting $20 in the box. There's no reason to ever come back. If the trains persist, there will be a good reason to stay away. The rumble actually shakes the motorhome slightly, and the whistle is louder than we like to have the television volume. I agree that the banners with the Bible verses are over the top considering the contrast between what they imply and the complete indifference these people seem to have to the people from whom they want to take money. It won't be us again! - woodman
Feb 2007 - $17.00
Hoofer's is the most non-hospitable RV campground we have encountered in 30 years of road travel. We phoned ahead to make sure the place was open for business. The phone was answered, "Gospel Barn." I asked if this was the correct number for the RV park and was told yes. The person on the phone volunteered no information, and sounded as though she was annoyed at having been interrupted. It was easy enough to find the place, but there was absolutely nobody around to greet us, do registration, whatever. At the gate, we found a stack of registration forms that had been left out in the weather, with instructions to fill one out and put it in an ordinary tin mailbox, along with our payment. Never mind that we prefer to use credit cards, and we certainly were not going to leave a check under the circumstances. The sites, such as they are, are laid out in rows in a big open area. Since the roads were gravel, becoming overgrown, there was no way to know if any of them were pull-throughs. Because we were tired, we made camp in spite of our misgivings. We watched half a dozen others come in the gate and go through the same confusing process we did. A few truckloads of workers showed up, but it appeared they were a painting crew, just using one of the sheds on the place for storage. I have never spent the night on a Wal-mart parking lot, but I am certain I'd get a better welcome there. Bible verses posted here and there on banners were actually offensive in the context of this we-don't-give-a-damn management. I suppose you could call it salvation by post-It notes, but the place showed no evidence of anyone caring about anything other than the money they expected to collect on the occasion of their gospel or bluegrass concerts. I will drive out of my way to avoid this place in the future. - Stan47
Pine Mountain, Georgia (map) | (706) 663-4329
Sites: 225 | Latest Rate: $52.00 | 98 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Aug 2016 - $52.00
Nice park, older shaded area has washed out gravel roads. Some sites concrete pad, table. Cable was not working. Some sites gravel. New area concrete pads no shade. Pool and facilities good. Overpriced at $52 but otherwise nice place. - Schoemer
Jun 2016 - $50.00
Park was fairly empty when we were here but it was during the week. Staff was very helpful with what to do and what to see. Pool area was very nice that included a kiddie pool and spa. Not many trees in the part of the park where the pool is, so should be good for satellite. A few sites at the edge of the back area had a great view of a lake that was off the property. We traveled with our 3 grandkids and would stay again. - jimnina
May 2016 - $50.00
Agree with other comments. WIfi was fast and strong, but the park was empty. Antenna connection was MUCH better than cable. - Homecrew


text: Bugs item #3204412, was opened at 2011-03-09 11:56 Message generated for change (Tracker Item Submitted) made by arrising You can respond by visiting: https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=887015&aid=3204412&group_id=178907 Please note that this message will contain a full copy of the comment thread, including the initial issue submission, for this request, not just the latest update. Category: s3cmd Group: None Status: Open Resolution: None Priority: 5 Private: No Submitted By: Alfred (arrising) Assigned to: Nobody/Anonymous (nobody) Summary: --continue issue Initial Comment: I seem to be having an issue with the --continue switch. To simulate the issue, start a download, then restart with --continue file appends all new data to the existing file rather then appending only new data. I am using s3cmd 1.0.0 and Python 2.7 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- You can respond by visiting: https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=887015&aid=3204412&group_id=178907


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Home > Eyeglasses > MarchonNYC > M-ROSELAND (604)
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M-ROSELAND/604 Eyewear
The term "visual aid" is unsuitable for M-ROSELAND. This is an accessory that ushers in a new you, emphasizing your clear view on fashion. The new MarchonNYC underlines that you are a trendsetter. For the current season the renowned label sets the standards with its collection for 2016. The M-ROSELAND is available in the Edel-Optics online shop in other styles from MarchonNYC collections 2015 and 2016.
Expressive lines add character to the classical approach, making the glasses a must-have for women. Wearing full rim eyewear, you make it unmistakably clear that you are going the whole hog. The quadratic shape makes the face appear longer, due to its straight outer edges. The frame is, therefore, particularly advantageous for more rounded facial features.
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Free personalized radio that
plays the music you love
Pink Moon
Features of This Trackfolk roots
mild rhythmic syncopation
repetitive melodic phrasing
extended piano soloing
acoustic sonority
major key tonality
a vocal-centric aesthetic
a breathy male lead vocalist
acoustic rhythm guitars
an unintelligible vocal delivery
abstract lyrics
These are just a few of the hundreds of attributes cataloged for this track by the Music Genome Project.show more
Similar Tracks
"pink, pink, pink, pink....pink moon."
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Create logo for online store
This project received 36 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $43 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
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Hi there !
I need a logo for new online shop,called [url removed, login to view]
Budget is fixed 50$. Send your ideas - when i like something i`ll select and reward the service provider. Be creative,you have no restrictions whatsoever
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Alka Yagnik and Udit Narayan for May 5 concert
Lovers of Indian music will be given a treat come May 5 when some of India's popular playback singers–in the name of Alka Yagnik and Udit Narayan–take to the stage for the 175th anniversary celebration of Indian arrival to Guyana put on by the Guyana Hindu Dharmic Sabha.
The Sabha announced in a press release that it has signed the two singers, who it called "super-hit Bollywood playback singers", and they would be performing on May 5 at the National Stadium. They are expected to come with a full band of musicians and technical personnel.
"Alka and Udit have been specifically chosen because of their wide repertoire of hit music which spans more than three decades and the fact that their music is extremely popular and much loved in Guyana," the organisation said in the release.
The Sabha is of the view that the concert will be extra special because the two singers "have the distinction of singing numerous beautiful duets together including several Guyanese favourites."
According to the release, Alka is described as the "melody queen" and among the best-known playback singers of Hindi cinema. She boasts the record of seven-time winner from 35 nominations of the Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer, is a two-time recipient of the National Film Award as well as winner of several other music awards. Further, as many as 20 of her tracks feature in BBC's "Top 40 Bollywood Soundtracks of all time" review.
Among her notable achievements was being the single nominee at the 1994 Filmfare Awards for the category of Female Playback Singer, having all four nominations to her credit, one of which she shared and eventually jointly won with Ila Arun for "Choli Ke Peeche", from the film of the same name. Her popular songs include the well known "Kuch Kuch Hota Hai", "Na Na Karte Pyar" and "Dil ne Yeh Kaha" from the film Dhadkan; "O re Chori" from Lagaan; "Odhni" from Tere Naam; "Ek do Teen" from Tezaab; "Mere Mehboob Mere Sanam" from Duplicate; "Dil Mere Naal (I love you, love you like crazy)" from Fida, among many other hits.
