text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Jul 6, 1971
|Filing date
|Mar 17, 1970
|Priority date
|Mar 17, 1970
|Publication number
|Brill Aaron B, Erickson Jon J, King Paul H, Patton James A
|Original Assignee
|Atomic Energy Commission
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (27), Classifications (10)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
United States Patent I 1 I 1 I 1 Appl. No. Filed Patented Assignee MULTICRYSTAL TOMOGRAPHIC SCANNER FOR MAPPING THIN CROSS SECTION OF RADIOACTIVITY IN AN ORGAN OF THE HUMAN BODY [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,428,805 2/1969 ,Donato et al. 250/71 .5 S 3,432,660 3/1969 Anger 250/715 S 3,509,341 4/1970 Hindel et al. 250/71 .5 S
Primary Examiner-Archie R. Borchelt Attorney-Roland A. Anderson ABSTRACT: A multicrystal tomographic scanner is utilized for mapping thin slices or cross sections of radioactivity in an organ of the human body which has been injected or ingested with a suitable radioisotope. A plurality of radiation detectors are arranged in a cylindrical monoplanar array with each detector focused in such a manner that the fields of view of all of the detectors intersect at a common point, and the detectors are driven mechanically such that this common point of the 10 c 10 Dnwing Figs detectors is caused to move in a rectilinear raster of about 8 11.8. CI 250/715 S, inches square. The distribution of radioactivity measured by 250/61,.5 the detectors due to the amount of radioisotope within the Int. Cl G01t 1/20 area being scanned is stored in a computer memory and Field of Search.. 250/616, reproduced on an oscilloscope display, as the section is being I 71.5 R, 71.5 S examined.
I TL LINEAR rcioa AMPLIFIER 2 13 14 cRr DISPLAY DIGITAL LOGIC 496 MEMORY p r INTER FACE PUP/9 I8 I COMPUTER TAPE DECKS Al TL LINEA a zrtctea more a PATENTED JUL 6 I9?! SHEET '1 [IF 8 INVENTORS. AaronB. Brill- J. Erickson Paul H. King James A. Patton Jon ATTORNEY- PATENTEU JUL 6 I97! SHEET 2 0F 8 INVENTORS. Aaron 8. Brill James A. PaHon Jon 1d; Erickson By Paul H. King ATTORNEY.
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PATENTED JUL 6 l9?! SHEET 4 0F 8 2 3 523 33 6 U22 :2: 32:20 N. 2 o w e N Q INVENTORS. Aar0n B. Brill James A. Patton Jon J Erickson By Paul H. King' ATTORNEY.
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PATENTEB JUL 6 Ian SHEET 6 0F 8 ATTORNEY.
SHEET 7 BF 8 INVENTORS. 3 Aaron B. Brill James A. PaHon Jon J. Eripkson BY Paul H. King ATTORNEY.
PATENTEU JUL 6|97l SHEET 8 OF 8 PHANTOM WITH TWO SOURCES IN SUMMING MODE PHANTOM A STRAIGHT BORE INVENTORS Aaron B. Brill James A. Patton Jon J. Erickson Paul H. King ATTORNEY.
MULTICRYSTAL TOMOGRAPI'IIC SCANNER FOR MAPPING TI'IIN CROSS SECTION OF RADIOACTIVITY IN AN ORGAN OF THE HUMAN BODY BACKGROUND OF the INVENTION This invention was made in the course of, or under, a contract with the US. Atomic Energy Commission.
The use of radioisotopes in diagnostic Nuclear Medicine for visualizing organs and abnormalities within the body is a proven tool of the clinician. One of the problems associated with any scanning detector system and the scan data display therefrom is the difficulty in viewing deep sources of radioactivity which may be hidden by overlying areas of radioactivity, particularly in the region of the brain. These areas may be superficial areas of activity which may make it difficult in some instances to obtain an adequate or accurate scan picture of the deep lying source, particularly when it is desired to obtain an online display of the sensed radioactivity distribution in real time for brain scans, for example.
Thus, there exists a need for a scanning system that will provide an accurate mapping of the radioactive distribution in deep regions of an area which may be obscured by overlying radioisotope distributions, while at the same time providing an online display of such mapping in real time. The present invention was conceived to meet this need in a manner to be described hereinbelow.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is the object of the present invention to provide an improved scanning device which will enable tomographic scanning of differentiable spatial distributions of matter, especially radionuclide matter, so as to aid in visualization of the size and location of body tissues demonstrating an abnormal uptake of, in particular, radioisotopes.
