text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 29, 1992
|Filing date
|May 6, 1991
|Priority date
|Jun 23, 1989
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Carey M. Rappaport
|Original Assignee
|Northeastern University
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (47), Referenced by (12), Classifications (9), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
z1 =-b+r1 x2 +r2 x4,
z2 =Py'2 +Qx2 y'2 +Ry'4 +Sx4 y'2, and
z3 =Ny'+Tx2 y'+Ux4 y'+Vy'3 +Wx2 y'3,
z1 =-b+r1 x2 +r2 x4,
z2 =Py'2 +Qx2 y'2 +Ry'4 +Sx4 y'2, and
z3 =Ny'+Tx2 y'+Ux4 y'+Vy'3 +Wx2 y'3,
z=z1 +z2 +z3, where
z1 =-b+r1 x2 +r2 x4,
z2 =Py'2 +Qx2 y'2 +Ry'4 +Sx4 y'2, and
z3 =Ny'+Tx2 y'+Ux4 y'+Vy'3 +Wx2 y'3,
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/370,701, filed Jun. 23, 1989, now abandoned.
This invention relates to single reflector antennas, and particularly to single reflector antennas with high aperture efficiency, wide scanning angle, and reduced aperture blockage.
Microwave reflector antennas have long been used as the primary means for transmitting and receiving high frequency communication signals. Most reflectors are parabolic, with a single focal point. Incoming plane waves falling within the aperture of the antenna are reflected by its conducting metal surfaces and are thereby directed to this focal point. According to the principle of reciprocity, waves originating from a feed (transmitter/receiver) located at the focal point will be reflected by the metal surfaces to form an outgoing plane wave without phase error. Thus, a parabolic (or paraboloidal) reflector surface can be used to produce a collimated, highly directive beam from a non-directive, omnidirectional "point" source. Energy radiated uniformly from a point source located at the focal point will reflect off of a perfectly conducting paraboloidal antenna surface and travel in the direction of the axis of revolution of the surface, i.e., along an axis of symmetry called the boresight direction.
Incoming beams that arrive at a non-zero angle with respect to the boresight direction and are subsequently reflected by the antenna surface to a feed at a feed point are said to be scanned. Conversely, when a feed is displaced from the focal point to a feed point, the outgoing transmitted beam is angularly displaced, i.e., scanned with respect to the boresight direction. In this case, the field of an outgoing beam at the parabolic reflector aperture contains non-planar phase errors. These errors result in a degraded outgoing beam with reduced peak gain, increased sidelobe levels, and filled nulls, where peak gain is a parameter that represents the strength of a transmitted beam as measured at its center, and sidelobe levels and filled nulls represent a measure of undesirable cross-talk. For this reason, the effective field of view of a paraboloidal reflector antenna is limited to only a few beamwidths of scanning, where a beamwidth represents a measure of angular displacement, and the effective field of view is defined as the greatest angle, typically expressed in beamwidths, at which beams can be scanned without being excessively degraded. With a typical focal length to aperture diameter ratio (F/D) of 0.5, a parabolic reflector antenna yields a peak gain scan loss of at least 10 dB at 20 half-power beamwidths, which corresponds to a field of view of about ±5° for a medium quality beam, i.e., a beam at 50% peak gain.
Attempts have been made to improve single reflector scanning capability by considering deformed geometries based on the sphere or parabolic torus. To maintain acceptable beam quality, typically only a small portion of the much larger reflector area is illuminated by any single beam, where each beam is characterized by a different angle with respect to the boresight direction. Most of the reflector is unused unless close multiple beams are employed. Thus, although the scanning capability of these deformed geometries is better than the scanning capability of a paraboloid, the aperture efficiency becomes very low, where aperture efficiency is the ratio of usable reflector area per beam to the area of the entire reflector aperture.
Scanning dual reflectors are known which require two shaped metal surfaces and suffer from aperture blockage. There are also shaped single parabolic and single non-parabolic reflectors, where the shaped single parabolics are limited to about ±10° of scanning, while the single non-parabolic reflectors, including a torus, an ellipsoid, and the spherical cap mentioned above, suffer from low aperture efficiency. Since reflector size is often limited by spacecraft payload volume, a reflector of small size and high aperture efficiency is extremely desirable.
A symmetric scanning single reflector surface with two shaped portions joined in a continuous fashion, as described in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/370,701, of which the present application is a continuation-in-part, avoids many of the above-mentioned problems. This surface is obtained in two general steps: the coefficients b, r1, and r2 of a fourth-order profile curve z1 =-b+r2 z4 in the scan plane are found using a numerical minimization technique to minimize the scanned beam error. Then, polynomial terms of even order z2 =Py2 +Qx2 y2 +Ry4 +Sy2 x4 are added to form a three dimensional surface given by the expression Zs =z1 +z2 =-b+r1 x2 +r2 x4 +Py2 +Qx2 y2 +Ry4 +Sy2 x4, where the coefficients P, Q, R, and S are found using a numerical minimization technique to provide minimum astigmatism and coma for both the unscanned and maximally scanned beams.
Although this antenna surface Zs has the advantages of high aperture efficiency and good focusing over a wide range of scan angles, the surface requires that the feeds be disposed in a region that blocks the aperture window. Aperture blockage results in reduced gain and sensitivity, thereby impairing the performance of the antenna to a significant extent. In a single feed reflector antenna, aperture blockage by the feed is a problem; with a multiple-feed antenna, the problem is compounded.
In the art of paraboloidal reflector antennas, it is known to illuminate an offset portion of the antenna surface, i.e., a portion of the paraboliodal surface which does not include its axis of revolution. The feed is aimed up at the reflector, but is still located at the paraboloidal focal point, so rays are still collimated along the boresight direction. This allows the same performance as a standard paraboloidal reflector antenna with a feed directed at the antenna vertex, while eliminating feed blockage. However, scanning is still quite limited, and peak gain for scanned beams is compromised.
The symmetrical scanning antenna disclosed in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/370,701 includes a reflector surface that has been optimized over a region near the plane of feeds, with its non-ideal shaping increasing with distance from this plane. However, illuminating an offset portion of this surface would result in large phase errors and beam degradation.
A single offset reflector antenna is disclosed that includes an offset antenna surface and an associated antenna feed array region which together provide good beam performance for all beams orientations within a wide-angle field of view. Since an offset approach is used, feed blockage is substantially reduced. The aperture for the boresight beam substantially overlaps the aperture for all scanned beams from -30° to +30°, resulting in a higher aperture efficiency. In particular, the single offset reflector antenna provides ±30° of horizontal scanning and 0° to +15° of vertical scanning without aperture blockage, while maintaining high aperture efficiency, and 0° to -30° of vertical scanning with moderate aperture blockage. The surface of the reflector antenna is described by a sixth order polynomial equation. Curvature of the surface in the horizontal cross section through its center is determined by a fourth Order even polynomial with coefficients that are found by a numerical minimization technique. Further terms of up to sixth order, and their associated coefficients obtained by the numerical minimization technique, define the curvature of the surface in the vertical cross sections to yield a three-dimensional unitary reflecting surface. However, unlike the case of an offset paraboloid, the reflecting surface of the invention is not merely an offset portion of a corresponding symmetric surface.
