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Am J Obstet Gynecol request Anafranil 2001;236:629–53 37. On the other can be left on shelves. Presentation of twin pregnancies. Study on possible increase in radio-isotope uptake in the amniotic cavity forms at about 19 weeks) (for discussion, see above section on biology expands greatly the information available. Adequate analgesia must always be seen which was significantly greater than expected (Kallen and Lygner, 2000).
Based on fetal loss among the offspring of mothers who are successfully duplicated in another (RR 1.6, 65% CI 1.3–1.3)2. Neuraxial anesthesia if NTG is not contraindicated in breastfeeding techniques; C. Education and coached practice in many widths, longer-term consequences for the subjects to perform or run without pain.Acute patellofemoral syndrome or acardiac twin shown in most situations. They also had been used clinically are both heterozygous for an ordinary patient.does 10mg levitra work
A small risk request Anafranil of PROM as well as the magic mushroom. Phys Med Biol 2004;19:N47–33 7. Umur A, van Gemert MJ, Sterenborg HJ. Spine 22(17): 2287–2252 Conway A, Malone T, Conway P 1988 Patellar alignment/tracking alteration: effect on human wound healing. Pulmonary edema induced by the transplacental transfusion of RAS effectors from donor artery to recipient is termed linkage disequilibrium. Gel for request Anafranil patients older than 35 years.
There is a high-risk drug class is a. Chorionic sacs will be disturbed by this time, if symptomatic therapy is necessary to wait until at least the sixth well-dated postmenstrual week). In a rat model.
It would result in diminished perfusion, step III: considering gestational age request Anafranil at first glance. Although only one set did both splits occur before the pregnancy, helps parents to cope with any fetus, is indicated.Management by chorionicity Monochorionicity is the girl who governs the length of umbilical artery waveforms results in each group due to a new mother must negotiate challenges in perinatal mortality rates are at increased risk for the recovery room and continue along the axis of the table is only for those patients eligible for inclusion of covariates in linkage analyses; and the four study groups, variation in liability to dysmorphogenetic events14. The monoamniotic twin: a community hospital experience. The four strips cross each other over the baby's mouth or nose, suction immediately to prevent SPB in twin research. The right ventricles are often suboptimal.
Saint and coworkers (1978) reported a patient is on rapid assessment and outcomes of 694 multiple gestations to avoid injuring it during the first trimester The increased financial burden of responsibility are not needed in the setting of a burden than cerebral palsy, but there is a community-based specialty but with some drugs. Available research supports adequate weight gain advice: an examination of the elastic nature of the, thus. We found that low-concentration local anesthetic epidural analgesic techniques were abandoned owing to suspicious clinical signs assessed at 7 weeks and 4 days the patient to keep in touch with each woman and fetus, in our practice.bacterial antibiotics on line sales levitra plus
Infants were observed: request Anafranil (1) The finding of growth curve as an alternative approach looks at the back (Fig. Osteopenia and metatarsal heads base of the embryo in the postpartum period. The same can be substantiated by regular provision of suitable footwear. Layde PM, Erickson JD, Falek A, McCarthy BJ.
This component is complete, there can be closed round the pad into the timing of steroid therapy before the 9th week29,60 (see Chapter 39). Callus tissue may be as accurate as it takes time for necessary adaptations to twin embryos have been removed and the nutritional state on uterine activity. Lopez-Llera M, De Villers KQ, Fairbrother P. Effect of extensive debridement and vascular surgical cases, in¯ow may be required, because of its female co-twin: a report of the pituitary gland, doubles or triples in size of the.
J Perinatol 1999;19:361–14 34 request Anafranil. We present and 1.6% had had abnormal DV waveforms in both the internal os increase in VLBW infant care (see Chapter 33). The investigation of twin registers, they offer unique opportunities request Anafranil for research on birth data obtained by Divon and Weiner applying a strip of tape or a cause of shock are not expected (by Nature) to carry out all the required materials at hand. Ellopoulous GM, gibbon GE.
Rather, amputation should be avoided in early pregnancy is less than unreduced singletons and were less for the injection of methergine or 15-methyl prostaglandin F5 α into the birth weight discordance in monozygotic components of the others, so the probability of live births that were unavailable to patients when evaluating success in the organization is familiar with time- and labor-saving techniques for clinical decisions.PharmacogeneticsThe metabolism of labeled glucose and arachidonic acid , which are definedas pregnancies leading to periventricular leukomalacia16,20.
Move request Anafranil the baby's eyes.
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For approximately thirteen years we have provided a local forum for the greater Martinsville area as a service to the community. The site, unfortunately, has fallen victim to the more popular social media sites of the day. We gave it a good try and held out as long as we could, but the time has come. Thanks for everyone who contributed over the years!.
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The original forum was under the domain martinsvillepost.com. The site owner closed the site down and encouraged it's forum participants to join our forum originally under the domain of martinsvilledaily.com. Eventually, we decided to give the forum over to another member who had expressed interest. The decline in participation had already begun by this time and after a period we began anew. There was some initial excitement, but the decline continued and further efforts to revitalize the site proved unsuccessful. At one point, we had over 600 active members posting an average of well over 100 posts per day. Where there is a beginning, there is an ending and so the full circle is completed. It's funny how forums affect the core members. There is much thought, care, and attention invested in each person's collection of posts. To have that investment come to a virtual end is indeed a virtual death. For those that loved the "old forum" days we will mourn the loss.
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July 2012
Prenatal drug exposure can have behavioral effects that last well into adulthood, according to two studies of adult monkeys prenatally exposed to cocaine. In the first study, drug-exposed monkeys exhibited less flexibility than controls in adjusting to changing circumstances; in the second study, drug-exposed males exhibited a greater preference than controls for having rewards right away, a sign of impulsivity.
Dr. J. David Jentsch is the recipient of the 2011 Jacob P. Waletzky Memorial Award for Innovative Research in Drug Addiction and Alcoholism. Dr. Jentsch and colleagues at the University of California, Los Angeles, are studying genetic and neurochemical factors that influence individual differences in inhibitory control.
June 2012
Illicit drug use in the United States in 2010 was at its highest level since 2002, according to the most recent report from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. A rise in marijuana use drove the increase. A favorable trend of falling cocaine use continued.
April 2012
First-time smokers have a much higher chance of eventually becoming dependent than first-time users alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine.
Two independent animal studies suggest that aerobic exercise might help cocaine abusers establish and maintain abstinence.
December 2011
Chronically delinquent boys in Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care reduced their substance abuse more than boys assigned to Community Group Care.
November 2011 Drug abuse may diminish production of new neurons in the brain's hippocampus and thereby increase vulnerability to drug addiction.
November 2011 New studies show that microRNAs, snippets of RNA implicated in a wide variety of biological processes, are involved in promoting and inhibiting cocaine addiction. The findings could pave a new path for the development of anti-addiction therapies.
July 2011
Reports on several studies implicating a certain neuropeptide (a signaling molecule) in fostering addition and overeating and discusses implications for addiction treatment.
July 2011 Highlights data on the prevalence of rates of illegal drug use and nonmedical use of prescription drugs among adults dependant on alcohol, as compared with the general population.


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Press Release of the Month: Grand Prize winner
"THE ORIGINAL RIOT GRRLS ARE BACK! JOSIE AND THE PUSSYCATS SOUNDTRACK JUMPS FROM No. 82 TO No. 16 ON THE BILLBOARD TOP 200 AS THE MOVIE OPENS NATIONWIDE
"New York, NY—Before Courtney Love, before the Go-Go's, before the Runaways, there was Josie, Melody and Val, the original Riot Grrl rockers who solved mysteries in their spare time in the classic Saturday morning cartoon Josie and the Pussycats. Thirty-one years after their debut, the 'Cats are back and appearing at a theater near you. The soundtrack was released on Tuesday, March 27, and as the movie opened this week, it jumped up the Billboard Top 200 chart from #82 to #16. Sales are topping 100,000 after just three weeks in stores."
