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Osud (Fate)
4 soprano voice solos/alto voice solo/2 tenor voice solos/baritone voice solo/bass voice solo/mixed choir: SATB/piccolo/3 flutes/2 oboes/english horn/2 clarinets/bass clarinet/2 bassoons/contrabassoon/4 horns/3 trumpets/4 trombones/tuba/timpani/triangle/bass drum/tam-tam/cymbal/xylophone/bells/harp/organ/piano/2 violins/viola/cello/double bass/(2 violas-d'amore)/kindertrompete/small drum - Level 4
Three novel-like scenes. Composed by Leos Janacek (1854-1928). Edited by Jiri Zahradka. This edition: Complete Edition, Urtext. Linen. Score. Published by Baerenreiter Verlag (BA.BA9562-01).
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Wishful Thinking Is Back in Fashion
Yesterday we came across a report by Credit Suisse (pdf) on China's economy that seems to have been sent out over the weekend. The report asserts in its sub-title that the 'hard landing risks are gone, but rebound weak' (sic).
If one looks closely at the nifty charts of various economic data provided in this report, one wonders which one of them actually suggested that there is a rebound underway. In fact, every single one of the indicators displayed seems to be right at a new low for the move – with the exception of retail sales and consumer price inflation (note here that rising final goods prices tend to artificially inflate retail sales numbers). So what gives? Most likely it is the recent recovery in share prices that is behind the currently widespread notion that there must be an economic rebound underway.
The Shanghai stock index has rebounded to its declining 200 day moving average after a relentless decline since its 2009 interim high – click chart for better resolution.
The rebound in stock prices was in our opinion driven by three major developments: the fact that the index had plunged so far below its 200 day moving average that a bounce was practically preordained in order to relieve oversold conditions, the temporary easing of the euro-land debt crisis following the ECB's LTRO injections which has led to 'risk asset' rallies all over the world, and finally the decision by the PBoC to lower reserve requirements for China's banks. Note here that this lowering of reserve requirements is a logical consequence of the faltering of China's trade surplus growth. Reserve requirements are the central bank's major 'sterilization' tool, otherwise the managed peg and the huge inflow of foreign exchange would lead to even more massive money supply and credit growth than it already tends to do.
We admittedly can't claim to know whether or not a 'hard landing', this is to say a major economic bust, can be avoided in China this time around. Neither does Credit Suisse know it, nor anyone else for that matter. It is after all always possible to create another artificial boom by loosening monetary and fiscal policy, as long as there is still wealth that can be diverted into bubble activities.
This qualification is extremely important: once too much wealth has been squandered by capital malinvestment (such as China's equivalent of pyramid building, namely the erection of empty apartment blocks and office towers or the building of high speed trains nobody is using and that seem unable to ever turn a profit, etc.), it no longer matters how much new money and credit is created. It is only possible to engender an artificial boom as long as the economy's pool of real funding is not exhausted and still growing.
It is not possible to ascertain beyond doubt if this is the case, as there is no way of doing a quantitative measurement that could tell us what the state of China's pool of real funding actually is.
From the CS report on China: credit growth continues to slow down – click chart for better resolution.
What never fails to astound us however is the touching faith everybody seems to put in the valor of the central planners of China's economy. To our mind, every iota of wealth that is actually created in China is created by the businesses that are as distant as possible from the central planning endeavors of the political leadership. A sizable portion of the wealth that these enterprises create is then squandered by the edicts of the political elite and the state controlled enterprises under its sway.
Entrepreneur Zong Qinghou, China's second richest man, evidently agrees with this assessment.
"Zong Qinghou, China's second-richest man, called on the government to increase the role of private business in the economy and said the nation's prospective next president agrees.
The 66-year-old self-made billionaire who is chairman of Hangzhou Wahaha Group Co (HWGZ). and a member of China's legislature, said the nation should cut taxes and allow private investment in more industries. When Vice President Xi Jinpin "comes to power," he will encourage the development of private enterprise, Zong said in a March 3 interview.
"The government has become a monopoly company that invests in everything," Zong said before annual meetings of the National People's Congress that start today. "The biggest hurdle facing China's economy now is that the government's income is too high and the people's income is too low."
(emphasis added)
Zong undoubtedly has it right and it is gratifying to see that some people in China have given some thought to the problem – especially when those people actually wield some influence. The article contains an interesting tidbit about the growth of Mr. Zong's company and what a rarefied position it inhabits in China's economy:
"Zong's rise to wealth began with a 140,000 yuan ($22,230) loan in 1987 when he and two retired teachers in the city of Hangzhou started their business by selling popsicle, soda and stationery. He built Wahaha, which means "laughing children" in mandarin Chinese, into a beverage maker that had 7 billion yuan of profit last year. The privately-held company may boost that to 10 billion yuan this year on sales of 85 billion yuan, Zong said.
Wahaha's growth is rare in China, where the 12 biggest publicly traded companies by market capitalization are all state-owned. The government is the majority shareholder in the nation's four largest banks, its three biggest oil companies and the largest producers of cars, computers, steel, washing machines and milk. Private investment continues to be limited in industries such as tobacco and banking."
(emphasis added)
A positive development in this context is that Xi Jinping, the vice president and designated successor of Hu Jintao as president of the country and chairman of the Communist party (which is communist in name only), shares his convictions regarding the importance of growing private enterprise. This is apparently a result of the time he spent in Zheijiang, the province Wahaha and a number of other big private companies hail from.
"Private companies including Wahaha, Alibaba Group Holdings Ltd. and Zhejiang Geely Holdings Group Co. have fueled growth in the province. Zhejiang, which ranks fifth among China's provinces and municipalities in per capita gross domestic product, has the smallest gap between rural and urban consumption of any region in China.
"Because he spent some time in Zhejiang, he believes private enterprise is the main direction of economic development," Zong said of Xi. "I figure when Xi Jinping comes to power, he'll encourage the development of private enterprise."
Alas, this concerns the more distant future. It is a positive development worth mentioning, but it doesn't tell us anything about how the current economic slowdown will resolve. Unfortunately the 'soft landing' scenario seems to have become the consensus view. It is of course also what people want to hear. For instance, at the recent PDAC (prospectors and developers association) conference, Canada's Scotiabank chimed in as follows:
"China's government should be able to engineer a "soft-landing" for its economy and that should support base metals prices as the country looks to make its economic growth more sustainable, an economist at a leading Canadian bank said Monday.
China's gross domestic product is forecast to rise 8.6% in 2012 and 8.9% in 2013, compared to 9.2% in 2010, said Patricia Mohr, vice president and commodity market specialist at Scotiabank. She said Scotiabank has a large presence in China.
Mohr spoke at the PDAC2012 Prospectors & Developers Association of Canada's annual convention, which runs through Wednesday in Toronto. China represents 42% of global demand for the four main base metals: copper, zinc, nickel and aluminum, so its decisions regarding how to direct its state-run economy are paramount to the outlook for these commodities, she said.
There are three reasons why China should be able to cool its economy without damaging its growth prospects, she said.
One, China is planning to expand its social housing program. The private sector housing market was behind much of the building development in China, but that market has fallen sharply. China's plan to build more housing for lower-income citizens will offset the decline in private sector housing.
Second, a top Chinese banking regulator said recently that municipal governments, which have seen mounting debts, can roll over bank loans as long as projects are 60% complete. She said when that announcement came out, copper prices rose sharply, which underscores the importance the Asian nation has to the red metal.
Third, China's National Development Reform Commission said government-led infrastructure projects will rise 15%-20% in 2012, which is a substantial gain over last year, she added."
(emphasis added)
So to summarize everyone's case for a 'soft landing': the government will 'engineer' one. A you will see below, this is not surprisingly exactly what the government itself is saying. Even World Bank president Zoelick has said so. Seems it is easy as pie (if you google 'China, soft landing' you get 1,8 million hits).
China's external trade data: the last time a similar slump was seen was right after the 2008 financial crisis – click chart for better resolution.