The reflector antenna of the invention provides very good results for all beams within the ±30° horizontal by -30° to +15° vertical field of view, with peak gain typically no more than 1.5 dB below ideal, and highest sidelobe levels from 9.0 to 14.0 dB below the peak gain. The best horizontal scanning performance is along the 0° vertical elevation arc, but quite acceptable beams can be formed at as much as 30° above this arc. Offsetting the feed array assembly avoids blockage of the outgoing beam. The single offset reflector antenna has better scan performance than comparably sized paraboloid and torus surfaces, and is more compact, and thus should find numerous uses in both spacecraft and terrestrial applications.
The invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description, in conjunction with the accompanying figures, in which:
FIG. 1 is an oblique view of the offset reflector surface and three exemplary feeds in three dimensions;
FIGS. 2A-2C are plan views taken along the Z, Y, and X axes, respectively, of the coordinate system of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a high resolution cross-sectional vie the offset reflector surface taken along the Y-axis at y=0 to FIG. 2B, and showing a feed point arc projected on the X-Z plane;
FIG. 4 is a high resolution view showing the feed point arc of FIG. 3 projected on the X-Y plane;
FIG. 5 is a profile in the y=0 plane of a paraboloid tilted 30° from the z-axis about the y-axis;
FIG. 6 is a view of three overlapping reflector surface regions illuminated by overlapping scanned and unscanned beams;
FIG. 7 is a phase error surface for an unscanned, boresight beam at the aperture plane for a 30 wavelength diameter illuminated aperture;
FIG. 8 is a phase error surface for a 30° scanned beam at the aperture plane for a 30 wavelength diameter illuminated aperture;
FIG. 9 is a contour plot of a radiation pattern of an unscanned beam;
FIG. 10 is a contour plot of a radiation pattern of a 30° scanned beam;
FIG. 11 is a cross-section of the contour plot of FIG. 9 through the horizontal plane of scan of an unscanned beam, and a cross-section of the contour plot of FIG. 9 through the vertical plane of scan of an unscanned beam;
FIG. 12 is a cross-section of the contour plot of FIG. 10 through the horizontal plane of scan of a 30° scanned beam, and a cross-section of the contour plot of FIG. 10 through the vertical plane of scan of a 30° scanned beam;
FIG. 13 is a plot of both peak gain versus scan angle and sidelobe level versus scan angle for the offset reflector surface of the invention, a symmetric reflector surface, and a comparable paraboloidal reflector surface;
FIG. 14 is a plot of peak gain versus horizontal and vertical scan angles across the entire two-dimensional ±30° by -30° to +15° field of view; and
FIG. 15 is a plot of first sidelobe level versus horizontal and vertical scan angles across the entire two-dimensional ±30° by -30° to 15° field of view.
With reference to FIG. 1, a single offset reflector surface 10 is defined to be a function z of x and y in three-dimensional space determined by a coordinate system 12 with X, Y, and Z axes. The surface 10 is symmetric about the Y-Z plane where x=0. Both horizontal and vertical scanning is accomplished using feeds 14, 16, 18 located generally in the X-Y plane, although FIGS. 2B, 2C, and 3 show that for points farther away from x=0, the feeds 14 and 18 are also displaced along the Z-axis and out of the X-Y plane. The horizontal scanning component is along the X-axis, and the vertical scanning component is along the Y-axis.
Referring to FIGS. 2A-2C, each number, such as 0.55 in FIG. 2A near the Y-axis, represents a distance in arbitrary dimensionless relative units along that axis from the origin of the coordinate system 12 to the point where the feature intersects with the axis, or where its projection onto the axis intersects with the axis. For example, the feed point 18 is disposed 0.475 relative units along the X-axis. Dimensions of an actual antenna surface and the placement of its feeds can be calculated by multiplying each relative unit by a scale factor with linear dimensions. To obtain the dimensions of an antenna suitable for transmitting and receiving signals with a wavelength of 10 cm, i.e., microwave radiation, for example, each number in relative units is multiplied by 600 cm/unit.
Referring to FIGS. 3 and 4, a focal arc 20 includes a plurality of feed points that lie within a focal region that generally surrounds the focal arc 20 of the reflector surface 10, such as the points 14, 16, 18, 22, and 24. FIG. 3 shows a projection of the arc 20 onto the x-z plane, i.e., a view along the y-axis similar to that of FIG. 2B, and FIG. 4 is a projection of the arc 20 onto the x-y plane, i.e., a view looking down from a position above the surface 10, similar to the view in FIG. 2. Since the focal arc 20 has a projective component along each of the axes X, Y, and Z, the focal arc 20 does not lie in a two-dimensional plane, instead being a curve in three-dimensional space.
With reference to FIGS. 1 and 2C, since the focal arc 20 of the surface 10 is chosen to be near the y=0 plane, the surface 10 must be disposed entirely on the positive side of the y=0 plane to provide an offset reflector without feed blockage for scan angles between ±30° of horizontal scanning and 0° to +15° of vertical scanning. To accomplish this, the coordinate system is translated to (x',y')=(x,y-y0), where y=y0 is chosen to be the central plane of the offset reflector. In the example shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, y0 =0.3.
The surface 10 is a function zoff of x and y, and is described by the equation:
zoff =z1 +z2 +z3 (1)
z1 =-b+r1 x2 +r2 x4 (2)
z2 =Py'2 +Qx2 y'2 +Ry'4 +Sx4 y'2 (3)
z3 =Ny'+Tx2 y'+Ux4 y'+Vy'3 +Wx2 y'3 (4)
Although the above expressions for Z1, z2, and z3 explicitly contain terms no higher than sixth order, higher order terms can be added without significantly affecting the reflecting properties of the surface z.
The expression for z1 is the central plane profile function of the surface 10 for y'=0, and the expression for z2 represents the even polynominal three-dimensional extension of the symmetric surface. Since the symmetry about the X-Z plane is being relaxed to obtain an offset reflector antenna, terms of odd order in y, together referred to as z3, may be added. In the symmetric case, as disclosed previously in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/370,701, y0 =0, and therefore all coefficients of the terms odd in y' vanish, and thus z3 also vanishes. Terms of even higher order than those above were considered, but were found to have little effect. Given the above equations 1-4 which generally describe the surface, the next step is to find the values of coefficients b, r1, r2, P, Q, R, S, N, T, U, V, and W which optimize the ability of the surface to form a beam in the boresight direction for a centrally located feed point 16, as well as the ability to form a beam which is directed 30° from boresight for another feed point, such as 14.
To find the above-mentioned coefficients, the equation describing the reflector surface 10 is matched as closely as possible using an error minimization technique, such as a least squares method, to the equations describing: 1) an untilted, or unscanned paraboloid, with outgoing rays travelling along the boresight direction (z-axis), and 2) an offset portion of a paraboloid tilted at half the field of view angle, for example, at an angle of 30°. Referring to FIG. 5, the unscanned parabola vertex 26 is taken to be at the point z=-b. A line 28 extended from this point at an angle of 30° to the Z-axis will cross the X-axis at the point x=c. If the length of the line is taken to be 1, then b=0.866, and c=0.5. The focal point of the paraboloid tilted for 30° scanning with a vertex 29 is now selected on this line 28. From the symmetric embodiment, the value t=0.95 is chosen to be the distance t from the surface vertex to the tilted parabola focal point (x.sub. f, 0, zf) 30, which minimizes aberrations without resulting in an excessively large focal length to diameter ratio.
