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Xiaomi Mi 4c ReviewXiaomi Mi 4c 6.6
Earlier this year, the company launched an "affordable flagship" in India – the Xiaomi Mi 4i – which, as always, packed some pretty respectable hardware for its asking price. Later, in September, Xiaomi launched the Mi 4c in China – very similar in appearance to the 4i, and still bearing a bargain price-tag, but with a more powerful processor inside. That managed to peak the interest of Android smartphone fans who follow the more exotic handsets closely.
You can't buy the Mi 4c directly from Xiaomi, but there are a lot of 3rd party websites that sell it worldwide. The base model comes with a hexa-core Qualcomm Snapdragon 808, 2 GB of RAM, a 13 MP / 5 MP camera combo, and a 3,080 mAh battery, all for the price of around $240, minus shipping and taxes. The offer sounds quite enticing, and we were quite anxious to see whether it is as good as it sounds. Here's what we found.
In the box:
- Xiaomi Mi 4c
- Quick start guide (in Chinese)
- SIM ejector tool
- Wall charger
- USB Type-C data cable
Plastic elegance
Being a $240 handset, we can't fault the Mi 4c for not being made out of shiny materials. The phone's body pretty much consists of a glass front and a plastic back panel, which wraps around to its sides. It's a solid build that doesn't creek, crack, or move around when pressured. It does, however, strike us with an elegant and ergonomic design. The back is slightly arched, making it comfortable to hold, while its corners are stark, giving it a very sleek look, but without being sharp to the touch. The plastic is of the matte variety; it has a soft feel when held, but it does attract quite a bit of fingerprint smudges.
On the front, we have the small-ish earpiece grille, which manages to complement the handset's elegant looks. To the right of it, there's the selfie cam and a notification LED. Below the display, we have a trio of capacitive navigational keys, which are invisible when the backlighting is off.
The phone's hardware controls are situated on its right side – a power button sits just north from the phone's center, and the volume rocker is placed above it. The power key is decently clicky, but the rocker feels a tad shallow. It doesn't help that the latter is quite wobbly, too, generally causing us to feel uncomfortable while using it.
On the top of the device, we have the 3.5 mm headphone jack and an IR blaster. On the bottom, there is the USB Type-C charging and data port. The speaker grille is a wide strip, situated in the bottom center of the handset's back. The camera is in the top-left corner, accompanied by a dual-tone LED.
In terms of handling, the phone is pretty easy to operate, with its ergonomic design and average-sized display. It also fits well in pockets and is light enough to not cause any issues.
138 x 69.6 x 7.8 mm
4.66 oz (132 g)
Xiaomi Mi 4c
151.8 x 74.9 x 9.85 mm
6.17 oz (175 g)
OnePlus 2
145.75 x 70.8 x 7.26 mm
5.04 oz (143 g)
HTC One A9
147 x 72.6 x 7.9 mm
4.80 oz (136 g)
Google Nexus 5X
Colors that pop
The Xiaomi Mi 4c is equipped with a 5-inch IPS LCD display with a 1080 x 1920 pixel resolution. Its pixel-per-inch density lands at 441, which makes the screen pretty sharp. Color temperature measures at 7,844 K, which is quite off from the reference value of 6,500 K. As a result, the display has a bluish — at times leaning towards purple — tint. For the night readers who worry about the blue colors – there is a "reading mode" in the settings, which allows the user to choose how much they wish to warm up the screen via a slider; it goes from regular cold-ish picture to full-on red. Color reproduction is also far from perfect, as the Mi 4c's display manages to miss almost all of the targets on the sRGB scale, and most of the colors are often over-saturated.
All that being said, we didn't find the display to be bad. Yes, some colors do blow up, but we didn't feel them to be as aggressive to our sight as the measurements might suggest. The images look vivid and alive, and we appreciated that. The purple tint of the display was most evident in dark environments, where we did find it kind of annoying.
The display's maximum brightness measures at 456 nits and we found it pretty usable out in broad daylight. The lowest it would go is 1 nit, which is excellent for night-time usage.
We do wish that Xiaomi had gotten the colors a bit more spot-on with the Mi 4c's panel. However, for its class, we really can't fault it too much. The resolution is super-crisp, colors jump out vividly from behind the glass, and the screen is usable in any type of environment – there's not much more one could ask from a midrange-priced phone.
Display measurements and quality
|Maximum brightness (nits)Higher is better
|Minimum brightness (nits)Lower is better
|Contrast Higher is better
|Color temperature (Kelvins)
|Delta E rgbcmy Lower is better
|Delta E grayscale Lower is better
|OnePlus 2
|Google Nexus 5X
|Xiaomi Mi 4c
|HTC One A9
The numbers below represent the amount of deviation in the respective property, observed when a display is viewed from a 45-degree angle as opposed to direct viewing.
|Maximum brightness Lower is better
|Minimum brightness Lower is better
|Contrast Lower is better
|Color temperature Lower is better
|Gamma Lower is better
|Delta E rgbcmy Lower is better
|Delta E grayscale Lower is better
|HTC One A9
|Google Nexus 5X
|OnePlus 2
|Xiaomi Mi 4c
The CIE 1931 xy color gamut chart represents the set (area) of colors that a display can reproduce, with the sRGB colorspace (the highlighted triangle) serving as reference. The chart also provides a visual representation of a display's color accuracy. The small squares across the boundaries of the triangle are the reference points for the various colors, while the small dots are the actual measurements. Ideally, each dot should be positioned on top of its respective square. The 'x: CIE31' and 'y: CIE31' values in the table below the chart indicate the position of each measurement on the chart. 'Y' shows the luminance (in nits) of each measured color, while 'Target Y' is the desired luminance level for that color. Finally, 'ΔE 2000' is the Delta E value of the measured color. Delta E values of below 2 are ideal.
This measurements are made using SpectraCal's CalMAN calibration software.
The Color accuracy chart gives an idea of how close a display's measured colors are to their referential values. The first line holds the measured (actual) colors, while the second line holds the reference (target) colors. The closer the actual colors are to the target ones, the better.
This measurements are made using SpectraCal's CalMAN calibration software.
The Grayscale accuracy chart shows whether a display has a correct white balance (balance between red, green and blue) across different levels of grey (from dark to bright). The closer the Actual colors are to the Target ones, the better.
This measurements are made using SpectraCal's CalMAN calibration software.
67 Comments
1. SirYar (Posts: 351; Member since: 02 Jul 2014)
This deserves a minimum of 8.0.
3. Wulfgardr (Posts: 68; Member since: 29 Oct 2014)
Because "BIAS111!!!!!!"
7. PeterK. (Posts: 296; Member since: 13 Nov 2013)
No bias here.
Have you used the device? Well, I have, and I assure you that even with a stock MIUI ROM it's still far from being good. First of all, wave goodbye to chat notifications - you're either not going to receive any or get them after a couple of hours. Secondly, there is lag present if we've ever seen one.
9. Rafishant (Posts: 256; Member since: 13 Oct 2015)
Don't care about those trolls. They are just having objections on everything.
Just ban those annoying fanboys.
64. neela_akaash (Posts: 1181; Member since: 05 Aug 2014)
PeterK needs to explore the 'Security' app in MIUI.
42. Guaire (Posts: 516; Member since: 15 Oct 2014)
"Xiaomi's secret sauce. This is one of the best proprietary Android skins right now."
66. TheDriXx97 (Posts: 1; Member since: 04 Nov 2015)
Hi! Between the Mi4c and the OnePlus X wich one would you choose, based on your experience on the Mi4C
4. S.M.Talha (Posts: 70; Member since: 27 Aug 2014)
Because?it is at least on par with nexus 5x which recieved 8.5 rating.
And its your fault that u brought it from wrong dealer.
5. Spedez (Posts: 450; Member since: 29 Aug 2014)
Because some random Chinese says so.
8. Rafishant (Posts: 256; Member since: 13 Oct 2015)
A Chinese crap deserves ZERO
11. kanagadeepan (Posts: 922; Member since: 24 Jan 2012)
Because HTC One has A9 got 7.8...
18. jellmoo (Posts: 1581; Member since: 31 Oct 2011)
Because it's the better device...