The above object has been accomplished in the present invention by providing a monoplanar cylindrical array of radiation detectors. Each detector is free to rotate about a vertical axis and the detectors are mechanically coupled to a common driving point. The detectors are oriented so that their fields of view intersect at a point which is directly below the above common driving point, and means are provided for moving the driving point in any desired path which may be a rectilinear raster, for example, while at the same time effecting a corresponding movement of the above intersection point of the detectors fields of view in such fashion as to provide a tomographic (i.e., cross-sectional) scan of a desired section through some portion of a human body. The detectors collect the radioactive emanations from an 8 inch by 8 inch square BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a top view of one scanner arrangement of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the scanner of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a sectional view of one of the detector assemblies used in the scanner of FIG. I;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the data acquisition system used with the scanner of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating a comparison of isoresponse curves for a detector utilizing different types of collimators;
FIG. 6 is a pair of graphs illustrating a; comparison of the resolution obtained by different types of collimators in a detector;
FIG. 7 is a schematic showing of another scanner embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a schematic showing of a top view of another scanning embodiment of the present invention;
FIG 9 shows scans made of a phantom which approximates the size of a head; and
FIG. 10 shows a transverse-section brain scan of a 7 yearold child.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 show part of the details of one scanner embodiment of the present invention. As can be more clearly seen in FIG. 2, the scanner has the general configuration of a cylindrical cage with a top ring 1, a bottom ring 1, and four vertical support posts 5 affixed to the rings 1, l and spaced at intervals. In addition to the four support posts 5, there are provided eight additional posts 3 extending between the rings 1 and 1', only one such post 3 being shown in FIG. 2 for the sake of clarity. Each end of each of the posts 3 is fitted in a ball bearing journal assembly in the respective rings 1, I and each post 3 extends above the top ring 1 and is affixed to a slotted member 4 such that when the member 4 is moved to different positions, in a manner to be described hereinbelow, the associated post 3 affixed thereto will rotate about its axis. There are two posts 3 positioned between each of the support posts 5. Since only one of these posts 3 is shown in FIG. 2, for the sake of clarity, some of the mounting holes in the rings 1 and I for the other posts 3, not shown, may be seen in FIG. 2.
A radiation detector assembly 2 is fixedly mounted on each of the posts 3 such that as each post is rotated in its bearing assemblies by its associated positioning arm 4, each of the detectors 2 will follow any rotational movement of the post 3 to which it is attached. Thus, the eight detectors 2 are arranged in a circle on a monoplane. Only two of the radiation detectors, 2 and 2, are shown in the top view of the scanner in FIG. 1 for the sake "of clarity. The slotted arms 4 and 4 associated with the detectors 2 and 2' and the slotted arms of the other six detectors, not shown, are mechanically coupled to a driving shaft 6 of an Ohio-Nuclear Model 54D, rectilinear scanner, not shown. The driving shaft 6 of the rectilinear scanner extends through the slot in each of the arms 4 associated with the posts 3 carrying the respective radiation detectors 2, such that as the shaft 6 is caused to move through a rectilinear raster, the fields of view of the respective radiation detectors, which intersect at a point which is directly below the driving point of the shaft 6, are caused to shift in position such that the detectors are forced to follow the driving point as it moves in its rectilinear raster. In other words, as the driving point is moved through a rectilinear raster of 8 inches square, for example, the detectorsfields of view follow this point and the system measures the distribution of activity which lies in a plane defined by the fields of view of the detectors in a manner to be described hereinbelow.
The scanner illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 was designed primarily for use in obtaining cross-sectional tomographic brain scans. For this purpose, the height of the cage assembly shown in FIG. 2 may be about 2 feet, for example, and the bottom ring I is then placed on the top of any suitable wooden frame assembly, not shown, with the top of such-an assembly being provided with a circular opening with a diameter slightly less than the inside diameter of the ring 1' of the scanner cage assembly. A patient from whom it is desired to obtain a sectional brain scan may then be placed in the wooden frame assembly and jacked up to a desired position such that his head is positioned in the fields of view of the detectors 2 of the device of FIG. 2. The patients head is supported by any suitable means, not shown, while it is positioned within the detector assembly to keep it relatively stationary while a desired cross-sectional scan through the desired plane of his head is being effected by the device of FIG. 2.
It should be understood that the detector assembly of FIG. 2 is not necessarily limited to the use for effecting single crosssectional brain scans. For example, the patient may be repositioned after a scan has been made through one desired crosssectional plane through his head and a new and different scan may then be made through a different cross-sectional plane, and at as many other patient positions as may be necessary or desired. Alternatively, it is within the scope of the present invention to provide multiple layers of tomographic scanners such that each layer of eight radiation detectors may be coupled to its own readout system to provide a plurality of crosssectional scans of a plurality of planes, either selectively or simultaneously. It should also be understood that the scanner of FIG. 2 is not limited for use in effecting only brain scans. For example, it is within the scope of the present invention to extend the height and diameter of the cage assembly of FIG. 2 such that it may encompass the entire body of a patient and to provide as many layers of radiation detectors as may be desired or as may be physically possible with the detectors mounted on the posts 3 such that each group of at least 8 detectors in each layer may be utilized to effect its own crosssectional plane scan of the body area within the field of view of the detectors associated with that layer. The readout from each detector group layer may be effected selectively or simultaneously as may be desired.
The details of a single radiation detector assembly 2 is illustrated in FIG. 3. The detector includes a 1% inch in diameter by one-half inch thick sodium iodide crystal 8 optically coupled to a 2 inch photomultiplier tube 10 which may be a Dumont, Model 6292, for example. The signal from the photomultiplier tube 10 is amplified by a preamplifier ll, I-Iamner Model NB-12, for example, mounted on its base. A lead focusing collimator 7 is mounted adjacent to and coupled to the face of the crystal 8. A lead shield 9 encompasses the photomultiplier tube 10, and a lead lined aluminum housing I2 encloses a portion of the detector assembly as shown.
The data acquisition portion of the present invention is shown in block diagram in FIG. 4. The data from each detector 2 of the scanner of FIG. 2 are handled by its own linear amplifier 13, and single channel analyzer M and then placed, by the digital logic interface 15, into the cell of the 4096 channel analyzer 16 corresponding to the position of the tomographic scanner in its rectilinear raster. An array of 64 by 64 intensity modulated data points is visible in real time on the CRT display 17, corresponding to the area of activity being examined. In addition, the data can be stored on digital magnetic tape by the use of tape decks 19, and/or transferred toa computer 18 for computer analysis. The computer 18 is provided with means to correct for any speed variations of the scanner and to correct for nonuniformity of response to the field of view. Straight summing of the outputs of the single channel analyzers 14 is usually performed by means of the digital logic interface 15. However, when it is desired or required, the unit 15 is adapted to effect other various options. For example, coincidence counting and rejection from the individual detectors 2 may be effected by the unit 15. In addition, where there exist superficial areas of activity in an area which is being scanned, which areas are commonly known as artifacts, and such artifacts tend to allow misrepresentation of radioactivity distributions in the output scan picture, the unit 15 may then include a logic circuit, commonly known as a ring counter. Such a ring counter is an example of an associated device which aids in the prevention of effects caused by artifacts.
