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The Economics of Overweight and Obesity
The Economics of Overweight and Obesity
The economic impact of obesity is considerable. According to the American Obesity Association (AOA), in ''Costs of Obesity'' (May 2, 2005, http://obesity1.tempdomainname.com/treatment/cost.shtml), the World Bank estimates the cost of obesity in the United States was 12% of the national health-care budget in the late 1990s. The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States has resulted in a corresponding increase in direct and indirect health-care costs. Direct health-care costs are those incurred for preventive measures, diagnostic, and treatment services. Examples of direct health-care costs are physician office visits, hospital and nursing home charges, prescription drug costs, and special hospital beds to accommodate obese patients. Indirect costs are measured in terms of decreased earnings: lost wages and lower productivity resulting from the inability to work because of illness or disability, as well as the value of future earnings lost by premature mortality (death).
There are also personal costs of obesity: obese workers may earn less than their healthy-weight counterparts because of job discrimination. Many insurance companies, particularly in the life insurance sector, charge higher premiums with increasing degrees of overweight. When obesity compromises physical functioning and limits activities of daily living, affected individuals may require assistance from home health aides, durable medical equipment such as walkers or wheelchairs, or other costly adaptations to accommodate disability.
The National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDHP) calculates and compares in Chronic Disease Prevention(August 16, 2007, http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/press/index.htm) the economic burden of several chronic diseases including obesity. Table 7.1 shows that the direct health costs resulting from overweight and obesity—$75 billion—are comparable to those resulting from tobacco use. Because obesity has been linked to all the other chronic conditions described in Table 7.1 except tobacco use, it may be argued that some percentage of the costs attributed to arthritis, cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and stroke are also attributable to obesity. For example, Kathleen M. McTigue et al. estimate in ''Screening and Interventions for Obesity in Adults: Summary of the Evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force'' (Annals of Internal Medicine, vol.139, no. 11, December 2, 2003) that the direct costs of obesity are 5.7% of the total U.S. health care expenditures; however, the lifetime costs of cardiovascular disease increase by 20% with mild obesity, 50% with moderate obesity, and by almost 200% with clinically severe or extreme obesity. The NCCDHP also reports that hospital costs for treatment of overweight and obese children and teens more than tripled from 1983 to 2003.
According to Anne M. Wolf, JoAnn E. Manson, and Graham A. Colditz, in ''The Economic Impact of Overweight, Obesity, and Weight Loss'' (Robert H. Eckel, ed., Obesity: Mechanisms and Clinical Management, 2003), the estimated annual medical spending attributable to overweight and obesity was about $93 billion in 2002. Wolf, Manson, and Colditz estimate the total cost as $117 billion, with an additional $33 billion spent on weightloss products and services. Estimates of the medical care costs, direct and indirect as well as total cost of overweight and obesity in the United States, vary depending on how the conditions are defined, whether overweight and obesity are considered together or separately, and which costs and obesity-related conditions are included in the estimates and projections. For example, Wolf, Manson, and Colditz's total cost is based on epidemiological studies that defined obesity and overweight as a body mass index (BMI) equal to or greater than 29.
|Disease/risk factors
|Morbidity (illness)
|Mortality (death)
|Direct cost/indirect cost
|Arthritis affects 1 in 5, or 46 million, US adults, making it one of the most common chronic conditions. Over 40%, or nearly 19 million, adults with arthritis and other related rheumatic because of their arthritis. By 2030, nearly 67 million (25%) of U.S. adults will have doctor-diagnosed arthritis. In addition, adults with arthritis-attributable activity limitation are projected to increase from 16.9 million (7.9%) to 25 million (9.3% of the US adult population) by 2030.
|From 1979-1998, the annual number of arthritis are limited in their activities conditions (AORC) deaths rose from 5,537 to 9,367. In 1998, the crude death rate from AORC was 3.48 per 100,000 population.
|The total costs attributable to arthritis and other rheumatic conditions (AORC) in the United States in 2003 was approximately $128 billion ($80.8 billion in medical care expenditures and $47 billion in earnings losses). This equaled 1.2% of the 2003 U.S. gross domestic product.
|About 1.3 million people in the U.S. are diagnosed with cancer each year.
|Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. In 2003, an estimated 556,000 people died of cancer.
|NIH (National Institutes of Health) estimates that the overall costs for cancer in the year 2006 at 206 billion: of this amount, $78 billion for direct medical costs and more than $128 billion for indirect costs such as lost productivity.
|More than 20.8 million Americans have diabetes, and about 6.2 million don't know that they have the disease.
|Diabetes is the sixth leading cause of death. Over 200,000 people die each year of diabetes-related complications.
|The estimated economic cost of diabetes in 2002 was $132 billion. Of this amount, $92 billion was due to direct medical costs and $40 billion to indirect costs such as lost workdays, restricted activity, and disability due to diabetes.
|Heart disease and stroke
|More than 79 million Americans currently live with a cardiovascular disease.
|More than 1.4 million Americans die of cardiovascular diseases each year, which amounts to one death every 36 seconds.
|The cost of cardiovascular disease and stroke in the United States in 2007 is projected to be $431.8 billion including direct and indirect costs.
|In 2003-2004 over 66 million adults, or 32% of the adult population, were obese. Over 125 million or 17.1% of children and adolescents 2-19 years of age are overweight.
|The latest study from CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) scientists estimates that about 112,000 deaths are associated with obesity each year in the United States.
|Direct health costs attributable to obesity have been estimated at $52 billion in 1995 and $75 billion in 2003. Among children and adolescents, annual hospital costs related to overweight and obesity more than tripled over the past two decades.
|An estimated 45.1 million adults in the United States smoke cigarettes even though this single behavior will result in death or disability for half of all regular users.
|Tobacco use is responsible for approximately 438,000 deaths each year.
|The economic burden of tobacco use is enormous: more than $75 billion in medical expenditures and another $92 billion in indirect costs.
In ''State-Level Estimates of Annual Medical Expenditures Attributable to Obesity'' (Obesity Research, vol. 12, no. 1, January 2004), an analysis of medical spending attributable to obesity, Eric A. Finkelstein, Ian C. Fiebelkorn, and Guijing Wang estimate that in 2003 Medicare and Medicaid spent $75 billion treating obesity-related diseases. In this study the researchers calculated statelevel estimates of total, Medicare, and Medicaid obesity-attributable medical expenditures.
According to the press release ''Obesity Costs States Billions in Medical Expenses'' (January 21, 2004, http://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/pressrel/r040121.htm) by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey indicates that among Medicare recipients, obesity prevalence ranges from 12% in Hawaii to 30% in Washington, D.C. The percentage of annual medical expenditures in each state attributable to obesity ranges from 4% in Arizona to 6.7% in Alaska. Medicare expenditures connected to obesity range from 3.9% in Arizona to 9.8% in Delaware. For Medicaid recipients, the percentages are considerably higher due to the higher prevalence of obesity among Medicaid recipients—from 7.7% in Rhode Island (where 21% of Medicaid recipients are obese) to 15.7% in Indiana (where 44% of Medicaid recipients are obese).
State-level estimates range from totals of $87 million in Wyoming to $7.7 billion in California. Obesity-attributable Medicare estimates range from $15 million in Wyoming to $1.7 billion in California, and Medicaid estimates range from $23 million in Wyoming to $3.5 billion in New York. (It is important to remember that state-level spending is largely a function of population, so it is reasonable that a less populous state such as Wyoming will spend less state and federal dollars than a population-dense state such as California or New York.)
Obesity Costs in New Mexico
Eldo E. Frezza, Mitchell S. Wachtel, and Bradley T. Ewing developed an economic model intended to assess the impact of obesity on a state's economy. They evaluated the cost of obesity in terms of lost business output, employment, and income for the state of New Mexico and reported their findings in ''The Impact of Morbid Obesity on the State Economy: An Initial Evaluation'' (Surgery for Obesity Related Diseases, vol. 2, no. 5, September-October 2006). The investigators find that obesity cost the state more than seventy-three hundred jobs and its economic effect exceeded $1.3 billion-the impact on labor accounted for nearly $200 million and reduced state and local tax revenues totaled more than $48 million—accounting for 2.5% of New Mexico's gross state product.
Obesity Increases Health Expenditures
In ''Differences in Disease Prevalence As a Source of the U.S.-European Health Care Spending Gap'' (Health Affairs, vol. 26, no. 6, October 2, 2007), Kenneth E. Thorpe, David H. Howard, and Katya Galactionova examine spending in the United States and Europe for the ten most costly medical conditions. Their analysis reveals that nearly twice as many adults in the United States are obese compared to those in Europe—33% of Americans, compared to 17% of people in ten of the largest European countries—which results in higher numbers of Americans being afflicted with cancer, diabetes, and other chronic conditions. The treatment of obesity-related chronic diseases adds $100 billion to $150 billion to U.S. annual health expenditures.
Besides estimates of total direct and indirect costs of overweight and obesity, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), the U.S. government's lead agency responsible for biomedical research on nutrition and obesity, specifies in Statistics Related to Overweight and Obesity(June 2000, http://www.medhelp.org/NIHlib/GF-367.html) the portion that obesity-related diseases contribute to these costs. In 2000 heart disease related to overweight and obesity generated direct costs of $6.9 billion (17% of the total direct cost of heart disease, independent of stroke), and the total cost of Type 2 diabetes was $63.1 billion (direct cost, $32.4 billion; indirect cost, $30.7 billion). A significant contribution to increasing diabetes-related costs is hospitalization. Table 7.2 shows hospital discharges in 1990, 2000, and 2004 that were attributable to diabetes. Increases were registered among men aged sixty-five to seventyfour and among both men and women aged seventy-five years and over.