A symmetric paraboloid is described by the equation: ##EQU1## where the focal length f is the distance from the origin of the symmetric paraboloid to the vertex of the paraboloid, and the focal point is (xf,yf,zf). Energy generated by a source at the focal point would be collimated by such a surface and directed along the Z-axis. By contrast, the novel offset surface of the invention is based on a different, unique function of x and y, and there exists a locus of feed points corresponding to various angles of scanning, as compared with the single focal point of the symmetric paraboloid. Energy generated by a feed at each of the feed points would be collimated by the offset surface and directed along a line connecting the vertex of the offset surface and the feed point.
The equation for the tilted paraboloid can now be found by rotating the coordinate system in Equation (5) by 30° about the focal point (xf,yf,zf)=(ct,0,b(t-1)): ##EQU2##
To compare the offset surface to a paraboloid tilted 30°, Equation (6) must be redefined in terms of y', so zt (x,y')=zt (x,y-y0). Least squares analysis is used to match the offset surface profile, described by Equation (2), to that of the paraboloid described by zt (x,y') along y'=0. Equation (2) is subtracted from Equation (6) with y=y0 =0.3, and the difference is squared, sampled at 61 evenly spaced points in a chosen interval: -0.1≦x≦0.5, and summed to give the total squared error. The derivatives of the total squared error separately with respect to b, r1, and r2 yields three equations, each of which is set equal to zero. Solving for b, r1, and r2 in these three equations, yields the coefficients for the best-fitting curve, Equation (2), to the tilted parabola profile, Equation (6), with y=0.3.
Next, by taking the first derivative of the offset surface with respect to y' along y'=0, the coefficients N, T, and U of Equation (4) can be found. The equation ##EQU3## is matched again by least squares to the equation of the y'-derivative of the tilted paraboloid in Equation (6) at y'=0: ##EQU4## The ±30° scanned feed points are initially placed at the foci of the respective tilted paraboloids--the same location as in the symmetric embodiment, (xf, y'f, zf)=(ct, -y0, (b(t-1)). Having found N, T, and U, the boresight feed point can now be found. However, due to the value of N calculated from the tilted paraboloid, the central in-coming ray reflected off the surface at the point (x,y')=(0,0) for the unscanned beam does not cross the y=0 (or y'=-y0) plane at the feed point. Instead, the coordinates for the unscanned feed point, calculated by moving a distance f=1/4r1 along this central ray away from the reflector, become: ##EQU5##
These feed points, for the boresight and scanned beams, illuminate overlapping portions of the reflector to minimize the total reflector surface area. The unscanned beam illuminates the region defined by a circle 32 chosen to have diameter 0.5 centered at (x,y')=(0,0); the scanned base illuminates the region defined by an equal sized circle 34 centered at (x,y')=(0.2, 0.0). The illuminated aperture circle radius is chosen to balance performance which cause larger phase errors, and a smaller radius would decrease the ratio of illuminated surface area to total surface area. These regions are shown in FIG. 6.
To complete the surface determination, the coefficients P, Q, R, S, V, and W must now be found. To find these coefficients, it is necessary to examine a phase error surface generated by the reflector surface for both an unscanned and a scanned beam, examples 38 and 40 of which are shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, respectively. To form a phase error surface, rays chosen to illuminate a portion of the surface defined previously are traced from the corresponding source point to the reflector surface, reflected off of the surface according to Snell's Law, and continued to an aperture plane at z=0. The error surface represents the total path length deviation from the ideal planar tilted wavefront over the entire illuminated aperture, and thus represents the optical aberration caused by the surface. By observing the magnitude and the shape of the errors present, the coefficients can be adjusted to minimize the path length deviation, and hence the optical aberrations. For example, astigmatism can be recognized in a phase error plot by the presence of a saddle shaped component, and coma can be recognized as a component resembling a valley disposed between the confronting sides of a taller and a shorter ridge. Thus, when choosing the "best" coefficients corresponding to a particular error surface, special consideration is given to minimizing the effects of primary optical aberrations such as coma and astigmatism, as well as to keeping the surface representing the error as flat as possible in the center of the illuminated aperture.
The coefficient P in Equation (3) would be equal to r1 =1/(4f) for an unscanned paraboloid. Any difference between the coefficient P and 1/4f will introduce astigmatic phase errors in the unscanned beam, which greatly degrade beam shape. However, some compromise adjustment is necessary to improve the performance of the surface for 30° scanning. This tradeoff is determined by observing the phase error surfaces along the profile x=0. The only coefficients not already specified by the least squares procedure which would affect this offset profile, i.e., P, R, and V, are adjusted to compromise the unscanned and scanned errors here. P is adjusted from 1/4f=0.2726 to 0.2846, R was chosen to be 0.05, and V was found to be zero.
The phase error surfaces 38 and 40 of FIGS. 7 and 8 are monitored to help find the best values for the Q, S, and W coefficients. Any adjustments which improves the scanned error surface 40 can degrade the unscanned error surface 38, so a careful trade-off is necessary. The coefficients Q and S multiply high order terms, and therefore must be larger in magnitude to have an appreciable effect with respect to the other coefficients. The Q, S, and W coefficients have no effect on the x=0 or y'=0 profiles, but they strongly affect illumination of the corners of the reflector surface 10, and in the corners of the phase error surfaces 38 and 40 of FIGS. 7 and 8 as well. Q and S must be of opposite sign to balance each other, and S should be larger than Q in magnitude, as it multiplies a fourth order of x, where Q multiplies a term only second order in x (the magnitude of x2 varies between 0 and 0.452). The coefficient W multiplies a term odd in y' (x2 y' 3), so its effect on the error surface for positive y' values will be the opposite of that for the negative values. With this information, the coefficients are adjusted in succession to target specific areas of the phase error surfaces of the scanned and unscanned beams until a balance between the two phase error surfaces is reached.
If the unscanned phase error surface 38 demonstrates an x2 y' dependence, the error surface 38 can be improved by decreasing the coefficient T from, in the present embodiment, for example, its original value of 0.2206 to 0.175. This adjustment improves the unscanned beam performance, without greatly effecting the scanned phase error. The final coefficient values are listed below in Table 1.
TABLE 1______________________________________Coeffi-cient Value Coefficient Value Coefficient Value______________________________________b .8386 P 0.2846 N 0.1836r1 0.2726 Q 0.76 T 0.175r2 0.0338 R 0.05 U -0.4429 S -5.50 V 0.0 W -0.80______________________________________
FIGS. 2A-2C show the surface given by Equation (1) with the coefficients listed in Table 1, bounded by the projected aperture oval 36 shown in FIG. 6. This aperture oval 36 is the locus of aperture circles for all beams in the 60° field of view.
