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Skip to comments.Meg Whitman and the GOP's emerging austerity caucus
Posted on 10/02/2010 9:43:07 AM PDT by calcowgirl
Whitman is representative of an emerging Republican type what you might call the austerity caucus. Flamboyant performers like Sarah Palin get all the attention, but the governing soul of the party is to be found in statehouses where a loose confederation of uber-wonks have become militant budget balancers. Just as welfare reformers of the 1990s presaged compassionate conservatism, so the austerity brigades presage the national party's next chapter.
Mitch Daniels, the governor of Indiana who I think is most likely to win the GOP presidential nomination in 2012, is the spiritual leader. Gov. Chris Christie of New Jersey is the rising star. Jeb Bush is the eminence. Gov. Bobby Jindal of Louisiana and Rob Portman, a Senate candidate in Ohio, also fit the mold.
These are people who can happily spend hours in the budget weeds looking for efficiencies. They're being assisted by budget experts from the Hoover Institution, the Manhattan Institute and freelancers like Bob Grady, who did budgeting in George H.W. Bush's administration. Members of the caucus have a similar sense of the role history has assigned them. "This state had a party for 10 years and I'm the guy who got called in to clean up the mess," Christie says.
Christie is the Hot New Thing in the group . . .
(Excerpt) Read more at seattletimes.nwsource.com ...
David Brookes is the pet monkey of the NY Times. I think we'd be better not paying attention to anything he says. He's still trying to pimp Mitch Daniels? lol.
It doesn't really need to said but... David Brooks is an idiot.
Brooks the the pseudo-intellectual in love with the smart technocrat.
Technocrats make good middle-managers, they make terrible leaders.
very true
Good old David Brooks, pet pseudo-conservative of the New York Times. Pinch Sulzberger really loves him. (Oops, did I say that?)
David never misses a chance to diss Sarah. Could it be that they are worried about her?
Hey, David, one of Sarah's biggest concerns as governor was to cut the state budget and cut back the pork flowing in from Washington. Bridges to Nowhere, state airplanes, and that kind of stuff. And she did it, which is one reason why Alaska is a lot sounder fiscally than states like California and good old New York.
David Brook who gets all excited over the " crisp cut in Obama pants ".
Useless propaganda.
This group of politicians would like to put the social-issues on the back-burner or whatever their trite phrases might be.
Some of them like Christie talk tough, but are weak on the 2nd Amendment, Cap-n-Trade, endorse liberals like Castle in MD.
It's no wonder that Uber-RINO like David Brooks would be pushing this type of prattle.
Mitch Daniels has already announced his strategy for the conservative movement, first surrender to the left on social conservatism and get that out of the way.
>>"This state had a party for 10 years and I'm the guy who got called in to clean up the mess," Christie says.<<
I like his analogy. I look at it this way, "The world had a party for 100 years and it's looking like it's gonna be cleaned up by the natural flow of events."
The scary thing here is that when this sort of thing happens, you don't clean the house, you tear it down, and those not killed in the collapse build a new one where the old one stood.
Meg Whitman is the perfect example of uber-RINOs.
She is a full-throated supporter of tax-payer funded abortions (Baby-Killing).
She supports open-borders.
And she'll lie and switch her position on any issue just so long as she thinks she can get elected.
Just more of the same old elitist Ruling Class RINO crap!
Go Brown!
Yeesh, an 'austerity caucus' sounds like some evil type of infectious sore you get from rubbing up against Democrats in unsanitary conditions.
To hell with the cheese weasel term: "compassionate conservatism".
The article ends there, as far as I am concerned. I wonder how many years it will take to get this oily, cloying, artificial sweetener off of our hands and out of our system.
Un-useful idiots like Brooks always have the time to tell us who we should pick as our candidates, just in case we are too stupid to determine our own best interests.
"Maybe the truth hurts, no!?"
Yeah, you're a real laser beam of insight.
"Tell me, what's wrong with my position or my logic?"
As though the terminally sanctimonious cares. Don't waste my time or yours. Adios.
"Oh, and please don't tell me you don't recognize when a poster posts "Go Brown" to me after I critize Meg "I am a Liar" Whittman that that is not a not too subtle implication that I am somehow a supporter of Brown."
You're clearly out of your depth...I'M a supporter of Brown. Go insult someone else.
See #22, genius. And if you don't know why, I'm not about to explain it to you.
"How somebody can call me a JackAss and then declare themselves a supporter of Brown is amazing."
1. I never called you any such thing, although you are exhibiting many of the characteristics of one.
2. You wouldn't be amazed if you read the many posts on this forum discussing the rationale of Brown being governor of that sinking ship when it finally sinks. However, I understand that's tricky for the terminally santimonious who are congenitally unable to accept strategic warfare.
Jerry Brown created the mess thirty years ago by setting up the massive SEIU staffers, Radical Environmental wackos, Pot smoking lobbyists, redirecting the road system monies to cover the union pensions, massive tax increases , and massive state regulations that drove business out of the state.
Lets not forget how he somehow left Oakland worse off then he found.
Now we have astroturfers peddling the ridiculous statements that Whitman is worse ???
Letting Moonbeam back in the Gov seat is like letting a drunk driver with a car load of kids back in the driver's seat after you have stopped them just because you can't stop all the drunk drivers on the road so why bother at all.
The unions and Gloria Allred are attacking Whitman non stop which means she will stop the radicals from running the entire show in Sacramento.
Moonbeam and the SEIU, CNA , and Movon.org must be stopped at all costs.
"You know what's really sad, is that I agree with your philosophy/strategy on this issue, even after you jumped to some silly assumptions."
Change the subject and the names and this is true on most threads around here.
"You know what's really sad, is that I agree with your philosophy/strategy on this issue, even after you jumped to some silly assumptions."
?? In your first post you said you weren't voting for either one of them.
Yes! Please go! The further, the better.
Jerry Brown is a flashback from the bad trips all the Cali hippies had in the 70's.
"Are you voting for Brown hoping that he and the Democrats get the blame(rightly so) for destroying California?"
I'm in AZ so I won't be voting either way, but if you support that strategy and live in CA, why wouldn't you vote for Brown?
I threw out "Go Brown!" to stimulate conversation and to gather information, since this situation arises repeatedly. It often seems to boil down to the same options...vote for the RINO to slow down the onslaught of socialism, vote for the DEM so they'll be at the helm when things implode, vote for a (statistically) irrelvant candidate as a statement, or don't vote as a statement.
Which is best? I don't know, although there are well-meaning Freepers who are firmly convinced of their respective positions...all of whom sufficiently make their case that it's hard to determine a clear-cut winner of the debate.
