text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 6, 1979
|Filing date
|Oct 14, 1977
|Priority date
|Feb 20, 1975
|Publication number
|Arthur F. Johnson
|Original Assignee
|Johnson Arthur F
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (23), Classifications (25), Legal Events (1)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 742,798 filed Nov. 18, 1976, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,054,246, issued Oct. 18, 1977, which was a continuation of application Ser. No. 551,075 filed Feb. 29, 1975, now abandoned.
In my recent patent as noted above, there is disclosed a building structure including and outer walls with air passages therebetween, sized gravel both in subterranean pits and in a layer beneath the floor of the structure, and fans and ducts for circulating the air through the wall passages to collect solar heat, through the gravel to store or recover heat, and through the interior of the building to heat or cool same.
The storage of heat in rocks in solar energy systems is known per se, though rock is more commonly used as an insulator around a tank where a fluid heat transfer medium (e.g., water or glycol) is stored.
Recent substantial development of solar energy systems, spurred by tax benefits and grant programs, has concentrated on domestic hot water heating. The heat transfer fluid must be a glycol, silicone or other anti-freeze type solution, and the danger always exists (e.g., of a leak) that will result in contamination of the water supply or, in systems where the water is held at a higher pressure than the fluid, dilution of the fluid. Such systems are also subject to catastrophic failure during a day-time summer power failure, since temperatures in the solar collectors will quickly rise to over 200� F. in the absence of circulation of the fluid. In contrast to the foregoing, the emphasis in my patent and in the present invention is on space heating, with air as both the heat transfer fluid and the heating medium. While the heat capacity of ambient air is of course much less than other fluids, it is free, it is non-contaminating and, most surprisingly, in accordance with the present invention as described hereinbelow, the energy costs in pumping air are very small in comparison with the value of heat saved.
A general object of the present invention is to provide an improved building structure including heat storage and recovery means.
A more specific object of the invention is to provide improved solar heat collectors with air as the heat transfer fluid.
Another object of the invention is to provide improved subterranean heat storage means in the form of buried, gravel-filled trenches wherein the earth itself acts as a heat storage medium.
A further object of the invention is the provision of control means adapted to compensate for sudden weather changes utilizing stored thermal values and/or ambient air, thus avoiding resort to back-up or auxiliary oil or gas fired systems.
Yet another object of the invention is the prevention of thermal losses to groundwater seepage in subterranean heat storage facilities.
Various other objects and advantages of the invention will become clear from the following description of embodiments, and the novel features will be particularly pointed out in connection with the appended claims.
Reference will hereinafter be made to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional elevation view, substantially simplified, of a building structure employing the invention;
FIG. 2 is a simplified schematic diagram of a control system for the invention; and
FIG. 3 is a chart showing pressure drop as a function of air volume in the heat storage means of the invention.
The present invention is based, in one aspect, on the discovery that by providing what might appear to be a very large excess of heat storage capacity, total reliance may be placed on the system, and the need for back-up or auxiliary heating means is thus eliminated.
The heat storage capacity preferably is installed prior to construction of the building. More particularly, and with reference to FIG. 1, trenches 10 are first dug outlining the periphery of the building. These are 10-15 feet deep and approximately 2 feet wide, but of course sizes and depths can be varied. Next, a plurality of parallel cross trenches 12 are dug between trenches 10. Cross trenches 12 are also about 2 feet wide, and are spaced from 10 to 50 feet apart depending on total building size and desired heat capacity. Trenches 10 are then completely filled with sized gravel 14, and cross trenches 12 are filled to a depth of about 2 feet. Cross-trenches 12 are then back-filled back to grade. The size of the gravel is important, insomuch as this determines pore or void space and consequent pumping load. For best results, I prefer a minimum gravel size of 1.5 inches, and a size range of 1.5 to 3 inches.
Foundations 16 are then poured on top of gravel 14 around the building periphery and an additional foot to 2 feet of gravel 18 is provided under the entire floor area of the building. Floor 20 is then poured over gravel 18 (as noted in my earlier patent, it is desireable to "top" gravel 18 with finer gravel and sand).
It is to be noted that some trenching is required on conventional buildings and, with modern trenching machines the additional cost of the substructure described above is not great. Heat may be stored around the periphery of the building, directly beneath the floor, and ten feet or more below grade. When temperature gradients are considered, it becomes apparent that the earth 22 below gravel 18 and above buried trenches 12 will also act as a heat storage medium. In practice, the earth 22 and earth surrounding the structure is heated as well, increasing total heat capacity.
An advantage of the invention is that the heat flow in earth is very slow, providing the earth is dry. If there is substantial seepage of ground water or soaking in of rain water, the heat conductivity of the earth block, below the building will be increased to the point where storage of heat is difficult or impossible. To avoid this, a peripheral area 24 around the building is paved or otherwise treated so as to be impervious to moisture. Rain water collected on the roof is also conducted away from the building by suitable drains (not shown), and, deep well pumps 26 are provided if necessary to keep the water table lower than earth block 22. While one would obviously prefer not to site the structure over underground water courses, the flow of such streams may be deflected by pumping concrete mixed with an expanding fiber such as sawdust via drillholes. Obviously, ground water conditions will be a significant factor in determination of the depth of trenches 10, 12.
Solar energy collection is improved if, at least on the south and west sides of the building, paved area 24 is provided with a reflective surface 26.
The building per se is similar to that disclosed in my earlier noted patent in many respects. More particularly, side walls 28 and roof 30 have a suitable layer of thermal insulation 32 on the interior surface. Outer side walls 34, which may be corrugated metal with a radiation-absorbent outer surface, are spaced from side walls 28 to provide air passages 36 therebetween. Similarly, roof covering 38 is spaced from roof 30 to provide air passages 40. Air ducts 42 and fans 44 are provided to conduct air to and from passages 36, 40, to and from storage means 14, 18, to and from the outside, and to and from the building interior space 46. Operation of the system is described hereinbelow. It should be appreciated that the walls and roof are supported by structural members (not shown). Further, an additional metal inner wall may be provided to replace (or supplement) ducts 42, most particularly so that air from trenches 14 or layer 18 (at 50�-60� F., generally) can be used to warm the north-facing sides of the building, and minimize heat loss, before being reheated in the solar collectors.
In my earlier patent, solar energy was absorbed directly on the building exterior and transferred directly through walls 34 and roof 38 to the circulating air. Because of the very large collection area (substantially all sun-oriented surfaces), the relatively low efficiency of such heat transfer could be tolerated. This ignores the so-called "greenhouse effect" which other types of solar collectors take advantage of, and I have now determined that the benefits of this effect outweigh the additional costs involved. More particularly, a transparent glass or plastic outer skin 48 is provided over the sun-oriented surfaces (south-facing), spaced from outer wall 34 and creating a dead-air space 50 therebetween about 0.5-1.5 inches wide. Solar radiation passes through skin 48 and impinges on wall 34, where substantial portions are converted to the infra-red region. Skin 48 is opaque to infra-red radiation, which is thus trapped. Heat absorption under such conditions is of course greatly enhanced. In FIG. 1, an additional collector of the same type is shown on the apex of the roof, glass or plastic covering 52 creating dead air space 54. It will be appreciated that in most climatic regions, collectors of the type described will provide more than sufficient thermal values and heat collection in passages 40 which do not underly a cover 52 is optional. This creates the possibility of using separate "add-on" collectors having air passages, rather than the integral structure disclosed in the drawing. In either event, however, certain precautions are required, due to the very high temperatures that can be generated in such collectors in the absence of constant transfer to the moving fluid, e.g., in the event of a power failure disabling fans 44. Firstly, walls 34, 38 must be able to withstand significant thermal expansion. Generally, corrugated materials and overlapping, rather than abutting, panels takes care of expansion problems. Secondly, temperature responsive valves 54, 56 should be provided at ground and roof levels so that, in the event of a power failure, air will flow through passages 36, 40 by natural convection. Valves 54, 56 can be actuated by suitable bimetallic elements and thus be independent of any power source.
A further aspect of the invention is to keep close temperature control within the structure despite sudden variations in weather. For Example, during the winter months, a warm spell may decrease heat losses from the structure to the extent that the floor is uncomfortably warm. However, by blowing ambient air from inlet 58 through the gravel heat storage 18 immediately under the floor, floor temperature is reduced, and this heat can be wasted to the atmosphere. Such a method would not be practical if a gravel heat storage 18 under the slab of concrete floor was the only storage available, but with the enormous storage of heat in the earth 22 available and more particularly that added around the perimeter 10, 12 (not immediately under the floor) it becomes practical to adjust floor temperatures from time to time by blowing ambient air under the concrete slab. Cooler ambient air at night may be used and that heat wasted to the atmosphere.
Similarly in cold or sub zero weather when floor heat is insufficient the fans may heat the air inside the structure by circulating this air through the gravel under the floor and back into the inside of the structure. Cooling the gravel under the floor accelerates the flow of heat upwardly from earth storage.
Obviously, the invention can be employed in somehwat modified form to existing structures. For example, gravel-filled trenches can be installed adjacent to and around an existing structure, and layer 18 could be provided on top of an existing floor slab, with a new floor installed thereover. Alternatively caisson holes can be drilled around the periphery of the building, and ducts (pipes) provided to conduct air to the bottom of same for either heat storage or recovery As a further alternative, layer 18 can be installed between or as a replacement for floor-supporting joists in a wooden-floored structure.
A further improvement involves the use of a water mister 43 on the "cold" side of the system. As is well known, the heat capacity of air is dramatically increased by contained moisture. However, it is important to avoid condensation at any point in the system, particularly in the heat storage means. To this end mister 43 (or any suitable device) is located at a point of minimum temperature in the system, such as duct 42. Air saturated with water at this point becomes progressively less saturated at higher temperatures, heat capacity is increased but condensation is avoided.
In FIG. 1 it is to be noted superheating on both the southerly wall and apex of the roof would not normally be used together as shown. That is, when the air flow is as shown (upward into the roof apex) no apex superheating at 52 would be used, since the bare roof would be preheating the circulated air to receive superheat at 48 as it passed downwardly through the air passage 36 behind the southerly facing metal wall 34. Similarly, without greenhouse area 48 on the southerly (or westerly) facing metal wall air would be blown upward through passage 36 and horizontally through air passage 40 to be preheated before passing under greenhouse area 52 to be superheated, before moving down through duct 42 to heat storage in gravel.
Thus, in accordance with the invention, fans may be reversed to obtain the different air flows, adding beneficial flexibility in both heating and cooling.
Operation of the system is preferably controlled by a microprocessor or minicomputer, in conjunction with fans 44, dampers 60, 62, 64, and temperature sensors: one for ambient air, and others located in passages 36, interior 46, trenches 14 and layer 18. This is illustrated in FIG. 2. With this system, by such calculations it is possible to approximate the length of gravel filled trench that will reduce solar heated air temperature of constant volume flow through the trench to temperatures approaching those of the gravel contained in the trench. To enable those wishing to practice the methods of this invention, Table I presents calculations to show how 120� F. air entering a 1 foot square cross section of trench of gravel at 50� F. at the rate of 18.1 cu. ft./min. (equivalent to 87.6 lbs air/hour/sq.ft trench cross-section) can exchange heat so as to reduce air temperature in 5 degree F. amounts in calculated lengths of trench until 65� F. is reached after 6 hours of time through segments of the trench totaling 37.34 feet in length. The calculated pressure necessary for a fan to cool this quantity of air in a trench of this length is only 0.3 inches of water, so the amount of electric power for the fan to store this heat is insignificant, and the example shows that the air cooled to 65� F. (or cooler by added length of trench) could be used after storing this heat to cool the concrete floor slab to practice the above outlined aspect of this invention. Those wishing to make calculations for other air temperatures, velocities, or humidities or other gravel temperatures, size or percent void's or particle densities need only alter the figures and recalculated Table I to suit conditions desired. FIG. 3 shows how pressure drop varies with rate of air travel through gravel. Mark's Handbook, 1941 Edition, page 1958-60 shows fan horsepower is equal to inches of water pressure multiplied by cu.ft. air/min. and the constant 0.0001575, static, divided by static efficiency. Air resistance to flow in the 1/2 to 2 inch spaces between structure covering and the insulation and inducts connecting with gravel-filled trenches are readily calculated by methods of ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals chapter 25. Table II shows a 40 year average of degrees below 65� F. in Denver area, and heat lost per year at U-factors of 0.1 and 0.05 of respectively 14,119 Btu/sq.ft. and 7,019 Btu/sq.ft. These values compared with the fact that 646,666 Btu/sq.ft of solar heat are received on a flat roof per year illustrate it is highly feasible and desireable to store heat peripheral to the structure and waste heat by cooling floors on warm days, since heat in great excess to that needed is available if only 10% of the solar heat received on a roof is recovered and stored.