The various components of the system shown in the block diagram of FIG. 4 may be identified by the following commercially available units, for example. The subcomponents of the detector units 2 have already been identified hereinabove. The linear amplifiers 13 may be Hamner Model NAll, the single channel analyzers 14 may be Hamner Model NC-ll, the CRT display unit 17 may be the lntertechnique Company, Dover, N.J., Model RG-96, the 4096 memory unit may be Intertechnique Model BM96, the computer 18 may be a Digital Equipment Corporation Model PDP/9, and the tape decks unit 19 may be IBM Model 727. It should be noted that the unit 19 includes a tape controller IBM Model 754 for controlling the tape decks. The digital logic interface I5 is described in a thesis entitled "A Digital Data Acquisition System For Use In Nuclear Medicine Scanning And Whole Body Counting" by William Elbert Cook, Jr., a PhD Dissertation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee I969. This Dissertation has been assigned an Atomic Energy Commission report No. ORO- 2401-23 and a copy thereof may be ob tained, upon request, from the Division of Technical Information Service, P. O. Box E, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. In addition, a Dissertation Abstract of the above thesis may be obtained, by request, by writing to: University Microfilms, 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48106.
The radiation detectors used inJthe scanner of FIG. 2 utilize multihole focusing collimators designed by Robert Beck of the Argonne National Laboratory. Single hole straight bore collimators were first used in the detectors but their use was abandoned for the reason that their use resulted in poor pictorial quality due to low sensitivity. On the other hand, the multihole focusing collimator has a uniform response over a wide depth. To demonstrate the difference in response of the two types of collimators, reference is made to FIG. 5 which shows a comparison of the isoresponse curves for the two types of collimators for a line source of lc'". This isotope emits Kev. X- rays and is widely used in diagnostic scanning. The faces of the collimators in each instance were 5% inches from the center of the scanning area which is represented in the figure by a broken line. It can be noted that the center of the scanning area is just reached by the 50 percent envelope for the straight bore collimator, whereas the 5.0 percent envelope for the focusing collimator extends out to a distance of 8% inches. This distance covers most of the scanning area. FIG. 6 shows a comparison of the plots of the full width at half maximum of the line response curves versus distance from the faces of the collimators. It should be noted that the response of the focusing collimator is reasonably uniform out to the center of the scanning area. The use of the multihole focusing collimators has increased the sensitivity of the system to a line source at the center of the scanning area by a factor of 16 with no loss in resolution.
FIG. 9 shows scans made with the above described system of a phantom which approximates the size of a head. It consists of a one-half inch outer annulus and two 1 inch by 1 inch inner boxes. Each of the boxes can be filled individually. These scans were made with the same specific activity of "Tc" in the annulus and in the two sources inside the annulus. Sean A was made with the straight bore collimators and scan B with the focusing collimators. The phantom in scan B had onefourth the activity that it had in scan A. Both scans were made in the straight summing mode at the same scanning speed with a time of 5 minutes required. It can be noted that the pictorial quality has been greatly improved with the use of the multihole focusing collimators.
It should be noted that any further discussion hereinbelow of the above described system will relate to the use of the multihole focusing collimators in the radiation detectors and in the other embodiments of the present invention to be described hereinbelow.
In the operation of the above described system and before each scanning period, the detectors are focused on a point source in the center of the scanning area and balanced. After this calibration procedure has been effected, the system is now ready to perform any desired cross section scan in a straightforward, accurate and efficient manner in a minumum of time.
FIG. 10 shows a transverse-section scan of a 7 year-old child with a history of headaches and nausea which scan was obtained in a routine operation of the above described system. This scan clearly shows a large area of increased activity in the left anterior region. Subsequent surgery revealed a large malignant tumor in this patient.
There are several potential advantages of the abovedescribed tomographic scanning system. The use of many detectors increases the sensitivity of the system and thus will permit the use of fine resolution collimators. Data handling for display generation is all handled with simple digital logic, and therefore additional detectors in the same or adjacent planes can be added easily and cheaply, if desired. The online CRT display permits observation of the data as they are being taken. Computer analysis of a scan may not be necessary, but if needed can be performed during of after the scan is completed. The use of the online CRT display in the present invention also permits the use of short-lived radioisotopes in the patients being studied thus minimizing any radiation hazard to these patients. Examples of other short-lived radioisotopes that may be utilized in the practice of this invention include ln'" and Ga, in addition to "To" mentioned hereinabove. The choice of the particular radioisotope to be utilized depends upon the body area to be scanned and it should be understood that other than the above mentioned radioisotopes may be employed when and if desired.
One of the applications of the above described tomographic scanner is its adaptation for scanning of brain tumors using stable tracers. It has been shown that brain tumors take up bismuth to a concentration of as much as 75 to 100 times that for normal brain tissue after introduction of bismuth into the body. However, there are no good radioactive isotopes of bismuth which are suitable for diagnostic scanning in humans. 81 has been used only to a very limited extent, but it is not practical due to the high dose rates inherent in its use. However, stable bismuth and other stable tracers may be utilized in practicing the present invention by mapping distributions of the stable tracer by counting the fluorescent radiations emitted therefrom when an external exciting source is used in association with the tracer. The scanner of FIG. 2 can be modified to perform fluorescence scanning when stable tracers are being utilized. Such a modification is illustrated in FIG. 7 to which reference is now made.
