text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Apr 20, 1954
|Filing date
|Aug 18, 1951
|Priority date
|Aug 18, 1951
|Publication number
|Middleton Arthur E, Peet Charles S, Reynolds Donald C
|Original Assignee
|Cons Mining & Smelting Co
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (6), Classifications (21)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
April 20, 1954 A. E. MIDDLETON ETAL 2,676,112 PHOSPHOR PRODUCT CONTAINING INDIUM v AND METHOD OF' PRODUCING SAME 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed Aug. 18, 1951 f i@ e HIM 5 .w Mmmm um 1 www www wr ./.lh .M 5 E n n .U/d I .l DIM/.m .M/MM TW H0 M m HAMW .IIIL ||||||I||IJ e 3 3 M wm H M W w .MMI W5 .MMH|VMWN.W.MM$M.H Nl 0 .m H M FAM DI Mm T ru 8 m S e .u mwmwml, IL: wlw@ Ham m m DI m L v M .m MMC. 0.me WMFWWFWMWI IL: mmm wsm naw E c n. ma, C d A .nl s .n mmmambmmll IL .l l Ma www m m 2 C00/ and Pulver/'ze I Aci/'vater -I Pu/verize 3mm Hmmm s mm@ 1d NMR if WMM. Mm WECMW W rde l In ull zw o hmm W .1n0h ADC Add sind;-
6am 0u! /f Des/rad Gal/lade Ray Samen April 20, 1954 A. -E.M|DDLET0N ET Al. 2,676,112
PHosPHoR PRODUCTv CONTAINING INDIUM AAND VMETHOD oF PRODUCING SAME .Fild Aug. 18, 1951 Powdered [H253 /Base Phosphor Spraying Appara/us Dispersion of [H253 Base Phosphor in Binder Selur/'en M253 Base Phosphor and Binder Ga//mde-Ray Tube .Elec/ran Gun Pain! Spray of Ines, Base wspher and Binder Coat/'ng of [H253 Base Phosphor and Binder FIL/@restent Image ep EMR. MECS rd V1 m M 5 W op o w m M ma w U c s AGE/V75.
Apnl 20, 1954 A. E. MIDDLETON ETAL 2,676,112
PHosPHoR PRODUCT CDNTAINING INDIUM AND METHOD oF PRDDUCING SAME 3 Sheets-Sheet 3 Filed Aug. 18, 1951 v w .w d A u ,0 .n w m m P su m.
Wave/engin, Angs/roms FIG. 8
Yellow Cen/er SLE.
4000 A 5000 A 6000 'f4 7000 id /NVENTRS Arthur E. Middleton Donald C. Reynolds Charles S. Peet AGE/VTS Patented Apr. Z0, 1954 PHOSPHOR PRODUCT CONTAINING INDIUM AND METHOD OF PRODUCING SAME Arthur E. Middleton, Donald C. Reynolds, and- Charles S. Peet, Columbus, Ohio, assignors, by mesne assignments, to rEhe Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada, Limited, Trail, British Columbia, Canada, a corporation of British Columbia, Canada Application August 18, 1951, Serial No. 242,564
" 17`o1aims. (o1. Tir-33.5)
This invention relates to new and novel phosphors and, more particularly, to phosphors of indium. Specically, this invention relates to indium compounds which are made into phospho'rs or rendered nuoresoent, to compositions containing. such phosphors and characterized by their. ability to be readily applied to base materials, to methods or processes'of making such phosphors and compositions, to articles containing vsuch Vphosphors andv compositions, and to methods of making these articles.
f Phosphors have found many uses in industry in. recent years land notable among these are Where phosphors have been used in cathode ray tubes, such as radarscopes and television tubes. Phosphors have also been employed to make fluorescent paints for use in screens and signs. scintillation counters provide other media for the use of phosphors. With the advent of television, the demandvfor phosphors, which will respond to electron bombardment, as Well as other radiation, and emit colored light or be fluorescent in certain color ranges of the spectrum, 'has greatly increased, and, therefore, it is an important object of the present invention to'aord a new and novel phosphor, which will respond to the usual exciting means, including electron bombardment, and will be fluorescent in certain color ranges of the spectrum, thereby increasing the availability and use of phosphors particularly in color television. Although many compositions, including indium itself and its compounds, are not fluorescent, a way has now been found to make indium phosphors, or an indium-base compound, which fluoresces and emits certain colors, and it, therefore, is another object of this invention to provide a new and novel indium-base phosphor compound which will respond to radiation and be fluorescent in certain color ranges of the spectrum.
It is yet another object of this invention to provide a method of making such an indium phosphor compound.
It is still another object of this invention to provide a new and novel indium phosphor composition suitable for dipping, dusting, roller-coating, and spraying, on a basis material to makea coating or screen which will fluoresce when radiated.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a method of applying said phosphor, and/ or phosphor composition, to a base material.
. .It is astilliurtherobject of this invention to provide an article having a coating thereon of an indium phosphor, and/or composition containing lan indium phosphor compound.
It is again an object of this invention to provide a method of producing indium compound base phosphors and/or phosphor coating`com positions'which arefluorescent in various ranges of the spectrum, and
It is yet again an object of this invention to provide a method of making an article having such nuorescent means.
These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, examples and drawing, wherein:
Fig. 1 is a flow sheet of the method of preparing the new and novel indium phosphor and phosphor composition of this invention and applying it to a base material, and
Fig. 2 illustrates a method of coating a base material with the phosphorcomposition disclosed herein, and
Fig. 3 illustrates a method of applying the phosphor compound of this invention directly to a base material containing an adhesive layer, and
Fig. 4 discloses a cathode yray tube containing the indium phosphor of this invention, and
Fig. 5a and b is an enlarged vertical sectional and front elevational view of a portion of the device shown in Fig; 4, and
Fig. 6 shows a method of utilizing the new and novel phosphor disclosed herein to produce images, and 1 Fig. 7a and b shows a method of spray-painting with the phosphor and exciting the resulting coating, and Y Fig. 8 is an absorption spectra diagram of the phosphor of this invention, and
Fig. 9 is an energy level diagram of the phosphor of this invention. f It has now been found that an indium sulfide base phosphor can be made by crystallizing it from a melt in a vacuum under appropriate conditions of time and temperature by Ause of .a metallic base crystallizing agent and in the presence of a metal-base activator. When excited by X-ray, ultraviolet ray and other radiation, the indium-suliide base phosphor of the present lin vention emits a variety of colors according 'to the kind of crystallizing and activating substances used. Moreover, the phosphor of this invention can be readily incorporated in a binder and sprayed onv a base to form various novel -fluorescent coatings.
It is not precisely known why a major amount of indium suliide containing a minor amount of a metallic halide and of a metal activator vb ecomes fluorescentunder radiation since none `of the` materials, per se, that is indium sulfide, `the metallic base crystallizer, and the metal-base activator from which the indium-sulfide phosphor compound is made, are themselves considered to be fluorescent. As a matter of fact, lnzSs as obtained by known methods is not considered as a possible fluorescent material for it does not have the proper crystal size and structure. If any crystals are present, they are either so few in number and so finely divided, or are in such an unactivated state, that the compound will not iluoresce. However, it is believed that by the process disclosed herein the indium sulde is crystallized in a spinel type of structure by the crystallizer which also may combine with or enter into the indium sulfide lattice or molecule, since some fluorescence is obtained therewith. However, practically all of the fluorescence is due to the metal-base activator` which enters or fuses Within the crystal lattice or matrix of the indium sulfide to provide primary fluorescent centers which can be energized readily by a source of energy. In the present case the crystallizer may also be considered in the sense of a flux while the metal-base activator might be thought of as a foreign impurity atom or molecule providing impurity centers in the indium sulde molecule to result in iluorescence under radiation.