Disappointing Data
Yesterday's release of China's final manufacturing PMI for February was apparently 'better than expected' as it improved to 49.6 from January's 48.8 and was slightly above the 'flash' number released previously. Alas, it is still in contraction territory and as so often, the devil is in the details. As HSBC commented:
"Despite the marginal improvement in the headline PMI, led by quickening production and a recovery of hiring after the Chinese New Year, deteriorating external demand is adding more downside risks to growth in the absence of a strong comeback in domestic demand," Qu Hongbin, HSBC's chief economist for China, said in a statement. He added that he expects the central bank "to step up policy easing efforts as inflation pressures recede."
(emphasis added)
Stepped up central bank 'easing efforts' (we wonder why everybody insists to call the exercise an 'effort'. It mainly involves the pushing of a few buttons and the whipping up of a brief press release) are usually seen as a 'positive', but it should be remembered here that if everything were fine, the central bank would see no need to ease.
Nomura has taken a closer look at the innards of the PMI report and discovered that the steel sector – one of China's largest industrial sectors – is crumbling at a rather disconcerting pace. The steel industry's PMI fell to a mere 42.8 in February, indicating a severe slump. Normally February is one of the seasonally strongest months for China's steel sector, which makes this reading especially worrisome. As Nomura asks: 'Starting to look a bit too much like 2008?'
China's steel industry PMI crumbles to 42.8. Any further and we'll have to rename it the 'rust PMI' – click chart for better resolution.
The following chart illustrates the tendency of the month of February to normally produce especially strong numbers for the steel sector:
China's steel PMI, the February numbers over the past few years. The month normally produces an especially strong reading – this time it is the lowest February reading of the entire data series – click chart for better resolution.
By deducting finished inventories from new orders, Nomura has constructed a leading indicator for China's steel industry that seems to be saying that steel production will actually fall year-on-year in March. This is a rare event indeed. Perhaps some of those rich iron ore deposits in Australia will last longer than was hitherto expected.
Nomura's leading indicator index seems to be saying that China's steel production is set to decline – click chart for better resolution.
Obviously the fate of China's steel industry is closely intertwined with that of the property bubble. Alas, there are also other major industrial users of steel that will likely lower their demand considerably. One is the ship building industry. Currently more than 2,600 new ships are being built in China's shipyards – ships that were ordered during the 2005-2007 shipping boom, but which no-one needs anymore, as there is already a huge glut of ships. One should expect a rash of order cancellations, many of which will be of an involuntary nature, as several more shipping companies are likely to bite the dust.
The Baltic Dry Index reflects both the decline in China's trade and the glut of new ships. At this point the glut of ships probably has the bigger influence on the BDI, but one shouldn't underestimate the slowdown in China's external trade – click chart for better resolution.
Another industry that may turn out to have less use for steel (and other raw materials) is China's car industry. As we learned yesterday, car sales in China have just slumped to their worst annual start in seven years.
"Automobile sales in China , the world's biggest car market, may be having their worst start in seven years as a slowing economy and record gasoline prices keep consumers away from dealerships.
Deliveries of passenger autos, including sport-utility vehicles and light-goods vans, in the first two months of 2012 fell 3 percent from a year earlier, based on the median estimate of five analysts surveyed by Bloomberg. That would be the biggest drop since 2005, when they fell 8.9 percent, according to the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers , which will release industry data later this month.
Slumping deliveries in the world's second-largest economy and Europe are undermining a revival in the U.S., where sales are rising at their fastest pace in four years. In China, which has fueled global growth in the past decade, foreign automakers from General Motors Co. (GM) to Volkswagen AG (VOW) are also facing tougher regulations as the government rolls out policies favoring domestic brands and clamps down on overcapacity.
"The days of China's vehicle sales going through the roof are over," said Huang Wenlong, a Hong Kong-based analyst with BOC International Holdings Ltd. "I don't think the overall economic situation is that optimistic."
[…] Alas:
Global carmakers are counting on a rebound in China to help drive earnings this year as auto demand in Europe is forecast to decline for a fifth straight year as the sovereign debt crisis unsettles consumers.
(emphasis added)
The hopes of global car makers may turn out to be misplaced. Last year growth in car sales in China slowed to 2.5%, which was the first time in 14 years that it trailed car sales growth in the US.
Color us slightly surprised at the staying power of the 'soft landing meme' (which we last discussed in November in 'Can The Planners Do It One More Time?') in view of all of the above.
Promises, Promises
Meanwhile, the National People's Congress in Beijing provides an opportunity for the planners to lay out their upcoming policy moves. The markets certainly didn't like what prime minister Wen Jiabao had to say:
"China pared the nation's economic growth target to 7.5 percent from an 8 percent goal in place since 2005, a signal that leaders are determined to cut reliance on exports and capital spending in favor of consumption.
Officials will also aim for inflation of about 4 percent this year, unchanged from the 2011 goal, according to a state- of-the-nation speech that Premier Wen Jiabao delivered to about 3,000 lawmakers at the annual meeting of the National People's Congress in Beijing today.
Asian stocks fell as Wen, 69, said the nation needs to shift to a more sustainable and efficient economic model and achieve "higher-quality development over a longer period of time."
(emphasis added)
What disappointed the markets was this 'official cut to the growth target' from the previous 8% goal to 7.5%. Now, we're not sure how exactly other market participants are interpreting such an announcement. From our point of view the Chinese government makes up a lot of economic data from whole cloth anyway, so an official cut to the 'growth target' very likely means that growth is slowing down much more than it expected it would. Cutting the 'target' is a good 'cover your behind' move, as it will make the economic downturn look as though it was 'planned' – even if it is the result of developments outside of anyone's control.
Mind, China's government may actually be taking a positive steps by lowering its growth target. Consider for instance this remark by an observer:
"The growth target indicates the lowest level that the government is comfortable with and is also a signal to local officials that they shouldn't solely focus on the rate of expansion," said Michael Buchanan , chief Asia-Pacific economist at Goldman Sachs Group Inc. in Hong Kong . "China's trend growth rate is coming down but it's still higher than this — more like around 9 percent."
(emphasis added)
As it were, China's 'growth at any cost' policy has created nothing but trouble at the local level, where municipalities are now up to their eyebrows in debt, much of which will end up as NPL's on the balance sheets of the state-owned banks. The attempt to shift away from an investment-focused economic model to a more consumption oriented one has of course failed before. However, the new 'investment target' should probably worry all producers of raw materials that have benefited from China's boom:
"The growth target matched the median forecast of 15 economists surveyed by Bloomberg News last month. Twelve of 15 economists forecast a 4 percent inflation goal, while the median estimate of 13 respondents was for a budget deficit of 1 trillion yuan.
Officials are targeting money-supply growth of 14 percent, according to the report, in line with the median forecast of 15 analysts for the rise in M2, the broadest measure. China has a goal of increasing fixed-asset investment by 16 percent this year, the National Development and Reform Commission said in a report. That's below the 18 percent median estimate of 12 economists."
(emphasis added)
Alas, once again this new 'target' only seems to validate retroactively what is in fact already happening – growth in fixed asset investment is slowing down considerably, with the decline accelerating sharply since the middle of last year:
A three month moving average of China's fixed asset investment growth – click chart for better resolution.
And how are these changes to be achieved? By micro-managing the economy – curbing output in some industries, raising it in others. For instance, Wen inter alia said that "the government will promote strategic emerging industries, but emphasizes that it will also "put an end to blind expansion in industries such as solar energy and wind power" (of course solar and wind power industries everywhere on the planet are highly reliant on government subsidies anyway, but it is noteworthy that whatever subsidies these sectors stand to lose will go toward subsidizing other sectors). As Ludwig von Mises noted in connection with subsidies and protection granted to so-called 'infant industries' (in 'Human Action'):
"The truth is that the establishment of an infant industry is advantageous from the economic point of view only if the superiority of the new location is so momentous that it outweighs the disadvantages resulting from the abandonment of nonconvertible and nontransferable capital goods invested in the older established plants. If this is the case, the new plants will be able to compete successfully with the old ones without any aid given by the government. If it is not the case, the protection granted to them is wasteful, even if it is only temporary and enables the new industry to hold its own at a later period."
Wen also mentioned that 'capacity in car manufacturing is to be curbed' and production of 'new energy vehicles' subsidized. China's version of the Chevy Volt seems to be on its way.
China will control the increase in auto manufacturing capacity and encourage mergers and reorganizations in the industry, according to a work report that Premier Wen Jiabao delivered at the nation's legislature.
