text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Apr 26, 1966
|Filing date
|Nov 30, 1962
|Priority date
|Nov 30, 1962
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Dill Frederick H, Rutz Richard F, Sorokin Peter P
|Original Assignee
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (22), Classifications (12)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
A ril 26, 1966 F. H. mu. ETAL 3,
LASERS UTILIZING INTERNAL REFLECTION TECHNIQUES Filed NOV. 30, 1962 34 FIG. 2
10\ P V 14 A %Q 25 INVENTORS FREDERICK H. DILL RlCHARD F. RUTZ PETER P. SOROKIN A TORNEY United States Patent 3,248,671 LASERS UTILIZING INTERNAL REFLECTION TECHNEQUES Frederick H. Dill, Putnam V alley, Richard F. Rutz, Cold Spring, and Peter I. Soroirin, Ossining, N.Y., assignors to International Business Machines Corporation, New York, N.Y., a corporation of New York Filed Nov. 30, 1962, Ser. No. 241,389 1 Claim. (Cl. 331-945) This invention relates to lasers of the solid state type and more particularly to the stimulated emission of radiation by carrier injection and recombination in a solid state element.
Optical masers or lasers, as the art has developed, generally involve the establishment of an artificial distribution of electrons at energy levels other than the natural distribution in a host environment through the application of a source of energy known as pumping energy. This results in a greater fraction of filled energy states at the higher levels than filled energy states at the lower levels, which condition is known as population inversion. The electrons present in the host environment in the artificial distribution then give up their energy and undergo a transition to a lower energy level. The released energy may be in the form of electromagnetic radiation which in the majority of devices seen thus far in the art has been either visible or infrared electromagnetic radiation.
In optical maser devices currently available in the art there is employed either a gas, such as helium-neon mixture or a crystal, such as, aluminum oxide or calcium fluoride, as the host environment, into which is placed appropriate impurities, for example, chromium or trivalent uranium, respectively, which respond to the pump ing energy, permitting the population inversion of electrons between an excited state and a lower state of the impurities. The electrons in returning to the lower state of the impurity give off a quanta of light energy or photons in what is known in the art as radiative transition. Whenthe density of these photons becomes large, the radiative transition probability increases, and in the presence of a population inversion, electromagnetic modes into which the photons are emitted, in turn, become more readily able to induce further emission therein. This is known in the art as stimulated emission of radiation and results in a narrowing of the emission line from the device. In the currently available optical maser device, electrical power is converted to optical power, pumping light or an electrical discharge, which, in turn, is used to establish the population inversion in the host crystal.
It has been discovered that laser action or stimulated emission of radiation can be imparted to a suitable solid state material by injecting carriers at a sufficient rate and permitting those carriers to recombine. When this injection carrier rate is achieved, a resulting narrowing of the output light emission line occurs. Stimulated emission of radiation is imparted to a solid state material which has an energy gap and which exhibits a radiative energy transsition upon the release of energy by carrier recombination therein by injecting carriers into the solid state material in a density sufiicient to overcome the losses in the solid state environment. More particularly, stimulated emission of radiation has been imparted to a semiconductor device by the fabrication of a P-N junction in the device which is appropriately'forward biased at a given injected carrier current density sufiiciently high to overcome various non-radiative electron recombination and various radiation loss mechanisms in the host semiconductor crystal. When these conditions are satisfied, the light output from an active layer at the P-N junction of the crystal, as a result of the released energy ice through recombination of the injected carriers, concen trates itself into a single predominating mode at the expense of all other output modes in the system, as described in more detail in commonly assigned copending US. patent application, Serial No. 230,607, Burns et al., filed October 15, 1962., and entitled Stimulated Emission of Radiation in Solid State Devices.
It also has been discovered that laser action or stimulated emission or radiation is enhanced in injection lasers by exciting a particular mode in the laser by providing a pair of parallel smooth opposite faces on the semiconductor device, as described in more detail in commonly assigned copending U.-S. patent application having Serial No. 234,150, filed October 30, 1962, and entitled Semiconductor Laser With Optical Cavity.
It is an object of this invention to provide stimulated emission of radiation in an improved solid state device.
Another object of this invention is to provide an improved coherent light emitting solid state structure.
A further object of this invention is to provide a solid state structure emitting light in a preferred optical mode.
Yet a further object of this invention is to provide a more eflicient injection laser.
Yet another object of this invention is to provide an improved solid state device exhibiting a sharp narrowing of the emission line Width for injected density values having a lower threshold.
Still a further object of this invention is to provide an improved coherent light emitting semiconductor structure having a geometrical configuration which enhances the emission of a preferred optical mode.
Still another object of this invention is to provide a coherent light emitting semiconductor structure having a lower current threshold at which stimulated emission occurs.
In accordance with the present invention an injection laser is provided which includes a thin active layer at the P-N junction of a semiconductor device having an index of refraction and a geometrical configuration such that photons or optical rays are internally reflected therein by surfaces or faces disposed perpendicular to the active layer at angles greater than the critical angle until they arrive at an output area in a predetermined location on a surface of the semiconductor device, and which further includes a P region and an N region having an index of refraction substantially similar to the index of refraction of the material of the active layer.
An important advantage of this invention is that a high Q resonator is provided in an injection laser by totally reflecting selected rays before these rays arrive-at the output of the laser so as to reduce the amount of current required to produce stimulated emission in the laser.
An important feature of the laser of the present invention is that a high Q resonator is provided for injection lasers which does not require the application of silver or multiple dielectric layers to surfaces of the active layer.
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of preferred embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of an injection laser of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a view of the active layer of the laser of FIG. 1 taken in a horizontal plane passing through line 2-2 and an indication of the light path distribution therein of a preferred mode.
FIG. 3 illustrates the active layer of the laser of FIG. 1 surrounded by a material having an index of refraction intermediate that of the active layer and that of air.
FIG. 4 indicates an injection laser having a triangularly shaped active layer and an optical output coupler, and
FIG. 5 indicates an injection laser having a hexagonally shaped active layer.
Referring to the drawings in more detail, there is illustrated in FIG. 1 one embodiment of the injection laser of the present invention. The device of FIG. 1 is made up of a semiconductor crystal containing a P-N junction 12, having a square area as indicated in FIG. 2 of the drawing, separating a P region 14 and an N region, 15, the regions 14 and 15 having at least substantially similar indice of refraction. A first electrode or ohmic contact 18, which may be made of indium is disposed on the P region 14 and a second electrode or ohmic contact 20, which may be gold antimony plated Kovar, is placed into contact with the N region 16. The electrodes 18 and 20 are preferably metallic sheets forming place surfaces which are mutually parallel. The device is constructed so as to have the P-N junction plane horizontally disposed as indicated in FIG. 1 and essentially parallel to the planes of the electrodes 18 and 20, and all other adjacent surfaces 22, 24, 26 and 28, indicated more clearly in FIG. 2, of the semiconductor 10 are in planes at 90 to each other and are optically flat. Crystals 10 which have operated successfully'were gallium arsenide PN junctions cleaved out of a 6 mil zinc diffused wafer having 5 mil sides and with the top and bottom surfaces being (100) planes.
The opposite surfaces 22 and 24 and the opposite surfaces 26 and 28 may be made optically flat and parallel to each other by any known process, for example, grinding and polishing, but, it is preferred that these surfaces be made optically flat and parallel to each other by employing the cleavage technique taught in commonly assigned co-pending US. patent application, Serial No. 234,141, Method of Fabrication of Crystalline Shapes, filed by R. Rutz and F. Dill on October 30, 1962. In accordance with the cleavage technique, crystalline shapes having very high precision optically flat faces related to exact geometries and spacing are achieved by supporting the crystal on a broad area crystallographic face that is perpendicular to a crystallographic plane having a minimum bond and then applying a cleavage force to crystal along the minimum bond crystallographic plane. When a rectangular parallelepiped crystal body of gallium arsenide is to be formed, the gallium arsenide crystal body is supported parallel to the (100) crystallographic plane thereof and a force is applied perpendicular to the (100) crystallographic plane along the (110) crystallographic plane of the gallium arsenide crystal.
The electrodes 18 and 20 are appropriately connected to a power source illustrated as a battery 30, a variable series impedance 32 and a switch 34 which serve to selectively apply a forward bias to the P-N junction 12 to provide a current density above the threshold current density of the device illustrated.
In the operation of the device illustrated in FIG. 1 of the drawing, when the switch 34 is closed, photons are generated by the injected carriers, as described in the above-identified US. patent application Serial No. 230,607, in a thin active layer having an upper surface 27 generally within the P region, a lower surface at the P-N junction 12 and the side surfaces 22, 24, 26 and 28. The photons generated in the active layer 25 travel from their points of origin in many different directions, and tend to set up modes in these many different directions. However, the mode which will first become established in the laser so as to produce stimulated emission is the mode which is set up by a resonator having the highest Q. The Q may be considered as the ratio of the intensity of the EM energy of the optical waves and the power loss per unit volume of the crystal. Rays traveling in the crystal for only a short distance before they pass into the medium surrounding the active layer 25 do not readily produce stimulated emi5i9n in the crystal and, therefore,
the crystal provides a low Q for these rays. In a crystal of the type shown in FIG. 1 a large number of rays strike the surfaces 12, 22, 24, 25, 27 and 28 of the active layer 25 at angles greater or less than the critical angle determined by the relative indices of refraction of the active layer 25 and any material surrounding this layer 25. It can be seen in FIG. 2 that if the path of a ray is that indicated by the heavy line 21 and if the angle of incidence of the ray is greater than the critical angle, the active layer 25 provides a high Q for the rays following the path 21 since the rays will be totally reflected at each of the four faces of the active layer 25 when the surfaces 22, 24, 26 and 28 are optically smooth and each of the faces is disposed with respect to its adjacent face.
Assuming the rays in the path 21 shown in FIG. 2 have an angle of incidence of 45, if 45 is greater than the critical angle of the material of the active layer 25, the ray is internally reflected with little, approximately 1 part in one million, or no loss of energy. On the other hand if rays are internally incident at an angle less than the critical angle they are partially transmitted out of the active layer 25. If rays are internally incident at an angle only slightly greater than the critical angle the reflected amplitude is substantially the same as the incident amplitude.
It can be seen in FIG. 2 that the rays in path 21 having an angle of incidence of 45 which is greater than the critical angle of the material of the active layer 25 are successively reflected by each of the surfaces 22, 24, 26 and 28 and since there is little or no loss of energy of these rays, the active layer 25 provides a high Q for the rays in path 21. -It can also be seen in FIG. 2 that there are many other equivalent paths, for example paths 21a and 21b, parallel to path 21 along which rays travel which provide the same angles of incidence for rays traveling therein. Thus, by passing a sufficient current density through the active layer 25 a mode field is first produced in the active layer 25 having the pattern indicated in FIG. 2 which will produce stimulated emission. Of course, modes other than that indicated in FIGURE 2 by paths 21, 21a and 21b, will tend to establish themselves in the active layer 25 but none of these other modes will be capable of producing stimulated emission at the low threshold at which stimulated emission is produced by the mode of paths 21, 21a and 21b of FIG. 2. It can be seen that a mode will tend to establish itself between surfaces 22 and 24 as indicated by the horizontal line and as described more fully in the above mentioned US. patent application, Serial No. 234,150. However, since the surfaces 22 and 24 reflect only about 30 to 40 percent of the incident light high losses are encountered providing a low Q resonator. For similar reasons the surfaces 26 and 28 also form a low Q resonator. It should be noted that after a first mode produces stimulated emission a large fraction of the input energy to the laser is directed to sustaining this mode and it is then diflicult for other modes to produce stimulated emission.
Since, as stated hereinabove, the P region and the N region are made of material having substantially the same index of refraction, it can be seen that modes similar to that indicated by paths 21, 21a and 21b but which lie in a plane having a vertical component will not be readily sustained in the laser of the present invention since this energy will walk off into the inactive portions of the crystal 10, i.e., into the P region 14 above surface 27 and into the N region 15 below the P-N junction 12, where it becomes absorbed.
In order to minimize the number of possible modes that can be excited in a laser having the square horizontal active layer 25 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 of the drawing the index of refraction'should be equal to about 1.4 so that only those rays are repeatedly reflected which are greater than but close to the critical angle of 45. However, when laser material having the preferred index of refraction is unavailable the mode selectivity may be enhanced by surrounding the sides of the active layer with a material having an index of refraction intermediate that of the active layer 25 and air. Gallium arsenide has an index of refraction 11 of approximately 4, therefore, material 36 surrounding the active layer 25, as shown in FIG. 3 of the drawing, should have an index of refraction n of approximately 2.8.
The embodiment of the injection laser of the present invention has been hereinabove described as a laser with a square horizontal active area. It should be understood that lasers having other geometrical cross-sectional configurations also may be used in which modes set up by internal reflection techniques are utilized. However, in order to minimize the number of possible modes in each instance the index of refraction n should be equal to where N is equal to the number of sides of the polygon. If the active layer 25 is surrounded in a medium having an index of refraction n the ratio of n /n should be equal to (N2)1.) sin The active layer 25 of the laser of the present inven tion illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 has been described as a resonator having .a high Q. It should be understood that the coherent radiation produced in the active layer 25 illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 may be coupled out of a surface of the layer 25. This perturbation may take the form of, for example, a protuberance on or a groove in the active layer to direct the radiation into the surrounding medium in any known manner, for example, as more completely described in commonly assigned co-pending US. patent application, Serial No. 144,187 and Serial 'No. 144,080 filed October 10, 1961, and entitled, Lasers. Alternatively, the coherent radiation may be coupled out of an active layer 38 of a laser, shown in FIG. 4 of the drawing as having a triangular horizontal active area, by positioning to within about one wavelength of one surface thereof a body of optic material 40 having an index of refraction similar to that of the active layer 38, for ex ample, gallium arsenide, and having a geometry suitable for direction radiation therethrough to form a single beam 42 of optical energy.
In FIG. 5 of the drawing there is indicated a 'laser of present invention having an active layer 44 with a regular hexagonal cross-sectional area wherein three separate internally reflected modes can be set up. The first mode indicated by a dotted line 46 is internally reflected by each of the side surfaces of the active layer 44, the second mode indicated by the dash line 48 is internally reflected by only three alternate surfaces of the layer 44 and the third mode indicated by the dash-dot line 50 is internally reflected by the remaining three alternate surfaces of the layer 44. It can be seen that by utilizing a suitable low relative index of refraction the second and third modes 48 and 50 can be effectively damped out so as to permit stimulated emission in only the first mode 46. Mode 46 can be suppressed by notching at the vertices to intersect path 46, causing modes 48 and 50 to be favored. Furthermore, it can be seen that the second and third modes, 48 and 50, are optically independent and, therefore, each of these modes can be separately coupled out of the laser illustrated in FIG. 5 by using, for example, two optical couplers of the type illustrated in FIG. 4 of the drawing.
It should be understood that the invention is not limited to the geometrical configurations hereinabove illustrated or described. Any geometrical configuration may be utilized which will provide internal reflections of the rays a sulficient number of times to produce stimulated emission when suitable threshold currents are employed. The smoothness and arrangement of the reflecting faces of the active layers should be such that the internal reflections of a ray are readily produced a large number of times. Furthermore, the index of refraction of the material and the geometrical configuration of the active layer may be such that the useful rays in the laser operation strike successive or adjacent surfaces of the active layer or follow a path which bypasses one or more intermediate faces between two successive reflecting points. It is also to be understood that the injection lasers are commonly operated in very low temperature environments.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. i
What is claimed is:
An injection laser comprising:
a semiconductor crystal having two regions of substantially the same index of refraction and of opposite conductivity type joined at a p-n junction lying in a given first plane and having optically smooth surfaces disposed in planes perpendicular to said first plane;
meansfor passing electrical current across said p-n junction to'provide stimulated emission of radiation in said crystal;
said surfaces being disposed to form a resonant cavity substantially totally reflecting said radiation;
said surfaces being arranged to form said cavity as a hexagon for supporting at least two independent optical modes of said radiation which employ different surfaces of said hexagon and;
means for coupling said radiation through one of said surfaces.
References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS Re. 25,632 8/1964 Boyle ct a1. 331-945 3,140,451 7/1964 Fox 33194.5 3,153,691 10/ 1964 Kibler.
3,158,746 11/1964 Lehovec 8861 X OTHER REFERENCES Bergstein et al.: A Total Reflection Solid-State Optical Maser Resonator, Proc. IRE, vol. 50, No. 8, page 1833 (August 1962).
Technical Bulletin T-1261-1, Trion Instruments, Inc., Dec. 4, 196 1.
JEWELL H. PEDERSEN, Pnimary Examiner.
LAWRENCE ORLOFF, Assistant Examiner.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 25, 1960
|Jul 7, 1964
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Optical maser device
|Apr 12, 1962
|Oct 20, 1964
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Light modulator
|Dec 27, 1960
|Nov 24, 1964
|Sprague Electric Co
|Light modulation in a semiconductor body
|Aug 18, 1964
|Optical maser
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 10, 1964
|Jan 24, 1967
|Gen Electric
|Surface-adjacent junction electroluminescent device
|Nov 29, 1963
|Jan 2, 1968
|United Aircraft Corp
|Poly-sided folded path laser
|Mar 1, 1965
|Jul 2, 1968
|Honeywell Inc
|Control apparatus
|Jan 27, 1964
|Aug 20, 1968
|Control Data Corp
|Laser device with total internal reflection propagation direction selection
|Jan 14, 1966
|Dec 10, 1968
|Philips Corp
|Internal reflection element for micro-sample analysis
|Jun 24, 1964
|Nov 11, 1969
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Optical mode selector
|Mar 23, 1966
|Sep 1, 1970
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Solid state laser
|Oct 23, 1967
|Oct 27, 1970
|Rca Corp
|Confocal semiconductor diode injection laser
|May 2, 1969
|Sep 14, 1971
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Curved junction laser devices
|Jan 20, 1972
|Sep 18, 1973
|Int Standard Electric Corp
|Laser to optical fiber coupling
|Sep 22, 1971
|Jan 22, 1974
|Muncheryan H
|Laser eraser for a typewriter
|Mar 26, 1975
|Jul 13, 1976
|Xerox Corporation
|Beam collimation using multiple coupled elements
|Jun 23, 1986
|Jul 5, 1988
|Mcdonnell Douglas Corporation
|Laser diode coupler
|Oct 17, 1988
|Sep 26, 1989
|California Laboratories, Inc.
|Generation of multiply folded optical paths
|Dec 4, 1987
|May 8, 1990
|Cornell Research Foundation, Inc.
|Traveling wave semi-conductor laser
|May 30, 1989
|Jul 31, 1990
|Electro Optic Systems Pty. Ltd.
|Laser beam processing apparatus
|Mar 1, 1989
|Sep 4, 1990
|Electro-Optics Technology, Inc.
|Planar solid state laser resonator
|May 9, 1991
|Jun 9, 1992
|Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.
|Optically pumped solid laser
|Dec 17, 1975
|Oct 7, 1976
|Xerox Corp
|Aug 24, 1978
|Apr 18, 1979
|Charles R. Henry
|A system for the distribution, transmission, detection, collection or modulation of propagating energy and/or energy fields
|Sep 10, 1992
|Mar 24, 1993
|AT&T Corp.
|Whispering mode micro-resonator
|Oct 17, 1989
|May 3, 1990
|California Laboratories Inc.
|The generation of multiply folded optical paths
|U.S. Classification
|372/93, 372/19, 372/44.1, 372/94, 372/108
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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Today's Devotional
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Our next meeting is Saturday November 19 at the Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania.
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The purpose of the Delaware Valley Fern & Wildflower Society shall be to encourage the enjoyment of native Ferns and Wildflowers by cultivating and propagating them in the home and garden; by studying them in their wild habitats, gardens and conservatories; by promoting their conservation and preservation; and by providing a forum for the exchange of information and expertise.
Membership in the DVFWS is open to anyone who is interested in native ferns and wildflowers and is willing to support the society. Three general membership meetings are held each year and many field trips are scheduled each weekend to areas rich in botanical interest. Membership is available for individuals or for a household for one year or three years. For additional information contact any of the officers.
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GM Debt Sheds a 'Junk' Label
Auto Maker to Buy $3.2 Billion of Shares Held by UAW Trust, Leaving Crisis Further Behind
General Motors Co. GM -0.63 % agreed to buy about $3.2 billion of preferred stock owned by a retiree health-care trust, as the auto maker continues to restore its finances following its 2009 government-led bankruptcy.
Credit rating firm Moody's Investor Services responded to the proposed transaction by moving GM to an investment grade debt rating, saying it expects the Detroit auto maker's competitive position and credit metrics would continue to improve. Moody's is the first of the three major U.S. credit rating agencies to lift the auto maker's rating from junk status. Standard & Poor's and Fitch Ratings recently upgraded their outlook on the company, but haven't raised their rating.
Chief Executive Dan Akerson has made restoring GM's debt ratings to investment grade a key goal. The auto maker hasn't had an investment grade rating since 2005.
The share repurchase—and the debt deal that would finance it—mark big steps toward resolving the legacy of the extraordinary federal government rescue of GM and rival Chrysler Group LLC during the depths of the financial crisis.
United Auto Workers health care trusts—a type known as voluntary employee beneficiary associations, or VEBAs—were created in 2005 as part of a deal reached between the UAW and the U.S. auto makers to help the companies increase their competitiveness against their Japanese counterparts.
The three companies agreed to contribute to the VEBA trusts rather than continue to pay for the retiree health benefits.
GM was able to push about $47 billion in health-care obligations off its balance sheet in 2005 while Ford Motor Co. F -0.25 % moved about $24 billion and Chrysler $18 billion.
Facing bankruptcy that threatened future contributions to GM and Chrysler's respective trusts, the Obama administration, the UAW and the auto makers agreed in 2009 to deals that salvaged the health-care trusts by giving them financial stakes in GM and Chrysler.
The GM trust received preferred shares that paid dividends at a 9% annual rate. The Chrysler trust received a 41.5% stake in the company, which is now majority owned by Italian auto maker Fiat SpA.
Now, both trusts appear to be looking to unwind their holdings in the auto makers. After the transaction, UAW will hold a 10% stake in GM.
"The trusts and the UAW, found themselves in an unprecedented position in that they held various equity positions they had never intended in the auto makers," said Moody's analyst Bruce Clark. "It appears that the improved fortunes of GM and Chrysler are allowing the trusts to monetize their holdings and exit their positions as the companies attempt to strengthen their capital structures."
Trustees of the Chrysler trust and Chrysler Chief Executive Sergio Marchionne have so far failed to agree on a price for the trust's Chrysler's shares. On Monday, Chrysler filed paperwork for an initial public offering of some of the trust's shares. Some analysts predict Mr. Marchionne will still push to avert an IPO by striking a deal with the trust.
At GM, the company's proposed deal would replace the UAW trust's high-yield preferred shares with cheaper debt. As of June 7, the health-care trust also owned 140 million GM common shares, or 8.4% of the company on a fully diluted basis.
The proposed repurchase will result in a third-quarter charge to earnings of $800 million. About $600 million is an accounting loss from the difference between face and book values of the shares. The remaining $200 million is the premium paid over face value. GM is repurchasing the preferred stock for $27 a share.
GM intends to finance the repurchase of preferred shares from the UAW trust with a large private sale of debt that would be the first unsecured placing for the company since it exited bankruptcy. GM declined to say how much debt it was seeking or the new rate it could receive.
The planned buyback is contingent on the auto maker completing an offering of senior unsecured notes by month's end. GM said it is planning to offer notes with five-, 10- and 30-year maturities.
Meanwhile, the U.S. Treasury and the Canadian government are whittling down their stakes. The U.S. Treasury now holds a 7.3% stake in GM and aims to sell the remaining shares off by the end of the first quarter of next year. At one point, the U.S. held a 32% stake in GM.
The Canadian government earlier this month agreed to sell 30 million GM common stock shares worth about $1.1 billion to Bank of America Corp. BAC 1.33 % and Royal Bank of Canada in a move to reduce their stake by 21% to 110 million shares.
GM recently reported a second-quarter profit of $1.41 billion, or 93 cents a share, which reflect preferred dividends. It ended the three months with total liquidity of $34.8 billion.
Corrections & Amplifications
GM's plans to offer five, 10- and 30-year unsecured notes. An earlier version of this article incorrectly described the notes as secured.
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An Oscar-Winning Costume Designer on Dressing Carol
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News | Science Selection Issue 8 | August 2008 | Vol. 116
Alternative Mechanism for PFOA?: Trout Studies Shed Light on Liver Effects
Ernie Hood
Citation: Hood E. 2008. Alternative Mechanism for PFOA? Trout Studies Shed Light on Liver Effects. Environ Health Perspect 116:A351; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.116-a351b
News Topics: Animal Models, Cancer, Fluorinated Compounds (FCs), Genetic Research, Biochemistry, Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
Published: 1 August 2008
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), used to make a class of industrial chemicals that are widely used in products such as textile coatings and flame retardants, is known to be a potent hepatocarcinogen in rodents. Until now the only mechanism of action for PFOA identified in rodent studies has been peroxisome proliferation, a well-characterized form of oxidative stress. Humans are reportedly insensitive to peroxisome proliferation; however, concerns remain that PFOA may cause adverse effects in people as well as in laboratory animals. Using rainbow trout as a model for chemically induced liver cancer in humans, a team of researchers suggest a new mechanism for the carcinogenicity of PFOA that does not involve peroxisome proliferation [EHP 116:1047–1055; Tilton et al.].
The investigators compared the hepatocarcinogenic potential of PFOA against the structurally diverse peroxisome proliferators cloribrate (CLOF) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), identifying mechanisms of carcinogenesis from hepatic gene expression profiles phenotypically anchored to tumor outcome. Trout were fed PFOA in the diet for 30 weeks for tumor analysis. The investigators subsequently examined gene expression by cDNA array in animals fed PFOA, DHEA, CHOF, or 17β-estradiol (E2; a known tumor promoter) in the diet for 14 days.
The study showed that PFOA and DHEA treatments significantly increased liver tumor incidence and multiplicity; CLOF showed no effect. However, carcinogenesis was independent of peroxisome proliferation as measured by the lack of peroxisomal β-oxidation and catalase activity. On the contrary, both PFOA and DHEA resulted in estrogenic gene signatures closely resembling that of E2. CLOF, however, regulated no genes in common with E2.
Although the current study did not identify a threshold for the estrogenic effect of PFOA, the results indicate that PFOA is weakly estrogenic in trout and that its association with trout liver cancer may be related to disruptions in estrogenic signaling. More studies are needed to assess the potential for PFOA-mediated carcinogenesis in other species that are insensitive to peroxisome proliferation. Considering the mechanism identified in this study, the consequences of hormone-related effects by PFOA should be evaluated in other tissues, models, and sensitive life stages.
Come visit with EHP's Science Editor, Jane Schroeder, at the 2016 ISEE Meeting in Rome, Italy, from 1–4 September 2016. This is a great opportunity to meet a member of our team, and to learn more about the journal. A number of our Associate Editors will be in attendance as well. Jane is also co-hosting a half-day writing and publishing workshop on 4 September, following the conference.
EHP is pleased to present the abstracts from the 28th annual meeting of the International Society for Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE), held in Rome, Italy, 1–4 September 2016, and hosted by the Department of Epidemiology Lazio Regional Health Service, ASL Roma 1, and the Italian Epidemiological Association. The focus of this year's conference is current and future challenges in exposure assessment, study design, and data analyses.
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Dr. Ge Cheng, Dr. Tom Hasell, Dr. Abbie Trewin, Dr. Dave J. Adams and Prof. Andrew I. Cooper Soluble Conjugated Microporous Polymers Angewandte Chemie International Edition 51
Version of Record online: 9 NOV 2012 | DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205521
Soluble and porous: Soluble conjugated microporous polymers (SCMPs) can be prepared by synthesizing discrete hyperbranched molecules. The materials can be cast from solution as thin films (see picture), suggesting a range of processing options that are not available for insoluble CMP networks. Soluble, conjugated dendrimers are porous and give insight into the structural origin of microporosity.
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The Human Division #6: The Back Channel
Book 6, Human Division Series
John Scalzi
This book is available for download with iBooks on your Mac or iOS device, and with iTunes on your computer. Books can be read with iBooks on your Mac or iOS device.
The sixth episode of The Human Division, John Scalzi's new thirteen-episode novel in the world of his bestselling Old Man's War. Beginning on January 15, 2013, a new episode of The Human Division will appear in e-book form every Tuesday.
The Conclave is a confederation of four hundred alien races—many of whom would like to see the Colonial Union, and the humans inside of it, blasted to extinction. To avoid a conflict that neither side can afford, Conclave leader General Tarsem Gau appoints Hafte Sorvalh to resolve an emerging diplomatic crisis with the humans, before the only acceptable solution is war.
From Publishers Weekly
© Publishers Weekly
Customer Reviews
Best yet!
Oh. This was a fun episode. I hear that the envoy is one of the author's favorite characters and I can see why. Great addition to the series and flat-out fun to read.
Other Books in This Series
- $0.99
- Category: Sci-Fi & Fantasy
- Published: Feb 19, 2013
- Publisher: Tom Doherty Associates
- Seller: Macmillan / Holtzbrinck Publishers, LLC
- Print Length: 33 Pages
- Language: English
- Series: Book 6, Human Division Series