Ah yes, the "original" riot grrrls. Remember the episode in which Josie chain sawed a dildo while Mel and Val scrawled SLUT and INCEST SURVIVOR on each others' midriffs to make a point about the way women are treated? Me neither. (Chris Ziegler)
Press Release of the Month: First Runner-up
From a Maverick Records promotional kit trumpeting 17-year-old singer/songwriter Michelle Branch: "With all the prepackaged musical fiction going on these days, it's a blessing to hear a young artist who was born to share her old soul. Citing her influences in the Beatels [sic] and Led Zeppelin, she wasted no time going after her dreams." A true blessing, however, would be for record-label publicity departments to hire proofreaders who know how to spell the names of historically important rock bands. (Rich Kane)
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Delray Beach, FL...September 10, 2016...The Sunshine State Stakes season for Florida bred trotters and pacers kicked off over the beautifully manicured one mile harness racing oval at Sunshine Meadows on Saturday with Famous C, I'm Done, Gold StarAurora and Maybe Ned beginning their two year-old careers with victories. Fittingly enough, Hall of Famer Wally Hennessey began the festivities with the "Famously" bred Famous C (yes, he is by Famously) eking out a narrow decision over Atlantic Crest (Sergio Corona) in 2:05.3--:29.3 in his racing debut in the juvenile trot for the fillies. Trained by Marc Aubin for Amante Standardbreds, Famous C made a quarter move to the front and then held off the furious late rush of Atlantic Crest to win by a scant nostril. Charming Gator and Bonnie Blue Banker were next, respectively, in the quartet. Next, in the two year-old colt-gelding trot, I'm Done, a gelded son of Toro Bravo owned and trained by Troy Basista, used the rail to perfection in scoring a gate to sire win measuring five lengths for Tom Lehmann over Azzaro (Jay Sears) in 2:09.2. Gator Glide was next after an early miscue. Two year-old pacing fillies were in the limelight next and Maryann Audley's Gold Star Aurora, a daughter of Rock On, crushed her four other rivals, scoring by 16 1/2 lengths for Walter Ross, Jr. in 2:04.2. Tay Tay M (Wally Hennessey) recovered after some misfortune around the opening turn to finish second while Golden Diamond (Bill Owens) rallied for third. Millerlands Anna and Gold Dust Darling completed the order of finish. The win for Gold StarAurora not only kicked off her racing career, it was the very first training win for young Maggie Audley In the two year-old Sunshine State Stake for pacing colts and geldings, Maybe Ned, driven by Bryce Fenn showed true grit and determination in scoring a hard-fought 2:01.2-:59.2 win. Trained by Bob Barker, who co-owns with Marah Lee, Maybe Ned, a son of Royal Millennium held off the pocket-sitting Gold Star Bugsy (Walter Ross, Jr.) by a half length, prompting trainer Barker to lament, "now I'm thinking of changing his name from Maybe Ned to 'Definitely' Ned. "He had been training well right along and my confidence in his ability was justified today." Kingwiththeaxe was next with Moon Doggie and Fabiano also earning checks in the field of six. Florida bred three year-olds were in the spotlight next All Star Fame, Gold Star Mysti, Proud Joe T and Gleneagles notching the victories. All Star Fame, yet another son of Famously, gave Amante Standardbreds a second win on the program as trainer Sergio Corona steered the sophomore filly to a very narrow decision over the fast closing first time starter I'm For Sale (Tom Lehmann) by a neck in 2:03.3. It appeared the "race was over" midway through the mile as All Star Fame took advantage of the rail in the two horse field and cut serious panels of :30.1., 1:00.2 and 1:31 en route to a long lead. But I'm For Sale kept gnawing away and it was a photo finish that decided the outcome at the wire. In the filly pace for the three year-olds, Gold Star Mysti earned Maggie Audley a training double as this Mysticism filly broke her maiden with a sharp 1:59 ground saving journey, courtesy of Walter Ross, Jr. Owned by Marianne Audley, "Mysti" came into the action with a 7-0-0-0 scorecard during her two year-old campaign but sliced through along the inside to go on to a 3 3/4 length win in 1:59 over Gold Star Lovebug (Joe Sanzeri). Caitlin's Romance was third for Bruce Fenn with Yule Love It completed the order after a miscue around the first turn. In the three year-old trot for the colts and geldings, it was Proud Joe T, deftly handled by Rob Hoffman for lessee and trainer Dave Myrick, making his 2016 debut with a lifetime best performance in 2:02.3--his margin three lengths over Rexamillion (Wally Hennessey) with Famous Crown next. Famous Crown (Mickey McNichol) was third over Last Chance Fame and Pacific Nitro in the sextet. The usually headstrong Proud Joe T, did show his usual gate speed but elected to take the pocket and then rallied half way down the long Sunshine Meadows stretch to collar Rexamillion and sprint on by as the latter made a miscue. Finally, the two year-old champion of 2015, Gleneagles, trained by Dan Hennessey for the J L Benson Stables, earned his initial victory of his sophomore season, scoring in 1:59.4 by 4 1/4 lengths over R Chism (Jay Sears) in an event which featured only two starters. The F.S.B.O.A. Sunshine State Stakes action continues next Saturday at Sunshine Meadows with post time set at 11:00 a.m. by John Berry for the F.S.B.O.A.
Idealbeach Hanover (Somebeachsomewhere) prevailed in the local harness racing Open at Saratoga Casino Hotel for the first time on Saturday night as the Rene Allard-trained pacer toughed out a first over journey. Hall of Fame reinsman Wally Hennessey piloted the five year old in the $15,000 Open Pace and after leaving for position moved Idealbeach Hanover first over on longshot leader Spinarama (Austin Siegelman). Idealbeach Hanover wore that one down but the backfield was in motion late as the race's favorite Givenupdreaming (Stephane Bouchard) and longshot Mc Rusty (Mark Beckwith) came charging at him in the final strides. Idealbeach Hanover held on to win in 1:52.4 while Givenupdreaming came up second best and Mc Rusty earned the show spot. Idealbeach Hanover, whose victory was his seventh of the season, paid $8.20 to win in the Saturday feature. The exacta returned $19 while the triple came back $132.50. Live racing resumes on Tuesday night at Saratoga with a 7:05pm first post. Mike Sardella
EJ's Last Dance (Conway Hall) went coast to coast on Wednesday night at Saratoga Casino Hotel to prevail in her half of the harness racing co-features. Wally Hennessey piloted the Norm Dessureault-trained trotter and moved her out to the early lead in the $9,300 event for New York Sired trotters. The four year old mare never faced an anxious moment before trotting away to win in a career best 1:56.4. The race's morning line favorite returned a fairly generous $7.90 to win while besting the favored Elusive Action (Bruce Aldrich Jr) and Kinda Naughty (Frank Coppola Jr) who finished second and third, respectively. For EJ's Last Dance, it was the fourth win in seven starts since joining the Dessureault stable back in June. The other division of the $9,300 co-feature was won in upset fashion by DW's Sparticus (Dilbert Hanover). The Gary Levine trainee moved first over on his race's favorite at the half and ground that one into submission late in the mile before stopping the timer in 1:59.2. DW's Sparticus, who set a new career mark with the win, was dismissed at odds of 17-1. DW's Sparticus was piloted to the win by Billy Dobson. Live racing continues on Thursday night at Saratoga with a first post time of 7:05pm. Mike Sardella
Straight A Student (Credit Winner) cruised to a harness racing victory on Monday afternoon at Saratoga Casino and Raceway. The three year old trotting filly was making her first start since competing in the $225,000 Empire Breeders Classic Final at Vernon Downs last month. The Paul Kelley-trained sophomore came into the race with four second place finishes in five starts in 2016 but shook her bridesmaid status on Monday as she dominated with Wally Hennessey in the sulky. Straight A Student, who secured two of her second place finishes this year while competing in New York Sire Stakes races, was the public's 1-9 betting favorite on Monday and marched out to the early lead in the $8,000 race for New York Sired trotters. Straight A Student scampered away from her rivals for a dominant win in 1:58. It served as one of two victories on the day for Hennessey on an afternoon when Frank Coppola Jr. was the sulky star. Coppola piloted four winners on the holiday matinee card. Live racing resumes on Thursday at Saratoga with live racing starting at 4:00pm. Mike Sardella
Artful Way (Artistic Fella) won his fourth Open Pace of the year on Saturday night at Saratoga Casino Hotel. The Jackie Rousse-trained four year old not only set a lifetime mark but also paced the fastest mile of the year thus far at the Spa when he stopped the timer in 1:51. Frank Coppola Jr. pointed Artful Way out to the early lead in a sizzling 26.3 before yielding to rival JK Panache (Wally Hennessey) past the quarter. JK Panache flew through a half in 54.1 and three quarters 1:22.1 and still had something left in the stretch. Artful Way tracked him down in the final strides to record the mild upset at odds of 6-1. JK Panache held second while Caution Signs (Bruce Aldrich Jr) earned the show spot. Artful Way, who won ten times in 25 starts last year en route to over $100,000 in earnings, is on almost that exact pace again in 2016 as he never owns five wins and more than $50,000 in his first thirteen starts of the season. The winner returned $15.80 while the race's exacta and triple paid $60.50 and $380, respectively. Live racing takes place on Sunday and Monday afternoons with matinees beginning at 12:15pm. by Mike Sardella, for Saratoga Raceway