You are PROMOTING letting Moonbeam Brown who CREATED this Mess under his previous REGIME to be in Charge again ?
You want the SEIU , Sierra Club, Cal Nurse Assoc, Movon.org , ACORN to have full control over Sacramento ?
You want SF gay radical activist Mark Leno and Darryl Steinberg to have the ability to RAM thru their mandatory single PAYOR healthcare law for all CA residence and take away our private health insurance?
You want the Marxist Dem party in Ca to have Free reign with no one to VETO their Marxist agenda.
The UNIONS are spending millions to destroy Whitman for GOOD reasons and your so clouded with hate you don't care? The CALIF Dem Marxist party and their Leftist Media Buddies are doing the NUCLEAR strategy on Whitman and YOUR so deranged with HATE and VENGENCE your cheering on the MARXIST Brown ? This PURITY NIHILISM IS IRRATIONAL ! So ,Get a GRIP.
These irrational nihilists here are unhinged .
Agree... can't see why this is not the unanimous opinion on this thread... it's a no-brainer.
People should protect themselves by NOT rubbing up against Democrats. Especially since they might take that as rutting.
We need California to be split into at least two States. Currently it is too big to fail and every District is gerrymandered in the incumbant's favor. So let's gerrymander the new North California into a Dem State and let the new South and East California go Pubbie. That way the (put your own insult here) voters in the northern San Fran/Sacramento axis will have to pay for their policies. Let's see how long they last.
Do you think SoCal would go Republican in that hypothetical split?
Yep -- you can always count on him for that!
Depends if LA is in or out, and also I was careful to include east with south - then "Yes."
You forgot "preys on children and kills small animals."
What? You just made those things up? Yep -- Pete Wilson and Arnold Schwarzenegger hold the record for increasing taxes beyond all others.
However -- this article was not about the election in California or Jerry Brown. It was about the future outlook of the GOP with the liberal Brooks saying that Meg & Jeb are the type that will dominate the party in the future. I don't know that Brooks has ever been right about much as he probably said the same thing about Dick Riordan (does he even still call himself a Republican?).
How did McCain not make that list?
And don't forget to add Meg's support for a guestworker program for housekeepers.
Is that you Gloria Alred?
You have a problem with discussing some of the outlandish positions of our candidate?
What part of telling the truth do you have a problem with?
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


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Racist Cop on Trial for Destroying Woman's Recording BlackBerry Is Party Animal
Don't let all the talk fool you. Don't let the story that Broward cop Paul Pletcher, in an apparent case of road rage, stopped a Hispanic woman, pummeled her with racial slurs, and destroyed her BlackBerry when she began recording him, convince you otherwise.
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Pletcher, who was off duty the night he stopped motorist Neyda Osorio, went to trial this week in Broward County Circuit Court. He has deployed the brazen defense that he thought Osorio's phone, which she'd brandished to record him, was a lethal weapon. This despite the fact that there's little to no evidence to substantiate that claim.
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Did someone just call the life of the party?
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Susan Criner and the Gang!
Tomorrow at Discovery Green!! We're bringing Alejandro Escovedo and Matt The Electrician to the Disco Green stage. Bring a friend. Good times will be had by all. We're kicking things off at 7PM. ...
The scene from last Friday's Alley Theatre Scene Opening Act party with our fave Senega Iles 🎭🎟🎬🎤 ...
Gulf Coast Entertainment
2001 Kirby Dr. #710
Houston, TX 77019
Phone: 713-523-7004
Fax: 713-528-0783


text:
Apr 11, 2016
WASHINGTON [MENL] -- The United States has acknowledged that its efforts tointegrate Gulf Cooperation Council ballistic missile defense assets failed.
Mar 30, 2016
ABU DHABI [MENL] -- Qatar has sealed a multi-billion-euro fighter-jet dealwith France.
Mar 25, 2016
TEL AVIV [MENL] -- Despite Russia's military withdrawal, Israel continues toenjoy a reprieve from the war in neighboring Syria, a report said.
Mar 09, 2016
TEL AVIV [MENL] -- The United States was said to have approved the export ofan advanced air fuel tanker for Israel.


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Separate names with a comma.
Discussion in 'A3/S3/Sportback (8P Chassis)' started by hades-, Aug 11, 2013.
been looking at a 2009 1.4 tfsi with s-tronic
any info on the s-tronic
Search threads on forum.
Basically fan daby dozy...
I enjoy my S-Tronic you have the beauty of Auto driving for pure lazy days or you can Switch to Manual (Sort of) Mode and use the flappy paddles if you fancy a bit of fun through the country lanes lol.


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Hangouts On Air allow Google+ users to broadcast live to an audience while recording to YouTube. Since the launch of this feature last year, live broadcasting via Google Plus Hangouts was offered only to a select few users. In an announcement on the Official Google Blog, Google's social network opened the doors for all users to participate by starting Hangouts On Air of their own.
Selecting the "Broadcast publicly" option on starting a Hangout allows people to view the broadcast within the Google+ stream, on YouTube, or on the creator's website. The number of viewers is displayed and updates throughout the production.
Google uploads a public version to the creator's YouTube channel and Google+ profile once the live broadcast is completed, allowing for sharing and further conversation in comments. Users can visit the Hangouts page to see live broadcasts in progress and join in as they're happening.
Related reading
Does Video Enhance Predictive Search?
Predictive search is nothing new, but as YouTube has grown to the second-largest search engine, it's spread to video. Does that help it? Experts say yes, both in direct and indirect ways.
Fake YouTube Views Still Monetized by Google
Analyzing fake views for major video portals, a team of European researchers found that YouTube's fraud detection is by far the most sophisticated - but it still charges for those views.
5 Ways Video Interviews Attract Authority Links
Video interviews with industry authorities are an effective way to encourage more linking and sharing for your site. Consider this strategy for creating content to attract quality links.
Google Tests Video Ads Within Search Results
Google is following Bing and Yahoo in testing video ads in its search results. Though it's behind the competition, will its YouTube ownership and analytics offerings help it pull ahead?


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Rent Live Better South of the Border in Mexico 4th edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Mike Nelson. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Fulcrum Publishing.
Need help ASAP? We have you covered with 24/7 instant online tutoring. Connect with one of our tutors now.


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Points of View
Our consultants are recognized thought leaders on the major strategic issues confronting CxOs in the private and public sectors. These Points of View provide leadership teams with opinion and insight into their key challenges, drawing on our experience, best practice knowledge, and research from our global Strategic Insight Labs.
Browse our latest thought leadership papers on today's key issues.
Key resources
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Read an Excerpt
IntroductionWhy this book is needed
"I am left with the feeling that all of the sites I have created are 50% elegance, and 50% nasty kludge."