The government will promote new-energy vehicles and encourage the scrapping of old vehicles to reduce pollution, according to a separate report today by the National Development and Reform Commission, the country's top economic planner.
"The auto industry is among four industries listed in the government report where increases in capacity should be curbed. The other three are steelmaking, shipbuilding and cement production. "
(emphasis added)
Readers will notice that the industries the output of which is to be 'curbed' are precisely the industries that are already under great pressure from the end of the housing boom and the depression in shipping. Once again, this seems to merely retroactively acknowledge the fact that growth is likely to turn negative in these industries no matter what.
Undaunted Faith in Central Economic Planning
The central planning mindset of China's government is best exemplified by this article written by Li Keqiang, a member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and Vice Premier of the State Council. A few snips follow below, the first one on how the party is supposed to 'plan and control prices' (no kidding):
"To tackle problems concerning resource environment, we must accelerate the decommissioning of outdated production capacity, curb the overheated growth of industries which rely on high energy consumption and high emissions, and exercise rational control over total energy consumption. However, in order to address the core issues, we must focus on reforming our systems and mechanisms. We should deepen the reform of the prices for resource products, and ensure that the relationship between the prices of coal, electricity, gasoline, gas, water, mineral products and other resources are correctly managed, along with ensuring that such prices accurately reflect the relationship between supply and demand, the scarcity of the resources and the cost of environmental damage. A good example of such management lies in the trial implementation of tiered pricing for household electricity, which puts equal emphasis on fairness and efficiency and promotes energy conservation and environmental protection. We must do the same with regard to the price reform of other resources. We should accelerate studies examining how such a system can be applied to water, natural gas and other products. In order for services to meet people' basic demands, we should keep sensible controls on prices."
(emphasis added)
This whole emphasis on the 'rational management of resources and their prices' could be taken from any of the many pamphlets written by the defenders of socialist central planning over the past century in their ultimately vain attempt to disprove the economic calculation problem Ludwig von Mises first identified and discussed in the early 1920's. Whatever should this planning be good for? If they really want prices and resource allocation to be as rational as possible – the avowed goal of all these planning exercises as Li himself says – then they must leave prices and resource allocation to the free market.
To be sure, amidst the sea of platitudes Li's paean to the joys of central economic planning largely represents, there is also a little bit of lip service given to market oriented reforms. This is found in a single paragraph discussing the role of enterprises in the economic system, which Li says should be strengthened by promoting private investment and competition, all of which of course must be 'properly channeled' by the government (we would have thought better of it if he had talked about the people behind the enterprises, i.e., entrepreneurs. Enterprises are not entities with a volition of their own. The people running them are who counts).
Alas, there can be no doubt that Li is utterly convinced that the ultimate well-spring of wealth creation is the government. Consider for instance the following paragraphs:
"Adhering to the policies set out by the central government, we should further strengthen and improve management with a focus in a firm and proper manner. The government should fine tune the economy timely and appropriately in light of situation and deal effectively with the relationship between speed, structure and price. It should also place emphasis on addressing the outstanding conflicts and problems which stem from economic growth. This can be done by playing an active, leading role in terms of guidance and planning, ensuring that fiscal, credit and industrial policies are unified, striving to meet the economic growth target and making headway in shifting the economic growth mode and economic structure. We must also ensure that conditions are conducive to deepening the strategy of boosting domestic demand in the course of reform and opening-up."
While maintaining a reasonable level of investment, the government should concentrate on streamlining its investment portfolio and enhancing the quality and efficiency of investments. A more effective relationship should be forged between investment and consumption. The government should play a more effective role in directing investment, and should also continue to increase assistance to rural initiatives, water conservation projects, less-developed areas, public initiatives, scientific and technological innovation, energy-saving and emission-cutting projects, and public infrastructure such as railways and highways. All of these will release the potential for domestic demand and allow for greater growth."
(emphasis added)
Most of the article consists of platitudes in a similar vein. Needless to say, it is indeed desirable if an economy displays a proper balance between saving, investment and consumption. This is best achieved by an unhampered free market economy based on a stable monetary system (i.e., a market based one). No central planning organization can possibly improve on it, no matter how capable the planners.
Li also seems convinced that economic growth is 'contradictory to stable prices', an error that puts him on a par with the central planners at the Western central banks, who regularly spout exactly the same nonsense.
"Economic growth should be kept on condition that overall price level is basically stable, overall economic equilibrium is achieved and the economic structure is streamlined. In the meantime, the price stability we are to maintain should be coupled with stable and relatively rapid economic and social development. However, economic growth is usually contradictory to stable prices. It is relatively easier to achieve economic growth regardless of inflation or maintain stable prices at the expense of economic growth than to achieve both at the same time. The current mixture of excessive global liquidity and grim market outlook, together with ample money stock in the domestic market provides a real challenge to the task of simultaneously maintaining stable growth and stable prices."
To keep this as simple as possible: consider what 'economic growth' actually means. When we say that growth has occurred, it means that more goods and services have been produced. Why should prices rise when more goods and services have been produced than previously? As a matter of fact, economic growth usually results in a decline of the prices of goods and services, ceteris paribus the inevitable outcome of an increase in supply.
Consider as an example the prices of flat-screen TVs. About ten to fifteen years ago, a flat screen TV cost a small fortune. Only rich people could actually afford one. Today they are a mass product and have become accessible to just about everyone. Obviously the production of flat screen TVs has somehow managed to grow without raising the prices of said products. The same principle can be applied to the economy as a whole – to repeat, economic growth does not 'raise the price level'. Obviously what leads to rising prices must be something else. Could it be the vast money supply growth in China (and elsewhere)? Why, yes, it could.
Whether or not there will be a so-called 'soft landing' (really, a re-acceleration of the inflationary boom) or not in China remains to be seen. There is a good chance that the government's efforts to curb the property bubble and rising prices have set a more severe downturn into motion than the government has bargained for. It may prove very difficult to stop it from playing out.
A 'hard landing' – this is to say a harsh economic bust – remains therefore a distinct possibility. Much of the talk about 'lowering official growth targets' seems to be a belated acknowledgment of the fact that the economic downturn that is already in train is already more forceful than was previously expected.
There are some signs that the handover to the new political leadership will lead to a renewed focus on giving private enterprise more room to flourish. However, the focus on central economic planning and price controls has by no means gone away (as always, the jobs of the planners hinge on the theory that central economic planning is actually sensible).
Western observers should be very careful in putting their faith in the presumed omnipotence of the planners. They won't be able to stop an economic contraction from unfolding if too much scarce capital has in fact been consumed during the extreme credit boom that preceded the downturn that has recently begun. A 'hard landing' in China is definitely not 'priced in' in the so-called 'risk asset' markets, i.e., stocks and commodities. It remains a potential source for a big negative surprise in the course of this year. Conversely, if the planners manage to revive the boom, this could give risk assets a boost. Alas, given the widespread 'soft landing' consensus, we would urge the utmost caution.
China's outgoing chief planner, Wen Jiabao.
(Photo credit: Imago)
Charts by: StockCharts, Crédit suisse, Nomura
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subset: commoncrawl


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Auto insurance in wichita in 2009 according to the barest minimum stipulated by law how much auto insurance should i buy. People prefer to live in hurricane or at an individual or a short period. Saying, ]`it can't happen to your loved one is just not appropriate.
Do for your auto insurance. Avoid these sites where the actual worth. Credit watching to the idea of the cost of your options before making a final decision.


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Mostly to be successful, and to obtain top rankings or positions in the search engines.


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Elected officials gathered Tuesday to discuss the proposed budget for the Bruce Normile Juvenile Justice Center located in Kirksville.
The center offers 16 residential beds for youth who cannot remain in their homes and 14 detention beds for delinquent juveniles.
The hearing allowed the officials to discuss questions and potential concerns about the budget items.
The budget funds multiple facets of the juvenile justice center.
â??Well it's for legal expenses, it's for the operation of the Bruce Normile Juvenile Justice Center, food, there are some deputy juvenile officers that are paid for by the county,â?? said Judge Russell Steele, Presiding Judge, Second Judicial Circuit.