The scanner illustrated in FIG. 7 is identical to the scanner of FIG. 2 except for the following changes. The lead focusing collimators of the radiation detectors of FIG. 2 are replaced by cadmium focusing collimators in the scanner of FIG. 7. Such cadmium collimators are used in FIG. 7 when bismuth is used as the stable tracer for the reason that there is a problem of separating the bismuth fluorescence radiation from the lead fluorescence radiation produced in lead collimators when the lead collimators are used. This problem is substantially solved by using the cadmium collimators.
In addition to the above change, an exciting source 21 is suspended from the driving shaft 6 of the scanner and positioned so that its focal point is always at the common scanning point of the eight radiation detectors 2, only one such detector being shown in FIG. 7. The source 21 is enclosed within a lead container which is provided with an opening into which is fitted a cadmium focusing collimator 22. The source 21 may be *"Ic'", for example.
In the operation of the device of FIG. 7, the only area being irradiated is a cylinder through the point of intersection of the fields of view of the radiation detectors 2, and as this point of intersection is caused to be moved in a rectilinear raster by the driving shaft 6, the exciting source 21 and its output cylinder of irradiation will also follow this same raster since the source 21 is affixed to the lower end of the shaft 6.
Measurements made with one collimated sodium iodide radiation detector have determined that the number of X-rays detected from a known quantity of bismuth in solution, such as may be represented by the phantom 23 in FIG. 7, is a linear function of the activity of the exciting source. The number of X-rays detected is also a linear function of the quantity of bismuth present. The scanner of FIG. 7 may be used with the same data acquisition system as was used for the scanner of FIG. 2, the details of which are shown in FIG. 4 and described hereinabove. Thus, the scanning system of FIGS. 1-4, as modified by the changes described for FIG. 7, can be effectively utilized for mapping distributions of stable tracers in jected or infused into an area of the human body by counting the fluorescent radiations emitted from such tracers when an external exciting source is used in association. therewith as illustrated in FIG. 7.
Another scanner embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 8, and it utilizes a scanner cage assembly substantially identical to the one shown in FIG. 2, described hereinabove, but utilizes a different drive system for positioning the radiation detectors. The top view of the scanner arrangement of FIG. 8 shows only two radiation detector units 25 and 25'. It should be understood that the device of FIG. 8 includes 6 other detectors, not shown.
A top ring 24 is spaced about two feet from a bottom ring, not shown, and there are 4 support posts as well as 8 other posts for supporting the detector units, and all of these posts are mounted to the top and bottom rings in a manner similar to that shown in FIG. 2, to define a cylindrical cage assembly. The detector support posts are free to rotate by means of bearing assemblies in the top and bottom rings and these posts extend above the top ring 24 and are affixed to gears 28. A precision stepping motor 29 is provided and a drive belt 26 is coupled to the drive shaft of the motor 29 and this belt is fitted around each of the gears 28, and around a pair of pulleys 27 mounted in the top ring 24, such that by operating the stepping motor, each radiation detector will be swept through a square scanning area defined by the dashed line shown in the middle of the device of FIG. 8. Each of the eight detectors is swept through the same cross-sectional scanning area only once at a constant angular velocity by the motor 29.. The total angular movement of each detector may be about 68, for example, such that the composite total area covered by the eight radiation detectors in a scanning operation is about an 8-inch square area enclosed by the dashed line as shown in FIG. 8.
In the operation of the device of FIG. 8, data will be collected at preset angular increments and stored in the 4096 channel analyzer with the origin of each data point also being recorded. At the completion of the data collection, the data are processed by the PDP-9 computer. The computer makes use of the response characteristics of the detectors to reconstruct the distribution of activity in the scanning area for display purposes.
The advantage of this mode of operation of FIG. 8 is that data can be collected at much faster rates than with the system of FIG. 2. Thus, the system of FIG. 8 will be useful for dynamic function studies and for studies using very short-lived, high activity isotopes.
Although the system of FIG. 8 provides for collecting data at much faster rates, it does not lend itself to an online display since the data from each of the respective radiation detector units is collected individuallyin the 4096 memory unit and subsequent processing by the PDP-9 computer is required to provide a reconstructed scan picture.
This invention has been described by way of illustration rather than limitation and it should be apparent that it is equally applicable in fields other than those described.
What we claim is:
1. An improved tomographic scanner for measuring and mapping cross sections of radioactivity in a selected section of the human body which has been injected with a selected radioisotope, comprising a plurality of radiation detectors, means for supporting said detectors in a cylindrical monoplanar array, means for mechanically coupling said detectors together such that the fields of view of all of the detectors intersect at a common point at all times, means coupled to and associated with said mechanical coupling means for effecting continuous movement of each of said detectors to effeet a movement of said common point in a rectilinear raster, means coupled to the outputs of said detectors for summing the data received therefrom, means storing said summed data for each point in said raster, and an oscilloscope display device coupled to'said storing means for providing an online display of the radioactivity distribution of said body section as it is beingscanned by said scanner.
2. The scanner set forth in claim 1, wherein each of said detectors includes a multihole focusing collimator, a sodium iodide crystal coupled to said collimator, a photomultiplier tube coupled to said crystal, and a preamplifier mounted on the base of said tube.