This quote from a recent Slashdot discussion on PHP development resonated with the audience. Indeed, as many would attest, a web site usually starts simple but quickly grows into a complex, convoluted mess — where you are afraid of making a change for fear of breaking something else.
Why should a web site so quickly become a nightmare of unmaintainable code, visual and semantic inconsistencies, and outright errors embarrassingly visible to the whole world? Many reasons could be quoted, from limitations specific to the particular web development platforms (such as PHP, ASP, or Perl) to fundamental drawbacks of the "web site as an application" paradigm.
This book is devoted to one very important way in which the majority of today's web sites are broken — and, of course, to the technology which (if correctly applied) can mend this breakage. The problem I'm speaking about is the lack of a consistently semantic and media-independent representation of web site content; the technology that can help you solve this problem is
Say what you mean.
say what you mean in content markup.
The word content is the key.
In fact, a lot of the approaches in this book apply not only to web sites but to any
as such, abstracting it not only from its presentation but from any processing requirements as well.What you will find in this book
This is not a general
- structuring your web site content into cleanly separated semantic layers;
- developing a custom
- automatically validating both markup and structure of content;
- transforming content from source
- integrating the content markup and transformation system with existing web development frameworks and other software.
Building the backbone. The point of using
content from presentation; the above items cover the complete transition from the former to the latter. Simply put, we focus on developing the best source markup for your content and programming the most efficient transformation into your chosen presentation style.
Usability and portability. In a web development context, the term usability normally refers to how easy to use a web site is for a visitor. In this book, however, I would like to redefine this term by focusing on a different aspect of usability that is too often ignored — usability of a web site for its developers, authors, editors, and maintainers. With the Web growing more and more collaborative, this aspect is becoming critical.
Using semantic
Another important theme of the book is portability. Again, this term usually describes a web site's viewability and functionality across browsers and platforms. It's not less important, however, that before a web site gets to your browser, it must be developed and authored — often in different environments and on different platforms. We touch on this server-side aspect of portability with regard to the
Who this book is for
Everyone interested in web development or in practical
You need to have a basic knowledge of
How this book is organized
Perhaps you've already thumbed through the book, so you might have noticed that it breaks into three main parts. The first part is composed mostly of text and diagrams; the second features lots of example code; the last displays a number of screenshots. This sequence metaphorically reflects the path that we'll follow from manipulating abstract notions, to writing practical markup and code, to launching and maintaining a final working web site.
Chapter 1 is mostly theoretical; we'll spend some time discussing the basic premises of
The topics of this chapter include the principles behind using
Chapter 2 is dedicated to the foundation of an
source definition. This includes schemas for all document types used by the web site's
In this chapter, we'll look at different schema languages and discuss the implementation options for those parts of the source definition that a schema cannot handle. We will also examine the common generic markup constructs, the best approaches to their schematization, and a number of corresponding pitfalls. For instance, in this chapter you'll find insights into the eternal "child elements vs. attributes" dilemma.
Chapter 3 is the practical complement to the previous chapter. Here, we'll use the approaches of Chapter 2 to mark up some real web site source documents. Most common elements of web pages, such as text blocks, headings, links, and images, are considered. In most cases, existing standardized vocabularies that you can borrow from are mentioned.
Some important concepts of the book, such as abbreviating addresses, are introduced in this chapter. This is also the chapter where markup examples start appearing in large numbers, so if you prefer to learn by looking at examples, you might want to start your reading from this chapter. The last section of the chapter presents summary examples of a page document, a master document, and a Schematron schema that validates both types of documents.
Chapter 4 is the first of the two XSLT chapters. It is an introduction aimed at a developer who has had some experience with XSLT 1.0. Here, we'll discuss some of the new stuff that is being introduced in XSLT 2.0 and XPath 2.0 as well as the existing XSLT extensions. A detailed analysis is devoted to the important issue of adapting traditional algorithms to XSLT, which is a functional language without an assignment operator.
Chapter 5 is the core of the book — the practical XSLT chapter and the largest of all of them. Lots of XSLT code examples show all aspects of an
This chapter not only uses but extends XSLT. We'll see how a few simple Java classes may drastically advance the capabilities of an XSLT stylesheet. These extensions are used in Chapter 5 for all kinds of tasks, from generating bitmap images via SVG to batch processing all page documents of a site. Again, a section with complete listings of the stylesheet and related bits of code summarizes this chapter.
Chapter 6 is where the screenshots are. It is devoted to all kinds of software that will help you run your
Sections of this chapter discuss the existing
Chapter 7 is concerned with integrating the
Typographic conventions
Designing your own book is a mindbending experience (something that songwriters who author both music and lyrics would probably agree with). In my book, I tried to make the text look rich but consistent, pleasantly dense but varied. Some of the solutions that I came up with may deserve a few words.
Running in from aside. Three levels of numbered headings are used within each chapter. In addition, unnumbered bold run-in headings are often used (as in this paragraph) to break the text into even smaller, manageable pieces.
Semantically, the run-ins are closer to margin notes than headings; usually their goal is not to state the subject but to provide a remark, an aside, a metaphor related to the topic of discussion. Hopefully these run-in headings are memorable enough to serve as landmarks facilitating navigation.
Small but not least. Some paragraphs, with or without run-in headings, are set in a smaller type. They present material that may be skipped in the first reading without any damage to understanding. You can treat the smallertype fragments as extended footnotes or sidebars.
Cross-references. Bold gray numbers (such as 3.9) refer to numbered sections of the book. The running headers and footers should make it easy to find the referenced sections; however, for references that jump especially far, page numbers are also provided.
Syntax coloring without colors. Unlike most computer books with code listings, this one makes use of a concept that has long been commonplace in text editors: syntax coloring. Of course, a black-andwhite book page is not really capable of color (except for shades of gray), but instead it can freely use font faces that usually look nicer on paper than on a computer screen. Thus, I have attempted to make code in the book at least as readable as it is in a good text editor by consistently "coloring" syntactic constructions with different font faces.
Essential URLs. All web addresses are given in footnotes in an abbreviated form without http://, index.html, or trailing slashes.
Slash what? I use forward slashes (/) and not backslashes (\) as directory separators for both Windows and Unix (the latter including Mac OS X). The rationale is simple: Forward slashes are standard on Unix and in URLs, and most Windows tools understand both kinds of slashes anyway.Notes on terminology
The terminology used in the book is basically standard. Sometimes I simplify the accepted terminology in order to make it more accessible, or I use my own terms instead of those used in authoritative sources; all such cases are noted. Some important terms that may appear confusing or are often misunderstood are commented on below.