Along with those uses, the budget will also go towards utilities, gasoline and anything else needed to operate the $3.1 million facility.


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Jasmine Champion's Profile
Photographer/seamstress; I've always been in that category where nothing fits me, not long enough not in my size. So I bought a sewing machine and started making clothes for myself and my friends. Everything here is something I would wear myself. So from my closet to yours I bring you Jazzi Stitches.
- Female
- Born on October 10
- Joined April 4, 2011
Favorite materials
- Jasmine Champion
- Denver, CO, United States


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Stranded in space, or shackled in the Deep South?
Late Sunday night, or possibly early Monday if the producers of the 86th Academy Awards lose their grip on the proceedings, the best-picture Oscar will be handed out. And it's a good bet that the winner will be 12 Years a Slave, the harrowing true story of a free black man - played by British actor Chiwetel Ejiofor - abducted and sold into slavery. For an independent film that delves into the darkest corners of American history, and the American psyche, it has done quite nicely: $129 million in worldwide grosses and counting.


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All hotels in Bangkok, Thailand
1 room, 2 adults
71 Sukhumvit Soi 2, Klongtoey, Bangkok, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand, 1-877-214-4288
iCheck Inn Ploenchit - Bangkok
Lowest price
Searching for 3.5-star Bangkok hotels? Consider iCheck Inn Ploenchit located in Sukhumvit, 0.8 mi (1.2 km) from Embassy of Pakistan and 1.8 mi (2.9 km) from Siam Paragon Mall. Pratunam Market and Siam Square are also within 3 mi (5 km).
This hotel offers free WiFi, free self parking and a rooftop terrace.
This hotel offers free WiFi, free self parking and a rooftop terrace.
See all 65 Venere.com reviews
Fantastic service
Great location
Good internet service
Rather comfortable
TripAdvisor Traveller Rating: 4
From 169 reviews
iCheck Inn Ploenchit - Bangkok
Hotel Info: 1-877-214-4288from $30
- Superior
- Deluxe Single Room
- Deluxe Single Room, Corner
- Superior Single Room
- Deluxe Corner
- Deluxe
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 46 rooms
- Check-in time starts at 2 PM
- Check-out time is noon
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- No cribs (infant beds)
- Pets not allowed
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Free self parking (limited)
In the hotel
Food and drink
- English breakfast daily (surcharge)
- 24-hour front desk
- Laundry facilities
- Luggage storage
- Multilingual staff
- Elevator/lift
- Designated smoking areas
- Rooftop terrace
In the room
Things to enjoy
- Balcony
Freshen up
- Private bathroom
- Shower/tub combination
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
Be entertained
- Flat-screen TV
- Cable TV channels
Stay connected
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Phone
Food and drink
- Full-sized refrigerator/freezer
- Microwave
- Free bottled water
- Daily housekeeping
- In-room safe
iCheck Inn Ploenchit - Bangkok's small print
Also known as
- iCheck Inn Ploenchit
- iCheck Inn Ploenchit Bangkok
- iCheck Ploenchit
- iCheck Ploenchit Bangkok
Optional extras
English breakfast is offered for an extra charge of THB 175 per person (approximately)
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
Recent reviews
Good 3.9 /5 from 65 reviews
iCheck Inn Ploenchit - Bangkok
My favorite place to stay in Nana area! Good value for your money with small Kitchenette with sink and microwave and cuttleries. Big Fridge with minibar. Coffee/Tea making facilities. 2 free drinking water daily.Flat screen cable TV with DVD player. A very comfy bed and very quiet at night. Small balcony. Near to Nana Plaza Adult Entertainment Complex with lots of bars and gogos, only 7 minutes walk. About 12 minutes walk to either PLoenchit or Nana BTS stations. Bathroom with shower over bathtub and hairdryer. Free Wi/Fi Internet in the rooms. Standard room great for single traveler, but might be a bit too small and cramped for a couple! I didn't have Breakfast at the hotel, lots of eateries along Sukhumvit Rd. They have a free tuktuk shuttle from hotel to Sukhumvit for those who doesn't like to walk in the heat of the day. Great place to stay! Will be back again soon!


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Storing celery and keeping it crisp is possible. This is a guide about storing celery.
Sometimes for lunch, I just eat a few celery stalks stuffed with pimento cheese spread. After finishing up this bunch, which was still fresh and crisp, I looked back at my grocery receipt and saw that it had been in the refrigerator for 16 days.
To keep it crisp, I wrap a wet folded paper towel around the bottom of the stalk and secure it with a rubber band. I keep the stalk of celery wrapped in a plastic bag. I change the paper towel and bag when needed.
Now, I'm going to see how long this next bunch will last.
What is the best way to store cut pieces of celery in the refrigerator?
Trim the celery, and store upright in a vase or pitcher with water in the bottom. Put stem ends down in the water.
That's how we kept it when I was a child.
If you unwrap celery when you get home from the store, then wrap it tightly in aluminum foil and refrigerate, it will last for several weeks. I always had celery go bad very quickly until I found this out. Now it keeps until it's used.
Source: A friend told me to do this.
By quilterj from Columbus, NE
I recently read something about keeping celery fresh much longer by wrapping it in foil. What I missed was. Do I take the plastic cover off of it? And do I wash it before wrapping it?
Judy from Birmingham, AL
Wash the celery. Slice into sticks. Store in a glass container with water. The celery will remain fresh and crisp. My mother used to do this with celery and carrots so that we had healthy snacks always at the ready.
take a paper towel, fold and refold to get a square the size of the celery bottom. soak towel in cold water, place on root end, return to plastic bag, wrap well in foil and it will keep very well
Tips for storing celery.
It's easy to dry your own celery flakes to be used in salads, tuna salad or whatever recipe.
I have two celery bags that I can store the stalks in, however after awhile they still go limp? What can I do about this?
By Kent
I have had success storing celery in aluminum foil. Just make sure the stalk is dry, and wrap it completely in heavy duty foil, and store in the refrigerator. Each time you remove a rib, just re-wrap the stalk. I have been able to keep celery fresh and crisp for up to 3-4 weeks using this method.
What is the secret to keeping celery fresh to the last stalk? We (my spouse and I) found out that eating celery every day seems to help with lowering blood pressure. Our only problem is keeping it nice and crisp to the last stalk.
By Kathryen from northern Virginia, VA
Dry the stalk of celery well. Wrap it completely in aluminum foil, molding the foil to the celery as tightly as possible. Each time you use some celery, just re-wrap the rest in the foil and put back into the refrigerator. I have kept a stalk of celery fresh for as long as 3-4 weeks using this method.
This guide contains uses for celery leaves. There are a number of ways these leaves can be used for additional flavor.
Celery tends to quickly go limp in the refrigerator. Keep it crisp by rolling it in two sheets of paper towels, then a layer of aluminum foil. Slip the rolled-up celery back in the plastic bag it came in, then tie with a twist tie.
Although I do not eat raw celery, I try to always keep it on hand for cooking. Lately I have noticed that another celery option is available in the grocery stores... pre-cut celery stalks.
To keep your celery from going bad after you remove what you need from the stalk, wrap the remaining celery in tinfoil (twist tinfoil ends) and keep it in your refrigerator. It will last a long time
This is a guide about freezing celery. Often when we buy celery at the market there are leftovers. Although it will no longer be crisp, celery can be frozen to use in cooking.