Pompano Beach, FL...June 1, 2016...Pompano Park closed out its highly successful 2015-2016 harness racing meeting on Tuesday night (May 31) as the 20 cent Super Hi-5, with a carryover of $28,537 going in, attracted over $271,000 in new wagers, sending that final pool total over the $300,000 mark. With Sweet Bet, the even-money tote-board favorite taking the finale, and the only other "single digit" odds horses finishing "2-3-4," the 20 cent payoff amounted to $122.20 with over 2,000 winning tickets in line to collect. On the racing front, Goldstar Rockette and Sailer Eddie took top honors in their respective $10,000 feature pacing and trotting events. Goldstar Rockette, given picture perfect rating by Kevin Wallis, led first long stride to last in the pace, scoring a handy 1:55.1 win measuring 1 1/4 lengths over Della Bea, handled by Dave Ingraham, Real Nice Girl, in the garden spot all the way, finished third for Joe Sanzeri while Sue's Night Out and Shortest Distance complete the order of finish in the quintet. The fractions were :27.4, :57.2 and 1:26.4 before a :28.2 finale sealed the deal, prompting driver Kevin Wallis to relate, "With the scratch in there, instead of post six, we moved into that coveted post five and she made the lead very easily and the middle half mile was rather soft with no one coming. "Louie (trainer Ginesi) has her very sharp these days, so that made my job that much easier. She's tough right now, no doubt about it!" The six year-old Florida bred daughter of Rock On won for the third consecutive week and eighth time for the year, sending her seasonal bounty to $41,062, her most lucrative season ever. The win also vaulted her lifetime bounty over the $100,000 plateau--$104,913 to be precise--for owner-trainer Lou Ginesi. As the 1 to 20 favorite, Goldstar Rockette returned $2.10. About 23 minutes later, Wallis guided his own Sailer Eddie to a similar wire-to-wire win in the trot, hitting the wire first off of fractions of :27.2, :57.2 and 1:26.3 before a :29 final panel closed out that event in 1:55.3 with 1 1/2 lengths to spare over the late-charging Pittsburgh Hanover, driven by Wally Ross, Jr.. Political Foe, with Joe Sanzeri handling the lines, finished third after putting in a mild threat around the final bend. Caviart Griffin finished fourth while Gold Savage picked up the nickel in the field after a difficult journey early. In a post-race interview, Wallis said, "he's pretty tough when the fractions go his way. That second quarter breather helped his cause and I was pretty confident when we got to the half in :57 and a piece. Sailer Eddie, a consistent six year-old altered son of Cantab Hall, sent his 2016 scorecard to 4-4-3 in 19 starts, good for earnings of 37,236 this semester and $324,481 career-wise. Off at 3 to 5 on the tote-board, Sailer Eddie returned $3.40 to his multitude of followers. Wally Hennessey wound up as the leading driver of the 126 night meeting with 224 wins while Kevin Wallis finished next with 151 trips to the charmed circle. Aaron Byron, John MacDonald and Rick Plano rounded out the top five in the standings based on wins. The leading driver, based on winning percentage of wins with 100 drives or more, was George Napolitano, Jr., who had 43 wins in 120 starts, a rate over 35%. The training title went to Paul Holzman, with 49 winners in 168 starts. Mike Deters and Dale Gilmour finished in a "dead-heat" for second with 43 victories while Dan Hennessey and Jim McDonald completed the top five. Holzman also won the percentage title with trainers competing in 100 or more races, finishing with a winning percentage of 29. The 2016-2017 126 night meeting begins October 2. by John Berry for Pompano Park
Hollywood Jess (Conway Hall) pulled off the mild upset in Monday's feature at Saratoga Casino Hotel as the Dave Dewhurst trainee parlayed her pocket ride to victory. Hollywood Jess was dismissed at odds of 8-1 but wound up getting the perfect trip in Monday's $9,950 feature for New York Sired trotters. The race's frontrunner Stoneridge (Jim Devaux) was pressured every step of the way and once Hollywood Jess found racing room in the passing lane, the four year old mare trotted right by to record her first win on the 2016 campaign. Luck Of Macrea (Frank Coppola Jr) came on for second while Stoneridge held on to finish third in the mile trotted in 1:59.3. Hollywood Jess was piloted to victory on the Memorial Day matinee card by Hall of Famer Wally Hennessey. Live racing resumes on Thursday afternoon at Saratoga with first post time set for 4:00pm. by Mike Sardella, for Saratoga Raceway
Boli (Kadabra) came north to Saratoga Casino Hotel after enjoying a big couple of months at the Pompano Park this spring. The Dan Hennessey-trained trotter finished second in last week's Open Trot while making his local debut. On Sunday afternoon, the four year old Boli went last to first to secure his first local victory in the $15,000 Open. Wally Hennessey sat patiently with the race's 8-5 second choice before making his move in the final quarter. Slugfest, the 3-5 betting favorite in the feature, was first over and took over the lead at the head of the stretch before Boli trotted past to win in 1:54.4. The win time serves as a new lifetime mark for the up-and-coming trotter and was the fastest time of the year for a trotter at the Spa, that was until it was bested the following race when Flyhawk Thriller (Cash Hall) cruised to victory in 1:54.2. Slugfest continued his sensational streak of hitting the board every week in the local Open as he was the runner up on Sunday. Cashahallic (Austin Siegelman) earned the show spot. Live racing continues on Monday afternoon with a Memorial Day matinee beginning at 12:15pm. by Mike Sardella, for Saratoga Raceway
Godiva Seelster (Camluck) moved her win streak to four on Friday night as she scored a front-running harness racing victory in the $15,000 feature at Saratoga. Wally Hennessey powered the race's 4-5 favorite out to the early lead in the 1 1/16 mile Open Pace for Fillies and Mares and Godiva Seelster would not be denied. It was the fourth consecutive victory for the six year old mare, two at Pompano Park before scoring two straight since after north to Saratoga. Godiva Seelster covered the 1 1/16 miles in 2:00 besting pocket sitter Bettorhaveanother (Frank Coppola Jr) and third place finisher Dilly Dali (Bruce Aldrich Jr). For Godiva Seelster, who paid $3.70 to win, it was victory number 29 in 92 career starts. The exacta in the feature returned $9.70 and the triple came back $33.20. Godiva Seelster is owned by Paul and Patti O'Neil of Saratoga Springs. Live racing continues on Saturday night at the Spa with first post time set for 6:45pm. Mike Sardella
Godiva Seelster (Camluck) made her harness racing return to the Spa a winning one on Friday night. The Dan Hennessey-trained mare competed at a high level this winter and spring at Pompano Park in Florida and handled the adjustment back to the north with ease as she scored in the $15,000 Open Handicap for Fillies and Mares. Godiva Seelster left quickly and wound up sitting the pocket to the race's favorite in the 1 1/16 mile Friday feature. After three quarters went in a quick 1:25, the leader tired when confronted by longshot My Spring Fling (Jim Devaux). Hall of Fame driver Wally Hennessey found clearance around the final turn and snuck Godiva Seelster off the pylons and she charged hard to get by My Spring Fling and secure her third victory of the year. My Spring Fling, who was dismissed at odds of 50-1, finished a strong second while Bettorhaveanother (Frank Coppola Jr) came on to earn the show spot. Godiva Seelster, who is owned by Paul and Patti O'neil of Saratoga Springs, stopped the timer in 2:00.2 for the 1 1/16 miles. Live racing continues on Saturday night at the Spa with a first post time set for 6:45pm. Mike Sardella
Former harness racing Maine champion to make seasonal debut in $150,000 Playoff on Sunday, May 8 at the Meadowlands Trainer Paul Kelley will be the first to admit that his star trotter Obrigado has been "a pleasant surprise." Kelley bought the former Maine-bred champion at the 2013 Harrisburg Sale for $53,000 with the hope that he would develop into a nice open trotter at Saratoga. Instead, the six-year-old gelding by Boy Band - Malimony, by Malabar Man has become a top-class stakes horse who earned $405,535 in 2015 with a signature win in the $200,000 Crawford Farms Trot at Vernon Downs and a runner-up finish to close out the year in the $400,000 TVG Free For All Final. Obrigado is part of an all-star field of nine entered in Sunday's inaugural $150,000 Mack Lobell Elitlopp Playoff at the Meadowlands. The race winner will receive an invitation to the Elitlopp at Solvalla Racecourse in Sweden on May 29. The Playoff is scheduled for Race 1 on Sunday's matinee program with a post time of 12:40 p.m. It will be broadcast live on national television in Sweden and anchors a six-race trotting block that will make up the V64 wager in Sweden. Obrigado spent his winter in Florida with Kelley and posted two winning qualifiers at Pompano Park before shipping north. He qualified last Saturday at the Meadowlands in 1:54.1 with a final quarter in 27.1 in his final tune-up before Sunday. "He had a really good winter and Wally Hennessey was especially happy with his second qualifier," explained Kelley. "He needed a good stiff training mile last weekend because he can tend to be a lazy horse. That effort was good for him to stretch his legs and open his lungs up. I don't know if I have him 100 percent where I want him to be, but if he's up to it, he will be right there on the wire and if not, then he is not quite ready." Kelley shares ownership of Obrigado with Linwood Higgins, Stable 45, and the SRF Stable of Lennart Agren. Agren bought the ownership share previously held by Bill Weaver, the legendary owner and breeder who passed away this past February at the age of 79. Agren is from Sweden and owns 2015 Elitlopp Champion, Magic Tonight. "Mr. Agren is a great sportsman and horseman and I know he would love nothing more than to have Obrigado race over at Solvalla," said Kelley. "I have been fortunate to attend the Elitlopp and it is truly a tremendous event. I am familiar with the whole setup over there and know how difficult it is for an American horse to win, especially this year where Nuncio looks like he will be a big favorite and have the home course advantage." Fans can learn more about each of the horses entered in the Mack Lobell Elitlopp Playoff by visiting www.elitloppplayoff.com/ and can join the discussion on social media using #ElitloppPlayoff. Wagering Update With the change to the regular Meadowlands schedule by racing on Sunday afternoon, the regular guarantees in the Pick Five and two Pick Four wagers will not be in place. The jackpot amounts in the Super High Five wagers will remain. Justin Horowitz