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- Product Information
Product DescriptionUse our brightly colored 20" colorful Rock & Roll Jukebox Pinata as a decoration or centerpiece for your 50's Rock & Roll party. Turn it in to a Pinata game when you fill it with toys and candy. Our Rock & Roll Jukebox Pinata is sold by the piece. Please order our Jukebox Pinata in increments of 1 piece. Don't forget to order your pinata toy and candy filler Item CAN025UN and pinata bat and mask DEC020EA and add to the fun.
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- I would buy this product again Review by Jackie the Gath
Got the pinata to be used as an offering collection tool that goes along with Super Church classroom theme of the 50's
(Posted on 5/25/12)
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Emilia Clarke bares it all for 'Game of Thrones', again!
Clarke also addressed rumours about her disapproval towards filming naked scenes for the show. It's now time for the third episode in season 6.
Emilia Clarke is 'sexiest woman alive'
Esquire made the announcement on Tuesday after teasing readers with a clip featuring shots of the 28-y...
Emilia Clarke promises 'biggest TV moments' on GOT season 6
The actress, who is best known for playing Daenerys Targaryen, did not give out a...
Emilia Clarke called 'Dragon Lady' in shops
The actress is always recognised by the staff who are fans of the HBO series, in which she plays Daenerys Targaryen, and they affectionately refer to her as the blonde queen who controls three dragons.
Break dancing with Arnold Schwarzenegger lead to Emilia Clarke's hip injury
Clarke, 28, opened up about the mystery injury while attending the premiere of the science-fiction "Terminator Genisys".
Jon Snow's return on 'GOT' 50/50: Emilia Clarke
Fans were furious with the surprise plot development that saw Snow, played by Kit Harington, get assassinated by his own men in the Night's Watch.
Didn't do 'Fifty Shades of Grey' because of nudity: Emilia Clarke
Clarke said she is not averse to nudity as she has been a part of mature content in the past but she thought doing "Fifty Shades of Grey" would stereotype her as an actress.