It is not necessary to add a large amount of the crystallizer to the indium sulde; only a sufficient amount need be added or be present in or with the indium sulfide to provide the necessary crystallizing or fluxing action or the proper crystal lattice conducive to reception of activators during heating and cooling.
In the case of the activator, only a very minor amount is needed to provide the desired fluorescence, color and intensity. It is not precisely known how the activator operates, although it is believed that, as discussed above, it enters the crystal lattice of the indium sulfide and causes emission alone or in combination with the crystallizer.
In general, as is readily seen from the ow sheet, Fig. l, indium sulfide can be prepared in a number of ways and added to the crystallizing agent and activator. The mixture is then heated in a vacuum for a period `of time and at a temperature sufcient to cause the flux to form the necessary crystal lattice and for the activator to enter therein to provide fluorescent or impurity 7'- centers resulting in, on cooling, a phosphor or a complex salt of indium sulfide, orystallizer and activator. The resulting iii-ed, solid or fused, phosphor, after being powdered or reduced to a fine state, can be used directly as a fluorescent material by sprinkling it on a base plate and subjecting the powder layer to radiation. However,
`it is much more advantageous and practical to disperse it in a suflicient amount of an adhesive binder and spray it onto the base as disclosed in Fig. 2. The powdered phosphor can also be sprayed as a dry material on to a backing coated with an adhesive or binder, as disclosed in Fig. 3. Fig. 4 shows the new and novel composition of this invention applied to the inner face of a cathode ray or television tube. Fig. 5a and b is an enlarged portion of the television tube screen showing the phosphor existing on the inner face of the tube as a plurality of tiny particles held thereon by a minor portion of the adhesive, the n bulk or remainder of the adhesive having been burned olf to decrease the opacity of the tube and to leave essentially only the fluorescent particles thereon. In Fig. 6 there is shown a base having ya coating of the present phosphor which is caused to exhibit a uorescent pattern when excited by radiation from an X-ray source through a mask or stencil which absorbs part of such rays. Fig. 7a and b illustrates the use of the indium phosphor of this invention to form a painted design which will fluoresce under excitation from an ultraviolet light. The diagram of Fig. 8 gives the spectral distribution of an indium-sulfide phosphor of this invention containing copper as an activator. The phosphor was excited with the 3650 line of mercury. The spectral distribution was measured with a spectrophotometer and the fluorescent intensity was measured with a photomultiplier tube. The emission band of this phosphor was approximately 1500v wide with a peak at about 5850 which approaches the red portion of the spectrum. This phosphor was compared with an InzSa (untreated) blank. Fig. 9 is an energy level diagram or picture of a phosphor of this invention, having yellow fluorescent centers and showing the possible electronic transitions in the material.
The indium-sulfide activated base or matrix material forms the major or predominating amount of the bulk of the phosphor material, the balance being minor amounts of the crystallizing agent and of the activator, and can be prepared by a number of methods. One method coinprises vacuum evaporatingY indium onto ceramic bases, such as porcelain squares, which are subsequently exposed to HZS gas for one hour while being heated at '700 C. in an enclosed furnace to provide an indium-sulfide lm. The nlm can then be removed from the ceramic base, pulverized, and mixed with the other constituents. Another method is to first pour molten indium on the base which is then heated to from 200 to 230 C. for three hours in an HzS atmosphere. Still another method comprises combining indium and sulfur directly by first pulverizing and mixing the materials together Aand then firing in an HzS atmosphere at red heat wherein the elements combine with incandescence followed by a second pulverizing, mixing, and firing in HzS at from 200 to 370 C. for from two to three hours. The second series of operations is repeated, if desired, to obtain a fully complete conversion of the indium and sulfur into indium sulfide. The best method is to prepare InzSs by chemical methods which reduce the impurity content. This is achieved by first dissolving indium in nitric acid and boiling the solution until In NO3 3 crystallizes out. The nitrate is then fired in air to form InzOs which is next dissolved in HCl to insure that the indium ions are in a valance state of plus three. The pH of the solution is adjusted to 1 to 1.5 and kept constant, while Inzsg is precipitated by passing HzS through the solution. The precipitate is washed thoroughly and then dried in a vacuum oven at 200 C. Before drying, the precipitate is usually yellow but is changed to the typical orange color of amorphous InzS'g by drying. The amorphous material contains about 3 per cent moisture, although this is not critical. VLess pure InzSa can be obtained by dissolving commercially made InCls, In2(SO4)3, or In(NO3)3 in the proper amount of water, correcting the pH as discussed above, and then passing H2S gas through the solution followed by the usual filtering, etc., steps.
The crystallizing or fluxing agent is necessary in order to provide a melt in which the indium sulfide will dissolve and from which it is caused to or will crystallize in a manner such that its lattice will have the proper configuration and will vaccept van activator atom or an impurity will be entrapped there and, thus, it will become Afluorescent under radiation. The crystallizer should melt, orl boil, and not decompose below the melting (sublimation) pointA of indium sulde and becapable of dissolving In2S3 and, on cooling from the melt, of inducing or formingva spinel type of crystalline InzSs. It has beenv found that a metallic halide crystallizing agent such as magnesium chloride, magnesium chloride and sodium bromide, magnesium chloride and sodium chloride, magnesium fluoride and sodium chloride, and magnesium fluoride and sodium bromide are eminently suitable for this purpose as they readily crystallize thel indium sulfidewith th'e'necessary lattice. For the purposes of this invention magnesium chloride plus sodium bromide will be considered as onecrystallizing agent. lThe same applies to magnesium chloride plus vsodium chloride, etc. Magnesiumv fluoride likewise canr be employed as a crystallizing agent, but only appears to perform satisfactorilyv whenv the resulting phosphor is subjected to electron bombardment. However, if it is utilized with sodium chloride, the resulting phosphor will befound useful under all types of radiation disclosed herein. Moreover, some increase in intensification of the phosphor is observed. Thus, 4magnesium fluoride is preferably utilized with sodium chloride which will be considered as one crystallizer. Moreovenpotassium may be substituted for sodium in the above'c'rystallizers with equivalent results. It is obvious 'that other crystallizers, which function like th'e'above, can be utilized without departing from the scope of this invention. The anion of the halides is believed to play an important part in forming such impurity centers, although the cation must also be present. The crystallizer also probably entersV the lattice since weak uorescence has been observed when using certain crystallizers. The other halides of these metals cannot usually be used since they are deliquescent or, at elevated temperatures, they are apt to decompose, sublime, or react violently and, consequently, are not so practical. Moreover, such halides apparently are not absorbed in the crystal lattice of the indium sulfide, since their atomic radii are so large. Thus, the iodides are not too acceptable. The fluorides apparently are also not satisfactory except in special cases, as noted above, or when utilized with sodium chloride, which may modify it or be modified by it.