12. SirYar (Posts: 351; Member since: 02 Jul 2014)
Because your cons are a bunch of bolony. The fact you bought a phone with a broken ROM is not Xiaomi's fault. You also clearly stated that the battery would last a full day of heavy use yet say it's disappointing?
13. paul.k (Posts: 158; Member since: 17 Jul 2014)
For a 3,080 mAh battery, screen-on time is not on par. Standby is great, but often kills chat notifications. Double-edged sword.
14. NonFanBoy (Posts: 155; Member since: 28 May 2015)
I am sorry PA, but having used a Mi 4i which has the same software and an inferior hardware, there is no question that its a great device. But when you consider the price, it blows everything out of the water. Its the only Chinese brand with genuine customer support centers in almost all major cities here in India, so the risks involved in buying the phone is also significantly lesser compared to other Chinese brands.
A great screen , good camera, great processor (and raw specs so to say), a very popular OS and decent customer support. This phone has the recipe to be a great phone. And for the price, its arguably one of the best phones on offer currently.
Its not Mi's fault that you got a faulty device. So for me, your rating makes no sense whatsoever. I am starting to believe the trolls here who go on about PA being biased to this and that.
31. Rydsmith (Posts: 529; Member since: 20 Jun 2012)
"...buying it from a 3rd party retailer means that there is a good chance one will need to do a lot of tinkering with the handset before it becomes fully functional. There's also a lot of manual maintenance required if you wish the phone to work at its best – all things that knock off points from user-friendliness. Last, but certainly not least, we find the fact that the phone often refuses to accept push notifications a pretty serious offense, seeing as it's a device that's meant to work first and foremost as a tool for communication"
If you are fine having a phone (a communication device) that limits and sometimes just eliminates communication then more power to you; but that doesn't make it a good phone, in fact it makes it unacceptable and not worth it even for the price.
And there are other alternatives and better choices, Moto G, Alcatel Idol, etc...
Don't say that there aren't.
47. Andrewtst (Posts: 631; Member since: 25 Jan 2009)
Mi4i is great device? I sold it in less than two months. Crappy lag here and there. Lousy optimise phone with bad battery life.
55. raky_b (Posts: 102; Member since: 02 Jul 2014)
and, does Skype video calls works for you!?
i have same, and after minute or two of calling, mic turns off,and no one can hear me.
it's a bug from day one ow selling that device.
they are giving updates (800MB) every 2. week, but still not real fixes, just some minor stuff
59. joey_sfb (Posts: 5740; Member since: 29 Mar 2012)
Because its not an official phone from XiaoMi for its intended market. You bought a phone that is meant for another market and review it for all it flaws.
Its more a bashing session to vent out your own frustration than a review.
Using the word 'review' make me laugh.
35. raky_b (Posts: 102; Member since: 02 Jul 2014)
nope, it does not...it have good HW, but MIUI kills it all.
and you can't use it as a brick
41. kevindjap (Posts: 2; Member since: 19 Aug 2015)
what i dont understand is PA compare a $240 phone with a higher price phone. Comparing should be in the same bracket price not with the "flagship" with higher price. maybe thats why PA giving such a low score.
6. Captain_Doug (Posts: 997; Member since: 10 Feb 2012)
It's a shame that it's not compatible with the US's LTE bands. At least there's a good replacement in the Oneplus X.
10. TechlineHD (Posts: 6; Member since: 13 Apr 2015)
it is just a shame that Phonearena reviewers do not have experience in Chinese smartphones whatsoever.... Yes, you got a reseller version with lots of bloat which is a lot slower ROM than the official one.
6.6 score? Cmon... This phone is so hard to beat at this price!
15. Martin_Cooper (Posts: 1413; Member since: 30 Jul 2013)
I guess you have used one so you can clearly say the review is biased? If not keep comments like that for your self. Specs mean s**t if the software is bad. There are phablets with 3000mah battery than outperform its battery by huge margin, Just shows how cheap chinese phones have great specs put together quickly with no software optimization.
33. Rydsmith (Posts: 529; Member since: 20 Jun 2012)
Not when you can a buy a Moto G for less and get far better performance.
44. Piyath_ale (Posts: 79; Member since: 02 Nov 2015)
Cheap hardware is a one story. But the user experience depend on the software. If the software is crap, like in this phone, no use from that awesome hardware. Cmon don't be biased a fanboy do much.
16. deanylev (Posts: 213; Member since: 11 Mar 2014)
Racist PA :P
17. Odeira (Posts: 242; Member since: 29 Jun 2012)
Xiaomi phones are crap. Period. Bad notifications system, bad UI elements, bad optimisation, no amount of horsepower or specs superiority can cover it up.
Stop giving PhoneArena flak for pointing out THE TRUTH, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth! Chinese phones still have a SIGNIFICANT way to go in terms of software. Sure, there's the Huawei Nexus 6P, but it runs Pure Google, American Google, and isn't meant for China. Even the most bloated of Samsung phones run software and are better optimised than Chinese ROM's with the identical specs. Chinese made software sent to the rest of the world is crap, end of story.
19. pppddd (Posts: 19; Member since: 11 May 2015)
Apparently running american bloatware from the likes of google is a good thing for you...lol. If only they could be uninstalled and all the bugs google doesn't bother to fix, fixed. Yeah, really optomized software there.
22. Odeira (Posts: 242; Member since: 29 Jun 2012)
Because we don't need RAM boosters, Clean Master, or privacy managers and separate permission managers (not when Marshmallow gives you FULL control over this,) or separate app and themes stores when it can be integrated to the Play Store (Oh wait, China DOESN'T have the GP Store, right?)
Oh, the drive to make phones cheaper by dealing with the devil (questionable SW companies.)
34. spixel (Posts: 18; Member since: 20 Oct 2015)
Yeah, sing praise to Marshmallows permission manager. That feature has been present in MIUI for what, 4 years?. Same with 'Doze' Googles 1337 talk for a feature available in several Chinese UI's for years. Google is awesome!
39. Odeira (Posts: 242; Member since: 29 Jun 2012)
But MIUI ripped off iOS hands down. Right down to the notifications mishandling. And frankly, that's the story of Chinese UI's - straight up rip off iOS with none of the benefits (of even Nexus and Western Androids.) Include some "addons" such as RAM boosters, a crude permissions manager, spyware in the guise of preinstalled services,...
38. pppddd (Posts: 19; Member since: 11 May 2015)
Right because if you don't like then others clearly shouldn't either and MIUI permission managers have been around like other custom roms since before kitkat, long before google implmented them. Not to mention they have superior granular permission tables compared to M, that's why custom roms are so popular.
I have no idea if china has or doesn't have the play store available but from I understand they don't use google even before it was blocked so it's irrelevant
The drive to make phones cheaper has little to do with software. All the major OEMs have software riddled with bugs and bloat and at a higher price point including even your almighty google.
20. spixel (Posts: 18; Member since: 20 Oct 2015)
Paul K
You're scoring methods needs serious readjustment. I mean,
6.6 for Mi4C? A $205 phone with a very good camera, snapdragon 808, full hd display. PLEASEEE.........Even with its flaws you mentioned, the phone deserves a minimum of 8/10
These kind of scores are actually turning phonearena into a joke.
Let the readers decide how much of a negative such software issues are instead of heavily penalizing the overall score. Even your last sentence imples the phone is worth buying, but a 6.6 is not worth buying for anyone.
24. Odeira (Posts: 242; Member since: 29 Jun 2012)
Because ALL cheap phones SHOULD get a free pass for crappy software because it's cheap, right?
I mean, the Alcatel Idol 3 got a solid 8.5/10 -http://www.phonearena.com/revi
ews/Alcatel-OneTouch-Idol-3-5.5-inch-Review_id4004- and it COMPLETELY deserves it. This phone SHOULD hence get an 8 with its bad software implementation (lag, notifications mishandling, egregious bloatware?!) I don't see your point.
26. spixel (Posts: 18; Member since: 20 Oct 2015)
Yes it does deservce an 8.