Understanding of the invention will be facilitated by referring to the following examples, Tables I and II, and FIG. 3. Nomenclature and calculations are based in part on Lof et al., "Unsteady-State Heat Transfer Between Air and Loose Solids," Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 40 , No. 6, June 1948, pp. 1061-1070.
Tables I hereinbelow uses as an example a trench 37.34 feet long and of 1 square foot cross-section, through which 87.6 lb/hr of air is blown, which air is initially heated to 120� F. in the solar collectors.
c= heat capacity of unit volume of material of particles, Btu/cu.ft./�F.
c' = heat capacity of unit volume of gas at constant press, Btu/cu.ft.�F.
d= equivalent spherical diameter of particles, feet
f= fraction of voids in the bed
G= air rate, lbs/hour/sq.ft. superficial, based on cross section of empty bed
h= heat transfer coefficient, Btu/hour/�F./cubic foot
k= thermal conductivity of the particles, Btu/hour/sq.ft/�F./foot
tg,o = constant entering temp. of the fluid, �F.
tg = the fluid temp. at any point and time �F.
ts,o = initial constant solid temp. �F.
ts = solid temp. at any point and time �F.
θ = time after start heating, hours
v= average volumetric fluid rate through bed, cu.ft/hour/sq.ft. at total cross-section
X= distance from entering bed, feet
Y= hx/c'V= hx p/c'G
Z= h θ/c (1-f)
p= density of fluid, lbs/cu.ft= 0.0807
u= viscosity of fluid, lbs/hour/foot
Lof et al. determined that the heat transfer coefficient, h, for granitic gravel is
h = 0.79 (G/d) 0.7
which for the conditions stated works out to 85.16 Btu/hr/cu.ft.
Other conditions are as follows:
c= 41.3 btu/cu.ft.�F.
c' = 0.0191 Btu/Standard cu.ft/�F.
f= 0.39 voids; 1-= 0.61 solid gravel (rock)
θ = 6 hrs time after start heating bed
In Table I, Y, is a function of position in the bed. The value of Y is obtained by applying the temperature function (A/B) to the Schumann curves reprinted by Lof et al., for calculated values of Z, a function of time since start of operation. Distance (x) is then calculated (x= Yc'G/hp).
TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________ (A) (B) tg-ts,otg ts,o tg-ts,o tg,o tg,o-ts,o tg,o-ts,o Y x=Y � 0.2435__________________________________________________________________________115 50 65 120 70 0.9286 12,5 3.04110 50 60 115 65 0.9231 12.6 3.07105 50 55 110 60 0.9167 12.7 3.09100 50 50 105 55 0.9091 12.8 3.1195 50 45 100 50 0.9000 13 3.1790 50 40 95 45 0.8889 13.4 3.2685 50 35 90 40 0.8750 13.9 3.3880 50 30 85 35 0.8571 14.5 3.5375 50 25 80 30 0.8333 15 3.6570 50 20 75 25 0.8000 16 3.9065 50 15 70 20 0.7500 17 4.14 37.34 linear and cubic feet__________________________________________________________________________
To recapitulate, Table I shows that roughly 90 lb/hr of 120� F. air, when blown through a 37 foot trench of 1.5 inch gravel for 6 hrs will have a maximum exit temperature of 65� F. Obviously, earlier in the cycle the temperature will be even lower. In sum, a great deal of heat can be stored in this manner. The exit air can be recycled to the solar collectors or, during warm periods, used to cool either the floor 20 or interior 46 of the building.
TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________Data and Calculations based on DenverU.S. Dept. Commerce Local ClimatologicalSummary for 1933 to 1972 inclusive Heat Lost in Btu/sq/ft per month = DegreeAve. Mean Difference Degree Days Days � 0.1 U Fac- a 0.05 UTemp. 65� F.-Mean below 65� F. tor � 24 hrs Factor__________________________________________________________________________Jan. 30.2 34.8 31 � 34.8 = 1079 2590Feb. 32.8 32.2 28 � 32.2 = 902 2165Mar. 38.6 26.4 31 � 26.4 = 818 1963Apr. 47.5 17.5 30 � 17.5 = 525 1260May 56.7 8.3 31 � 8.3 = 257 617June 66.6 30July 72.6 31Aug. 71.3 31Sept. 62.7 2.3 30 � 2.3 = 69 166Oct. 51.5 13.5 31 � 13.5 = 419 1006Nov. 39.7 25.3 30 � 25.3 = 759 1918Dec. 32.3 32.7 31 � 32.7 = 1014 2434Total 14,119 Btu/ 7,019 Btu/ sq.ft. sq.ft.__________________________________________________________________________
As may be seen from Table II, January is the month with the highest degree below 65� F., with 1079 compared to 1014 in December and 902 in Febraury (in 28 days). These winter months are the time when solar heating is conventionally insufficient to provide total needs for heating a structure. The present invention, through enormous and inexpensive heat storage in the earth, and new methods of collecting superheating and storing solar energy, make winter heating by solar energy alone entirely feasible and economic.
From Table II, in January the average mean temperature is 39.8 degrees below 70� F., and the heat loss through the roof with a 0.05 U-factor is 48 Btu/sq.ft/day or 2 Btu/sq.ft/hr. insulation values that are comparable are in the literature: Morrison and Farber: "Development and Use of Solar Insulation Data for South-Facing Surfaces in Northern Latitudes," particularly Table III, "Solar Position and Insulation Values for 40 degrees North Latitude." The average insulation on a south facing vertical wall in January at 40� north latitude is 1726 Btu/sq.ft/day, and on a horizontal roof it is 948 , so if 3% or more of the solar heat on the roof or 5% of that on the south wall can be recovered and stored at temperatures above 70� F., the entire needs during the winter can be supplied from heat recovered and stored during the winter. In present conventional systems, sufficient heat storage is not provided to last during the times when solar heat is unavailable due to storms and subzero weather.
To illustrate how this invention can provide winter heat needs, the following example is presented, based on U.S. Department of Commerce Climatological Data for January 1970. By methods outlined in ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals for 1972, it was found that during the three hours of 11 AM to 2 PM of January 1970 a total of about 1170 Btu/sq.ft/hr was recoverable above 70� F. in a narrow (1") space between a dark colored, flat metal roof and 6 to 9 inches of fiberglass roof insulation. This recovery, averaged over the 744 hours in January, is 1.57 Btu/sq.ft/hr. Thus, even without any greenhouse-effect superheating, recoverable heat in just 3 hours compares closely with approximate 2 Btu/sq.ft/hr heat loss at a U-factor of 0.05.
To insure that there is an excess of solar heat available in each month of the winter, the southerly-facing vertical or outward-inclined wall of the structure is provided with enough area covered with glass or plastic to constitute about 10% of the roof area. In tis area in January, an average of 2580 Btu/sq.ft. of solar heat is gained per day. Of this, 30% is conservatively recoverable, or 32 Btu/sq.ft/hr. over 24 hours on the south wall, or 3.2 Btu/sq.ft./hr of roof (10 times larger). When this is added to the 1.57 Btu/sq.ft/hr recovered from the bare metal roof, the total is 4.8 Btu/sq.ft./hr. This is more than twice that needed to compensate for losses at a U-factor of 0.05. By drawing the air heated beneath the bare metal roof downward beneath plastic or glass-covered south wall, it is superheated by 100� or more before it is carried down into heat storage in the trenches, where it maintains the necessary heat gradient and heat flow into the floor and building perimeter.
By superheating the air, heat carrying capacity of the circulating air and the heat storage capacity of a cubic foot of gravel is increased by 100 times or more, and capital costs of fans heat storage are decreased proportionately. The heat gradient in earth storage beneath the floor is proportional to the heat gradient through the heat insulation beneath the roof. With 9 inches of roof insulation (to insure an overall U-factor of 0.05 per unit of floor area) and an average 40 degree temperature difference between the inside and outside in January, the gradient will be 4.4�/in. thickness of insulation. Since earth material such as sand has a heat conductivity in the order of 10 times that of fiberglass, the heat gradient need only be 0.44�/in. per inch of depth, or 5�/ft., or 120� F. 10 feet below the floor. With a 0.1 U-factor it would need to be 170� F.
Heat stored at a depth of 10 feet in gravel weighing 100 lbs/cu/ft and having a specific heat of 0.2 and at an average temperature 25� F. above the room temperature would be about 5000 Btu/cu.ft. If all this heat was recovered it would keep the structure heated for 100 winter days without any heat being added. With heat stored in earth peripheral to the storage means beneath the building, heat storage may be doubled. More particularly, the data used in Table I may be applied to FIG. 1 in a building 100 ft. wide by 200 ft. long, with layer 18 being 1 ft. thick. Thus, layer 18 has 20,000 cu.ft. storage. Blowing air heated to 200� F. for 6 hrs. a day 100 days in the late summer and fall at the rate of 87.6 lbs/hr. (equal to 18.1 cu.ft/min. per sq.ft of layer 18) through 1.5 inch diameter gravel will require a fan of about 3 horespower against an estimated 1 inch static head, and consume about 1343 kilowatt hours per hundred million Btu stored (5,000 Btu/sq.ft. of structure floor). This is the estimated requirement if no solar heat is recovered during the three winter months. Electricity at 2.5c/kwh would cost $33.60 for the 100 million Btu. stored. If natural gas were used, selling for $2.12/million Btu., divided by 75% heating efficiency or $2.82 per million Btu available, it would cost $282 for 100 million Btu. required for the 20,000 sq./ft. building insulated to 0.05 U-factor. Fans or blowers would also be needed during the winter months, to recover heat from the trenches during days so cold that heat in the floor alone was insufficient, but the electricity cost for this would not be greater than for fans needed for natural gas heaters, and capital cost of fans and control costs would be similar.
Various changes in the details, steps, materials and arrangements of parts, which have been herein described and illustrated to explain the nature of the invention may be made by those skilled in the art within the principle and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims. For example, gravel that is to be load-bearing is advantageously compacted initially, to avoid later settling problems. This does not materially reduce pore space. Further, gravel that will heat (or cool) air to be circulated within the building should be thoroughly washed to avoid dust problems and/or the eneed for a filter. Also, heat losses away from the structure (outwardly and downwardly) can be minimized by use of surrounding and underlying dry sand, which is a good insulator.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 24, 1967
|Jan 28, 1969
|Walter A Garrett
|Heating and cooling system
|Mar 14, 1975
|Feb 8, 1977
|Aktiebolaget Svenska Flaktfabriken
|Arrangement for utilizing solar energy for heating buildings
|Oct 23, 1975
|Mar 8, 1977
|Halm Instrument Co., Inc.
|Heat storage tank
|May 21, 1975
|May 24, 1977
|Werner Frank D
|Rock channel heat storage
|Oct 1, 1975
|Oct 4, 1977
|Halm Instrument Co., Inc.
|Heat transfer block means
|Apr 5, 1976
|Oct 4, 1977
|Floyd Randolph Granger
|Environmentally heated and cooled building
|Nov 18, 1976
|Oct 18, 1977
|Johnson Arthur F
|Building structure for solar energy recovery and utilization
|Jun 4, 1975
|Mar 28, 1978
|Gas Developments Corporation
|Air conditioning apparatus and method
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 17, 1980
|Jul 28, 1981
|Raposo Sulpicio B
|Solar heating plant
|May 4, 1979
|Sep 15, 1981
|Hanlon Edward J O
|Heating and cooling of a heavily insulated building through the use only of solar energy
|Apr 8, 1980
|Mar 30, 1982
|Doty Francis D
|Sub-basement sensible heat storage for solar energy
|May 2, 1980
|Feb 15, 1983
|Albert Madwed
|Long term storage and use of solar energy
|Mar 19, 1981
|Dec 13, 1983
|Blaser Lee B
|Energy efficient housing structure
|Feb 2, 1981
|Apr 3, 1984
|Stephen J. Ledet, Jr.
|Air circulation system and air flow elements therefor
|Nov 13, 1981
|Jun 5, 1984
|Kim Powers
|Thermal heat storage and cooling system
|Feb 28, 1983
|Jan 22, 1985
|Solar Decisions, Inc.
|Temperature sensing
|Jul 3, 1979
|Mar 19, 1985
|Stephen J. Ledet, Jr.
|Air circulation system for generally enclosed structures
|Sep 8, 1983
|Sep 3, 1985
|Stephen J. Ledet, Jr.
|Air circulation system and air flow elements therefor
|Aug 13, 1984
|Sep 17, 1985
|Stephen J. Ledet, Jr.
|Air circulation system for generally enclosed structures
|Mar 3, 1981
|Jul 29, 1986
|Stephen J. Ledet, Jr.
|Heat transfer and building support system
|Mar 3, 1981
|Mar 24, 1987
|Bergeron Jr Hervin J
|Heat transfer and building support system
|Aug 12, 1986
|Nov 3, 1987
|Morse Roger N
|Solar apparatus
|Aug 1, 1991
|Jun 16, 1992
|Scharfe Ronald E
|Warm climate solar building
|Jul 16, 1991
|Dec 28, 1993
|Energy Conservation Partnership, Ltd.
|Flue gas purification and production of dry ammonium bisulfites and bisulfates
|Aug 19, 2008
|Feb 26, 2009
|Joseph Timothy Blundell
|C.O.R.E. - Continuous Omnidirectional Radian Energy geodesic hubs/structures
|Mar 10, 2009
|Sep 17, 2009
|Peapod Homes, Llc
|Building structure with having spaces having improved temperature stability
|Oct 8, 2010
|Oct 18, 2012
|Krecke Edmond D
|Low-energy building, especially self-sufficient zero-energy house
|May 6, 2008
|Nov 11, 2009
|LASCO Heutechnik GmbH
|Building air conditioning system and method for controlling the temperature of air in a building
|Jul 2, 1980
|Oct 1, 1981
|H Bergeron
|Aggregate mass air circulation and structural support system for generally enclosed structures
|Feb 10, 1997
|Aug 21, 1997
|GREGUSKA, K�roly
|Method and device for heating and cooling buildings, and a heat-insulating wall covering
|Feb 16, 1999
|Aug 26, 1999
|Brandtner Hans Joachim
|Method for sanitising multi-story prefabricated buildings with additional frontage using solar energy
|U.S. Classification
|126/620, 126/400, 126/646, 126/572
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 2, 1985
Owner name: ENERGY CONSERVATION PARTNERSHIP, LTD., 240 FOX DRI
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:JOHNSON ARTHUR F.;REEL/FRAME:004351/0749
Effective date: 19841224