In contrast, the total costs of overweight and obesity in 2000 that were related to other types of diseases were: osteoarthritis, $17.2 billion (direct cost, $4.3 billion; indirect cost, $12.9 billion); hypertension (high blood pressure), $3.2 billion (17 percent of the total cost of hypertension); colon cancer, $2.8 billion (direct cost, $1 billion; indirect cost, $1.8 billion); breast cancer, $2.3 billion (direct cost, $840 million; indirect cost, $1.5 billion); and endometrial cancer, $790 million (direct cost, $286 million; indirect cost, $504 million).
According to the Weight-control Information Network (WIN), in Statistics Related to Overweight and Obesity(June 2007, http://win.niddk.nih.gov/publications/PDFs/stat904z.pdf), the cost of lost productivity related to obesity among Americans aged seventeen to sixty-four is about $3.9 billion annually. This dollar figure translates into $239 million in days of restricted activity, $89.5 million in bed-days (days when people remained in bed rather than performing their activities of daily living), $62.7 million in physician office visits, and $39.3 million in lost workdays related to obesity.
In another study, Roland Sturm of the RAND Corporation compares in ''The Effects of Obesity, Smoking, and Problem Drinking on Chronic Medical Problems and Health Care Costs'' (Health Affairs, vol. 21, no. 2, March-April 2002) the effects of obesity, smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, and poverty on chronic health conditions and health expenditures. Sturm finds that obese individuals spent more on both health-care services and medication than daily smokers and heavy drinkers. For example, obese individuals spent about 36% more than the general population on health-care services, compared to a 21% increase for daily smokers and a 14% increase for heavy drinkers. Furthermore, obese people spent 77% more on medications. The only variable with a greater effect on health-care expenditures was aging—and aging trumped obesity only on expenditures for medications. Sturm concludes that obesity generates significantly higher health-care expenditures and affects more individuals than smoking, heavy drinking, or poverty.
Even though it is well documented that obese people incur higher health-care costs at a given point in time, until recently the effects of rising rates of obesity on spending growth had not been quantified. Kenneth E. Thorpe et al. find in ''The Impact of Obesity on Rising Medical Spending'' (Health Affairs, October 20, 2004) that health-care spending was about 36% higher for obese adults under sixty-five. Furthermore, they seek to estimate the share of spending growth attributable to three obesity-related comorbidities (the coexistence of two or more diseases): diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and heart disease including hypertension. Their analysis reveals that increases in the proportion of, and spending on, obese people relative to people of normal weight accounted for 27% of the increase in per capita spending between 1987 and 2001. This increase was attributable to spending for heart disease (41%), diabetes (38%), and hyperlipidemia (22%). Increases in obesity prevalence alone accounted for 12% of the growth in health-care spending. Thorpe et al. conclude that future cost-containment efforts should address the increasing prevalence of obesity and the institution of effective approaches to weight loss for people who are obese.
|[Data are based on a sample of hospital records]
|Days of care
|Sex, age, and first-listed diagnosis
|Both sexes
|Number per 1,000 population
|Total, age adjusteda, b
|Total, crudeb
|All agesa, b
|Under 18 yearsb
|Injuries and poisoning
|Fracture, all sites
|18-44 yearsb
|HIV infection
|Alcohol and drugc
|Serious mental illnessd
|*5. …


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Store Hours
Monday - Friday: 10:00 a.m. - 7:00 p.m.
Saturday: 10:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m.
Meet Wally the Giant Worry Monster!
If you have a worry or a care, write it on a card and tuck it into his tummy, then go on your way with the weight lifted from your shoulders. Wally has enough love for everyone!
Most Worry Eaters are not as large as Wally (think puppet size instead), but they can still hold plenty of concerns. We do have several for sale in case a worry strikes you in the middle of the night.
We carry microscopes, telescopes, chemistry and lab equipment as well as a huge selection of Playmobil, and lots of family games, science kits, and specialty toys you won't find anywhere else. And we wrap them for you too!
We love our customers and we love being THE independently owned specialty toy store serving the local community for 25 years.
Sean & Siobhan
2016 Fall Class schedule
"This is one of my favorite stores to shop at.... Not only is it a great place for kid's toys, but I also buy stuff for myself." LOL
"This place is such a rare gem...... it is owned by one couple ...they put their heart into it and it shows."

subset: commoncrawl


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On 20 October, brut hosts the premiere of Doris Uhlich's new performance Ravemachine!
Anticipation is the most beautiful delight! On 20 October, brut hosts the premiere of Doris Uhlich's new performance Ravemachine, a collaboration with choreographer Michael Turinsky. Physical, musical and mechanical energies collide! Ravemachine is part of the Minifestival All machines welcome!, a co-operation between brut and WUK performing arts. Besides the premiere of Ravemachine at brut, WUK will host the workshop Every body electric on 12 October, an open workshop for people with disabilities, and show on 22 October a remix of the Ravemachine performance as an all-round version in open space without a grandstand as well as the group draft Every Body Electric followed by a rave party. Further information
With Rimini Protokoll, Showcase Beat Le Mot, toxic dreams, Social Muscle Club mit notfoundyet & Stefanie Sourial, Black Palms Orchestra and many more
Nazi superhumans travelling in time, performances in private Vienna residences, a workout for our social muscles, a performative screwball comedy and gloomy orchestra music – that's the new brut season starting on 25 September! Detailed programme here.
The first brut-season is over and only in two weeks, we are starting into the new season. But before we do that, we would like to thank our audience, who remained true to brut during the last season and contributed to its 90 per cent visitor attendance!
We are pleased about positive feedback in the media. Hence, Helmut Ploebst writes in Der Standard "Director Kira Kirsch has presented a successful new season 2015&16". Theresa Gindlstrasser attests a "necessary new positioning as performance location" and a "courageous refusal to the orientation on visitor numbers and efficiency" in Theater der Zeit. Furthermore Magdalena Hiller likes on goodnight.at the communication strategy as the best one of all cultural institutions in Vienna. Thank you for that!


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5 Companies That Had A Rough Week
For the week ending Aug. 5, CRN looks at IT companies that were unfortunate, unsuccessful or just didn't make good decisions.
10 Cool New Internet of Things Products Released In September
From Apple's newest watch model to connected sensors, here are 10 of the coolest IoT products we got a glimpse of in September.
Cisco's Share Slipping In Bread-And-Butter Switching, Routing Markets
The longtime dominant networking leader is losing share in key enterprise switching and service provider routing markets, according to data from Synergy Research Group.
8 Major Products Unveiled At Microsoft Ignite 2016
Cloud, security and artificial intelligence were among the themes of day one of the Microsoft conference. Here are eight of the biggest products rolled out at the event.


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Obama's victory was not a surprise. However much the press has been portraying this as a stunning upset, Obama's organization was long rumored to be much stronger than Clinton and Edwards's, and staffers of the Illinois Senator were openly predicting victory in the final days. Nonetheless, the manner in which Obama won is truly remarkable, and his victory upends the state of the race dramatically. Hillary Clinton, the inevitable front-runner all the way until the end of October, lost her aura of inevitability at October's Philadelphia debate. But she had remained the favorite to win it all. The roles have now been reversed, and Barack Obama has to be considered the new favorite to become the Democratic nominee.
The scenario that played out last night was Clinton's nightmare: She came in third and lost to Barack Obama. The one comforting thought for her campaign has to be that she managed to stay in a tie for second-place (only 7 delegates separate Edwards and her) but the press is loving the symbol of Clinton coming in third and is going to run with it for days. Clinton is working overtime to move on from Iowa and did not waste time before questioning the legitimacy of the caucus process: Her staff is already murmuring that Iowa has never elected a woman for anything for Congress or statewide which, to be fair, is a rather disturbing fact. And Hillary said today in New Hampshire that at least in the Granite State, "You're not disenfranchised if you work at night. You're not disenfranchised if you're not in the state."
Yet, it is undeniable that something big happened last night. Turnout surpassed anyone's expectations, even those of the most optimistic Obama aides. Nearly 240,000 Iowans went to caucus for Democrats which is nearly the double of what it was in 2004. Among the 57% who were first-time caucus goers, Obama demolished his adversaries: He got 41% to Clinton's 29% and Edwards's pale 18%. On the other hand, Edwards led among voters who had already caucused. Furthermore, and while Obama did win a huge share of independent voters (41%), they only comprised 20% of voters -- much less than what some had predicted. Hillary Clinton cannot claim that Barack Obama won solely on the basis of his strength among non-Democrats, as the two were tied among registered Democrats. Obama appears to have won mostly because of a turnout surge among the youth who participated in much greater numbers. And a stunning 57% of the 17-29 year old crowd voted for Obama. This is what Howard Dean tried to pull off 4 years ago and failed miserably at.
As predicted, realignment played a huge role in the results, and Obama was helped by some sort of deal with Richardson. There is ample documentation that Richardson voters did go massively for Obama last night and that Richardson precinct captains told their group that those were the "informal" instruction, but why did Richardson and Obama keep it secret and the campaigns kept denying it? Was it to avoid the press talking about it in what could undermine the purity of victory? Obama would have won without Richardson's boost but his lead could have been smaller. And we have got to at least wonder about the ethics of not publicizing such a deal and repeatedly denying it.
A second observation about second-choice preferences is that they pushed lower-tier candidates out of the race and sank Clinton into third-place. Richardson, Biden, Dodd and Kucinich got about 3% of the delegates last night, whereas entrance polls showed them at about 15%. That's a significant difference, and most of those voters chose to realign for another candidate. As a result, both Joe Biden and Chris Dodd got a ridiculously low total despite campaigning very hard in the state; they chose to withdraw, freeing up some major endorsements down-the-way such as the firefighters union which was backing Dodd. Entrance polls also showed Edwards trailing Clinton by about 4-5% in raw votes, and he managed to narrowly pass her at the end. That conforms to a lot of anecdotal evidence across the state as observers reported that Clinton gained very few votes between the two rounds of counting and Edwards very often passed her in places where he was third in hte first round of counting.