Narayan has sung over 1200 songs for Hindi Films. He is also the winner of three National Film Awards and five Filmfare Awards and numerous other awards. In 2009, he was awarded the prestigious Padma Shri by the Government of India.
He has sung for numerous blockbuster films like Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge, Dil to Pagal Hai, Kuch Kuch Hota Hai, Hum Saath- Saath Hain, Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam, Kaho Naa… Pyaar Hai, Lagaan, Devdas, and Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gham to name a few. His most recent hit is a currently popular song in Guyana "Radha" from the film Student of the Year.
Last year, the Sabha brought Sonu Nigam and Shreya Ghoshal for concerts in April and September.
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Skip to comments.Black Families, Black Men
Posted on 03/16/2006 11:12:22 AM PST by FreeManDC
Sounding like a born-again social conservative, president Lyndon B. Johnson stepped to the podium and made this stirring pronouncement: When the family collapses, it is the children that are usually damaged. When it happens on a massive scale, the community itself is crippled.
And with his usual modesty, LBJ later hailed that 1965 Howard University commencement address as his greatest civil rights speech.
A few months later the Moynihan Report came out. Despite its commonsense focus on strengthening the Black family, civil rights leaders raised a stink that Mr. Moynihan was trying to blame the victim. Floyd McKissick, director of the Congress of Racial Equality, insisted, Its the damn system that needs changing.
So the architects of the Great Society not only set out to ignore the formative role of the Black family they plotted to make things worse.
They instituted programs with men-stay-away names like Women, Infants, and Children. They enacted Medicaid in 1965 that imposed eligibility tests slighting non-custodial parents (read fathers).
Then the social do-gooders delivered the knock-out blow: the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program. AFDC had its infamous man-out-of-the-house rule that withheld benefits if the primary breadwinner (again, read father) resided in the house.
Sociologist Andrew Billingsley has traced the historical lifeline of the Black family. In 1890 the number of intact Black families with fathers and mothers at home was 80%. Over the next seven decades through 1960, that figure held remarkably constant.
But once the Great Society programs were put in place, the African-American family went into a tailspin.
When the number-crunchers tallied up the results from the 1970 decennial census, they couldnt believe their eyes the number of intact Black families had fallen to 64%.
For the next 20 years two-parent families continued their free-fall, reaching a rock-bottom 38% in 1990. And most of the remaining intact families were concentrated in the Black middle class. In the inner city, the traditional Black family had essentially ceased to exist.
So forced to compete with a government welfare program, poor Black men had suddenly found themselves persona non grata in their own homes. Like an unwelcome houseguest, Uncle Sam had moved in, unpacked his bags, and made himself a surrogate husband.
What two World Wars and the Great Depression were unable to do, the Great Society accomplished in only 25 years.
With the Black family now in shambles, no amount of federal money could fix the problem. In 1965, 21% of all American children under the age of 18 lived in poverty. Thirty years and billions of welfare dollars later, the number of American children living in poverty was 21%.
Of course the Leftists refuse to admit the obvious failures of the Great Society. And is their habit, they tell the exact opposite of the truth.
Robert Hill of the Urban League once spun this whopper: Research studies have revealed that many one-parent families are more intact or cohesive than many two-parent families. Excuse me Mr. Hill, when millions of poor teenage girls are having out-of-wedlock births, how does that fit into your concept of intact and cohesive?
Likewise, feminist scholars celebrated the ascendancy of the female-headed household. Believing the nuclear family is the bastion of male privilege, feminist Toni Morrison lionized the strong black woman who was superior in terms of [her] ability to function healthily in the world.
But theres a deeper reason for the Leftist cover-up.
Karl Marx argued that economic realities determine social conditions. According to that formulation, if you pump money into a community, social indicators will automatically improve. But the Great Society proved the opposite squander money on programs that weaken social structures, and life becomes unbearably squalid.
Viewing the plight of the once-proud Black family, Kay Hymowitz recently mused in the City Journal, The literature was so evasive, so implausible, so far removed from what was really unfolding in the ghetto, that if you didnt know better, you might conclude that people actually wanted to keep the black family separate and unequal. [www.city-journal.org/html/15_3_black_family.html]
When I reflect on the vestiges of the American Black family, the disenfranchisement of its men, and the despair of its children, I admit to feeling an abiding sense of betrayal actually outrage is a better word.
They promised us the Great Society.
MIGHT CONCLUDE??? I think it damn obvious that the left has done every thing in its power to destroy the black family.
Yup...a lockstep 90+ % voting block.
Yup...a lockstep 90+ % voting block.
Right on. It is the ONLY reason the ThugoRats even acknowledge that Black people exist in this country.
Excellent article.
Was just discussing on a men's rights thread how, when Uncle Sam moved in to play Daddy, women began viewing fathers as "optional".
Excellent post!
Thoroughly true, clearly stated, and worth repeating a thousand times.
In the late '60's and the entire '70's there was a welfare racket going on, at least in the N.East.
The black, or Hispanic mom would have two, three, or more kids. Name X, Y, and Z as the fathers. A warrant would be issued for X, Y, and Z.
The "mom" would collect the check. There would be no arrests because there was no X, Y, or Z. They were bogus names.
If mom needed more dough, she would send for her sisters kid, or kids in N.Carolina, make like they were hers, and collect the dough.
I don't know how the social services departments are handling it now, but that is what was going on then.
This wasn't accidental. The more the Left succeeds in breaking down mediating institutions, like the family, and the church, the more people look to and depend upon the government, thereby concentrating more power in the government. Which is exactly what the Left has always wanted.
They severely damaged Americans who happen to be black by instituting the "Great Society" programs that created a multigeneration dependent class. They convinced an entire segment of the American population that they're helpless victims of white racism, and cannot succeed in life without the help of white liberals. Their programs are based on the assumption that black people are incapable of overcoming obstacles successfully overcome by every other group in America. And in the face of such a patronizing, condescending attitude, the assumption of their own inferiority, Americans who happen to be black respond by giving nearly unanimous support to the bigots who hold them in such contempt!
Really, you have to take your hat off to the Democrats, who have so successfully conned so many otherwise intelligent people for so long.
Excellent post. It proves that the state doesn't know best.
Excellent post. It proves that the state doesn't know best. Father knows best.
If you'd really like to understand what transpired, read "Winning the Race" by John McWhorter.
What I have read and understood from the Bible is that God and Jesus wants us to help each other by using our own time, treasure and talent and to give from our hearts ("Each man should give what he has decided in his heart to give, not reluctantly or under compulsion, for God loves a cheerful giver." - 2 Corinthians 9:7). Nowhere have I found anything along the lines of "Go out and institute huge bureaucracies that will take money from some people at the point of a sword and give that money to other people as a politician sees fit."