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Faculty/Staff Governance Schedule 2011-2012
Downtown Leavenworth Guide
Leavenworth Business Guide
'Mission at the Margins' with Dr. Anthony Gittins Event Details »
Parents, grandparents, alumni, brother, sisters, friends — everyone is welcome to USM's Family Weekend! Events kick off with dinner on Friday and continue through Saturday night. Event Details »
Opening reception for the Art Exhibition featuring Hannah Sanders. Exhibit runs from Oct. 14 - Nov. 4. Event Details »
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USM is accredited by The Higher Learning Commission, a member of the North Central Association of Colleges & Schools (NCA), and is an AQIP Participant.


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By honeybell on Sunday, March 18, 2012
I own this car - My approximate mileage is 270,000overall rating 9 of 10rating details
Pros: "Comfortable seat, dependable, easy to drive"
Cons: "Replace light bulbs alot."
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 10
"Dependable, old, high mileage car that never quits. Consistent, reliable. Super comfortable seating like no other. Good mileage, easy to own. Paint and finish still amazing for age, still looks new."
14 people out of 14 found this review helpful
Was this review helpful to you? yes | no | report abuse
By Sacramento Girl on Sunday, April 1, 2012
I own this car - My approximate mileage is 194,000overall rating 10 of 10rating details
Pros: "Safe, quiet, sporty"
Cons: "Low to the ground (can bottom out), not too roomy"
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 10
"My husband and I bought our '98 S70 GLT as the second owners and fell in love immediately. It was our first car together and could not have been happier! It was so comfortable, quiet, and SAFE. If you are good to the car, it will be good to you. It also helped that my husband can work on just about any vehicle so we saved a lot of money but we gave it whatever it asked of us and it's been reliable. We have since purchased a new Mercedes E 320 wagon for the family and can honestly say that, for us, nothing beats the Volv! It's well over 100,000 miles now and still going. I wish I knew it would last forever."
10 people out of 10 found this review helpful
Was this review helpful to you? yes | no | report abuse
By Richard on Thursday, December 8, 2011
I own this car - My approximate mileage is 185,600overall rating 10 of 10rating details
Pros: "Excellent, reliable, SAFE car with all the luxury"
Cons: "NONE that I can think of, our 6th Volvo!"
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 10
"I have owned this car since I bought it new. It is dependable, reliable, extremely comfortable, and I feel very safe in it because of all of the safety features. It is built SOLID from the ground up. I have carried my newborn kids in the car without a second thought. I gave it to my teenage daughter when she turned 16 because I felt like if she got into an accident, she'd have the best chance of walking away without so much as a bruise. The front wheel drive is excellent in the snow when we go skiing. On cold Winter mornings it starts up like a charm and the heater works EXCELLENT. The sound system is wonderful and is surrounds you in clear sound. I got 50,000 miles before I had to change my brakes. The trunk is extremely spacious and you can carry three sets of skis in the trunk with the feature the opens a gap in the back seat to bring them through. The leather seats are very comfortable and supportive. I would recommend this car to anyone looking for a SAFE, RELIABLE, SPACIOUS CAR, with ALL of the amenities of a luxury cAR. YET IT HANDLES LIKE A SPORTS CAR ! Made in Sweden for their tough climate, it is the best car I've owned in my lifetime."
7 people out of 7 found this review helpful
Was this review helpful to you? yes | no | report abuse