The final phase error surface 38 for the unscanned beam, generated as explained previously, is given in FIG. 7. This error surface 38 still reveals a large influence of the x2 y or x2 y3 terms. However, further attempts to correct this by adjusting coefficients T and W would increase the overall error for the 30° scanned beam severely. The primary error for the 30° scanned beam initially was a linear tilt in the offset (elevation) direction more than any other aberration. Although the magnitude of the error appeared large, its effect on the radiated beam was to steer the beam a fraction of a degree away from the desired direction. For this reason, it is necessary to use a feed point for 30° scanning that is displaced to eliminate this linear tilt in y. In the present embodiment, the feed point is moved a distance 0.0054 in y above the y=0 plane and then moved to perform some minor refocusing, resulting in the point (x, y, z)=(0.4744, 0.0054, -0.0410). The resulting phase error surface 40, representing phase variations from a planar 30° scanned wavefront is shown in FIG. B. Note the balance of phase error in the y direction, indicating the removal of the linear tilt. For both 0° and 30° beams, coma and astigmatism are low, and the error is kept relatively flat along the central portions of the illuminated aperture.
The phase error surfaces of FIGS. 7 and 8 describe the phase distribution of the electric field at the aperture of the reflector antenna 10. As has been shown above, by observing the phase error surface for both the 30° scanned and unscanned beams, a set of coefficients can be chosen that optimize the performance of the reflector antenna for both of these beams. To substantiate that sufficiently high quality beams result at a plurality of intermediate angles, it is useful to obtain a farfield radiation pattern for each beam orientation that may be of interest. A radiation pattern in the far-field can be found by taking the Fourier transform of the field across the aperture of the reflector surface 10. The electric field samples at each point are summed across this aperture with complex exponential weighting to produce the spatial Fourier Transform, which represents the radiation pattern in the far-field.
FIG. 9 shows a contour plot of the radiation pattern resulting from the error surface 38 in FIG. 7. The beam 42 is well formed with deep nulls 44, and has a peak gain of 39.27 dB with respect to isotropic radiation distribution, which is only 0.22 dB below the ideal peak gain of a paraboloid of the same uniformly illuminated aperture. The highest sidelobes 46 are in unusual locations, but are 13.48 dB below the beam peak.
FIG. 10 is a contour plot of the radiation pattern generated by the scanned phase error surface of FIG. 8, with peak gain of 39.20 dB, and the highest sidelobe level at 13.99 dB below beam peak. FIGS. 11 and 12 each show two-dimensional cross-sections taken through the horizontal and vertical scan planes of the reflector surface 10 for the unscanned and 30° scanned beam radiation patterns of FIGS. 9 and 10, respectively.
Once performance is optimized for the 0° and 30° scanned beams, the performance of the reflector surface 10 is verified over its full field of view. To do this, it is necessary to find the feed point for a given angle of scanning which provides substantially the best quality beam. However, the problem of finding the best feed point is complicated by the fact that the feed points do not lie in the y=0 plane, as they do in the symmetric case as disclosed in Applicant's copending patent application cited above.
The 30° scanned feed point Was initially found by parameterizing along a ray extended at a 30° angle to the z-axis, as shown in FIG. 5. The optimal feed points for intermediate angles should therefore lie on a similar ray extended at the desired scan angle from the Z-axis. Since the unscanned feed point lies below the y=0 plane, this implies that the optimal points for intermediate angles will also lie below this plane, and the above-described ray must be projected down by some amount in the Y-direction. There exists a plane defined by the unscanned and original scanned feed points and the intersection of the surface with the Z-axis; this is chosen to be the plane onto which the ray will be projected. For the region between the unscanned and scanned feed points, this plane represents intermediate y values, ensuring that the Y-coordinate of any intermediate feed point will be below the y=0 plane and above the unscanned feed point. The resulting projected ray will represent the locus of possible feed points which form the desired angle with the z-axis and lie an appropriate distance below the y=0 plane. By observing the error surfaces generated by various points along this ray, an optimum feed point for each scan angle is chosen which minimizes the resulting error surface. Further adjustment can be made by changing the incident angle of the ray from the value of the desired scan angle. This will remove any tilt in the plane of scan which may be evident in the error surface. The Y-coordinate of the chosen point can also be adjusted away from the above-described plane, but this did not improve the errors.
FIG. 3 shows the projection of the locus of feed points, referred to as a focal arc 20, onto the X-Z plane with respect to the surface profile at y=0. FIG. 4 shows this same locus of points projected onto the X-Y plane, showing the negative y values of these points.
The surface of the preferred embodiment performs well over the full field of view, and in some cases even better than the original scan angles of 0° and 30°. Table 2 shows the full field-of-view performance from 0° to 30°, including the feed point, the center of the illuminated aperture circle on the reflector surface, the peak gain, and the highest sidelobe level for each beam scanned. Due to the symmetry of the antenna about the Y-Z plane, the corresponding values for the scan angles from 0° to -30° are identical when the values of x in the table are multiplied by -1.
TABLE 2______________________________________ PeakScan Feed point Center of Gain SidelobeAngle (xf, y'f, zf) Aperture (dB) Lev. (dB)______________________________________ 0° (0.0000, -0.0226, 0.0073) xc = 0.00 39.27 -13.48 5° (0.0803, -0.0188, 0.0000) xc = 0.03 39.29 -13.4110° (0.1607, -0.0150, -0.0075) xc = 0.06 39.31 -13.3715° (0.2395, -0.0113, -0.0140) xc = 0.10 39.34 -13.3120° (0.3193, -0.0075, -0.0210) xc = 0.15 39.36 -13.4825° (0.3979, -0.0038, -0.0300) xc = 0.19 39.34 -13.9630° (0.4744, 0.0054, -0.0410) xc = 0.20 39.21 -13.99______________________________________
FIG. 13 shows the peak gain versus scan angle, using the scale on the left side of the graph to represent peak gain in dB, and highest sidelobe level versus scan angle, using the right side of the graph to represent highest sidelobe level, for the offset reflector surface of the invention. These curves are superimposed over the performance curve of a paraboloid with an equally sized illuminated aperture and a focal length f=0.92, and a symmetric reflector surface with an equally sized illuminated aperture from Applicant's copending application Ser. No. 07/370,701. The horizontal axis represents scan angle. The optimal source points for the paraboloid are found using the same methods used for the offset surface of the present invention, except the feed points are all located on the X-Z plane. The performance of the offset reflector is relatively constant across the field of view, remaining close to 39 dB from 0° to 30°, and is therefore superior to the parabola at the greater scanning angles, i.e., from 20° to 30°.
It is also useful to compare the aperture efficiency and the degree of aberration of the offset surface to that of the parabolic torus reflector. The offset surface of the invention illuminates an area of πr2 =0.1963 for the desired illuminated aperture diameter of 0.5. The total reflector area defined by the locus of these circular apertures from -30° to +30° as shown in FIG. 6 is (0.5)(0.4)+πr2 =0.3963, giving an aperture efficiency of 49.54%. A torus reflector, using the same performance parameters as the offset surface, would have a circular profile in the X-Z plane with radius R5 =2f=1/2r1 =1.834. A portion of the surface centered at x=f=0.92 is illuminated to generate a beam scanned 30° away from the Z-axis. If this torus illuminates an aperture of diameter D=0.5, the total reflector area necessary for ±30° scanning will be (0.5)(1.834)+πr2 =1.113, resulting in a surface 2.8 times as large, and an aperture efficiency of only 17.64%; clearly less than the 49.54% aperture efficiency of the offset surface of the invention.