3. The scanner set forth in claim 1, wherein said support means for said detectors includes a cylindrical cagelike assembly consisting of a top ring and a bottom ring and a plurality of vertical support posts separating said rings and affixed thereto, a plurality of rotatable additional vertical posts extending between said rings and through journal bearings in said rings, respective ones of said detectors being mounted on respective ones of said rotatable posts to from said monoplanar array of detectors.
4. The scanner set forth in claim 3, wherein said means for mechanically coupling said detectors together comprises a plurality of horizontal slotted arms, one each of said arms affixed to the top of one each of said rotatable detector supporting posts, and a common shaft extending through each of said slotted arms to provide a common driving point for said anns and said rotatable posts attached thereto, said common driving point being directly above said common intersection point for the fields of view of said detectors, said common driving point shaft being adapted to move both of said common points simultaneously through said rectilinear raster.
5. The scanner set forth in claim 4, wherein the number of radiation detectors in said monoplanar array is at least eight.
6. The scanner set forth in claim 5, wherein said summing means comprises a digital logic interface and said data storing means'eomprises a 4096 channel analyzer for storing an array of 64 by 64 data points therein.
7. The scanner set forth in claim 5, wherein said scanner is adapted to scan a body section which has been injected with a stable tracer, said scanner being further provided with an exciting source suspended from the lower end of said rectilinear driving shaft, said exciting source directing exciting rays through said common intersection point of said detectors for effecting fluorescence radiation in said stable tracer within said body section, whereby said scanner provides for fluorescence scanning of the excited tracer.
8. The scanner set forth in claim 6, and further including a computer and tape decks coupled to said 4096 channel analyzer.
9. The scanner set forth in claim 6, wherein said rotatable detector supporting posts are provided with a plurality of additional monoplanar arrays of radiation detectors, whereby a plurality of cross-sectional scans may be effected simultaneously during the rectilinear scanning of said scanner.
10. The scanner set forth in claim 1, wherein said mechanical coupling of said detectors is replaced with a precision stepping motor, said detectors being coupled to said motor in such a manner that each of said detectors is swept through a preselected angle only once during a scanning operation, and said summing means, storing means and oscilloscope display are replaced with a 4096 channel analyzer connected to the outputs of said detectors and a computer coupled to said analyzer.
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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With the end of school and the start of summer, the Dawson County Parks department is getting ready to open the pool located at Veteran's Park on Hwy. 9 just north of Dawsonville.
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Last year was our first year of experience under the 65-plus Senior Homestead Tax Exemption program voted in by Lumpkin County voters by over 80 percent.
On the morning of April 15, America's dreaded "tax day," Georgians awoke to the news that their state legislature had voted to completely eliminate two separate state taxes.
As usual, we continue to revel in the beauty of spring: azaleas, wisteria, dogwood, tulips, pansies and green, green, green everywhere. And as usual, we suffer through the pollen that accompanies all that green - but we understand the importance of pollination, so we go through it.
Last Wednesday I was privileged to join Gov. Sonny Perdue in recognizing two local 9-1-1 heroes from Forsyth County. Both were 9 years old at the time of their emergencies.
I am a new face to the Dawsonville Community and love it here.
After a long, cold and wet winter, spring has finally arrived in North Georgia.
Congress' passage of national health care reform proves that despite speaking loudly, Americans' voices were not heard in Washington. For the 59 percent of Americans who did not want Washington to pass such reform, we have been abandoned by a government that used to work for us, not against us.
Congratulations to Sally Sorohan for all of her work to get a "no texting while driving" bill passed. We still have a long way to go, but SB 360 and HB 938 both passed their respective houses. Surely one of them will make it to the Governor's desk. It was my privilege to be a sponsor of a House version of the bill. The final bill will incorporate the best efforts of all legislators who participated in this landmark legislation.
Page 39 of 50
Oh, great. I have just been outed. It turns out that I am a bed-wetting liberal redneck. You were sure to find that out sooner ...
In his long career as a teacher and coach in Dawsonville, the late Charles Finley inspired thousands of students, and his memory inspired a blood ...
Many homeowners ask me about recommendations for certain plants that will fit their landscape. Since many of us have wooded lots, a question I often ...
On Sept. 12 the Dawson County Board of Education passed a resolution opposing Amendment 1, a constitutional amendment which would create a state run school ...
Uh. Oh. Here we go again. I have been told that we are beginning to experience drought conditions in the state.
UGA Extension will be offering a free backyard poultry management course from 5:30 to 8:30 p.m. Sept. 27 at the Lumpkin County ...
Who cares what Colin Kaepernick, the sage of San Francisco, thinks? Really.
Ben and I would like to thank everyone who participated in the LifeSouth blood drive Aug. 27 in memory of Charles [Finley].
I spoke recently to the Peace Officers' Association of Georgia at their annual conference in Savannah and was privileged to witness a group of dedicated ...
Tall fescue is one of the most popular turf-type grasses in north Georgia. People love tall fescue for its dark green color in fall and ...
"Be the Key," Dawson County Family Connection's underage drinking prevention campaign, conducted a community-wide survey in spring 2016 to find out what adults think ...
One of my loyal readers and a person of some political gravitas in his community says he has had a gullet full of Donald Trump ...
I just turned 69.
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subset: commoncrawl


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FSSAI issues draft norms for e-commerce food operators
FSSAI has come out with draft guidelines for 'food business activities through e-commerce' after a meeting with the stakeholders in March.
Surrogacy Bill draft from stone age: Congress
It appears to follow a most anti-liberal approach, not at all in line with the social milieu ...