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Certificate III in Health Services Assistance (12)
OCTEC Limited
Certificate III
|Mid Year Intake?
|Study Mode
|Entry Requirements
No minimum education. Pre-requisite units apply to some electives.
Course Description
This qualification is part of the Health Training Package. It covers workers in a range of work roles who provide assistance to health professional staff with the care of clients. Health services assistance involves the worker in direct client contact under supervision. The qualification has been structured with elective groups for specific work functions in operating theatre support and assisting in nursing work in acute care. In addition the qualification supports multiskilling requirements of smaller and rural/remote work settings.
Subjects you can Study
Core: Contribute to effective workplace relationships; Interpret and apply medical terminology appropriately; Recognise healthy body systems in a health care context; Communicate and work effectively in health; Comply with infection control policies and procedures; Participate in WHS processes. Electives: Provide theatre support services; Provide equipment support in an acute care environment; Assist with client movement; Respond effectively to behaviours of concern; Support the care of clients; Transport clients; plus more.
About OCTEC LimitedEstablished in 1976, OCTEC Ltd is a not-for-profit Registered Training Organisation providing employment, education, training and advocacy services to western and central west New South Wales. With the main training venue in Orange, OCTEC has branch offices in Bathurst, Cowra, Forbes, Lithgow, Mudgee, Parkes, Young, Armidale, Glen Innes, Taree, Forster, Campbelltown, Narellan, Camden, St Marys, Penrith, Port Macquarie, Queanbeyan, Albury, and Dareton NSW . The provider aims to maintain flexible delivery of services to meet the needs of clients, including those who are disadvantaged or isolated. RTO code: 90142
Certificate IIICourse code: HLT32512
15 units: 6 core; 9 elective
Entry Requirements
No minimum education. Pre-requisite units apply to some electives.
Where work involves a specific focus on Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander and/or culturally diverse clients or communities, one or both of the following electives is recommended: Work effectively with culturally diverse clients and co-workers; Work effectively with Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people.
Life after Study
Related Careers
Operating Theatre Technician
Operating theatre technicians prepare and maintain operating theatres and equipment, and assist surgical and anaesthetic teams during operations.
Ward Assistant
Ward assistants help allied health professionals and staff in hospitals and other healthcare establishments with non-medical duties including housekeeping, food service and transportation, and ward, patient and office support.