text:
Burger King is celebrating the 55th anniversary of the Whopper with three limited time only items, available in restaurants now. The offerings will be served in commemorative retro-style anniversary packaging.
As previously rumored, one of the items includes a white cheddar burger (white cheddar is everywhere this season!). Also back on the menu is the Angry Whopper, a spicier version of the original Whopper last seen back in 2009. Finally, the sweet potato fries are getting a tweak, and they are now seasoned with a new blend of spices.
Check out more details:
Whopper 55th Anniversary
Also on HuffPost:
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text:
Welcome to MAXOpsGear from MSG Outdoors!
We are no longer just Tactical Shooting Gear from Outdoor Connection, we're now bringing you some of the best Tactical and Outdoor Gear from all over!
Latest News & Views
We're making some changes!
May 29, 2015 / 0 Comments
The Tactical Shooting world is changing and so are we. We've have been known as the go to website for the best in Tactical Shooting accessories from The Outdoor Connection - and we still are - but now we're adding more products and rebranding under the MSG Outdoors name for all of our...Read More +
How not to hunt turkey!
November 30, 2015 / 0 Comments
Not sure what this guy was thinking!Read More +
December 1, 2015 / 0 Comments
Crazy. Hunt the right way!Read More +
Dude Perfect Strikes Again
December 2, 2015 / 0 Comments
Know anybody like this? The guys at Dude Perfect have struck a cord again that is too close to home! Have a great laugh!Read More +


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Denied! 8 Famous Women Who Got Turned Away Trying To Give These Men The Business
Famous Women Who Got Denied By Men
You'd think that anyone would want to get with a famous, beautiful woman. It's pretty common sense. Hot woman. Guy. Who wouldn't want to make that happen?
Apparently, though, it happens all the time. These women got denied trying to give up the goods. Take a look!
Superhead – She tried to give Jamie Foxx the business a while ago, but he didn't want it and sent her on her way. She complained about it on his radio show.
Ciara – One of the reasons Ciara and Rihanna had their tiff was because she was trying to get into the VIP to chop down LeBron but that wasn't happening for him.
Rocsi – If you listen to 50 Cent, she tried to get on with the team and it didn't go quite well for her. But that's if you believe 50 Cent.
Rihanna – She put the rush on Ashton Kutcher when he was between women, but he put the kibosh on it.
Vivica A. Fox – She tried to rekindle her flame with 50 and he said no, saying that her crazy a$$ needs to stay away.
Kim Kardashian – When she was making her tour to find her rebound from Kris Humphries, Kim tried to get with Tim Tebow and he turned that rump down.
More Stories From Bossip
Another One: Meet The IT Consultant Bae Who's BEEN...
Bitter Teyana Taylor Posts Tae Heckard's Texts & Number In Petty Twitter Beef!
Engaged Or Nah: Did Nelly Put A Ring On Miss Jackson?...
Baby, Baby, Baby: Ashanti's Most Fantastically...
For Your Info: 30 Celebs Whose Ethnic Background Will Surprise You
Real Love: Iman Shumpert Claps Back In The Most Classy Way...
Homewrecker: Rob Kardashian Heated That The Game Revealed...
Black Men Who Don't Date Black Women Get Dragged


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Journal of Choice Modelling
Collection's Items (Sorted by Title in Descending order): 1 to 20 of 59
Collection's Items (Sorted by Title in Descending order): 1 to 20 of 59
|Year of Publication
|Modelling mode choice in passenger transport with integrated hierarchical information integration
|Richter, Cornelia; Keuchel, Stephan
|Accessibility and the role of the consideration set in spatial choice modelling: A simulation study
|Pramono, Ari; Oppewal, Harmen
|Are there specific design elements of choice experiments and types of people that influence choice response certainty?
|Hensher, David A.; Rose, John M.; Beck, Matthew J.
|Conceptual relations between expanded rank data and models of the unexpanded rank data
|Marley, Anthony; Islam, Towhidul
|Designing a stated choice experiment: The value of a qualitative process
|Kløjgaard, Mirja Elisabeth; Bech, Mickael; Søgaard, Rikke
|Freight transport distance and weight as utility conditioning effects on a stated choice experiment
|Masiero, Lorenzo; Hensher, David A.
|The first time is the hardest: A test of ordering effects in choice experiments
|Carlsson, Fredrik; Mørkbak, Morten Raun; Olsen, Søren Bøye
|Using appropriate prior information to eliminate choice sets with a dominant alternative from D-efficient designs
|Crabbe, Marjolein; Vandebroek, Martina
|Design effects in a meta-analysis of river health choice experiments in Australia
|Rolfe, John; Brouwer, Roy
|Interrogation of responses to stated choice experiments: Is there sense in what respondents tell us? : a closer look at what respondents choose and process heuristics used in stated choice experiments
|Hensher, David A.; Collins, Andrew T.
|Estimating the value of risk reduction for pedestrians in the road environment: An exploratory analysis
|Hensher, David A.; Rose, John M.; de Dios Ortúzar, Juan; Rizzi, Luis I.
|The impact of travel time reliability and perceived service quality on airport ground access mode choice
|Tam, Mei-ling; Lam, William H. K.; Lo, Hing-po
|A combined GPS/Stated Choice experiment to estimate values of crash-risk reduction
|Fifer, Simon; Greaves, Stephen; Rose, John; Ellison, Richard
|Properties of Internet and telephone data collection methods in a stated choice value of time study context
|Börjesson, Maria; Algers, Staffan
|Implementation, implementation, implementation: Old and new options for putting surveys and experiments online
|MacKerron, George
|Scenario adjustment in stated preference research
|Cameron, Trudy Ann; DeShazo, J. R.; Johnson, Erica H.
|Dynamic facial expression recognition with a discrete choice model
|Robin, Thomas; Bierlairey, Michel; Cruz, Javier
|Structural choice modelling: Theory and applications to combining choice experiments
|Rungie, Campbell M.; Coote, Leonard V.; Louviere, Jordan J.
|Does the inclusion of a cost attribute in forced and unforced choices matter? Results from a web survey applying the discrete choice experiment
|Pedersen, Line Bjørnskov; Kjær, Trine; Kragstrup, Jakob; Gyrd-Hansen, Dorte
|Estimating unconstrained customer choice set demand: A case study on airline reservation data
|Haensel, Alwin; Koole, Ger; Erdman, Jeroen


text:
Hey all,
I will shortly be thrown into a situation in which I will need to share a printer with someone. Here's the catch..
We will both have our own internet access via network cable. Therefore, the LAN port in the back of each computer will be used. We will NOT be on the same network.
How can I hook it up so that we share the printer, although the LAN ports will be occupied? *cheapest possible solution being sought*.