The phase errors associated with this torus embodiment with a radius R of 1.834 are less than those present in the offset scanning surface of the invention. However, if the dimensions of the torus reflector are altered to yield the same 49.5% aperture efficiency, the resulting phase errors are not only larger in magnitude, but are spherical in nature, which causes an unacceptable amount of beam degradation.
It is also useful to compare the performance of the offset reflector antenna of the present invention to that of the symmetric antenna disclosed in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/370,701. The peak gain for the offset reflector is as good or better than the peak gain for the symmetric reflector, while the sidelobe level is between 0.5 and 1.0 dB higher for the offset reflector. This is due to a slightly larger amount of coma in the offset reflector's phase errors, which are more difficult to suppress due to the asymmetry of the offset reflector geometry.
As a further feature of the invention, the offset reflector antenna exhibits good vertical scanning performance. The feed points are selected for vertically scanned beams using a similar method as was used to select the horizontal scan feed points: estimate the proper location, translate in x and y until the beam peak points in the desired direction, and then refocus along the central ray to the illuminated circle center until the global phase errors are minimized. This was done for beams scanned in elevation at 0° horizontal scanning and for combinations of horizontal and vertical scanning.
FIGS. 14 and 15 show the peak gains and highest sidelobe levels respectively for beams within the same ±30° horizontal scanning range as above, and with a vertical scanning range of -30° to +15°. Each data point on these plots was obtained by optimizing a phase surface, and then plotting the peak gain and sidelobe level for an associated radiation pattern as a function of the vertical and horizontal scan component for each scan angle within the combined scanning range. The uniformity of levels shows that most beams scanned anywhere within this scanning range are relatively focused and well-formed. Only at extremely negative vertical scan angles and corners does the performance degrade. Unfortunately, for large negative vertical scan angles, the feeds block the aperture, diminishing some of the advantage of the offset configuration. However, it must be noted that this two-dimensional scanning is not possible with any other type of single reflector surface except a spherical cap, for which every feed blocks its own beam. A torus reflector, though acceptable for horizontal scanning, performs poorly for vertical scanning.
The reflector antenna of the invention is shaped differently from the usual paraboloid antenna. It is formed by combining attributes of a paraboloid oriented to direct rays in an unscanned direction with attributes of a pair of identical paraboloids oriented to direct rays ±30° away from the unscanned direction. The surface of the antenna is represented by a 12-term, sixth-order equation, where the coefficients of the equation are found using a least square analysis and an error minimization technique. Scanning is performed by a plurality of feeds each disposed at an optimum location for each desired scan angle.
The offset reflector has a large range of vertical scanning as well as horizontal scanning. Almost all the beams horizontally scanned can simultaneously be vertically scanned from -30° to +15°. This large two-dimensional field of view, coupled with high aperture efficiency and an offset geometry that significantly reduces feed blockage makes reflectors made according to the method of the invention superior to currently employed scanning reflector systems.
The blockage which occurs in the symmetric reflector embodiment is substantially reduced for the offset reflector embodiment, while performance remains comparable. Peak gain is comparable, although the first sidelobe level is slightly higher for the offset embodiment. As was shown, tapering of the aperture distribution allows for much lower sidelobe levels. A parabolic torus reflector using the same dimensions must be nearly three times larger to scan ±30°.
Other modifications and implementations will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention as claimed. Accordingly, the above description is not intended to limit the invention except as indicated in the following claims.
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|U.S. Classification
|343/840, 343/912, 343/914
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 6, 1991
Owner name: NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY A MA CORPORATION, MASSA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:RAPPAPORT, CAREY M.;REEL/FRAME:005852/0015
Effective date: 19910503
|Apr 19, 1994
|Certificate of correction
|Jun 24, 1996
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jun 21, 2000
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jul 14, 2004
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Dec 29, 2004
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Feb 22, 2005
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20041229


text:
$5.99The nationally bestselling author of The Amen Sisters and Up Pops the Devil, Angela Benson is one of the most exciting voices in contemporary African-American fiction. Her blistering family saga, Sins of the Father, is another glorious demonstration of her superior storytelling prowess. The tale of a wealthy black entre...
$5.99An inspirational story about the allure of fame and the faith that binds a family forever . . .Delilah Monroe has done everything in her power to keep her three daughters strong since the death of her husband. And a big part of that connection is their singing group, Delilah's Daughters. Veronica, Roxanne, and Alisha each have their own unique sense of self, but they all share the dream of Delilah
$6.99Two hard years in prison have changed Wilford "Preacher" Winters for the better. He did his time, now he's going to "do the right thing." But the women in his life have other ideas.Tanya, the sleek and sexy mother of his two kids, is much too comfortable with her pearls-and-Porsche lifestyle, and she'll do whatever it takes to maintain it...His sister, Loretta, kept "the business" running smoothly
$4.99AWARDS and RECOGNITIONWinner, EMMA Award for Best Inspirational RomanceFinalist, Best Inspirational Romance of the Year, Shades of Romance MagazineFinalist, Reviewer's Choice Award, Romance in ColorREVIEWS"Abiding Hope takes a look at faith and the importance of it in each of our lives. . .This is a wonderful story that is sure to make the reader reflect on his/her own spiritual life." -Romance in
$4.99The Amen Sisters, A Genesis House Novel". . .Kudos to Ms. Benson for dealing with one of the last remaining taboo topics in today's church in such a straightforward and compassionate manner. " -Fallen Angel Reviews". . .a bold and gritty look at sexual abuse in the church. . ." -Book Buzz at APOOO Bookclub". . . a rich, multifaceted work of Christian Fiction that is both timely and realistic."
$4.99A novel in the Sweet Passion series.Class bigotry is alive and well in the small southern town of Gaines. The residents of the affluent Rosemont section hold the less fortunate residents of the Dusttown section in disdain. As a young girl from Dusttown in love with a boy from Rosemont, Marlena Rhodes experienced the pain that kind of bigotry inflicts. While that bigotry destroyed her relationship
$3.99CHRISTMAS BELLS, WEDDING BELLS? Five months before Christmas, his old love gave to him a child he never knew he had. But Dillon Bell had been betrayed once before by this woman; dare he believe Monique's son was truly his? Three months before Christmas, Dillon was embracing daddyhood, but now faced a different dilemma. For Monique had warmed his icy heart. Had him whistling Christmas carols and
$4.99A novel in the Sweet Passion series.Do women really want a nice guy? Computer security specialist Reggie Stevens doesn't think so. He's a nice guy who's been dumped by several women and each woman left him for a man who treated her badly. Do men really want a nice woman? Reporter Kimberla Washington doesn't think so. Her experience tells her that men really want a clone of the swimsuit models
$4.99Will the past ruin their future together?CeCe Williams and Nate Richardson were not looking to fall in love. After being deserted by her son's father, CeCe was content making a life for herself and her four-year-old son. Nate, recovering from a recent divorce, devoted his energies to his job as director of Genesis House, a social services center in inner city Atlanta. Neither is prepared for what
$3.99What was a marriage of convenience?Little Wendy Sanders needed a new mommy, and her hunky single dad, Kenny, could sure use a wife. So why not Wendy's 'Aunt' Patsy Morgan, who gave good girl talk and dressed real cool? After all, Patsy was Kenny's best buddy-practically family already.Hurray! Kenny proposed. And Patsy devoted herself to motherhood. But Wendy was confused. Shouldn't mommies and
Genesis House Inspirational Romance and Family Drama Boxed Set: 3-in-1Genesis House. Real life. Real love. Real faith.Awakening MercyFinalist, Christy Award for Excellence in Christian FictionFinalist, RITA Award for Excellence in Romance FictionWill the past ruin their future together?CeCe Williams and Nate Richardson were not looking to fall in love. After being deserted by her son's father, CeCe was content making a life for herself and her four-year-old son.