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Martin Introduces Ltd. Edition The Mamas and the Papas Guitar
This special D-28M run is limited to no more than 100 instruments.
This special D-28M run is limited to no more than 100 instruments.
In honor of the upcoming release of the 10th anniversary reissue of Iowa, Slipknot's Shawn "Clown" Crahan sent over a ton of photos from that era in the band's history. You can check out the full...
The results of 1992's Best Guitar Album poll, where everyone is a winner ... because we don't post the losers.
The new vid premieres on October 24, but you can check out behind-the-scenes photos and watch a video preview right now.
The hallmark of Ozzy's decades-spanning career has been his indelible knack for recruiting Grade A guitarists into his band. Below is a visual history of the Prince of Darkness' six-string kings...
Metal vs. grunge: It's the musical throwdown of the decade in 1992.
Hendrix returns to the cover of Guitar World in this year's December issue. Check out the history of Jimi's covers at GW in our latest photo gallery.
The art-metal rockers are back with their first studio album in eight years.
Which album from 1990 was voted number one by Guitar World readers? Check out this gallery and find out.
Guitar World made history in Milan, Italy, on July 6, 2011, by getting Metallica's James Hetfield and Kirk Hammett, Megadeth's Dave Mustaine, Slayer's Kerry King and Anthrax's Scott Ian to pose for...
1991 was a tremendous year for music. We look back at 50 of the best albums celebrating their 20th anniversary this year.
You voted, now check out Guitar World's photo gallery of the top 10 albums from the Eighties.
It's the dawn of a new era as Guitar World sets into the Nineties.
The three new EC Series tweed tube amps are Clapton's first signature amps, and bear his own distinctive design touches.