' The amount of the crystallizing or fluxing material added to the indium sulfide, or which should be present in the crystal lattice thereof, need be only that amount required to provide the necessary crystallization and condition of the InzSz so that it will'absorb the activatorin its lattice. Large amounts are not used, as such appreciably change the color or decrease the intensity of the resulting phosphor, and. are detrimental in that no fluorescence at all will occur. Moreover, large amounts of crystallizing agent ymay increase the'cost of the phosphor out of proportion to the results obtained. Hence, only a very minor amount need be present. For consistently satisfactory results from a practical standpoint, it isnecessary to use a total'of from 0.01 to per cent by weight of the crystallizing agent in, or with, the indium sulfide, and, thus, this'represents a preferred range,` the balance being essentially the indium sulde except for 'theactivaton' It,v thus, is seen that, while the 6*... quantity of crystallizing agent used is not too critical when minor amounts are employed, it must always-be present in an amount suiiicient to provide a crystal lattice for the indium sulfide. Where a double crystallizing agent is used, the amounts of each component are not critical. For example, where magnesium chloride and sodium chloride are used, the amount of `magnesium chloride can vary from 10 to 90% by weight, the balance being sodium chloride. Generally, about 50% by weight of each constituent is used.y
It will be noted that some of the crystallized or iiuxed indium suliides are only weakly fluorescent and,thus, are impractical to use, and others do not exhibit anyfluorescence. Thus, it is necessary to 'activate them, or to provide the primary fluorescence, or increase it to a practical extent. To achieve this purpose, a material deemed an activator is added to the indiumsulde compound, usually atl the time the sulfide is crystallized by the metallic halide. The activator, which is also defined to include those compounds which change the color of the emission, should be capable of entering the indium sulde matrix, and` is added to the phosphor composition in only very minor amounts. Large amounts are to be avoided. Only that amount of activator need be added to causer the indium suliide to iiuoresce and/or change the color and intensity of the light emit ted. For best purposes it has been found that from 0.001 to 0.1 per cent by Weight, as the metal, of the activating agent in the crystal lattice of, or added to, the indium sulde will provide the necessary fluorescence and desired color and degree of intensiiication of the light emitted, and, hence, this 'represents the preferred range, the balance being the crystallizing agent and indium sulfide, as noted previously. An example of an activator particularly suitable for InzSs is a metal selected from the group consisting of cadmium, copper, gold, lead, lithium, manganese, silver, tin, zinc, and the rare earth metals (lanthanum, ce-
vriu'm, praseodymium, neodymium, samariurn, eu-
ropium, gladolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, neo-ytterbium, lutecium, celtium, scandium, and yttrium) Moreover, the halide, nitrate, nitride, oxide, sulfate and sulde salts of these activating metals can likewise be employed with equivalent results. These metals and their salts can be used singly or in mixtures of one or more Within the total amounts as described above. Where more than one activator is used, the amount of each, within the range disclosed, is n ot critical.
4The'phosphor of this invention can very readily be prepared. First, the crystallizing material desirably, although this is not essential, is heated in an inert or nonreactive crucible in air above its melting'point, for example, from 20 to 30 C. above its M. P., for a short period of time, about 5 to l0 minutes, to drive off moisture, and then is allowed to cool` and issubsequently pulverized. It is next mixed with the required amount of indium s ulde prepared by` one of the methods describedpreviously, and also with the activator, and heated in a vacuum to a high temperature for a relatively long period of time. The use oi a vacuum rather than air or inert gases permits crystallization below a point at which InzSs would decompose or sublime. The time and temperature used 'should/be' suicient to cause the crystallizer to melt andl the indium sulfide and activator'todisperse thereinso that on cooling the indium sulfide crystallizes in spinel formwith `the awa-1,12
activator andsomefif not all, of the crystallizer, fused in its lattice. It may be possible thatfthe activator also melts with the crystallizer. VIt has been Afound best to heat to a temperature of from 800 to 1,000c C., for from 4 to 12 hours. After cooling, the solidied mass is pulverized to provide a useful particle size. A size not smaller than 325 mesh will 'be sufficient. Smaller sizes are to be avoided as fracturing of crystals and loss of fluorescence will then occur. Further, the pulverization should not be carried on too long, nor allowed to result in heating, to prevent changes in the phosphor, which Would adversely aiect its uorescence.
The resulting pulverized phosphor can thenbe directly dusted or spread on a plate or other surfaceto make a coating or film which will respond to various types oi radiation. It, however, is more practical to disperse it in an adhesive or other binder composition and spray it to form an adherentcoating, as will be more fully discussed below.
Moreover, prior to use an increase in intenstiy of iiuorescence may be observed if the phosphor is Washed to remove any excess of crystallizer Which is not absorbed in the InzSs lattice or attached to the In2S3 molecule, although this step is not essential and might be avoided since some of the phosphor` may be dissolved or mechanically lost during Washing by entrapment.
The binder material should adhere strongly to the base plateon evaporation of the solvent as Well as provide a dispersing medium for the phosphor particles which Will be retained by it. The binder should also be inert with respect to the phosphor', and, when used in cathode ray tubes or other articles through which light should pass, should also be translucent or transparent. Moreover, the binder shouldnot fiuoresce so as tomask the eriect of the phosphor. The binder should also readily decompose or burn off at relatively low temperatures, about 150J C. Furthermore, the binder should not decompose nor break down duringmixing or after spraying so that its properties are changed. The particle size of the binder material is not too critical. It can be placed in the milling or mixing machinery in the size and form as commercially furnished, for it will be reduced to a very small particle size during mixing and grinding and further will dissolve in the solvent.
Satisfactory binder materials for the practice of this invention are polystyrene, silicone, acrylic acid esters, and Vinylite polymers or resins. An example of such binders is Vinylite VY HH which is a vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer. Its approximate chemical composition is 87 per cent vinyl chloride and 13 per cent vinyl acetate. It has an intrinsic viscosity measured in cyclohexanone at C. of 0.53. Another resin is Vinylite VMCH which is a vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymeric resin which is modified with 1 per cent of an interpolymerized dibasic acid (0.7 to 0.8 carboxyl). The composition of this resin is approximately 86 per cent vinyl chloride, 13 per cent vinyl acetate, and 1 per cent dibasic acid. It has an intrinsic viscosity (cyclo-hexanone at 20 C.) of 0.53. Still another resin is Acryloid A-10 which is a polymerized ester derivative of acrylic and alpha methyl acrylic acids. This product is supplied as a per cent solids solution in Cellosolve acetate, and has a specific gravity-of 1.03, a refractive index of 1.428, and a Gardner-Boldt viscosity of U-W. lAcryloid B-72 is a polymerizcd ester derivative of acrylic and alpha methyl acrylic acids. It issupplied asa 40 per -cent solution in toluol, 4and has a specific gravity of 0.97, a refractive index of 1.489, and a Gardner-Holdt viscosity of S-W. Another binder, Silicone DC 804, is a silicone resin supplied as a 60 per cent solids solution in aromatic naphthas and coal tar hydrocarbons (e. g. toluol, xylol, etc.). It is a straw-colored solution with a specic gravity of 1.06 and viscosity of 0.3 to 1.0 centipoise at 25 C. Polystyrene isa thermoplastic resin made by polymerizing styrene. .'Parlon (chlorinated rubber) can also be eiectively employed asa binder. In general, this product contains from 66 to 68 per cent chlorine which corresponds approximately to the chemical formula (CiolisClvn. However, the incorporation of a small amount ofa plasticizing material with it, such as rezyl 809, will improve its adhesion and iiexibility. Rezyl869 is an alkyd resin containing approximately 60 per cent linseed oil and 40 per cent glycerol phthalate. This resin has an acid number of 2 6, contains a minimum of 27 per cent phthalic anhydride, and is supplied at per cent solids. For the purposes of this invention, parlon containing rezyl Will be considered as one binder. v
Moreover, other suitable materials for` forming binder compositions are Amberol resins (oilsoluble, solid phenol-formaldehyde and/or maleic-glyceride resins, and usually rosin modified,
having a speciiicgravity of from 1.09 to 1.11 and a melting point of from 121 to 160 C.), staybelite esters mono, diand tri-ethylene glycol and glyceryl esters of hydrogenated rosin) polyethylene resins, Pliolm V(rubber chloride), polyvinyl chloride resins, polyvinyl acetateresins, and alkyd resins (reaction-product of mono-,diand tri-basic acids withpolyhydric alcohols and containing a-drying or nondrying vfattyacid oil as an'internal plasticizer). TheseA and the foregoing resin materials can be used singly or .mixed together.