What does this mean for the rest of the race? Clinton knows that early wins for Obama could make him invincible in the coming weeks, especially if the African-American vote in South Carolina flips in favor of Obama (it has been tied for most of the year). Clinton can hardly afford to wait until Florida where she cannot even campaign due to her pledge -- though it will be interesting to see whether she is tempted to go back on her promise once Iowa and New Hampshire have voted -- and has to get back on track in New Hampshire. A second loss would put her in a hole and make Obama look increasingly inevitable. The last few polls from the Granite State have Clinton up by varying margins -- between 4% and 15% -- and we will see in the coming days just how much of a bounce Barack Obama gets.
Clinton's chances in New Hampshire should not be underestimated. Given that she was tied with Obama prior to Iowa, the Illinois Senator has to be given a slight edge on Tuesday, but Clinton's organization and network is much stronger there than it was in the caucuses. Bill Clinton is very popular in the state and will be dispatched everywhere in the coming days, and she has many more surrogates she can rely on. The Saturday debate could very well be a decisive test, and Hillary Clinton will for the first time go in a debate as the underdog. The question mark now is how negative will Hillary Clinton become in the coming days; she had started to go down that path in December before stopping. But New Hampshire is not Iowa, and she could have no other strategy at this point.
The trouble for Clinton is that movement candidacies pick-up steam remarkably fast. Many high-profile Democrats such as Al Gore might have been staying away from endorsing Obama for fear of offending the likely nominee, but that could change now that Hillary has been defeated once. Obama should start seeing some high-profile names line up behind him. With Obama the new front-runner, the spotlight is now turned on him -- with everything good and bad that entails: He will get more attention, people will tkae him more seriously... but it also means that we should expect more negative stories to come out about him in the coming weeks.
Meanwhile, John Edwards had a good showing and has to be happy he beat Clinton. It is undeniable that Edwards did great given that the press barely covered him for much of the year. That he remained competitive with Obama and Clinton despite the way the campaign was framed speaks to his resilience and his talent as a campaigner. But let's face it, he lost his chance at the nomination last night. He put everything in the caucuses, and he would probably have won if turnout had been lower. Yet, and despite all his efforts, his total is inferior to his 2004 result. Edwards needed a win to remain viable. His organization in later states is weak and he does not have that much money. Where can he go from here, and what states can he win?
Edwards presented himself as the part of the demand for change that defeated the status quo. And he is indeed the most progressive of the three main contenders. Yet, it is puzzling that he got a higher share of the vote among conservatives than among liberals, and entrance polls showed him running better among higher-income households. In a state that has never voted for a woman or a black man, he appears to have attracted some of the status-quo vote as well. In his speech last night, he tried to reframe the race as a showdown with Obama. And he said today: "I am not the candidate of glitz; I am not the candidate of glamor. I am the candidate who will fight with every fiber of my being every step of the way." But the more he stays in the race and remains competitive, the better that is likely to be for Hillary Clinton as it gives her an opening to corner Obama.
A longer version of this analysis was posted on the author's blog at Campaign Diaries.


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Earthworks QTC40 is an omnidirectional (pressure) prepolarized condenser microphone directly coupled to a dedicated wideband, low output impedance preamplifier. The QTC40 requires a standard 48V phantom power supply. It features an extended linear free-field frequency response from 4Hz to 40kHz (Fig. 2), extremely fast impulse response (Fig. 3), low self-noise, very low handling noise, uniform polar pattern, and high SPL handling capabilities. It exhibits no proximity effect.
Each microphone is delivered with its own calibration chart providing the individually measured frequency response curve. A mounting clip is included with the microphone.
Earthworks QTC40 is easy to operate. Connect the microphone to a microphone preamplifier supplying 48V phantom power using a standard XLR microphone cable. Please allow up to one minute for the microphone to settle. Plugging in the microphone â??hotâ? (phantom power already present at the input) will not damage the microphone, and is actually preferred for faster settling. It is normal for any phantom powered mic to â??popâ? when plugged in or powered up. Make sure to mute the signal to speakers or headphones when phantom power is first applied.
The QTC40 is designed for recording quieter sources such as vocals, strings, woodwinds, and distant-miked orchestras or choirs. For classical location recording a matched pair will provide spectacular results. It is ideal for quieter, more detailed sources and does not have most of the problems and limitations generally associated with competitive microphones. Its impulse response and diaphragm settling time is exceptional, resulting in very natural and uncolored sound.
This microphone has no removable parts.
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We stock and supply all the major solar hot water system brands, makes and models.
In Australia, with our temperate climate and sunny weather, it makes sense to utilise what Mother Nature provides free of charge to heat your hot water. By using solar energy, you pay less than a conventional electric or gas hot water system. Not only is that more money in your pocket, but significantly reduces your global impact and greenhouse emissions. It's a win-win on all accounts!
At Cheapa Hot Water, we are authorised solar hot water system installers for the major brands including Rheem, Solahart and Apricus. Our solar systems are competitively priced because we purchase large quantities direct from the manufacturers – a saving we can pass on to our customers.
Helpful articles so you can make an informed decision:
- Should you switch to solar hot water?
- How you can save money on your hot water bills »
- Which hot water system is cheapest to run? Solar, gas or electric »
- How reliable is solar hot water?
Solar water heaters – product comparisons
Below is a selection of our most popular solar hot water models. Detailed specifications of other systems are available upon request.
The Solahart L Series is a roof mounted, open circuit solar water heater specifically designed to provide economical service in medium to high solar gain areas.
Solahart Steamline Closed Circuit Electric Boost
The Streamline closed circuit system offers a choice of either the Solahart Kf or J collector.
Apricus Everlast Stainless Steel Storage Tanks
The Everlast stainless steel storage tanks provide a natural barrier to corrosion and rust, have excellent performance in areas with hard water.
Apricus Glass Lines Storage Tanks
The glass lined storage tanks are made from vitreous enamel with a sacrificial anode.


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Making his first local appearance in a decade, Dede (AKA DJ Arkin Allen) is a popular Turkish progressive who fronts a traditional ensemble on turntables, electronics, and occasional ney flute. The concept behind his 2013 double-CD album _Dunya_ is environmental apocalypse. The Secret Trio – Tamer Pinarbasi (kanun zither), Ismail Lumanovski (clarinet), and Ara Dinkjian (ud lute) – play mesmerizing originals and traditional music from Turkey, Armenia, and Macedonian Roma.
Tue., June 17, 7:30 p.m., 2014
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Chalkboard Circles wall decals
Details about Chalkboard Circles wall decals
Pack comes in set of 4 dots:
- The 47"x47" includes 2 dots of 31" diameter , and 2 dots of 16" diameter
- The 33"x33" includes 2 dots of 22" diameter , and 2 dots of 11" diameter
- The 22"x22" includes 2 dots of 14" diameter , and 2 dots of 7" diameter
This chalkboard is very useful to help your kids do their homework! Chalkboard decal only come inthe color black and are removable.
Be creative with this blackboard decal
If your kids like writing on the wall, this product will be perfect for them! In few minutes you will be able to install this sticker. Our chalkboards come with chalk.
"Dear Florent, Hi, just letting your know that the wall decals arrived today and they look amazing!! Can't wait to get them up on the wall. Also loving the gift stickers you sent thanks. The chalkboardcircles are fabulous can you tell me whether you can buy them or whether they are just a special, I couldn't see them on the website. Again, many thanks, we are very happy! Regards"
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|Mike The V.
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|Thursday, April 4, 2013 8:45 PM
Hi all,
We have another vegan potluck on Sunday and I hope people can make it.
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Single Sports Betting
The bill that would allow single game sports betting is still stalled in the Senate. The Windsor Essex Regional Chamber of Commerce is trying to do something about it. We spoke to Matt Marchand, president and CEO of the Chamber. (Runs 7:28)
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Candlewood Suites Bluffton-Hilton Head
Candlewood Suites Bluffton-Hilton Head
Bluffton, South Carolina Hotel's Suites Impress Guests
When you stay at this extended stay hotel in Bluffton, SC, you can enjoy a tranquil setting right across from beautiful "Sun City," Hilton Head, SC. With I-95 just seven miles away, it is quick and easy to get to Parris Island and Hilton Head Island attractions from the hotel. Here in Bluffton, SC, we know the importance of leisure, so join us for a little fun in the sun at the Candlewood Suites® Bluffton - Hilton Head hotel.
If this is your first visit to Bluffton, South Carolina, the hotel's friendly staff can help direct you to nearby businesses. Those in town for relocation for work or job training can meet with clients for a round of golf at nearby Island West Golf Course or Crescent Point Golf Course. The palm tree lined greens may convince you to extend your trip in Bluffton, SC.
The hotel's proximity to downtown Savannah and Hilton Head Island provides easy access to great shopping and dining. Browse the selection at Tanger Outlets and head to one of the many nearby beaches to show off your new look.
Throw on your sandals, head outside to the pool and start grilling on the gas grills in the gazebo. You'll feel like you're already at the beach. While you're in Bluffton, SC, use the hotel's on-site Fitness Center to stay in shape while your on the road. As a pet-friendly hotel we welcome your pets as guests. Make your suite reservations with us today!
Quick Info
- Check In: 3:00 PM
- Check Out: 12:00 PM
- Minimum Check-In Age: 21
- Late Check Out Available
- Parking: Free
- Print Fact Sheet
- Chat With Us
- On-site Guest Self-Laundry Facilities
- Standard Wireless Internet service is free for all members
- On-site Fitness Center Available
It's hard to leave your best buddy at home when you're traveling for extended periods, so we provide a pet friendly experience. Restrictions and fees apply.
Whether you are booking suites for a family reunion or suites for your company's training needs, Candlewood Suites hotels can accommodate your group.
Workout whenever you want: Candlewood Gym always has an open door and lots of aerobic and cardio equipment to make it easier to stick to your exercise routine, no sweat.
The IHG Green Engage system is an online tool that gives our hotels the means to measure their day-to-day environmental impact.