text:
These pages provide you with an overview of each state, including links to state governments, state associations, the regulatory agencies and characteristics of licensure laws.
About the information linked above.
School-Based SLP Salaries Vary by School Type: Speech-language pathologists who work in schools earn most in secondary and special day or residential schools.
App-licable Ideas for Parkinson's Disease: A growing number of apps aim to help clients with Parkinson's disease tackle communication challenges.
Workers Still Experience Noise Hazards at Ohio Foundry
The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) is the national professional, scientific, and credentialing association for 186,000 members and affiliates who are audiologists; speech-language pathologists; speech, language, and hearing scientists; audiology and speech-language pathology support personnel; and students.
The ASHA Action Center welcomes questions and requests for information from members and non-members.
Available 8:30 a.m.–5:00 p.m. ET Monday–Friday
Site Help | A–Z Topic Index | Privacy Statement | Terms of Use
© 1997-2016 American Speech-Language-Hearing Association


text:
Halloween Is Coming.
Get your whole life organized with these brilliant DIY tips and tricks.
"What we know about the ocean is less than the surface of the moon," said one scientist involved in the expedition off Hawaii's Big Island.
The first thing on a long list!
"If you're a black person imagining a superhero, the first thing you would want is a bulletproof superhero," says Mike Colter.
"I puked my brains out and only have Cheetos in my kitchen"
It's all fun and games until the dress catches fire.
*Gets anxiety just thinking about it*
Some of them made me look like a corpse.
It's the water of life, so drink up!
Is this layout more Property Brothers or Fixer Upper?
#neverforget Von Dutch.
Pumpkin spice up your life.
A literary scandal, a Holocaust haunting, and an animated Arctic adventure — here are six smaller movies worth a look this month, all playing in theaters and on VOD.
I don't think you're ready for this strawberry jelly he picked up.
Not all states are created equal.
Pumpkin spice lasagna or pumpkin spice moonshine?
"I buy the organic prenatal vitamins because I also buy the Betty Crocker frosting made out of organ failure and diabetes."
Bottoms up!
You'll need the eye of the tiger.
Heck, go ahead and propose to yourself.
Aside from just tearing into the loaf and eating it straight-up.
What spiced latte?
"Once you learn, you will never forget."
All the YA lit you can handle, right in your inbox.
The 8-bit Eggo waffle alone!
Bring the panaderia home with you.
Take the spooookiness out of being a grown-up.
It's not Halloween until you've plunged your hand into some pumpkin guts.
And how to fix 'em!
Tired of the same burritos and hikes? Here's how to shake up your weekends.
It's like your kitchen went back to the future and got you a personal assistant.
You might not get what you expect.
Less time cooking, more time eating.
Living in a post-10k-steps-per-day world.
Trump breaks a bottle of champagne on a Playboy-branded limo while several of the Playmates are visiting New York City. "Beauty is beauty, and let's see what happens with New York," Trump says.
The network has nixed the sitcom about a Filipino mail-order bride.
Rashid Dar told BuzzFeed News he believes he was targeted for the clothes he was wearing.
El Cajon police distributed video Friday showing officers fatally shooting Alfred Olango Tuesday after responding to a call about someone who was acting erratically.
When a bear mauls a camper, park rangers round up the usual suspects. DNA tests can now reveal whether a bear is innocent, saving it from being killed.
Theresa May will confront the Tory party's most significant ideological crisis in decades at next week's conference.
It's so deep, you could stack four Statues of Liberty and still not reach the surface.
Clinics are popping up across the country to help kids as young as 3 who might be transgender, but some say it's too much, too soon. While doctors argue, families like Nicole's don't have time to wait.
"I don't think there's anything titillating about what we're doing — it's all horrific, as it should be," Wood said of the controversial rape scenes in HBO's new sci-fi drama about the dark side of virtual reality.
Months after the U.S. Supreme Court struck down a similar death penalty sentencing system, the Alabama Supreme Court ruled unanimously that its own system is still constitutional.
The US Fish & Wildlife Service listed seven bee species in Hawaii as endangered on Friday, a first for bees, which have experienced declining numbers across the US.
The couple's six children will remain in Angelina Jolie's care, while Brad Pitt has voluntarily agreed to drug and alcohol testing as part of a temporary agreement, sources confirm.
The ethics order from the Court of the Judiciary followed a move from Roy Moore in January when he ignored federal court rulings and ordered state officials to enforce the state's ban on same-sex couples' marriages.
Barack Obama and Bill Clinton were among the speakers as the statesman, who died on Wednesday, was laid to rest in Jerusalem.
Workers at Asos's Barnsley warehouse say they work like machines. A BuzzFeed News investigation found allegations of exploitative contracts, a stringent security regime, and stressed workers at the heart of the online retailer's global fast-fashion empire.
Including that one character in Harry Potter who magically transforms into a white girl once she gets a speaking part.
Protect him at all costs.
Are you more Kristen and Dax or Chrissy and John?
Prepare to feel very seen.
Ok, maybe "best" is a bit of a stretch.
"This is a debate between a politician and your uncle's Facebook page."
"What if instead of a debate we all agree to scream into a pillow for an hour or so?"
"I want a kiss cam at my funeral."
Apple's latest update for iPhone and iPad can be a little confusing. These tips and tricks will help.
These are the truest signs of commitment.
Nobody wants to see your #aftersexselfie.
"Ballet dancers don't train 7+ hours a day, 7 days a week, to be represented by Kendall Jenner and her dodgy feet."
This is the best display of girl power.
BREAKING: We are petty.
We feel for both parties involved.
Note to everyone: Stop judging parents.
A delightful time capsule of shag carpet perfection.
People were so busy criticising Alicia, they forgot to notice these people too!
Step 1: Ignore the attacker.
Mandy Moore was nervous of meeting Nicholas Sparks because the story is based on his sister's life.
Well that was unexpected.
Warning: Drink water before scrolling.
You have to suffer for those zigzag parts.
What a time to be alive.
"[Our children] mentioned, 'Mama, there's clowns out there in the woods and they're trying to get us to come out there,'" one resident told BuzzFeed News.
Just a secondary opinion thanks to a secondary angle.
*Moves to Nashville and volunteers for jury duty*
Drag to highlight one or more parts of the screen.
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text:
List all words ending with leech, sorted by length
2 words found.
List all words ending with leech, in alphabetical order
Some random words: gutless mbira unowned feal ibex re ilia
This is not a dictionary, it's a word game wordfinder.
- Help and FAQ - Examples - Home
Privacy and Cookies Policy - Share - © Copyright 2004-2016 Morewords.com - 68.998mS


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You have no items in your shopping cart.
Amit Goswami, Ph.D., has been a professor of physics at the University of Oregon for 34 years. He is the author of six books including the successful textbook, Quantum Mechanics. Amit is a pioneer of science within consciousness — science based on the primacy of consciousness — which is developed in his books The Self-Aware Universe: How Consciousness Creates the Material World and Science and Spirituality. He has also authored Quantum Creativity and A Quantum Physicist's Guide to Enlightenment, The Visionary Window and Physics of the Soul, and the upcoming Integral Medicine. Amit gives workshops in the United States, Brazil, Sweden, and India on the subjects of quantum creativity, quantum healing, physics of the soul, and science and spirituality.
List Price:
(Save 10%)
In this mind-expanding work, physicist Amit Goswami, Ph.D., explores the world of human creativity-the ultimate source of joy and fulfillment-through the lens of quantum physics, and offers up a unique way to nurture and enhance your own creativity.
Please wait...
On virtually all products online
When you sign up for the latest offers, sales, and Hay House news.
Thank you for signing up for the Present Moments newsletter! As a special gift for signing up, you will receive 30% off virtually all products in our online store all day, every day for as long as you're a newsletter subscriber.


text:
A revenue shortfall has cut $10 million worth of spending from the state's $7.5 billion budget, South Carolina's chief accountant said
Harry Briggs Jr., who as a young boy was at the center of a lawsuit that culminated with the U.S. Supreme Court outlawing segregated public schools, has died.
The state Board of Education also recommended new classifications for student misbehavior.
Former South Carolina Rep. Bill Cotty, a champion for public education who helped bring the Confederate flag off the Statehouse dome, has died. He was 69.
A state commission is developing the app in hopes of encouraging drivers to explore African-American historic sites in rural South Carolina.
Gov. Nikki Haley struck $41 million worth of spending from the Legislature's $7.5 billion budget and thanked legislators Thursday for not attempting to borrow money for college construction.
Gov. Nikki Haley's veto has killed legislation exempting teacher evaluations from public disclosure, but the Republican governor said she will support a better-written bill next year.
A South Carolina senator wants to bar local governments from requiring businesses to let transgender people use the bathroom of their choice, saying he's taking a "stand for decency and common sense."
The South Carolina Senate's new majority leader said Wednesday that he represents the next generation of Republican leaders.
Gov. Nikki Haley is pressuring House GOP leaders to agree to designate $400 million annually from state tax collections for roadwork, even while she supports their argument that South Carolina's crumbling roads need a better long-term solution.
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text:
Did you hear that we're all getting a great gift for the holidays?
A new planet!
Scientists at NASA have just discovered a planet outside our solar system that is very similar to Earth. They named it Kepler-22b, and it's hanging out there in space like a supersize blue-and-green Christmas ball.
Happy holidays to us!
It's a balmy 72 degrees all year round, has plenty of fresh water, and circles a sun that's a lot like ours.