It is Aobvious that still other materials, which form adherent layers, on base or basis materials as Well as with the phosphor, do not plasticize in the presence of the phosphor nor adversely affect it, and readily burn, decompose, or are subject to dissolution at low temperatures, `can be employed in the composition.
vThe solvent used With the binder shouldbe a substantially pure, low-boiling point hydrocarbon solvent, and, like the binder, should not introduce impurities into the phosphor. The solvent also should preferably be one that issuitable for the particular binder employed, and it should not react with the binder material to form a polymerized product or similar substances which cannot be sprayed. Furthermore, the solvent should not aiect the adhesiveness of the binder. Partof the solventmay be added to the phosphor andbinder in the mill to provide good grinding .viscosity and the balance added after milling to increase the fluidity of ,the resulting mixture. The total amount of the solvent used is from 1/2 to 5 parts by volumeof the solvent to 1 part by volume of the binder, which has resulted in readily sprayable organic binder solvent compositionsforsolutions. It is preferred, however, .to use from,0.8 to 1.4 parts by volume of solvent to 1 part by volume of binder in the organic binder composition. Itis obvious to those skilled in the art that, Where less solvent is present, it may be necessary to Warm the composition slightly or increase the pressure -in order to sprayrit. However, the temperatureof the composition should not exceed 50 C.in,order asf/mi2 `to,prevent excessive evaporation of solventbeiore spraying and formation of a rippledr surface, on
the.base whensprayed. .Examples ,.oi ,suit able solvents forl use with l,the binders disclosed herein, arepentane, toluene, Cellosolve acetate,. xylene, gasoline, petroleum naphtha, Amsco F, `benzene, trichloroethylene, methyl L isobutyl.: ketone.Y or .mixtures thereof Cellosolve acetateis. an organic chemical Whose formula vis Czl-lsOCHzCHzOOCCI-k. Amsco. `iis an aromatic petroleumsolvent with .the following approximate... characteristics; specic gravity (60 FJ. 0.8628, 77per cent aromatics, refractive index of 1.49.05,'mixed.aniline pointoi. ,89152, flash point. 130". and Kouri. Boutanol. value 01'70.v .The amount, of the indiumesulde .basephosphor used in the spray ed composition; isgenerally related to.the qualityof the resulting picture ionamount .of.: fluorescence desired.. A ,large excess .of.. binder material...,with respect to.. the .phosphor will .naturallyresult in less phosphor -particles per. unitareaof the coating and, .therefore, a grainy pictureonalight.havingdessintensitywill resulte.; Insomecases an excess of binder will result in no fluorescence. On the. other hand, there should always-be sufficient binder present .to eiectively. hold thedispersed phosphorlpartclesin the coating and/or to the'. base layer, or material.. l`( Jornpositions containing one part Lby Ivolu'm vof the indium-sulfide phosphor to 0.1'to 15p`a'rts,byl volume of binder have pro- '.'duced goodphosphor'coatings or paint films on bases l To, obtain'ltfhe best fluorescence under 4all conditions, itfhas `been, foundf most desirable to prepare a composition,containingone partj'by Avolur'ne'of 'indium-sulfide base phosphor to 0.2 to 0.5 part by volumeof binder. Hence, in such cases the following ratios, including the solvent,
-Will prov-ide s ati'sfactory-Ysprayable compositions:
1.1Acceptable.- phosphor'A binder-solvent compositions or solutions-zr one volume phosphor-{- lfrom -.1 to 15-vo1ume'sbinder-i-0-05 to '75 volumes -srolvent (orffrom 1/2-to 5 volumessolvent for each lvolurneofbinder).
2. Best or preferredphosphor binder-solvent compositions or solutions: one volume phosphor-i-frorn 0.2 to 0.5 Vvolumebinder-w16 to 0.7 volume solvent (or from 0.8 to 1.4 volumes solvent for each volume of binder).
It isunnecessary tov add the phosphor tothe ,binder in thegmill or mixing machinery inthe .form of finely divided particles, but'the phosphor can be added inthe form of chunks, grains orf-pellets. The phosphor, binder and-solvent should be thoroughly vdispersed throughoutlthe binder, or Vbinder and solvent, and no surface ir- -regularities, masses vof unmixed particles, etc., appear in the final vcoating on low magnification. It-is preferred to mix and'grind, or mill, until vthe particles in the composition have-a size not smaller'than about 325 mesh', although compositions having particles up to about .0002 inch in size have proven satisfactory. Instead-of adding IAthephosph'or in pellet or pulverizedform to the mill, followed .by the separate additionsoi binder Aand solvent, it, of course, is obvious that a solution of. the binder in the solvent can be .added to the phosphor in the mill.. vItis only necessary that enough solvent be present during milling to give good grinding viscosity. The phosphor can' alsobe pulverizedfirst and milling replaced b simple mixing.I ,c
. Any commerciallyl available mixing and grindiinsfmachneryf cache utilized forihisfviaedue 10 althcuehit isdesirabletcilse a ;ba1.1v .millat9ni temperature, mllsually 1599i heat cooled; although .the temperature d me mining should notbe. allwed torise appreciablifo, firevfmt chances. ,inthe nature 0f ihe chcsphor crystal lattice. Ceramic, glassor steel ball s can be use@ in this'min.. sieelbals. however. have .been found best as theyrrodue a better-mixing andferinding action. The umani mixing is not critical, althoughit has been found preferable to kmhguntilthe particles have been reduced to not .smallerlthan about 32.5 mesh in size. Theequipment should Valso b e thoroughly cleanedbeiore mixing to prevent the introduction of any irri'- lpurities which might adversely vaiect theresultvingphosphor composition.
