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Town officials discuss new fees
The Town of Tunica will be exploring ways to add revenue, following a discussion at the Board of Aldermen meeting on Jan. 21.
Mayor Chuck Cariker told aldermen that the town's share of gaming revenue was down $73,000 from this time last year and is $40,000 less than what the town has budgeted. Cariker said sales tax revenue has been the saving grace, making up $23,000 of the shortfall. That leaves the town out of balance on their budget by $17,000.
"We have to try and increase our revenue or cut expenses," Cariker said.
Latest News
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Fifteen Years Later One Tunican's special...
A Flag Folding and Bell Ceremony for 9/11 Tuesday, September 11,...
TA presents Homecoming Court Tunica Academy's Homecoming...
Revival stirs churches to act as one in Christ Jesus By turns smiling and...
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The Italian-influenced menu showcases traditional dishes with a modern twist, served in a friendly setting.
The Maison Christian Faure is a fine pastry shop, café, boutique, and the first international school devoted to French pastry in Canada.
Callao offers a market fresh menu prepared by Chef Mario Navarrete Jr. with a particular focus on Peruvian cuisine.
The second Montréal location for the L'Atelier d'Argentine team.
L'Atelier d'Argentine offers a variety of group menus to satisfy all tastes and budgets in a venue bringing together rustic and modern décor elements.
You can send your Request For Proposal by attaching it your e-mail. If you don't have an RFP form, use our RFP form and fill it out online.
See how our dynamic material can help you reach your target audience and make your event a smash hit.

subset: commoncrawl


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A couple crashes in the southwest metro are tangling traffic.
One is on northbound Hwy. 169 at Anderson Lakes Pkwy. Traffic slows at the Bloomington Ferry Bridge. Plan on 10 minutes to reach 494.
On westbound 494, a crash just prior to East Bush Lake Road is on the right shoulder. Look for a jam up in the immediate area.
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Weekend traffic: Shut downs on I-35E and Cedar Avenue; Metro Transit celebrates
The loudest cheers of the weekend may be outside of Target Field Saturday evening where Metro Transit will throw a party to celebrate being names the Transit System of the Year by the American Public Transportation Association.
Drivers waste $2.1 billion on premium gasoline, AAA says
Americans are enjoying some of the lowest gas prices in years, but they spent $2.1 billion more than they needed to by buying premium-grade gasoline, a national study from AAA found.
It's We Day in St. Paul, so expect extra traffic near the X
Streets around the Xcel Energy Center in downtown St. Paul will see extra traffic as more than 18,000 students from across Minnesota who have devoted time to volunteer work and community service projects over the past school year will flock to the arena.
Amtrak expanding opportunities to ride the rails with your bike
Amtrak is expanding its bike service to include the Empire Builder, the line that runs between the Twin Cities and east to Milwaukee and Chicago and west to Seattle and Portland.
All lanes of Hwy. 5 bridge set to reopen today, at least for rush hours
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Twins lose home finale, and 100th game of the season
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When you are so high that you think that every car on the road is a cop.
I have fuzz vision right now i need to pull over and eat this donut.
af Joecat 20. januar 2014
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Can you define these popular missing words?
Emails sendes fra email@example.com. Vi lover ikke at spamme dig.×


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Following South Florida's Food Truck Trend
Jim Heins, owner of Latin Burger & Taco.
Photo by Candace West
While this week, Miami New Times is celebrating our inaugural Miami People issue, our sister paper, New Times Broward-Palm Beach, has a feature that explores South Florida food trucks.
Former food critic John Linn focuses on the meals-on-wheels phenomenon from Palm Beach to Miami-Dade, profiling trucks like Nacho Bizness, Latin Burger & Taco, and Dim Ssäm á GoGo. Even, the Burger Beast's very own Sef Gonzalez makes a small cameo in the story.
Read the feature, "Dine & Dash," here, and check out the slideshow here.
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text:
TinkerBox HD
By Autodesk Inc.
Open iTunes to buy and download apps.
If you can imagine it, you can build it with TinkerBox.
TinkerBox is a fun, free-to-play physics puzzle game. While it is full of interesting science facts and teaches basic engineering concepts, TinkerBox is more than just educational!
Take the tools in your hands to explore your creativity and imagination with Invent mode. Build outrageous machines, share them with your friends, or download popular inventions online at http://www.tinkerboxnews.com.
Stretch your brain through the devious Puzzle mode. Get immersed in physics-based puzzles and mechanical concepts, where your only hope for success is your creative problem solving.
Dream. Build. Share. TinkerBox.
What's New in Version 1.5.1
✓ Bug Fixes
For 1.5
✓ A New Puzzle Stage
✓ Multi Select Objects
✓ Game Center, Achievements
✓ New Puzzle elements
iPad Screenshots
Customer Reviews
I recently updated our school's iPads, and when the kids got them back, Tinkerbox asked for GameCenter login. Well, we can't do that, so we clicked cancel, and the app would not let them in. Any suggestions? If it a bug, or is that the norm now? Tinkerbox is one of two apps that my creative geniuses like to go to when they are done with their work or when there is down time. They (and I) will be sorely disappointed if this doesn't get fixed.
You'll get that magical fifth star when this is resolved. 🛠
Great game, but...
I'm gonna come straight out and say that this is an awesome app. Love to experiment with the glitchy things. But one problem..... IT DOES NOT SAVE THE PUZZLES. If you completed, say like, 3/4s of the puzzle campaign, and then close the app(not just exiting to home screen, actually CLOSING the app) it resets the puzzles. If only that was fixed, it would get the 1 more star. Great app overall though, totally download this if you've got the space!
Perfect for Future Engineers
Here's another STEM game perfect for future engineers. Each level introductes new engineering concepts that must be used in this physics puzzle game. Take the tools you've learned to use, and create your own amazing machines in the free play area of the app. There's room to save your creations, too for sharing with friends.
- Free
- Category: Games
- Updated: Sep 25, 2012
- Version: 1.5.1
- Size: 96.8 MB
- Language: English
- Seller: Autodesk
- © Autodesk Inc.
Compatibility: Requires iOS 3.2 or later. Compatible with iPad.


text:
*Job Title : ETL Developer* *Location : Lansing, MI*
*Duration : CT* DW developers perform application development tasks in support of building business intelligence applications and integrating DW resources into other DHS applications. In addition they provide database expertise to other application developers in close collaboration with DBAs and other data management staff. Technical support is required to assist with the following tasks: *Job Description:* · Creating DW based applications including reporting, dashboards and other information analysis and delivery systems. · Extract, transform and load systems to move data from the various operational systems in which it is collected to a cleansed, consolidated DW. · SQL development. · Work with DW developers and end user query developers to design and improve database queries. · Train other DW developers in how best to design queries for a specific database. · DW developers are also expected to be able to work with agency requestors to define and develop new queries, and provide training and technical support to both DTMB developers and end user query developers. *These tasks may include:* · Working with end user requestors to understand their data needs and create and implement solutions to those needs. · Develop and present training classes for end user developers to help learn how to most effectively use the DW platform and the BI tools available to users to support their own data needs where possible. · Develop and present training classes for DTMB developers to better understand how to use the BI development tools to create and implement reporting solution using the DW. · Provide one on one support for developers and end users to assist them in accomplishing their data reporting needs. *REQUIRED SKILLS:* · 4 Years Teradata utilities experience · 3 Years SQL assistant experience · 2 Years Unix shell scripting experience *ADDITIONAL KNOWLEDGE / SKILLS WILL BE BENEFICAL FOR THE POSITION:* · Teradata Version 15 experience · Performance tuning training · Business Objects report development experience · Business Analyst experience Regards, Akthar Pasha Sr.IT Recruiter Email: akthar.pa...@technotrics.org Hangouts Mail ID *aktharpasha...@gmail.com* <aktharpasha...@gmail.com> Direct: 425-599-2305 *Office Address : 4511 148th Ave NE Bellevue, WA 98007* -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "DotNet Architect" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to dotnet_architect+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com. To post to this group, send email to firstname.lastname@example.com. Visit this group at https://groups.google.com/group/dotnet_architect. For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/d/optout.