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Top Definition
very thickly-soled shoes (and/or heels on shoes), often described as "chunky" shoes; overly thick-soles on shoes designed to increase the height of the wearer.
"Dat bitch's shoes are soo ridiculous...how you think she walk around in 'em funky chunks?"
লিখেছেন- Marika Sanchez-Gonzales 24 de জানুয়ারি de 2007
Trending Now
Can you define these popular missing words?


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In celebration of Nintendo's birthday, NIWA is holding a Cross-Wiki Weekend! You can participate for a chance to win a $20 Nintendo eShop Gift Card!
Pokémon GO has been released for Android and iOS in most countries! Need help learning Pokémon GO? Take a look at our Pokémon GO Player's Guides!
Check BNN and Bulbanews for up-to-date Pokémon news and discuss it on the forums or in our IRC channel #bulbagarden on irc.systemnet.info.
National Beginning Set (TCG)
|はじめてセット 全国図鑑版
The National Pokédex Beginning Set (Japanese: はじめてセット 全国図鑑版セット) is a Japanese-exclusive Half Deck Deck Kit released in the BW era of the Pokémon Trading Card Game.
The National Pokédex Beginning Set is a very similar release to the earlier Beginning Set Deck Kit: both have three Half Decks based on the Generation V starters Snivy, Tepig, and Oshawott; both also contain the same assortment of game essentials. This release deviates from the Beginning Set by, as the name suggests, containing Pokémon from all generations. Each Half Deck shares a collective numbering system and set symbol. The Half Decks are further identified by featuring colored silhouettes of the appropriate starter Pokémon. The Holofoil cards use the bubble foil pattern previously used on cards from the Beginning Set. In addition to the Half Decks, each set contains damage counters, a custom coin, and playmat, as well as how to play DVDs and manuals.
Deck lists
|This article is part of Project TCG, a Bulbapedia project that aims to report on every aspect of the Pokémon Trading Card Game.


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|Reviews for Who Would Win in a Duel?
| Red Lily1 chapter 3 . 3/18/2014
| CookieOverlord chapter 34 . 2/13/2013
Connor and Travis should have won, they had the Golden Mango prank! It's in the Demigod Files, but here's a basic summary:
It's like the golden apple that started the Trojan War. They got a mango and spray-painted it gold, then wrote "For the hottest" on it and left it the Aphrodite cabin while the Aphrodite kids were at archery practice. When they got back, they all started fighting over it, trying to figure out which of them was the hottest. Being Aphrodite kids, they all thought it was themselves (except Piper, but she wasn't at camp then). If you read the discription in the Demigod Files, it's way funnier.
Cookie out
| Galgalatz chapter 8 . 1/21/2013
Dude! Did you really just write "The most popular book series in the world, except for maybe Twilight!"?! That's not humanly possible! "Harry Potter" is the SECOND most sold series in the world right after the BIBLE.
Sure, Twilight is a fanchise, and a big one at that, but don't even compare. Just don't. And I actually write Twi-fics- I don't hate the series. Not too much anyway- I just really don't like Bella.
| flamingslytherin chapter 1 . 1/2/2013
I forgot the new email to my old account but it's nice to see I'm still getting so many reviews on this fic! :) Thanks everyone!
| Starlight Glimmer chapter 23 . 12/28/2012
| Starlight Glimmer chapter 22 . 12/28/2012
Sev again...
| Starlight Glimmer chapter 21 . 12/28/2012
| Starlight Glimmer chapter 20 . 12/28/2012
| Starlight Glimmer chapter 19 . 12/28/2012
Percy! Weasley...
| Starlight Glimmer chapter 18 . 12/28/2012
Despite his shortness. But since I am extremely bias, I choose Severus!
| Starlight Glimmer chapter 17 . 12/28/2012
George Weasley and Fred Weasley!
Um... Am I allowed to do that?
| Starlight Glimmer chapter 16 . 12/28/2012
Harry Potter!
| Starlight Glimmer chapter 15 . 12/28/2012
Dolores Umbridge!
| Starlight Glimmer chapter 14 . 12/28/2012
| Dark Lavender chapter 8 . 11/14/2012
Though Hermione has the brains, she doesn't have the easily set-off temper Annabeth has. Besides, Annabeth has practice in skills such as dueling.


text:
Top Definition
It's a tool's way of spelling tool.
Wow. I can't believe that tool spelled "toole" with an "e".
by chantaklaus April 16, 2006
Trending Now
Can you define these popular missing words?
Smeagle-like creature.Dwells in the shadows. acts like the pronunciation.Uses primative weapons, poorly.
You tool(e).
by Anonymous April 28, 2003