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Top Definition
(space cake) a slang word for weed brownie. meant for use around teachers or parents. may also be used as a small
'tic-tac" sized turd similar to deer shit.
'tic-tac" sized turd similar to deer shit.
Man that tic-tac brownie really kept my "refreshed" all night!
HY-5*** tarafından 29 Ekim 2008, Çarşamba
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Comment & debate
Monday 7 March 2011
Jayati Ghosh: War in Libya and protests across the Middle East are exploited by companies too quick to pass costs to vulnerable consumers
The riskiest job in IranShirin Ebadi
Shirin Ebadi: As the regime targets lawyers like Nasrin Sotoudeh, who will defend our rights now?
Unlike Thatcher, Cameron is preserving awkward historyPolly ToynbeePolly Toynbee: Birth cohort studies will reveal the full story of Tory social vandalism. So I must praise a Tory for fighting to save them
Originally published in the Guardian on 7 March 1962: Accrington Stanley, the club which is at the bottom of the fourth division of the Football League is going into liquidation with estimated liabilities of £60,000


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Perfect for men seeking an understated look, this belt in Taiga leather features an original metal loop cut out with the LV logo.
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"These cable systems are in rural areas, so they potentially are not as profitable. AT&T is looking to unload them because their focus is not on rural cable markets."
Related quotes
"We unloaded off the truck, and this thing is awesome. We've got to keep the intensity, keep the pressure on ourselves to perform, not slip up, not sit back and let our guard down."
"I don't care how well you throw if your guys are terrible at unloading the ball and holding guys on, ... so it's a joint effort. But it's like Mike [Matheny] was, and like Pudge Rodriguez. He's an intimidating weapon. Guys don't run very much against him. It's a heck of a weapon for your side."
"If a train could bring the goods straight to the port, the long, tiring, terrible unloading and loading would stop,"
"This was a very heavy burden to carry around for all these years. She's unloading it, getting rid of it. She's saying, 'This is who I am, this is how it affected me.' She's trying to move beyond it."
"It's all about repetition. That's what you try to do when you unload the pitch, repeat the same motion. It's a lot easier said than done."


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Cummings Leasing is a leading provider of transportation solutions throughout South Florida. At Cummings you will find the answer to many of your trucking needs including full service truck leasing, maintenance programs, truck and trailer rentals, truck repair, and more. We pride ourselves on providing excellent customer service while giving our customers a "one stop shop" to simplify their business needs.
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Ber Juan
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Year Established:
No votes yet
Pretty open. Around (but not too close to) Ber Juan Lake. Update to map - hole #2 is just to the right of #1. #3 is now the #2 shown on the map.
Course Details
Course Type: Permanent
# Holes: 9
Target Type: DISCatcher
Tee Type: Grass
Course Length: 2,670ft
Alternate Length: 3,300ft
Hole Length: Under 300ft: 5 | 300 - 400ft: 3 | Over 400ft: 1
Email: Todd
Course Reviews
by KDXE200 on Mar 28, 2016 at 11:20am
nice course; great for new players; park grounds are well maintaned
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Bye week good for UCLA? Franklin not buying it
LOS ANGELES – UCLA tailback Johnathan Franklin, of all Bruins, is the one you'd guess would embrace this week's bye.
You'd be wrong in that assumption.
"I'm feeling good, I'm ready to go," the senior co-captain said after practice this week. "I'm glad we're back at it, getting ready to play a tough opponent, and correcting our mistakes."
But, for the first time in eight weeks, Franklin and UCLA (5-2, 2-2 Pac-12) aren't working on a game plan for Saturday. Their next challenge is Oct. 27, at Arizona State.
Even if this break is good for him physically, Franklin leaves the impression he'd play on Thursday, Friday and Saturday, if that was what was required. He'd likely ride his Razor scooter to the Rose Bowl, too, if needed.
"I just love to play the game of football," said Franklin, the most upbeat and enthusiastic in a group of upbeat and enthusiastic UCLA players that numbers 125. "I'm just doing what I can out there."
He leads the Pac-12, and is ninth nationally, with an average of 125.4 rushing yards per game. He's No. 2 on the Bruins' career rushing list with 3,547 yards, 184 behind Gaston Green (3,731, in 1984-87).
Franklin had 22 carries in Saturday's victory over Utah, and took a lot of hits in getting tough yards near the goal line, and running out the clock.
"We didn't give him the ball more because we were going into a bye week," Coach Jim Mora said. "It was just what the game dictated."
Franklin shares the rushing load with junior Damien Thigpen and sophomore Jordon James, and he's their biggest fan, besides Mora, who insists the Bruins have no limit on Franklin's carries.
"He's not on a pitch count or anything," Mora said, "but I prefer to have my best guy rested for the fourth quarter. I don't really look at carries as much, I look at touches, which includes receptions."
Franklin is fifth on the team with 16 catches for 199 yards, and is averaging 154.6 all-purpose yards per game.
Prod him a little more on the bye week and Franklin responds with: "Oh, I have no complaints about it, at all. I think it's beneficial, for all of us."
But this is the player Mora tried to give a day off from practice early in the Cal week, to rest some nagging injuries. Franklin politely declined.
"It's all about accountability," Franklin said. "It's not just my leadership role. Any guy on our team, if they'd been offered a day off, they would've said the same thing."
Asked about playing on Sundays next year instead of Saturdays, Franklin said. "I don't think about it. Someone asked me what the date of the NFL draft is, and I don't know. If it's meant to be, it will happen. If not, God will have something else planned for me."
There will be a scrimmage today for the players who normally are on the scout team and players who have not had a chance to get in games, Mora said.
There will be individual, seven-on-seven and situational drills. "We won't be playing that many guys," Mora said. "The guys that are figuring in the game plan won't participate. It'll be guys who don't have any action in games." …
Thursday's practice, closed to the public, will be UCLA's final practice during this bye week. The Bruins will have the weekend off and return to practice Monday afternoon and prepare for Arizona State.
- The Los Angeles Daily News contributed to this report.
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Jay-Z Remembers DJ AM As 'Someone That Really Loved What He Did'
'He had a bandage on his head, and he was ready to go,' Jay says of performing with AM less than a month after he survived a plane crash.
NEW YORK — DJ AM was resilient as both a person and a professional, Jay-Z recalled of [article id="1619854"]the late DJ[/article].
[article id="1597009"]The Brooklyn rapper tapped AM[/article] last September to back him for a gig in Los Angeles to help christen the reopening of the Hollywood Palladium the following month. When word broke the very next day that AM — along with Travis Barker — were [article id="1595303"]critically injured in a plane crash[/article], though, the Blueprint superstar wasn't concerned about AM making the show anymore; he just wanted him to tend to his health.
The celebrity DJ, however, did everything in his power to make the date. Less than a month after surviving the crash, which took the lives of the four other passengers aboard, AM announced he would honor his commitment to Jay-Z. The DJ told People magazine at the time that the show with the iconic MC was "the biggest thing that's happened in my career."
His resolve definitely impressed Jay-Z, who was introduced to the DJ the day before his tragic plane crash.
"I met him the day before the plane crash," Jay told MTV News on Monday, days after AM was found dead in his New York apartment. "We were doing the concert, and he told me that he had to go down to South Carolina to do a show with Travis, and then we'd go and do our show.
"The plane crash happened, and I'm thinking, 'Let him recover. We'll talk about that some other time,' " Jay continued. "He called, like, 'Nah, man, I'm still ready to go.' I was shocked by that at first. He came, he had a bandage on his head, and he was ready to go. He was someone that really loved what he did. That's passion: to love what you do and still go forward."
The two impressed the crowd throughout [article id="1597225"]their performance together[/article]. At one point, Jay ventured behind the turntables while AM hammed it up for the crowd. "Make some noise for DJ AM," Jay ordered the crowd.