text: education Study Says Early School Start Dates Cost Kentucky Hundreds of Millions in Lost Business Revenue By Associated Press • Feb 16, 2016 LRC Public Information Supporters of legislation to push back the opening date for many Kentucky school districts are pointing to a study claiming the early return to school costs the state millions of dollars. The Lexington Herald-Leader reports the travel industry commissioned the study to support a bill to prevent districts from starting classes before late August. Many districts resume school in early August, cutting nearly of month of potential business for the travel industry. The study says the state lost $432 million in lost tourism-related business between July and August 2014. Sen. Chris Girdler of Somerset is sponsoring the bill, which would set the opening date for schools no earlier than the Monday closest to Aug. 26. Some groups are opposed to the legislation. Kentucky Education Association spokesman Charles Main says the bill would take away the flexibility for school districts to set their own dates for starting school. KCTCS Leader to Lobby for Community Colleges As Leader of National Board By Lisa Autry • Feb 12, 2016 KCTCS The head of the Kentucky Community and Technical College System has been appointed to a new national board that advocates for the needs of community colleges. KCTCS President Jay Box says the board called "Reclaiming America's Middle Class" promotes the value of community colleges to students, communities, and the economy. He says that's something often not wellunderstood by policy makers. "We are the primary provider of workforce education and training in all states, and we realize that the jobs our graduates get are those middle class jobs, the jobs that are so important in our economy," Box told WKU Public Radio. The board has several priorities, including an expansion of Pell Grants for summer classes. Box says that would help students complete their education quicker and with less cost. The board is made up of leaders from the nation's largest community college systems. KCTCS has 16 schools and 70 campus locations. Bowling Green Mayor Named President of Daymar College Campus in Warren County By Joe Corcoran • Feb 3, 2016 Joe Corcoran Bowling Green mayor Bruce Wilkerson is adding the title of college president to his resume. Daymar College announced Wednesday that Wilkerson will lead their campus in Bowling Green. He'll continue as the city's mayor. The Owensboro-based school's campus in Warren County had 214 students enrolled last year, and produced 133 graduates. Wilkerson said he'll focus on the quality of students, not quantity. "Numbers aren't the important part," the Bowling Green Mayor said. "Our focus will be on the individual student and making sure they have the opportunity to meet the goals they've set for themselves. We hope that in doing that, the reputation of Daymar will lead us to grow." Daymar's reputation took a hit in 2014 when it was sued by then-Kentucky Attorney General Jack Conway for alleged violations of the state's Consumer Protection Act. More Questions Than Answers for WKU in Gov. Bevin's Budget Proposal By Joe Corcoran • Jan 28, 2016 WKU In an e-mail to faculty and staff late Wednesday afternoon, WKU President Gary Ransdell said Governor Matt Bevin's proposed budget cuts to higher education present a substantial challenge to the university. Bevin's proposal calls for a 4.5 percent budget cut this fiscal year. That translates to $3.3 million out of WKU's budget by the end of June. Nine percent reductions would go into effect after that. "There are many details of this plan that are yet to be understood, and with regard to performance funding, those details have yet to be defined," Ransdell said in his message. "So we are a long way from fully knowing how WKU will be impacted by these proposals. I am confident, however, that WKU will fare well in any measure that is outcome or performance based. Ransdell says the budget contains at least one bright spot for WKU. Gov. Bevin's budget proposal contains an equity funding appropriation for both WKU and Northern Kentucky University. Ransdell says the appropriation would held "level the playing field for our students who are paying a disproportionate share of their education in comparison to students at other Kentucky universities." Bevin Ends Predecessor's Effort To Dismiss U of L Lawsuit By Ashley Lopez • Jan 15, 2016 University of Louisville Gov. Matt Bevin on Thursday withdrew a motion from former Kentucky Gov. Steve Beshear that would have dismissed a lawsuit accusing Beshear of breaking state law when he did not appoint a single African-American to the University of Louisville's Board of Trustees last year. Bevin filed pleadings Thursday with the Franklin Circuit Court "expressing his agreement" with the group that filed the lawsuit, according to his office. Last summer, the West Louisville-based Justice Resource Center asked then-Attorney General Jack Conway to weigh in on whether U of L was out of compliance with the racial minority requirement state law, which requires the board to have a proportional representation of minorities. Activists said Conway ducked the issue when he released an opinion requiring that Beshear appoint at least one racial minority to the board. The governor appoints 17 of the 20 U of L trustees; by appointing one African-American, Beshear would have brought the total to two. Two U of L Trustees Publicly Withdraw Support for Ramsey By Erica Peterson • Jan 14, 2016 J. Tyler Franklin Two members of the University of Louisville's Board of Trustees publicly withdrew their support for U of L President James Ramsey during the board's regular meeting today. In September, all 20 trustees signed a letter affirming their support for Ramsey as the state auditor's office began an investigation into the relationship between the school and its $1.1 billion nonprofit foundation. Ramsey is the head of both entities, and he is a voting member of the foundation's board of directors. Alluding to the numerous scandals that have emerged at the university over the past few months, trustee Steve Campbell interjected early in the meeting to announce he was withdrawing his support for Ramsey. "Ever since [September], there have been material issues with the university. I'm not going to list them, you all are aware of them," said Campbell, an adviser at financial firm Lazard Freres & Co. "And as a result, I feel that the circumstances have changed. I am happy to stand alone, and I do so with all due respect." Freeze Kentucky Universities' Tuition, State Lawmaker Says By Ryland Barton • Jan 13, 2016 WKU Kentucky state universities have endured regular budget cuts for years, and they've offset the losses in part with tuition increases. A Republican state senator wants to stop the latter. State Sen. Dan Seum, a Louisville Republican, is proposing a freeze on state universities' tuition rates. He said state universities have increased their tuition at a rate that outstrips cuts to higher education. "We cut their budget by $165 million, they increased it on the backs of these kids to the tune of $582 million," Seum said. "I think the universities have seen these kids as nothing more than a cash cow." According to a 2015 report from the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, Kentucky has cut higher education spending per-student at the highest rate in the U.S. At the same time, tuition has increased at Kentucky's public universities at a clip higher than 45 other states' higher education systems. Tuition increases must be approved by the state's Council on Postsecondary Education. Last year, the board approved a 3 percent hike for the University of Kentucky and University of Louisville. Both schools were granted a 5 percent tuition increase the previous year. Tuition is only allowed to increase by 8 percent every two years. The Tennessee Pre-K Debate: Spinach Vs. Easter Grass By Cory Turner • Sep 29, 2015 Teachers, parents and politicians have long wrestled with the question: How important is preschool? A new answer comes in the form of a study — out of Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tenn. — that is as clear as it is controversial. Jack Conway Unveils Education Plan in Louisville By Ashley Lopez • Sep 8, 2015 Conway/Overly campaign Attorney General and Democratic candidate for governor Jack Conway released his education plan in Louisville Tuesday. In it, Conway continues his push for more early childhood education programs in the state. His plan aims to expand access to preschoolers in families at 138 percent of the poverty level. The big question is, though, how the state would pay for that expansion. Conway said the state can restructure how much of the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement money would go toward early childhood education, which currently receives about one-fourth of the funds. State government could vie for more federal support and apply for more grants, too, he said. However, Conway said eliminating government waste would be the major source of funding. "Potentially we could maybe double the funding for early childhood education in the first budget, and that is something that I am going to shoot to do," he said during a news conference at the main public library in downtown Louisville. GED Diplomas To Kentucky Inmates Drop 89 Percent By Ryland Barton • Aug 24, 2015 Flickr/Creative Commons/my_southborough Kentucky inmates earned dramatically fewer GED diplomas since the test switched in January 2014 from a paper-based test to a more rigorous version taken on a computer, according to the state Department of Corrections. In the 2013 fiscal year — the last full year the previous test was given — Kentucky prison and jail inmates earned 1,135 GED diplomas. In the 2015 fiscal year ending in June, 126 GED diplomas were awarded to Kentucky inmates. The 89 percent decline means that fewer inmates have been awarded "educational good time," which reduces prison sentences by 90 days for each inmate who earns a diploma. The department declined a request for an interview. But in an email response to questions posed by Kentucky Public Radio, the department said that it had responded to recent changes to the test "with frustration." Imes: State Senate Should Weigh In On Education Commissioner By Joseph Lord • Aug 18, 2015 Kentucky LRC The appointment of Kentucky's top education official would be subject to state Senate confirmation under a bill pre-filed last week in the General Assembly. State Rep. Kenny Imes, a Murray Republican, said he's seeking to add accountability to the state's education