Element type, element, or tag? When speaking of
element and an element type. Sometimes, a tag is also confused with an element. Note that an element cannot have a name — only an element type can; still, we can refer to an element by its element type name if we identify which of the elements of this type is in question. In the XSLT context, an element from the XSLT namespace (e.g., xsl:template) is often called an instruction.
Stylesheet or transformation? The word stylesheet may be misleading when applied to an XSLT program that transforms one
transformation would be more appropriate. (Note that xsl:stylesheet and xsl:transform are both acceptable as the root element of an XSLT stylesheet.) Still, backed by tradition, I mostly use "stylesheet" or, sometimes, "transformation stylesheet" when referring to the XSLT component of a web site setup.
Stylesheet or style sheet? To avoid confusion with XSLT stylesheets, CSS style sheets are always spelled thus; this is conformant with both XSLT and CSS specifications.
Document, instance, page, or file? Document is a generic term, but I use it only to refer to
pages. Instance is another term often used in
file; a document is not necessarily stored in a file at all. Therefore, "file" is used only when real files, handled by the operating system, are involved.
Document element or root element? The XSLT specification uses the term document element with the meaning of root element. I use the latter term as more descriptive, even though it may be slightly confusing from an XSLT viewpoint because the "root node" of XPath (/) is the parent of the node corresponding to the "root element" (e.g., /page).
is the W3C recommendation for a schema language. Unfortunately, its name is way too generic for its own good. Even the capital S in "Schema" cannot prevent confusion when you have to speak about
XSDL schemas to refer to specific schema definitions.
Yet another abbreviation you may have seen used for the same language is WXS, standing for W3C
URI or URL? This one may confuse even experts at times. URI is a more general term than URL, but the difference between them — i.e., those URIs that are not URLs — is so insignificant that for practical purposes, these terms are interchangeable. See RFC 2396 for more details.
HTML or XHTML? Since this book views HTML mostly as a result of an XSLT transformation, what I mean when speaking of HTML may actually be either HTML or XHTML (any versions). With XSLT, you can output both formats, and modern browsers do not have any problems with either. When there's a meaningful distinction between HTML and XHTML, this is noted.
"Data is" or "data are"? Formally, data is the plural of datum. In modern English, however, using "data" as singular is more common, as evidenced by statistics reported by Internet search engines. In this book "data" is used as singular.How this book was created
"Practice what you preach." "Eat your own dogfood." One way or the other, this book itself uses many of the techniques it describes.
The text of the book was written directly in
The design for the book was also created by me, with elements borrowed from the other books in the series that we worked on using the same


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Harrison has an offer from Tech and wanted to see the campus. They made the decision to visit Friday and the whole family was glad they did. "My parents loved every aspect of the school and loved the visit." The visit was educational and it gave the family a new outlook on Georgia Tech. "The visit really put them up there in my recruiting picture."
The visit went so well that Harrison wasn't able to single out any one part of the trip that he liked better than the others. "The trip was the total package for us and I would rate it a solid 10 on a scale of 1 to 10."
The coaches asked Harrison to come to their Junior Day on the February 22nd but the family will be out of town and can't make it. "I assured them I would be coming back, probably for a spring practice and the spring game. We definitely are coming back. We enjoyed Georgia Tech that much." Besides touring the campus, the main reason for the visit was for Harrison to build a relationship with the coaches. "I accomplished that and then some." Harrison enjoyed his time with Coach Paul Johnson and Coach Andy McCollum. "I like all the coaches there a lot."
In addition to his offer from Tech, Harrison also has been offered by Vanderbilt and UT-Chattanooga. In addition to those offers, there are four other schools looking to get a visit from Harrison. Harrison will be at Alabama Saturday, Michigan on February 23rd and he is setting up visits to Florida State and Penn State.
Moon would like to make his decision before the start of his senior season but he wants to make sure he's making the right choice before he does that. Once he makes his choice, Harrison will shut down his recruitment. "I want to play major college football and get a major college education. That will be the main thing I look at when making a decision on a school."


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Podemos platicar con todo ese lenguaje que pretende hacernos ver bien delante de otros y comentar 'cuanto estamos aprendiendo´, 'la paciencia que estamos desarrollando´, 'como es parte de la vida el saber esperar´, etc. Pero solamente tú sabes la ansiedad que corre por tus venas al seguir ahí, sin ver nada, mientras los días siguen pasando.
Hicimos grandes amigos, en las canchas de basquetbol jugando con varios equipos en ligas amateur y las cascarita de todos los días, al Cristina caminar por las mañanas en la pequeña ciudad donde vivimos al sur de la isla y conocer tanta gente probando desayunos muy peculiares de este país junto a ellos, al responder las preguntas frecuentes de los Taiwaneses que nos veían extranjeros, diferentes a ellos, y asombrados se sorprendían de nuestro deseo de invertir nuestra vida como familia en su preciosa isla, no decidiendo vivir en la capital, Taipei, sino al sur donde difícilmente alguien encontraría un extranjero.
We love kids and young people and our heart has always been to say YES to the Lord wherever He may send us. During our time in Taiwan, the Lord added the most valuable member to our team, baby Sawyer! He has been an absolute joy to have as a son and we couldn't be happier to teach him the ways of the Lord, to show him that we do what we do and go where we go because we love the Savior. What a wonderful mission we have been given to be witnesses to Jesus! Not out of obligation. Not out of guilt. But out of LOVE.
In March we received an invitation to serve the Lord in a new place: PUERTO RICO. Holly and Micah Wakefield are dear friends of ours (Holly was one of my bridesmaids!) and they live in Puerto Rico. They told us about Young Life: a ministry reaching young people in over 100 countries and has been used by the Lord for over 70 years. They are starting new ministry in a new area of Puerto Rico and wanted Gerardo to head it up!
What we love about this ministry is that it doesn't start with a program. It starts with people like you and I who are concerned about kids and go to them, on their turf and in their culture, building bridges of authentic friendship. These relationships don't happen overnight — they take time, patience, trust and consistency. God is at work seeking and saving the young people of Puerto Rico and we have been invited to be a part of that exciting work!
As a Young Life leaders we will log many hours mentoring and discipling high school kids — where they are, as they are. We will listen to their stories and learn what's important to them because we genuinely care about their joys, triumphs, heartaches and setbacks.
St. Francis of Assisi said: "Preach the gospel at all times and when necessary use words."
Kids' lives are dramatically influenced when caring people come alongside them, sharing God's love with them. This is the first step of a lifelong journey; the choices they make today, based upon God's love for them, will have an impact on future decisions — careers chosen, marriages formed and families raised — all ripples from the time when someone like you and me took time to reach out and enter their world. Youth ministry is our passion! We love kids and want to get out there where they are. So this is a dream come true! Full-time youth ministry. This August we will be preparing to move to Puerto Rico!