` At. theL end orfth'e milling'. period, yadditional solvent canthen be uaddedfto the mixture andthe rrrillv operated fora short time. This insures 4sufficient uidity so that,.t he compositioncan be vreadily sprayed' and o provides a co'riiplete- "dispersionoof particles in'thesolvent carrier or a hornogeneous-appearing; solution "or mixtur'e. More than A0 0 per cent recovery o'frnaterials"is thereby effected. While actliallly the rvrxtuieat the 'end of kthe milligb'period'contains a dispersion ofA phosphor particles in thefbinder andfcan be'i'sed'to c coat plates to ,provide a fluorescent layer thereon, `it is apparent that `additional'solvent' vrriaybefinvit'is not sufficiently i'fluid.. The" equipment, ffurthermore, should be-'e'xibl'e 'and be provided `With adjusting means to. enablef'the operator'to readily produce o'n-they base -material coatings 'having thicknesses of from..0003'to .002 inch.V 'Thicker coatings,v of course," can Abe applied 'by 'longer spraying, but' thicker 'coatingsjare Wa'stefulf material and.. may" fncrease thev time, .necessary yto remove the Abic-'nder when making` cajthode. fray tubes. If thefcalting is too thin, pinholes are l aptto-o'ccur so that'a continuous film', isfjnotpro- 50,
duced. lI'hus, coatings as thin as ,0003 inclr'represent vabout the practical limitf'forjspraying. Other methods besidesy spraying` ,can` be utilized to produce thinc'oatings oi," this ,compositionf on the base plate. For example, theE composition could be appliedv by'meansof 'albrush oradra'w blade, or bydippingor roller-coating; Moreover,A it is not necessary to vspray `the phosphor-binde'r mixture,"but one can rstmake or preparethe binder composition and sprayit onto the base. While the binder is still ina .tacky c condition or in a semifluid state before evapora- Vtion of thev solvent, the phosphor 'of this inveriorder to hasten the evaporation of 'the soli/entf Further, the resin and phosphor canibemix'ed in adry state, chilled, pulverized,v dusted or electros'tatica'lly applied' to "a base! lwhich. 'isy then heated to a low` temperature andcooled 'tof cause the binderto slightly flow andset, therebyfpro- .Vidniandherem @Qatingii The base or basis material or plate used in this process should be at room temperature and at least not above about 50 C., When being sprayed with the phosphor composition, in order to prevent too rapid evaporation of solvent and to prevent ripples forming in the phosphor` composition lm. The base material or plate can be of any desired shape. The surface of the plate should be cleaned before coating with the phosphor composition in order to remove grease and other dirt which might prevent rm adherence or" the coating to the base. This can be accomplished by Washing the base with any suitable alkali cleaner, or with a hydrocarbon solvent, followed by rinsing. Any gross surface irregularities should be removed by grinding or polishing, although it is not necessary to polish the base until it has mirror-like reflectivity. The base can be formed into the desired object or shape before being sprayed such as into a cathode ray or television tube, Fig. 4, or fluorescent tube, etc. Where intended for use in fluorescent or cathode ray tubes, of course, the base also should be transparent. Acceptable materials for the base have been found to be aluminum, brass, glass, aluminum-coated glass, stainless steel, nickel, steel, bronze, copper, engravers copper, engravers zinc, grained lithographic zinc, plastics like Lucite and cellophane, Wood, leather and paper. It is obvious to those skilled in the art that other materials similar to the aforementioned can also be used as bases for the composition in order to make luminescent signs, luminescent screens, such as cathode ray screens and television tubes, luminescent designs, coatings and films and scintillation counters.
When'the phosphor of the present invention is to be used in cathode ray or similar tubes, a large portion of the binder must necessarily be removed so that the light given off by the phosphor can readily be seen. This can be achieved easily by heating the phosphor coating in air at a temperature of approximately 150 C. for from 1 to 5 hours or more. The temperature must not be allowed to appreciably exceed 150 C. in order to prevent the phosphor from fusing, oxidizing, or having changes in its crystal structure so that it Will not uoresce. tures for long periods of time is required to remove the binder without oxidizing the phosphor or changing its crystal configuration due tothe Thus, using low temperathin layers and large areas exposed. At the end Y of the heat-treatment step, the phosphor will be bound to the base by a thin layer of binder, said binder being largely discontinuous, with the phosphor particles forming a plurality of closely adjacent discrete areas thereon, Fig. 5.
The phosphor of this invention can be caused to fluoresce by means of protons, alpha particles, electrons, X-rays, gamma rays, and ultraviolet rays. See Figs. 6 and '7.V The apparatus producing such radiation can be placed at any convenient distance from the surface of the phosphor chemicals, whenever possible when practicing the present invention.
The following examples will serve to illustrate the invention with more particularity to those skilled in the'art:
Example I A composition was prepared by mixing l gram ImSa with 0.05 g. MgF and 0.05 g. NaCl. The mixture was then heated to 900 C. in a vacuum for 12 hours. At the end of the heat, the material was allowed to cool, pulverized to approximately 325 mesh and then dusted onto a basis plate to form a thin, even coating. The coating was then exposed to ultraviolet radiation and also electron bombardment. tribution of the phosphor emission spectrum was measured with a spectrometer. A photomultiplier attached to the spectrometer allowed determinations of the intensity of fluorescence, and a filter system was incorporated for filtering out the exciting ultraviolet and electron radiation. A standard phosphor was used for making com parisons. The coating showed a yellow fluorescence of weak intensity under both types of radiation.
Example II Iridium sulde was also treated with only 0.1 g. of KI, as the flux material, in the same manner as described in Example I. The resulting material was not fluorescent. It, thus, would appear that KI does not actas a crystallizing or Iiuxing agent for the InaSs. This would explain the absence of fluorescence aswould also the fact that the iodine atom is probably not soluble in the INzSa crystal lattice dueto its larger atomic radii. l
Example IV 1 g. indium sulfide Was also treated With 0.1 g. NaCl and 0.0001 g. of Cu (as CuS) for 4 hours at 900 C. in a vacuum. Another run was made wherein Te (as TeS) was substituted for the copper. Each of the resulting materials as well as essentially pure InzSs (untreated) Were tested for iiuorescence. None of these materials, including the In2SsV blank, wereV fluorescent.' This would indicate that the activators are ineffective without the proper crystallizer or flux combination or that they may adversely affect the flux when one of its componentsis absent. Y Y
It, thus, is readily seen from the foregoing examples that, unlesstheV combination of elements or compounds are used as taught-herein, acceptable fluorescent indium suliides are not produced. On the other hand, the' 'following Yexamples illus- I trate the results obtained using the proper .ma-
terials and combinations thereof:
` ExampleV V An indium-sulfide base phosphor was prepared by mixing 1 g. of InzSa With 0.05 g. NaCl, 0.0-5 g. MgF and 0.0001 g. Ag as AgNCa; The mixture was heated'to 850 C. in a vacuum vfor 12 hours.
The spectral dis--Y 1? At the vendof the heat, the material'was'allowed to cool, pulverized to approximately 325 mesh and then spread onto a base plate. It was then subjected to excitation by means of ultraviolet radiation from a mercury vapor lamp and exhibited fluorescence in the orange-red portion of the spectrum. Etwas also sensitive when; tested der electron bombardment. I
Example VI Eaample VII vAn indium-base phosphor was prepared in the same manner as shown in Example V except that 0.001 g. of Cu as CuS was used as the activator in place of the Ag and the mixture was fired in a 'vacuum (Vycor test tube) for three hours at 982 C. Both heating and cooling were very rapid. The use of a Vycor containervmade it possible to check for iiuorescence Without removingthe material from vtheV container. A yellow-orange ilu- `orescence Was noted under ultraviolet light.
f Example VIII AAn indium-base phosphor was prepared in the same manner-as Example V except that -.0002 g. of Cu as CuS Was used in place of the Ag. The resulting material was fluorescent in the yellow portion of the spectrum When subjected to eleotron bombardment and X-rays.
l Example IX Another indium-base phosphor was prepared in the'same manner as disclosed in Example Vexcept that 0.0001 g. of Sn as Snll was substituted for the Ag. The phosphor uoresced in the yel- -low portion oi- Vthe spectrumwhen excited by ultraviolet radiation.
y y (Y Example XI Still another indium-,base phosphorwas made in-themannerV described in Example V except that 0.0001 gfof Li-,as LiBr was substitutedfor the Agl and that, after pulverization, one volume of the phosphor was mixed with one volume of acryloid 18.72 and one volume of toluene ,and sprayed onto a base plate to provide a thinfilm.