Getting Here
Guest Reviews
Overall Experience
excellent 360 extended stay hotel experience
September 30, 2016
As expressed by numeric rating, our experience at Candlewood in Bluffton, SC was superior in every way. We would definitely stay at this hotel again. I think the thing we appreciated most was the freshness and cleanliness of our room and all the public areas. The hotel is extremely well cared for and maintained.
Friendly Staff
September 22, 2016
The staff made my visit, especially Ms Danielle Biggers. Want to give her a big thank you :)
Great Place to stay
September 17, 2016
This Hotel is great. You have a full kitchen, it's very clean, and the room price is very good for all the amenities. I will stay here again when returning to the area.
Staff was helpful
ByGetting On
September 14, 2016
When notified of an issue, the staff was responsive in resolving. Staff was helpful and polite during all interactions.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 12, 2005
|Filing date
|May 20, 2003
|Priority date
|May 20, 2002
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|John Power, Des Regan, Niall Smith
|Original Assignee
|Aerogen, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (12), Referenced by (21), Classifications (16), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a nonprovisional of provisional U.S. Patent App. Ser. No. 60/382,256, entitled "APPARATUS AND METHODS OF PROVIDING AEROSOL FOR MEDICAL TREATMENT," filed May 20, 2002 by Power et al., the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.
This invention relates generally to the field of pulmonary drug delivery, and in particular to the aerosolizing of liquid medicament into fine liquid droplets for inhalation.
In the fields of drug delivery and pulmonary therapy, the aerosolization of drugs and other medicaments for pulmonary delivery can provide significant therapeutic benefits. To realize those benefits, there have arisen a variety of atomizers and nebulizers, which can vary significantly in methods of operation. For instance, some aerosol generators operate by vibrating at a relatively high frequency an aperture plate in contact with the material to be aerosolized. By way of example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,164,740; 5,586,550; 5,758,637; and 6,235,177, the complete disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference for all purposes, describe exemplary devices for producing fine liquid droplets in such a fashion. Such devices have proven to be tremendously successful in aerosolizing liquids. Another technique for aerosolizing liquids is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,261,601, also incorporated herein by reference for all purposes, and utilizes a perforate membrane disposed over a chamber. The perforate membrane comprises an electroformed metal sheet using a "photographic process" that produces apertures with a cylindrical exit opening.
Commonly, such aerosol generators-operate by using a vibratory element to drive an aerosolizing element (e.g., aperture plate, membrane, etc.). In many cases, the vibratory element comprises a piezoelectric and/or piezomagnetic material such as one of many ceramics known in the art to exhibit such properties. When excited by the appropriate field, the piezo will expand/contract, such that application of an oscillating field can produce oscillating vibration of the piezo (and, by extension, the aerosolizing element) at a frequency related to that of the oscillating field. Often, the field will be applied to the piezo through one or more electrodes in electrical communication with the piezo.
In use, aerosol generators can be subjected to a variety of environmental conditions, many of which can threaten to degrade the performance of the generator; for instance, during operation, the piezo and/or the electrodes may be in danger of exposure to the fluid being aerosolized. Those skilled in the art will recognize that, in many cases, prolonged exposure to such fluids can result in corrosion of the piezo and/or the electrodes, and even relatively brief exposure can vitiate the electrical communication between the piezo and the circuitry by which it is driven (for example, by short-circuiting the electrodes and/or otherwise interfering with the electrical communication between the electrodes and the piezo).
Likewise, various cleaning procedures can prove harmful to the operation of the aerosol generator if care is not taken. For instance, in many cases aerosol generators are used in hospitals and/or other institutional settings, where strict sanitization policies often are enforced to prevent cross-infection by multiple users of a generator. Merely by way of example, aerosol generators may be exposed to potentially corrosive substances, such as solvents and disinfectants. In addition, generators may be exposed to relatively high levels of heat, pressure, and/or humidity during sanitization processes, such as autoclaving and the like. Without protection, therefore, the relatively sensitive components of aerosol generators (including, for example, their piezos and/or electrodes) may be damaged during sanitization and/or the operational lives of such components may be limited significantly by repeated sanitization procedures.
Embodiments of the invention, therefore, address certain limitations in the prior art and include apparatus and methods for aerosolizing liquid. For instance, one embodiment of the invention provides an apparatus for generating an aerosol. The apparatus includes an actuator having a first face and a second face and defining an opening therethrough, as well as a vibratory element in mechanical communication with the actuator, and a sealing member configured to isolate the vibratory element from a surrounding environment. In accordance with certain embodiments, the apparatus further comprises an aerosolization element mounted on the actuator and disposed substantially over the opening, wherein the aerosolization element defines at least one aperture therethrough. Hence, the vibratory element may be operated to vibrate to cause movement of the aerosolization element in such a manner that a liquid at the first face of the aerosolization element can be dispensed as an aerosol through the at least one aperture. Some embodiments feature an electrode coupled to the vibratory element.
In accordance with certain embodiments, the vibratory element is annular in shape and/or comprises a piezoelectric ceramic In other embodiments, the sealing element is annular, such that it covers at least a portion of the first face of the actuator, at least a portion of the second face of the actuator, and at least a portion of the vibratory element. In further embodiments, the sealing element can comprise an elastomer and/or a rubber, which can be, merely by way of example, a synthetic rubber or a silicone. The sealing member can be molded around at least a portion of the vibratory element, and can be formed by injection molding.
Some embodiments include one or more layers of bonding material between the sealing element and the vibratory element. The bonding material can couple the sealing member relatively securely to at least one of the vibratory element and the actuator and can, in some cases, provide a relatively impervious barrier between the electrode and the surrounding environment. The bonding material can be relatively impervious to a relatively severe environmental condition, which can include, inter alia, heat, humidity, pressure, alternating cycles of vacuum and pressure, and a corrosive chemical.
In other embodiments, the bonding material can be selected from the group consisting of a paint, an epoxy, an adhesive and a primer, and the at least one layer of bonding material can comprise a first application of a first bonding material and a second application of a second bonding material. The first and second bonding materials can be the same bonding material. In further embodiments, the bonding material comprises an adhesive situated between the vibratory element and the actuator. In some cases, the vibratory element comprises an inner surface and an outer surface, and the adhesive can be situated between the sealing element and at least a portion of at least one of the inner and outer surfaces of the vibratory element.
Other embodiments of the invention provide methods of making and/or using aerosol generator assemblies. One exemplary method for making an aerosol generator assembly comprises providing an aerosol generator, which can be similar to one of the aerosol generators discussed above. The method also includes providing a mold assembly formed to receive the aerosol generator, placing a mold material into the mold assembly, allowing mold material to form a sealing element about at least a portion of the aerosol generator and removing the aerosol generator from the mold assembly.
In some cases, placing the mold material into the mold assembly comprises injection molding the mold material. In other cases, the method includes preparing at least one of the vibratory element and the actuator. Preparing the vibratory element and/or actuator can comprise chemical etching of those components.
In certain embodiments, the method further comprises applying at least one layer of bonding material between the mold material and least one of the vibratory element and the actuator. Applying at least one layer can include applying a layer of a first bonding material and applying a layer of a second bonding material. The first bonding material and the second bonding material can be the same bonding materials. One or more layers can be applied at room temperature and cured at a relatively high temperature for a specified period of time. The relatively high temperature is above about 100 degrees C., more specifically between about 100 degrees C. and about 150 degrees C. In some cases, the relatively high temperature is between about 120 degrees C. and about 140 degrees C., and more specifically, about 130 degrees C. In other cases, the specified period of time is between about 15 minutes and about 45 minutes.
A further understanding of the nature and advantages of the present invention may be realized by reference to the figures which are described in remaining portions of the specification. In the figures, like reference numerals are used throughout several to refer to similar components. In some instances, a sub-label consisting of a lower case letter is associated with a reference numeral to denote one of multiple similar components. When reference is made to a reference numeral without specification to an existing sub-label, it is intended to refer to all such multiple similar components.
Embodiments of the present invention include apparatus and methods for aerosolizing liquid. In accordance with one embodiment, an aerosol generator assembly is provided, comprising an aerosol generator and a sealing element overmolded onto the aerosol generator. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that, in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention, an aerosol generator comprises a piezoelectric and/or piezomagnetic vibratory element (a "piezo") for vibrating an aerosolization element to aerosolize a fluid. In many cases, the piezoelectric member is driven by application of an electric and/or magnetic field, which often is supplied through an electric circuitry coupled to the piezo by one or more electrodes. The connection between the circuitry and the electrodes can be of any type that is operative to supply electric current to the piezo, including, for instance, conductive metal wires (optionally, with non-conductive insulation), conductive polymeric materials, and the like.
In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, a sealing member, which can comprise a variety of relatively impermeable and/or elastic substances (including, merely by way of example, elastomers, rubbers (both natural and synthetic), urethanes, silicon and the like) and can serve to isolate/protect the piezo and/or electrodes from the surrounding environment, which can sometimes include relatively severe environmental conditions, including without limitation, the conditions described below, such as relatively high heat, pressure, and atmospheric moisture, immersion in fluids, exposure to corrosive fluids, and the like.
Merely by way of example, a sealing member in accordance with some embodiments comprises a thermoplastic elsastomer known in the art as Santoprene™, which is commercially available from Advanced Elastomer Systems, L.P., of Akron, Ohio, USA. As described below, the sealing member can be formed by a variety of techniques, including for example, injection molding. U.S. Pat. No. 6,554,201, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes, describes one exemplary injection molding process that can be used in conjunction with aerosol generators.