MIUI is not crappy, it has a couple of inherent bugs but these have been around a long time and would have existed in every review of an Xiaomi phone. There are simple work arounds. It's much more feature rich than stock android
The lag issue must be extremely minor. All other reviews praised the UI performance. The 'bloatware' is not an issue. Just remove it or choose a good reseller.
The review score phones on phone arena get seems to depend on which reviewer it gets, rather than how good the phone is.
28. Odeira (Posts: 242; Member since: 29 Jun 2012)
So you are at the mercy of your chosen retail channel? That's a big problem already. And also, why always presume that it's up to the end user to fix the problems that Xiaomi could have worked hard to NOT BE THERE in the first place...?
I don't hate cheap phones, full disclosure. I just believe some are truly worthy of the price tag more than others.
And is reviewing phones always been at the mercy of whoever reviewed it to begin with? Everyone has bias, it's a different issue on how to manage it. A good phone with a fair reviewer is a good score, a bad phone with a fair reviewer will get a decent rate, simple as that.
36. spixel (Posts: 18; Member since: 20 Oct 2015)
I would agree with what you say, if stock Android and other UI's were faultless, but they aren't. So yes, it's being overly harsh to slam Xiaomi over such software issues. I had much more serious/annoying software issues with previous Samsung/Sony phones that could not be fixed with a little TLC. MIUI is well optimized which is not surprising considering it gets weekly updates. It's not perfect, but nothing is.
You're not at the mercy of your chosen retail channel, it's just a reality when buying Chinese phones. Spend 30 seconds to clean the phone up when you get it and what's the problem? Or do what I did, buy directly from Xiaomi on tmall.
50. shijuv (Posts: 17; Member since: 09 Aug 2015)
U speak as if u owned a xiaomi phone? Or u have used miui in a xiaomi phone for months/ years? Really those who say miui is crap is because they dont have an experience in it or they just dont want the additional features they want it all plain and simple which is tooooo boring even if it doesnt lag
45. Piyath_ale (Posts: 79; Member since: 02 Nov 2015)
Not biased here. But I have to say this. Not all Chinese phone manufacturers are crap and fraud. But some are. xiaomi, mainly make phones to make money. No innovation. Just money minded. That's why xiaomi makes similar knockoffs to other popular smartphones and sell them so cheaply. They just want to invade the market and make money. So their quality control is poor. And they don't innovate ever. So they make mostly crappy phones...
46. spixel (Posts: 18; Member since: 20 Oct 2015)
Xiaomi does not make knock offs. Every phone they released looks unique in my opinion. Heck, even the Note 5 looks like a Mi Note rip off at the back.
37. raky_b (Posts: 102; Member since: 02 Jul 2014)
dude, so based on your arguments, LG Flex 2 deserves perfect 10?
it has SD810, great display, better camera....perfect phone on papir, just as this one is.
but then, when you need to use it...
i have Mi4i,and there is no day passing that i am not thinking to throw it on the wall. yes it have decend HW on papir, but it's battery (3080mAh) and MIUI is just killing me...
40. spixel (Posts: 18; Member since: 20 Oct 2015)
What issues do you have with the mi4i? As I understand, the snapdragon 615 is kind of problematic, Xiaomi didn't make the chipset.
I find alot of people will complain about things such as battery life, performance no matter what phone they have. They expect infinite battery life, perfect performance so when something falls below expectations, it's automatically dreadful, unusesable, the worst ever!
If you take a close look at your battery life, you'll probably find it is above average.
62. raky_b (Posts: 102; Member since: 02 Jul 2014)
yes it is average, same as on my old S3 and it's 50% bigger capacity... xperia z (and z1, z3 and z3+) also have 50% less then this Xiaomi,and it can do 3x more. i never, but realy never had full day, and not more then 4h of SoT. and, no i am not playing games, and i don't have even one installed.
*Apps are crashing,
*whole phone stops and ned to force restart to use it again, when brawser crashes and it happens once or 2x every day, little better when using Opera
*phone is getting too hot while just surfing or even worst while taking video (wich is also bad)
*Skype calls lose tone after 1 minute of talking (it's a bug from day one of this phone and they can't fix it)
*it does not showing missed calls as such, it's all "recived calls"
*speaker is very quiet...
and so on,and so on...
yes, it is better then 70$ "brand" name devices, but for 250$ how much i have paid for that, you can find much better devices.
f*** Redmi 1S is better, with much weaker HD. it have better support from MIUI then this "flagship", better SoT times and now it has MIUI7, wich Mi4i does not.
52. shijuv (Posts: 17; Member since: 09 Aug 2015)
But the sad fact is these people dont appreciate anything. And they gave 8 for redmi note 2. Doesn't that have miui or what? This review is pure crap...
21. spixel (Posts: 18; Member since: 20 Oct 2015)
I purchased a mi4c directly from Xiaomi's tmall store. Cheaper than resellers, no bloatware. So the info that you can't buy directly from Xiaomi is wrong.
23. dumbUser (Posts: 6; Member since: 19 Oct 2015)
Yes....need to a little more unbiased
25. Chiam (Posts: 4; Member since: 02 Nov 2015)
Xiaomi, OnePlus HTC.......they may all have the most up to date hardware but this is useless if it does not function. All these Chinese manufacturers lack the knowhow to produce a functional Software to make the device work.
After purchasing various devices for their latest hardware and cheaper price, I have been most disappointed and will now only purchase from mainstream Companies. Cheap is exactly what you will receive, cheap.
The Software is just not quite there........
27. spixel (Posts: 18; Member since: 20 Oct 2015)
Mainstream companies often have similar if not worse software issues. They are far from perfect either.
1 example - Good luck doing any multitasking on a Samsung Galaxy S6 despite having 3gb ram. 'touchwiz is just not quite there'
29. Odeira (Posts: 242; Member since: 29 Jun 2012)
But there's Multi Window, and maybe THAT specifically is why Samsung's multi-tasking chops are questionable. As supposed to the huge Nexus 6P with its USELESS (for a large screen) software.
30. spixel (Posts: 18; Member since: 20 Oct 2015)
Having multi window is no excuse for appauling ram management.
Some Chinese UI have both multi window and 'normal' multi tasking capabilities.
32. Odeira (Posts: 242; Member since: 29 Jun 2012)
But isn't in hindsight, RAM management was already apocalyptic when Lollipop was first released and it took ANOTHER NEW Android version to fix it? To be fair, Samsung coulda fixed it, but the Lollipop RAMpocalypse was so bad, Asus had to release the Zenfone 2 with 4GB RAM to cover it up, so Samsung is not sorely at fault here.
43. jibraihimi (Posts: 760; Member since: 29 Nov 2011)
One thing i really agree, that all xiaomi's phone should get low scores, just because of MIUI rom......its identity of xiaomi, but they seriously need to optimize it as it lags like hell, even on 3GB and 4GB RAM device......
48. Andrewtst (Posts: 631; Member since: 25 Jan 2009)
This is the first time I agree scores given by PA on China brand phone.
Mi product most of them with real bad optimization. Not sure about this but it is real bad in Mi4i, Redmi Note and also Mini Note.
I like Miui looks but I can't stand it bad optimization.
49. spixel (Posts: 18; Member since: 20 Oct 2015)
What the hell is 'mini note'
51. a1369366 (Posts: 27; Member since: 24 Aug 2014)
#A lot of Chinese bloatware and region-specific functions
*But you said that you'd bought it from 3rd party web site....and it took you "couple of hours" to flash the phone with one click install? I imagined that u never used a Samsung phone before?
#MIUI often kills all push notifications
*learn to use MIUI
Battery life could be better
*You had MIUI with google service? did you?
53. a1369366 (Posts: 27; Member since: 24 Aug 2014)
PS, I recall that Xiaomi phone has no bloatware unless that you bought a Carrier version.
54. FrankUnderwood2 (Posts: 228; Member since: 01 Oct 2015)
In the meanwhile, HTC One A-9 got a 7.8 score. I just don't get it PA. What are you guys smoking these days? Please at least co-relate your scores of a particular device with another before finalizing them.