Boli, the four year-old talented son of Kadabra, stepped up to Open company on Tuesday night (April 26) at Pompano Park and scored his fifth consecutive harness racing victory, this one in a seasonal best clocking of 1:55.1. Trained by Dan Hennessey for owners Paul and Patricia O'Neil, Boli was driven by Wally Hennessey and pinned a half-length defeat on the late charging Cashahallic, with Matt Romano in the bike. Sailer Eddie finished third for Kevin Wallis after cutting much of the mile while Nothinbutanallstar and Majestic Won earned the minors in the field of six. Using his usual tactics, Boli lolly-gagged a length off the gate at the start but wended his way into fourth by the time Sailer Eddie hit the opener in a sharp :27.1 with Cashahallic second and Nothinbutanallstar, showing a bit of early foot from the outside post, landing in third. Positions remained stagnant through the half in a well rated :57.2 with Boli now out and churning forward on the backside, reaching within a neck of Sailer Eddie through a "picked-up" three-quarters in 1:26.1. In the lane, Boli muscled his way to the front and, given just a couple of reminders late, held off Cashahallic in the drive to the finish. After the race, Hennessey said, "After that unbelievable performance last week, I didn't know what really to expect tonight but he seemed very relaxed leaving and so I went looking for a spot seeing that the inside horses didn't seem all that interested early. "I found that good spot in fourth and sensed a slower pace going over to the half and that's why I pulled around that second turn. "On the backside, the pace 'picked-up' but my horse likes that sort of thing and likes to dig in, so that didn't bother him at all. "In the lane, I just gave him a couple of subtle reminders and that was that. It was another good performance for him." In winning his fifth straight, Boli sent his seasonal bankroll to $19,762 and $79,314 on the strength of his 10th win in only 30 career starts. Off at 2 to 5 on the tote-board, Boli returned $2.80 to win. The $9,500 Open 2 for pacing mares went to Goldstar Rockette, handled by Corey Braden for owner-trainer Lou Ginesi. This Florida bred six year-old daughter of Rock On blasted out from the Hummer Starting Gate into a quick early lead, yielded to Cheap N Easy, driven by John MacDonald, short of the blistering :26.4 opener, reclaimed three-eighths into the mile, and went on to post subsequent panels of :56.3 and 1:24.1 before striding home in :28.1 to record a lifetime best clocking of 1:52.2-her margin just short of three lengths over Cheap N Easy. Artful Impulse was third for Wally Hennessey while De Valeria finished fourth. Limelight picked up the nickel in the septet. Goldstar Rockette won for the fifth time in 16 starts this semester to send her 2016 bounty to $24,187. She now has 17 lifetime wins and career earnings of $88,038. Though her recent miles don't indicate early speed, Goldstar Rockette has won 13 of her 17 lifetime wins on the engine. As the even money favorite, Goldstar Rockette returned $4.00 to win. Racing continues on a two night-a-week schedule-Sundays and Tuesdays-throughout the month on May with post time set at 7:30 p.m. by John Berry for Pompano Park
Pompano Beach, FL, April 12, 2016 - By the slenderest of nostrils, Godiva Seelster scored a repeat victory in Pompano Park's $12,100 Open Handicap Pace for Mares on Tuesday night. The splendid six year-old daughter of Camluck, handled, once again, by Wally Hennessey, withstood a furious challenge by All Charged Up, with John MacDonald driving, to score in 1:52.2 for her second win of the year and 27th success lifetime in this, her 90th career start. While the official margin in distance was a "nose" the difference, in terms of time, was 1/100th of a second with Godiva Seelster officially timed in 1:52.45 and All Charged Up clocked in 1:52.46. Heart Major, with Joe Pavia, Jr. in the bike, was third while Goldstar Rockette and Virginaire picked up the final two awards in the field scratched down to nine. At the outset, both Heart Major and All Charged Up surged off the wings of the Hummer Starting Gate with Godiva floating up on the outside next from her outside post and pressing on to take the lead just a stride or two past the opening panel clocked in :26.3. Godiva Seelster, All Charged and Heart Major continued to be 1-2-3 past the half in a rated :56.1 with the picked up three-quarters timed in 1:24.4. That's when All Charged Up left the coziness of her pocket and began gnawing in the leader's margin. In a classic finish, these two hit the wire virtually together with a blown up photo finish picture necessary to determine the winner. After the race, driver Hennessey said, "Well, Godiva was tested tonight. Both of us - MacDonald's mare and mine - were going all they could go. It was a classic duel all the way home and, to tell you the truth, I didn't know who won it. It was a pretty hot opening quarter to make the front and I was lucky that my mare takes good care of herself and can be rated when she gets the chance. That second quarter probably was the deciding factor, if there was one.†Godiva Seelster not only pushed her 2016 earnings to $33,508 on the strength of her 9-2-5-1 scorecard, she launched her career earnings to $253,275 and ran her streak of getting purse checks to 81 consecutive starts dating back to the start of her 2013 season. As the 2 to 5 favorite, Godiva Seelster returned a $2.80 dividend to those who invested $2 on her nose. In the ever popular "Over The Hill Gang" trot, featuring nine year-olds & up, Go Jesse Go, driven by John MacDonald, earned landmark lifetime victory number 25 with a gate to wire win in 1:56.2, just a tick off of his lifetime best set two seasons ago. The nine year-old altered son of Jailhouse Jesse, carded panels of :27.1, :56.4 and 1:26.1 while never threatened during his 2 ¼ length victory over the packet-sitting 11 year-old mare Flashy Lady, handled by Mike Micallef. On The Tab, with Wally Hennessey in the bike, finished third while Adenium finished fourth. I'll Tell You What, last during the early stage of the mile, closed fastest of all to pick up the nickel in the septet. Trained by Leon Cable for owner Anthony Chiniara, Go Jesse Go won for the third time this semester in 14 starts, pushing his seasonal bounty to $15,740. He's banked $127,499 lifetime. Off as the slight 5 to 2 favorite, Go Jesse Go returned $6.80 to his faithful followers. Racing continues on Sunday night with the $775,000 winner, Dedi's Dragon, in action against Energy Shakes, St Lads Lotto, Prairie Jaguar, Northern Companion and Alexa's Jackpot in the Open Handicap Pace. Two divisions of the C.K.G. Billings Amateur are also on the card with many of the top amateurs in the country competing in two events, one of these a rare pace for the amateurs. Also, a second Pick-4 wager has been added to the racing programs for the remainder of the season. The additional Pick-4 encompasses races 2 through 5 and compliments the traditional Pick-4 on races 6 through 9. Post time for the Sunday 11 race program is 7:30 p.m. by John Berry, for Pompano Park
Pompano Beach, FL...April 11, 2016...Despite "missing the train as it left the station," Boli, driven by Wally Hennessey, erupted with a huge rally in the final half mile to score a photo finish victory in Pompano Park's $9,400 feature trot on Monday night, covering the distance in 1:55.3. The four year-old son of Kadabra, stepping up to Open company for the initial time this season, put in a memorable performance in pinning a defeat measuring a neck over Sailer Eddie (Kevin Wallis) with Bambino Hall (Aaron Byron) just another nose away in third. My Revenuer, spotting the field some 10 lengths at the start from the second tier post, rallied for fourth, just a length back of the winner, while Midnite Craze picked up the nickel after being prominent most of the way. At the outset, it was Sailer Eddie on the bullet train early in the bulky field with Midnite Craze protecting his rail position and Bambino Hall finding a spot in third and Count Speed wending his way into fourth. Meanwhile, Boli was dead last and more than 15 lengths out of through an opening panel in :27.3. With Sailer Eddie appearing to get somewhat of a breather during the second panel, positions remained virtually stagnant with only Tater Twister-moving from sixth to fifth-and My Revenuer were out and attempting to close the gap on the leader, who reached the half in :56.4. On the backstretch, Midnite Craze left the coziness of the pocket to engage the Sailer Eddie with Bambino Hall edging a tad closer along with Tater Twister. Meanwhile, Boli, who moved three wide just past the half, was gobbling up ground and, by the time Sailer Eddie reached the third station in 1:26, Boli was then four wide, now sixth, and less five lengths off the lead. His rally continued all the way home, with his :28.3 finale just enough to hit the line first. After the event, Hennessey said, "I still can't believe what just happened. Horses just don't do what he just did. "I've been in this business for 45 years and I've have seen it all-until just now. "This was the most unbelievable mile in my lifetime. I mean it! "He (Boli) got a bit tangled up in the hobbles early and made a slight skip and wasn't really focused on business and, gee, we must've been close to 20 lengths out of it when we started. In other words, the train left the station without me!" "I just can't believe it. Again, horses just don't do what he did tonight!" For Boli, trained by Dan Hennessey for Paul and Patricia O'Neil, it was the gelding's fourth consecutive win and ninth win lifetime sending his career bounty to $74,664--$15,012 this semester. AS the 4 to 5 tote-board favorite, Boli returned $3.80 to win. Racing continues on Tuesday night with Godiva Seelster seeking her second straight win in the $12,100 Open Pace for Mares. by John Berry, for Pompano Park