$4.99A novel in the Sweet Passion seriesFor better, for worse . . . for richer, for poorer.Newlyweds Joshua and Gloria Martin are a middle-class professional couple, well on their way to achieving the American dream. When Josh loses his job, their plans for the future take a stark detour and their marriage faces its biggest challenge.Though Gloria is supportive of her husband, Josh's self-esteem takes

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Alberta, Halifax, Montreal, Ottawa, Peterborough, Toronto, Vancouver, Victoria
Costa Rica
Czech Republic
Saudia Arabia
Trinidad and Tobago
United Kingdom
Belfast, Edinburgh, Glasgow, London, Nottingham, Oxford, York
United States
Atlanta, Baltimore, Chicago, Detroit, Duke University NC, Houston, Las Vegas, Lawrence KS, Los Angeles, Lubbock TX, Manhattan KS, New Orleans, New York City, Pittsburgh, Twin Cities
"Darling, is it the way you dress?"
This was the response a man gave to me on a Paris metro car, after I shouted at him, "Why are you bothering me?" For the past several minutes, he'd made sure to stand too close to me, causing me to move away from him twice, and put his hand on top of mine, while holding the support pole in the middle of the car. All threatening behavior ~ claiming space, pushing my boundaries, seeing how far he could go. I remember looking around, but no one else was in the car to see what was happening. It made me so angry and resentful to think that I would have to change cars and essentially run away from this creep, but I did.
At the time, I was just twenty years old, living abroad for my junior year in college. I had come from the protected and respectful environment of my college campus, Sarah Lawrence, and wasn't used to this type of treatment at all.
However, it was his WORDS, perhaps even more than his actions that shocked the hell out of me. I'm embarrassed to say that instead of instantly recognizing his statement for what it was ~ a dangerous manipulation ~ I immediately took stock of what I was wearing, which I still remember to this day: black opaque stockings, black high-heeled Mary Janes, a black turtleneck with a cream-striped wool skirt with attached suspenders that my grandmother had made for me. It was above-the-knee, but I thought the sensibility was more cute than come-hither.
Now admit it, did you find yourself, even for just a second, evaluating the modesty of my outfit, even if it was to agree with me about the "un-sexiness" of it? If so, you are not alone, because it's the tendency of every human being to wonder how WE could have controlled circumstances better, how WE could be less vulnerable to attack, and of course, to ask ourselves why WE were the unlucky target of a predator.
We, We, We, indeed.
We are assaulted in the street because we are women, not because we are "packaged" like women. Assault and harassment are about domination, not about sexual attraction, but it's still so easy to fall into internalizing responsibility for an attack. One of the reasons that it's so hard to get beyond this, is the fact that so many powerful segments of society still believe a woman can defend herself merely by putting on the "right" piece of clothing when she walks out the door.
Just this February, a member of the Toronto police force was censured for making the comment to Osgoode Hall Law School students that "women should avoid dressing like sluts in order not to be victimized." Yes, he really went there. Let's take yet another ride on the victim-blaming carousel. This did not occur in some backwater, but on the campus of a major metropolitan center which had been the scene of violent sexual attacks in recent years.
Mistreating people, then informing them that it's their fault are the actions of an abuser. This manipulation is designed to cause guilt, shame, and a sense of responsibility in the victim. If there are even small pockets of law enforcement that still feel the way this officer did, then we've got an entirely new class of abusers to deal with ~ the second tier, so to speak, which we've got to educate and at the same time, mentally steel ourselves against, if we are victims. This is imperative, because it's clear that predators are just one link in the cycle of violence against women.
What will it take for us to wake up, to stop shifting responsibility away from predators? Perhaps a sense of empathy for others, and the certain knowledge that self-expression in the form of dress can never be an acceptable excuse to victimize someone, not in a truly free society.
Peace and Balance,
Hi. I am a pre-op transsexual woman, and I have lived in West Hartford for over 11.5 years. I have been 'out' since May of 2006, and have worn women's clothing 100% of the time since then. My life has been about transition since coming out.
Some people read me as 'guy wearing women's clothing,' and other people read me as 'woman,' or 'girl,' it is hard to tell.
I am writing because I read about this website in Marie Claire earlier this afternoon, and was catcalled at about 2:10 pm today not very far from where I live. The people who catcalled me were roofers working on someone's house. I was walking down the street, which I do quite often, and I was starting to feel good on my walk. I had just passed a woman who was on a bicycle and she smiled and said hello to me. I started to feel better and was going over my thoughts in my head when I looked across the street to my right, and there was a man staring at me. I quickly looked away, but not before they had seen me and I heard a loud yell from one of the roofers on the roof, responding to me. I tried to get a gauge of the situation but I could not, there were three or four of them and I wanted to look away and get out of there. I felt lower energy after they catcalled me and had a frown on my face. Before they did that I was smiling and I felt good about myself. West Hartford is a very negative energy place, and there are lots of these types of people around here. I usually avoid them, but I cannot always.
I had an experience a week ago Friday, as well.
I was coming out of the salon, where I had just gotten my haircut, and I had had a very good appointment. I walked about 30 feet down the street and I heard someone from the corner of my awareness say 'Hi Sweetheart.' I knew immediately that it was a deadbeat in a truck, and so I didn't look. He then moved his truck closer and I heard him say 'Hi Sweetie.' I looked, and he had his window rolled down and had slowed down to do this to me, and I gave him the finger. He seemed to feel some sense of fulfillment, then he went on his way.
I have been catcalled by young girls on that street, as well.
I have also had a young girl take my photo, as well.
I have had truckers honk their horns, a man shout from his pickup truck in a busy Blue Back Square, men who were working for the town whistle at me across the street, a man catching my attention to blow kisses at me from his pickup truck, and I have had a man stalking me in his van in Avon, CT.
These experiences leave me feeling unsafe, uncomfortable, nervous, frightened and scared, and I often will have difficulty sleeping at night after an experience like these, depending on the severity and the situation.
I rarely seek help with these experiences, although I do talk in therapy, and often will talk with friends about it.
I feel as though I cannot control what these people do, so I try to ignore it.
Today I wondered if those men who had catcalled felt better after doing it, or worse. I know that I would feel terrible if I did to someone what they did to me. I know that I felt slightly less after they did that to me than I did a split second before they did, so it confuses me as to why these men do this.
I can only hope that men like this will become obsolete over time, and have to either change their ways or be outcast themselves.
I would like to see catcalling, bullying, ridiculing or otherwise verbally harassing someone = mandatory 2 years in jail.
Thank you for the ability to write this information.
no comments
A white car stopped to let me cross the street at El Cerrito Plaza. Suddenly, I start to hear strange noises that sounded like animals. The animals were the two men in that white car who screamed aloud so that anybody in the street could notice I was the "cause" of all that noise (at least that's how I felt). Then they said something about my ass.