56. shijuv (Posts: 17; Member since: 09 Aug 2015)
A review should include points for all the stuffs.. Like build, display, call connectivity, camera hardware, battery, software, value for money and 10 stuffs like that. Each carrying 10 marks. If the software is bad juz give it 4 or 5 marks in software section. Give points to other areas where it score.. On what basis u give the score? These people juz discuss about all the stuff and if they find a fault somewhere and if its an iphone they say its negligible and give a score of 9.99 and if its a chinese mobile they say that oh god we cant live with this fault and they give a score of 5. Craparena.. And if u wanna compare a 200$ phone with an 800$ phone then compare it in the pricing section too. Give double or triple the points for pricing. 200$ phone. For the cost of iphone we can get four mi4c...That means for the entire family...
Xiaomi Mi 4cOS: Android 5.1
view full specs
|5.0 inches, 1080 x 1920 pixels (441 ppi)
|13 megapixels
Qualcomm Snapdragon 808, Hexa-core, 1800 MHz, ARM Cortex-A57 and ARM Cortex-A53 processor
|5.43 x 2.74 x 0.31 inches
(138 x 69.6 x 7.8 mm)
4.66 oz (132 g)


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Valencia CF vs. Atletico de Madrid in a La Liga game at Mestalla Stadium, in Valencia, Spain. The final score of the game was Valencia - 1 and Atletico de Madrid - 3
March 6, 2016, Mestalla Stadium, Valencia, Spain; Atletico de Madrid defender Filipe Luis (3) being tripped by Valencia CF forward Paco Alcacer (9) during the Valencia CF vs Atletico de Madrid La Liga game.
Final score of the game as Valencia CF -1 and Atletico de Madrid - 3
Photo Credit: Al Milligan-KLC fotos
AlicanteFIFASpainadidas socceratleticoballball fifa soccerdiv 1 spanish soccereuropean soccerfutbolgoaliegoalkeeperla ligamadrid soccermens soccermestalla stadiummidfieldernike soccersoccer ballsoccer fieldsoccer pitchsoccer playerspain soccerspain soccer teamspanish footballspanish soccerspanish soccer leaguevalenciavalencia cfvalencia socceralmilliganimages, from


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Case Study: Finding MPS Service Providers In Under 30 Seconds28 Jun, 2012 By: Darrell Amy, Dealer Marketing Systems
Client: Lasers Resource, MI
Challenge: Servicing printers across multi-locations outside service area
Solution: MPSLink, a searchable directory of qualified printer service partners
Managed Print Service agreements can get very complicated when customers have printers outside your service area. Any time this happens, you have to find a service provider and negotiate pricing—all while hoping that they respond to your customer in a timely and professional manner.
No one understands the challenge of servicing printers across multiple locations better than Misty Conkle, Service Coordinator for Lasers Resource (www.lasersresource.com) in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Misty manages all of the incoming service requests and assigns tickets to technicians.
With a growing MPS business and larger client sets, Lasers Resource found itself with multiple printer locations.
"However, whenever I received a service call from a remote location I often cringed because I knew that I was in for a few hours of frustrating work," declares Misty.
The Challenge Of Servicing National Accounts
Finding someone to fix a printer in another market required an incredible amount of work—work that is repeated many times a day with MPS providers across the country.
1. Search
Misty would search Google for printer service providers in the ZIP code where the unit was located.
2. Filter
Next, she would filter the companies based on her impression of their professionalism from their website.
3. Call
Then, she would call the location and ask if they provided service for the brand and model of printer.
4. Negotiate
Finally, if she had a provider who looked like they could do the work, she would negotiate service rates, travel fees, and parts pricing. Sometimes she would have to expedite parts shipment.
5. Beg
Most out of market service calls required begging the service provider to put priority on the call.
"I'd basically beg and plead for them to fix our device," said Misty. "Our reputation was on the line and we needed the printer fixed so we could live up to our service level agreements." Unfortunately, many out of market service calls were taking 7-10 days to fill. This led to frustrated customers, putting the entire MPS contract in jeopardy.
How MPSLink Changed Everything
MPSLink.com was created with managed print service industry challenges in mind. The company provides a searchable directory of printer service providers accompanied by service details and quality reviews.
Misty was thrilled when she found out about MPSLink which supports the Managed Print Service industry by providing a searchable directory of qualified printer service partners.
MPSLink helps Misty find a service provider in under 30 seconds. All she has to do is:
1. Log on to their website
2. Enter the ZIP code of the customer location requiring printer repair
3. Specify the brand for repair
In seconds, she finds a list of qualified service partners in the area to complete the service call.
Additional Benefits
• Service Information
MPSLink providers create a profile that details key information about them, such as the equipment serviced, areas serviced, dispatch and service manager contact information, onsite response time, and time and material, parts, and travel charges. MPSLink saves time by putting key information about service technicians and providers right at your fingertips.
• Partner Ratings
MPSLink partners rate each other after each service call. This allows you to sort partners by the ones that have the highest ratings.
• Groups
Users can create service provider groups for national accounts. This makes it easy for service dispatchers to send the same companies out that were used previously to provide service calls to clients.
Misty is happy about her experience: "We are now able to offer MPS to all of our client locations. I know that MPSLink partners understand Managed Print Services and will represent us like we want to be represented."
In addition, "MPSLink has been a great resource for servicing national accounts," says. Tom Senecal, President, Lasers Resource. "We've found the quality of providers to be very high and much more "print focused" than other websites that offer national service referrals."
About MPSLink
MPSLink provides a searchable directory of printer service providers, enabling Managed Print Service companies to deliver national service. The Link helps MPS companies:
• Increase revenue
• Expand service capabilities
• Find quality providers to support their customers
Interested MPS providers can learn more and join the network at www.mpslink.com
Content provided by Darrell Amy, Dealer Marketing Systems: email@example.com
Reproduction in whole or part is prohibited
Please send any technical comments or questions to our webmaster


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Top Definition
"Lajkovat" means in Czech language to stupidly comment someone's post, photo or link on Facebook. It was created from word "like" by teenagers who spend ton of time on this social network.
Musíš mi lajkovat tuhle fotku, muck!
por lilColN 31 de Janeiro de 2011
Trending Now
Can you define these popular missing words?


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Date: 1835-03-07
Description: A letter to J.D. Beers & Co., written by David Hubbard.
Date: 1953
Description: Letterhead of the Wisconsin State Fair, with fair information in fonts of varying sizes and styles, as well as red and blue bars on the left-hand side of t...
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Description: Letterhead for the centennial exposition of the Wisconsin State Fair, with an illustration of the golden Daniel Chester French "Wisconsin" statue that ador...
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Description: Front cover design of a pamphlet entitled "Colorado and Asthma".
Description: Pen-drawn poster listing the officers and men of Company H. Includes small oval portraits of some of the officers.
Description: Menu for the Faust Supper Club, with a tinted three-quarter view photograph of the restaurant exterior within an abstract lozenge shape.
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Description: This map shows plat of town, local streets, numbered blocks and lots, proposed city park, Murray's addition, and part of Lake Michigan. Also includes a tab...
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Personalize your favors, decorations and more with this fun swirl design of these Go Big Blue Personalized Stickers.
Our Go Big Blue Stickers feature your schools mascot and custom wording with a fun swirl design in the background. Each Go Big Blue Personalized Sticker is available in three sizes - 2 inch, 3 inch or 4 inch. Use the Go Big Blue Stickers to personalized your game day party or give them to your guests as a great favor!
Please allow ample time for delivery. Our ship date for this product is noted in your shopping cart. Many items are shipped separately, so please allow extra time for these items to arrive. Shipping charges are based on the value of the merchandise and not the number of shipments. For additional shipping information, please contact our Customer Service Department at (firstname.lastname@example.com or 1-800-314-8794).


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Category:Avar language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The main article for this category is Avar language.
|Avaric edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total.
- ► Articles containing Avaric-language text (71 P)
Pages in category "Avar language"
The following 4 pages are in this category, out of 4 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).