There are many beautiful things you might not know about Puerto Rico. It is a small Caribbean Island the size of Connecticut. Spanish and English are both the official languages. It is US territory so if you are a citizen of the United States, you can fly there without a passport. (Cool, huh?) The locals like to eat black beans, rice, and plantains, but you also have most of the American stores like Marshalls, PetSmart, and Taco Bell! There are also many saddening things about Puerto Rico as it is 2nd in the world for divorce rates. The country is going bankrupt and so many people are leaving to find a more stable place to live and raise their families.
So this is why we answered the call and said a wholehearted YES to moving to Puerto Rico! We have been given the immense privilege of telling this wondrous story by which the King of glory died! Together we are to be His witnesses to the ends of the earth. We have a story to tell to the nations. We have glorious news for all mankind. We anticipate mentoring and discipling around 250 high schoolers in Palmas, Puerto Rico, and working with many thousands more on the island! We're so ready for this new adventure!
"Now all these things are from God, who reconciled us to Himself through Christ and gave us the ministry of reconciliation, namely, that God was in Christ reconciling the world to Himself, not counting their trespasses against them, and He has committed to us the word of reconciliation. Therefore, we are ambassadors for Christ, as though God were making an appeal through us; we beg you on behalf of Christ, be reconciled to God." -2 Corinthians 5:18-21,
Be sure to check for updates on life in Puerto Rico on our Facebook page as well, you know we'll be posting like crazy on Instagram & here in our Blog.


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Master of Science in Health Research
Globally Recognised POSTGRADUATE MEDICAL EDUCATION
MASTER OF SCIENCE in HEALTH RESEARCH
In collaboration with the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI)
Health Research is an area brimming with possibilities to advance the quality of healthcare systems and services.
This 2 year postgraduate degree is aimed at medical, health and social science graduates with interest in Health Research. It is a fully accredited degree of the RCSI and the National University of Ireland (NUI) with approval of the Malaysian Qualifications Agency (MQA) and Ministry of Higher Education. This is a level 9 award on the National Framework of Qualifications (NFQ) in Ireland and is compliant with European Credit Transfer System (ECTS).
Students are jointly registered with the RCSI and PMC.
This innovative 2 year programme, delivered by the Department of Public Health at PMC, is tailored to the career development needs of medical doctors and allied health professionals, adopting a blended learning approach, including weekend teaching and distance learning. Applications are also welcome for Postgraduate Certificate (2 semesters) or Postgraduate Diploma (3 semesters) in Health Research courses.
Entry Requirements
- Bachelor's Degree (Hons) with a minimum CGPA of 2.50; or
- Medical Degree recognised by the Irish or Malaysian Medical Councils
Programme Delivery
The programme comprises of 6 modules followed by a research dissertation delivered by expert academics and researchers from Ireland and Malaysia. Designed to facilitate students who are working full-time, attendance is required for only 6 compulsory weekend classes within the first 3 semesters. The research component also includes hands-on workshops and designated times for direct interaction with research supervisors.
Modules are:
- Introduction to the Research Process
- Basic Biostatistics
- Advanced Biostatistics
- Fundamentals of Epidemiology
- Measuring Health Outcomes
- Qualitative Research
A variety or summative and formative assessment methods will be used in each module to evaluate student learning of the defined learning outcomes.
Applications can be made online while seats are available. The course commences in September with registration and orientation.
Scholarships & Loans
Applicants may apply for Ministry of Health (MOH), MyBrainMyMasters scholarships (MOE), or apply for the Employees Provident Fund (EPF) loans.
This school offers programs in:
- English
Last updated August 3, 2016


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Search lkwillia's books
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KnowBC by Encyclopedia of British Columbia
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SaatSoor Bollywood Karaoke
SaatSoor is a Bollywood Karaoke songs application for Android devices with free and unlimited lifetime access. The interface is user friendly and provides non-subscription based access to singing enthusiasts from all over the world. Please review, rate and comment! We appreciate your feedback and would strive to deliver better interface through fu…
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|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|7 nights
Gorgeous two bedroom, two bath, 1600 square foot condominium with den in upscale gated community. This Bermuda Cove condominium is nicely furnished for your comfort and enjoyment. This smoke-free residence features a modern well designed floor plan with new carpeting, a freshly tiled lanai and fully equipped kitchen. In addition, this unit has been completely updated. There are two heated pools and a hot tub, one of which is directly outside of the unit.
Enjoy the famous Tarpon Cove and Racquet Club that features a large pool, clubhouse, workout room, tennis courts, cocktail lounge, indoor and outdoor dining, waterfront tiki bar, and a free boat shuttle to Wiggins Pass Beach. In addition, the club features many social events to enjoy each week and reciprical club memberships within Naples. Google the Tarpon Cove Yacht Club to view all the amenities available.
Keywords: Condominium
Lori and Jim are both retired educators from the Cleveland, Ohio area. We started coming to the Naples area in the early 2000's. We enjoyed the area so much we decided to purchase a property. We take a great deal of pride in the up keep of our condo and welcome you to the Naples area.
Jim Wotowiec purchased this condo in 2004
We fell in love with the location. Close to the beach, plenty of workout opportunities, a boat shuttle to avoid all the traffic, a great happy hour at the tiki bar at the Tarpon Cove Yacht Club and the Florida Sunshine. Far enough south to get ideal weather all year round.
Located West of 41 and close to the beaches makes this location very desirable. You can bike to everything you need.
Located within a five minute drive of the Mercado Shopping Area. Mercado has over 5 restaurants with great happy hour pricing. Valet at McCormick and Schmit to get your ticket validated and enjoy day at world class shopping area. Bike to the Beach and see a sunset. Both Vanderbilt Beach and Barefoot Beach are a short bike ride away. Simple beautiful area with a great location to enjoy a short or extended stay.
|Rate Period
|Weekend Night
My Standard Rate
7 night minimum stay
Off Season Rates Vary Please email for available dates and Costs.
Individual contracts are written for each rental


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- Table View
- List View
The New Rules of Lead Generationby David T. Scott
Lead-generation marketing is evolving rapidly, but many companies are still using the same methods they always have. How can a marketer know which lead generation tactics will provide them with the best, most actionable leads for their products or services? What's been missing - until now - is a strategic look at how lead-generation tactics can work together to produce the maximum number of quality leads. In The New Rules of Lead Generation, marketing expert David T. Scott examines the seven most successful tactics, including e-mail, direct mail, and search engine marketing; banner and social media advertising; cold calling; and trade shows. He reveals when to use which tactics, how to use them cost-effectively and get the best results, and how each tactic has changed in recent years and will continue to evolve in the future. Readers will also discover how to test new approaches on a limited budget and how to combine multiple tactics for a more powerful, integrated campaign. Featuring valuable tools for tracking costs and measuring results, this indispensable book shows marketers everywhere how to capture the leads they need to help their companies succeed.