Small Factories Bill revived after two years of first draft
The idea of a standalone Small Factories Bill is to make life simple for small an...
Draft GST Bill: State FM's to meet industry association
The State Finance Ministers panel will meet industry and trade representatives on August 30 to get their inputs on the model GST law.
Salient features of draft GST Bill
GST would be payable on "transaction value", being the price actually paid or payable, and said to include all expenses in relation to sale.
National Commission of Women takes on Maneka Gandhi, returns draft trafficking bill
"We can't accept this bill. If we make recommendations on it, it would mean we are accepting it in some form," said a NCW source.
Parliamentary panel chief backs draft Geospatial Bill
Speaking at a FICCI conference, Bhattacharya pointed out that inaccurate depiction of maps was not acceptable and the country's security and integrity cannot be compromised.
Draft bill for Delhi's full statehood likely this week
AAP had planned to hold a referendum on the issue, which was later shelved after constitutional experts said anything of that sort would be "unconstitutional".
Savethemap prepares draft response to the Geospatial Bill
The Bill, which seeks to license and regulate geospatial data has been in the eye of a storm ever since it was made public and is accepting citizen feedback until June 4.
Centre comes out with draft bills on water conservation, management
After incorporating suggestions/comments, the bills will be put before the Union Cabinet for approval and in Parliament before being circulated to states.
Draft bill for Delhi's statehood ready: Arvind Kejriwal
Kejriwal has been batting for full statehood for Delhi, claiming the move will help him implement his plans better in the city.
AAP govt releases draft bill on full statehood to Delhi
Kejriwal said that he will write letters and also meet Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Home Minister Rajnath Singh, BJP President Amit Shah and Congress President Sonia Gandhi.
AAP invites suggestion: Draft Bill for Delhi statehood released
Delhi is recognised as a UT with an elected assembly and a govt which has jurisidiction over most aspects except law and order, policing and land related issues.
Kiren Rijiju rejects Pakistan's objection to draft bill on map
Kiren Rijiju's comments came after Pakistan said it has expressed "serious concern" to the UN over a draft bill over the map of Kashmir.
Government ready with draft bill on passive euthanasia, asks for people's views
The bill provides protection to patients and doctors from any liability for withholding medical treatment stating palliative care can continue.


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Visit the home and workspace of graphic designer Marian Bantjes, as she shares her views on design and designers, and tour her distinctive one-woman show at the Ontario College of Art & Design.
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What is a Virtual Run & Walk?
The Proud to Be ND Virtual Run & Walk is your chance to come together as the Notre Dame Family, wherever you are, and help support the educational experience of our current undergraduates, while having a great time with friends and family in your local community!
Simply make a gift to the Notre Dame Fund on our registration page and pledge to run or walk a 5k, 10k, half-marathon, or marathon on December 1. In recognition of your commitment to Notre Dame, all Virtual Run & Walk donors will receive a Proud to Be ND finisher's medal!
What's new this year?
We'll be debuting a brand new medal design for 2015 in the coming weeks! Also new this year, the Notre Dame Club with the largest number of registered participants will receive a championship banner in recognition of their pride and accomplishment.
Do I get a real medal for participating?
Yes! All Virtual Run & Walk donors will receive an actual finisher's medal in the mail. The color of your medal will reflect your pledged distance. Stay tuned to Proud to Be ND on social media for this year's medal reveal!
When can I make a gift?
The Virtual Run & Walk registration page will be open from October 4 until the end of the day on race day, December 1. You can make a Virtual Run & Walk gift at any time during that period.
When will I receive my medal?
Make your gift before October 19, and you'll receive your finisher's medal before race day (Dec 1). All participants who make a gift on or after October 19 will receive a finisher's medal by early January.
Where can I run or walk?
Anywhere! Treadmills to trails, get out and get active in your local community and encourage your family, friends, and fellow Fighting Irish fans to do the same. Just be sure to stay safe! Check out these general safety tips from the Road Runners Club of America.
Do you need proof that I actually finished my run or walk?
No, all Virtual Run & Walk donors will receive finisher medals, and there is no need to report any results on December 1. We do encourage you, however, to talk about your experience online by sharing photos and videos on our Facebook event page, or anywhere on social media using #ProudtobeND.
How can I let others know I'm participating?
Follow Proud to Be ND on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. Then, share your training photos, medal pictures, and race day festivities using the hashtag #ProudtobeND.
Does my gift impact current students?
Yes! All Virtual Run & Walk donations benefit the Notre Dame Fund. The Notre Dame Fund helps to make the one-of-a-kind undergraduate experience possible through support of financial aid, residence halls, student activities and clubs, and campus operations. The Notre Dame Fund gives University leaders the flexibility to quickly allocate funds to respond to critical needs and emerging opportunities.
I'm a Sorin Society member. Does a Virtual Run & Walk gift count toward my membership?
Yes! Virtual Run & Walk gifts count toward all levels of Sorin Society membership, including Corby Young Alumni. Virtual Run & Walk gifts do not count toward other recognition societies at Notre Dame.
Do Virtual Run & Walk donations count toward football lottery eligibility?
Yes! More information about football lottery eligibility can be found at footballtickets.nd.edu.
I want to run or walk in support of Notre Dame, but unfortunately can't make a gift at this time. Can I still participate?
Yes, we encourage everyone to show their pride and share photos and stories of your experience using #ProudtobeND. Only Virtual Run & Walk donors will be recognized with a finisher medal.
I've made a Virtual Run & Walk gift to the Notre Dame Fund, but unfortunately can't get out and run or walk on December 1. Can I still participate?