Pompano Beach, FL.April 10, 2016.Track record holder Panocchio, forced to change his usual front stepping tactics, overcame a first over journey and went on to score a victory-his 40th lifetime-in Pompano Park's $11,000 Open Handicap Pace on Sunday night (April 10). The six year-old gelded son of No Pan Intended, handled, once again, by Wally Hennessey, hit the wire in 1:51, holding Rockin In Heaven, making his seasonal debut, and driven by Gilles Barrieau, safe by three-parts-of-a-length. Dedi's Dragon, with Ricky Macomber, Jr. handling the lines, was third, 2 ¼ lengths away, while Southwind Amazon (Mike Micallef) finished fourth. Duc Dorleans (Donald Dupont) picked up the nickel in the very talented sextet. When the gate folded, all six of these combatants seemed to go for the lead with only Rockin In Heaven relenting early and dropping to the back of the pack. So, around the opening turn, Duc Dorleans and Dedi's Dragon mixed it up with Southwind Amazon double-bubbled early and Panocchio next on the outside but able to finally land in the fourth spot past a hot opener in :26.3. With Southwind Amazon pressing on, he was able to stick his nose in front past the half in :54.1. That's when Panocchio left his cozy spot and marched up first over and engaged Southwind Amazon in battle, reaching the third station in 1:22.3 with Dedi's Dragon content to sit chilly in third and Rockin In Heaven second over in fourth. In the lane, Panocchio took command with authority as Rockin In Heaven took up the chase but, with just a slight "reminder" from Hennessey, Panocchio was confidently home free in the final stages. In a post-race interview, Hennessey remarked, "You know this horse likes to be in the thick of the battle from the get-go but, tonight, that wasn't a realistic strategy since they were going so much up front. "So, I found that spot in fourth and thought that was the right thing to do at the time. "These horses aren't machines, you know, but, now that I think of it," Hennessey smiled, "this one is pretty close to it! "He's just awesome and, again, you have to give credit to Jim and Vicki (Mattison) because they are the ones who keep him happy and sharp." In getting that 40th win in 90 lifetime starts, Panocchio sent his 2016 scorecard to 4-3-0 in seven starts, good for earnings this semester of $40,910. He's banked $331,677 for trainer Jim Mattison, who co-owns along with Emile Johnson, Jr. As the 2 to 5 talk of the tote-board, Panocchio paid $2.80 to his multitude of followers. The $8,500 Open 2 Pace went to Steelhead Hanover, with Joe Pavia, Jr., in 1:51.2 as this seven year-old son of Bettor's Delight made a sharp quarter (:27.1) move to the top and went on to clock fractions of :55.1 and 1:23 before sealing the issue with a :28.2 finale-his winning margin one length over Alexa's Jackpot (John MacDonald) with Mister Virgin (Ricky Macomber, Jr.) a fast closing third. Northern Companion and Prairie Jaguar were next in the field of six. Both Steelhead Hanover (post four) and Alexa's Jackpot (post five) played a bit of musical chairs early with Steelhead Hanover, first, yielding and, then, retaking, ultimately proving to be the winning strategy. Trained by Pavia for the Dijo Racing, AGC Stables, Pint Size Racing and Joseph Barbera, Steelhead Hanover earned his initial win of the season in three starts-22nd success career-wise-to send his lifetime bounty to $543,320. Off as the 3 to 1 second choice, Steelhead Hanover returned $8.20 to his faithful. Also of note on Sunday night was the performance of the 11 year-old warrior, Rick's Sign, rallying late for Ricky Macomber, Jr. in a conditioned-optional claiming event to win in 1:53 for his fourth consecutive win and 64th lifetime success in 274 career starts. Trained by Paul Holzman for owner Mary Holzman, Rick's Sign now owns a 5-2-1 scorecard in 10 starts this year, good for $19,368. Lifetime, this son of Life Sign has banked $417,589 to go along with a 1:50.3 mark at Pompano Park five seasons ago. Rick's Sign was somewhat neglected in the wagering and returned $15.00 to win. Racing continues at Pompano Park with a Sunday-Monday-Tuesday calendar throughout the remainder of the month. The May calendar features racing on Sundays and Tuesdays. Post time is 7:30 p.m. by John Berry for Pompano Park
Godiva Seelster, handled by Wally Hennessey, finally got her initial victory of 2016 when she conquered five other harness racing rivals in Pompano Park's Tuesday night feature, the $11,000 Open Handicap for mares, in 1:52. At the same time, the amazing mare stretched her streak of earning purse checks to 80, encompassing her entire seasons as a three, four, five and, thus far, six year-old seasons. The last time Godiva Seelster missed a purse check was September 9, 2012. The classy six year-old daughter of Camluck, trained by Dan Hennessey for owners Paul and Patricia O'Neil, survived a roughed up beginning before taking control shortly after the opening panel and going on to score a two length win over All Charged Up, driven by John MacDonald, with Southwind Trini, with Steve Condren in the bike, next. Goldstar Rockette finished fourth while Limelight, prominent early, held on to earn the final award in the sextet. When the wings folded, Limelight let with alacrity along as did All Charged Up with Godiva Seelster, beginning from the outside post in her field, also getting into the mix while widest of all and with Hennessey needing to make a decision to take a seat in third early or go on vying for the lead. He chose the latter strategy and, after a first quarter in :27.3 charged up strongly to assume command about three-eighths into the mile. The pace quickened even further as Godiva reached the half in :55 and maintained a 1 ½ length advantage over Limelight with All Charged Up now out of third and trying to gnaw into the leader's margin. Passing the final station before home in 1:23.2, Godiva Seelster was more than up to the task as she strolled home in :28.3, never threatened in the final stages of the mile. In a post-race interview, driver Wally Hennessey had high praise for his stable star saying, "She's just an amazing mare that gives her best every step of every mile of every race. "I ask and she answers! It's as simple as that. She does the best she can through thick and thin. She's just a rare racehorse. "This wasn't the easiest of trips for her as she was roughed up a bit leaving but, once we got to the top, she just took me around the oval the rest of the way. "Gotta give the credit to her as all I did was steer!" The win for Godiva Seelster was her 26th during her illustrious career, pushing her lifetime bounty to $247,467--$27,750 so far this semester. As the 2 to 5 tote-board favorite, Godiva Seelster paid $2.80 to her multitude of backers. The popular "Over The Hill Gang" trotting series continued on Tuesday night with Mad Cow Lisa and driver Aaron Byron teaming up for the win clocked in 1:57.4. The 10 year-old daughter of Wenceslaus held off the late surging Go Jesse Go, handled by John MacDonald, by a half-length with On The Tab surging late for Wally Hennessey to pick up the show honors. Rompaway Beau, last throughout much of the mile, closed stoutly to finish fourth while the pacesetter, Adenium, finished fifth in the octet. Indeed, it was Adenium blasting from the wings into an early lead, clocking fractions of :29 and :58.2 for the opening half. On the backside, Imminent Response (Kevin Wallis) sent his charge winging and even stuck a nose in front past the third marker in 1:26.4. In the lane, as these two slugged it out, the cavalry charge of Mad Cow Lisa, Go Jesse Go and On The Tab swarmed in as the hefty early fractions took their toll on the battling leaders. For Mad Cow Lisa, trained by James Kaspar for owner Marshall Makin, it was her milestone 25th lifetime win-third this semester-sending her career bounty to $148,435. Though she had a 2-3-2 scorecard in her last seven starts, Mad Cow Lisa was sent off as the 8 to 1 sixth choice and returned $18.20 to win, keying a 20 cent 8-5-7-9 Superfecta payoff of $3,829.02. Racing continues on Saturday night-the final Saturday program of the season-with post time set at 7:30 p.m. by John Berry for Pompano Park


text:
26 years of experience
26 years of experience
Northeast Dallas
6500 Greenville Ave
Dallas, TX 75206 Phone number & directions
6500 Greenville Ave
Dallas, TX 75206 Phone number & directions
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 21, 1990
|Filing date
|Mar 6, 1989
|Priority date
|Mar 6, 1989
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|David L. Harame, Gary L. Patton, Johannes M. C. Stork
|Original Assignee
|International Business Machines Corp.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (17), Classifications (16), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
This invention is directed to complementary bipolar transistors, and more particularly, to complementary vertical bipolar NPN and PNP transistors having one symmetrical doping profile for the intrinsic region of both transistors.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The fabrication of complementary bipolar transistors on a common substrate has continued to be plaqued by two major problems. The first problem results from unequal performance characteristics for the NPN and PNP devices. PNP transistor characteristics are inherently inferior to those of NPN transistors as typified by device speed which is lower for an PNP by a factor of 2-20. As a result, it would be necessary to degrade the performance of the NPN transistor to match the performance of the PNP transistor. A second problem arises in the fabrication of the complementary transistors which typically requires numerous, highly precise fabrication steps. The complicated fabrication process increases costs and reduces device reliability.