In other embodiments, the sealing member can be used as a mounting apparatus for coupling the aerosol generator to a housing. Those skilled in the art will recognize that aerosol generators often are mounted within a housing for operation, such that the housing can provide (and/or be in communication with) a supply of fluid to be aerosolized, such as a chamber and/or the like. Additionally, the housing can also be an integrated part of a nebulizer system, such that it provides fluid communication between the aerosol generator and a patient's airway, either passively (such as, for instance, in an inhaler, where the patient inhales the aerosolized fluid from the housing) and/or actively (such as, for instance, when the housing is part of a respirator system). In some embodiments, therefore, the sealing member, which, as noted, can comprise a relatively elastic and/or flexible substance, can couple the aerosol generator to the housing securely enough to prevent dislodging of the generator, yet flexibly enough that the vibratory characteristics of the generator are not significantly impacted, thereby substantially maintaining the performance of the aerosol generator.
In still other embodiments, one or more bonding materials can be applied between and/or among the sealing member and various components of the aerosol generator. In some cases, bonding materials can include adhesives, epoxies, paints, primers and the like. Those skilled in the art will recognize that certain bonding materials can provide a relatively secure coupling between the aerosol generator and the overmold. Further, the bonding materials can be selected based on their abilities to enhance the vibratory performance of the generator and/or create or reinforce a barrier between the piezo (and/or its electrodes) and the surrounding environment. In many cases, the bonding materials are relatively impervious to environmental conditions to which aerosol generators commonly are exposed during operation, sanitization, etc. For instance, as discussed below, certain bonding materials can be relatively immune to an autoclave environment, which can introduce significantly elevated heat and pressure, along with relatively high levels of atmospheric water vapor and/or other fluids. Likewise, certain bonding materials can be impervious to any corrosive effects of cleaning fluids and/or fluids to be aerosolized.
Turning now to
Also as illustrated by
The vibratory element 812 can be in mechanical communication with the actuator 808. For instance, the vibratory element 812 can be mechanically coupled to the actuator 808 through a variety of means. Merely by way of example, the vibratory element 812 can be bonded to the actuator 808 with an adhesive 836. For instance, in some cases, the vibratory element 812 may be attached with mechanical fasteners to the actuator 808. In other cases, the vibratory element 812 and the actuator 808 may be integrally formed, perhaps from the same material. In certain embodiments, as shown in
In some cases, one or more layers of bonding material may be disposed between and/or among the sealing member 804 and various components of the aerosol generator. As discussed above, one such bonding material may be an adhesive 844. Other bonding materials can include paints, epoxies, primers, and the like, as discussed herein. As illustrated by
Other embodiments can include one or more additional layers 868 of bonding material, which also can comprise any of the bonding materials discussed herein. The additional layers 868 can overlay the first layer 864 and can, additionally, be applied to portions of the actuator 808. As illustrated more clearly by
In some embodiments, the sealing member 804 can comprise an elastomer, including any of those discussed above. In a particular embodiment, the sealing member 804 may comprise silicone. A silicone that may be used in accordance with the present invention is a two part silicone, available from a company known as Wacker-Chemie GmbH, Geschaftsbereich Silicone, Hanns-Seidel-Platz 4, D-81737 Muchen (Munich, Germany). Such silicone is known to be described in a product description captioned "Elastosil � LR 3003/10 A, B-LR 3003/80 A, B." One variety of such silicone that may be used in accordance with the present invention is designated as 40 Shore, representative of relative hardness of the cured silicone.
As noted above, in some embodiments, prior to molding the sealing member 804 about the aerosol generator, a layer of primer (which can be thought of as one of the layers 868 in
In other embodiments, a layer of epoxy (which can be thought of as the first layer 864 in
It will be appreciated that the thickness of any bonding material (whether paint, primer, epoxy or the like) can be relatively small compared to the size of the aerosol generator and sealing member. As such, each bonding material may range from approximately a nanometer to approximately several micrometers in thickness, depending on the material used. Accordingly, in the various figures accompanying this application, the paint and primer thickness are enlarged for purposes of illustration.
Turning now to the molding process,
Hence, certain embodiments of the invention provide methods for creating aerosol generator assemblies. One exemplary embodiment 1900 is illustrated by FIG. 19. It should be noted that, while the procedures in method 1900 are illustrated and discussed in a certain order for ease of description, embodiments of the invention are not limited to any particular order.
The method 1900 comprises providing a aerosol generator (block 1904), which can, in some embodiments, include any of the aerosol generators discussed herein. At block 1908, the aerosol generator can be prepared to receive a bonding material and or to be molded with a sealing member. Preparation can include, inter alia, priming, scoring, chemical etching, and the like. At block 1912, a layer of bonding material, such as adhesive, epoxy, paint, primer and/or the like can be applied, and at block 1916 that layer can be cured. In some cases, the application of the bonding material can be done by dipping, paintbrush, airbrush, and/or other known application techniques. In other cases, the curing process can take place at a relatively high temperature, for a specified period of time. Optionally, the application (block 1912) and/or curing (block 1916) procedures can be repeated as necessary to produce multiple layers of bonding material and/or a single, thicker layer of material.
At block 1920, the aerosol generator can be placed within a mold assembly, and at block 1924, mold material may be placed into one or more appropriate cavities in the mold assembly. As noted above, block 1924 can include any appropriate procedure, including injection molding, packing, and the like. The mold material can then be allowed to form (e.g., cure, harden, etc.) to produce a sealing member molded onto the aerosol generator (block 1928), at which point the finished aerosol generator assembly can be removed from the mold assembly (block 1932).
While the above is a detailed description of illustrative embodiments of the invention claimed herein, various alternatives, modifications, and equivalents may be employed without departing from the present invention. Thus, although the foregoing has been described in detail for purposes of illustration, it will appreciated that alternatives, modifications and equivalents may be practiced without departing from the invention and the invention herein is limited only by the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
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|Dec 3, 1990
|Oct 6, 1992
|Bespak, Plc
|Dispensing apparatus having a perforate outlet member and a vibrating device
|May 8, 1992
|Sep 28, 1993
|Dressler John L
|Liquid droplet generator
|Jul 6, 1992
|Nov 16, 1993
|Bespak Plc
|Liquid dispensing apparatus having a vibrating perforate membrane
|Jun 30, 1994
|May 14, 1996
|Misonix Inc.
|Ultrasonic atomizing device
|Dec 4, 1992
|May 21, 1996
|The Technology Partnership Limited
|Fluid droplets production apparatus and method
|Dec 8, 1994
|Oct 20, 1998
|The Technology Partnership Plc
|Liquid spray apparatus and method
|Apr 5, 1995
|Aug 17, 1999
|Aerogen, Inc.
|Methods and apparatus for dispensing liquids as an atomized spray
|Oct 25, 1993
|May 16, 2000
|Bespak Plc
|Dispensing apparatus
|Apr 16, 1999
|May 28, 2002
|The Technology Partnership Plc
|Liquid projection apparatus
|May 23, 2000
|Jun 11, 2002
|Drager Medizintechnik Gmbh
|Ultrasonic atomizer
|Oct 10, 2000
|Sep 3, 2002
|Ngk Insulators, Ltd.
|Liquid-drop discharge device
|May 2, 2001
|Apr 29, 2003
|Aerogen, Inc.
|Insert molded aerosol generator and methods
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 25, 2005
|Oct 6, 2009
|Isothermal Systems Research, Inc.
|Methods and apparatus for atomization of a liquid
|Oct 27, 2009
|Health & Life Co., Ltd.
|Droplet generation apparatus
|Jul 25, 2005
|Nov 24, 2009
|Isothermal Systems Research, Inc.
|Injection molding apparatus for producing an atomizer
|Jul 5, 2011
|Novartis Ag
|Methods and systems for operating an aerosol generator
|Aug 9, 2011
|Micro Base Technology Corporation
|Nebulization apparatus with a packaging and fixing structure
|Jun 12, 2012
|Novartis Ag
|Methods and systems for operating an aerosol generator
|Aug 7, 2012
|Parker-Hannifin Corporation
|Methods and apparatus for atomization of a liquid
|Jan 16, 2007
|Dec 25, 2012
|Novartis Pharma Ag
|Methods and systems for operating an aerosol generator
|Sep 20, 2011
|Nov 5, 2013
|Map Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
|Corticosteroid particles and method of production
|Aug 16, 2011
|Mar 18, 2014
|Sheiman Ultrasonic Research Foundation Pty Ltd.
|Synergistic drug delivery device
|Apr 17, 2006
|Aug 18, 2015
|Nektar Therapeutics
|Vibration systems and methods
|Sep 9, 2014
|May 10, 2016
|Omnimist, Ltd.
|Atomizing spray apparatus
|Jul 25, 2005
|Jan 25, 2007
|Isothermal Systems Research, Inc.
|Methods and apparatus for atomization of a liquid
|Jul 25, 2005
|Feb 8, 2007
|Charles Tilton
|Methods and apparatus for atomization of a liquid
|Nov 25, 2005
|Mar 8, 2007
|Sheng-Chih Shen
|Spraying device
|Nov 15, 2006
|May 15, 2008
|Delphi Technologies Inc.
|Nebulizer and methods for controlling the nebulizer
|Nov 15, 2006
|May 15, 2008
|Shan-Yi Yu
|Droplet generation apparatus
|Dec 31, 2009
|Isothermal Systems Research, Inc. (Isr)
|Methods and Apparatus for Atomization of a Liquid
|Jan 12, 2009
|Mar 25, 2010
|Micro Base Technology Corporation
|Nebulization apparatus with a packaging and fixing structure
|Apr 19, 2012
|Sheiman Ultrasonic Research Foundation Pty Ltd
|Nebulizing and drug delivery device
|Aug 30, 2005
|Jul 23, 2008
|Atomizer structure
|U.S. Classification
|239/102.2, 552/596, 552/601
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 23, 2003
Owner name: AEROGEN, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:POWER, JOHN;REGAN, DES;SMITH, NIALL;REEL/FRAME:014071/0185;SIGNING DATES FROM 20030820 TO 20030822
|Dec 19, 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jan 7, 2009
Owner name: NOVARTIS PHARMA AG, SWITZERLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF PATENT RIGHTS;ASSIGNOR:AEROGEN, INC.;REEL/FRAME:022062/0905
Effective date: 20081231
Owner name: NOVARTIS PHARMA AG,SWITZERLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF PATENT RIGHTS;ASSIGNOR:AEROGEN, INC.;REEL/FRAME:022062/0905
Effective date: 20081231
|Dec 12, 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


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February 10, 2016
Make something fun while learning new skills
An inexpensive but effective way to get into veneering and bent laminations.