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Detroit Mower Gang
As you heard on CBC yesterday, Windsor City Council has approved an "adopt a park" policy. It's a new concept to Windsor - but not in Detroit. We spoke to Tom Nardone, the founder - or gang leader, if you will - of the Detroit Mower Gang. (Runs 5:52)
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Categories: Past Episodes
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|Radio One
|Weekdays 6:00 - 8:37 a.m. ET


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Events List
The Surrey Hills Wood Fair
All that's good about wood! A fantastic family day out with a variety of activities for all ages.
Exploring Guildford & Pewley, as part of the Guildford Walkfest
Join the Chairman of Surrey Hills Society, Chris Howard on a gentle stroll around some of the hidden gems of Guildford town.
Sponsored walk on the North Downs Way with the Mayor of Guildford
Working in partnership with Surrey Hills Society, Cllr Gordon Jackson, the Mayor of Guildford will be undertaking a sponsored walk along the North Downs Way to support the Surrey Hills Trust Fund. SHS members, friends and supporters and members of the public are invited to join him for all or part of his route.
The 2016 National Wood Fuel Conference
The 7th National Wood Fuel Conference will build on the huge success of last year's event and take place on Thursday 13th October 2016 at Epsom Downs Racecourse.
A Day in Brockham
A chance to visit one of the most picturesque villages in Surrey, with its green nestling below the North Downs.
We will be fortunate to not only visit the main points of interest, but will also hear about two important village organisations, BERT (Brockham Emergency Response Team)
and the Brockham Bonfire organising committee.
Map reading to enjoy the Surrey Hills
This is a training day for those who want to get out and appreciate the Surrey Hills, but do not have the confidence and experience to use Ordnance Survey maps and a compass.
Members' Day and Annual General Meeting 2016
You are invited to the Surrey Hills Society Members' Day and Annual General Meeting 2016. You can choose between AGM, visit and afternoon tea or participate to all of them. We are hoping to see as many of you as possible in this yearly gathering.


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In Season: Watermelonby Toby Amidor in In Season, August 4, 2009
My dad and I have tried growing our own before, but they only made it to about the size of a grapefruit and ended up as food for garden critters. Because watermelon is one of my favorite summer fruits, I get my fix from ones grown by professionals now. Read up on the benefits of this melon and how to pick the perfect one.


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Min comment interval: 14 seconds
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text:
All teen and kid member reviews for Mickey Blue Eyes
Kids say
(out of 1 reviews)
age 12+
Review this title!
2 words Common Sense: YOU'RE CRAZY!! This is such a great and funny movie!! It does have a lot of violence but it's such a funny movie and older tweens and teens would love this movie!
What other families should know
Too much violence
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text:
The following questions are related to the passage "Scanning Con-focal Microscopy" on the previous page.
A laser beam consists of parallel rays of light. To convert this light to the diverging rays required for a scanning confocal microscope requires
A. A converging lens.
B. A diverging lens.
C. Either a converging or a diverging lens.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 3, 2005
|Filing date
|Oct 24, 2003
|Priority date
|Aug 14, 2002
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|David P. Trauernicht, Edward P. Furlani, John A. Lebens
|Original Assignee
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (20), Referenced by (1), Classifications (18), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This patent application is a Divisional of patent application U.S. Ser. No. 10/218,788, filed Aug. 14, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,685,303, in the name of David P. Trauernicht et al. and assigned to the Eastman Kodak Company.
The present invention relates generally to micro-electromechanical devices and, more particularly, to micro-electromechanical thermal actuators such as the type used in ink jet devices and other liquid drop emitters.
Micro-electro mechanical systems (MEMS) are a relatively recent development. Such MEMS are being used as alternatives to conventional electro-mechanical devices as actuators, valves, and positioners. Micro-electromechanical devices are potentially low cost, due to use of microelectronic fabrication techniques. Novel applications are also being discovered due to the small size scale of MEMS devices.
Many potential applications of MEMS technology utilize thermal actuation to provide the motion needed in such devices. For example, many actuators, valves and positioners use thermal actuators for movement. In some applications the movement required is pulsed. For example, rapid displacement from a first position to a second, followed by restoration of the actuator to the first position, might be used to generate pressure pulses in a fluid or to advance a mechanism one unit of distance or rotation per actuation pulse. Drop-on-demand liquid drop emitters use discrete pressure pulses to eject discrete amounts of liquid from a nozzle.
Drop-on-demand (DOD) liquid emission devices have been known as ink printing devices in ink jet printing systems for many years. Early devices were based on piezoelectric actuators such as are disclosed by Kyser et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 3,946,398 and Stemme in U.S. Pat. No. 3,747,120. A currently popular form of ink jet printing, thermal ink jet (or "bubble jet"), uses electroresistive heaters to generate vapor bubbles which cause drop emission, as is discussed by Hara et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,296,421.
Electroresistive heater actuators have manufacturing cost advantages over piezoelectric actuators because they can be fabricated using well developed microelectronic processes. On the other hand, the thermal ink jet drop ejection mechanism requires the ink to have a vaporizable component, and locally raises ink temperatures well above the boiling point of this component. This temperature exposure places severe limits on the formulation of inks and other liquids that may be reliably emitted by thermal ink jet devices. Piezoelectrically actuated devices do not impose such severe limitations on the liquids that can be jetted because the liquid is mechanically pressurized.
The availability, cost, and technical performance improvements that have been realized by ink jet device suppliers have also engendered interest in the devices for other applications requiring micro-metering of liquids. These new applications include dispensing specialized chemicals for micro-analytic chemistry as disclosed by Pease et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,599,695; dispensing coating materials for electronic device manufacturing as disclosed by Naka et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,902,648; and for dispensing microdrops for medical inhalation therapy as disclosed by Psaros et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,771,882. Devices and methods capable of emitting, on demand, micron-sized drops of a broad range of liquids are needed for highest quality image printing, but also for emerging applications where liquid dispensing requires mono-dispersion of ultra small drops, accurate placement and timing, and minute increments.
A low cost approach to micro drop emission is needed which can be used with a broad range of liquid formulations. Apparatus and methods are needed which combines the advantages of microelectronic fabrication used for thermal ink jet with the liquid composition latitude available to piezo-electro-mechanical devices.
A DOD ink jet device which uses a thermo-mechanical actuator was disclosed by T. Kitahara in JP 2,030,543, filed Jul. 21, 1988. The actuator is configured as a bi-layer cantilever moveable within an ink jet chamber. The beam is heated by a resistor causing it to bend due to a mismatch in thermal expansion of the layers. The free end of the beam moves to pressurize the ink at the nozzle causing drop emission. Recently, disclosures of a similar thermo-mechanical DOD ink jet configuration have been made by K. Silverbrook in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,067,797; 6,087,638; 6,239,821 and 6,243,113. Methods of manufacturing thermo-mechanical ink jet devices using microelectronic processes have been disclosed by K. Silverbrook in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,180,427; 6,254,793 and 6,274,056.
Thermo-mechanically actuated drop emitters employing a cantilevered element are promising as low cost devices which can be mass produced using microelectronic materials and equipment and which allow operation with liquids that would be unreliable in a thermal ink jet device. However, the design and operation of cantilever style thermal actuators and drop emitters requires careful attention to locations of potentially excessive heat, "hot spots", especially any within the cantilevered element which may be adjacent to the working liquid. When the cantilever is deflected by supplying electrical energy pulses to an on-board resistive heater, the pulse current is, most conveniently, directed on and off the moveable (deflectable) structure where the cantilever is anchored to a base element. Thus the current reverses direction at some locations on the cantilevered element. The locations of current directional change may be places of higher current density and power density, resulting in hot spots.
Hot spots are locations of several potential reliability problems, including loss of resistivity or catastrophic melting of resistive materials, electromigration of ions changing mechanical properties, delamination of adjacent layers, cracking and crazing of protective materials, and accelerated chemical interactions with components the working liquid. An additional potential problem for a thermo-mechanically activated drop emitter is the production of vapor bubbles in the working liquid immediately adjacent a hot spot. This latter phenomenon is purposefully employed in thermal ink jet devices to provide pressure pulses sufficient to eject ink drops. However, such vapor bubble formation is undesirable in a thermo-mechanically actuated drop emitter because it causes anomalous, erratic changes in drop emission timing, volume, and velocity. Also bubble formation may be accompanied by highly aggressive bubble collapse damage and a build-up of degraded components of the working liquid on the cantilevered element.