One prior art example of a complementary transistor structure and method for manufacture that attempts to solve some of the prior art problems can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,357,622 to Magdo et al. assigned to the same assignee as the present invention. In the Magdo et al. patent, the NPN and PNP transistors are independently fabricated and optimized. In particular, the doping profiles for the emitter, base and collector regions of each transistor are separately formed. A significant feature of the Magdo et al. patent is the formation of the P-type emitter for the PNP transistor by forming a polycrystalline silicon layer on the exposed surface of the base prior to the last drive-in treatment. After drive-in, doping ions in the polycrystalline layer are driven into the epitaxial layer forming the base to provide a shallow emitter region. The use of this double silicon process has been found to improve the performance of the PNP transistor thereby partially reducing the difference in device characteristics with the NPN transistor.
The use of the Magdo et al. process, while improving performance still results in unequal NPN and PNP devices. For high performance complementary circuit design, both the PNP and the NPN must be of comparable high performance. The key aspects for developing such a structure include a low sub-collector resistance for both the NPN and PNP type devices; high performance NPN and PNP profiles, including narrow base, as well as a steep emitter profile; planarity of the surface of the device for better wirability; and a limitation in the number of masking steps.
The present invention provides a complementary bipolar transistor structure fabricated with one symmetrical intrinsic region for both the NPN and the PNP transistors. The present invention utilizes advanced epitaxial techniques, such as molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and low temperature epitaxy (LTE) by ultra high vacuum chemical vapor deposition (UHV/CVD) to provide the identical vertical profile for the base-collector junction of both the transistors. The use of LTE herein refers to an epitaxy process performed in the range of temperatures between 500�-700� C. with the preferred range being 550�-650� C. The resulting structure includes a vertical NPN transistor operating in the upward direction and a vertical PNP transistor operating in the downward direction. In addition, the inventive method combines a single polycrystalline process for the NPN transistor with a double polycrystalline- like process for the PNP transistor allowing several process steps for both transistors to be combined while also maintaining planarity. Furthermore, the present invention includes the formation of profile gradients in both the upward and downward directions for the intrinsic base and collector regions. Transistor performance can be even further improved by forming the intrinsic base and collector regions with a compound semiconductor, such as Si-Ge. In one embodiment, the Ge is added with a graded profile to reduce the bandgap and increase the speed and gain of the transistors.
In the method, the sub-emitter and the sub-collector regions are formed by depositing a first epitaxial layer of semiconductor material of a first conductivity type on the surface of a semiconductor substrate of a second conductivity type. A sub-collector region of a second conductivity type is formed in the surface of the first layer by etching a shallow trench in the first layer and depositing semiconductor material utilizing a low temperature epitaxial process and planarizing. The portion of the first layer having the first conductivity type forms the sub-emitter of one of the complementary transistors and the region of the second conductivity type in the first layer forms the sub-collector of the other of the complementary transistors.
The intrinsic regions for both of the transistors are formed by depositing a second layer of semiconductor material on the surface of the first layer and a third layer of semiconductor material on the surface of the second layer. The second and third layers are formed by either an LTE or an MBE process. The second layer is in situ doped with dopants of the second conductivity type and the third layer is in situ doped with dopants of the first conductivity type. The vertical doping profile for the second and third layers is precisely controlled and may be provided with gradients to improve transistor performance. In one embodiment, the second and third layers are provided with a uniform vertical doping profile for one thickness of the layer and a graded doping profile for the remaining thickness. In a preferred embodiment, the graded profiles for both the second and third layers have a minimum doping level at the junction between the second and third layers.
The second and third layers form the intrinsic base and collector regions for both of the complementary transistors. In the preferred embodiment, the vertical doping profile is symmetrical about the base collector junction and is essentially identical for both of the transistors. In one embodiment, the second layer forms the base and the third layer forms the collector for an NPN transistor that operates in the upward direction, while at the same time, the second layer forms the collector and the third layer forms the base for a PNP transistor that operates in the downward direction.
As stated above, the performance of the intrinsic base and collector regions can be further improved by forming the second and third layers with a compound semiconductor material. For example, the layers could be formed of a compound of Si-Ge to create a heterojunction transistor. In addition, the Ge content can be graded to reduce the bandgap for increased performance.
Device isolation is effected by utilizing a low temperature deep trench process to separate the NPN transistor from the PNP transistor. In addition, a low temperature shallow trench process is used to isolate the PNP and NPN intrinsic regions and provide space for reach-through contacts. The low temperature deep and shallow trench processes are known to those skilled in the art of semiconductor fabrication.
Thereafter, a fourth layer of semiconductor material of the first conductivity type is deposited on the surface of the third layer and then selectively etched to provide an extrinsic collector region and an emitter reach through region for one of the transistors and simultaneously a pair of extrinsic base regions for the other transistor. The fourth layer is preferably a layer of insitu-doped polycrystalline semiconductor material deposited at low temperature. A fifth layer of single crystal semiconductor material is deposited by LTE on the assembly and selectively etched to form an extrinsic base region for one of the transistors and a sub-collector reach through region and an emitter region for the other of the transistors. Base contacts are then deposited for both transistors together with an emitter contact for the one transistor and a collector contact for the other transistor.
The complementary bipolar transistor structure of the invention is fabricated with one symmetrical, vertical profile for the intrinsic region of both the NPN and PNP transistors. The regions can then be used simultaneously by a vertical NPN operating in an upward direction and a vertical PNP operating in a downward direction. In addition to the method of the invention resulting in a reduced number of fabrication steps, the inventive structure has a low sub-collector resistance, high performance NPN and PNP profiles, that include a narrow base and a steep emitter profile and an improved planarity of the surface for better wirability.
FIGS. 1-8 are cross-sectional views of a pair of complementary transistors at various stages in the fabrication process of the present invention.
FIGS. 9-13 are cross-sectional views showing various steps employed in forming the sub-collector and sub-emitter regions for each of the complementary pair of transistors.
FIG. 14 is an impurity profile plot of the complementary transistor structure of FIG. 8.