Our Founding Fathers were Christian and very pious men. They founded this country under strong Judeo-Christian tenets and reflected on their religious beliefs on all their decisions. They wrote nothing into the Constitution of any type of government "aid" to help the poor, children or anyone else on purpose. They wanted a very limited government for good reason. Limited government is the best way to ensure that freedom will be preserved. The Scottish philosopher Alexander Tytler, who lived during the time of the American Revolution and writing of the US Constitution, summed these views:
"A democracy cannot exist as a permanent form of government. It can only exist until the voters discover that they can vote themselves money from the public treasure.
From that moment on the majority always votes for the candidates promising the most money from the public treasury, with the result that a democracy always collapses over loose fiscal policy followed by a dictatorship. The average age of the world's great civilizations has been two hundred years.
These nations have progressed through the following sequence: from bondage to spiritual faith, from spiritual faith to great courage, from courage to liberty, from liberty to abundance, from abundance to selfishness, from selfishness to complacency from complacency to apathy, from apathy to dependency, from dependency back to bondage."
There are many interesting questions if citizens rely on government to do "God's Work."
If a government takes a portion of a man's wages and does good with it, has the man also done good? If a government takes away a portion of a woman's property and does evil with it, has the woman also done evil? When a rich man pays more in taxes than a poor person, is he more Godly? If the government then does evil, is he more to blame? A woman works for the government and uses other people's tax money and does "God Work" with it, is this government woman now a good/Godly woman? If I legally try to avoid paying taxes, does that not make me an "Ungodly" man?
Today, the US government (federal, state and local) takes nearly 50% of a middle-class person's paycheck after all taxes are factored in (income taxes, Social Security, sales tax, real estate taxes, gas tax, death taxes, phone taxes, highway tolls, sad etc.). Uncle Sam will spend more money in just this year (2004) than it spent combined between 1787 and 1900 - even after adjusting for inflation. I cringe at those numbers. The Founding Fathers wanted nothing like the tax-consuming monster that we have as a government today. I also think of all the good work that could have be done if people were allowed to keep more of their own money and give it to organizations/people that they believe in their heart are doing God's work. Maybe it comes down to trust. Will people do the right thing with their own money or must a government take a huge chunk of it to do the "right things?"
Except government rarely does anything right except for those tasks that were explicitly outlined in the Constitution as the Founding Father intended. I could cite many examples (such as where would you rather put $10,000 in retirement money - in Social Security or in your own 401k plan?) but the plight of black America illustrates this failure beyond comparison.
In 1965, the US government was going to wipe out poverty by the "Great Society" programs, in which to date over 3.5 trillion dollars has been spent. These federal programs were designed to "help families and children" or "buy votes" depending on your political viewpoint.
At the beginning of the 1960's, the black out of wedlock birth rate was 22%. In the late 1975 it reached 49% and shot up to 65% in 1989. In some of the largest urban centers of the nation the rate of illegitimacy among blacks today exceeds 80% and averages 69% nationwide. As late as the 1970's there was still a social stigma attached to a woman who was pregnant outside marriage. Now, government programs have substituted for the father and for black moral leadership. The black family and culture has collapsed (and white families are not that far behind).
Illegitimacy leads directly to poverty, crime and social problems. Out of wedlock children are four times more likely to be poor. They are much more likely to live in high crime areas with no hope of escape. In turn, they are forced to attend dangerous and poor-performing government schools, which directly leads to another generation of poverty.
Traditional black areas of Harlem, Englewood and West Philadelphia in the 1950s were safe working class neighborhoods (even though "poor" by material measures). Women were unafraid to walk at night and children played unmolested in the streets and parks. Today, these are some of the worst crime plagued areas of our nation. Work that was once dignified is now shunned. Welfare does not require recipients to do anything in exchange for their benefits. Many rules actually discourage work or provide benefits that reduce the incentive to find work.
The black abortion rate today is nearly 40%. Pregnancies among black women are twice as likely to end in abortion as pregnancies among white and Hispanic women.
The "Great Society" programs all had good intentions. Unfortunately, their real world results are that they have replaced the traditional/Christian models of family/work with that of what a government bureaucrat thinks it should be.
I could make an excellent argument that if the US government had hired former grand wizards of the KKK to run the "Great Society" programs, and if they had worked every day from 1965 to today without rest, they could have hardly have done better in destroying black America than the "Works of God" that the government has done or is trying to do.
I have visited many countries in which the government "guarantees" that everyone has a job, a place to live, education, health care and cradle to grave "government help" for all children and families. It all sounds great except that the people in these countries are/were miserable. They wanted to escape but were forced by their governments, at the end of a gun, to stay. The "worker's paradises" of socialist and communist counties are chilling reminders of letting governments do "God's Work."
The Bible clearly states that we are to help those in need. The question is "Who should help those in need?" I firmly believe that scripture and the historical evidence strongly support that individuals, private organizations and churches should be the ones doing the heavy lifting. Government help should be the last resort. "Charity," enforced by the government, is not charity, it is extortion. "Charity," delivered by the government, is not charity, it is a bribe which corrupts both the giver and the receiver.
Very Sincerely,
It's not only possible, it is demographically inevitable and foreordained.
Start by defining "in poverty" as any household below a certain line on the income bell curve. Right there, you have insured that there will always be a mathematically predictable group in the defined class. Now predict the likely occupants of that income bracket: the poorly educated, the dysfunctional, the recently unemployed, large multi generational households, and the young entry-level. Then predict who will be the most likely group to have children: the young adults and the multigenerationals (teen kids having kids, supported by grandfolks).
Bingo, bango: Lots of kids below the poverty line. Doesn't mean their family will stay there, but it's more likely if they have no education and/or are dysfunctional due to lifestyle. Mostly, as the income earners age and advance in their careers, the children rise out of the poverty bracket and are replaced by a new batch.
We all know---IT'S Bush's FAULT...........
Young men need to have the experience of watching their fathers, in order to learn what is needed to become a good father.
Once a complete generation or more has been shattered, the young men growing up have no way to share in that priceless gift of experience that has been handed down from father to son for thousands of years.
Once a pillar of a building is shattered into pieces, it is nearly impossible to glue back together.
But shatter all of the pillars, so that there is no way to turn to any other example, and the model may disappear forever.
An effective method, requiring a ruthlessness and a brutality specific to the liberal mind.
Don't take me seriously. I was just sarc'ing about the way the number was presented. It looked like -25% of families were below the poverty line.
The so-call "Great Society" in 1966 was designed to destroy the Black Man, before 1966 the black family was more together and united. I know their were poor, but their was FAMILY and it was more safer.