text:
Days Inn Henryetta, Henryetta
- Free continental breakfast, free WiFi, and free parking
Main amenities
- 61 smoke-free guestrooms
- Indoor pool
- Business center
- 24-hour front desk
- Air conditioning
- Conference space
- Tour/ticket assistance
For families
- Cribs/infant beds available
- Microwave
- Refrigerator
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Iron/ironing board
- Hair dryer
What's around
- Henryetta Territorial Museum (1 mi / 1.6 km)
- Nichols Park (2.9 mi / 4.6 km)
- Henryetta Golf Course (3.1 mi / 4.9 km)
- Hawthorn Park (14.7 mi / 23.7 km)
- Oklahoma State University Institute of Technology (15.1 mi / 24.4 km)
- Tulsa, OK (TUL-Tulsa Intl.) 64-min drive; 59.7 miles/96 km
- Free self parking
- RV, bus, and truck parking
Days Inn Henryetta, Henryetta
Hotel Info: 020 3027 9803from £75
- Room, 2 Double Beds, Non Smoking
- Room, 1 King Bed, Smoking
- Room, 1 King Bed, Non Smoking
- Room, 1 Queen Bed, Accessible, Refrigerator & Microwave
- Room, 2 Double Beds, Smoking
- Room, 2 Queen Beds, Accessible, Refrigerator & Microwave
- Room, 2 Queen Beds, Non Smoking
Also popular with travellers from the UK
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 61 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 2 floors
- Check-in time starts at 2 PM
- Check-out time is 11 AM
- Express check-in/out
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Pets allowed (dogs only) *
- Restrictions apply *
- 2 per room
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Free self parking
- RV/bus/truck parking
Other information
- Smoke-free property
In the hotel
- Free continental breakfast
- Indoor pool
- Business center
- Conference space
- Meeting rooms
- Conference space size (feet) - 625
- Conference space size (meters) - 58
- One meeting room
- 24-hour front desk
- Tours/ticket assistance
In the room
- Air conditioning
- Iron/ironing board
- Hair dryer
- Flat-screen TV
- Cable TV channels
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Free local calls
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
Days Inn Henryetta, Henryetta's small print
Also known as
- Days Inn Henryetta Motel
- Days Inn Henryetta
- Days Inn Henryetta Motel
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
Pet-friendly rooms can be requested by contacting the property at the number on the booking confirmation.
Optional extras
Rollaway beds are available for USD 10 per night
Pets are allowed for an extra charge of USD 10 per pet, per night
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
Recent reviews
Good 3.6 /5 from 19 reviews
very disappointed..room nonsmoking but reek of smoke. big gap under hotel outside door.
Room itself was clean and updated. Outside of hotel deceiving as it looks outdated. Rooms seem to have been recently updated. Heard a train about 7 am one morning but other than that no other nuisances. Breakfast good, kids liked indoor pool. Restaurants and walmart within walking distance.
Good hotel in a good location. Not a planned stop - car trouble on the interstate brought us to Henryetta and that's plenty nerve wracking. But the people here could not have been nicer or the room more comfortable. There was a great Chinese restaurant right next door (very good food, more nice people) and a Walmart within easy walking distance. Breakfast was not very good (but then hotel breakfasts rarely are). I don't know that I'll be in Henryetta, OK again, but if I am, I'd stay right here.
The room was very loud as I was required to stay in a room off of the parking lot with a dog. The stay was not at all restful and the hotel staff wasn't too concerned when I brought it up upon checkout. Very disappointing considering the price I paid today the night.
This motel has a sports bar attached to it, people and noise till 3 AM.
Is the description of this hotel not correct? Tell us


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SMS Decoder Free
van Amy Faulkner
Open iTunes om apps te kopen en te downloaden.
SMS Decoder Free is one of those apps every parent must have! With a growing dictionary of shorthand and cryptic terms used SMS Decoder is a dictionary to help identity the meaning of such terms such as:
2BONO:To be or not to be
-6%:Not very clever
NINJA:No Income, No Job, or Assets
14AA41:One for all, and all for one
459:Means I love you (ILY is 459 using keypad numbers)
With over 1800 terms this app continues to update with current SMS terms coming out. In addition to this dictionary, SMS Decoder Free lets you type in an SMS cryptic message and displays it in plain English the meaning after decoding. If you need to email the decode message to a friend you can do that to, with a press of a button you can send the SMS message and the SMS "decoded" message.
For everyone else not parents, kids, *wink *wink…this app will help you get up to speed on all that is happening in your world and you won't lose a beat with your friends!
For 99 cents get SMS Decoder which does not include the Ads.
This app works on all devices using 3.0 and greater.
If you like this app please leave a review and a star rating.
Wat is er nieuw in versie 1.2
* Updated for newer iOS
iPhone schermafdrukken
- Gratis
- Categorie: Lifestyle
- Bijgewerkt: 30-01-2014
- Versie: 1.2
- Grootte: 9.1 MB
- Taal: Engels
- Ontwikkelaar: Amy Faulkner
- © 2010 Amy Faulkner
Compatibiliteit: Vereist iOS 4.3 of nieuwer. Compatibel met iPhone, iPad en iPod touch.


text:
Rent Details of Classic Boat Construction 2nd edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Larry Pardey. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Pardey Books.
Need help ASAP? We have you covered with 24/7 instant online tutoring. Connect with one of our tutors now.


text:
Growth of Acanthamoeba castellanii and Hartmannella vermiformis on live, heat-killed and DTAF-stained bacterial prey
The growth responses of two species of amoeba were evaluated in the presence of live, heat-killed and heat-killed/5-(4,6-dichlorotriazin-2-yl) aminofluorescein (DTAF)-stained cells of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella aerogenes, Klebsiella ozaenae and Staphylococcus aureus. The specific growth rates of both species were significantly higher with live bacterial prey, the only exception being Hartmannella vermiformis feeding on S. aureus, for which growth rates were equivalent on all prey states. There was no significant difference between growth rates, yield or ingestion rates of amoebae feeding on heat-killed or heat-killed/stained bacterial cells, suggesting that it was the heat-killing process that influenced the amoeba−bacteria interaction. Pretreatment of prey cells had a greater influence on amoebic processing of Gram-negative bacteria compared with the Gram-positive bacterium, which appeared to be as a result of the former cells being more difficult to digest and/or losing their ability to deter amoebic ingestion. These antipredatory mechanisms included microcolony formation in P. aeruginosa, toxin production in K. ozaenae, and the presence of an intact capsule in K. aerogenes. E. coli and S. aureus did not appear to possess an antipredator mechanism, although intact cells of the S. aureus were observed in faecal pellets, suggesting that any antipredatory mechanism was occurring at the digestion stage.
- protozoa
- growth-rate
- yield
- ingestion-rate
- heat-killed
Surface-associated microbial communities, i.e. biofilms, form on any surface that has contact with liquid (Costerton et al., 1987), but there has been a long-held assumption that these attached cells are afforded refuge from predation, particularly by single-celled protozoa, as a result of the fact that the cells are embedded in an exopolymer matrix (Costerton et al., 1981). This assumption may hold true for the smaller flagellates (Matz et al., 2004a, b, 2005; Weitere et al., 2005), but it does not hold true for the larger ciliates and amoebae, which effectively ingest attached bacteria (Parry, 2004) even if the bacterial cells are embedded within an exopolymer matrix (Heaton et al., 2001; Weitere et al., 2005). In fact, amoebae are particularly well designed for exploiting attached prey because their feeding form, the trophozoite, can only move and feed whilst on a surface (Rogerson & Laybourn-Parry, 1992; Rogerson et al., 2003; Pickup et al., 2007a). Despite our knowledge of this, quantitative data on the obligate amoebic predation of attached prey are scarce, and the reports that have been published have used a range of techniques, making comparison between datasets difficult.
The form of the bacterial prey employed constitutes one of the main methodological differences between published studies on amoebic growth. Studies have used either live bacterial cells (Butler & Rogerson, 1996; Heaton et al., 2001; Bracha et al., 2002; Hauer & Rogerson, 2005; Huws et al., 2005; Weitere et al., 2005; Cowie & Hannah, 2006) or dead, and often stained, cells (Rogerson et al., 1996; Butler & Rogerson, 1997; Mayes et al., 1997; Zubkov & Sleigh, 1999; Stapleton et al., 2005). The use of fluorescently labelled bacteria (FLB; Sherr et al., 1987) is not limited to amoebic studies; indeed, they are commonly used at trace levels for determining the ingestion rates of planktonic flagellates and ciliates (Epstein & Shiaris, 1992; Cleven, 2004). However, the heat-killing and staining processes have always caused concern, as they have the potential to alter the bacterial cells to such an extent that the nature of the protozoan−prey interaction might be affected. Many workers have found that the use of FLB does not affect protozoan growth (Sherr et al., 1987; Carlough & Meyer, 1990; Monger & Landry, 1992; Rogerson et al., 1996; Butler & Rogerson, 1997), but others have demonstrated that protozoa discriminate between live and heat-killed/stained bacteria, with the former leading to increased ingestion rates and/or growth rates (Drozanski, 1963; John et al., 1989; Landry et al., 1991; Monger & Landry, 1992; González et al., 1993; Parry et al., 2001).