Select your format based upon: 1) how you want to read your book, and 2) compatibility with your reading tool. To learn more about using Bookshare with your device, visit the Help Center.
Here is an overview of the specialized formats that Bookshare offers its members with links that go to the Help Center for more information.
- Bookshare Web Reader - a customized reading tool for Bookshare members offering all the features of DAISY with a single click of the "Read Now" link.
- DAISY (Digital Accessible Information System) - a digital book file format. DAISY books from Bookshare are DAISY 3.0 text files that work with just about every type of access technology that reads text. Books that contain images will have the download option of 'DAISY Text with Images'.
- BRF (Braille Refreshable Format) - digital Braille for use with refreshable Braille devices and Braille embossers.
- MP3 (Mpeg audio layer 3) - Provides audio only with no text. These books are created with a text-to-speech engine and spoken by Kendra, a high quality synthetic voice from Ivona. Any device that supports MP3 playback is compatible.
- DAISY Audio - Similar to the Daisy 3.0 option above; however, this option uses MP3 files created with our text-to-speech engine that utilizes Ivonas Kendra voice. This format will work with Daisy Audio compatible players such as Victor Reader Stream and Read2Go.


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Mate choice
Mate choice or intersexual selection is an evolutionary process in which selection, normally of a male mate by a female chooser, is dependent on the attractiveness of his phenotypic traits. It is one of two components of sexual selection (the other being intrasexual selection). Charles Darwin first introduced his ideas on sexual selection in 1871 but they were initially rejected. Ronald Fisher then developed the idea in his 1915 paper The evolution of sexual preference[1] outlined the Fisherian runaway theory in 1930. Advances in genetic and molecular biology techniques have accompanied major progress in this field recently.
Five currently recognized mechanisms, which can co-occur, and for each of which there are many examples, explain the evolution of mate choice.
In systems where mate choice exists, one sex is competitive with same-sex members and the other sex is choosy (selective when it comes to picking individuals to mate with). In most species, females are the choosy sex that discriminate amongst competitive males but there are several examples of reversed roles (see below).
- 1 Origins and history
- 2 Direct and indirect benefits
- 3 Mechanisms
- 4 Male mate choice/Sex role reversal
- 5 Speciation by mate choice
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 External links
Origins and history[edit]
Charles Darwin first expressed his ideas on sexual selection and mate choice in his book The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex in 1871. He was perplexed by the elaborate ornamentation that males of some species have because - such features appeared to be detrimental to survival and to have negative consequences for reproductive success. Darwin proposed two explanations for the existence of such traits: these traits are useful in male-male combat or they are preferred by females.[2] This article focuses on the latter. Darwin treated natural selection and sexual selection as two different topics, although in the 1930s biologists defined sexual selection as being a part of natural selection.[3]
In 1915 Ronald Fisher wrote a paper on the evolution of female preference and secondary sexual characteristics.[1] Fifteen years later, he expanded this theory in a book called The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. There he described a scenario where feedback between mate preference and a trait results in elaborate characters such as the long tail of the male peacock (see Fisherian runaway).
In 1948, using Drosophila as a model, Angus John Bateman presented experimental evidence that male reproductive success is limited by the number of mates obtained while female reproductive success is limited by the number of pregnancies that she can have in her lifetime.[4] Thus a female must be selective when choosing a mate because the quality of her offspring depends on it. Males must fight, in the form of intra-sexual competition, for the opportunity to mate because not all males will be chosen by females. This became known as Bateman's principle, and although this was a major finding that added to the work of Darwin and Fisher, it was overlooked until George C. Williams emphasized its importance in the 1960s and 1970s.[5][6]
In 1972, soon after Williams' revival of the subject, Robert L. Trivers presented his parental investment theory. Trivers defined parental investment as any investment made by the parent that benefits his or her current offspring at the cost of investment in future offspring. These investments include the costs of producing gametes as well as any other care or efforts that parents provide after birth or hatching. Reformulating Bateman's ideas, Trivers argued that the sex that exhibits less parental investment (not necessarily the male) will have to compete for mating opportunities with the sex that invests more. The differences in levels of parental investment create the condition that favors mating biases.[7]
Direct and indirect benefits[edit]
Being choosy (having a bias in the context of mating) must incur a fitness advantage in order for this behavior to evolve. Two types of fitness benefits (direct and indirect) are thought to drive the evolutionary mechanisms of mate choice.
Direct benefits increase the fitness of the choosy sex through direct material advantages. These benefits include but are not limited to increased territory quality, increased parental care, and protection from predators. There is much support for maintenance of mate choice by direct benefits[8] and it is the least controversial model to explain discriminate mating.[9]
Indirect benefits increase genetic fitness for the offspring, and thereby increase the parents' inclusive fitness. When it appears that the choosy sex does not receive direct benefits from his or her mate, indirect benefits may be the payoff for being selective. These indirect benefits may include high quality genes for their offspring (known as adaptive indirect benefits) or genes that make their offspring more attractive (known as arbitrary indirect benefits).[10]
Currently, there are five mechanisms that explain the evolution of mate choice:
- Direct phenotypic benefits
- Sensory bias
- Fisherian runaway
- Indicator traits
- Genetic compatibility
Direct and/or indirect benefits are driving the mating biases described in each mechanism. It is possible that these mechanisms co-occur although the relative roles of each have not been evaluated adequately.[11]
Direct phenotypic benefits[edit]
Choosy individuals receive direct benefits from their mates and this results in immediate increased fecundity, or the number of offspring produced. If the competitive sex displays an ornamental trait that reliably indicates some direct benefit then strong selection will favor mating bias.[12] Having a mating preference is advantageous in this situation because it directly affects reproductive fitness. Direct benefits are widespread and the evidence for this mechanism of evolution is well supported in empirical studies.[13][14]
One example of a sexually selected trait with direct benefits is the bright plumage of the northern cardinal, a common backyard bird in the eastern United States. Male northern cardinals have conspicuous red feathers while the females are more cryptic in coloration. In this example, the females are the choosy sex and will use male plumage brightness as a signal when picking a mate because males with brighter plumage have been shown to feed their young more frequently than males with duller plumage.[15] This increased help caring for the young lifts some of the burden from the mother so that she can raise more offspring than she could without help.