In order to collect AFDC (welfare)first remove the fathers, and the more babies you had the more $$$ you got, but no fathers in picture, or you lose all that free money,housing,food stamp,etc...medical,etc..
Step#2...In 1976 Child Support started to collect some of that welfare money, they went after those that were kicked out of family(The Fathers).
Step#3...In 1985 came the killer of all killer the Bradley Amendment 42USC,sec. 666(The Beast)
Today we have 70%+ of black childrens with NO FATHERS.
I ask you, where are they now ?
3)DRUGGED,Broken,enSLAVE by C/S
OH forgot, ALL THESE LAWS WERE DESIGNED AND PASSED BY THE DEMOCRATS PARTY and their radical-racist-anti-male, anti-GOD FEMINISTS.
N.O.W. also started in 1966 (Girlfriend)
Church of Satan also started in 1966 (Girlfriend)
There were black leaders that were strong supporters of GOD AND FAMILY. They were BOTH murdered to clear the way for this.
Martin Luther King Jr and Mr. M-X
No,if you want to know what has transpired,put down all the books and spend some time in the hood.Its not the liberals fault.Its not the conservatives fault.Its not Bushes fault.Its the entire CULTURE which glorifies"playas",both male and female and allows this nonsense to continue unabated.
Frankly,if I was a young black man I would be scared to death to commit or one day marry any of these"sisters"out there who will tell you straight up-"I want a n---- with cash".I'd probably be chasing the"snow bunnies"and senoritas like many of the"brothers" are doing today.
And I sympathize with the young black women also.Many of the brothers just can't seem to get it together,in school or on the job.They are fronting like starfish trying to be this fly girl super fine type when all she really needs is to just be the hell for real!
And I must add-these young white kids today aren't much better.They curse like sailors,whore around and act like the world owes them King of the Mountain status.Frankly,I enjoy the company of the kids from the hood more than I do some priviledged kid from Menlo Park.
Rant over.Sorry but sometimes the Devil just gets a hold of me and I got to tell it like it is!
Of course, there are the consequences of poverty and crime that have been discussed ad nauseum. Nevertheless, to wallow in self pity while other ethnic groups who are new to this country pull ahead is not a good way to go through life.
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text:
Voting opens for Los Angeles gay assistant bishop candidates
Post your comment
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Reader comments
Great news. It shows the Anglican church is trying to change which surely must be encouraged. When people continuely crack on the negatives they very quickly forget about Gene Robinson. Lets hope this sort of thing becomes more and more acceptable.
The Anglican church is a joke.
Rowan Wlliams will not condemn Uganda's proposed new genocidal law for fear of causing upset to the Anglican church in Africa.
The Anglican church needs to dump the African wing of their church immediately.
As for these 2 gay potential bishops – good for them I suppose. It's a pity that they believe in the christian fairytales though – I alwatys find it sad when people (other than children) believe that storybooks are real.
Too bad that they have created a two-tiered understanding of humanity. "If you are in a committed relationship, you are better than someone who is not."
Comment 3- I wonder! Why do they have to be in 'committed relationships'whatever that menas!
Pope Simon Murphy has Spocken: All Religious Books are Fairytales!
Mmm, I wonder How many of us regaurd protestations as Fairytails too?
| Voting opens for Los Angeles gay assistant bishop candidates
| By Jessica Geen • December 4, 2009 – 10:42
| Voting opens today for the next Los Angeles assistant bishop and
| two of the six candidates are openly gay.
| The Rev John L Kirkley of San Francisco and the Rev Mary Douglas
| Glasspool of Maryland are both in committed same-sex
| relationships.
| If one is elected, they would be the first out bishop to be
| selected since Gene Robinson, of New Hampshire, was consecrated.
Jessica, the voting was not for "gay assistant bishop candidates", and Mary Glaspool is clearly lesbian rather than gay.
I trust it is not house style at Pink News to misogynistically invisibilise lesbians by lumping them in with gay man at every opportunity. It sure makes it more difficult to complain when others, like the BBC (which does it all the time) do it.
Look, it might be good to make a bigger tally of "gays" but women often face different prejudices and mixing lesbians in with gay men when those might apply helps hide that, and so helps perpetuate it.
This certainly applies in the priesthood of churches.How many gay men do you reckon there are, and how many lesbians, In the priesthood of the Roman Catholic church? Thousands versus zero?
These comments are un-moderated and do not necessarily represent the views of PinkNews. If you believe that a comment is inappropriate or libellous, please contact us.
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Carrier said Elinor Clark, 65 was walking along the side of the road on 14th Avenue in Mission with her husband when she was struck and killed by a vehicle.
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Is the Bahasa Malaysia version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-BM) a better instrument than the Malay version of the Mini Mental State Examination (M-MMSE) in screening for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in the elderly?
Introduction Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is a known precursor to Alzheimer disease, yet there is a lack of validated screening instruments for its detection among the Malaysian elderly. Objective To compare the Bahasa Malaysia version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-BM) with the Malay version of the Mini Mental State Examination (M-MMSE) in the detection of MCI among the Malaysian elderly. Methodology This is a cross-sectional study conducted at the primary care centre of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur from December 2011 to mid-January 2012. Subjects aged 60 and above were recruited using systematic sampling method. Cut-off scores of 22/23 for MoCA-BM and 25/26 for M-MMSE were adopted. Kappa value and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used to ascertain the correlation between MOCA-BM and M-MMSE. Data were analysed using Mann–Whitney and Chi Square tests. Results The mean age of the 180 subjects enrolled was 65.3 years (SD = 5.4). They had a median of 6 years (IqR 25–75 = 5–11) total formal education. The prevalence of MCI using MoCA-BM and M-MMSE was 55.6% and 32.8% respectively. The odds of developing MCI were 1.153 (95% CI = 1.055, 1.261; p < 0.05) for every 1 year increase in age, 0.813 (95% CI = 0.690, 0.959; p < 0.05) with every extra year of education. Increasing age and lower education level were significantly associated with MCI. The MoCA-BM showed good internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha of 0.80. It had moderate correlation with M-MMSE (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.770, p < 0.001) and moderate agreement for detecting MCI with Kappa values of 0.497 (p < 0.001). Conclusion The prevalence of MCI was higher using MoCA-BM compared to M-MMSE. Both instruments showed moderate concordance for screening MCI with correlation of their scores.
Is the Bahasa Malaysia version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment
(MoCA-BM) a better instrument than the Malay version of the Mini
Mental State Examination (M-MMSE) in screening for mild
cognitive impairment (MCI) in the elderly?