Yes! You can get out and run or walk whenever is most convenient for you. Be sure to share your experience online using #ProudtobeND, and we might feature your submissions!
What if I have other questions?
We are here to help! Please contact our Race Director, Jonathan Retartha '07, '11 MBA, at 574-631-5340 or via email at firstname.lastname@example.com with any questions.


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Today's Featured Artist: Michael Godard
Protect your iPhone 7 with a brand new iPhone 7 phone case!
Pixels Exclusive: Introducing the hottest summer accessory of 2016... round beach towels! FREE WORLDWIDE SHIPPING.
Fine Art America has expanded to 14 fulfillment centers in 5 countries!
David Bowie Remembered - A Collection of Unpublished Portraits by Terry O'Neill
Now shipping framed prints from Canada! Need your order in time for Christmas? Check out our Holiday Shipping Deadlines.
Live from New York... it's Anne Geddes! Watch Anne create one of her iconic holiday images live from her studio in NYC at 10:00 AM EST today.
Holiday procrastinators... purchase a gift certificate and get it delivered right to your inbox.
Wrap your gifts with a reusable holiday tote bag! Need your order in time for Christmas? Check out our Holiday Shipping Deadlines.
Check out our Holiday Gift Guide! Need your order in time for Christmas? Check out our Holiday Shipping Deadlines.
The watermark in the lower right corner of the image will not appear on the final print.
Red Love . Square . A120423.279 by Wingsdomain Art and Photography - 8.000" x 8.000"
Acrylic Print
Hanging Wire
Assembly Charge
Red Love . Square . A120423.279 acrylic print by Wingsdomain Art and Photography. Bring your artwork to life with the stylish lines and added depth of an acrylic print. Your image gets printed directly onto the back of a 1/4" thick sheet of clear acrylic. The high gloss of the acrylic sheet complements the rich colors of any image to produce stunning results. Two different mounting options are available, see below.
Ships Within
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Ships From
Atlanta, GA
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Mounting Option #1
Mounting Option #2
Bring your artwork to life with the stylish lines and added depth of an acrylic print. Your image gets printed directly onto the back of a 1/4" thick sheet of clear acrylic.
The image is the art - it doesn't get any cleaner than that!
All acrylic prints ship within 3 - 4 business days and arrive "ready to hang" with four aluminum mounting posts (Option #1) or hanging wire (Option #2).
The high gloss of the acrylic sheet complements the rich colors of any image to produce stunning results.
There are two different ways to mount your acrylic print.
Option #1 (Mounting Posts) - Attach your print to your wall with four aluminum mounting posts. The cylindrical cap of each mounting post can be removed, allowing you to thread a small screw along the center axis of the of post and into the wall. When you're finished, simply reattached each cap, and you're done. The mounting posts act as stand-offs and keep your print separated from the wall by 1". All of the required mounting hardware (i.e. posts, screws, and wall anchors) is included with your print. Click here for mounting details.
Option #2 (Hanging Wire) - With this option, your acrylic print is attached to a 1/4" thick black board which has a wooden frame and hanging wire attached to the back. There are no metal mounting posts at the corners. Simply put a nail in your wall, hang your print from the hanging wire, and you're done. Due to the thickness of the black board and mounting frame, your print is separated from the wall by 1.50" Click here for mounting details.
Red Love . Square . A120423.279 Abstract Fractal Art are lively and rich with detail, creating energy for any space. A definite conversation piece with a pleasant playfulness that will remain in the minds of anyone who views it, whether they be your guests, your boss, your coworkers, your relatives, and yes, even YOU! They will look great in just about any room, from your home to your office, and in public spaces like a hotel lobby or in private spaces like galleries. My Abstract Fractal Art will look best on a large canvas, but a print on photo paper media with or without framing will look just as stunning! www.wingsdomain.com
ART SEARCH Press Keyboard ENTER when ready Find information and discover places to go and visit and things to do in the San Francisco Bay Area, Point Reyes, Napa, Sonoma California Wine Country, and throughout all of Sunny California from small backroad towns to the Hollywood lights in Southern California. Find information on and learn about Cars like Ford Mustang, Chevrolet Corvette, Buick, Pontiac, Cadillac, Bugatti, Ferarri, Porsche, BMW, and Lamborghini; Trains like Amtrak, Union Pacific, Southern Pacific, BNSF, and Santa Fe; boats, motorcycles, and other modes of transportation. Keep up with the latest news on classic as well as current hollywood celebrities like Elvis Presley, Marilyn Monroe, Marlon Brando, Will Rogers, Bing...
Our return policy is very simple:
If you're not happy with a purchase that you made on FineArtAmerica.com, for any reason, you can return it to us within 30 days of the order date. As soon as it arrives, we'll issue a full refund for the entire purchase price. Please note - Fine Art America does not reimburse the outgoing or return shipping charges unless the return is due to a defect in quality.
Fine Art America sells thousands of pieces of artwork each month - all with a 100% money-back guarantee. We take great pride in the fact that hundreds of thousands of artists have chosen Fine Art America to fulfill their orders, and we look forward to helping you select your next piece!
Customer Service: 877-807-5901
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All acrylic prints ship from our production facility within 2 - 3 business days of your order.


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Well, I am incredibly excited about the next couple of movies because in the next couple of movies we're going to learn how to color-correct skin tone. Now color-correcting the skin is incredibly important especially with digital capture. And here's why. The red channel is the channel that's most sensitive to light and that's a channel where a lot of the skin information is contained. So we need to figure out a way to color-correct our images so that skin looks good. In the next few movies, we will work on a number of different types of skin tone and it is going to get a little bit complicated. So I provide a few resource files for you. I should also say that I've covered this content in another one of my training titles, Photoshop for Photographers.