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Learn how to seam veneer sheets for invisible glue lines in the final episode of our three-part series on veneer basics
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This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
To determine level, variability and functional annotation of gene expression of the human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), the key tissue involved in retinal diseases like age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa. Macular RPE cells from six selected healthy human donor eyes (aged 63–78 years) were laser dissected and used for 22k microarray studies (Agilent technologies). Data were analyzed with Rosetta Resolver, the web tool DAVID and Ingenuity software.
In total, we identified 19,746 array entries with significant expression in the RPE. Gene expression was analyzed according to expression levels, interindividual variability and functionality. A group of highly (n = 2,194) expressed RPE genes showed an overrepresentation of genes of the oxidative phosphorylation, ATP synthesis and ribosome pathways. In the group of moderately expressed genes (n = 8,776) genes of the phosphatidylinositol signaling system and aminosugars metabolism were overrepresented. As expected, the top 10 percent (n = 2,194) of genes with the highest interindividual differences in expression showed functional overrepresentation of the complement cascade, essential in inflammation in age-related macular degeneration, and other signaling pathways. Surprisingly, this same category also includes the genes involved in Bruch's membrane (BM) composition. Among the top 10 percent of genes with low interindividual differences, there was an overrepresentation of genes involved in local glycosaminoglycan turnover.
Our study expands current knowledge of the RPE transcriptome by assigning new genes, and adding data about expression level and interindividual variation. Functional annotation suggests that the RPE has high levels of protein synthesis, strong energy demands, and is exposed to high levels of oxidative stress and a variable degree of inflammation. Our data sheds new light on the molecular composition of BM, adjacent to the RPE, and is useful for candidate retinal disease gene identification or gene dose-dependent therapeutic studies.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Ratings based on 607 Verified Reviews
They paid and stayed. We double-checked.
4.1 Room cleanliness
4.2 Service & staff
4.1 Room comfort
4.0 Hotel condition
Expedia Verified ReviewsThey paid and stayed. We double-checked.
by A verified traveler from Wellington, New Zealand
Great locationPosted Sep 14, 2016
Lovely hotel. Conveniently located and close to the outlet mall.
by A verified traveler from Burr Ridge
Spend a little more and get a lot more elsewhere!Posted Sep 7, 2016
I stayed here last year and felt it was ok. This year however, it was just awful. My family had 3 rooms. We had to ask for 2 new ones because of mold, mildew, and dead bugs in the bathrooms. The woman at the desk was not perturbed with our concerns which was shocking. One room had a terribly loud AC unit and the other 2 had stains on the walls and carpet. Every single room smelled musty and as much as we lysoled everything down the smell was there. We had little confidence in cleaning staff who kept thanking us for not needing housekeeping for the 5 days we were there. There were 2 males doing housekeeping that filled the rooms and hallway with their BO...what standard of cleanliness can ppl who dont use deodorant have?! Continental breakfast was a joke...I thought motel 6 was the bottom of the barrel but this ramada takes the prize for the worst hotel experience Ive ever had!
by A verified traveler from Sussex, WI
Great location & great servicePosted Aug 29, 2016
Cons: Maybe the bathroom could be a bit bigger!
Location: The Kalahari is right near by and also the outlet mall is right across the street
The stay here was great and everything was great. The room was nice and cozy. The location of the hotel was great as well.
by A verified traveler
Worth the pricePosted Aug 10, 2016
Clean, large room, wifi and breakfast was great Tickets to Noah's ark and Chula Vista Absolutely worth the 2 mile drive to Noah's ark After driving past the motels closer to the waterpark... Yikes Again... 2 miles.. Big deal.. Soooooo worth it
by A verified traveler
Posted Aug 1, 2016
Hotel staff not friendly and rather rude. We were supposed to get water park passes with our stay and never received them nor were they offered, ended up paying full price at the park!!! No towels in the pool/hot tub area. Staff members stood right in front of main entrance smoking, made it uncomfortable walking in to check in.
by A verified traveler from North Canton, Ohio
Nice hotel at a great pricePosted Jul 24, 2016
Pros: Please above comments
Cons: Can't think of anything we were overall pleased with our stay
Location: Hotel is conveniently located by a variety of restaurants, across the street from an outlet mall which had some great sales while we were there:-)
We were really pleased with our stay at this hotel while visiting the Dells. The room was clean, hotel was quiet, staff was always friendly and helpful. The free breakfast had a nice selection. We were pleasantly surprised with free water park passes for all of us (2 adults 2 teenagers) during our entire stay to both Noah's Ark and Chula Vista water parks. These passes aloud us to go every day for free if we wanted to during our stay (4 nights). The hotel also provided us with a coupon booklet for area attractions and restaurants which provided us an additional savings for things we were already planning on doing.
by A verified traveler
nice stayPosted Jul 22, 2016
Pros: quiet, free breakfast, free waterpark passes, pleasant staff.
Cons: a few carpet stains in main hallways. expanded breakfast (eggs, fruits).
Location: Wisconsin Dells, waterparks.
spacious rooms, clean, quiet even though hotel was almost full, typical breakfast, staff was extremely friendly and helpful. paid extra due to high demand and last minute booking. would have been worth it if we used noahs arc and chula vista passes that were given. great perk! my girls used the indoor pool and enjoyed it.
by A verified traveler
Posted Jun 25, 2016
Our stay at the ramada was great. All our needs were met.
by A verified traveler
Posted Jun 25, 2016
Pros: Location
Cons: Nothing
Location: Close to restaurants
Good. Few more options for breakfast would be nice
by kelly
Posted Jun 22, 2016 on Hotels


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Hudson Pool Management is now hiring lifeguards for the summer months. Training is available. Apply online at www.hudsonpoolmgmt.com or call 201-332-1047
Starbuck's in the Alexander Hamilton service plaza on the NJ Turnpike is hiring part-time summer positions. There is access from County Avenue via the Number 2 bus. Contact Lynn Crapelle at 201-863-3345.
Summer Programs
New York University: summer precollege program runs July 5-August 14. Students can earn college credits while taking courses in your favorite subject, gain hands-on experience & prepare for your future profession. www.nyu.edu/precollege.
NJIT Pre-College Program: for high school students interested in the various areas of STEM. Runs July 6-August 6, Monday - Thursday. www.njit.edu/precollege
William Paterson University: offers college credit courses for high school students. Runs July 13-July 31. www.wpunj.edu/cpe
New York Institute of Technology: workshops are held at the Manhattan & Old Westbury campuses. Explore architecture, technology, engineering, graphic design, filmmaking, & the medical field. Learn more at www.nyit.edu/nycsummer.
Columbia University: offers programs in NYC, Barcelona, Jordan & Beijing for high school students. Choose from a wide variety of course offerings. www.columbia.edu
Centenary Summer Scholars: for rising 8th-12th grade students with various course offerings, such as computer programming, fashion design, forensic science, psychology, veterinary science & television. Programs run one week in July with three different sessions. www.centenarysummerscholars.org
Caldwell University: summer college is a program for high school seniors that provide the opportunity to earn three college credits while studying science, math & medicine. Space is limited so apply at caldwell.edu/scac
George Washington University: runs both 3-week & 6-week sessions in July, for credit or non-credit courses. Choose from various subject areas, explore cultural Washington, D.C. and gain valuable insight into college level curriculum. Application deadline is May 15. www.precollege.gwu.edu
University of Maryland: Young Scholars Program runs from July 12-31. Offers a selection of rigorous courses taught by the University's award-winning faculty. www.ysp.umd.edu
Pratt Institute: for any high school sophomore or junior interested in art, design, fashion, film, photography or architecture. The program runs July 6-31. The precollege program immerses students in the studio & helps in preparation of a portfolio for the college application process. www.pratt.edu
Tufts University: runs June 30-August 7, offering courses in Writing, Foundations of Law & Ethics, Health Science, Bioinformatices Inquiry & College Courses for Seniors. www.go.tufts.edu/summer
FIDM: located in sunny California, this fashion design college is offering 3 day hands-on workshops. www.fidm.edu/go/summerprogram
Kohl's Care Scholarship recognizes youth ages 6-18 who run through volunteerism & have a positive impact on their community. Scholarship awards must be used toward college expenses.
Spirit of a Hero Scholarship is awarding a $5,000 scholarship to a deserving high school senior who has worked to improve the lives of NJ residents through non-profit organizations. Details can be found at https://webmail.sboe.us/owa/redir.aspx?C=75fc4c3af5b6475aaee7442a2f27dc5e&URL=http%3a%2f%2fnewjerseyheroes.org%2findex%2f2015-spirit-of-a-hero-scholarship-application-form%2f
Caretenders Scholarship:Must be a US resident attending college in the fall. www.studentscholarships.org/available.php by May 31.
10 Words or Less Scholarship: www.studentscholarships.org/easy.php by June 15
Global Lift Equipment Scholarship: Must have a GPA of 2.5 or higher & attending college in the fall. www.usedforkliftsnewjersey.com by June 15.
Lifestyle Dentistry Scholarship: Must be attending college in the fall in any field of study, with a GPA of 2.5 or higher. www.studentscholarships.org/2015.php by June 30.
New Release of Records Form
The SHS Guidance Department has updated its Release of Records form, which allows students to obtain official and unofficial documents such as transcripts, testing data or other documents for post-secondary education or employment. Please click here to download a copy of the form. Upon completion, email the form to email@example.com and your form will be processed. Unofficial transcripts will be given directly to the student or parent. Official transcripts will be emailed to the institution or institutions as listed on the form. The form requires Adobe Acrobat Reader, a free download. Click here to download Adobe Acrobat Reader for your computer.