Rosdinom Razali
, Lim Jean-Li
, Aida Jaffar
, Mahadir Ahmad
, Shamsul Azhar Shah
Norhayati Ibrahim
, Normah Che Din
, Nik Ruszyanei Nik Jaafar
Marhani Midin
, Hatta Sidi
, Saharudin Ahmad
Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Health Psychology Programme, School of Health Care Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Introduction: Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is a known precursor to Alzheimer disease, yet there is a lack of validated screening
instruments for its detection among the Malaysian elderly.
Objective: To compare the Bahasa Malaysia version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-BM) with the Malay version of the Mini
Mental State Examination (M-MMSE) in the detection of MCI among the Malaysian elderly.
Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study conducted at the primary care centre of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur from
December 2011 to mid-January 2012. Subjects aged 60 and above were recruited using systematic sampling method. Cut-off scores of 22/23
for MoCA-BM and 25/26 for M-MMSE were adopted. Kappa value and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used to ascertain the
correlation between MOCA-BM and M-MMSE. Data were analysed using Mann– Whitney and Chi Square tests.
Results: The mean age of the 180 subjects enrolled was 65.3 years (SD = 5.4). They had a median of 6 years (IqR 25–75 = 5–11) total
formal education. The prevalence of MCI using MoCA-BM and M-MMSE was 55.6% and 32.8% respectively. The odds of developing MCI
were 1.153 (95% CI = 1.055, 1.261; p b 0.05) for every 1 year increase in age, 0.813 (95% CI = 0.690, 0.959; p b 0.05) with every extra
year of education. Increasing age and lower education level were significantly associated with MCI. The MoCA-BM showed good internal
consistency with Cronbach's alpha of 0.80. It had moderate correlation with M-MMSE (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.770, p b 0.001)
and moderate agreement for detecting MCI with Kappa values of 0.497 (p b 0.001).
Conclusion: The prevalence of MCI was higher using MoCA-BM compared to M-MMSE. Both instruments showed moderate concordance
for screening MCI with correlation of their scores.
© 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
In 2008, the proportion of Malaysians aged 60 years and
above was 7% or a total of 1.9 million elderly persons [1].
With the increasing number of elderly, the incidence of age-
related illnesses will also increase. One inevitable effect of
aging is mild cognitive impairment (MCI) which is now
recognised to be a precursor of Alzheimer disease (AD) [2].
The 2006 International Psychogeriatric Association Expert
Conference on MCI defined MCI as "A cognitive decline
greater than that expected for an individual's age and education
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Comprehensive Psychiatry 55 (2014) S70 – S75
Publication of this supplement was supported by Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysian Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Conflict of interest: None.
Corresponding author. Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medi-
cine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif,
Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Tel.: +60
391456143; fax: +60 391456681.
E-mail address: firstname.lastname@example.com (R. Razali).
0010-440X/$ – see front matter © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
level but that does not interfere notably with activities of daily
life"[3]. To clinically diagnose MCI, there has to be memory
complaints, preferably confirmed by someone else, objective
memory impairment using any of the neurocognitive tools,
normal general cognitive function and intact activities of daily
living. The individual should have no history of dementia [4].
MCIcanbe furtherdevelopedinto4 clinicalsubgroups.These
groups are amnestic MCI–single domain, amnestic MCI–
multiple domains, non-amnestic MCI–single domain and non-
amnestic MCI–multipledomains [3]. Ofthe different subgroups,
amnestic MCI has the highest risk of progression to dementia,
particularlyoftheA lzheimertype[2] .Severalstudieshaveshown
to Alzheimer's Disease (AD) [5]. Therefore, there is a critical
need to identify patients in the earliest stages of the disease.
one. However, there is a lack of consensus regarding its clinical
criterion [6]. For better diagnostic accuracy, a combination of
clinical features, neuropsychological testing, biomarkers and
neuroimaging should be used for diagnosis. However, these set
of tests are time consuming and impractical. Of all the currently
available cognitive impairment screening tools, the MMSE
is the most widely used and has been translated and validated
into many languages including the Malay language [7].
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was devel-
oped by Nasreddine in 2005 as a screening test for MCI in
subjects who have normal MMSE scores. It has been translated
into various languages and still shows excellent sensitivity and
specificity in detecting MCI despite some cultural and country
specific modifications. Using a cut-off point of 25/26, the
Japanese MoCA (MoCA-J) demonstrated a sensitivity of
93.0% and specificity of 87.0% [8]. In Korea, a cutoff score
of 22/23 was used considering the lower education level among
their elderly [9]. The MoCA only takes 10 min to complete and
is easy to use, th us making it a suitable and sensitive tool for
MCI detection by frontline clinicians.
Sensitivity and specificity of MoCA have been shown to
be higher than those of the MMSE in the detection of MCI
and mild AD [10]. Using a cutoff score of 26, the sensitivity
for MMSE and MoCA to detect MCI was 18% and 90%
respectively. In the mild AD group, the MMSE had a
sensitivity of 78%, while the MoCA had 100%.
Such encouraging findings have created interests among
local authors to translate and test MoCA for use in the local
population. Thus, this study aims to determine the correlation
and agreement between MoCA-BM and M-MMSE in
detecting MCI among the elderly attending an urban primary
care centre. Bahasa Malaysia was chosen as it is the official
and national language of Malaysia, widely spoken among the
Malays and other ethnic groups in the country.
2. Methodology
2.1. Subjects
A cross-sectional study was conducted among elderly
attendees at the 'Pusat Perubatan Primer UKM' (PPPUKM),
the primary care clinic of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
located at Bandar Tasik Selatan in Kuala Lumpur over a 6-
week period from early December 2011 to mid-January
2012. A systematic sampling method was adopted whereby
every 5th patient registered at the clinic was approached for
this study. Inclusion criteria included those aged 60 and
above, with subjective complaints of mild memory impair-
ment, with no impairment in daily functioning, literate in
Bahasa Malaysia and not having severe visual or hearing
impairment. Those with history of neurological diseases
affecting cognitive functions (such as stroke and dementia)
were excluded. Information sheet and verbal explanation
were given before individual written consent was taken.
2.2. Instruments
Two sets of measuring instruments were used in this
study: the Montreal Cognitive Assessment—the Bahasa
Malaysia version (MoCA-BM) and the Malay version of the
Mini Mental State Examination (M-MMSE).
2.2.1. MoCA-BM
MoCA is a one-page 30-point test that can be completed
in 10 min. It tests for 8 key cognitive domains: attention and
concentration, executive function, memory, language, visuo-
constructional skills, conceptual thinking, calculations and
orientation. A cut-off score of 26 or more was used to
differentiate between normal and those wi th MCI [10].
For this study, the English version was translated into
Bahasa Malaysia and changes were made to make it more
relevant and culturally acceptable to the study population. A
cut-off point of 22/23 was adopte d, as in other studies
involving Asian populations in Korea and Hong Kong
[9,11], considering the lower level of educational achieve-
ments among the elderly in Malaysia. Furthermore, 1 point
was added to the total MoCA-BM score if the patients had 12
or less years of formal education, as suggested in
Nasreddin's original study [10].