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The People v. Derek Luke
- Appellate Term, First Department
- 570077/10
- Before: Torres, J.P., Shulman, Hunter, Jr., JJ.
Cite as: The People v. Derek Luke, 570077/10, NYLJ 1202583133262, at *1 (App. Tm., 1st, Decided September 19, 2012)
Before: Torres, J.P., Shulman, Hunter, Jr., JJ.
Decided: September 19, 2012
Defendant appeals from a judgment of the Criminal Court of the City of New York, New York County (Barbara Jaffe, J.), rendered December 9, 2009, after a non-jury trial, convicting him of criminal trespass in the third degree, and imposing sentence.
Justice Alexander W. Hunder
Judgment of conviction (Barbara Jaffe, J.), rendered December 9, 2009, reversed, on the law and on the facts, accusatory instrument dismissed and fine and surcharge, if paid, remitted.
On the evening of December 19, 2008, defendant was arrested for trespass at Manhattan's Taft Houses, a public housing development consisting of nine almost identical
brown brick buildings. According to defendant, he was there to visit a long-time family friend for dinner and provide her with computer assistance, but mistakenly entered the wrong building directly across the street. Following his arrest, defendant was charged by misdemeanor complaint with second-degree criminal trespass (Penal Law §140.15), but in a subsequent prosecutor's information, the charge was reduced to one count of criminal trespass in the third degree (Penal Law §140.10[a]).
At the non-jury trial, the arresting officer, Raquel Marte, was the prosecution's sole witness. She testified, inter alia, that on December 19, 2008, she was on "vertical patrol" at one of the Taft Houses buildings, located at 65 East 112th Street. She testified that tenants would access the building by using a key or the intercom and that there were "no trespassing" signs posted. She could not recall if the locks on the entrance doors to the building were working that day and could not recall exactly where the "no trespassing" signs were posted. She went on to testify that the entrance doors to the building were not always locked. She observed the defendant enter the building but was not
able to state how the defendant gained entry. She then observed defendant board an elevator within a minute of his entering the building. She and her partner boarded an adjacent elevator to the 19th floor. However, she stated that the elevator stopped on the 11th floor, at which time she observed defendant standing in the hallway. Marte and her partner continued up to the 19th floor where they patrolled the roof before taking the stairs down to the 18th floor. Marte testified that she then observed defendant standing in the hallway of the 18th floor. She approached him and asked him if he lived in the building. Defendant informed her that he did not live in the building but was visiting an aunt who was a tenant in the building and that he also had friends in the building. Defendant could not provide an apartment number or the name of his aunt or friends. Defendant was then arrested and searched. No drugs or weapons were found on his person.
Defendant testified that while he was a student at the State University of New York at Albany, he became close friends with a classmate named Charee Walker and subsequently developed a close relationship with her mother,
Laurie Holder, whom he referred to as his "aunt." Defendant testified that Ms. Holder lived in the Taft Houses and he visited her ten to fifteen times over a ten-year period prior to December 2008. However, he had not visited her in 2008.
Defendant further testified that he had spoken to Ms. Holder by telephone on December 18, 2008, and arranged to visit her the next day to help her with some computer problems and to have dinner. The next day, he took the subway to Taft Houses to see Ms. Holder and when he got off the subway at 110th Street, "it was dark" and he had not been "in that area a while." He "did notice some changes" but stated that "for the most part everything was the same." He proceeded to walk to 112th Street and stated that he crossed a parking lot connected to a walkway which was significant to him because a similar parking lot and walkway was in front of 1695 Madison Avenue where Ms. Holder lives. However, he instead entered 65 East 112th Street.
Defendant testified that he gained access to 65 East 112th Street as another individual exited the building and he took the elevator to the 18th floor. He exited on the 18th
floor and "realized that it probably wasn't the right floor" as it did not look familiar to him. He knocked on the door to an apartment he believed was Ms. Holder's, but no one answered, and by that time he "was pretty sure that it wasn't the right floor." He took the stairs down to the 14th floor and exited the staircase to see if it "looked like the right one," since that one did not look familiar to him, he continued to go down the stairs and exited on the 11th floor to call Ms. Holder because he "didn't think it would be safe to go all the way downstairs."
While he was searching for Ms. Holder's number on his cell phone, he was approached by Marte and her partner who asked him if he lived in the building, what he was doing in the building and if he knew anyone who lives in the building. Defendant informed them that he was "visiting friends" and that his "aunt" lived in the building. When asked where his aunt lived, he testified that he told the officers, "I thought she lived on the 18th floor but I am calling her right now to go check because I had the floor wrong." He testified that Marte did not permit him to make a phone call. He informed her that he was on probation and
if he was permitted to make a phone call it would "clear everything up." She refused and he was arrested.
Defendant admitted that there was no blood relation between him and Ms. Holder. He explained that he referred to her as his "aunt" at the time of the arrest "to create an understanding" that it was "somebody older" and not just a "buddy" or "pal," but he was nevertheless arrested.
Ms. Holder also testified for the defense and essentially corroborated defendant's assertions. Ms. Holder confirmed that she had known defendant since 1997 and that he was the "son" she never had. She testified that he called her "mom" and confirmed that she invited defendant to her apartment on the evening of December 19, 2008 to fix her computer and have dinner. Ms. Holder also testified that she lives on the 18th floor of 1694 Madison Avenue, not 1695 Madison Avenue and that defendant "constantly called" her to confirm what floor she lived on. She testified that Taft Houses is comprised of at least ten buildings that are the same shape and height and arrangement with the only visible difference being a colored strip "in the middle" that is "not very visible" and to notice it one would "have to know
it to look for it."
Ms. Holder further testified that there is a parking lot in front of her building and acknowledged that there was one in front of 65 East 112th Street. The only difference is that the one in front of her building is "directly in front" and the parking lot in front of 65 East 112th Street is "slightly to the side." She also testified that the intercom system in her building does not work and the directory listing residents was incomplete and she did not know whether or not her name was listed. She also testified that the door to her building "hasn't been locked in years."
Ms. Holder testified that after receiving the telephone call from defendant notifying her of his arrest, she contacted 311 and eventually filed a complaint with the "complaint bureau" about the fact that her invited guest had been arrested for trespassing. Following the trial, Criminal Court convicted defendant of criminal trespass in the third degree. This appeal ensued, and we reverse.
With respect to the weight of the evidence, "in conducting its weight of the evidence review, a court must consider the elements of the crime, for even if the
prosecution's witnesses were credible their testimony must prove the elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt" (People v. Danielson, 9 NY3d 342, 349 [2007]). The court must determine, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, whether there is a valid line of reasoning and permissible inferences from which the fact-finder could have found the elements of the crime proved beyond a reasonable doubt (see People v. Steinberg, 79 NY2d 673, 681-682 [1992]).
A conviction based on legally sufficient evidence is subject to this court's factual review power to assure that the verdict is supported by the weight of the evidence. "If based on all the credible evidence a different finding would not have been unreasonable, then the appellate court must, like the trier of fact below, 'weigh the relative probative force of conflicting testimony and the relative strength of conflicting inferences that may be drawn from the testimony'" (People v. Bleakley, 69 NY2d 490, 495 [1987], citing People ex rel. MacCracken v. Miller, 291 NY 55, 62 [1943]).
To convict a person for Criminal Trespass in the Third
Degree, the prosecution is required to prove that the person knowingly entered or remained unlawfully in a building (see Penal Law §140.10). A person knowingly enters or remains unlawfully in a building when he is aware that he is not licensed or privilege to do so (see Penal Law §140.00[5]).
Upon a factual review of the record, I find that defendant's conviction for criminal trespass in the third degree was against the weight of the evidence. An individual, "who enters upon the premises accidentally, or who honestly believes that he is licensed or privileged to enter, is not guilty of any degree of criminal trespass" (People v. Basch, 36 NY2d 154, 159 [1975]).
It was the prosecution's burden to prove unlawful entry or remaining, and the testimony of Marte, standing alone, was insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant "knowingly enter[ed] or remain[ed] unlawfully," without license or privilege, in the subject building (Penal Law §§140.00(5), 140.10(a); see People v. Basch, 36 NY2d at 159). Although Marte testified that defendant was unable to provide the apartment number for his "aunt," the inability to provide the arresting officer with the explanation she
sought, "has no logical bearing on the adequacy of the proof" that defendant remained unlawfully in the building (Matter of James C., 23 AD3d 262 [1st Dept 2005]). Moreover, it was not his obligation to provide the arresting officer with an explanation for his presence in the building (id.; see Matter of Daniel B., 2 AD3d 440, 441 [2nd Dept 2003]).
Defendant's testimony at trial was corroborated by Ms. Holder in that he was her invited guest on the day he was arrested. His testimony that he was visiting his "aunt" and mistakenly believed she lived on the 18th floor of that building coupled with Ms. Holder's testimony was sufficient to support his reasonable belief that he was licensed or privileged to be in the building. Therefore, his belief, even if mistaken, negated the element of "knowing and unlawfully remaining" (see People v. Basch, 36 NY2d at 159).
Accordingly, the judgment of conviction is reversed, the accusatory instrument is dismissed, and the fine and surcharge, if paid, are remitted. In light of this determination, we need not reach defendant's remaining contentions.
Robert E. Torres, J.P., concurs.
Torres, J.P., and Hunter, Jr., J., concur; Shulman, J., dissents in a separate opinion.
The People of The State of New York, Respt. v. Derek Luke, Deft.-Applt.; 10-292
Martin Shulman, J. (dissenting)
Defendant was convicted, after a bench trial, of third-degree criminal trespass upon evidence, largely undisputed: that police officers conducting a "vertical sweep" of a drug prone building in a public housing development known as the Taft Houses, observed defendant enter the building at about 6:50 p.m. on a December evening, proceed through the lobby to an elevator and, within a 10-minute period, appear in three different hallways on the building's upper floors; that "No Trespassing" signs were displayed near the building's entranceways and that the entrance doors generally were locked; and that defendant, in response to police inquiries, acknowledged that he did not live in the building, explaining that he intended to visit his aunt though unable to provide her name or apartment number and that he had an unnamed friend or friends in the building.
The primary defense asserted at trial, as defense
counsel framed it in her opening statement, was whether defendant had "made a mistake by walking into the wrong building." In this connection, defendant testified that he had previously made arrangements to have dinner with his "very good friend," one Laurie Holder, in her apartment at 6:00 p.m. on the evening in question. The trial record shows, and it is undisputed, that Holder actually lives in a Taft Houses building known as 1694 Madison Avenue, located across the street from the building (65 East 112th Street) in which defendant was arrested. Despite admittedly having visited the Holder residence on no fewer than 10 to 15 prior occasions and being "completely familiar" with the surrounding area, defendant maintained that he mistakenly entered the wrong building, gaining access "as another tenant or guest was exiting." Defendant came to realize his mistake when, after taking the elevator to the 18th floor and walking down the staircase to the 14th floor,1 he could not find Holder's apartment. Defendant testified as follows as to what occurred next: "I figured I was in the wrong
building so I had started to exit the building by the stairs because to wait…the elevator just takes [too] long. So I was going to take the stairs down and while I was taking the stairs I…got out on the 11th floor so I could make the phone call [to explain his tardy arrival to Holder] because I didn't really think that the stairs would be safe to go all the way downstairs and also I had to make the phone call anyway." The police approached defendant in the 11th floor hallway before he could call Holder and, in response to their questioning about his presence in the building, defendant told the officers that he was visiting a "close friend," that his "aunt lives in the building," and that he "had a place to be," but "had the floor wrong." Asked on direct examination to "clarify" the nature of his relationship with Holder, defendant stated that, while there is no "blood relation" between them, Holder is the mother of a close female friend of his and that he generally calls Holder "mom," because she is older than he is and "that is how [Holder's] daughter introduced her to [him]." As to why he referred to Holder as his "aunt" in response to police questioning, defendant testified that he used that term so
as to convey to the officers that "it was more than…a buddy of mine or a pal that I was visiting. It was somebody older who was very close to me." Defendant acknowledged on cross-examination that this occasion marked the "only time" he ever referred to Holder as his aunt. Defendant also testified that, immediately prior to his arrest, he "humbly" asked the police "for some courtesy because [he] was on probation."
Called as a defense witness, Holder offered testimony tending to essentially confirm defendant's account of the timing and purpose of the (allegedly) planned apartment visit and the nature of her relationship with defendant. As to the latter point, Holder appeared to waffle, initially characterizing their relationship as merely "pretty close," but ultimately describing defendant as the "son [she] never had," a "son", it bears mention, whose precise age or birth date Holder could not identify. Further, Holder conceded that, despite defendant's failure to appear at the appointed hour, she did not call his cell phone at any point that evening to find out if he was all right, and only came to know of defendant's arrest some time after 8:30 p.m. that
night, when she (or, more precisely, her husband) received a call from an officer at the police precinct.
The arresting police officer, in testimony elicited on rebuttal, denied defendant ever indicated he was lost.
Defendant's arguments relating to the legal sufficiency of the evidence supporting his criminal trespass conviction are unpreserved for appellate review, inasmuch as he failed to move for a trial order of dismissal on these or any other grounds (see People v. Gray, 86 NY2d 10 [1995]), and I would not review them in the interest of justice. As an alternative holding, I would reject them on the merits. When the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution and given the benefit of every favorable inference (see People v. Ford, 66 NY2d 428, 437 [1985]), it clearly sufficed to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that the dwelling premises was "fenced or otherwise enclosed in a manner designed to exclude intruders" (Penal Law §140.10[a]; see and compare People v. Moore, 5 NY3d 725 [2005]) and that defendant knowingly entered or remained unlawfully there (see Matter of Lonique M., 93 AD3d 203 [2012]; see also People v. Williams, 16 AD3d 151 [2005], lv
denied 5 NY3d 771 [2005][probable cause for criminal trespass arrest found where defendant claimed to be visiting his cousin in a Housing Authority building, but was unable to provide an apartment number and falsely identified a woman in the lobby as his cousin]). The credited police testimony detailing defendant's suspicious behavior in the hallways of the public housing building, his ready admission that he did not live in the building and his inability to identify the name(s) or apartment number(s) of the person(s) he purportedly was attempting to visit, was sufficient to establish, at least circumstantially, that he entered or remained unlawfully in the building without the requisite license or privilege (see Penal Law §140.00[5]; Matter of Lonique M., 93 AD3d 203 [2012], supra; see also People v. Lozado, 90 AD3d 582 [2011], lv denied 18 NY3d 925 [2012]; People v. Quinones, 173 AD3d 395 [1991], lv denied 78 NY3d 972 [1991]). I find unavailing defendant's apparent argument that the trial court, in determining whether the prosecution met its burden to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, could not properly rely on defendant's on-the-scene statements. Having, by his own account,
affirmatively explained his presence in the building in response to police questioning, and indeed having relied on that explanation as the centerpiece of his defense at trial, defendant may not now be heard to argue that the trial court was precluded from drawing any inferences adverse to him from that evidence on the theory that it was not his obligation, in the first instance, to explain his presence (see Matter of Lonique M., 93 AD3d 203, 207 [2012]; cf. Matter of Daniel B., 2 AD3d 440 [2003]; Matter of James C., 23 AD3d 262 [2005]).
Nor, respectfully, can I join the majority's conclusion that defendant's conviction was against the weight of the evidence (see People v. Danielson, 9 NY3d 342 [2007]). In conducting an independent review of the weight of the evidence, a reviewing court must assess in a neutral light "all the credible evidence" (People v. Bleakley, 69 NY2d 490, 495 [1987]), including evidence presented by the defense, to ascertain whether such evidence was accorded the proper weight by the factfinder, here the trial court. Under a weight-of-evidence analysis, the court "does not take the place of the [factfinder] in passing on questions of the
reliability of witnesses and the credibility of testimony" (People v. Griffin, 63 AD3d 635, 638 [2009], lv denied 13 NY3d 835 [2009], citing People v. Romero, 7 NY3d 633, 642, 643 [2006]), and instead must give "[g]reat deference…to the factfinder's opportunity to view the witnesses, hear the testimony and observe demeanor" (see People v. Mateo, 2 NY3d 383, 410 [2004], cert denied 542 US 946 [2004], quoting People v. Bleakley, 69 NY2d at 495]).
Upon reviewing the record here, I am satisfied that defendant's conviction comported with the weight of the credible evidence. To be sure, a person who "honestly believes that he is licensed or privileged to enter[ ] is not guilty of any degree of criminal trespass" (People v. Basch, 36 NY2d 154, 159 [1975]). The central question put before the trial judge, then, was whether defendant, assuming he was invited to visit Holder's apartment, "honestly believe[d]" he had lawfully entered the building housing that apartment pursuant to Holder's consent. Resolution of that issue required the trial judge to make a credibility call, pure and simple. The court, in the end, rejected justifiably, in my view defendant's explanation
as to how it came about that, despite his avowed familiarity with the Taft Houses and their environs, he managed to get lost in the hallways and stairwells on the upper floors of the "wrong" Taft Houses building. The trial court's decision to reject defendant's trial testimony was well within its province as factfinder, particularly considering the various unanswered questions raised by the defense accounts, including why defendant (mis)identified Holder as his "aunt" to police; why, in initially attempting to exit the building, he initially chose to eschew the elevator in favor of descending at least 14 flights of stairs when he was already late for a dinner engagement; why he ultimately paused in his descent on the 11th floor hallway; and why Holder, if she in fact invited defendant to eat dinner at her apartment, made no effort whatsoever to call her supposed surrogate son to determine his whereabouts and safety.2
Because it does not "appear[ ] that the trier of fact
has failed to give the evidence the weight it should be accorded" (People v. Bleakley, 69 NY2d at 495), and given the lack of merit to defendant's challenge to the facial sufficiency of the information, I respectfully dissent and vote to affirm the judgment of conviction.
1. Defendant's testimony on this point diverged from that of the arresting police officer, who stated that defendant, after being sighted in the lobby, was next seen on the 11th floor hallway and then, about eight minutes later, on the 18th floor hallway.
2. Nor is a different result warranted under an "elementbased" weight of the evidence review authorized by People v. Danielson (9 NY3d 342 [2007], supra) since, as previously indicated, the People's evidence proved the elements of third-degree criminal trespass beyond a reasonable doubt.