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LondonUnited Kingdom
January 10, 2013
Actress, Cheerleader, Writer
I am Leila (lee-la) in sandscript it means the play. I am an actress who trains with a competitive Cheerleading squad in her free time- I have also started writing.
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(FAYETTEVILLE, TN) -- A police sergeant has been indicted on charges of being nude and exposing himself to the public while in his own home.
Sgt. Jeff Dorning was charged with six counts of public indecency and six counts of indecent exposure after fellow lawmen received complaints from five women and a child who claimed they saw the officer naked, according to the indictment.
Police Chief Doug Carver, who heads the 28-member department in this city of 7,300 located about 70 miles south of Nashville near the Alabama border, said Dorning was suspended without pay until the criminal charges against him are adjudicated. The officer could be fired if convicted, the chief said.
Carver told APBnews.com that the Lincoln County District Attorney's Office and the Tennessee Department of Investigation (TBI) conducted the investigation of Dorning. He said he could not provide further information on the case because the probe began before he became police chief in June.
A woman who answered the telephone at Dorning's Fayetteville home said he wasn't available for comment. Officials said that Dorning has been a police officer in the city for about 10 years.
Actions "offend" ordinary person
In the 12-count indictment issued Sept. 21, Lincoln County grand jurors charged that in February 1999, Dorning "intentionally exposed his genitals or buttocks" to the five women and a 13-year old child. The incidents occurred on Feb. 8, 10, 11 and 16, according to the indictment.
The grand jurors found that that Dorning's actions "would offend an ordinary viewing person or were for the purpose of his sexual arousal or gratification," the indictment said.
The indictment did not say where the alleged indecent acts occurred. However, a Fayetteville police officer with knowledge of the case said that the incidents took place in Dorning's home. It could not be determined whether the victims observed Dorning while looking inside his home.
W. Michael McCown, the district attorney general who presented the case to a grand jury, could not be reached for comment.
Free on bond
Mark Gwynn, spokesman for the TBI, said that it is routine for the bureau to become involved in investigating alleged wrongdoing by local police officers in order to make sure an independent agency looks at the case.
He refused to answer questions about the case.
The clerk's office at the Circuit Court of Lincoln County, where the indictment was filed, said Dorning had been released on $500 bond and the officer had not yet entered a plea to the charges.
Raymond Fraley, identified by local police as Dorning's attorney, was not in his office today and could not be reached for comment.
Tennessee law states that anyone convicted of public indecency or exposure on the first or second offense faces a $500 fine and a third offense could result in a $1,500 fine, a prison term of about a year, or both.
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Sex with Donald Trump
Hof Runs for Senate
Adult's Achilles Heel
AHF's Hidden Agenda
Pistol, Ross Talk Condoms
Modern Comstockery
Hof on Phoenix Hooker Bust
Cal/OSHA vs Evil Angel
Pornstar Graduates Law School
AHF Against AB 999
CraigsErotica Letter to Senators
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Letter of Equality
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Suit Filed Challenging Measure B
ASACP Ready For Internext
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ASACP at XBIZ 360
Crakmedia ASACP Corporate Sponsor
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CAM4 Newest ASACP Sponsor
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Suit Against Measure B
Law Puts Con in Condom
No on B: Here's Why
NO on B Campaign
NO on B Bus Tour
GFY: Vote No on B
Margold on Erection Election
Alex Chance in Documentary
Takedown Piracy Removes 10,000,000
Three Stooges Porn Controversy
Lords of Acid Censored
Nate Glass on CNBC


text:
Ninja Gaiden Sigma 2
Statue Of Liberty :(
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- Ninja Gaiden Sigma 2
- Statue Of Liberty :(
psn: konnect
eludingdeath 7 years ago#2
when I fought her it was nearly identical to the buddha fight... keep trying :)
Battlenote 7 years ago#3
Well my tip to make things easier is to instead of concentrating on the hand that she strikes with go for the opposite one that is stationary you'll be able to break it allot quicker and safer than the one she uses to attack. When both hands are cracked gets mid range and start shooting her in the neck with the bow. Now this part seems to get allot of people for some odd reason,l but when she sluches over, run up to her head and press triangle and that's game.
MGO: Yukiko Amagi PSN: Selvaria-chan
Playing: ToVS, Idol Master SP, BlazBlue, Fate/Unlimited Code.
Well budda didnt have the lighting coming out his ar$e lol. Are you supposed to attack her hands until she gets her neck split open to use the bow?
psn: konnect
Nightmare for three..and its good bulls win lol. Thanks for the tip kind sir. BTW I have a mic as well if you want to co-op, but beware I'am not a masta ninja lol.
psn: konnect
Battlenote 7 years ago#6
basicly when she rears back in pain you broke that hand, notice on her wrist are these weird cufflink things when one of those appears on her neck that's when you start shooting. She actually poses to expose it so it's pretty obvious. Once it's exposed you can shoot it all you want
MGO: Yukiko Amagi PSN: Selvaria-chan
Playing: ToVS, Idol Master SP, BlazBlue, Fate/Unlimited Code.
Yes there is, if she tries to hit you with her lighting fist, DO NOT REVERSE WIND THAT, just run. After the fist hits the ground, it will electrocute you, that's when you do a reverse wind jump, to the OTHER hand and attack it like crazy. Remember to stay in the center, and go for the hand that she's not attacking you with.
ya its almost identical to the Buddha statue. Use Enma's Fang and stay on her sides. just make sure u time ur jump well (like 1-2 secs after her fists lands) to avoid the electrical field. Keep some distance when shes doing that crazy bashes if you want to be safe, and when she get stunned or whatever just shoot some arrows and she'll fall down. and go to her face and finish her.
but ya i thot she was harder to fight than Alexei or whatever, couldn't figure out how to finish her the first time.....
Wow alot of great and helpful responses, ty all that replied. I can tell that this is going to be a very helpful and mature board :).
psn: konnect
girlpowerz 7 years ago#10
I must have died to her three times already since it's my first runthrough of the game. Can someone tell me if you need to have your arrows charged when you attack her neck and which position do you have to stand to get her neck?
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text:
Lyft reportedly tried to sell to Apple, Uber and others
The ride-share company isn't profitable yet, but it has cash to spare.
GMC's latest SUV travels farther thanks to glue
The vehicle has shed 700 pounds by ditching rivets and welds.
The 2016 Cadillac CT6 delivers power and luxury
Cadillac is ready to start competing with the German luxury giants.
Tesla's plan for world domination, and more in the week that was
You may have missed the machine that 3D-prints houses from dirt.
GM and Lyft's Express Drive rental service expanding further
Drivers in Los Angeles and Denver are next on the list to try out this unusual twist on rentals.
ICYMI: A RoboGlove to boost your strength
GM is creating an exoskeleton glove to improve your grip.
GM is already testing self-driving Chevy Bolts
It didn't take long for GM's electric and autonomous car efforts to come together.
OnStar is helping GM plan for an autonomous-car future
The 20-year-old concierge service is also a data-gathering goldmine.
Chevy's new Malibu keeps teens safe from themselves
New features offer a not-so-gentle reminder to obey the speed limit.


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'India Ranks Among Top 3 Medical Tourism Destinations in Asia'
By PTI
Published: 01st September 2014 10:38 PM
Last Updated: 01st September 2014 10:42 PM
MUMBAI: India is placed among the top three medical tourism destinations in Asia, mainly due to the low cost of treatment, quality healthcare infrastructure and availability of highly-skilled doctors, says a study.
"Within Asia, India, Thailand and Singapore are the three countries that receive maximum medical tourists owing to low cost of treatment, quality healthcare infrastructure, and availability of highly-skilled doctors.
"These three countries together accounted for about 60 per cent of the total Asian revenue in 2012," the report Medical Value Travel in India by KPMG and FICCI said.
The research was conducted in India and other Asian countries and interviewed public sector stakeholders and domestic company heads or CEOs of renowned hospitals between July and August 2014.
Estimated at USD 78.6 billion as of 2012, the sector has emerged as one of the largest sectors in India and is poised to grow at an annual rate of 15 per cent to reach about USD 158.2 billion by 2017, it said.
It pointed out that Asian countries have introduced various marketing strategies to attract medical tourists.
In the past few years, Asia has taken the lead as one of the most preferred destination for medical value travel.
Primary growth levers in this regard include low priced treatment options, availability of variety of treatments, improved infrastructure in terms of healthcare facilities and attractive locations for spending time after treatment.
While Thailand positions itself as a dual purpose destination for both medical and economic holiday with an attractive location, Singapore promotes itself as a destination for fine quality in medical treatment.
India is known mostly for its cost-effective medical treatments along with high standards in cardiology, orthopaedics, nephrology, oncology and neuro surgery, it said.
The country is also known for its alternative treatment options such as yoga and ayurveda, it said.
Disclaimer: We respect your thoughts and views! But we need to be judicious while moderating your comments. All the comments will be moderated by the NIE editorial. Abstain from posting comments that are obscene, defamatory or inflammatory, and do not indulge in personal attacks. Try to avoid outside hyperlinks inside the comment. Help us delete comments that do not follow these guidelines.


text: --- Comment #9 from Jasem Mutlaq <mutla...@ikarustech.com> --- well, any updates on this topic? We released a Windows version of KStars and users are complaining about this issue, the Windows port reception is critical but this bug is one of the many show stoppers. Is there anything I can do?! -- You are receiving this mail because: You are watching all bug changes.