department. "I think the public should have the right to have a voice in who is running our education system in Kentucky, along with their elected representatives," he said. "The state by constitution is charged with providing the public education, and as such I just don't think it ought to be totally run by KEA or any specific group." A spokesman for the Kentucky Education Association did not return an email request for comment on Monday. The Kentucky education commissioner is appointed by the state Board of Education, which is appointed by the governor. Under current law, the Senate confirms the governor's appointments to the education board, according to information provided by the Legislative Research Commission. Last weekend, the state Board of Education interviewed a dozen candidates for the education commissioner post. The person chosen will replace the retiring Terry Holliday, the state education commissioner since 2009. Emslie Stepping Down as WKU Provost, with Lee Taking Post for Two Years By Kevin Willis • Aug 18, 2015 WKU WKU President Gary Ransdell informed faculty and staff Tuesday afternoon that Provost and Vice President of Academic Affairs Dr. Gordon Emslie is stepping down from his administrative roles and returning to teaching. An email sent by President Ransdell said Emslie will take a sabbatical and teach in the WKU Physics and Astronomy department beginning in January. Dr. David Lee will take over as Provost and VP of Academic Affairs Monday. Lee, currently the Dean of the Potter College of Arts and Letters, will serve a two-year appointment, with a search for a successor beginning next summer. Dr. Emslie has served five years as Provost and VP of Academic Affairs. "I support Gordon's decision and offer my sincere appreciation to him for his loyal and dedicated service," said WKU President Gary A. Ransdell. "I have appreciated his sound financial acumen, tenacious support of the faculty and his teamwork with our colleagues on the Administrative Council." Warrick County Schools Start Year with 48 New Teachers By Rhonda Miller • Aug 10, 2015 Warrick County, Indiana schools filled 48 teaching positions this year. The district about 30 miles northwest of Owensboro, Kentucky is now fully staffed for the first day of school on Aug. 12. Warrick County Schools Superintendent Brad Schneider said 19 of the 48 were resignations, with some teachers likely leaving because of changes in public education, such as the emphasis on high-stakes testing. "In my opinion, that pendulum has swung way too far and those test scores now seem to be dictating everything we do," said Schnieder. "As educators we know that's not what's best for kids. They also need to know problem solving skills. They need to know how to work with others, resolve problems, think outside the box, be creative." Schneider said one concern in Indiana is the elimination of a salary scale, which guaranteed incremental raises for teachers. King: Economic Recovery is Not Congruent with Kentucky's Higher Ed Funding By Rob Canning • Jul 22, 2015 Rob Canning, WKMS Kentucky Council on Postsecondary Education President Bob King says Kentucky's recent strides in economic recovery have not been reflected in its funding for higher education. The CPE was at Murray State University Tuesday evening as part of its series of town hall debates to gather input on the new five-year strategic initiative plan. An audience of about 100 educators, business leaders and local and state government officials were present for the forum in MSU's Freed Curd Auditorium. One of the key challenges outlined in King's presentation was finding alternative funding. State Funding Since the 2008 recession, Kentucky colleges have had to cut budgets and raise tuition in light of reduced state appropriations. Although some state experts say the Commonwealth is now on an economic upswing, King says colleges are still struggling to maintain quality programs with reduced funding levels. Why 85 Percent Fewer Kentucky GED Diplomas Were Earned This Year Than 2 Years Ago By Ryland Barton • Jun 8, 2015 The Anderson County Adult Education Center is empty on a Thursday afternoon, except for a receptionist, a teacher and the director. Two years ago, every table in the small classroom might be filled, said Jerry Shaw, the center's director. He'd have trouble just walking across the room. "Every age group, every stage of the test. There were days where it was slow, but that was unusual. Now the days that are slow are the usual," Shaw said. The situation is playing out across the state. The number of Kentuckians passing the General Educational Development test, or GED, has dropped by 85 percent in the last two years, according to the state's adult education program. During the 2013 fiscal year, 8,890 students earned GED diplomas. The current fiscal year ends this month. So far the state has issued only 1,351 diplomas. Pages« first ‹ previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 … next › last »


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Haier Pulse Boosted by Record Crowds 7 May 2012
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The Haier Pulse's promising showing on the court in the first six rounds of the ANZ Championship is being backed by a superb performance off the court, with attendances and memberships at an all-time high. Three of the first four home games have sold out and the average home crowd has risen from 1,445 in 2011 to an impressive 2,341 so far in 2012. The sold-out signs for the next home fixture against the Waikato/Bay of Plenty Magic went up a full two weeks prior to the game, whilst memberships have risen rapidly from 144 last year to the current figure of 320.
Haier Pulse Acting Chairman, Ian Collier, is delighted with the strength of support for the team and hopes this will help to bring some financial stability for the future. "There is no doubt that interest and support of the Haier Pulse has increased which is fantastic and very pleasing to see," he explained. "This year we have been very conscious of involving the entire region that the Haier Pulse represents and the support for the games in Napier and Palmerston North shows that it is working. As many people know, it is very challenging to operate a sports franchise profitably, particularly on a sustainable basis. Sell-out crowds will definitely help us deliver an improved financial result this season."
Collier firmly believes that the size and enthusiasm of the home crowds have been a major factor in the team's performances so far this year. "There is nothing like the atmosphere you get in a full stadium and it is great to see how the team have responded to the fantastic support they are getting. Potential commercial partners will be pleased with what they are seeing and I am sure that most people will agree that the team are delivering on their promise to be stronger, better and faster."
Head Coach Robyn Broughton agrees that the support is crucial to the team's success. "Vocal home crowds lift the team. In my experience, it's a huge lift and I've seen how crowds can win titles. It's exciting and the girls thrive on it as they're made to feel like stars out there. When Jols got that interception against the Mystics, the crowd just erupted. It's wonderful to think that there's so many people behind them."
Broughton has also ensured that the players have kept their feet firmly on the ground, with the team making a large number of public appearances throughout the Haier Pulse's region. "We have spent a good deal of time meeting the fans and coaching young players this year," she said "All of that makes us accessible and I think the girls have done a good job in that respect. From my point of view, I always make myself available and the girls should always make sure that they are available too, as best they can without it becoming overwhelming. I do think it's nice that there are familiar faces who come down after the games and say that they really enjoyed the fact that the girls are trying so hard. It's a boost for me as a coach as well – coaches need a bit of reinforcement, just as much as the players do."
As Collier is keen to point out, it's very much a two-way street, with the fans desperate to show their support and the players keen to give them the recognition they deserve for that. "There is something very special about our fans as they have been and continue to be incredibly loyal," he said. "We are totally committed to making the team accessible to their fans, whilst respecting the need to allow the players to concentrate on their training and performance on court. It's important to get that balance right. The players and coaches have been fantastic to work with and the feedback from fans and our sponsors has been very positive."
The next assignment for the Haier Pulse is a home game against the Waikato/Bay of Plenty Magic on Monday 14th May at Te Rauparaha Arena, Porirua, and this fixture is a complete sell-out.
Supporters looking to buy tickets for the Haier Pulse v Adelaide Thunderbirds game on 21st May at the TSB Arena, Wellington, are urged to book early to avoid disappointment. Tickets are available from www.ticketek.co.nz or by ringing 0800 TICKETEK (0800 842538).
As an added bonus, all Haier Pulse fans have the chance to watch the Thunderbirds game in style, with four premium seating tickets up for grabs in an exclusive Facebook competition. To enter, simply log on to www.facebook.com/Haier.Pulse, like the page and give a reason why you should be the lucky winner and you and your friends could have premium seats at the TSB Arena on 21st May.
Don't forget you can keep up to date with all the latest news from the Haier Pulse on facebook.com/Haier.Pulse or twitter @HaierPulse. Match reports and statistics are also available from www.anz-championship.com
(Haier Pulse)
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 13, 1992
|Filing date
|Aug 6, 1991
|Priority date
|Aug 6, 1991
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Marlin R. McCleaf, Jeff C. Wu, Charles W. Himes, William E. Pendleton, Richard T. Williams
|Original Assignee
|Amp Incorporated
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (20), Classifications (18), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention is directed to apparatus and a process for impulse microcladding by moving a long-pulse laser spot as the driving force to effect the plating, such as a thin film of gold onto a substrate, such as metal. More precisely, the invention relates to a system to produce an adherent pressure welded thin metal film, i.e. metallurgically bonded, to a base metal by a laser analog of explosive cladding.