The heat-killing of bacterial cells results in a loss of motility, which is a feature known to affect protozoan ingestion rates if the bacterium is highly motile (Monger & Landry, 1992; Matz & Jürgens, 2005). However, the lack of this feature in heat-killed cells should be of little importance when studying amoebic grazing on attached, immobilized prey. More importantly, heat-killed cells might possess altered surface characteristics, which would disrupt direct cell−cell recognition processes (Matz et al., 2002b; Wilks & Sleigh, 2004), or they may be unable to develop grazing-resistant cellular forms, i.e. microcolonies, in response to the grazing pressure (Matz et al., 2002a, 2004a; Weitere et al., 2005). The heat-killing process may also result in the coagulation of the bacterial cytoplasm, which has been shown to render the cells more difficult to digest (Mehlis et al., 1990), or may prevent the release of heat-labile bacterial toxins upon digestion (Groscop & Brent, 1964; Qureshi et al., 1993; Wang & Ahearn, 1997; Greub & Raoult, 2004). In addition, heat-killed cells lack the ability to express any form of cell-to-cell signalling, which might be crucial in influencing protozoan−prey interactions, as studies have shown that bacteria have the ability to signal both positively and negatively to eukaryotic cells (Thomas & Allsopp, 1983; Joint et al., 2000). Indeed, amoebae have shown both positive and negative chemotactic responses to bacterial prey (Singh, 1945; Seravin & Orlovskaja, 1977; Schuster et al., 1993; Bottone et al., 1994; Firtel & Chung, 2000; Weitere et al., 2005).
This study examined the effect of bacterial prey state (live, heat-killed and heat-killed/stained) on the growth parameters of two amoebic species and tested the hypothesis that amoebae can discriminate between live and heat-killed/stained cells. The study also sought to determine whether the process of staining the bacterial cells affected amoebic growth parameters more than the heat-killing of the cells before staining.
Materials and methods
The amoebae Acanthamoeba castellanii [Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa (CCAP) 1501/1A] and Hartmannella vermiformis (CCAP 1524/7A) were routinely maintained on amoeba saline (AS) broth (Page, 1988), solidified with 1.5% agar (Lab M, Agar No2), and supplemented with a streak of Escherichia coli K12 10214 (source CCAP) at 20°C. Ten 6-day-old agar plates were examined microscopically for the presence of cysts, and these areas of agar, together with any remaining streak of E. coli, were removed prior to flooding the plates with AS broth, dislodging the attached amoebic cells with a sterile spreader, and collecting the suspension in a 40-mL tissue-culture flask. The amoebae were rested overnight at 20°C, and then the overlying AS broth was carefully removed and replaced three times with fresh AS broth. The flasks were gently vortexed for 20 s to dislodge the cells into suspension. A subsample of amoeba suspension was fixed with glutaraldehyde (1% v/v final concentration), and the concentration of amoebic cells was determined using a haemocytometer while that of E. coli cells (background bacteria) was determined using epifluorescence microscopy (see below). This resulted in amoebic suspensions containing c. 104E. coli cells mL−1.
Bacterial prey
Five bacterial species that have been previously shown to support a positive growth rate of the two species of amoeba (Pickup et al., 2007b) were employed in this study. Escherichia coli K12 10214 (source CCAP, UK), Pseudomonas aeruginosa SG 81 (source H.-C. Fleming, Gerhard Mercator University, Germany), Klebsiella aerogenes [National Collection of Type Cultures (NCTC) 9528], Klebsiella ozaenae (isolated by J. English, Lancaster University, UK) and Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC 6571) were routinely maintained as streaks on nutrient agar plates incubated at 25°C. Cell suspensions were prepared in sterile distilled water after 24 h of growth. One-third of each suspension was subjected to a temperature of 60°C for 2 h in a water bath ('heat-killed cells'), another third was heat-killed, as above, in the presence of 5-(4,6-dichlorotriazin-2-yl) aminofluorescein (DTAF) and subsequently washed following Sherr et al. (1987) to generate 'stained cells', and the remaining third was left untouched ('live cells'). All suspensions were stored at 4°C for no longer than 2 days and then sonicated for 10 min before use, using a Camlab Transonic T460 ultrasonic water bath (Camlab, Cambridge, UK). Cell concentration was determined on a subsample fixed with glutaraldehyde (0.4% v/v final concentration). The live and heat-killed cells were stained with 4′,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (Porter & Feig, 1980) before filtration onto 0.2-μm pore-size black track-etched polycarbonate filters (Osmonics, GE Water & Process technologies, Philadelphia) and viewing with a Leitz Labourlux S epifluorescent microscope at a final magnification of × 1250 under UV excitation (BP340/LP430 filter block). The DTAF-stained cells were not DAPI stained, but were observed as yellow fluorescent cells under blue excitation (BP450/LP490 filter block). At least 400 cells per filter were counted before conversion to cells mL−1.
Grazing experiments
AS broth was solidified with 1.5% agarose (Sigma), and 90-mm Petri dishes were filled with 45 mL of molten agar to yield an agar depth of 7 mm. Agarose has previously been shown to limit the growth of live bacterial cells on the agar surface during grazing experiments (Pickup et al., 2007b). Each species of amoeba was challenged with five species of bacterial prey in each of the three states (live, heat-killed and stained). For each combination, the amoeba species and bacterial prey were coinoculated into 2 mL of AS broth, which, when poured onto the agar surface and allowed to dry in a laminar flow cabinet, resulted in the desired starting concentrations as cells cm−2 agar. The starting concentrations for bacteria and amoebae were 5 × 107 and 5 cells cm−2, respectively. Once the agar surfaces had dried, the resultant lawns were examined microscopically for 1-cm2 areas showing confluent bacterial lawns and the presence of about 5 amoeba cells. Three 1-cm2 areas of inoculated agar were aseptically excised from the Petri dish, and each was placed onto 10 μL of sterile distilled water in a Sedgwick Rafter Counting Chamber. Controls of each bacterial species alone, and each species of amoeba alone, were also prepared in triplicate. The counting chambers were incubated at 20°C, on top of moistened foam in perspex boxes, to prevent desiccation. The agar sections were examined twice a day with a light microscope (× 400 to × 1200 final magnification, depending on species) for up to 5 days, and the number of amoebae on the 1-cm2 area was recorded. Any unusual amoebic behaviour, or cyst formation, was also recorded. At the beginning and end of the experiment, additional agar surfaces of tests and bacterial controls were fixed in glutaraldehyde (0.4% v/v final concentration), and the surfaces were scraped to remove the adherent cells into suspension. The bacterial concentration (cells cm−2) was determined by epifluorescence microscopy, as previously described.
All analyses were carried out using spss statistics (SPSS Inc., IL), sigmaplot graphics (SPSS Inc.) and Microsoft Excel (Microsoft, Redmond, WA). The specific growth rate (μ, h−1) of the amoebae on each prey treatment was determined by regression analysis of the linear portion of the graph of ln(amoeba cells cm−2) against time (h), generally over a 3-day period, after correcting for any amoebic growth in the control systems. A one-way between-groups ANOVA was conducted to explore the effect of heat-killing and staining of prey on specific growth rate. Post hoc tests were conducted to examine the significance of any between-groups effect. Ingestion rate (prey amoeba−1h−1) was determined by interpolating bacterial concentration at the midpoint of the whole experimental period, after correcting for the bacterial control, and dividing this by the average concentration of amoebae following Sherr et al. (1983). The number of amoeba cells produced per ingested prey cell (yield) was determined by dividing the number of new amoebae produced in the system by the number of bacteria removed from the system. Ingestion rates and yields were compared using a Student's t-test.