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Jalen Watts-Jackson
HT: 5-11 | WT: 175 lbs.
Hometown: Orchard Lake, (Mich.)
High School: St. Mary Prep
High School Position: DB
Projected College Position: Cornerback
Key Offers: Michigan State (pledge), Idaho, Central Michigan, Eastern Michigan
On film Watts-Jackson shows solid ball skills and is not afraid of coming up and supporting the run. Has good length with room to add weight and strength. Earned offer from camp performance.
Spartan fans will question the lack of offer earned by the defensive back and have to trust the staffs evaluation during camp was a look into a player with great upside.
This is another player that showed talent but was being overlooked by many. Much of this could have come from the fact he's light in the pants at 175-pounds.
On film you have to like what you see as we see a player making plays catching the ball at its highest point and showing the ability to cover and get in position to make plays. Does a great job after the catch showing the ability to score and could be looked at as a wide receiver if the need arises down the road.
Watts-Jackson is the type of player Mark Dantonio has built solid defensive backfields with over the years.


text:
Top Definition
For times when words such as legendary or epic arent enough - legic comes into play.
Anton: I was so wasted last night, i slept with 2 girls and i dont even remember their names
James: That's bloody legic mate!
James: That's bloody legic mate!
dodane przez Antonski styczeń 03, 2009
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I am a digital artist and my work is inspired by nature, but makes use of new technologies to create something fresh and a little bit different. It's a combination of timeless landscapes and cutting-edge technology and I hope you will like the result.
I have been selling online and through my website for 2 years and recently have had some open edition prints for sale in a leading department store in Scotland.
Most of my work is normally printed onto large canvases and is often mistaken for paintings. I can also work with images supplied by customers.
CV to date:
Peter Potter Gallery, East Lothian, Scotland- 2nd Place in Open Art Competition -Summer 2006.
Peter Potter Gallery, East Lothian, Scotland- Christmas Exhibition 2006.
St Vedas Hotel, Coldingham, East Lothian, Scotland- Residency from Winter 2006.
Peter Potter Gallery,East Lothian Scotland. Exhibition of 13 prints in gallery. April 2007.
Brunton Hall, Mussleburgh, East Lothian, Scotland. Exhibition of 12 prints. May 2007 to July 2007.
Westgate Gallery, North Berwick. July to August 2007.
CALA Homes Showhome exhibition Nov to Dec 2007
Peter Potter Gallery, East Lothian, Scotland- Christmas Exhibition 2007.
Art at the Airport, Edinburgh Airport April to May 2008
Aberdour Arts Festival, The Shoreline Gallery July 2008
Open Edition prints in Debenhams (Edinburgh and Glasgow) August 2008


text:
Playstation 2 Games
Flip in air for Woody WoodpeckerHome / Playstation 2 /
This page contains Woody Woodpecker Codes for Playstation 2 called "Flip in air" and has been posted or updated on Oct 22, 2006 by TDGK.
Boxshot & Details
- Developer: Eko Software
- Publisher: Dreamcatcher Interactive
- Genre: Action Platformer
- Release: Feb 19, 2002
- ESRB: Everyone
Flip in air
Hold [X] for about one second and Woody will do a flip in the air.
Report Problem
Please Submit a Problem for any incomplete, non-working or fake cheat listed above.
If you know other secrets, hints, glitches or level guides, then please Submit your Cheats and share your insights with other players.
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text:
A brand new Apple TV Remote app is now available for the iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch. It can be used to control the latest Apple TV 4th gen, as well as the previous models.
Adobe has released a photo viewing only Photoshop Lightroom app for the Apple TV that allows you to view all your synced Lightroom collections on the big screen. And that's about all you get with the new Lightroom app. [click to continue…]
CBS has released an official CBS News app for the Apple TV which has been designed from ground up for tvOS. The app also features Siri support on Apple TV 4th generation.
Apple has quietly implemented a change to the way Top Charts work on the Apple TV App Store. The charts are now hiding any apps a user has installed on their device, instead of simply showing a list of the Top Paid, Top Free and Top Grossing tvOS apps.
"Take control of Apple TV" is a book by TidBITS managing editor Josh Centers that is said to answer every question you may have about the 4th generation Apple TV. It explains how to set it up and use it to watch movies and TV shows, play music, display your photos, and run all types of apps on the big screen.
MAZ, the New York City based startup, has released a new platform called Home, which enables any media provider to distribute their video content on Apple TV.


text:
SPQR: A History of Ancient RomeA sweeping, revisionist history of the Roman Empire from one of our foremost classicists. Ancient Rome was an imposing city even by modern standards, a sprawling imperial metropolis of more than a million inhabitants, a "mixture of luxury and filth, liberty and exploitation, civic pride and murderous civil war" that served as the seat of power for an empire that spanned from Spain to Syria. Yet
$9.89From the acclaimed author of Augustus, Cicero, and The Rise of Rome, an entertaining and richly informative miscellany of facts about Rome and the Roman world SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus. Do you know to what use the Romans put the excrement of the kingfisher? Or why a dinner party invitation from the emperor Domitian was such a terrifying prospect? Or why Roman women smelled so odd? The
$18.99A cookbook and wine guide celebrating the regional traditions and exciting innovations of modern Italian cooking, from San Francisco's SPQR restaurant.The Roman Empire was famous for its network of roads. By following the path of these thoroughfares, Shelley Lindgren, wine director and co-owner of the acclaimed San Francisco restaurants A16 and SPQR, and executive chef of SPQR, Matthew Accarrino,
by Mary Beard | Summary & AnalysisSummary of SPQR by Mary Beard | Includes Analysis Preview: SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome by Mary Beard is a single-volume history of Ancient Rome. The book covers Roman history from its semi-mythical origins in roughly 753 BC, to the decision by the Emperor Caracalla in 212 CE to make all free adult males born within the empire Roman citizens… PLEASE NOTE: This is key takeaways and
The SPQR Roman Mysteries (Book 1)Blackmail, corruption, treachery, murder--the glory that was Rome.In this Edgar Award-nominated mystery, John Maddox Roberts takes readers back to a Rome filled with violence and evil. Vicious gangs ruled the streets of Crassus and Pompey, routinely preying on plebeian and patrician alike, so the garroting of a lowly ex-slaved and the disembowelment of a foreign merchant in the dangerous Subura
SPQR VI: Nobody Loves a Centurion
The SPQR Roman Mysteries (Book 6)Julius Caesar, as we know, arrived in Gaul (now France) and announced "I Came, I Saw, I Conquered," but when Decius Metellus arrives from Rome, not seeking military glory but rather avoiding an enemy currently in power, he finds that although the general came and saw, so far, at least, he has far from conquered. The campaign seems at a standstill.Decius's arrival disappoints the great Caesar as
SPQR II: The Catiline Conspiracy
The SPQR Roman Mysteries (Book 2)It was a summer of glorious triumph for the mighty Roman Republic. Her invincible legions had brought all foreign enemies to their knees. But in Rome there was no peace. The streets were flooded with the blood of murdered citizens, and there were rumors of more atrocities to come. Decius Caecilius Metellus the Younger was convinced a conspiracy existed to overthrow the government-a sinister cabal
The SPQR Roman Mysteries (Book 5)This eagerly awaited fifth book in John Maddox Roberts's Edgar-nominated historical mystery series once again takes the reader back to the Rome of Julius Caesar and the Roman Senator Decius Caecilius Metellus the Younger. Decius has won himself a reputation as both an investigator and, most unfortunately, a bit of a playboy. Having been banished by his family for sometimes embarrassing activities
The SPQR Roman Mysteries (Book 7)Decius Caecilius Metellus is happy. The weather is beautiful and he is standing for office (literally; standing, in the Roman Forum soliciting votes) with a sure chance of winning. And Caesar's ongoing dreary war is far off in Gaul. Decius is confident that another war looming over Rome, instigated by one Crassus against the Parthians (for no reason but possible worldly gain); will be voted down
SPQR VIII: The River God's Vengeance
The SPQR Roman Mysteries (Book 8)Ancient Rome, in this accurate and evocative series, is just as politics driven as any major American city -- possibly even more. Decius Caecilius Metellus has, through a series of rather wild adventure, and in the act of tracking down killers and other reprobates, barely escaped annhilation several times. Now, newly elected to the office of aedile, the lowest rung on the ladder of Roman authority
The SPQR Roman Mysteries (Book 11)In SPQR XI: Under Vesuvius, things are going well for Decius Caecilius Metellus. He is Praetor Peregrinus, which means he has to judge a case or two, but those cases are outside of the City. His cases will be those dealing with foreigners, and all of Italy is his province. His first stop is Campania, "Italy's most popular resort district." Decius and his wife, Julia, are happy for a change of
The SPQR Roman Mysteries (Book 10)Being under suspicion of murder did not hamper my freedom. This is because Romans are civilized people and don't clap suspects into prison like barbarians do. It would take an order of a lawfully convened court even to place me under house arrest.That's Decius Caecilius Metellus speaking---Senator Decius Caecilius Metellus, please. He is at an outdoor rally in Rome where he is campaigning for