Explosive cladding, particularly by the use of secondary explosives, i.e. requiring detonator cap having a minimum mass for detonation, has been known for a number of years for bonding and cladding of large plates. By employing primary explosives, i.e. detonated by electrical, mechanical or thermal means, it became possible to miniaturize the operation. J. L. Edwards, et al., in Metall. Eff. at High Strain Rates, Conf. Proc. February 1973, pp 559-569, Plenum Press, report on the use of primary explosives for miniature bonding applications. They report that electrical connections between metal strips 1/2 to 10 mils thick and other metals in the form of thick or thin films are examples of explosive bonding applications where the use of a primary explosive is necessary to reduce the scale of bonding to the requirements of the electronics industry.
A similar study is reported by Cranston and his co-workers in The Western Electric Engineer, October 1978. The study covers a high energy joining method which has been used to reclad defective or damaged contact fingers of printed circuit boards.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,987,006, by Williams, et al. and assigned to the assignee hereof, a process is taught for depositing a material, such as gold, onto a substrate by the use of a pulsed laser directed against a polymer film, where the film is highly absorptive at the wavelength of such laser. The laser provides the energy to propel the material to be deposited against the substrate. In a preferred practice of that invention, metal is transferred in solid form by utilizing the supporting polymer film to maintain the integrity of the metal during such transfer. The invention thereof is characterized by the steps of providing a glass or transparent substrate upon which is found a first layer or film of a polymer, where the polymer is highly absorptive of the given wavelength of the pulsed laser, and a second layer or film thereover of a metal to be transfer plated. The workpiece of metal substrate is disposed in close proximity to the second layer or film. A beam of a pulsed laser is then directed through the glass or transparent substrate to at least partially ablate and vaporize the polymer to provide the driving force to propel a portion of the second layer or film toward the metal substrate. As a result, the second layer or film is pressure bonded to the metal substrate.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,684,781, by Frish, et al., teaches a method for bonding using laser induced heat and pressure, by applying a layer of a material to a substrate and generating thermal and pressure waves in the layer by exposing same to high intensity laser radiation. The laser intensity is such as to create an instantaneous surface vaporization of such layer that drives a pressure wave into the layer. The net effect is the production of discrete spot-welds. The patent further discloses scanning apparatus. However, the purpose thereof is to cover the surface with a series of spot or tack welds, each only several hundred microns in size, and a few microns to one hundred microns in thickness, with possible overlapping. Any such overlapping would naturally produce a roughened surface.
The present invention utilizes the inherent advantages associated with the concept of explosive cladding, while avoiding the use of dangerous chemical explosives. It uses laser energy, in a unique manner, to simulate a detonation front during the cladding process.
The present invention is directed to apparatus, and to the method of using such apparatus to microplate a thin metal film onto a base metal by a laser analog of explosive cladding. The apparatus includes a pulsing laser synchronized to a rotating optical scanner whereby said scanner causes the focused laser spot to move across a polymeric support film at a velocity less than the sound velocity of the target material. The focused spot or beam results in an explosive evaporation of the polymeric film which in turn drives a metal layer thereon toward the target. As a consequence of the moving focused laser spot, oxides and other contaminants are driven ahead of the contact zone.
In the practice of this invention, a thin polymeric support film is selected, where the polymer has a high optical coefficient of absorption to the wavelength of the laser.
The FIGURE is a schematic of the apparatus hereof for practicing the invention.
This invention is directed to a system for impulse microcladding a metal substrate by moving a pulsed laser beam across a cladding metal supported on a thin polymeric film. In the preferred system, the system produces an adherent cold pressure welded gold film on a base metal substrate b a laser analog of explosive cladding.
Explosive cladding, as traditionally practiced by the use of chemical explosives, achieves strong bonds between metal layers because a pressure front moving at the speed of the detonation wave of a chemical explosive layer breaks the oxide layers on the metal parts at the moving zone of plastic deformation. Furthermore, there results in an expulsion of the oxides and contaminants in a "jet" moving just ahead of the contact zone. The practice is effective so long as the velocity of the contact zone is less than the velocity of sound in the respective metals, and the plastic deformation of the parts exceeds the threshold for pressure welding.
The present invention has several advantages not available with traditional explosive cladding. While the invention offers improved film adhesion due to a traveling pressure zone that breaks oxide films and expels contaminants ahead of the contact zone, in a "jet" analogous with conventional explosive cladding, it avoids the use of dangerous chemical explosives, and has the ability to be microminiaturized. Further, a thin layer of metal can be bonded to the substrate without sacrificing the metal. The manner by which these advantages are achieved may be found in the description which follows.
In the practice of this invention, with particular reference to the FIGURE, by way of example, a long-pulsed laser 10, e.g. Nd:YAG (0.5 μs) or Nd:glass (˜1 μs) (without Q-switching), operating at a wavelength of about 1064 nm, is brought to a line focus on an absorbing film 12 of polymer or other material, typically about 1.5 μm to 2.5 μm thick, which is applied to an optically transparent supporting substrate 24 at the laser wavelength, on which a thin metal film 14 has been deposited. Other lasers may be used so long as it is a pulsed laser of relatively long duration, and the polymer used absorbs strongly at the laser wavelength. In any case, the metal film 14 is held in close proximity to a base metal substrate 16 in a geometry similar to conventional explosive cladding. A rapidly rotating mirror 18 or other optical, accousto-optical or electro-optical scanning device causes the line focus to move perpendicular to its length at a velocity of about 1 Km/s, i.e. just less than sound velocity of the respective metals. For example, a mirror spinning at 9000 rpm, placed just after a cylindrical lens 20 with focal length 1 meter, would produce such a moving spot. A 1 μs laser pulse would sweep out an area 1 mm�L, where L is the length of the line focus.
The moving line focused beam vaporizes the absorptive (e.g. polymer) film 12 as it goes, creating a moving pressure front. While the purpose hereof is to essentially vaporize the polymer film, too much laser energy can damage the metal film to be transferred. For example, in laser transfer of gold to copper, an energy density of between 10-35 J/cm2 was sufficient to vaporize the polymer without damaging the gold. In some situations it may be appropriate to use less energy and thereby retain a superficial layer of the polymer film to protect and support the transferred metal film to the substrate. By appropriate choice of scan speed and laser power, by the optional use of a synchronizer 22, the moving front simulates the jet phenomenon of conventional explosive cladding, so that any thin-film metal cladding possible with chemical explosives will be possible by the method of this invention. A synchronizer may be built into the laser to control the firing rate, i.e. repetition rate, of the laser. The repetition rate is determined by the setting of the scan rate. For an external or separate synchronizer, it may consist of an optical (photodiode) pick-off from the mirror, coupled to a conventional electronic trigger delay generator to trigger the laser. In any case, this method gives greater control over the parameters, especially for small, precise cladding jobs, so that some processes not possible with explosives may be possible with the method hereof.
In the preferred practice of this invention, a long pulsed laser, such as Nd:glass is used. The pulse should preferably be at least 0.5 μs. An optimum polymer is polyimide having an absorption coefficient of about 105 cm-1. While this pulse would tend to exclude an excimer laser typically operating in the range of 10-20 ns, it may be suitable if the total energy can be raised to the multi-joule level. It is expected that a number of lasers, using various lasing mediums, may be used herein so long as the duration/energy requirement is satisfied, and the polymer film 12 is highly absorptive at the wavelength of the selected laser.
With the selected laser operating as required, it may be helpful to analyze the activity occurring at the laser target. An explosive vaporization of the absorptive film 12 occurs at an instantaneous position of focus, creating pressure (P), to drive the metal film 14 toward and in contact with metal substrate 16. The pressure P may be on the order of 200,000 psi. As a consequence of this dynamic process, contaminants and oxides (C) are driven ahead of the contact zone whereby to expose a clean substrate to contact and bonding of the metal film 14 thereagainst.