.It exhibited a ,yellow uorescence under ultraviolet radiation. v
' Example XII A double-activated indium-base phosphor was prepared as shown in Example vV except that 0.0001 g. of Mn as MnClzfll-lz()` and 0.0001g. of Cu as CuSA were used in place of the silver. The resulting phosphorexhibited fluorescencein the reddish-brown portions of the spectrum when subjected to electron bombardment.4 p Stillgother indiumrsulde .phosphottcbmposimi. tions were prepared by the, method set forth lin Example V above. The amounts of components and the results obtainedy when subjected to radiation are shown in the following examples.
Example XIII 1 g. Ims's plus 0.05 g.NaC1p1us 0.05` g. Mgt1 plus 0.0001 g.-A Cu (as CuS) and plus0.0001 g. Ag asl AgNOa-yellow uorescence (ultraviolet)- intense'yellow (electron bombardment).
f Example XIV 4 I 1 g. lnzS plus 0.05 g. NaCl plus 0.05 g. MgF and; plus 0.0001 g. Cd as CdC12.2 1/gHzO--orange-yellovv fluorescence;(ultraviolet).
" Example XV .g1 g. InzSaV plus 0.05 g. NaCl plus 0.05 g. MgF and plus 0.0001 g.'Pb as PbS-yellow fluorescence (ultraviolet).
Eample XVI lgrnzSa plus 0.05 g. NaCl'plus 0.05 g. MgF and plus 0.0001g. Zn metal: dustf-yellow uore's'- cencel (ultraviolet). 1
" Example XVII j y 1 1 g. InzSa plus 0.05 g. NaC'l plus 0.05g. MgF and plus 0.0001 g. ycerium as lCezOs--yellow fluorescence (electron bombardment).v Y
' EampZe'XVIII' A- V1 g. 1112s; plus 0.05 g. Naci-piufsao gMgF and plus 0.001 g. neodymium as NdzOs-yellow uorscence (electron bombardment)`.* v v Themqium' sulnde'b'se 'phosphors df the pres'- ent invention'have veryl high` emission Vin the yellow to red region of the spectrum. VThe width of the band obtainable is 'from about 4750 to about 7000 .,.Where theloverall visibility range can extend from 40.00to7200'. These phosphors also have short persistence which Vtogether with the large amount of lred-orange-yelloiv emission makes them f ideally suitable for cathode ray screens,lan'd, iin particular, color television tubes. 'iheyellows again emphasize the desirability -of the compositio'n-or'use in paints. A further point isthatfindium -suldelcan be very readily crystallized with the proper crystal lattice, by em..
playing `only very minor amounts of a crystallizer which melts or-boilsbe1ow the melting (sublimation point 'of the' indiuml sulfide) and in which the indiumsulde-as Well as the activator Will readily dissolve. On cooling, the sulfide will have the proper crystal lattice With the activator in the lattice: Y Y l Itvis'not precisely'known Why indium-sulfide 'will fluorescewhen treated with a metallic halide "crystallizing Aagent and a metal-base activator,
but it is believed that this iiuorescence mayY be explained by the fact that the ability of the metallic halide crystallizing agent to form the proper 'lattices or. centers is probably due to the solubility of these compounds in ther indium sulfide lattice 'orf 'vicewversa4 and to the ability o1" the indium suldeto form a spinel-type crystal structure in 'presence of thej crystallizer. vSince indium sulrfide' is a crystal with a largely covalent type of bonding, this v'solubility of the flux is dependent `notonly upon the ionic'radii, but also on the capacity oi the ions to form covalentb'onds. "Chlorides and 'bromides have intermediate rproperties iin both respects andarejtherefo're, especially Vsuitable in forming uorescent centers. .Iodides havev a stronger;- tendency toward covalency," but @Winge toni/he. Alarger .radius of.y iodine., this. ad:
vantagev is lostV andi only ai very' little-if/,anyi4 is dissolved. The fluorides have afstron'ger tendency toward ionic bonding and are, therefore, probably also less soluble;
The mechanism for fluorescence is believed to be due to an electron transition from the activator atom to the conduction band in either a one- 0r two-step process.- In a one-step process, it goes directly into the conduction band; in a two-step process, it is excited to ametastable energy level or trap below the conduction band f romrwhich it is excited to the conduction band by thermal energies. On returning from the conductionban'd, it willy fall to an excited state of the activator Yatom and the transition from the excited state to the ground state of the activator atom results in photon emission. Thus, the fundamental absorption of indium sulfide corresponds to an electronic transition from the upper occupied S minus 2 band to the lower unoccupied In plus 3 band and the fundamental fluorescence corresponds to the reverse process. This is the situation' for indium sulfide activated with copper sulfide. 'I'he yellow uorescence caused by levels introduced by the activator ma.- terial is due to a transition between the conduc tion band and these levels. A band structure diagram of this process has been shown in Fig. 9. The fundamentaluorescence disappears-in indium sulfide when the yellow centers are .present. This is due to the fact that when yellow centers are present, holes may be-trapped in the levels of the yellow centers and recombination of free electrons with these holes give rise to the yellow fluorescence. A fraction of the recombinations may still give rise tothe fundamental i'luorescence, buty the wavelength region of the fundamental fluorescence band coincides with that covered by the absorption'band of the yellow centers so that` it will be reabsorbed in the yellow centers and will thereby give rise to yellow fluorescence. It also will be noted that a number of different activator materials have been found to give a different colored fluorescence. This could be due to the wavelength of the fluorescence of the activator overlapping the absorption range of the yellow centers Vand being reabsorbed giving rise to the different colored iiuorescence. Thus, it is expected that the mechanism for luminescence in various indium-sulfide vphosphors is similar, but the energy separation will be different so the color of the center will be different.
In summary, it is seen that this invention teaches that a new and novel phosphor compound can be readily obtained by treating indium sulde with a metallic halide crystallizing agent and a metallic-base activator at a temperature and for a period of time sufficient to cause the indium sulfide to form a crystal lattice of a spinel type in which a minor amount of a metallic base activator with a minor amount of the crystallizer is absorbed to provide fluorescent centers. A wide emission band providing colors from yellow to red can be obtained by varying the kind of metal activator used, making the phosphor of the present invention especially suitable for use in colored television processes. They can also .be excited byvmany types of radiation such as ultraviolet, X-,ray, protons, alpha particles, etc. Finally, this new and novel indium-sulde base phosphor can readily be incorporated in a binder and easily sprayed onto'various articles to provide' coatings which Ywill Yluoresce under the proper radiation` conditions; Among-- articles which can be easily made with the phosphor compound of this invention are cathode ray tubes, scintillation'counters,fluorescent screens, etc. It, thus, is seen that a new and novel phosphor has been invented which materially advances the art.
This application is a copending application of Reynolds, Middleton and Peet, entitled Composition Containing Indium, Serial No. 242,563, led August 18, 1951.