FAFSA Help Guide 2013
FAFSA Draft 2013-2014


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Cranberry Butter
Total Time
Prep 5 mins
Cook 45 mins
Really good on a cold turkey or ham sandwich!
Ingredients Nutrition
- 2 1⁄2 lbs cranberries
- 2⁄3 cup apple juice
- 1 cup pure maple syrup
- 1⁄2 cup liquid honey
- 1⁄2 teaspoon ground cinnamon
- 1 dash ground ginger
- In a large stainless or enamel pot combine cranberries and juice and cook until berries pop and are soft, around 25 minutes.
- Stir to keep from sticking.
- Puree either in a blender, processor.
- Return to pot and add remaining ingredients and cook until thick, still stirring for around 15 minutes.
- Ladle into clean hot jars leaving 1/2 inch head space and process in a boiling water bath for 10 minutes at altitudes up to 1000 feet.
Most Helpful
This recipe is very tasty with a zing! The only thing I would suggest is making this for half pints as I prepared six jars as required by the recipe and it only filled 2.5 jars...just a suggestion. Thanks
This was very good. It has a nice tang,isn't to sweet and the color is beautiful. You must use pure maple syrup. Do not use imitation. The pure syrup really stands out. I found using an immersion blender was alot easier than transfering to a stand blender/processor. It also made about 7 half-pints not 6.5 pints.


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Jasper is a six year old, 14.2hh, loving mule. He is always wanting to be beside you, wanting to be loved on. He is a great trail buddy. He is a very safe…$3,250
Experienced, gentle roan mule for sale. This is a mule that we raised out of a draft mare. He started out as a riding mule so he has some training and…SOLD
First time offered for sale. This is my personal riding mule, "Desi", whom I have owned since she was a yearling. 15.1 Hands. She is professionally…SOLD
Cloud is a broke trail mule that will take you up and down the steepest, roughest areas you can find. He goes over downed trees and through water smoothly…SOLD
Sam is a sweet heart of a mule. He has wonderful ground manners. He is the easiest animal we have ever shod. He has covered a lot of miles in the back…SOLD
Zeb, as we like to call him, is probably the coolest colored mule we have seen. He is friendly, willing and loves attention. He will walk out and go all…SOLD
Amazing 14.3 almost 15 hand molly mule that can go all day and really walk out. She is coming 17 years young. She rides and packs and has had extensive…SOLD
Pair of well matched draft mules. They were drove for 2 winters feeding cows here in Northern Montana. they also were packed for one fall. They came from…SOLD


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19 Parks near Cleburne, Texas
Cleburne, Texas (map) | (817) 645-4215
Sites: 64 | Latest Rate: $30.00 | 20 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Jul 2016 - $30.00
We stayed in site 58 in Poplar point. Probably one of the worst sites to level, however had we planned better we could have straddled the concrete stop to back up more and that would have leveled us out a lot more. The sites were spacious and tree covered. We had spotty antenna signal the first night but Saturday it was fine. My mom had no complaints about the bathrooms. The park host was helpful when we arrived but the park staff weren't exactly helpful in choosing a spot. We said we wanted to be closer to the lake, and we actually moved from the sites down by the creek to poplar point, but they didn't tell us we were getting the most unlevel site there. Other state park employees are far more helpful in picking sites and have even pulled out books with campsite details but they did not offer any assistance. Cell phone (att) service was nearly non-existent. - LaurenP
May 2016 - $30.00
This is a good state park and is well maintained. However, I limit my rating as several of the Premium sites are not good. We camped in site 57 which was a scenic site on the water but the pad was on such an angle we could not level the motorhome. Finally went to Wal-Mart and bought 6 pavers to put under the rear jacks in order to level (the rear tires were about 6" off the ground on both sides). Site 58 across from us was the same as far as unlevel. In addition the sewer connection was some distance from the pad and uphill ??? Not sure who laid this campground out but it was not a 'camper'. WiFi in the bath house didn't work most of the time and when it did it was a weak signal. Phone reception was poor and trees prevented sat reception. North Creek campground (no sewer) was better.... I would not recommend this park nor will I stay here again. - MovinOnDownTheRoad
Jan 2016 - $16.00
Stayed here for a week. Full hookups all taken on a busy weekend. Stayed in Keyhole site #30. No problem getting sat reception. Easy check-in as a drive up with no reservations. Site was w/e only. Good placement of services. Sewer site services placed in easy to access. Will stay here again. Stayed in Cleburne SP in a motorhome. - mdmnkcm
Keene, Texas (map) | (817) 517-5037
Sites: 254 | Latest Rate: $35.00 | 13 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Jun 2016 - $35.00
This not a bad park but there is no management on weekends . The manager was rude when we checked in . We were moved to the family side of the park because we had grown grandkids coming to see us. We asked to be moved over the weekend and was told we have to see mgr on Monday. The mgr never responded to request . Lots of rain while we were there and sites in the family side flood We will not stay here again. - Texas Safari
Jun 2015 - $32.00
This was a very nice park. Pretty, well kept sites. Gravel spots, we had a pull-through and it was level. Our site had a half-circle patio and an arbor with vines that provided shade. We had a small yard and were close to the pool, very nice and clean. We stayed in the "adult" section, which I would recommend. The "family" section was mostly long term mobile homes and a bit run down with a not-so-nice pool and not as well kept grounds. Pizza place and video rental on site. A pretty lake you can fish in with a couple docks on it. Lots of washers and dryers and the laundry room and showers are cleaned daily. I would stay here again. - R-Gill513
May 2015 - $32.00
We thought the park was nice, the space was gravel & long enough. It was not level but we compensated. The woman running it was very nice & they do have a large video store. We were there only 3 days but unfortunately it was during all that horrible weather so we spent much of the time in the RV. We would stay there again. - Weapair
Alvarado, Texas (map) | (817) 783-3477
Sites: 50 | Latest Rate: $16.00 | 5 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
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Sep 2016 - $16.00
The best park for the money for over night stop. About 3 mi off I35. Put money in envelope at office. I had called ahead and knew our lot number. A map would have been nice. Had to look for site. A very nice resident he led us in. Lots aren't spacious. But again for the money, great park. - Long01
Oct 2015 - $19.00
Located about 3 miles west of I-35W(Exit 26) on the south side of US Hwy. 67. If eastbound on Hwy. 67, turn right into the park. If westbound on Hwy. 67, you must be in the left turn lane & do a U-turn to get in to the park. Hwy. 67 is a 4 lane divided highway, so there is ample room to do a U-turn. This is an older park & most sites are somewhat narrow. There are many long term residents. The park has ample power & water pressure. No cable TV, but lots of channels available with the roof antenna. Utilities are conveniently located on the sites. Most sites share a pedestal, therefore most campers are set up with doors facing each other. Wifi worked well during our stay. The staff was very friendly & helpful. While not a destination resort, this park served our purposes well, & we would return again when in this area. - c lewis
Jul 2014 - $15.00
We were really enjoyed our stay and were very impressed with the RV Park. The owners were really friendly and helpful. We stayed 2 nights and the Tuesday night gospel music was GREAT! We will definitely stay there every time we get close to Alvarado. - O. Halbert
Burleson, Texas (map) | (817) 426-5037
Sites: 246 | Latest Rate: $50.00 | 96 Reviews
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|Clean Showers:
Sep 2016 - $50.00
The park is clean and well maintained. Most sites do not have satellite reception due to trees. - MarkB
May 2016 - $65.00
We stayed here about six weeks while our home was undergoing repairs from an electrical fire. We were perfectly content here and would have stayed longer, but they have an odd policy concerning long term stays. Seems the site we were originally assigned to is one of their premium sites and is not available for extended stay. We would have to move if someone wanted a premium site and all the rest were taken. Trying to reason that we were paying full pop for 7 days a weeks while weekenders only pay for 2 or 3 days didn't register with them. Since we couldn't be guaranteed a spot beyond May 27, we opted to move to another park.
All that said, if you're looking for a short stay and have young kids, this park is highly recommended. There's two pools and lots of activities to keep the kids entertained. I've never stayed at a campground where the cable or wifi are worth a hoot and this was no exception. What I look for is a site with no overhead trees to interfere with our satellite and site 199 was just fine. We would have stayed longer if we could have been guaranteed a spot for a few more months. - ajmurray
Apr 2016 - $57.00
Ok. We stay here while waiting to get the motorhome repaired from the hail damages. Staying longer was not in our plans, with that being said the road noise from I 35 is noticeable, the sites need more gravel, and the roads need to be repaired from the utilities that they have dug for the cabin being put in. The WiFii is slow as a snail and drops you a lot. The cable is terrible, they say they have 20 channels - Not! We had to put us on antenna to get CBS,NBC and ABC. Went to the office and complain they sent a teenager to the site and he said there was nothing they could do bout it. The weekends are full of kids that run all over the place with no control from the office or their parents.
We were in one of their premium sites wasn't worth the extra expensive. I will not be back. - virginiagirl2015
Burleson, Texas (map) | (817) 295-3011
Sites: 110 | Latest Rate: $39.00 | 10 Reviews
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|Clean Showers:
Apr 2016 - $39.00
We stayed for 2 months. The location is good but the park needs so much work. The inner roads are so bad and have been patched so many times. The sites have been patched and so uneven, it takes a lot to level your rig. The office staff are very friendly. We will stay here again because it is close to our family. Sure wish they would make some improvements. - milodog
Apr 2016 - $39.00
Entering into park I was very concerned from the appearance. The roads are asphalt, patched with asphalt, and the patches were patched. The office staff was very nice. Our site #93 was very close to neighbors and not very level at all. The cable TV did not work well at all and, as seems to be common at most parks, the WiFi was slow. The Verizon data connection was strong and much faster.