text:
OK, Trevor Cahill didn't really say that.
But would you blame him if he did?
Last season, Cahill went 18-8 with a 2.97 ERA. Opposing hitters batted just .220/.287/.332 off him. However, because his strikeout rate was just 5.4 per nine innings, the common refrain was that Cahill wasn't that good. He was just lucky. Setting aside for the moment the philosophical debate that his 2.97 ERA was a real result and did actually happen, the point being made was that Cahill wasn't dominant so much as he was lucky on balls in play. Baseball Prospectus, in their season annual, wrote "... Cahill boasted a .238 BABIP [batting average on balls in play], the lowest among AL pitchers with at least 80 innings pitched. That apparent assist from Lady Luck is the one concern with the A's rotation."
Cahill's FIP (fielding independent pitching) from FanGraphs was 4.19. His fair run average from Baseball Prospectus was 4.06. In other words, the analysts said Cahill's ability was that of a mediocre starter rather than that of a potential ace. The projections expected similar results: ZiPS projected a 3.95 ERA, Prospectus a 4.14 ERA.
But here we are, eight starts into the season, and Cahill is 6-0 with a 1.72 ERA. He's allowed 10 runs and while thousands of words have been spilled about Roy Halladay and Josh Johnson, not much has been said about Cahill.
As smart as the projection systems are, they can't account for everything. And pitchers -- young pitchers, in particular -- can improve. They can develop a new pitch, or improve their command, or learn how to attack hitters better. Cahill was a top-rated prospect coming up through the Oakland system. Scouts loved his stuff and his knowledge of pitching, even if he didn't have an explosive fastball. What's happened this year? He's gotten better. His strikeout rate has improved to 7.7 per nine, making up for the fact that his BABIP has risen to .257. He gets great movement on both his sinking fastball and changeup. He's throwing more first-pitch strikes this season (62 to 57 percent) and hitters are making less contact.
But here's something I noticed and a reason why I had a feeling Cahill had a good chance to defy the statistical expectations for him this year: He doesn't give up a lot of solid contact. He allowed 19 home runs last season -- a fairly normal rate -- but only 20 doubles. He allowed just 40 extra-base hits in 197 innings. That's .20 extra-base hits per innings, a figure that matched Clay Buchholz for the lowest rate in the majors among starting pitchers. BABIP doesn't differentiate between singles and doubles; they're treated equally. Now, maybe some of that figure is attributable to Oakland's defense (Gio Gonzalez was third, although teammate Ben Sheets had one of the worst rates), but groundball pitchers like Cahill do tend to give up fewer extra-base hits. And this season? We're seeing the same results: His home run rate is actually down a bit (three home runs in 52 1/3 innings), but he's allowed only five doubles (and Oakland outfield isn't as good with the likes of Josh Willingham and Conor Jackson seeing time out there).
Maybe Cahill will regress; some still argue that his BABIP is due for a correction. His current FIP is 2.87, and obviously he's unlikely to keep up a 1.72 ERA. But I believe this guy has become one of the best pitchers in the league.
Follow David on Twitter: @dschoenfield. Follow the SweetSpot blog: @espn_sweet_spot.


text:
Verizon Announces the Pen-Powered LG Intuition
Article Comments 12
Sep 4, 2012, 7:49 AM by Eric M. Zeman @phonescooper
updated Sep 4, 2012, 7:59 AM
Updated: clarified availability online/in stores
Verizon Wireless and LG today announced the Intuition, a rebranded version of the LG Vu, which has a 5-inch display with a 4:3 aspect ratio and 650 NIT brightness rating. Similar to the Samsung Galaxy Note, the Intuition offers a note-taking application called QuickMemo, which can be used with the Rubberdium pen (a.k.a., stylus) to write directly on the screen and interact with applications. The Intuition supports near-field communications, and ships with several smart tags, called LG Tag+, for initiating select actions on the device, such as turning on/off the Bluetooth, GPS, and Wi-Fi radios. The Intuition will ship with Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich and is powered by a dual-core 1.5GHz processor and 1GB of RAM. Other features of the Intuition include an 8-megapixel main camera, 1.3-megapixel user-facing camera, Bluetooth 3.0, Wi-Fi, GPS, and mobile hotspot. The LG Intuition will be available online starting September 6 and in stores September 10 for $199.99 with a new two-year contract.
more info at Verizon Wireless »
Hands-On: LG Intuition for Verizon Wireless
more LG Intuition news
LG Intuition specs & features
LG Intuition user reviews
AT&T Spearheading Robocall 'Strike Force'
Samsung Accessories Land Alongside Note7
more Verizon Wireless news Verizon Wireless phones
Sprint and Verizon Resume Sales of Galaxy Note7
Intel Believes USB Type-C Will Replace 3.5mm Jack
Intel to Allow ARM Chip Builders to Use Its Foundry
more Samsung news Samsung phones
LG V20: First Phone To Support Band 66
LG and Samsung Sued Over Hiring Practices
more LG news LG phones
Missing Comments
It's Hideous!
More power to them though, it would be nice to see more devices like this on the market.


text: Which Movie Makeover of a Superhero Made You Lose Your Shit?Annalee Newitz4/01/14 5:59pmFiled to: open channelcomicsmoviesholy crap wtf4106EditPromoteDismissUndismissHideShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink Losing your shit doesn't have to be bad. Maybe you were so excited about how a movie interpreted your favorite comic book character that you had to race to the bathroom. But maybe you lost it because you kept asking WHY DID THEY DO THAT WHY? Tell us about it. Advertisement Tell us which live action movie revamp of a comic book superhero made you go bonkers with love — or vibrate with hate. Pictures please!Gear from Kinja DealsYour Top Five Picks For Best Gaming Headset (2016)The Best External Hard Drives For Your Xbox OneHere's Your First Sizable Discount on the PS4 SlimReply410 repliesLeave a reply


text:
Register initiative
Action Networks
Progress reports
National reviews
Aichi 2005: The first Eco-Expo
Status of initiative:
Description/achievement of initiative
With its theme "Nature's Wisdom", Aichi 2005 aimed to emphasize the links between humanity and nature in the 21st century. It aimed to give visitors first-hand experience in cutting edge technologies, new social systems and future lifestyles that can offer solutions to the many challenges facing the world.
Source: Shanghai Manual: A Guide for Sustainable Urban Development in the 21st Century (2010)
Aichi 2005 was held from 25 March to 25 September 2005 in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture of Japan attracting about 22 million visitors. The organizers had set out three key objectives to assess the success of their Expo:
1. Expo performance as a project. The metrics were comfort and safety, visitors'
satisfaction, and reaching a target number of visitors.
2. Sustainability as a model for Expos. To influence the resolution of global issues
by drawing international attention to the development of the Expo theme
"Nature's Wisdom" through high quality presentations.
3. Theme development to encourage new social behavior.
Its vision centered around the idea that each exhibition must have a modern theme corresponding to the expectations of contemporary society and that the theme should give ample scope for a presentation of state-of-the-art scientific, technological and economical progress made in the area chosen, while giving due consideration to the dichotomy existing between human and social aspirations on the one hand and the necessary protection of the natural environment on the other.
Visitors experienced some of the most advanced environmental technologies in the world, which were being tested at the Expo site. These included: biodegradable-plastic eating utensils used everywhere on the site at food concessions; a world-class greening wall (biolung) for suppressing the heat-island effect seen in urban areas; the intelligent multimode transit system (IMTS), which moved visitors within the Nagakute Area, and the fuel cell hybrid bus that linked the perimeter of the site.
Aichi 2005 put major efforts towards encouraging new social behaviour and systems, especially recycling. The venue was litter-free, volunteers were trained to separate trash into nine different categories and many people donated towards environmental causes.
By referring consistently to its environmental theme in the design and in the operations of the Expo, Aichi 2005 was able to greatly increase the impact of its message. Significant efforts were made to make citizens active drivers and supporters of new environmental behaviour and policy implementation. This was achieved by engaging society within the site and beyond through specific programmes and educational campaigns.
Implementation methodologies
Arrangements for Capacity-Building and Technology Transfer
Coordination mechanisms/governance structure
Sustainable Development Goals and targets
Goal 8
Resources devoted to implementation
This initiative does not yet fulfil the SMART criteria.
Action Network
Green economy policies, practices and initiatives
Location: Aichi, JApan
Date of completion: 2005
Operating in countries
Partner connections
Contact information/focal point(s)
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Copyright © United Nations 2016


text:
Rent Consumerism and American Girls' Literature, 1860-1940 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Peter Stoneley. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Cambridge University Press.
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