Having thus described the invention, what is claimed as new and novel and what is desired to be secured by Letters Patent is:
1. A phopshor composition consisting essentially of a predominant amountv of crystallized indium sulfide in spinel form and a minor amount, fromL about 0.011%- to about 10%, of a metal base crystallizingfagent selected'from-the group consisting of magnesium chloride, mag'- nesium chloride and sodium chloride, magnesium chloride and sodium bromide, magnesium fluoride and sodium chloride,.magnesium fluoride and sodium bromide, magnesium chloride and potassium bromide, magnesium chloride and potassium'chloride, magnesiumiluoride and potassium bromide, and magnesium iiucride and potassium chloride, sufficient to form a crystal lattice in said sulfide for the absorption of an ac tivator selected from the groupconsisting of cadmium, cooper, gold, lead, lithium, manganese, silver, tin, zinc, and the rare earth metals, and their halide, nitrate, nitride, oxide, sulfate, and sulfide salts, andof a-metal base activator, from about 0.001% to about 0.1%, sufficient to provide primary fluorescent centers in said crystal, said activator having been absorbed in said crystal lattice.
2. A phosphor composition in crystalline spinel form comprising a metallic base activator selected from the group consisting of cadmium, copper, gold, lead, lithium, manganese, silver, tin, zinc, and the rare earth metals, their halide, nitrate, nitride, oxide, sulfate, and sulfide salts, and mixtures thereof, in an amount of from 0.001 to 0.1% by weight based on the metal, from 0.01 to `10% by weight of a metallic base crystallizing agent selected from the group consisting of magnesium chloride, magnesium chloride and sodium chloride, magnesium chloride and sodium bromide, magnesium fluoride and sodiuml chloride, magnesiumfluoride and sodium bromide, magnesium chloride and potassium bromide, magnesium' chloride and potassium chloride, magnesium/fluoride and potassium bromide, and magnesium fluoride and potassium chloride, and the balance essentially indium sulde.
3. A heat reacted and crystallized phosphor in spinel form consisting of 4.5%V by weight of sodium chloride and 41.5% Vby weight of magnesium fluoride as the crystallizing agent, 0.009% by weight of silver as AgNOa as theactivator and the balance indium sulfide.
4. A heat reacted and crystallized phosphor in spinel form consisting ofV 4.5% by weight of sodium chloride and 4.5% by weight of mag-- nesium fluoride as the cryst'allizingv agent, 0.009% by weight of copper as CuS as the activator and the balance indium sulfide. v
5. A heat reacted and crystallized phosphor in spinel form consisting of 4.5% by weight of sodium chloride and 4.5% by'weight of mag'- nesium fluoride as the crystallizing agent, 0.009% by weight of manganese asV MnCl24H2O and 0.009% copper as CuS as the activator and the balance indium sulde. Y Y v6. A=heat` reacted and-crystallizedphosphcr in spinei form consisting of 4.5% by weight of sodium chloride and 4.5% by weight of magnesium chloride as the crystallizing agent, 0.009% by weight of tin as SnIi as the activator and the balance indium suliide.
7. A heat reacted and crystallized phosphor in spinel form consisting of 4.5% by Weight of sodium chloride and 4.5% by Weight of magnesium chloride as the crystallizing agent, 0.009% by Weight of zinc as the activator and the balance indium sulde.
8. A composition of matter according to claim 1 containing additionally a sufcient amount of a binder solution to enable said composition to be sprayed onto a base to form an adherent coating thereon.
9. A phosphor composition according to claim 2 containing additionally from 0.1 to 15 volumes ci an organic binder and from 0.05 to 75 volumes ci? organic solvent to 1 volume of said phosphor.
10. A phosphor composition according to claim 2 containing additionally from 0.2 to 0.5 volume ci an organic binder and from 0.1c to 0.7 volume of organic solvent to l volume of said phosphor.
11. In the method of producing phosphor materials, the steps comprising treating a major amount of indium sulfide, capable of being activated and emitting fluorescence under radian tion after being treated, with a minor amount of a metal base crystallizing agent, from about 0.01 to about selected from the group consisting of magnesium chloride, magnesium chloride and sodium chloride, magnesium chloride and sodium bromide, magnesium fluoride and sodium chloride, magnesium fluoride and sodium bromide, magnesium chloride and potassium bromide, magnesium chloride and potassium chloride, magnesium fluoride and potassium bromide, and magnesium iiuoride and potassium chloride, sufficient to form a crystal lattice in said suliide for the absorption of an activator and a minor amount of a metallic base activator, from about 0.001% to about 0.1%, selected from the group consisting of cadmium, copper, gold, lead, lithium, manganese, silver, tin, zinc, and the rare earth metals, and their halide, nitrate, nitride, oxide, sulfate, and sulfide salts, in a vacuum at a temperatnre and for a period of time suicient to cause said crystallizing agent to melt and dissolve said indium sulfide and activator and cooling said melt to form an indium sulde spinel type crysta1 having fluorescent centers in its lattice.
12. In the method of producing indium sulfide phosphors, the steps comprising heating a mixture consisting essentially of a metallic base activator selected from the group consisting of cadmium, copper, gold, lead, lithium, manganese, silver, tin, zinc, and the rare earth metals, Atheir halide, nitrate, nitride, oxide, sulfate, and sulfide salts, and mixtures thereof, in an amount of from 0.001 to 0.1 per cent by Weight based on the metal, from 0.01 to 10% by weight of a metallic base crystallizing agent selected from the group consisting of magnesium chloride, magnesium chloride and sodium chloride, magnesium chloride and sodium bromide, magnesium uoride and sodium chloride, magnesium iiuoride and sodium bromide, magnesium chloride and potassium bromide, magnesium chloride and potassium chloride, magnesium fluoride and potassium bromide, and magnesium uoride and potassium chloride, and the balance indium sulnde in a vacuum at a temperature of from 800 to 1000 C. for from 4 to 12 hours to form a melt and then cooling said melt to cause said suliide to crystalline therefrom in spinel form by means of said crystallizer and said activator to enter the lattice thereof to form primary fluorescent centers.
13. In the method of producing phosphor materials, according to claim 11, the additional steps including pulverizing and dispersing the resulting phosphor in an organic binder-solvent composition and spraying it onto a base material.
14. In the method of producing phosphor mateirals, according to claim 11, the additional steps of pulverizing said phosphor and then applying it in iinely-divided form to a surface having a coating of a binder-solvent composition thereon.
15. In the method of producing phosphor materials, according to claim 11, the additional steps of pulverizing and dispersing the resulting phosphor in an organic binder solution, spraying the resulting composition onto a base plate, allowing said coated plate to dry, and nnaliy treating said plate with heated air to remove substantially all of said binder leaving said phosphor as a plurality of discrete particles secured to said base by the remaining, discontinuous nlm of said binder.
16. In the method ci producing phosphor ma terials according to claim 11, the additional steps of pulverizing and mixing the resulting phosphor With an organic binder, reducing the resulting mixture to a nely divided state, dusting said finely divided mixture on a basis material, and nnally heating and cooling said dusted mixture to cause it to ioW and adhere to said basis material thereby providing a phosphor coating.
17. An article of manufacture comprising a base and a fluorescent coating thereon, said coating comprising a phosphor in spinel form consisting essentially of a major amount of indium sulde and a minor amount of a metallicubase activator, from about 0.001% to about 0.1%, selected from the group consisting of cadmium, copper, gold, lead, lithium, manganese, silver, tin,
zinc, and the rare earth metals, and their halide,
nitrate, nitride, oxide, sulfate, and suliide salts, sufficient to cause fluorescence of said sulfide under radiation and of a metallic-base crystallizing agent, from about 0.10% to about 10%, selected from the group consisting of magnesium chloride, magnesium chloride and sodium chloride, magnesium chloride and sodium bromide, magnesium fluoride and sodium chloride, magnesium iiuoride and sodium bromide, magnesium chloride and potassium bromide, magnesium chloride and potassium chloride, magnesium fluoride and potassium bromide, and magnesium uoride and potassium chloride, sufficient to form a lattice in said sulfide for the absorption of said activator, said coating constituting a plurality of discrete particles of said phosphor secured to said base by a discontinuous layer of an organic binder.