Designs for thermal ink jet bubble forming heater resistors which reduce current crowding have been disclosed by Giere, et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,280,019; by Cleland in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,123,419 and 6,290,336; and by Prasad, et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,309,052. Thermal ink jet physical processes, device component configurations and design constraints, addressed by these disclosures, have substantial technical differences from a cantilevered element thermo-mechanical actuator and drop emitter. The thermal ink jet device must generate vapor bubbles to eject drops, a thermo-mechanical drop emitter preferably avoids vapor bubble formation.
Configurations and methods of operation for cantilevered element thermal actuators are needed which can be operated at high repetition frequencies and with maximum force of actuation, while avoiding locations of extreme temperature or generating vapor bubbles.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a thermo-mechanical actuator which does not have locations which reach excessive, debilitating, temperatures, and which can be operated at high repetition frequencies and for millions of cycles of use without failure.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide a liquid drop emitter which is actuated by a thermo-mechanical actuator which does not have locations which reach temperatures that cause vapor bubble formation in the working liquid.
The foregoing and numerous other features, objects and advantages of the present invention will become readily apparent upon a review of the detailed description, claims and drawings set forth herein. These features, objects and advantages are accomplished by constructing a thermal actuator for a micro-electromechanical device comprising a base element and a cantilevered element extending from the base element and normally residing at a first position before activation. The cantilevered element includes a first layer constructed of an electrically resistive material, such as titanium aluminide, patterned to have a first resistor segment and a second resistor segment each extending from the base element. The cantilevered element also includes a coupling segment patterned in the electrically resistive material, or a coupling device formed in an electrically active material, that conducts electrical current serially between the first and second resistor segments. A second layer constructed of a dielectric material having a low coefficient of thermal expansion is attached to the first layer. A first electrode connected to the first resistor segment and a second electrode connected to the second resistor segment are provided to apply an electrical voltage pulse between the first and second electrodes thereby causing an activation power density in the first and second resistor segments and a power density maximum within the coupling segment or device, resulting in a deflection of the cantilevered element to a second position and wherein the power density maximum is less than four times the activation power density. The coupling segment may also be formed in a portion of the first layer wherein the electrically resistive material is thick or has been modified to have a substantially higher conductivity.
The present invention is particularly useful as a thermal actuator for liquid drop emitters used as printheads for DOD ink jet printing. In this preferred embodiment the thermal actuator resides in a liquid-filled chamber that includes a nozzle for ejecting liquid. The thermal actuator includes a cantilevered element extending from a wall of the chamber and a free end residing in a first position proximate to the nozzle. Application of a heat pulse to the cantilevered element causes deflection of the free end forcing liquid from the nozzle.
FIGS. 3(a) and 3(b) are enlarged plan views of an individual ink jet unit shown in
FIGS. 4(a) and 4(b) are side views illustrating the movement of a thermal actuator according to the present invention;
FIGS. 10(a)-10(c) are side views of the final stages of the process illustrated in
FIGS. 11(a) and 11(b) are side views illustrating the operation of a drop emitter according the present invention;
FIGS. 12(a)-12(c) are perspective and plan views of a first layer design and an equivalent circuit which illustrates the occurrence of an undesirable hot spot;
FIGS. 17(a) and 17(b) are perspective and plan views of a coupler device according to a preferred embodiment of the present inventions.
The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention.
As described in detail herein below, the present invention provides apparatus for a thermal actuator and a drop-on-demand liquid emission device. The most familiar of such devices are used as printheads in ink jet printing systems. Many other applications are emerging which make use of devices similar to ink jet printheads, however which emit liquids other than inks that need to be finely metered and deposited with high spatial precision. The terms ink jet and liquid drop emitter will be used herein interchangeably. The inventions described below provide drop emitters based on thermo-mechanical actuators which are configured and operated so as to avoid locations of excessive temperature, hot spots, which might otherwise cause erratic performance and early device failure.
Turning first to
Each drop emitter unit 110 has associated electrical lead contacts 42, 44 which are formed with, or are electrically connected to, a heater resistor portion 25, shown in phantom view in FIG. 2. In the illustrated embodiment, the heater resistor portion 25 is formed in a first layer of the thermal actuator 15 and participates in the thermo-mechanical effects as will be described. Element 80 of the printhead 100 is a mounting structure which provides a mounting surface for microelectronic substrate 10 and other means for interconnecting the liquid supply, electrical signals, and mechanical interface features.
The thermal actuator 15, shown in phantom in
The cantilevered element 20 of the actuator has the shape of a paddle, an extended flat shaft ending with a disc of larger diameter than the shaft width. This shape is merely illustrative of cantilever actuators which can be used, many other shapes are applicable. The paddle shape aligns the nozzle 30 with the center of the cantilevered element free end portion 27. The fluid chamber 12 has a curved wall portion at 16 which conforms to the curvature of the free end portion 27, spaced away to provide clearance for the actuator movement.
The cantilevered element 20 also includes a second layer 23, attached to the first layer 22. The second layer 23 is constructed of a material having a low coefficient of thermal expansion, with respect to the material used to construct the first layer 22. The thickness of second layer 23 is chosen to provide the desired mechanical stiffness and to maximize the deflection of the cantilevered element for a given input of heat energy. Second layer 23 may also be a dielectric insulator to provide electrical insulation for resistive heater segments and current coupling devices and segments formed into the first layer or in a third material used in some preferred embodiments of the present inventions. The second layer may be used to partially define electroresistor and coupler segments formed as portions of first layer 22. Second layer 23 has a thickness of h2.
Second layer 23 may be composed of sub-layers, laminations of more than one material, so as to allow optimization of functions of heat flow management, electrical isolation, and strong bonding of the layers of the cantilevered element 20.
Passivation layer 21 shown in
A heat pulse is applied to first layer 22, causing it to rise in temperature and elongate. Second layer 23 does not elongate nearly as much because of its smaller coefficient of thermal expansion and the time required for heat to diffuse from first layer 22 into second layer 23. The difference in length between first layer 22 and the second layer 23 causes the cantilevered element 20 to bend upward as illustrated in
First layer 22 is deposited with a thickness of h1. First and second resistor segments 62 and 64 are formed in first layer 22 by removing a pattern of the electrically resistive material. In addition, a current coupling segment 66 is formed in the first layer material which conducts current serially between the first resistor segment 62 and the second resistor segment 64. The current path is indicated by an arrow and letter "I". Coupling segment 66, formed in the electrically resistive material, will also heat the cantilevered element when conducting current. However this coupler heat energy, being introduced at the tip end of the cantilever, is not important or necessary to the deflection of the thermal actuator. The primary function of coupler segment 66 is to reverse the direction of current.
Addressing electrical leads 42 and 44 are illustrated as being formed in the first layer 22 material as well. Leads 42, 44 may make contact with circuitry previously formed in base element substrate 10 or may be contacted externally by other standard electrical interconnection methods, such as tape automated bonding (TAB) or wire bonding. A passivation layer 21 is formed on substrate 10 before the deposition and patterning of the first layer 22 material. This passivation layer may be left under first layer 22 and other subsequent structures or removed in a subsequent patterning process.
Additional passivation materials may be applied at this stage over the second layer 23 for chemical and electrical protection. Also, the initial passivation layer 21 is patterned away from areas through which fluid will pass from openings to be etched in substrate 10.
In an operating emitter of the cantilevered element type illustrated, the quiescent first position may be a partially bent condition of the cantilevered element 20 rather than the horizontal condition illustrated
For the purposes of the description of the present invention herein, the cantilevered element will be said to be quiescent or in its first position when the free end is not significantly changing in deflected position. For ease of understanding, the first position is depicted as horizontal in
The inventors of the present inventions have discovered that the operation of a liquid drop emitter utilizing a cantilevered element thermal actuator may generate vapor bubbles in the working fluid at points adjacent to hot spot locations on the cantilever.