Figure 1 shows the calculated values for specific growth rates, and Table 1 the calculated ingestion rates and yields, for H. vermiformis and A. castellanii feeding on five bacterial species in three cellular states (live, heat-killed and stained). The specific growth rates of H. vermiformis were significantly higher on the live cells of E. coli (P<0.02) and P. aeruginosa, K. aerogenes and K. ozaenae (P<0.01) compared with those on the heat-killed or stained cells, which were not significantly different from each other (Fig. 1). However, the form of S. aureus did not influence the calculated specific growth rates of this species of amoeba (Fig. 1g). The specific growth rates of A. castellanii were significantly higher on the live cells of E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. aerogenes (P<0.01) and S. aureus (P<0.05) compared with those on the heat-killed and stained cells, which were not significantly different from each other (Fig. 1). This amoeba had a significantly lower specific growth rate on heat-killed K. ozaenae (P<0.01) compared with the rates on the live and stained cells, which were equivalent (Fig. 1j).
|H. vermiformis
|A. castellanii
|E. coli K12
|265 (80)
|0.0953 (0.033)
|265 (126)
|0.195 (0.08)
|119 (45)
|0.1350 (0.059)
|656 (98)*†
|0.035 (0.003)
|219 (103)
|0.0945 (0.033)
|203 (53)
|0.127 (0.033)
|P. aeruginosa
|283 (65)
|0.0818 (0.020)
|318 (104)
|0.110 (0.031)
|418 (352)*
|0.0169 (0.007)*
|939 (289)*
|0.011 (0.006)*
|980 (713)*
|0.0035 (0.003)*
|861 (24)*
|0.012 (0.004)*
|K. aerogenes
|250 (20)
|0.1023 (0.008)
|188 (129)
|0.534 (0.343)
|693 (100)*
|0.0158 (0.003)
|311 (133)*
|0.125 (0.077)
|445 (188)*
|0.0638 (0.037)
|365 (65)*
|0.032 (0.004)
|S. aureus
|574 (199)
|0.0408 (0.019)
|686 (144)
|0.042 (0.007)
|234 (88)*
|0.045 (0.008)
|355 (196)
|0.0677 (0.025)
|172 (62)*
|0.100 (0.041)*‡
|K. ozaenae
|395 (227)
|0.0818 (0.027)
|195 (138)
|365 (19)
|0.0349 (0.003)
|344 (94)
|0.005 (0.001)*‡
|259 (113)
The calculated yield values for both species of amoebae feeding on all forms of bacterial prey were, in general, equivalent. The only exceptions were with heat-killed P. aeruginosa cells, which gave lower yields for both species (P<0.01), stained K. ozaenae, which gave a lower yield for H. vermiformis (P<0.01), and stained S. aureus, which gave a higher yield for A. castellanii (P<0.05) (Table 1). The calculated ingestion rates showed the most variation. Both species of amoebae showed significantly lower uptake of the live cells of P. aeruginosa (P<0.01) and K. aerogenes (P<0.02), and equivalent rates with K. ozaenae (Table 1). Hartmannella vermiformis also ingested the live, heat-killed and stained cells of E. coli and S. aureus at equivalent rates (Table 1), but A. castellanii ingested more heat-killed E. coli cells than live (P<0.01), and more live S. aureus cells than heat-killed or stained (P<0.05) (Table 1).
The trophozoites of both species of amoebae began feeding and dividing immediately on the lawns of all bacteria except in the presence of K. ozaenae. This bacterium induced unusual amoebic behaviour, even after the prey cells had been heat-killed (with or without staining). Unlike the normal trophozoite response, which was to move over the lawn in a semi-random manner (the Levy walk, Levandowsky et al., 1997), the presence of live, heat-killed or stained K. ozaenae caused an immediate cessation in amoebic movement. The trophozoites of H. vermiformis remained stationary for a period of 26 h, after which normal feeding and movement was resumed. In the presence of live K. ozaenae, the trophozoites of A. castellanii remained stationary for 14 h, after which they rapidly moved in a straight line off the agar surface, or attempted to bury themselves in the agar as observed in a previous study (Pickup et al., 2007b). In the presence of heat-killed and stained K. ozaenae the trophozoites remained stationary for the duration of the experiment. No cysts were produced by the A. castellanii populations in the presence of K. ozaenae; instead, many of the trophozoites lysed.
The growth responses of two species of amoebae were evaluated in the presence of live, heat-killed and (heat-killed) stained cells of five bacterial species that are known to exist within natural biofilms (Costerton et al., 1987; McBain et al., 2003). Results showed that, in general, both species achieved significantly higher specific growth rates when feeding on live bacterial cells and there was no significant difference between amoebic parameter values obtained with heat-killed or (heat-killed) stained bacterial cells. This indicates that it was the heat-killing process, and not the subsequent staining, that affected the amoeba−bacterial interaction.
Higher growth rates and yields of amoebae with live bacterial cells, compared with their heat-killed counterparts, have been recorded previously (Drozanski, 1963; John et al., 1989). However, other studies have shown that heat-killing and staining has no effect on growth rate, or that rates are higher with the stained prey cells (Rogerson et al., 1996; Butler & Rogerson, 1997). The variability in published data might be related to the Gram reaction of the bacterium employed. In the present study, all amoebic specific growth rates on live cells of the Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. aerogenes and K. ozaenae) were higher than those achieved with their heat-killed or stained counterparts, agreeing with Drozanski (1963) and John et al. (1989), who also employed Gram-negative bacteria (Aeromonas aerogenes and E. coli). In contrast, the amoebic specific growth rates achieved with live cells of the Gram-positive bacterium S. aureus were more variable. For example, no significant difference in specific growth rates was recorded for H. vermiformis feeding on the three states of this prey, which agrees with Rogerson et al. (1996) and Butler & Rogerson (1997), who also employed a Gram-positive bacterium (Planococcus citreus). Thus, it appears that the heat-killing process affects amoebic interactions with Gram-negative bacteria more than it does those with Gram-positive bacteria, but examination of specific growth rates alone cannot discern whether the heat-killing process has predominantly affected the ingestion or subsequent digestion of these prey.
There are currently no published data on the susceptibility of different bacterial species to amoebic digestion, but some insight can be obtained from amoebic yield. The majority of data show that higher amoebic yields are obtained upon the digestion of live Gram-negative prey, suggesting that heat-killed Gram-negative cells are more difficult to digest. Amoebic yields in this study were not elevated with the live cells of the Gram-positive S. aureus, suggesting that heat-killing did not affect the digestibility of these cells. This contradicts the results of Mehlis et al. (1990), who showed that the coagulated cytoplasm of heat-killed S. aureus was more difficult to digest than live cytoplasm by the ciliate Paramecium; a plausible reason for this discrepancy cannot be provided at present. However, the similarity in the responses of the two species of amoebae, with each of the prey, does suggest that it is the properties of the bacterial prey, and not of the amoebae, which govern the nature of the amoeba−bacterial interaction, and this was further highlighted upon examination of the ingestion-rate data.
Amoebic ingestion rates on live vs. heat-killed or stained bacterial cells split the amoeba−bacterium combinations into two distinct groupings, namely those combinations for which the ingestion of live bacterial cells was lower than for their heat-killed or stained counterparts (P. aeruginosa and K. aerogenes) and those for which it was not (E. coli, S. aureus and K. ozaenae). Live cells of P. aeruginosa and K. aerogenes are known to be acceptable prey for these two species of amoebae (Weekers et al., 1993; Pickup et al., 2007b), but heat-killing these cells produced a significant reduction in amoebic growth rates (Fig. 1), particularly when the prey was P. aeruginosa (Fig. 1c and d). Heat-killed or stained bacteria were ingested at higher rates, by both species of amoeba, compared with their live counterparts, but the amoebic yields were lower (significant for P. aeruginosa only) (Table 1), re-iterating the fact that heat-killing makes these cells more difficult to digest. Digestion of the live counterparts appeared more effective, with the yield from K. aerogenes being the highest, and that from P. aeruginosa the third highest, out of all five bacterial species (Table 1). Data on the digestibility of these bacterial genera in protozoa are rare. Only one study has shown that P. fluorescens is digested at a faster rate than A. hydrophila in the flagellates Bodo saltans and Goniomonas sp., but not in the ciliate Cyclidium glaucoma (Jezbera et al., 2005). The higher yields, and specific growth rates, recorded with live cells of P. aeruginosa and K. aerogenes were achieved upon the ingestion of fewer cells, compared with their heat-killed/stained counterparts. This suggests that live cells may also possess a mechanism with which to deter predation, which is lost upon heat-killing.
Live P. aeruginosa cells were observed to develop microcolonies on the surface of the agar plate during the course of the experiment, as has been described previously (Matz et al., 2004a; Weitere et al., 2005). The amoebae were clearly visible exploiting these areas of prey, but the aggregated form of this prey may have been the cause for the observed reduction in ingestion rates. Pseudomonas species are not limited to the formation of microcolonies as a defence mechanism, as some strains can be toxic to amoebae (Singh, 1945; Groscop & Brent, 1964; Qureshi et al., 1993; Weitere et al., 2005). Live cells of K. aerogenes are not known to be toxic to protozoa, and the cells did not exhibit microcolony formation within the experimental period. It is therefore postulated that the reduced affinity shown for live K. aerogenes cells by the amoebae is a result of the presence of the extracellular polysaccharide capsule of Klebsiella species in general. This capsule has been implicated in providing resistance to phagocytosis and/or digestion by mammalian white blood cells (Allen et al., 1987), but no data regarding the effectiveness of the capsule in deterring amoebic grazing are available.