References Cited in the iile of this patent UNITED STATES PA'I'ENTS Name Date Claude Mar. 14, 1944 OTHER REFERENCES Number
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 29, 1940
|Mar 14, 1944
|Andre Claude
|Process for causing luminescent substances to adhere to glass walls
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 30, 1958
|Mar 7, 1961
|Glanzstoff Ag
|Anti-static compositions and synthetic filamentary textile materials treated therewith
|Oct 21, 1959
|Jun 2, 1964
|Union Carbide Corp
|Photosensitive compositions and process for the production thereof
|May 17, 1965
|Oct 31, 1967
|Ford Motor Co
|Electroluminescent process including an ionically conducting electrolyte
|Aug 1, 1984
|Aug 26, 1986
|Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.
|Radiographic intensifying screen
|Sep 21, 1990
|Oct 26, 1993
|Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd.
|Method for manufacturing color phosphor surface
|Apr 24, 1992
|Jan 11, 1994
|Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd.
|Phosphor paste compositions and phosphor coatings obtained therefrom
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
Holiday Inn Express Hotel & Suites Muncie, Muncie
- Guestrooms
During renovations, the hotel will make every effort to minimize noise and disturbance.
- Free hot/cold buffet breakfast, free WiFi, and free parking
Main amenities
- 76 smoke-free guestrooms
- Casino
- Full-service spa
- Indoor pool
- 24-hour fitness center
- Business center
- Airport shuttle
- 24-hour front desk
- Coffee/tea in a common area
- Air conditioning
- Daily housekeeping
- Computer station
For families
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Microwave
- Private bathroom
- Separate sitting area
- Premium TV channels
- Free toiletries
What's around
- Ball State University (2.6 mi / 4.2 km)
- Muncie Civic Theatre (3.6 mi / 5.8 km)
- Horizon Convention Center (4.3 mi / 6.9 km)
- Mounds State Park (17.6 mi / 28.3 km)
- Hoosier Park (22.9 mi / 36.8 km)
- Indianapolis, IN (IND-Indianapolis Intl.) 79-min drive; 79.4 miles/127.9 km
- Free self parking
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Holiday Inn Express Hotel & Suites Muncie, Muncie
Hotel Info: 855-239-9222from $90
- Room, 1 King Bed, Accessible, Bathtub (MOBILITY)
- Room, 2 Queen Beds, Non Smoking
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Required at check in
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- Minimum check-in age is 21
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- Pets not allowed
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- Free hot/cold buffet breakfast daily
- Coffee/tea in a common area
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- 24-hour fitness facilities
- Full-service spa
- Spa treatment room(s)
- Casino
- Use of nearby fitness center (discount)
- Spa tub
- Business center
- Conference space size (feet) - 437
- Conference space size (meters) - 39
- One meeting room
- Computer station
- 24-hour front desk
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Free newspapers in lobby
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- Elevator/lift
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Fireplace in lobby
- Television in common areas
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- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
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Colours Day Spa has massage/treatment rooms. Services include deep-tissue massages, hot stone massages, sports massages, and Swedish massages. A variety of treatment therapies are provided, including aromatherapy and reflexology.
The spa is open select days.
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- Holiday Inn Express Muncie
- Muncie Holiday Inn
- Holiday Inn Express Hotel And Suites Muncie
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Children under 13 years old are not allowed in the swimming pool, fitness facility, or spa tub without adult supervision.
Reservations are required for massage services and spa treatments and can be made by contacting the property before arrival at the number on the booking confirmation.
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Airport shuttle service is offered for an extra charge of USD 100 per person (one way)
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Good 3.9 /5 from 69 reviews
I love the Holiday Inn Express. If I can afford it, it is where I stay. their beds are usually the only beds I sleep well in other than my own. With that being said. This one had 2 queens instead of a king. These mattresses aren't the same quality as the king size beds. There is a dip in the middle of the queens that the king doesn't have.
The hotel staff was amazing. They were doing some construction in the lobby when we arrived. The staff was very apologetic and helpful. We were in town for my daughter's graduation and our stay was perfect. The staff at breakfast joked with my kids and made us all feel welcome. Thank you we will be back!
just didn't like the volume of construction going on.
Felt like I was getting pushed out by room service on check out day. They kept knocking on my door starting at 9 am to see if I was ready to leave yet.
When we got out of our car my husband narrowly missed stepping on a used condom in the parking lot. As we walked in, there were a couple men smoking at the entrance who leered at my 17 year old daughter. The entrance had flower pots that were used as ashtrays or filled with dead plants. Better monitoring of the appearance of the outside might be good start. The hotel was going through renovations.It smelled musty. The bathroom was set up very poorly, towels above the toilet, sink by the door. A towel holder near the sink would have been handy. The plug for the sink didn't work and it was dirty and smeared with bluish toothpaste. We were informed when we checked in that the hotel was full to capacity due to a baseball game at the university,so complaining would get no results. We have a child attending Ball State for the next 4-6 years and won't be choosing Holiday Inn Express again. We are Priority Members and have never stayed at such a mess of a Holiday Inn. VERY disappointed.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Manage Reservations
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Our hotel is located only 10 Minutes from the entrance to Fort Benning. Stay connected with free Wi-Fi throughout the hotel. We are centrally located near the intersection of Hwy 85/27 and I185, close to area restaurants and nearby shopping.
Complimentary Fitness Center
Our guests enjoy 24-hour access in our in-house exercise facility which offers a complete cardiovascular workout.
Hours of Operation: 12:00 PM to 11:59 PM
Fitness Center Equipment:Stair Stepper, Treadmill, Elliptical Machines
Fitness Center Type:EXTENSIVE


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Good point.
Just look how they handled the FB IPO. After they over priced it, Morgan Stanly told his found manager buddies not to touch the stock making hundreds of millions on the expense of the retail investors.
What the SEC did about it ? Now they going after Chinese companies when the fraud is right here in our back yard.
It's like your house is a mess but you are trying to put somebody's else house in order instead of cleaning up your mess first.
What a bunch of crooks.
If the CRSC were to actually do what they say they are going to do, there wouldn't be enough
hours in a year to enact their plan. Oh, I forgot, no fraud in China or it's stocks. Which brings me
to the next point, you won't publicly hear of many because the Chinese wouldn't want that news
to get out, they'll just do one of their many cover ups.
You chide people for political posts but your posts have little or nothing to do with Xin.


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Written on: 12/04/2012
Actors rather were shouting than singing. Sound quality was poor as well. In most of dialogs actors spoke with unnecessary accents. I payed maximum fare sitting in the center of row A of circus and I had to bend forward all the time to see the show. It was 100% waste of money and time.
Written on: 01/01/2013
yet look how successful the show is... shows what you know.
As rated by our community of reviewers
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" Blah, Disjointed, Rushed, dragged, not funny, " Read More


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If life were fair . . .
It happened, I suppose, when I was in the fourth grade. That is my first strong recollection of the unfairness of life.
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