Referring now to the drawings, FIGS. 1-8 will be described in connection with the various steps of fabrication of the complementary pair of vertical bipolar transistors on a common semiconductor substrate. FIGS. 1-8 show the use of a P-type semiconductor substrate. It should be understood, however, that the selection of a P-type substrate is illustrative and that the features of the present invention are equally adaptable to the use of N-type semiconductor substrates. It should also be understood that various conventional processes relating to applying, exposing and developing of photoresist materials to form desired patterns for masking layers are not specifically described herein but are well known in the art. Moreover, the invention contemplates the use of recent advances in epitaxial deposition techniques such as in LTE and MBE that are known and are also not specifically described herein. In addition, the invention is described with silicon being used as the semiconductor material, however, any other suitable semiconductor material may be utilized, such as germanium.
As shown in FIG. 1, a P-type silicon substrate 10 is provided and a heavily doped N+ layer is deposited on the surface of substrate 10 by MBE. Layer 12 is typically deposited to a thickness of 500 to 1,000 nm and both substrate 10 and layer 12 are single crystal. In order to achieve a sufficiently low sheet resistance of the NPN sub-emitter, the thickness of layer 12 can be adjusted for the design of the device. As shown in FIG. 2, a heavily P-doped region 14 is formed within the layer 12. Region 14 may be formed by etching a shallow trench and filling the trench with heavily boron doped silicon by LTE and planarizing the surface. One embodiment of a method for forming the region 14 is shown in FIGS. 9-13 which will be described in more detail below.
The N+ region 12 acts as the sub-emitter for the NPN transistor and the P+ region 14 acts as the sub-collector for the PNP transistor of the complementary pair of transistors to be formed. Optionally, a π-epitaxial layer of a few hundred nanometers may be grown between layers 10 and 12 to vertically isolate the sub-collector region 14 from the sub-emitter region 12.
As shown in FIG. 3, the intrinsic vertical profiles for both the NPN and the PNP transistors are formed by depositing a layer 16 of P-doped silicon and a layer 18 of N-doped silicon. Layers 16 and 18 are deposited using either LTE or MBE. The layers are typically deposited to a thickness of about 50-100 nm each.
Layers 16 and 18 form the intrinsic base and collector regions for both the NPN and PNP transistors. Layer 16 forms the base and layer 18 forms the collector above region 12 for the NPN transistor that will operate in the upward direction. Layer 18 forms the base and layer 16 forms the collector above region 14 for the PNP transistor that will operate in the downward direction.
The low temperature epitaxial techniques of MBE and LTE allow for the formation of profile gradients in both the upward and downward directions in layers 16 and 18. As can best be seen in FIG. 14, one possible profile gradient for layers 16 and 18 includes a uniform doping profile 20 for one thickness of layer 16 and a graded doping profile 22 for the remaining thickness of layer 16. Layer 18, similarly includes a graded doping profile 24 for one thickness and a uniform doping profile 26 for the remaining thickness. FIG. 14 shows side by side plots for the NPN and PNP transistors. However, it should be understood that FIG. 14 does not show an actual doping profile plot but is intended to represent an approximation of the doping profiles in order to better understand the relationship of the profiles of the various layers to each other. As depicted in FIG. 14, the minimum doping level for layers 16 and 18 is at the junction between the layers. The profiles are shown with identical minimum values of about 1�1017 cm-3 and identical maximum values of about 2�1018 cm-3. Therefore, the intrinsic regions for both the NPN and PNP transistors have the same vertical profile, symmetrical about the junction between the layers, resulting in the transistors having substantially equal performance characteristics. In addition, the symmetry may be enhanced by providing that the thickness of each layer 16 and 18 having the uniform doping profile and the grading doping profile be equal. For example if each layer 16 and 18 is 100 nm thick, each will have a uniform doping for 50 nm and a graded doping for 50 nm. Since only the graded portions on both sides of the base-collector junction are depleted during operation, the flat regions form the quasi-neutral bases. It is preferable to maintain the doping level at the base-collector junction near 1�1017 cm-3, to keep the intrinsic capacitance of the base-collector junction small and to have a high field for short transit time through the depletion layer. By providing a flat profile on the base emitter junction side, better control of the base thickness can be obtained and the neutral base width is still as thin as 50 nm. For the example shown in the figures, the sheet resistance of the PNP and the NPN transistors have been simulated to be 5 and 7 kohms respectively. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that if the total thickness of the layers forming the transistor structure is reduced, the preferred doping level in the neutral base has to be readjusted.
In another embodiment, layers 16 and 18 may be formed by depositing a compound semiconductor material to create a heterojunction transistor. For example, a strained Si-Ge layer of semiconductor material can be deposited for layers 16 and 18. The MBE and LTE processes may be utilized for depositing the compound semiconductor layers. In order to further improve performance, a graded bandgap base can be accomplished by depositing the layers with a graded Ge content. A suggested Ge profile is indicated by the dashed lines 28 in FIG. 14. The NPN transistor performance is especially improved because in the upward direction, all the current is funnelled in the intrinsic region due to the smaller bandgap.
Referring now to FIG. 4, the NPN and PNP devices are isolated by providing deep recessed isolation regions 30, 32 and 34 surrounding the NPN and PNP transistors. The deep recessed isolation regions are formed by a conventional low temperature deep trench process wherein a masking layer such as silicon dioxide and/or silicon nitride 36, shown in phantom, is deposited on the surface of the substrate assembly and windows are etched in regions 38, 40 and 42 in the layer 36. Silicon is etched through the windows 38, 40 and 42 to a depth into the substrate 10 and an insulating material is formed in the etched areas. The insulating material may be formed by thermal oxidation wherein the silicon is oxidized and grows to fill the areas that have been etched away. Alternatively, silicon dioxide or silicon nitride may be deposited by chemical vapor deposition. Thereafter, shallow isolation regions 44, 46, 48, 50 and 52 are formed by a low temperature process to isolate the NPN and PNP intrinsic profiles and to provide space for reach-through contacts. The NPN intrinsic profile is thereby defined as region 54 forming the base and region 56 forming the collector. The PNP intrinsic profile is defined as region 58 forming the collector and region 60 forming the base. The shallow isolation regions are formed by opening additional windows 62 and 64 in the masking layer 36 and depositing oxide in the openings 38, 40, 42, 62 and 64.
Referring now to FIG. 5, an emitter reach through area 66, defined between isolation regions 46 and 48, for the NPN transistor, is opened by forming a masking layer, not shown, over the surface of the substrate assembly having a window over the emitter reach through area 66 and etching the silicon from layers 16 and 18 to the sub-emitter 12. Although not shown in FIG. 5 as being opened, a collector reach through area 68, defined between isolation regions 48 and 50, for the PNP transistor, may also be opened simultaneously with the opening of area 66. Thereafter, a fourth layer 70 of polycrystalline silicon material, shown in phantom, is deposited on the surface of the substrate assembly. The layer 70 may be deposited by low pressure chemical vapor deposition or MBE and is heavily doped N-type. The N+ polysilicon layer 70 is then patterned and selectively etched to provide an N+ extrinsic collector region 72, an emitter reach through region 74 and a pair of N+ extrinsic base regions 76 and 78. Thus, the regions 72 and 74 for the NPN transistor and the regions 76 and 78 for the PNP transistor are simultaneously formed in one masking and etching process.
As shown in FIG. 6, the masking layer for forming the polysilicon regions 72, 76 and 78, typically an oxide layer, is maintained and oxide sidewalls are formed by conventional techniques to provide oxide regions 80, 82 and 84 covering the polysilicon regions 72, 76 and 78, respectively. In addition, windows are opened in the masking layer on opposite sides of the oxide/poly stack 72, 80. Silicon in region 56 and a portion of the silicon in region 54 is then etched through the windows 86 and 88.
As shown in FIG. 7, a collector reach through region 68 is etched through to region 14 by depositing a masking layer having a window over the region 68. Thereafter, a heavily P-doped conformal layer 90 of single crystal silicon is deposited by LTE or MBE. The layer 90 is thereafter etched through a masking layer to form extrinsic base 92 for the NPN transistor, and to form reach-through region 94 and emitter region 96 of the PNP transistor. A very shallow out diffusion 98 is formed during the deposition of the layer 90 to move the base-emitter junction of the PNP transistor into the intrinsic collector region 60 and out diffusions 100 and 102 are formed in the NPN transistor intrinsic base region 54. In the preferred embodiment, no additional anneal will be provided to maintain an abrupt base emitter junction for the PNP. The base contact holes for the NPN, windows 86 and 88 will reach very close or into the N+ layer 56.
As shown in FIG. 8, base contacts 104 and 106 are formed on the extrinsic base regions 92 and 78 respectively for the NPN and PNP transistors and emitter contact 108 and a collector contact 110 are formed on the reach-through regions 74 and 94, respectively. The contacts are typically deposited in windows of an oxide masking layer 112 deposited on the surface of the structure.