Several species of Hartmannella and Acanthamoeba have been observed ingesting and surviving on S. aureus (Groscop & Brent, 1964; Huws et al., 2005), but Gram-positive bacteria are considered inferior prey for protozoa (Taylor & Berger, 1976; González et al., 1990). In the present study, this bacterium provided both species of amoebae with their lowest yield, even though the prey cells were ingested at the highest rate (Table 1). This suggests that S. aureus possesses no mechanism for deterring ingestion by amoebae, possibly because it possesses post-ingestion defences such as a thicker cell wall, or an anti-oxidant yellow carotenoid, which has been shown to protect the cells from destruction by white blood cells (Liu et al., 2005). Whatever the mechanism, faecal pellets containing intact S. aureus cells were observed during the experiments, indicating that only a proportion of the ingested S. aureus cells were digested within one passage through the cells of both amoebae species. However, partial digestion may only be a response of this particular strain, as other, more pathogenic, strains have been shown to invade amoebic cells and to exist within the cytoplasm (Huws et al., 2006).
Escherichia coli K12 gave the second highest yield values for both species of amoeba (Table 1), which demonstrates its highly digestible nature (González et al., 1990). Indeed, Arana et al. (2003) found that live E. coli cells were far less resistant to protozoan grazing compared with the other endogenous bacteria within river biofilms. The heat-killing of the cells resulted in significantly lower specific growth rates in both species of amoeba (Fig. 1a and b), but the mechanism(s) by which this was achieved could not be discerned from the dataset. The data did suggest that E. coli K12 possesses no mechanisms for deterring ingestion or reducing digestion, but this result may have been down to the strain used. For example, E. coli K12 has been observed to be digested by the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis (J. Parry, unpublished data), but 90% of ingested E. coli HB101 cells have been shown to survive a single passage through this ciliate (Schlimme et al., 1997). In addition, the highly pathogenic E. coli O157 has been shown to survive and replicate within cells of Acanthamoeba polyphaga (Barker et al., 1999).
Klebsiella ozaenae, a capsulated, heavily pigmented red subspecies of K. pneumoniae, gave the second lowest yield in both species of amoeba (Table 1). The heat-killing of the cells resulted in no significant effect on ingestion rate, suggesting that the bacterium possessed no mechanism for deterring ingestion. However, the presence of a lag phase in the amoebic growth response, and visual observation of the behaviour of the trophozoites, showed this not to be true. The presence of live cells arrested the movement of H. vermiformis and A. castellanii for 26 and 14 h, respectively, after which normal movement and grazing were resumed in the H. vermiformis population only. Indeed, this amoeba has previously been shown to respond to another pigmented bacterium, Serratia marcescens, in a similar manner (Groscop & Brent, 1964). Despite this slow start, the specific growth rate of H. vermiformis was highest on these live cells, followed by on the heat-killed cells (P<0.05), and then on the stained cells (P<0.05). This trend was also evident with the yield values, although a significant difference was only recorded with stained cells (Table 1). These results, coupled with no significant difference in ingestion rate, suggest that the heat-killing of these cells either made the cells more difficult to digest or altered them in some way so as to release an unknown factor from the cells after death. Acanthamoeba castellanii was particularly sensitive to K. ozaenae in all three states. The trophozoites did not resume normal motility in the presence of heat-killed or stained cells but remained stationary, with a number of cells lysing. Thus, the presence of heat-killed cells prevented the induction of cyst formation in this amoeba, and suggests that the heat-killing was affecting the preingestion stage of the amoeba−bacterial interaction and not the digestion stage. In the presence of live cells, the trophozoites did not resume normal movement and grazing, and either attempted to leave the agar surface or lysed; thus, the low specific growth rates may be a result of both cell death and emigration.
In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the Gram-positive S. aureus does not appear to invest energy into an anti-predatory defence mechanism, possibly because a proportion of the ingested cells can survive a passage through the amoebic cells. However, most of the Gram-negative bacteria possess a mechanism with which to deter amoebic ingestion, but excessive heat destroys this and appears to render the bacterial cells easier to ingest but more difficult to digest. These few examples highlight the complexity of amoebae−bacteria interactions, with the bacterial prey driving the nature of the interaction, possibly by means of cell-to-cell signalling (Davies et al., 1998). Of all protozoa, amoebae should show a heightened response to signal molecules because of their obligate surface-associated life-style, having no escape from signals whether positive or negative. Conversely, the more transient flagellates and ciliates could visit the biofilm intermittently, allowing them some refuge from any toxic signal (Weitere et al., 2005). Thus more information regarding the factors influencing the nature of amoebae−bacteria interactions, the digestibility of different prey, and the growth response of the amoebae is called for in order to unravel the nature of these microbial predatory interactions in natural biofilm habitats.
The authors would like to thank Dave Montagnes for his advice regarding the statistical analysis of the data.
Editor: Riks Laanbroek
- © 2007 Federation of European Microbiological Societies Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved


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Mr. Syed graduated cum laude from the University of Rochester (1997) and obtained his law degree from the George Washington University Law School (2000). In 2007 he completed the Harvard Law School Program of Instruction for Lawyers (mediation wo...
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Immigration attorneys (sometimes called "green card lawyers") represent people who want to come to the United States, whether it be for schooling, work, or just a visit. Immigration lawyers can also help undocumented immigrants found living in the U.S. without permission. Immigration laws govern who can enter the U.S., how long they can stay, what they can do while they are here, and how they can become American citizens. If you are not a U.S. citizen and want to apply for a green card or other visa, or if you are already in the U.S. and have been threatened with deportation, an immigration lawyer can help you.


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United Christian Church and Ministerial Association Inc telephone number is (423) 472-7271.
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Churches and Religious Organizations, in Cleveland, are non-profit institutions that are involved in propagating teachings of Christ , building brotherhood and fighting social vices to promote peaceful co-existence in people across the world.
NYS Comptroller Thomas DiNapoli Addresses Clean Energy Leadership Task Force
Audits Confirm Savings from Energy Efficiency Improvements at Long Island School Districts (Long Island, NY) On Friday, February 19th, New York State Comptroller Thomas DiNapoli spoke before the Clean Energy Leadership Task Force which is a project directed by the Sustainability Institute at Molloy College located at Republic Airport in Farmingdale NY. Mr. DiNapoli discussed the results of audits..


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How to Make Bows, Hair Pins and More: 33 DIY Hair Accessories
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Anthro Knockoff Elastic Hair Tie
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These cute Anthro Knockoff Elastic Hair Ties can be yours for mere pennies! Whether you use these DIY hair accessories to hold back your hair or add some color to your wrists, you'll love all the fun color combinations you can make with this cute and simple knockoff craft.
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Measure approximately 9 inches of elastic and cut it.
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Top Definition
adj. used to describe a guy that likes neatness and the qualities of being neat.
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I asked Bay Area slam poet B Deep to share some of his amazing spoken-word pieces with us in the Infoxicated Corner. Thrilled to be including some work by STAGE poets as well as all the PAGE poets we've been blessed to host. Enjoy these three performances, below! Something About Dragging Feet Instead of Wonderland: The Looking Glass Ends With Me Lazy River Brennan/ 'B Deep' DeFrisco likes words and the way they move. He is an organizer and performer at the Berkeley Poetry Slam and will represent them in the upcoming 2015 National Poetry Slam. He is co-founder of Lucky Bastard Press and author of Highku: 4 & 20 Poems About Marijuana. His work can be found or is forthcoming in TheThe Poetry's Infoxicated Corner, Drunk Monkeys, Hermeneutic [...]
I asked poet and tattoo artist Ruth Awad to share some of her favorite pieces she's done with us in our most Infoxicated of internet Corners. The results are so fabulous. Check out these samples of her tattoo work, as well as a poem by her that she says is her current favorite! I couldn't be happier to feature her here. Enjoy! Lessons in Grief If you're gone I mean really gone, then whose voice is that veining through the shower drain – no, it's only water, but here I am, half wet and stung with the mercy of living where your robe trailed like a thought across the kitchen floor and my hands are filling with dirt. Or is it water? Tell me a well [...]
All The Rage: The Fashion in Our Fury is Little More than a Refusal to Engage by Saba Razvi Slate.com features a gallery on its website called "The Year of Outrage," in which it showcases a breakdown of the trending topic of outrage for each day of the year 2014. Yes, that's right – each day. There are no date-gaps in the gallery, and it is easy to see that on every single day of the year, someone was outraged about something and took to the Internet to make that rage known by way of action. With so much impeccable anger, one might think that some significant progress may have been made on at least one of those 365 fronts, that beyond a trending melodrama of expression, some change or [...]