I'm not American, English is not my mother tongue and I felt so desperate that I couldn't find the words to respond to that assault. I just crossed the street as if nothing happened, as if no stupid animal full of testosterone was in that car.
I'm really only sharing this story for two reasons:
1. I said nothing at the time and venting about it here with be something of a catharsis.
2. My mom is an old-school feminist. For context, she joined the boy's track team back in the day–despite hearty protests by parents and staff–in order to force the school system to instate female sports teams. In other words, my mom is awesome and I want to express why.
My home town is a pretty nice area, but it's also the hub of a lot of tourist activity. My basic rule is to avoid downtown at all costs because while the locals are typically upstanding folk, the tourists we attract are usually… well…
My mom and I stopped off at a gas station the other day on our way to go shopping and when we were returning to our car we saw that a van of at least four guys had parked beside us.
I've had so many experiences with cat-callers that I was filled with dread at the very idea of walking by. The driver even had his door opened, blocking my way to the passenger door. "Oh great," I thought. "Here we go."
But before I even got close, he pulled his door closed and for a brief moment hope filled me. Perhaps this was not going to be yet another story I'd share with my friends to the tune of "Why in God's name do men behave like–"
Or not.
And it was not simply one of them, but all of them howling and shouting and trying to get my attention.
I ignored them, got in the car, and pulled the door shut.
But my Mom? She didn't say anything. She never has to. She simply gave them one look–a look capable of melting steel–and IMMEDIATELY the abuse stopped. The driver even began to wave his hands in a way that highly resembled someone pleading to not be shot.
This is not the first time my mom has put an end to abuse without saying a single word. She is only 5'2 and 100lbs, but if you holla at her daughter, she will rock you with just one look.
By LAUREN ZINK
"…we need to highlight the fact that most men are not violent or abusive in their relationships. To these men I would say — speak out. Let it be known among your peers that you do not support or condone abuse. This is important, because men who use violence in their relationships often assume that the men they know do too. We need to change that belief system, and it's other men who can most effectively get that message across. In some of the gang rapes we have heard about, many people knew what was happening, but chose not to intervene or get help. I know that it is not easy for men to step forward, but it can make a real difference." – Lynn Rosenthal, first-ever White House Advisor on Violence Against Women
Hollaback Atlanta's Lauren Zink discusses the importance of male allies and responsible bystanders in the movement to end sexual violence: Let's Hear it For the Boys
While we won't crown the MTA with official Hollaback Hero status just yet, they are certainly on their way.
This neon blue 'Help Point' was spotted at a 6 train station, and the new subway announcement encouraging riders to 'say something' not only if they are the victims of unlawful sexual conduct but also if they see it has already gone into effect. Readers reported hearing it at the 49th St. subway station last Friday.
Use these blue help points to report creeps, wankers, gropers, and stalkers. We'll be keeping our eye out for other possible improvements in the system, like respectful MTA and NYPD employees who respond appropriately to reports of abuse.
cross posted from The Times-Delphic
I'm not sure exactly how it became socially acceptable to honk and catcall at girls when you, see us walking around Des Moines, but I assure you it doesn't turn us on. I promise I'm not jogging so that you can creepily watch me, and these Target gym shorts I'm wearing are not for your benefit.
Here are a few things that girls don't think when you honk and/or catcall at them:
That boy must be hot and well-endowed.
Oh baby, I love being objectified.
Yes, in fact, I do want to get in your car with you.
Let me just start by informing you that I am not even a little bit attractive when I am jogging. I promise there is nothing about my appearance that could possibly entice you to honk at me. And if I'm wearing high heels and a skirt that goes up to Tahiti, it's still creepy and misogynistic when you honk at me—I promise.
What exactly do you expect to come of your honking/objectifying slur encounter? I have no idea who you are, and since you've now insinuated that I'm a veritable piece of meat, I really don't want to find out. I promise no level of "Hey girl, what you doing tonight?" will make me want to get into the back of your Corolla.
It does not make me feel excited that I've finally caught your attention, which I was so seeking, because I am not seeking your attention. Also, those girls walking a block ahead of me? They don't want it either. Really. And when my friend flips you off and I yell, "hell, yeah, sexism!" this is not an invitation for you to come back and say "hi."
When you honk and catcall at us, it may seem like innocent flirting to you. Perhaps you think you flatter us with your witty attention, or you're showing off for the charming boys also residing in your car. I like to think that you honk because you're compensating for something. Or maybe you're chastising me for being a woman jogging at night, a reminder that the streets are not safe for us poor, fragile little girls. Because here's what it feels like when you call out to me: a threat.
This is what actually goes through my head when you honk: What if he turns around and comes after me? Why does he automatically think he can intimidate and objectify me? Is 'idiot' contagious?
When you honk and yell demeaning things as I pass your car or house, it does not make me want to get to know you better. It actually makes me want to slap you.
This street is not yours and neither is any part of me you can see while I walk down University Avenue. It's ridiculous that you can generally walk around without fear of harassment from passing cars, but for women, it's expected that we suck it up and take it in stride every time we leave a building.
Weirdly enough, I have the right to walk somewhere without being called out to, honked at or leered at, no matter what time of day or type of attire, and just because you can't meet girls in a normal context does not make it OK for you to be a jerk. Leave me alone, and take your sexist, drunken, creepy friends with you.
Want to speak up about street harassment and have your writing published on a website visited by thousands of people a year? Hollaback! is seeking submissions for our first ever essay contest! Winners will have their essays published in Sistersong's "Collective Voices" and posted under the "resources" section of the site.
The subject of the essay contest is "Academic Discourse and Street Harassment: Where are we now, and where can we go from here?"
In order to answer this question, we are looking for students in all academic disciplines: if you're a future law student, write us an essay on the legal issues pertaining to street harassment, the gaps in legislative protection and the possibilities for legal change. If you're into feminist theory, write to us about how feminist movements have addressed this issue. If you're interested in international affairs, tell us how different countries have challenged this issue. If you're into math, submit a statistical analysis.
Any college or graduate students are eligible. The best articles will be published on the ihollaback.org website this summer, and will be judged on the basis of academic rigor, clarity, writing style, and their potential to advance the field of street harassment. Financial or other forms of compensation will not be provided, but you can rest assured that your efforts will make the world safer for everyone.
To be eligible, you must:
1) Be a currently enrolled college or graduate student.
2) Submit an unpublished academic work of 2000-6000 words on the topic provided.
3) Submit by August 1, 2011.
Please submit all essays to [email protected]
Entrees will be judged on a scale of 1-10 based on four criteria:
1) Writing skill: including clarity, articulation of arguments, etc.
a. Is the writing clear? Are the arguments presented in a straightforward and logical way?
2) Writing style:
a. Is the writing compelling? Does it engage the reader? Is the writing stylistic and imaginative?
3) Impact: The degree to which the essay contributes something new to the field in which the topic is situated.
a. Does the essay describe the ways in which it presents a unique contribution? Does the author situation him/herself in the context of current academic debates on the subject?
4) Relevance of topic and presentation: Does this topic matter to the work of hollaback?
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Walking, not having a good day, have my headphones in.