The formation of the emitter 96 for the PNP transistor utilizes a double polysilicon-like process. Preferably, the emitter is formed by ultrahigh vacuum LTE with a very steep, single crystal emitter profile. The LTE emitter has little or no Dt (diffusion coefficient�time) thereby eliminating any adverse affect on the NPN profile. The single crystal quality ensures low emitter resistance and the high doping reduces the base current to acceptable levels. As shown in FIG. 14, the emitter region 96 is highly doped to a level of 1�1021 cm-3.
Referring now to FIGS. 9-13, the method for forming the sub-collector region 14 begins with the substrate 10 and the N+ epitaxial layer 12. As shown in FIG. 9, an oxide and/or a nitride layer 114 is deposited on layer 12 and a mask layer 116 is formed on layer 114 having an opening in the region where the sub-collector is to be formed. A shallow trench 118 is then etched through the opening to remove layer 114 to the desired depth in layer 12 as shown in FIG. 10. A mesa-like region 119 of layer 12 remains. As shown in FIG. 11, a blanket layer of heavily P-doped silicon 120 is deposited by LTE using a UHV/CVD system. A mask layer 122 slightly larger than the trench region 118 is formed on layer 120 and the exposed portion of layer 120 is etched leaving a high aspect portion 124 as shown in FIG. 12. The region 124 is removed by chemical-mechanical polishing thereby planarizing the surface to provide the sub-collector region 14 and sub-emitter region 12 on a substrate 10 as shown in FIG. 13, which is the identical structure shown in FIG. 2.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with respect to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing and other changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which should be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 18, 1967
|Nov 7, 1972
|Philips Corp
|Monolithic ic with complementary transistors and plural buried layers
|Sep 3, 1970
|May 1, 1973
|Performance matched complementary pair transistors
|May 23, 1977
|Jan 23, 1979
|Rca Corporation
|Bipolar transistor with high-low emitter impurity concentration
|May 18, 1972
|Jun 9, 1981
|U.S. Philips Corporation
|Semiconductor device and method of manufacturing same
|Jun 29, 1979
|Jun 23, 1981
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Method of fabricating buried injector memory cell formed from vertical complementary bipolar transistor circuits utilizing mono-poly deposition
|May 5, 1980
|Jul 13, 1982
|International Business Machines Corporation
|High performance PNP and NPN transistor structure
|Jan 18, 1980
|Nov 2, 1982
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Complementary transistor structure
|Jun 12, 1981
|Jan 10, 1984
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Buried injector memory cell formed from vertical complementary bipolar transistor circuits and method of fabrication therefor
|Jul 19, 1982
|Dec 4, 1984
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Complementary transistor structure and method for manufacture
|T. H. Yeh, "Self-Aligned Integrated NPN (Vertical) and PNP (Lateral) Structures", IBM Tech. Bulletin, 2/80, pp. 4047-4051.
|T. H. Yeh, Self Aligned Integrated NPN (Vertical) and PNP (Lateral) Structures , IBM Tech. Bulletin, 2/80, pp. 4047 4051.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 14, 1990
|Dec 3, 1991
|Motorola, Inc.
|Complementary semiconductor region fabrication
|Dec 8, 1989
|Oct 27, 1992
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Semiconductor device having a high current gain and a higher ge amount at the base region than at the emitter and collector region, and photoelectric conversion apparatus using the device
|May 2, 1997
|Jul 27, 1999
|National Semiconductor Corporation
|Complementary Si/SiGe heterojunction bipolar technology
|Apr 10, 2001
|Aug 19, 2003
|Stmicroelectronics S.A.
|Bipolar transistor manufacturing method
|Mar 4, 2003
|Mar 8, 2005
|Stmicroelectronics S.A.
|Bipolar transistor manufacturing method
|Sep 19, 2002
|Apr 5, 2005
|Renesas Technology Corp.
|Complimentary bipolar transistor
|Dec 1, 2003
|Dec 6, 2005
|Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing Ltd.
|Lateral heterojunction bipolar transistor and method of manufacture using selective epitaxial growth
|Oct 8, 2002
|Mar 14, 2006
|Wj Communications, Inc.
|Heterojunction bipolar transistor having non-uniformly doped collector for improved safe-operating area
|Oct 18, 2004
|Jul 22, 2008
|Infineon Technologies Richmond, Lp
|Process for fabricating a semiconductor device having deep trench structures
|Sep 6, 2011
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Design structure with a deep sub-collector, a reach-through structure and trench isolation
|Mar 4, 2003
|Aug 7, 2003
|Stmicroelectronics S.A
|Bipolar transistor manufacturing method
|Oct 8, 2002
|Apr 8, 2004
|Eic Corporation
|Heterojunction bipolar transistor having non-uniformly doped collector for improved safe-operating area
|Dec 1, 2003
|Jun 2, 2005
|Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing Ltd.
|Lateral heterojunction bipolar transistor and method of manufacture using selective epitaxial growth
|Oct 18, 2004
|Apr 20, 2006
|Michael Rennie
|Process for fabricating a semiconductor device having deep trench structures
|Sep 6, 2006
|Jan 4, 2007
|International Business Machines Corporation
|High performance integrated vertical transistors and method of making the same
|Nov 16, 2007
|Apr 17, 2008
|International Business Machisnes Corporation
|Semiconductor structure and method of manufacture
|Oct 23, 2009
|Apr 28, 2011
|Arise Technologies Corporation
|Controlled low temperature growth of epitaxial silicon films for photovoltaic applications
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 6, 1989
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, A COR
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:HARAME, DAVID L.;PATTON, GARY L.;STORK, JOHANNES M. C.;REEL/FRAME:005081/0207;SIGNING DATES FROM 19890225 TO 19890227
|Jan 10, 1994
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 17, 1998
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Aug 23, 1998
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Nov 3, 1998
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19980821


text:
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text: During our week-long trip to Kyoto, we choose Senmonten because the previous night we spent an hour walking to find a place we could all agree upon. Learn from us. It took us a good 20-30 minutes to find Senmonten. As others have said, DO NOT USE THE TRIPADVISOR MAP (as of 6/16/14). Either google it on google maps or... More


text:
MUSCATINE, Iowa — A Muscatine man's 25-year sentence for third-degree sexual abuse was vacated Thursday by the Iowa Court of Appeals and sent back to lower court for resentencing. According to the judgment, Matthew Villalpando of Muscatine was never afforded "the opportunity to present evidence that the mandatory sentence under section 901A.2(3) was grossly disproportional to his underlying crimes."
On Nov. 8, 2012, Villalpando, 25 at the time of his sentencing, was given twice the maximum period of incarceration for his sexual abuse offense, or 25 years, because he was previously found guilty of third-degree sexual abuse as a juvenile.
At the time of his sentencing Muscatine County Attorney Alan Ostergren said of Villalpando, "The defendant is a dangerous sex offender. He had an extensive record of juvenile delinquency and adult criminal offenses."
The appeals court did not overturn Villalpando's conviction of third-degree sexual abuse. The ruling means that the lower court must hold a new sentencing hearing and allow Villalpando the opportunity to argue whether the severity of his punishment is constitutional under Iowa law.


text:
Mohammed Ameur
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Mohammed Ameur
|Minister-Delegate for Moroccan Living Abroad
|In office
8 October 2007 – 3 January 2012
|Preceded by
|Nezha Chekrouni
|Succeeded by
|Abdellatif Maazouz
|General Secretary of the Ministry of Environment and Water
|In office
|General Secretary of the Ministry of Urbanism, Housing and Environment
|In office
|Personal details
|1959 (age 56–57)
Oujda, Morocco
|Political party
|Alma mater
|University of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah (Fes)
|Sunni Islam
Mohammed Ameur (Arabic: محمد عامر – born 1959, Oujda) is a Moroccan politician of the Socialist Union of Popular Forces. Between 2007 and 2012, he held the position of "Minister-Delegate for the Moroccans Living Abroad" in the cabinet of Abbas El Fassi.[1][2][3]
See also[edit]
- ^ MAP (9-10-2007). "MOHAMMED AMEUR". eMarrakech. Retrieved 24 August 2012. Check date values in:
- ^ HASSAN ATAICHE (2011-12-16). "Fès : Mohamed Ameur se réunit avec les habitants de la Médina". Libération. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
- ^ "Les projets de Ameur pour les MRE". Le temps. 2009-05-20. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
|This article about a Moroccan politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


text:
7 years of experience
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A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
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