In the great reed warbler, females tend to be attracted to males with longer song repertoires since they tend to sire offspring with improved viability. In doing so, they gain indirect benefits for their own young. In the Utetheisa ornatrix, females select males based on body size, systemic content of pyrrolizidine alkaloid, and glandular content of hydroxydanaidal. As a result, these females demonstrate direct and indirect phenotypic benefits: they have offspring that are less vulnerable to predation because of their increased size and higher alkaloid content, increasing viability and fitness.[16]
Sensory bias[edit]
The sensory bias hypothesis states that the preference for a trait evolves in a non-mating context and is then exploited by one sex in order to obtain more mating opportunities. The competitive sex evolves traits that exploit a pre-existing bias that the choosy sex already possesses. This mechanism is thought to explain remarkable trait differences in closely related species because it produces a divergence in signaling systems which leads to reproductive isolation.[17]
Sensory bias has been demonstrated in guppies, freshwater fish from Trinidad and Tobago. In this mating system, female guppies prefer to mate with males with more orange body coloration. However, outside of a mating context, both sexes prefer animate orange objects which suggests that preference originally evolved in another context, like foraging.[18] Orange fruits are a rare treat that fall into streams where the guppies live. The ability to find these fruits quickly is an adaptive quality that has evolved outside of a mating context. Sometime after the affinity for orange objects arose, male guppies exploited this preference by incorporating large orange spots to attract females.
Another example of sensory exploitation is in the water mite Neumania papillator, an ambush predator which hunts copepods (small crustaceans) passing by in the water column.[19] When hunting, N. papillator adopts a characteristic stance termed the 'net stance' - their first four legs are held out into the water column, with their four hind legs resting on aquatic vegetation; this allows them to detect vibrational stimuli produced by swimming prey and use this to orient towards and clutch at prey.[20] During courtship, males actively search for females[21] - if a male finds a female, he slowly circles around the female whilst trembling his first and second leg near her.[19][20] Male leg trembling causes females (who were in the 'net stance') to orient towards often clutch the male.[19] This did not damage the male or deter further courtship; the male then deposited spermatophores and began to vigorously fan and jerk his fourth pair of legs over the spermatophore, generating a current of water that passed over the spermatophores and towards the female.[19] Sperm packet uptake by the female would sometimes follow.[19] Heather Proctor hypothesised that the vibrations trembling male legs made were done to mimic the vibrations that females detect from swimming prey - this would trigger the female prey-detection responses causing females to orient and then clutch at males, mediating courtship.[19][22] If this was true and males were exploiting female predation responses, then hungry females should be more receptive to male trembling - Proctor found that unfed captive females did orient and clutch at males significantly more than fed captive females did, consistent with the sensory exploitation hypothesis.[19]
Other examples for the sensory bias mechanism include traits in auklets,[23] wolf spiders,[24] and manakins.[25] Further experimental work is required to reach a fuller understanding of the prevalence and mechanisms of sensory bias.[26]
Fisherian runaway and sexy sons hypothesis[edit]
These hypotheses refer to a coupled selection for females to be attracted and, likewise, a selection for males to be attractive. This can lead to self-reinforcing coevolution. If runaway selection is strong enough, it may incur significant costs such as increased visibility to predators and energetic costs to maintain the trait's full expression. Hence peacocks' extravagant feathers, or any number of lek mating displays. This model does not predict a genetic benefit; rather, the reward is more mates.
In a study done on great reed warblers, models based on the polygyny threshold and sexy son hypotheses predict that females should gain evolutionary advantage in either short-term or long-term in this mating system. Although the importance of female choice was demonstrated, the study did not support the hypotheses.[citation needed] Other studies, such as those conducted on long-tailed widowbirds, have demonstrated the existence of female choice.[citation needed] Here, females chose males with long tails, and even preferred those males with experimentally lengthened tails over shortened tails and those of naturally occurring length. Such a process shows how female choice could give rise to exaggerated sexual traits through Fisherian runaway selection.
Indicator traits[edit]
Indicator traits are those that signal good overall quality of the individual. Traits that are perceived as attractive must reliably indicate broad genetic quality in order for selection to favor them and for preference to evolve. This is an example of indirect genetic benefits received by the choosy sex because mating with such individuals will result in high quality offspring. The indicator traits hypothesis is split into three highly related subtopics: the handicap theory of sexual selection, the good genes hypothesis, and the Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis.
People rate the importance of certain traits differently when referring to their own or to others ideal long term partner's. Research suggests that women consider traits indicating genetic fitness as more important for their own partner, and traits that provide benefits to others are proritised for their sister's ideal partner.[27]
Indicator traits are condition-dependent and have associated costs. Therefore, individuals that can handle these costs well (cf. "I can do X [here, survive] with one hand tied behind my back") should be desired by the choosy sex for their superior genetic quality. This is known as the handicap theory of sexual selection.[28]
The good genes hypothesis states that the choosy sex will mate with individuals who possess traits that signify overall genetic quality. In doing so, they gain an evolutionary advantage for their offspring through indirect benefit.
The Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis posits that sexual ornaments are indicators of parasite and disease resistance.[29] To test this hypothesis, red jungle fowl males were infected with a parasitic roundworm and monitored for growth and developmental changes. Female preference was also evaluated. What the researchers found was that parasites affected the development and final appearance of ornamental traits and that females preferred males who were not infected. This supports the idea that parasites are an important factor in sexual selection and mate choice.[30]
One of many examples of indicator traits is the condition-dependent patch of red feathers around the face and shoulders of the male house finch. This patch varies in brightness among individuals because the pigments that produce the red color (carotenoids) are limited in the environment. Thus, males who have a high quality diet will have brighter red plumage. In a manipulation experiment, female house finches were shown to prefer males with brighter red patches. Also, males with naturally brighter patches were better fathers and exhibited higher offspring feeding rates than duller males.[31] This study is heavily cited in the literature and it provides solid support for the indicator traits hypothesis that is associated with direct benefits.
Genetic compatibility[edit]
Genetic compatibility refers to how well the genes of two parents function together in their offspring. Choosing genetically compatible mates could result in optimally fit offspring and notably affect reproductive fitness. However, the genetic compatibility model is limited to specific traits due to complex genetic interactions (e.g. Major histocompatibility complex in humans and mice). The choosy sex must know their own genotype as well as the genotypes of potential mates in order to select the appropriate partner.[32] This makes testing components of genetic compatibility difficult and controversial.