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Windows Server 2008
Understand Implicit Groups and Identities in Windows Server 2008
Understand Implicit Groups and Identities in Windows Server 2008
Windows Server 2008 defines a set of special identities that you can use to assign permissions in certain situations. You usually assign permissions implicitly to special identities. However, you can assign permissions to special identities when you modify Active Directory objects. The special identities include the following:
The Anonymous Logon identity
Any user accessing the system through anonymous logon has the Anonymous Logon identity. This identity allows anonymous access to resources, such as a Web page published on the corporate presence servers.
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The Creator Group identity
Windows Server 2008 uses this special identity group to automatically grant access permissions to users who are members of the same group(s) as the creator of a file or a directory.
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The person who created the file or the directory is a member of this special identity group. Windows Server 2008 uses this identity to automatically grant access permissions to the creator of a file or directory.
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Little Bird Song
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May 10, 2012
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Ten Bells
Mark Miller Gallery
This small, well-positioned gallery has works by emerging and mid-level artists.
Lower East Side Tenement Museum
This museum puts the neighborhood's heartbreaking but inspiring heritage on full display in three re-creations of...
Kehila Kedosha Janina Synagogue & Museum
This small synagogue is home to an obscure branch of Judaism, the Romaniotes, whose ancestors were slaves sent to Rome by ship but...
Barrio Chino
An eatery that spills easily into a party scene, with an airy Havana-meets-Beijing vibe and a focus on fine sipping tequilas. Or stick...
Hotel Chantelle
The appeal of the Hotel Chantelle, which isn't actually a hotel, is its lovely rooftop dining area. Don't bother coming for a mediocre...
247 Broome St · interesting places nearby
Ten Bells information
This charmingly tucked-away tapas bar has a grotto-like design, with flickering candles, dark tin ceilings, brick walls and a U-shaped bar that's an ideal setting for a conversation with a new friend.
The chalkboard menu hangs on both walls and features excellent wines by the glass, which go nicely with boquerones (marinated anchovies), txipirones en su tinta (squid in ink sauce) and regional cheeses. Come for happy hour when oysters are $1 each, and a carafe of wine costs $15. The unsigned entrance is easy to miss. It's right next to the shop Top Hat.


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wow too much drinking this weekend!
wow too much drinking this weekend!
Jun 12, 2005 11:00AM PST
The wife threw up on friday and saturday night. We went through 2 12 packs of hefeweizen and 2 4 packs of Bodingtons. Saturday morning at 330 we went to the fish market to make sushi rolls and sashimi. It was our first time, and I think we did pretty darn good for none of the people involved bein AZN!
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With a deadly combination of beauty and brains, we are quite certain that a successful TV role is definitely within her grasp. Brooke will be heading over to the US in July to work with various radio shows so stay tuned. All hail Brooke Evers – the next biggest talent in Australia!


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Nothing beats the sublime beauty of a desert lake, its azure waters shimmering dreamily against the golden hues around it, green grasses waving invitingly in the breeze, beckoning to thirsty animals and weary travelers.
Shannon Lake, Minnesota
Shannon Lake is located in St. Louis county, Minnesota. Find dining and lodging options near Shannon Lake.
Check out local things to do such as local golfing (Hibbing Municipal Golf Course, Mesaba Country Club and Wendigo Golf Club), water sports (Ely Surf Shop Inc), hiking (Headboom Logging Trail, Crooked Lake Trail and Stuart Portage).
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Contact us if this lake is a drinking water reservoir or if it's located on a private property.
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