The World Is at Stake: Sci-Fi/Fantasy, Internet Activism, and Reverberations in the Hyperbolic Chamber by Saumya Arya Haas "Nolite te bastardes carborundorum." (Translation: "Don't let the bastards grind you down.") - Bad Latin / necessary advice from Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale As a long-time Science Fiction/Fantasy (SF/F) fan, I've been following the controversy over this year's Hugo Awards. Two activist groups calling themselves the Sad Puppies and Rabid Puppies feel that, in recent years, this prestigious SF/F award has wrongly honored more "literary" books, often by women and minority writers, which feature liberal social themes over "traditional" writers, styles, and themes. They organized a response. According to Slate: As usual, the [Hugo Award] finalists were determined by ballot; any member of the 2014, 2015, or 2016 WorldCons (that [...]
The impulse to resist misogynistic trends in contemporary literature can lead us to draw inappropriate lines in the sand. An interview, for example, can certainly serve as a soapbox for an interviewee, and it can offer a neutral or even positive space for controversial or offensive behavior. But some critics have suggested an us-versus-them situation, in which the act of offering an opponent the opportunity to speak is a strategic mistake. How much attention is paid to a writer, rather than who is persuaded by what he or his critics have to say, seems the measure of success.
As angry as I get about the fact that the London Review of Books and The Paris Review scarcely review or publish Black women's work, I'm also dealing with the reality that Black and Brown children are being murdered by police on a regular basis. So what do I do? The truth is that since I have to go out in the street yelling that my very life matters, I guess it stands to reason I'll have to insist that my literature matters. . . . Clearly, all of this country's problems will not be solved because there are children of color in books, but could there be some connection between the dehumanization of Black and Brown people and our invisibility in literature?
Lately I've been trying to recognize how much energy I waste by engaging with causes and threads that are confined to an already-convinced population or are dominated by difficult participants who would gladly derail the proceedings in order to shut down the message. It can be hard to resist a middle finger to misogynists, racists, and other hateful people, absolutely, but my bet is they would love for us to expend our energy on minutiae.
In my house, we do not conflate disagreement with disrespect.
We are the sum of our choices in a boxing gym. Open your sternum, autopsy style.
Jeffrey Pethybridge's debut collection Striven, the Bright Treatise (Noemi 2013) seeks, quixotically, in Sisyphean adamance, to confront an impossible subject: the suicide of Pethybridge's brother in 2007. Striven is mourning: a ritual toward acceptance—a stay against the effacement of history.
Treed 2. Watercolor, marker and pencil on paper, 9x12" 2014 with H. Deskins Sally Deskins is an artist and writer who examines womanhood, motherhood, and the body in her work and others. She's exhibited in galleries nationally and published her art and writing internationally. She is founding editor of Les Femmes Folles, and illustrated Intimates and Fools (poetry by Laura Madeline Wiseman, Les Femmes Folles Books, 2014).
Brash Ice. Djelloul Marbrook. Leaky Boot Press, 2014. 104 pages, ISBN: 978-1909849150 The boundaries of an identity become less distinct the closer they're analyzed. It's an existential nuance encountered by everyone from scientists defining an atom to Zen students contemplating a koan. Djelloul Marbrook's latest collection, Brash Ice, explores that vagueness and various tangential elements such as memory, history and the way the nature of transcendence alters with the self as it encounters the harsher elements of life. The opening poem begins So this business of being you is about handling plutonium. ("handling plutonium") The self is radioactive, dangerous to handle. It is not easy, in spite of the ubiquitous exhortations, to simply "be yourself." There is much to fear. But it must be faced full on if to be [...]
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Abz Love
|Abz Love
|Birth name
|Richard Abidin Breen
|29 June 1979
|Pop, hip hop, dance
|Rapper, songwriter, producer & TV personality
|Guitar, turntables, sampler
|Years active
|Associated acts
Richard Abidin Love (born 29 June 1979), better known as Abz Love, is a British rapper, singer, songwriter, DJ, producer and TV personality. Love has sold over 20 million records as a member and the lead singer of Simon Cowell's boy band Five.[1] In 2003, Love released his debut solo album Abstract Theory, which earned him a further three top ten hits.[2] After years out of the spotlight, Love returned to screens on ITV's The Big Reunion in 2012. In 2013 he appeared on All Star Mrs & Mrs and came runner up in channel 5's Celebrity Big Brother 12. In 2015 Love starred in BBC two's hit documentary series Country Strife: Abz on the farm. On Boxing Day 2015, BBC2 aired the Christmas special Country strife: Abz on the Christmas farm. In January 2016 Abz released his first solo single in over a decade, a comedy track called 'Cockadoodledoo' with the hope of raising money for his farming project.
- 1 Early life
- 2 Career
- 2.1 1997–2001: Career with Five
- 2.2 2001–2003: Solo career and debut album
- 2.3 2004–2008: The lost years
- 2.4 2008: Name change
- 2.5 2009–2012: Turning point (rehab)
- 2.6 2012–13: The Big Reunion
- 2.7 2013: Celebrity Big Brother 12
- 2.8 2014: Leaving 5ive via Twitter
- 2.9 Country Strife: Abz on the Farm
- 2.10 Brit award
- 3 Personal life
- 4 Discography
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 External links
Early life[edit]
On 29 June 1979 Love was born in London to Turkish father Turan Sanveren and Irish mother Kathleen Breen. Love was raised on a council estate in Hackney, East London until he left home at 16 to join boyband five.[3][4] He won a scholarship to attend the Italia Conti Stage School[5] where he studied acting, singing and dance. One day his teacher suggested he audition for a boy band that was being put together by Simon Cowell.
After performing in front of Cowell and a panel of managers, Love was chosen from over 3,000 auditionees to be in the band 'Five' (also known as 5ive) which went on to have massive international success winning a brit award for best pop act 2000, an MTV award and ASCAP awards for songwriting. Love and fellow 5ive members J Brown and Sean Conlon were heavily involved in writing many of the band's greatest hits such as 'Everybody Get Up', 'Keep on Moving' and 'If You're Getting Down'.
1997–2001: Career with Five[edit]
Five (stylised as 5ive) were a successful British boy band in the '90s consisting of members Richard Abidin Love (Abz), Jason Brown ('J), Sean Conlon, Ritchie Neville, and Scott Robinson. Formed in 1997 by father/son management team Bob Herbert and Chris Herbert for Safe management ltd. (The same team that originally formed the Spice Girls ) The band went on to be signed by music industry boss & A&R Simon Cowell (at the time Cowell was a music executive at Sony BMG)
Based on current BPI certifications 5ive have sold an over 1.6 million albums and 2 million singles in the UK alone.[1] The band split on 27 September 2001 when new father Robinson convinced the other members to take a break. Love has since stated on ITV's The Big Reunion that he "did not want the band to split and wanted to continue" saying "It felt like they were taking something away from me".
2001–2003: Solo career and debut album[edit]
After Five split, Love was signed to Sony BMG by Simon Cowell as a solo artist and became the only band member to release a solo album. Abstract Theory, and had three Top 10 hits in the UK Singles Chart with 'What you got' (UK no.4) 'Stop sign' (UK no.10) and 'Miss perfect' (UK no 5)
2004–2008: The lost years[edit]
After 5ive split in 2001, Love admits his life spiralled out of control when he began partying and abusing drugs and alcohol. He reached his lowest point when a rogue agent to whom Love had become close robbed his life savings from the sale of his house. Over £200,000 in total was stolen and, with no income or savings and no career to speak of, Love became homeless and resorted to sleeping in the loft space of his cousin's bakery in East London.
Eventually Love moved into the basement of a wealthy friend he had met on the London club scene but after exhausting his legal options he grew frustrated, became angered at his ex-agent and 'went after him' leading to a dispute in which Love was arrested by police.
2008: Name change[edit]
In 2008 Abz changed his surname from Breen to Love by deed poll.
Shortly afterwards Love also altered the spelling of his stage name from 'Abs' to 'Abz'. In a January 2013 Radio 1 interview Love was asked why he had changed the spelling and he stated, "I just got a bit annoyed with everyone thinking I was named after my six-pack. My name (Abz) actually comes from my Turkish middle name 'Abidin'."
Asked why he changed his surname to Love, he stated, "Breen was my mum's surname from her previous marriage before I was born so it never felt like my name."
In an interview with a Welsh radio station in 2015 Abz was challenged about his ever-changing moniker and responded, "Growing up family and friends just called me 'Abidin' or 'Abz'; nobody ever called me Richard. Except my mum when I was naughty!"