A controversial but well known experiment suggests that human females use body odor as an indicator of genetic compatibility. In this study, males were given a plain T-shirt to sleep in for two nights in order to provide a scent sample. College women were then asked to rate odors from several men, some with similar MHC (major histocompatibility complex) genes to their own and others with dissimilar genes. MHC genes code for receptors that identify foreign pathogens in the body so that the immune system may respond and destroy them. Since each different gene in the MHC codes for a different type of receptor it is expected that females will benefit from mating with males who have more dissimilar MHC genes. This will ensure better resistance to parasites and disease in the offspring. Researchers found that women tended to rate the odors higher if the male's genes were more dissimilar to their own. They conclude that the odors are influenced by the MHC and that they have consequences for mate choice in human populations today.[33]
Similar to the humans of the odor rating experiment, animals also choose mates based upon genetic compatibility as determined by evaluating their potential mate(s) body odor. Some animals, such as mice even assess a mate's genetic compatibility based on their urine odor.[34]
In an experiment studying three-spined sticklebacks, researchers found that females prefer to mate with males that share a greater diversity of Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and in addition possess a MHC halotype specific to fighting the common parasite Gyrodactylus salaris.[35] Mates that have MHC genes different from one another will be superior when reproducing with regard to parasite resistance, body condition and reproductive success and survival.[36]
The genetic diversity of animals and life reproductive success (LRS) at the MHC level is optimal at intermediate levels rather than at its maximum,[37][38] despite MHC being one of the most polymorphic genes.[39] In a study, researchers discovered that mice heterozygous at all MHC loci were less resistant than mice homozygous at all loci to salmonella, so it appears disadvantageous to display many different MHC alleles due to the increased loss of T-cells,[40] which aid an organism's immune system and trigger its appropriate response.[41]
MHC diversity may also be correlated to MHC gene expression. As long as a heritable component exists in expression patterns, natural selection is able to act upon the trait. Therefore, gene expression for MHC genes might contribute to the natural selection processes of certain species and be in fact evolutionarily relevant. For example, in another study of three-spined sticklebacks, exposure to parasite species increased MHC class IIB expression by over 25%, proving that parasitic infection increases gene expression.[42]
MHC diversity in vertebrates may also be generated by the recombination of alleles on the MHC gene.[43]
Male mate choice/Sex role reversal[edit]
In species where mating biases exist, females are typically the choosy sex because they provide a greater parental investment than males. However, there are some examples of sex role reversals where females must compete with each other for mating opportunities with males. Species that exhibit parental care after the birth of their offspring have the potential to overcome the sex differences in parental investment (the amount of energy that each parent contributes per offspring) and lead to a reversal in sex roles.[44] The following are examples of male mate choice (sex role reversal) across several taxa.
- Fish: Male fish typically display high levels of parental care (see pipefish, scissortail sergeant, and seahorses). This is because females will deposit their eggs in a special brooding pouch that the male possesses. She doesn't participate in parental care after this event. The male then has the burden of raising the offspring on his own which requires energy and time. Thus, males in these species must choose among competitive females for mating opportunities. Surveys across multiple species of pipefish suggest that the sex differences in the level of parental care may not be the only reason for the reversal. Mating systems (e. i. monogamy and polygamy) might also heavily influence the appearance of male mate choice.[45]
- Amphibian: Male poison-arrow frogs (Dendrobates auratus) take on a very active parenting role. Females are lured by the males to rearing sites where they deposit their eggs. The male fertilizes these eggs and accepts the burden of defending and caring for the young until they are independent. Because the male contributes a higher level of parental investment, females must compete for opportunities to leave their eggs with the limited available males.[46]
- Bird: Bird species are typically biparental in care, and may also be maternal like the Guianan cock-of-the-rocks. However the reverse may also hold true. Male wattled jacanas provide all parental care after the eggs have been laid by the females. This means that the males must incubate the eggs and defend the nest for an extended period of time. Since males invest much more time and energy into the offspring, females are very competitive for the right to lay their eggs in an established nest.[47]
- Mammal: There are no confirmed cases of sex role reversed mammals but female spotted hyenas have peculiar anatomy and behavior that has warranted much attention.[48] Female spotted hyenas are much more aggressive than males due to their high levels of androgens during development. The increased male hormones during development contribute to an enlarged pseudopenis that is involved in mating and birth.[49] Although the anatomical and behavioral roles differ from accepted norms, spotted hyenas are not sex role reversed because the females do not compete with each other for mates.[50]
Speciation by mate choice[edit]
For many years it has been suggested that sexual isolation caused by differences in mating behaviors is a precursor for reproductive isolation (lack of gene flow), and consequently speciation, in nature.[51] Mate choice behaviors are thought to be important forces that can result in speciation events because the strength of selection for attractive traits is often very strong. Speciation by this method occurs when a preference for some sexual trait shifts and produces a prezygotic barrier (preventing fertilization). These processes have been difficult to test until recently with advances in genetic modeling.[52] Speciation by sexual selection is gaining popularity in the literature with increasing theoretical and empirical studies.
There is evidence of early speciation through mate preference in guppies. Guppies are located across several isolated streams in Trinidad and male color patterns differ geographically. Female guppies have no coloration but their preference for these color patterns also vary across locations. In a mate choice study, female guppies were shown to prefer males with color patterns that are typical of their home stream.[53] This preference could result in reproductive isolation if two populations came into contact again.
The North American bird, black-throated blue warblers, is another example. Asymmetric recognition of local and nonlocal songs has been found between two populations of black-throated blue warblers in the United States, one in the northern United States (New Hampshire) and the other in the southern United States (North Carolina).[54] Males in the northern population respond strongly to the local male songs but relatively weakly to the nonlocal songs of southern males. In contrast, southern males respond equally to both local and nonlocal songs. The fact that northern males exhibit differential recognition indicates that northern females tend not to mate with "heterospecific" males from the south; thus it is not necessary for the northern males to respond strongly to the song from a southern challenger. A barrier to gene flow exists from South to North as a result of the female choice, which can eventually lead to speciation.
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|Also Known As:
|February 6, 1970
|September 7, 1893
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Tony Scott ( 2006-05-08 )
Source: The Stars of Hollywood Forever: 1901-2006
Karns, a stage actor before turning to movies, attended California's Harvard Military academy and USC. He started acting at age 15 with Marjorie Rambeau's stock company and by 1922 was playing lead roles and acting in several Christie comedies that same year. In the early days of sound films, Karns went back to the stage and later returned to films playing newspaper reporters, agents and like characters. He played in "Rocky King, Detective," one of the most popular television series during the 1950s.
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text: Weather Cold weather: 'We skidded, took out a few fence posts. The farmer wasn't happy' Steven Morris reports from Somerset, which is enduring some of the coldest weather in the UK Download MP3 Steven Morris Wednesday 7 January 2009 03.39 EST Last modified on Wednesday 7 January 2009 05.35 EST Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share via Email Share on LinkedIn Share on Google+ Share on WhatsApp Share on Messenger This article is 7 years old Temperatures plunge across the UK. Topics Weather Reuse this content