2.2.2. The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE)
The original version was developed by Folstein in 1975
and is still being used widely as a screening tool for
dementia. The original instrument consisted of 11 items with
a total score of 30. It tests for orientation, registration,
attention, calculation, recall, naming, repetition, 3 stage
command, reacting, writing and copying. A score of 21 or
less is suggestive of dementia when corrected for gender and
education. As the MMSE was originally invented as a tool to
detect and monitor the progress of dementia, a cut-off score
for MCI was never suggested. A meta-analysis of all the
studies available using MMSE to detect MCI found no
standardized cut-off score but one which ranged from 23 to
29 [12]. There are 3 Malay language versions of MMSE (M-
MMSE-7, M-MMSE-3 and MMSE-S) with cut-off scores of
20/21, 17/18 and 16/17 respectively which are significantly
influenced by gender and educational level differences [7].
For this study, MMSE scores of 26 or below would indicate
S71R. Razali et al. / Comprehensive Psychiatry 55 (2014) S70–S75
possible mild cognitive impairment as suggested by Tasha
et al. [13].
2.3. Research procedure
2.3.1. Translation of MoCA into Bahasa Malaysia
Prior to the initiation of the study, permission to translate
MoCA was requested from the original author of MoCA , Dr
Ziad Nasreddi ne. The original English version of MoCA was
first translated into BahasaMalaysiaby2appointed
independent language experts before it was back-translated
into English by a nother 2 appointed independent language
experts. The back-translated versions were then compared
with the original MoCA to ensure accuracy before a
harmonised version was produced.
A panel of experts consisting of a public health physician, a
geriatric psychiatrist, a group of psychologists and family
medicine specialists then reviewed the harmonised MoCA-BM
together. It was assessed sentence by sentence to ensure
accuracy of translation, comprehensibility of the instruction
and cultural relevance for its use in a local setting. Several
changes were made to ensure that the tool was suitable, such as:
i). The original English version used 5 different nouns
—"Face", "Velvet", "Church", "Daisy" and "Red"
to assess memory and delayed recall. As "baldu"
(translation of "velvet ") was unfamiliar to many
Bahasa Malaysia speakers, it was replaced with
"kapas" (translation of " cotton"). " Church" was
replaced with "school" to avoid religious sensitivity
as Malaysia is a m ulticultural country which
practises various religions. "Daisy" was changed
to "rose" as the latter is more common and sounds
similar in Bahasa Malaysia. "Red" was changed
to "blue" ("biru") to prevent association with
"Rose". Only "face" remained unchanged from
the original version.
ii). For language assessment, the name "John" was
changed to "Johan
" as it is a common local name.
iii). For fluency test, letter "S" was used instead in the
translated version as there were more words
beginning with the letter "S" than "F" in Bahasa
iv). All other domains in the Bahasa Malaysia version
were translated verbatim. Following these changes ,
the pre -final version of MoCA-BM underwent
2.3.2. Pilot testing
MoCA-BM was tested on 20 selected attendees at the
PPPUKM using the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Preliminary results showed good internal consistency with
a Cronbach's alpha of 0.80 based on the standardised items.
This tool took approximately 10–15 min to complete. No
difficulties were encountered during the testing and subjects
gave favourable feed-back when questioned regarding
comprehension and ease of the questionnaire. It was then
decided that no further amendments were needed and the
MoCA-BM was ready for use.
2.3.3. Data collection
A self-administered questionnaire on sociodemographic
data was given to subjects prior to the administration of
MoCA-BM and M-MMSE.
2.4. Statistical analysis
All analysis was done using the Stati stical Package for
Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 20. P values less
than 0.05 were taken as representi ng significant difference
for all analyses. Descriptive analysis was used to depict the
sociodemographic data of the subjects to determine the
prevalence of MCI using both the MoCA-BM and M-
MMSE. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to correlate
the findings of both MoCA-BM and M-MMSE. The
agreement between M-MMSE and MoCA-BM to detect
MCI was obtained from the Kappa value.
3. Results
A total of 180 patients were included in this study. They
have all completed the questionnaires fully as required.
3.1. Prevalence of MCI
The prevalence of MCI using cut-off points of 22/21 for
MoCA-BM and 26/25 for M-MMSE was 55.6% and 32.8%
respectively (Table 1).
3.2. MoCA-BM and M-MMSE scores
MoCA-BM scores ranged from 7 to 29 with a mean of 20.6
(SD = 5.2) whereas M-MMSE scores ranged from 9 to 30
with a mean of 26.8 (SD = 3.4). As shown in Fig. 1, subjects
who scored low in the MoCA-BM also had similar scoring
trends for the M-MMSE. There was moderate correlation
between MoCA-BM and M-MMSE using Pearson correla-
tion with correlation coefficient of 0.770 and this finding was
statistically significant with p b 0.001 (Fig. 2).
A total of 56/180 (31.1%) subjects fell into the MCI range
for both MoCA -BM and M-MMSE whereas 44/180 (24.4%)
of those who tested normal in the M-MMSE actually tested
positive for MCI using MoCA-BM. Of the total sample
studied, 77/180 (42.8%) had normal scores for both MoCA-
BM and M-MMS E. The Kappa value indicating agreement
for diagnosis of MCI using MoCA-BM versus M-MMSE
was 0.497 with p b 0.001(Table 2).
Table 1
Prevalence of MCI.
MCI No MCI Total
BM-MoCA 100 55.6 80 44.4 180 100
S72 R. Razali et al. / Comprehensive Psychiatry 55 (2014) S70–S75
3.3. Goodness of fit of MoCA
Goodne ss of fit was performed using the Hosmer–
Lemenshow Test and area under the receiver operator curve
(ROC). The X
value using the Hosmer-Lemenshow Test was
8.25 (p = 0.41), indicating that the model fits and the observed
event rates matched the expected event rates in the different
subgroups of the model population. Area under the ROC was
0.82 (95% CI = 0.76, 0.88) with significant difference of
p b 0.001 (Fig. 3). This showed that the MoCA-BM was a
good test to differentiate MCI from non-MCI cases.
3.4. Sociodemographic profile and MCI
From the total of 180 subjects analysed, there were
significant associations between MCI and age, educational
achievement and gender based on the BM-MOCA. The
mean age was 65.3 years with a standard deviation of 5.4. As
their ages were not normally distributed, the median age was
63 years (IqR 25–75 = 61–68). The median age of those
with MC I was significantl y higher than those without any
cognitive impairment (p b 0.001), whereby those with MCI
had a median age of 65 years (IqR 25–75 = 62–70) whereas
those without cognitive impairment were aged 62.5 years
(IqR 25–75 = 60–64)
Table 3 shows the association of MCI with formal
education (p b 0.001) and gender (p b 0.023). There was a
wide range in the total years of education (0 to 18 years), with
a median of 6 years (IqR 25–75 = 5–11). The highest levels
of education attained were primary school (44.4%) and
secondary school (37.2%). Subjects with MCI had a median
of 6 years (IqR 25–75 = 3–7) whereas those without MCI
had 10 years (IqR 25–75 = 6–11) of education.