2009–2012: Turning point (rehab)[edit]
In early 2009 Love came across Vicky Fallon on Myspace and sent her a message. In June 2009 Love arranged a songwriting session at Fallon's studio. Fallon picked him up from the tube station and struggled to recognise him due to his dramatic weight loss from drug abuse.
In July 2009 Fallon moved Love into her rented house in Rickmansworth Hertfordshire.
In late 2009 Fallon officially became his co-manager (alongside Love) and they formed a songwriting and production team.
In 2011 the couple moved to rural Lincolnshire and rented a farmhouse. Love credits this period as being pivotal in his healing journey, both physically and mentally. The house had a garden and allowed them to have their first dabble at growing things.
Love was happy in Lincolnshire but the couple were forced to leave in 2013 following several violations of their privacy by a landlord who lived on-site (Including letting herself into the house when Fallon was asleep upstairs.)
2012–13: The Big Reunion[edit]
On 18 October 2012, it was revealed via Twitter that Five would be taking part in an ITV2 documentary series called The Big Reunion, which also featured Atomic kitten, Blue, 911, Honeyz, B*witched and Liberty X and followed their journey as they prepared for a comeback show at Hammersmith Apollo. The Big Reunion aired in January 2013 and was an unexpected hit for ITV2, with each episode averaging 1 million viewers.
The show revealed what had happened to the bands after finding fame, with 5ive's stories, both as a band and as individuals, heavily featured on the show.
Viewers quickly fell in love with Love's quirky sense of humour and ruthlessly hilarious honesty. In episode 4 he gave the audience a tour of his vegetable garden and showed off his 'curly carrots' which subsequently trended at No. 8 on Twitter. Love's eccentric choices of headwear garnered him attention from fans, with his favourite 'rainbow unicorn hat' selling out within days on eBay.
2013: Celebrity Big Brother 12[edit]
Love entered the Celebrity Big Brother house on 22 August 2013. When asked by CBB presenter Emma Willis why he was doing the show he responded, "I need a home cos I'm currently living with my aunty Wendy'. While Love has never confirmed how much he was paid to do the show, it has been speculated that he was offered a £100,000 fee.
Whilst in the house, he struggled to socialise and integrate with his fellow housemates. Love made headlines around the world when he confessed in the diary room that he suffers from Aspergers syndrome,[6] a neurological condition that can cause the sufferer social anxiety and affect speech and communication.
Despite his shaky start, Love hit it off with former Saved by the Bell star Dustin Diamond, The Only Way Is Essex star Mario Falcone and, although they were from completely different worlds, he grew fond of housemate Charlotte Crosby.
During their time in the house, American reality star Courtney Stodden developed a crush on the ex-Five star telling housemate Lauren Harries 'Abz is lovely, he's so nice to be around. He's so funny. I'm like obsessed with him now.'[7] When asked by Vanessa Feltz why he didn't show an interest in Courtney's "obvious" assets, Love insisted 'I honour my girlfriend.'[7]
Despite his quietness viewers fell in love with him anyway, marvelling at his quirky and creative ways to pass the time and retain his sanity such as pillow stacking, spider watching, bug saving, swan apple carving and face painting. As the house numbers got smaller Love grew in confidence and was eventually announced as the favourite to win the show.[8]
On 13 September, Love was announced as the CBB12 runner-up, behind Charlotte Crosby.[9]
2014: Leaving 5ive via Twitter[edit]
In August 2014 Love announced via Twitter that he had left Five, stating: "As of today I am no longer a member of 5ive, thank you to all the fans who supported. I love you all".
Natasha Hamilton of Atomic Kitten quickly took to twitter to criticise Love, stating: "@abzlove has left @official5ive via the world of twitter...I'd be gutted if one of the girls did that. Publicity stunt if you ask me!"[10]
The remaining members of 5ive, Robinson, Neville and Conlon, claimed their bandmate's exit had 'come as a complete shock.' But Love has since revealed that they hadn't been getting along for a while, stating "they didn't like me".[citation needed]
In an interview with reveal mag in October 2014 shortly after his departure, Neville made his feelings about Love's exit clear stating "I'm more than happy to be a three-piece. It's never felt better to be in 5ive. To be honest, five people just get in your way, do you know what I mean? You've got a bit more space to move around now."[11]
In a frank and brutal interview with Auspop magazine, Love stated that member J Brown ('J') changed his mind at the last minute and without the full original lineup Love felt the reunion was tainted.[12] Love claims he attempted to convince his bandmates and their manager to contact Brown and make amends but they refused.
He states in the interview: "If we were making a cake, J would be the eggs," he muses. "He's an essential part of the ingredients and so with him missing, the cake never rose. It just kind of stayed flat and not properly cooked. There were a few raisins in it and I don't like raisins so I had to take them out. You get what I'm trying to say with that analogy? There was no cherry icing on the top. It was just a shitty cake and that's all it's been since."[12]
Love has admitted that while money was an issue for him it wasn't his only reason for reuniting "I've been accused of only reuniting with Five for the money but that's rubbish, I could've kept on touring with them cos it was good regular money, but I chose to walk away cos I wasn't happy and I had to follow my heart. It's a shame for the fans, but I tried my best."
Since Love's exit his former bandmates continue to tour nightclubs performing as a three-piece still called '5ive'.
Country Strife: Abz on the Farm[edit]
After a brief attempt at rural living in Lincolnshire from 2011 to 2013, Love decided to buy a smallholding in rural Wales with his partner. After seeing his hilarious antics during their first attempt his partner and manager Vicky Fallon felt that his transition to fully fledged farmer would make for entertaining viewing so she contacted executive producer and owner of Norfolk-based production company Tin Can Island, Andrea Cornes. Cornes got the project straight away and presented the project to Tom Mcdonald at BBC2 who commissioned the project.
The BBC cameras followed the couple's journey throughout 2014 as they purchased a dilapidated smallholding and navigated the highs and lows of adjusting to rural life on a budget and the docu-series Country Strife: Abz on the Farm aired on BBC Two in August 2015.[13][14] BBC Two were taking a huge risk in introducing Love to their audience and were criticised for it by some, but Love's trademark analogies and clueless antics hilarious on the show soon became a cult hit with viewers and critics alike.[15][16][17]
Brit award[edit]
On 8 September 2015, Love put his Brit Award for best pop act 2000 on eBay. The morning the auction went live he announced his plans on The wright stuff explaining that he hoped to raise some funds for 'topsoil and some gardening tools' for the farm. The bidding started at 99p and Abz constructed a tongue in cheek item description to go with the award.
News of the auction quickly spread around the world reaching as far as Asia and Australia.
The high level of media interest in the auction resulted in bids rapidly rising, eventually reaching over £1 million. Love was reportedly made several offers to end the auction early (including a ferrari sports car) But turned them down believing that the 1 million bid was real. The day before the auction ended eBay's fraud squad cancelled the account denying him the chance to see if the top bid was genuine. The story was featured briefly in the BBC two Christmas special Country strife : Abz on the Christmas farm which aired boxing day 2016 [18]
Personal life[edit]
Love has been dating singer/songwriter Vicky Fallon since 2009.
In late 2013 Love proposed to Fallon and she accepted.
In October 2014 Love bought a dilapidated smallholding in Carmarthenshire, Wales. Love currently lives there with his fiancee Vicky Fallon with their 5 dogs Precious, Louis, Geo, Cookie and muffin.
Studio albums[edit]
|Album details
|Peak chart positions
|Abstract Theory
|"—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory.
Extended plays[edit]
|Album details
|Loved Up
|Peak chart positions
|"What You Got"
|Abstract Theory
|"Stop Sign"
|"Miss Perfect"
(featuring Nodesha)
|"7 Ways"
(featuring Evie Bicker)
|"—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory.
Other charted songs[edit]
|Peak chart positions
|"Lost for Words"
|Abstract Theory
|"—" denotes album that did not chart or was not released
See also[edit]
- ^ MTV. "Abs Breen". Retrieved 19 September 2011.
- ^ O'Callaghan, Bren (8 September 2003). "Abs Abstract Theory Review". BBC. Retrieved 19 September 2011
- ^ Hurriyet. "Five grubunun Türk yıldızı". Retrieved 19 September 2011.
- ^ Netter, Matt (1999). Five: A Biography. Pocket Books. p. 65. ISBN 0671036394.
- ^ Italia Conti. "Celebrating 100 Years: 1911-2011" (PDF). Retrieved 20 September 2011.
- ^ Chester, Jason (26 August 2013). "'I've got this condition...it's called Asperger's': Abz makes a shock Diary Room confession in Celebrity Big Brother". Mail Online. Retrieved 2016-06-21.