Coupler segment 66 is illustrated as a half annulus having an inner radius of r0 and an outer radius of r1. The resistance varies from the inner radius to the outer radius because the current path length is shorter at r0 than at r1. Since the voltage drop, Vc is the same for all paths, the current density, J=current/area, will be higher along the inner radius than the outer radius. In
The current density is an important quantity because the rise in temperature is proportional to the square of the current density. Consider a volume of an electrically active material which has a length L, cross sectional area A, material conductivity σ, mass density ρ, heat capacity c, and conducting current I. The current density J is therefore:
Assuming, to first order, that the input electrical energy is converted to thermal energy, the volume under consideration, having a mass m, will rise in temperature by ΔT over an increment of time dt:
Thermal Energy=Electrical Energy;
Equation 6 shows that the temperature rise, to first order, is proportional to the square of the current density, J2. The quantity J2/σ in Equation 6 is the electrical power density, PD, defined as the input electrical power/volume:
Hence the understanding of hot spots in a cantilevered element thermal actuator is advanced by analyzing the current and power densities in the areas of current crowding.
The current I0 that flows in the equivalent circuit illustrated in
where R1 and R2 are given above in Equation 1. For simplicity of the analysis and understanding hereinbelow, it will be assumed that w1=w2=w0, and R1=R2=R0.
The equivalent resistance of the coupler segment, Rc, is found by integrating over the half-annulus shape as follows:
where hc is the thickness of the electrically active material in the coupler segment or device and σc is the conductivity of the electrically active material from which the coupler segment or device is constructed. For a coupler segment 66, formed in first layer 22, depicted in
Some preferred embodiments of the present inventions are constructed by reducing the current and power densities in the coupler device or coupler segment by increasing the thickness of the electrically resistive material in the coupler segment, hc>h1, and others by increasing the conductivity of the material in the coupler segment or device, σc>σ0. Increased conductivity may be achieved by in situ processing of the electrically resistive material forming first layer 22 to locally increase its conductivity or by employing a third layer 24 of an electrically active material which has a higher conductivity. Examples of in situ processing to increase conductivity include laser annealing, ion implantation through a mask, or resistive self-heating by application of high energy electrical pulses.
The current density, J(r), at a radius, r, within the half-annulus shape illustrated in
where Vc=I0Rc. Normalizing the above current density to the nominal current density in the first and second resistor segments, i.e. J0=I0/h1w0, and inserting the expression for Rc given in equation 10, the normalized current density is:
Equation 13 above shows that the current density maximum in the coupler segment or device, Jmax, will be a maximum at the inner radius, r=r0,
In order to avoid excessive temperature locations, hot spots, the magnitude of Jmax may be reduced or limited by selecting appropriate values for the geometrical factor ratios in Equation 14, i.e. h1/hc, w0/r0 and r1/r0.
It may be understood from plot 210 of
The temperature rise of a resistor volume which receives an input of electrical energy was shown in Equation 6 to be proportional to the square of the current density and in Equation 8 to be proportional to the power density. The square of the current density and the power density differ by the conductivity of the resistor volume material, as noted by Equation 7. The power density maximum in the coupler device or segment, PDmax, and the temperature rise maximum in the coupler device or segment, ΔTmax, for the representative geometries used to arrive at Equation 15 and the plots 210 and 212 of
where PD0 is the nominal power density and ΔT0 is the nominal temperature rise in the first and second resistor segments 62, 64 of
The shape factor contribution to the power density maximum, PDmax, and temperature rise maximum, DTmax, is illustrated by plot 220 in FIG. 14. That is, plot 220 in
Plot 220 of
A difficulty with employing a large value for the inner radius of the current coupler segment is elimination of first layer material. In cantilevered element thermal actuators of the present inventions, the overall width of first layer material contributes importantly to the magnitude of the thermal-mechanical force that can be generated when the actuator deflects. The thermal expansion of the first layer provides the basic mechanical force available in the actuator. For a given cantilever length, the wider the expanding first layer material, the greater the net force.
The two-loop design illustrated in
It may be seen from Equations 16 and 17 and plot 220 of
The analysis herein is applicable to a more general case wherein a coupling device has a different shape than those of
The inventors of the present inventions have found that cantilevered element thermal actuators, working in contact with a liquid, may cause the generation of vapor bubbles, which first appear at the locations of highest power density within the heater resistor configuration. Such bubble formation is highly undesirable for the predictable and reliable performance of the device. It is not believed practical to operate a thermo-mechanical actuator device in a liquid for acceptable numbers of cycles if accompanied by vapor bubble generation at hot spots. Therefore the ratio of power density between the location of the power density maximum and the nominal power density in the main portions of the actuation resistors becomes an important limitation on the operating latitude of such devices. If, for example, the hot spot power density were 10 times higher than the nominal power density, then the device could be operated reliably using a nominal temperature rise of less than one-tenth the temperature at which vapor bubbles are nucleated.
For a variety of practical considerations, including liquid chemical safety, temperature limits of organic material components used in working liquids and in device fabrication, upper temperature limits for hot spots are likely to be in the range of 300� C. to 400� C. Water is the most common solvent in working liquids used with MEMS devices, primarily because of environmental safety ease-of-use. Many large organic molecules, such as dyes used for ink jet printing, will decompose at temperatures above 300� C. Most organic materials used as adhesives or protective coatings will decompose at temperatures above 400� C.
On the other hand, the deflection force that may be generated by a practically constructed cantilevered element thermal actuator is directly related to the amount of pulsed temperature rise that can be utilized. This temperature increase is directly related to the nominal power density that is applied to the actuation resistors, first and second resistor segments 62 and 64 in
The above boundaries of a minimum nominal power density for acceptable mechanical performance and a maximum power density which avoids vapor bubble formation leads to a preferred design for the heater resistor configuration for a cantilevered element thermal actuator. The inventors of the present inventions have found that a preferred design is one in which the coupler power density maximum, occurring at the smallest inner radius of arcuate portions of current coupler devices, is no more than four times the nominal power density occurring in the main heater resistor segments. For cases where the current coupler device is a coupler segment of the same electrically resistive layer used to form the main heater resistor segments, a preferred design limits the coupler current density at hot spot locations to twice the nominal current density. These limitations on the current density maximum and power density maximum may be achieved by a large variety of combinations of materials, thickness, and geometry factors as has been explained herein.
The inventors of the present inventions have further found that liquid drop emitters of the present inventions may be optimally operated by first determining, experimentally, the input pulse power and energy conditions that cause the onset of vapor bubble formation (nucleation) for each desired working liquid. Then, during normal operation, the input pulse power and energy are constrained to be at least 10% smaller than the determined bubble nucleation values. Vapor bubble nucleation may be directly observed in test devices which have identical cantilevered element and liquid chamber characteristics but are fitted for optical observation of known hot spot areas of the cantilevered element. Vapor bubble nucleation and collapse may also be detected acoustically.
While much of the foregoing description was directed to the configuration and operation of a single thermal actuator or drop emitter, it should be understood that the present invention is applicable to forming arrays and assemblies of multiple thermal actuators and drop emitter units. Also it should be understood that thermal actuator devices according to the present invention may be fabricated concurrently with other electronic components and circuits, or formed on the same substrate before or after the fabrication of electronic components and circuits.