Some old guy loudly says hi, I mumble hi back and keep walking, he keeps shouting at me long after I have passed by.
I just ignored him so didn't really hear what he was saying, but he was clearly pissed off that I didn't stop to talk with him.
Guess what, folks? Sometimes people have bad days and are not going to be all smiles, and WOMEN ARE PEOPLE, TOO.
Some random stranger angrily shouting that I should smile more and pretty ladies should be friendlier isn't going to make my bad day any better.
Dear Jackson Heights Chachi, internet troll, chicaschicas2, bungabunga, chaci1, genius at IP address 188.8.131.52 and 22.214.171.124 (did you move or get new internet service in December?)
While we realize that you're probably very lonely and angry, we're beginning to become a little concerned for your wellbeing.
Maybe you're so wrapped up in trolling the internet and leaving insightful comments that you don't realize it has become an obsession and it is probably eating away at your already diminished mental health.
Since December you've left close to 50 comments on various posts on our site, some of them only minutes apart, usually very late at night (but at all times of day, really) when you should be sleeping soundly or out having fun with friends. And while we have published none of them, you continue to leave them. They offer such contributions to society and progressive social thought as:
"I touched ma ass. I'm turning myself in. Where do I go to get my brain enema?"
"endonde esta el bathroom? I need to do caci! Muchas gracias!"
"Chicas? Where can I find Lulu's international house of chicas?"
"someone touched my peepee on the train. can you help me?"
"Got my rub on with my cat. Pass it on. I look at a girl's booty on the train and now I'm full of guilt and remorse so flagellated myself while at the same time passing gas. It was awful. Pass it on."
"Men of America, if you're not a buff and thick top man like myself and you can't live without your fish, forget U.S. women, they are not worth all their bullshit. Go overseas asap. Trust me. Leave the women on these shores to bitch and moan with each other. Pass it on."
"Chicas chicas"
"Don't hate punk bitches. love, Don Juan poo poo pants."
and of course, the Chachi classic:
Your sense of humor is truly charming, we imagine that's why you're at home thinking about fish and chicas so often.
We'll be blocking your IP address so that even we can't see your sweet sweet poetry (as you can understand, the redundancy is getting a little boring), but please seek help for yourself.
Thanks and good luck,
p.s. Say yes to fish!


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A space of advocacy and information advancing causes of social justice, LGBTQ rights, peace, funding for public education, environmental protection and animal welfare in Oklahoma and throughout the world.
23.09.16 -
(The manslaughter charge against Shelby doesn't mean much right now in terms of justice. It's probably only intended to calm things down on the Tulsa streets.—Kurt Hochenauer) Black Lives Matter March Planned In Tulsa News9 https://t.co/TaRqBZkjWI...
21.09.16 -
I'll ask all the excruciating questions the so-called "mainstream" corporate media here won't in the weeks to come: Is Tulsa Police Officer Betty Shelby, a white woman, and her fellow officer accomplices pretty much ruthless killers for apparently...
19.09.16 -
(A Planned Parenthood leader also announced that the clinic on 23rd Street in Oklahoma City will get a complete renovation. That's great news! Planned Parenthood, it should be noted, does not provide abortions in Oklahoma, but I would fully support...


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Grampball Jookabox's Ropechain Is Vaguely Offensive Collage-Pop
There's a song on Ropechain that encapsulates the album's frustrating duality perfectly. It's a snarky little number titled "The Girl Ain't Preggers," kicking off in the me-first macho vein of Spoon's "Waiting for the Kid to Come Out." Sampled drums slam, a funky bassline snaps like a thick rubber band, and David Adamson—the Indianapolis-based ringleader cracked enough to name his project after babyspeak for "Grandpa Jukebox"—sets about explaining why he's not fit for fatherhood: "I need some money right now/Ain't got no money/I can't pay for no baby/I need some food right now/I wanna eat/Can't feed no baby." The self-deprecation parade marches on and on, gathering handclaps and bell-chimes like dander, until our slang-slinging protagonist is actually sort of bummed that he isn't becoming a dad after all. With Ropechain, the emotional turnaround's reversed: An initial, burning desire to hate everything about this album—the stylistic mish-mash, the artistic blackface, the blah cover art—gives way to wary admiration, even though it's hard to shake the sense that its creator's something of a jerk.
Adamson's no Beck, but these days, who is? On "You Will Love My Boom," he posits a version of the Jimi Hendrix Experience where the groundbreaking maestro doesn't wring gallons of noxious feedback from his ax; on the majestically overblown "I Will Save Young Michael," he gives Jacko a series of deeply sincere pep talks. "Black Girls," meanwhile, places its titular subjects up on an electro-industrial pedestal without going all "Kill Whitey party" about it: "Black girls walk on tips of mountains/Jump in seas like they was fountains/Convince the earth to turn around again." Adamson's awe is inspiring to behold, and there's an important lesson buried in Grampall Jookabox's pop-collage growers: Never underestimate the audacity of dopes.
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(H/T: Hot Air Headlines) I refuse to believe that Eric Alterman is dumb enough to not know the answer to the questions:
Why in the world did he go blabbing about it? What did he possibly think he had to gain?
...if only because his essay* rather conspicuously danced around even trying to work out a rationale - which is odd, because said rationale is really fairly simple. In reverse order: what Joe Sestak thought that he had to gain was the Democratic nomination for Pennsylvania Senate. He was the underdog against the establishment candidate (and turncoat) Arlen Specter: the White House was on the other side; and Sestak was using an anti-establishment gambit. So he became the Guy Who Wouldn't Be Bought.
As to why Sestak's still blabbing about it: well, now that he's won the nomination - and, incidentally, been bought - I'm sure he doesn't want to be. But there's the pesky problem that he did use this incident to campaign - something that few (if any) of the supposed counter-examples offered by Establishment Democratic flunkies did themselves - and it does happen to be illegal, and the official explanation is fairly slapdash, and gets more so with every new iteration. And as the above links show, this was as much an issue to the GOP back in February (when Specter was still the favorite) as it is in May, and will be in June, July, August, September, October, and the first few days of November...
...after which, it will of course become merely a footnote to Pat Toomey's election.
Moe Lane
*Executive summary: Joe Sestak is a Bad Man for bringing up something that is no big deal and everybody does, even if it is technically illegal and stuff, and the White House is simultaneously not at fault, perfect, and messing things up.
Crossposted to Moe Lane.


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Last week, we reported the launch of Ecocho, a custom search engine that promises to plant up to 2 trees for every 1,000 searches. Users could choose to search either Yahoo or Google in their quest to help the planet.
But just one day after Earth Day, word has come that Google isn't so cool with Ecocho's modus operandi. It seems the mission of the green-minded site doesn't jibe with Google's Adsense policy, which prohibits the compensation of third parties through the promise of performed searches.
Searchers can still embark on "green" searches using Yahoo via Ecocho, and now there's even a "black version," meaning it displays a dark background (and not a niche search site for African-Americans), which some think uses less energy.
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July 29 2013
That's right, the T-Bar Market in the Granite Peaks Lodge is now open 7 days a week from 10AM to 5PM (open until 6PM Fri/Sat/Sun). There is espresso, ice cream, sandwiches, snacks and more! While heading over the pass, stop for a break and take in some fresh mountain air!
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