- ^ a b "'I'm obsessed with Abz' Courtney suddenly turns her attentions on shy housemate Abz but he tells Vanessa Feltz during task 'I honour my girlfriend'". Daily Mail. 8 September 2013. Retrieved 2016-06-25.
- ^ "Abz to win? Former boyband star is favourite to win tonight's Celebrity Big Brother final". Daily Mail. 13 September 2013. Retrieved 2016-06-25.
- ^ Rob Leigh. "Celebrity Big Brother 2013 winner is Charlotte Crosby: Geordie Shore star wins CBB — Mirror Online". Mirror.co.uk. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
- ^ Rigler, Natasha (29 August 2014). "Natasha Hamilton accuses Abz Love of "poor form" after qutting 5ive". Reveal.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-06-25.
- ^ Heath, Olivia (15 October 2014). "Big Reunion group 5ive talk Abz Love's shock exit: "We're not quitters"". Reveal.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-06-25.
- ^ a b Brad S. (1 September 2014). "INTERVIEW : Abz (5ive)". Auspop.com.au. Retrieved 2016-06-25.
- ^ Kathryn Williams (20 May 2015). "Former Five star Abz swaps the stage for a farm in Wales in new BBC Two show". walesonline.
- ^ "5ive's Abz Love and girlfriend Vicky Fallon to star in own TV show". Reveal. Nat Mags.
- ^ Wollaston, Sam (17 August 2015). "Country Strife: Abz on the Farm review – braving cabbages in a hilarious escapade". the Guardian. Retrieved 2016-06-28.
- ^ Jones, Ellen E. (16 August 2015). "Abz on the Farm: Five's former rapper is a star reborn". The Independent. Retrieved 2016-06-28.
- ^ O'Donovasn, Gerard (16 August 2015). "Country Strife: Abz on the Farm, BBC Two, review: 'hilarious'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2016-06-28.
- ^ Eleftheriou-Smith, Loulla-Mae (9 September 2015). "Abz from 5ive can't believe his Brit Award has raised more than £1m on eBay: 'All I needed was a bit of soil and it's gone nuts'". The Independent. Independent Print Limited. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
- ^ a b "The Official Charts Company — Abz Love". The Official Charts Company. 3 May 2013.
- ^ "Chartifacts — Wednesday 14th November 2012". ARIA Charts. 11 October 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
- ^ "Ultratop Discografie". Ultratop.be/nl/. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
- ^ "Discography on Ireland". Irishcharts.ie. Hung Medien. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
- ^ "Dutch chart history". charts.org. Dutch Singles Chart / Hung Medien. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
- ^ "Chart history: New Zealand". charts.org. New Zealand Singles Chart / Hung Medien. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
- ^ "Swedish Singles Charts". Sverigetopplistan Hung Medien. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
- ^ a b "Ukrainian Chart — ABS". FDR. 10 May 2009. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abz Love.
- Abz Love on Twitter
- Abz Love at the Internet Movie Database
- 1979 births
- Alumni of the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts
- English male singers
- English people of Irish descent
- English people of Turkish descent
- English pop singers
- English rhythm and blues singers
- Five (band) members
- Living people
- People with Asperger syndrome
- Singers from London
- Sony/ATV Music Publishing artists


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I will start with a confession. If I had another life, I would choose badminton as my career. I have been playing it for as long as I can remember. Unfortunately, like millions of other Indians growing up in the 80's and 90's, I entered tenth grade and kissed my dreams of a sports career goodbye. For the past twenty years or so, I have been what Americans call a 'weekend warrior.' I still devote lots of hours a week to the sport, but I am not a competitive athlete. The enthusiasm for sports, though, spills over to quadrennial events like the world cups and the Olympics.
As a country, we should be proud of the fact that we sent our largest ever contingent of more than 100 athletes to the Rio Olympics. However, over the past two weeks, the skewed perceptions and unrealistic expectations of our nation of 1.25 billion people have disappointed me more than the valiant efforts of the Indian Olympic contingent regardless of whether they qualified for the finals or how close they got to winning a medal. Until the mid-90's, we were an extremely poor country. And there are several studies establishing a reasonable correlation between per capita GDP and the number of medals countries win at the Olympics. When a country is struggling to feed its population, it is foolhardy to expect a huge medal tally at an event that celebrates 'Fitter, stronger, faster.'
After the first generation economic reforms of the early 90's, millions of Indians have moved out of poverty and into middle class. Globalization, disposable income and ease of travel have all made our society aware of what is going on in the rest of the world. Unfortunately, a country trying to claim its rightful place in the international political and economic order is expecting the moon from our athletes without showing any interest in building a sports culture. It is a huge jigsaw puzzle, but the three critical pieces of the puzzle are the government, corporations and the society.
The overall apathy of the government starts at the local level. While there are schemes and allocations for promoting sports at the district and taluka level, the situation on the ground is similar to any other government scheme. A friend of mine who teaches table tennis in a tier III city school recently mentioned that the government allocates money for annual inter-school tournaments, which is siphoned off by the 'system.' The tournament organizers have to scramble to get sponsorships, which are hard to find in smaller towns. As a consequence, they have to ask the kids to bring all the required sports equipment and supplies for the tournament.
At the highest level, the government has undertaken some admirable initiatives. The sports awards help the athletes get the much needed attention. Supporting medal prospects by providing them the equipment and training facilities is another good initiative. However, these initiatives serve only those who have beaten all the odds to reach the top of the pyramid. Unless the bottom of the pyramid is widened by cleaning up the system at the local level, we will keep hovering around the 3-5 medal mark at the Olympics.
Government is always the easiest punching bag. As a country, we need to realize that only about 3-4% of Indians pay taxes. When the government is preoccupied with basics like implementing mid-day meal schemes, boosting girl child education, building girls' toilets in schools and enhancing graduation rates, it is a long way away from building world class sports facilities in tier II or III cities. This is where the corporations can step in. The government has created huge CSR mandates for corporations, which can be effectively used for physical education, spotting talent early and supporting promising athletes all the way from age 5-6 to the highest international level. Traditionally, PSU's like Indian Oil, Railways, banks and conglomerates like the Tatas and Reliance have shown leadership in supporting athletes. A lot of sports leagues are springing up, which assure the top athletes decent remuneration if they reach the top of the pyramid. Unfortunately, most of this support comes after you have proven your mettle at the state or national level, which is a bit late in the life of an athlete. If big names like Sachin Tendulkar, Abhinav Bindra, Mahesh Bhupati, Malleshwari, Mary Kom and others can get together with the big corporations, implementing sports programs from the bottom up will not be difficult. Prakash Padukone proved it when he threatened a revolt against the badminton babudom in the late 90's. It is important to note that it took us 20 years – an entire generation – to start producing world class badminton players. We see it happening in boxing, wrestling, archery and a handful of other sports, which is a good start. It is an extremely slow and arduous process, which now needs to expand to other Olympic sports.
In the end, the onus is on the society. It begins with us. The most basic building block of a sports culture is putting physical fitness on par with intellectual achievements or success in business. My generation mostly played sports in school or college as a hobby and then was compelled to start exercising again after age thirty or forty because of health issues. That needs to change. Let us prioritize physical fitness in our lives and build some appreciation for what it takes to run a 6 minute mile. If your cousin or nephew or son or daughter are showing a spark, encourage them to pick up the sport they are interested in. Tell them that representing our country at the Olympics is superior to getting into an IIT, clearing the IAS exam or building the next unicorn start-up. We need to support local initiatives like city marathons and sporting events. Even if you are not a sportsperson, just go volunteer for a marathon that your friend of family member is running. I bet you will be motivated to run the next one.
When interviewing candidates for new jobs, most of us do not care about achievements in sports, which is in stark contrast to the recruitment process in some industry segments in the United States, where sportspersons are considered better than an average candidate. The logic is straightforward. The tremendous dedication and focus required to excel in sports even at the state level easily permeate in other aspects of life. I was once told by a successful American businessman that he reads the resumes of the candidates from the bottom to the top. Beyond a certain threshold of academic grades, everyone is intellectually capable of getting the job done. What separates a candidate from the pack is non-academic achievements.
The Rio Olympics are over. Before the Tokyo Olympics come around and we lament another poor medal haul, let us begin by picking up some physical activity. Watch the sports you love on a regular basis, understand the nuances and try to inculcate them at your level. As a society, if we start today, it will take at least 2-3 decades to start getting a respectable medal haul at the Olympics. At the very least, instead of lamenting the near medal misses or criticising the athletes for not qualifying to the final rounds, we will start admiring their dedication, single minded focus, muscle tone, speed, agility and their athleticism. And then, if Sindhu wins gold at the Tokyo Olympics and lets out another primal scream, it will give you goose bumps.