From the foregoing, it will be seen that this invention is one well adapted to obtain all of the ends and objects. The foregoing description of preferred embodiments of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Modification and variations are possible and will be recognized by one skilled in the art in light of the above teachings. Such additional embodiments fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 10, 1972
|Jul 17, 1973
|N Stemme
|Arrangement of writing mechanisms for writing on paper with a coloredliquid
|Jun 29, 1970
|Mar 23, 1976
|Silonics, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for recording with writing fluids and drop projection means therefor
|Oct 24, 1979
|Oct 20, 1981
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Ink jet recording device using thermal propulsion and mechanical pressure changes
|Feb 27, 1995
|Feb 4, 1997
|Affymetrix, Inc.
|Printing molecular library arrays using deprotection agents solely in the vapor phase
|Sep 9, 1996
|Jun 30, 1998
|Siemens Elema Ab
|Anesthetic administration apparatus which delivers anesthetic in microdroplets
|May 22, 1996
|May 11, 1999
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Liquid application method and method of manufacturing electronic devices using the same liquid application method
|Jul 10, 1998
|May 30, 2000
|Silverbrook Research Pty, Ltd.
|Thermal actuator
|Jul 10, 1998
|Jul 11, 2000
|Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd
|Corrugated MEMS heater structure
|Aug 30, 1999
|Sep 26, 2000
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|Segmented resistor drop generator for inkjet printing
|Jul 10, 1998
|Jan 30, 2001
|Silverbrook Research Pty. Ltd.
|Method of manufacture of a thermally actuated ink jet including a tapered heater element
|Jul 10, 1998
|May 29, 2001
|Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd
|Direct firing thermal bend actuator ink jet printing mechanism
|Jul 10, 1998
|Jun 5, 2001
|Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd
|Thermally actuated ink jet printing mechanism including a tapered heater element
|Jul 10, 1998
|Jul 3, 2001
|Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd
|Method of manufacture of high Young's modulus thermoelastic inkjet printer
|Jul 10, 1998
|Aug 14, 2001
|Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd
|Method of manufacturing of a direct firing thermal bend actuator ink jet printer
|Aug 30, 1999
|Aug 28, 2001
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|Segmented resistor inkjet drop generator with current crowding reduction
|Sep 25, 2000
|Sep 18, 2001
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|Segmented resistor drop generator for inkjet printing
|Aug 30, 1999
|Oct 30, 2001
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|High thermal efficiency ink jet printhead
|Sep 12, 2000
|Nov 19, 2002
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Combination horizontal and vertical thermal actuator
|Feb 9, 2001
|Nov 11, 2003
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Method of reducing kogation of heater of ink-jet recording head, ink-jet recording method, ink-jet recording apparatus, recording unit and method for prolonging service life of recording head
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 14, 2013
|The Ohio State University Research Foundation
|Cantilever couplers for intra-chip coupling to photonic integrated circuits
|U.S. Classification
|347/56, 347/61
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 18, 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 21, 2012
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AVP Valve Inc
50 - 99
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Materials/Manufacturing->Industrial Equip
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This is the meeting of the Rare Fruit Growers of San Diego. The meetings are open to the public, but it is only $ 13 for a whole year to become a member of the local chapter. Not all members are dedicated to organic practices, but many are and much of the information you can learn here applies to all growing techniques.
November Meeting: Due to the Thanksgiving holiday, the CRFG meeting will be held on Tuesday, November 19th, in Room 101. Please notice the change of day, this meeting will not be on a Wednesday, our usual meeting day. The subject of the November meeting will be winter tree care, includes excellent information about pruning, fertilizing, and dormant spraying.
Members who bring snacks and their own utensils enjoy front of the line privileges, so don't forget to bring your own eating utensils. Lets cut down on the waste we generate.
Thank you, Marianne, for the information about duration of the meeting. I was getting ready to leave my earlier meeting, when my wife called to let me know one of her car's headlights had fallen out of it's position on the car. I had to make emergency repairs instead of coming to meet the rest of this group. Looking forward to next time, but this topic was of particular interest to me--so a real disappointment to miss.
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MIAMI (CBSMiami) – One of the players who helped put the Miami Heat on the basketball map is getting a major boost in his post-retirement NBA career.
Tim Hardaway, who along with Alonzo Mourning helped the Heat win four straight Atlantic Division titles and become one of the premier teams in the league, is moving on.
Hardaway informed the Heat that he is leaving his job as a scout because he was offered a bit of a bigger position elsewhere.
Former Heat head coach Stan Van Gundy, now the head coach of the Detroit Pistons, has hired Hardaway as an assistant coach, according to CBS4 news partner the Miami Herald.
"I'm ecstatic," Hardaway said on a conference call. "It's something I wanted to do. It's all about teaching. I'm good at teaching and understanding players."
It comes as no surprise that Van Gundy chose to have Hardaway join his staff in Detroit. The two worked together for several years when Van Gundy was an assistant coach on Pat Riley's staff from 1995 to 2003.
Hardaway will join Brendan Malone, Bob Beyer, Charles Klask and former Heat forward Malik Allen on Van Gundy's staff.
- Heat's Justise Winslow Looking For Bigger Role In Second NBA Season
- New-Look Heat Open Training Camp With Same Goals In Mind
- Hyde On Fernandez: "He Was Somebody That Everyone Had A Thread Into"
- Heat President Pat Riley Believes Bosh Career In Miami Is Over
- Heat's Dragic Very Upset After Hearing Latest Bosh News


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Master of Illusion
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A collection of 32 virtual magic tricks, to learn and perform. Developed and published by Nintendo for the DS.
Cheats, FAQs and Walkthroughs for Master of Illusion
Tricks by OptimegaAugust 25, 2008
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This edition has been edited by Hugh Thursfield and Donald Paterson. Numerous changes have been made from the second edition, published in 1929. Archibald Garrod, one of the original editors, has again contributed to the chapter on metabolic disorders. Several entirely new chapters are included, such as those on blood transfusion, diseases of the new-born, rheumatism and tuberculosis. All the chapters have been revised. Numerous new illustrations have been included and newer therapeutic methods have been added. This continues to be the leading textbook on pediatrics by English authors.
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9640 C-Series Analog Thermal Infrared Camera
The ICI 9640 C-Series infrared camera offers unmatched image sensitivity and accuracy in a 640x480 imager.
With less than five cubic inches in overall dimension the 9640 fits in the tightest of areas.
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Andy Hunter° (UK DJ)
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Andy Hunter (born 1974) is a British Christian DJ and composer of electronic dance music.
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A Better America wants to
Sign the Sympathy Card to the Families of the Dallas Police
We must honor the people who protect us every day.
We must honor the people who protect us every day.
Remove Pages from Facebook threating the lives of our Men & Woman in Blue
Mayor Gimenez, Animals lovers of Miami-Dade voted YES and passed the plan to make Miami Dade a "No Kill" county by
Lobbying for tougher enforcement & control to end dog and cat meat smuggling of peoples pets from Thailand into Vietnam
The $2 billion dollar-a-year South Korean dog and cat meat industry, which extinguishes the lives of approximately two
Because this is horrendous and hideous. Can you imagine the fear these animals must be in the last minutes of their


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GreatmatsShared publicly -
Learn why BJJ Champions Rafael and Brea Ellwanger use Greatmats Grappling MMA mats! #bjjworldchampion #bjjgoldmedalist #bjj
World BJJ Champion Rafael Ellwanger Pioneered Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu's Growth in the South – - Black Belt
In 21 short years, Rafael Ellwanger has built a reputation as an instructor and leader in the Brazilian jiu-jitsu community. This is his BJJ story.
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- Anonymous
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Great location, nice staff and decent cleanliness. Good value for money.
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My phone was stolen whilst in Beijing and these guys helped me out so much; setting up my Chinese phone with western Apps/English etc.. Thanks a lot guys!
- jrvb42356
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Good location, relatively close to Forbidden City, Mao's Tomb, National Museum, Tiananmen Square, old shopping district, city walls. Wifi ok, beds ok, bathroom shower was a bit leaky. All in all, a reasonable hostel.
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The location is great. It's close to Tiananmen Square as well as the subway. The dorms were nice. The staff is helpful. The hostel has a quiet and calm atmosphere.
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I stayed in the 6 bedroom room . You get a nice big locker for your stuff and a key to the room and the locker. The hostel is right near the temple of heaven and not far from tiananmen. It's also right in some hutong so there's some nice shopping and food around. A little far from a metro stop, about a 10 minute walk. The staff is nicer if you speak Chinese and still okay if you don't. Everyone I met was very nice! They have breakfast, some drinks, and fridge space is you have leftovers.
- Anonymous
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The staff at this place are ridiculous. Not happy to help you at all, if you try to buy a drink from the lobby or ask a question, you get ignored. They're too busy on their phones. The location is pretty good but the hotel was dirty and unfortunately the rooms all surround the courtyard so it can be pretty noisy while you're trying to sleep.
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Home > Eyeglasses > Emilio Pucci > EP5006 (075)
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EP5006/075 Eyewear
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