We were visiting local friends and, due to the campground appearance, were too embarrassed to invite them over to see our brand new travel trailer.
I think there are probably better parks to stay at nearby so we probably will not stay here again. - Tewickh
Dec 2015 - $30.00
We have stayed here a couple of times and have found this to be a nice campground run by very nice folks. We would recommend this campground as a short or long term stay. The sites have excellent facilities with water, electricity and sewer. Easy access to I-35 and I-20. Bad is if one has to come from the north the highway construction is awful. Be sure and take your time if you are coming from that way. - Fordiesel250
5213 Dusty Trail Rio Vista, Texas 76093 (map) | (817) 556-9311
Sites: 31 | Latest Rate: $28.00 | 1 Reviews
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Jan 2016 - $28.00
We camped at Hamm Creek Park near Rio Vista, Texas in site RV1 in January 2016. We were one of two RV's in the park. They have five sites with 50A full hookups and 26 sites with 50A and water. The rate was $24/night plus $2/person daily entry fee. Cash only, no credit cards or checks accepted. Sites RV1-RV5 have full hookups. The park is located on the Brazos River with river access and boat ramps. It is popular with fishermen. The sites are generous with pull through and back-ins available. The facility is well designed and well maintained. This place is a hidden gem and I'm writing the first review on RVPR! - drfife
3351 Highway 174 Kopperl TX 76652 Kopperl, Texas 76552 (map) | (254) 694-3189
Sites: 35 | Latest Rate: $20.00 | 1 Reviews
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Mar 2015 - $20.00
We stayed 2 nights at Kimball Bend Park COE in March 2015 in site 31. All 35 sites have water and 50/30/20 electric and covered picnic tables. Several sites on the Brazos river, but those sites have no shade. The interior sites have good shade from giant, old pecans. Best sites for afternoon shade: 14, 10, 7. Site 34 has fair shade and a great view of the river. Site 31 is the most private site in the park with great view of the Brazos River. Family friendly park. Lots of kids. Some ruins from the old Chisolm trail in the campground. Popular park for fishermen. Boat ramp in the park. Closest grocery and Walmart in Cleburne 20 miles away. We would stay here again. - drfife
1250 CR 1190 Kopperl, Texas 76652 (map) | (254) 889-3866
Sites: 12 | 0 Reviews
Alvarado, Texas (map) | (817) 477-4433
Sites: 85 | Latest Rate: $27.00 | 5 Reviews
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Nov 2014 - $27.00
Stayed in site 19, an interior site so the loud band was not a problem. Level gravel site. Be sure to call ahead as the sites are filling up with local construction workers. Staff was very friendly and helpful. Will stay again if in the area. - twocoots
Oct 2014 - $27.00
This park is about 10-15 miles from I-35W, then a dusty gravel road to get to park. A lot of full timers live there. Unlevel sites. At dark a loud band from a bar thru the trees started & played thru the night. Dogs barking all night. WiFi not good. Not a great place to stay even one night. We would Not stay here again! - Knay
Sep 2013 - $27.00
We stayed here while shopping for a new motorhome at MHSRV also. It's only about 10 minutes away, so if you're shopping it's conveniently located. They have pull through and back in sites. The pull through sites being large enough to accommodate a 40' 5th wheel and long bed truck. The site we were in didn't have much grassy area, and the site itself was mostly Texas clay dirt. It had rained before we got there, so there was quite a bit of mud at our site. A little gravel would help keep the mud out of our RV. The "grassy" area next to our rig was mostly weeds, and more mud. But for a couple of nights it wasn't a bad option. The Wi-Fi worked really well, the people were nice and we didn't have a problem getting our satellite up and running. There are some trees here, but not a lot. There aren't many dining options in Alvarado, we went to Benny Joe's and it wasn't bad. Mansfield has a grocery store and more restaurant options. - Gogirl
10100 South Freeway Fort Worth, Texas 76140 (map) | (817) 568-4127
Sites: 6 | Latest Rate: $40.00 | 1 Reviews
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Jun 2016 - $40.00
This site is hidden behind two RV superstores, Camping World and McLain's., and in front of a nice cul-de-sac subdivision. $40 is expensive when you don't have cable or a sewer hookup. But if you need a spot to park overnight to get serviced, it is unbeatable. It is a small concrete lot, six sites, spaced for privacy. I left my camper for a trip to Waco and returned to find everything OK. The attendant on duty should probably not admit that the site boosts prices in peak times to customers, though. I will stay there again when I pick up my repaired trailer. - Mhlangford


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|Residential exposure to magnetic fields and acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children.
|Linet MS, Hatch EE, Kleinerman RA, Robison LL, Kaune WT, Friedman DR, Severson RK, Haines CM, Hartsock CT, Niwa S, Wacholder S, Tarone RE
|N Engl J Med
|1997 Jul 3
|PubMed ID:
|not available
|BACKGROUND: Previous studies found associations between childhood leukemia and surrogate indicators of exposure to magnetic fields (the power-line classification since known as "wire coding"), but not between childhood leukemia and measurements of 60-Hz residential magnetic fields. METHODS: We enrolled 638 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who were under 15 years of age and were registered with the Children's Cancer Group and 620 controls in a study of residential exposure to magnetic fields generated by nearby power lines. In the subjects' current and former homes, data collectors measured magnetic fields for 24 hours in the child's bedroom and for 30 seconds in three or four other rooms and outside the front door. A computer algorithm assigned wire-code categories; based on the distance and configuration of nearby power lines, to the subjects' main residences (for 416 case patients and 416 controls) and to those where the family had lived during the mother's pregnancy with the subject (for 230 case patients and 230 controls). RESULTS: The risk of childhood ALL was not linked to summary time-weighted average residential magnetic-field levels, categorized according to a priori criteria. The odds ratio for ALL was 1.24 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.86 to 1.79) at exposures of 0.200 mu T or greater as compared with less than 0.065 mu T. The risk of ALL was not increased among children whose main residences were in the highest wire-code category (odds ratio as compared with the lowest category, 0.88; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.48 to 1.63). Furthermore, the risk was not significantly associated with either residential magnetic-field levels or the wire codes of the homes mothers resided in when pregnant with the subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide little evidence that living in homes characterized by high measured time-weighted average magnetic-field levels or by the highest wire-code category increases the risk of ALL in children.


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Buy properties in Brampton Close, Bedford MK42 - 4 bedrooms
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Eastcotts Road, Bedford MK42Detached house for sale - 4 bedrooms
Built by Morris Homes in 2014 to its sought after "Winster" design, this four bedroom detached home offers unrivalled space and style for the family. This superb home boasts all the impressive, high quality features you would expect from an executive ...
Note: Distances are straight line measurements
- Bedford St Johns (1.4 miles)
- Bedford (2.0 miles)
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Tel Aviv allowing some stores to do business on Shabbat
Tel Aviv will permit a limited number of grocery and convenience stores to stay open on the Sabbath and holidays. More ▸
Tel Aviv will permit a limited number of grocery and convenience stores to stay open on the Sabbath and holidays. More ▸
Jemima Kirke is just like us — if only we were cooler and more bohemian, occupied an entire Brooklyn brownstone and tattooed our Shabbat guests. In the March 10 issue of New York Magazine, the "Girls" star gives us a peek into her life, which includes making art, being a mom, getting groped by… More ▸
A new Jerusalem movie complex must remain closed on Shabbat, Israel's Supreme Court ruled. More ▸
Rabbi Sergio Bergman, newly elected to Argentina's national parliament, will miss the opening session because it occurs on Shabbat. More ▸
Hundreds of demonstrators protested a new Jerusalem movie complex that will be closed on Shabbat. More ▸
Just like many of us, former Facebook exec Randi Zuckerberg participated in a Shabbat dinner this Friday night. Unlike many of us, hers took place in Davos, Switzerland as part of the World Economic Forum attended by global power players. Oh, and while we were trying to get our kids to join in an off-key… More ▸
The United Kingdom's largest eruv will be usable for the first time this Sabbath. More ▸
Tel Aviv told the Israeli Supreme Court that it will not fine businesses that have until now opened on Shabbat as it works to change a city bylaw that bans business from opening on the Jewish Sabbath. More ▸
What does a beautiful, successful, and, uh, married actress like Natalie Portman need to do to find men willing to come over for Shabbat dinner? Turn to Craigslist, naturally! Okay, so the Washington, D.C. woman who is looking for nice Jewish boys to break challah with probably isn't really Benjamin Millepied's better half. And while she… More ▸
The Beitar Jerusalem soccer team said it will stop playing on the Jewish Sabbath. More ▸
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Home > Sunglasses > Liu Jo > LJ633S (001)
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LJ633S/001 Ophthalmic Glasses
These sunglasses complement your look with an accessory that is a cut above the rest. True to the Edel-Optics motto "SEE AND BE SEEN", you are on a par with celebrities, impressing in every environment. The new Liu Jo underlines that you are a trendsetter. For the current season the renowned label sets the standards with its collection for 2016. The LJ633S is available in the Edel-Optics online shop in other styles from Liu Jo collections 2015 and 2016.
Expressive lines add character to the classical approach, making the glasses a must-have for women. Wearing full rim eyewear, you make it unmistakably clear that you are going the whole hog. round eyeglasses are extremely prestigious. A fact John Lennon was aware of, being rarely seen without them. Harry Potter would also not be the same without his characteristic eyeglasses. Due to its shape the LJ633S will be a long-time companion, because round eyeglasses never really go out of fashion. Plastic frames like these combine durability and are comfortable to wear. The LJ633S is a very snug fit on the ears and nose. This brand of sunglasses, of course, also provides your eyes with optimum UV400 protection.
Even if this Liu Jo is presently not in stock, it is worth ordering now, because the current price can't be beaten. If you buy at Edel-Optics you get the best price, because "in the sale" is our standard.
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