The ethnic distribution of subjects reflected Malaysian
multi-ethnicity. Malays made up 55% of the study
population followed by the Chinese and Indians at 21.1%
and 22.2% respectively. There were more females with MCI
(65.8%) compa red to males (48.6%).
4. Discussion
In this study, the prevalence of MCI using the MoCA-BM
was high with more than half (55.6%) of subjects screening
positive for MCI. Similarly, high prevalence of MCI (64.7%)
was also detected among elderly attendees of medical clin ics
in an urban hospital using MMSE cut-off score of 21/30 to
28/30, which was significantly associated with low educa-
tion [14], as also shown in this study. Lower level of
education is a known risk factor for MCI [15].
Another possible factor contributing to the high preva-
lence of MCI in our population was the tool itself. Most
studies had used the original English version MoCA as a
screening tool. Most of our Bahasa Malaysia-speaking
subjects were more fluent speaking in its colloquial form,
rather than its formal official form as used in this study. Those
with a poorer command of the language might have scored
lower than those who wer e more linguistically capable, thus
contributing to the higher rate of MCI false positives.
The cut-off score of 22/23 might not be suitable for our
population. Further validation of the MoCA-BM is needed to
ascertain a cut-off score that is specific for our popula tion.
Unlike other studies which employed clinical as well as
neuropsychological testings to diagnose MCI, this study
Fig. 1. Comparison of BM-MoCA and M-MMSE scores.
Fig. 2. Correlation between BM-MoCA and M-MMSE.
S73R. Razali et al. / Comprehensive Psychiatry 55 (2014) S70–S75
only used the MoCA-BM and M-MMSE to screen for MCI,
which mig ht have led to its higher prevalence.
This study found a moderate strength correlation between
MoCA-BM and M-MMSE scores with a Pearson correlation
coefficient of 0.770 (p b 0.005). This positive linear
relationship between MOCA-BM and M-MMSE scores
was comparable to those reported by the original author of
MoCA, which obtained high correlation between both tools
with correlation coefficient of 0.87 (p b 0.001) [10]. The
lower correlation coefficient in this study could be due to the
types of items in the MoC A-BM which required more
scholastic skills such as recognition of alphabets, arithmetic
and drawing to complete when compared with the M-
MMSE. The MoCA-BM and M-MMSE had a Kappa value
of 0.495, indicating moderate agreement [16]. The agree-
ment diff erence could be due to the difference in the
functions of the instruments themselves, in which MoCA
was designed specifically for screening MCI [10] whereas
MMSE was initially designed to detect dementia.
Age and education were significantly associated with
MCI. This association between MCI and increasing age has
also been shown in Swedish [17] and Singaporean [18]
studies. However, there have been suggestions that the
prevalence for MCI should remain stable across all ages as
the diagnosis should be based on age and education specific
norms [19]. Sattler (2012) reported that education level is an
important marker for cognitive reserve as it reflects the
extent of early cognitive stimulation of the brain and
cognitive abilities. It has also been reported that high early
education combined with high late life cognitive activity is
beneficial and protective in preventing MCI [20].
5. Limitations
The study popula tion consisted of elderly outpatients on
treatment for various medical illnesses in an urban primary
care centre. So the findings from this study cannot be
generalized to the elderly community who often prefer to live
in the rural areas. MCI-amnestic type was the main type of
MCI experienced by these subjects, hence the findings might
not be reflective of other types of MCI.
MoCA-BM required a good command of formal Bahasa
Malaysia for it to be fully understood and comprehended.
Despite Bahasa Malaysia being the most widely spoken
language among all races, some of these older generation
Chinese and Indians find difficulty in understanding some of
the instructions in MoCA as it is not their mother-tongue
language spoken at home. Most often they speak the
colloquial form of the language in their daily life. A
validated Tamil and Mandarin versions of the MoCA would
perhaps be able to overcome this difficulty.
This study did not determine the cut-off score for MoCA-
BM but instead had adopted a similar score used in another
Asian MCI study. This could have contributed to the higher
prevalence of MCI in our population as education, culture
and ethnicity can affect the performance of the MoCA. A
future formal validation study of the MoCA-BM is required
to determine an appropriate cut-off score for our population
based on the receiver operator curve (ROC).
6. Conclusion and recommendations
In general, the MoCA-BM was an accept able and easy to
use tool for MCI screening in the urban elderly. The
prevalence of M CI was hig her using M oCA-BM as
compared to M-MMSE. The MoCA-BM and M-MMSE
have shown moderate correlation in their scoring trend.
Table 3
Association between MCI and level of education.
N = 180 MCI, n (%) X2 df p value
Yes No
Level of education
None 15 (100) 0 26.76 3 b 0.001
Primary 53 (66.2) 27 (33.8)
Secondary 25 (37.3) 42 (62.7)
Tertiary 7 (38.9) 11 (61.1)
Table 2
Agreement of BM-MoCA and M-MMSE to detect MCI.
N = 180 BM-MoCA Total (%)
MCI (%) No MCI (%)
No MCI (%) 44 (36.4) 77 (63.6) 121 (100)
Fig. 3. ROC to assess Goodness of Fit for BM-MoCA.
S74 R. Razali et al. / Comprehensive Psychiatry 55 (2014) S70–S75
There was only moderate but signifi cant concordance
between MoCA-BM and M-MMSE in detecting MCI among
the elderly patients attending PPPUKM. This was due to the
fact that the MMSE was never invented to screen for MCI
compared to the MoCA which was invented to do so. Further
changes to some of the MoCA-BM items are needed for the
instrument to be more acceptable to Bahasa Malaysia-
speaking Mala ysian population.
In the future, it is recommended that MoCA-BM be tested for
its reliability and validity in a population already prediagnosed
as having MCI using more strict diagnostic criteria and
neuropsych ological tests. A cut-off score for MoCA-BM should
be determined for it to have high sensitivity and specificity as a
screening instrument for MCI. It is also recommended that
MoCA be translated and validated into other local languages as
Malaysia is a melting pot of multiethnic groups of people.
Lastly, increasing age and lower levels of education were
significantly associated with MCI. Therefore, elder ly in-
dividuals with these risk f actors shou ld be scre ened
periodically for MCI and early signs of dementia.