A significant feature hereof is the fact that the velocity (V) of the contact zone is less than the velocity of sound in the respective metals, i.e. substrate 16 and metal film 14.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 6, 1978
|Feb 26, 1980
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Processing of photomask
|Jan 29, 1985
|Aug 4, 1987
|Physical Sciences, Inc.
|Method for bonding using laser induced heat and pressure
|Mar 26, 1990
|Jan 22, 1991
|Amp Incorporated
|Laser transfer deposition
|Benjamin Cranston, et al. in The Western Electric Engineer, Oct. 1978, pp. 26 35.
|Benjamin Cranston, et al. in The Western Electric Engineer, Oct. 1978, pp. 26-35.
|J. L. Edwards, et al. in Metall. Eff. at High Strain Rates, Conf. Proc. Feb. 1973, pp. 559 569, Plenum Press.
|J. L. Edwards, et al. in Metall. Eff. at High Strain Rates, Conf. Proc. Feb. 1973, pp. 559-569, Plenum Press.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 30, 1996
|Mar 30, 1999
|The Whitaker Corporation
|Electrical terminal with integral capacitive filter
|Jan 30, 1997
|Apr 27, 1999
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy
|Method and apparatus for ablative bonding using a pulsed electron
|Feb 8, 1999
|Nov 14, 2000
|Alvord-Polk, Inc.
|Laser-clad composite cutting tool and method
|Mar 14, 2000
|Jun 11, 2002
|Alvord-Polk, Inc.
|Composite Cutting Tool
|Oct 17, 2000
|Jan 30, 2007
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Solvent assisted burnishing of pre-underfilled solder bumped wafers for flipchip bonding
|Mar 9, 2009
|Dec 27, 2011
|The Ohio State University
|Low-temperature laser spot impact welding driven without contact
|Oct 17, 2011
|Oct 27, 2015
|Paul T. Colby
|Vertical laser cladding system
|Jul 31, 2006
|Mar 15, 2007
|Colby Paul T
|Method for laser cladding of tubes
|Jan 8, 2007
|May 10, 2007
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Solvent Assisted Burnishing of Pre-Underfilled Solder-Bumped Wafers for Flipchip Bonding
|Apr 10, 2007
|Jun 10, 2010
|Isabelle Van Reeth
|Delivery Device
|Mar 9, 2009
|Jan 6, 2011
|The Ohio State University
|Low-temperature spot impact welding driven without contact
|Feb 19, 2008
|Jul 6, 2011
|Flying plate driving type laser micro-welding method and device
|Jul 28, 2010
|Feb 16, 2011
|Manganese copper alloy explosion-proof material and preparation method thereof
|Dec 7, 2010
|Aug 17, 2011
|Stainless steel anti-explosion material for medicaments and foods and preparation method thereof
|Dec 7, 2010
|Oct 31, 2012
|Stainless steel anti-explosion material for medicaments and foods and preparation method thereof
|May 8, 2012
|Sep 5, 2012
|Laser drive combined flyer forming method and device thereof
|May 8, 2012
|Feb 4, 2015
|Laser drive combined flyer forming method and device thereof
|Jul 30, 2012
|Apr 13, 2016
|L Livermore Nat Security Llc
|Methods and system for controlled laser-driven explosive bonding
|May 7, 1999
|Nov 18, 1999
|Leica Microsystems Heidelberg Gmbh
|Method for operating a laser light source
|May 7, 1999
|Feb 17, 2000
|Johann Engelhardt
|Method for operating a laser light source
|U.S. Classification
|219/121.64, 219/121.81, 219/121.74, 219/121.66
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 6, 1991
Owner name: AMP INCORPORATED, PENNSYLVANIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:MCCLEAF, MARLIN R.;WU, JEFF C.;HIMES, CHARLES W.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:005819/0366
Effective date: 19910731
|Mar 27, 1996
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|May 9, 2000
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Oct 15, 2000
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Dec 19, 2000
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20001013


text:
This is your resource to discuss support topics with your peers, and learn from each other.
I'm building a simple game. I use a timer to repeatedly run code in a function named runGame(). Here's what I do:
timer = new Timer(); timer.schedule(new TimerTask() { public void run() { runGame(); }}, (long)0, (long)800);
This should execute every approximately 0.8 seconds with no initial delay. It doesn't. I've inserted a counter into runGame() to see how often it actually runs - as soon as start it, the counter moves up to a value between 20 and 30, and hangs there. The game state changes accordingly (it's a snake game where the snake currently only moves up - it's pretty straightforward to see if it moved and how far it approximately did).
Even more weirdly, when I close the app - using Menu > close, then checking it it's still in the tray (it isn't) - and start it again, the runGame() counter hangs at 1, with an according game state. This is surprising, because you would expect the software to behave similarly at each startup. Closing the simulator and restarting it will again cause a hang at 20 to 30 and then hangs at 1.
There are no compile or runtime errors.
This strongly suggests something is wrong with the way I use the timer or the timer implementation of the simulator. Any thoughts?
Help would be very much appreciated!
The Timer class is just a Thread that runs a single task at a time. If the current task hasn't finished it won't start the next one. The easiest way to see what it is doing at any given time is to pause the simulator from the debug view in Eclipse and then look at the stack for the Timer thread. You should be able to see if it is sleeping or running a task.


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The Daughter of "Prostitution Whore" Will Have Her Revenge
Real Housewives of New Jersey alum Danielle Staub isn't the only one ready to unleash some choice words about her reality TV experience. In an exclusive excerpt on Broadly, brainiac daughter and successful model Christine Staub comes to her mother's defense, and explains how the show negatively impacted her life.
It doesn't seem so bad at… More »


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Featured Art – April 2009 – RedBubble Group: A Fractal Energy Passion
A few months before this last year's TED I got a bmail from an artist/teacher in stage design from Scotland. He was wondering if he could use/license this work of mine for the stage backdrop at TED … he had been contacted to put one together for consideration… oh my I was really blown away! … well we corresponded for a bit on the work however sadly I forgot about it and he didn't know until he asked an "expert" that my work was way too small to be blown up so big (imagine pixels 10 inches square lol) … I now wish I had saved the parameter file for this work … I could have probably tried rendering a lot bigger and perhaps it might have worked … oh well … still it was way so cool to be asked (big smile)
Fractal work in Iterations with post work in PaintShopPro and Gimp. Best viewed large.
IT 0005 090405 I Close My Eyes I Can Not See


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Babson College
About Babson College
Babson College is the educator for Entrepreneurship of All Kinds™ and home to the #1 MBA program in entrepreneurship for 19 consecutive years according to U.S. News & World Report. So what does that mean, and, more importantly, what does it mean for you? It means we believe that entrepreneurship is applicable and crucial in organizations of all types and sizes—including our own community.
As a Babson employee, you're allowed (and encouraged!) to challenge traditional conventions, take risks, and define your career. We support your ideas and welcome your fresh perspective; we'll gladly embrace your can-do attitude, too.
We invest in our employees so they, like our students, can take action in the face of uncertainty and become leaders of change. Our network of motivated professionals is available for collaboration along each small (or large) step throughout your career. So while people often talk about shaping the future, Babson is actually doing it every day of the week. Ready to challenge the limits of your job description?
Located in Wellesley, Massachusetts, Babson College offers BS, MS, and MBA degrees through its innovative and world-renowned undergraduate and graduate programs. We believe in the importance of a diverse faculty, staff, and student population. Babson College is an Equal Opportunity Employer.
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Dean, Babson Executive and Enterprise Education
The Dean reports to the Provost of the College and is a member of the Academic Leadership Team. They partner with the Dean of the Undergraduate Sch...
Lecturer, Rhetoric
Applications are invited for a lecturer in the Arts and Humanities Division at Babson College. Candidates must be qualified and willing to teach in...
Associate Director, Corporate and Foundation Philanthropy
Our mission is simple: as a world-class business school, Babson College shapes entrepreneurs of all kinds who create great economic and social valu...
Assistant Professor, Global Studies
The History and Society Division at Babson College invites applications for a tenure-track position at the assistant professor level in the field o...
Assistant Professor, Early Modern Literature
The Arts and Humanities Division at Babson College invites applications for a full-time, tenure-track position specializing in an area of Ear...
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Classroom Technology Support Specialist
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Villa La Di Da 6 Bedroom SPECIAL OFFER
From $858 / night
Description from the manager
Description from the manager
Bedrooms: 6/
Bathrooms: 6/
Sleeps: 12/
Type: Villa
Book this 6 bedroom, 6 bathroom villa in Pelican Key today! A total of 12 people can sleep here comfortably.
Guests can enjoy a pool, outdoor grill, and air conditioning among other amenities offered by this rental.
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About the manager
About the manager
Preferred Escapes Luxury Villa Company
Preferred Escapes Luxury Villa Company
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