The authors would like to thank all clinic staff of
PPPUKM for their cooperation and assistance during the
course of this study. This study was funded by the University
Fundamental Grant and had been approved by the Ethics
Committee of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia as well as the
National Medical Research Registry.
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- CitationsCitations3
- ReferencesReferences21
[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) is a core and an essential part of the comprehensive care of the aging population. CGA uses specific tools to summarize elderly status in several domains that may influence the general health and outcomes of diseases of elderly patients, including assessment of medical, physical, psychological, mental, nutritional, cognitive, social, economic, and environmental status. Here, in this paper, we review different assessment tools used in elderly patients with chronic diseases. The development of comprehensive assessment tools and single assessment tools specially used in a dimension of CGA was discussed. CGA provides substantial insight into the comprehensive management of elderly patients. Developing concise and effective assessment instruments is helpful to carry out CGA widely to create a higher clinical value.
- "The test and administration instructions are freely accessible for clinicians at http://www.mocatest.org/. Studies [60, 61] have shown that, compared to MMSE, MoCA covered more cognitive domains and had a higher efficiency to assess MCI. In addition, there are the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) [44] and simple clock drawing test (CDT). "
Approaches in methodology for population-based longitudinal study on neuroprotective model for healthy longevity (TUA) among Malaysian Older Adults
[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: A number of longitudinal studies on aging have been designed to determine the predictors of healthy longevity, including the neuroprotective factors, however, relatively few studies included a wide range of factors and highlighted the challenges faced during data collection. Thus, the longitudinal study on neuroprotective model for healthy longevity (LRGS TUA) has been designed to prospectively investigate the magnitude of cognitive decline and its risk factors through a comprehensive multidimensional assessment comprising of biophysical health, auditory and visual function, nutrition and dietary pattern and psychosocial aspects. At baseline, subjects were interviewed for their status on sociodemographic, health, neuropsychological test, psychosocial and dietary intake. Subjects were also measured for anthropometric and physical function and fitness. Biospecimens including blood, buccal swap, hair and toenail were collected, processed and stored. A subsample was assessed for sensory function, i.e., vision and auditory. During follow-up, at 18 and 36 months, most of the measurements, along with morbidity and mortality outcomes will be collected. The description of mild cognitive impairment, successful aging and usual aging process is presented here. A total 2322 respondents were recruited in the data analysis at baseline. Most of the respondents were categorized as experiencing usual aging (73 %), followed by successful aging (11 %) and mild cognitive impairment (16 %). The LRGS TUA study is the most comprehensive longitudinal study on aging in Malaysia, and will contribute to the understanding of the aging process and factors associated with healthy aging and mental well-being of a multiethnic population in Malaysia.
- "Malay version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA- BM) MoCA, was similar to MMSE and was an instrument for assessing attention, concentration, executive function, memory, language, visuo-constructional skill, calculation and orientation. For this study, researcher used the MoCA-BM which had been validated in Malaysia [28]. MoCA-BM had an alpha Cronbach's of 0.80. "
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Background A cross sectional study was conducted in a group of 317 subjects older than 60 in Malaysia, aimed to determine risk factors associated with cognitive impairment in older adults, focusing on trace elements and DNA damage. Method Cognitive decline was determined by Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde-MDA and superoxide dismutase-SOD) were determined and DNA damage was assayed using Alkaline Comet Assay. Toenail samples were taken and analyzed using ICP-MS to determine trace element levels. Results A total of 62.1 % of subjects had cognitive impairment. Subjects with cognitive impairment had significantly higher levels of MDA and DNA damage as compared to the group with normal cognitive function; MDA (2.07 ± 0.05 nmol/L vs 1.85 ± 0.06 nmol/L) (p<0.05) and DNA damage (% Tail Density, 14.52 ± 0.32 vs 10.31 ± 0.42; Tail Moment, 1.79 ± 0.06 vs 1.28 ± 0.06) (p<0.05 for all parameters). However, the level of SOD among subjects with cognitive impairment (6.67 ± 0.33 u.e/min/mg protein) was lower than the level among those with normal cognitive functions (11.36 ± 0.65 u.e/min/mg protein) (p<0.05). Multiple logistic regression revealed the predictors for cognitive impairment among the subjects were DNA damage (Adjusted odd ratio [OR], 1.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18-1.59), level of trace elements in toenails namely, lead (OR, 2.471; CI, 1.535-3.980) and copper (OR, 1.275; CI, 1.047-1.552) (p<0.05). Conclusion High levels of lead and copper can lead to increase in oxidative stress levels and are associated with DNA damage that eventually could be associated with cognitive decline.
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AKC Brittany puppies Champion Pedigrees - DUE JULY 18 - American Brittanys in Dahlonega, Georgia - Georgia Mountain Brittanys
We are pleased to announce our newest litter of AKC Champion pedigree Brittany puppies; due July 18!
This breeding between AKC Madam Dixie's Southern BELLE and AKC Bullet's Carolina BLU should produce an excellent litter of Brittany puppies.
The dam is orange/white AKC registered "Madam Dixie's Southern Belle"
Belle is our family hunting dog whom we've had since she was a pup. She comes from an excellent AKC champion bloodline. Belle has been raised hunting quail with our North GA hunting club, she has received formal training and is a very consistent successful hunting companion. Notable in Belle's pedigree are DC/NGDC/AFC Winchester of Hanging Jaze also FC/AFC Rimarda's Trademark and DC/AFC Masked Shoshoni War Chief JH.
The sire is orange/white AKC registered "Bullet's Carolina BLU"
Blu comes from award winning Beeline Brittany's kennel and boasts an excellent pedigree. Blu's dad is champion/hall of fame Brittany Nolan's Last Bullet. Also notable are FC/AFC Vanpo's Lucifer and NFC/FC/AFC Diamond Hill Dan. He is a great looking male Brittany and personal hunting companion to trainer Nolan Huffman of Beeline Brittanys.
Puppies are available for reservation now and will be ready to go home mid September. All will have dew claws removed and tails docked and will received subsequent vaccinations and deworming before going home at 8 weeks old.
You can see more pictures of our dogs on our website at www.georgiamountainbrittanys.webs.com and read previous owner testimonials from past litters.Please feel free to contact us if you're interested in a Brittany puppy. We'd be happy to answer any questions or provide you with more information on this upcoming litter! Email to email@example.com or call Emily at 706-273-8733.
Ad location: Dahlonega, Georgia
Ad created: Jul 07, 2014
Contact Information
Contact Name: Bradley & Emily McEntyre
706-273-6938Contact breeder through email Click here to visit website
Georgia Mountain Brittanys Breeder Information
Madam Dixies Southern Belle
My Classified Pictures
Madam Dixie's Southern BELLE
Bullets Carolina BLU