So if you've watched those movies, feel free to skip ahead. If you haven't, I definitely recommend that you check these out because this will be incredibly important. Now the first resource file that I want to point out is this one, skin tone by the numbers. This has a step-by-step account of how to color-correct skin by the numbers and I'm hoping that that will act as a guide for you as you begin to work on your own images. The other resource file I have for you is called numbers.psd. I'm going to open that file up so we can begin to think about how color-correction works for skin tones. Well what you do when you're color-correcting for skin tones is you set a sample point and in your Info palette you set it to read the CMYK values and those CMYK values are incredibly important for us. The cyan is going to be about a third to a fifth of the magenta and yellow and if you are like me, you're thinking, Oh no. Math. Well the math is actually really simple. Stick with me for a second.
So cyan is a third to a fifth, magenta and yellow, those guys are pretty close, yellow is always higher. Alright, well practically what does that look like? I'm going to turn on this top group here and you're going to see some sample numbers. Now all images won't have these numbers but they will have this number relationship. So let's take a look at the example. Cyan is 10, magenta and yellow, those two guys are close, yellow is a little bit higher, perfect. Now my cyan, we said, was a third to a fifth of the magenta and yellow. So what that means for me as I multiply cyan by 3, that equals 30, I multiply my cyan by 5, that's 50. So if my magenta and yellow are between 30 and 50, I'm in good shape. I have color-correct skin tone.
Now, these numbers may vary as I mentioned. The cyan can vary between a third to a fifth that can even go as high as a half sometimes. Also the overall numbers will increase or decrease based on the density of the skin. So if I have skin that has much denser tones in it then those numbers are all going to be much higher. Alright, well let's take a look at how that actually works and we will do that in the next movie.
Those wishing to see these skills applied in greater detail may also enjoy Photoshop CS3 Portrait Retouching Techniques.
- Strategizing a retouching workflow
- Correcting color and tone
- Cleaning up images in Camera Raw
- Removing distractions
- Enhancing structure and symmetry
- Reducing and removing wrinkles
- Sculpting facial features and body parts
- Whitening and brightening teeth
- Changing eyes
- Smoothing skin


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Providing Affordable Custom Framing ,Engraving, Awards, Trophies, Promotional Products, and Personalized Gifts to the Red Wing Area and beyond.. Backwoods Framing & Engraving is a one stop shop for personalized gifts and awards, as well as any type of picture framing. We specialized in shadow box framing of treasures of any size.
All the framing and engraving products of the "big guy" are available, but with the attention, service and price break a small business can offer. All of our work is 100% guaranteed for as long as you own it.
At Backwoods Framing and Engraving, we can handle everything from taking and printing a photo to designing a custom frame that matchs your specific needs. We can mat, glaze, and frame your art, as well as pick up and deliver it. We can also laser engrave onto the mat, glass, or frame moulding for a unique look.
If your time is limited, your framing, engraving, or other personalized project can be designed remotely using email or text. Call us for information on how to start a remote design project.
Backwoods Framing and Engraving offers affordable custom picture framing, engraving, trophies, awards, and personalized gifts to the greater Red Wing area, including Red Wing, Welch, Bay City, Ellsworth, Goodhue, Zumbrota, Hager City, Maiden Rock, Stockholm, Pepin, Lake City, Miesville, Cannon Falls, and Hastings. Red Wing is also a great day trip from anywhere in the three-state area!
Thanks for taking the time to look at our website. We hope it gives you some ideas of projects you'd like to get done! If you'd like more information, please fill out the adjacent form or call us directly at 651-388-1059.
We are open 9-5 Monday through Friday, and all other times by appointment. Give us a call and let us know when you are free. We'll find a time that works for you, no matter what your schedule is!
© Copyright 2015 ♦ Backwoods Framing & Engraving ♦ All Rights Reserved In Association with Keech Media, LLC Web Design Provided by Scope 10 LLC ♦ Mobile App Development & Web Services


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President Obama Visits Baton Rouge After Criticism That He's Late
President Obama tours Louisiana's communities affected by the flood that damaged over 60,000 homes and killed 13 people.
As many as 248 women in Central Africa's Democratic Republic of Congo say they were attacked by soldiers during a violent two–day crime spree in June, the AFP reports.
The attacks, which allegedly happened between June 10 and June 12 in the areas of Nakiele (where 121 women reported being raped), Abala (which saw 55 reports) and Kanguli (which saw 72 reports), were committed by at least 150 armed soldiers commanded by runaway national army Colonel Nyiragire Kulimushi. Kulimushi, formerly part of the Mai Mai tribal militia before the group merged with the national army, fled a military base near Nakiele June 8. All of the areas where the attacks allegedly occurred are miles away from each other.
The government is "actively" searching for Kulimushi, said government spokesman Lambert Mende, according to the AFP.
In May, a report from the American Journal of Public Health revealed that 48 women and girls are raped each hour in the nation, which has been plagued by conflict and corruption. Those figures were far higher than those previously reported by the United Nations.
President Obama tours Louisiana's communities affected by the flood that damaged over 60,000 homes and killed 13 people.
The only person that can send Gatlin home without the gold medal? A young man from Trelawney, Jamaica, whose last name literally means to run.


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Hi John, On Thu, 30 Jun 2016 11:37:24 +0200 John <john_m...@t-online.de> wrote: > Package: general > Severity: grave > Justification: causes non-serious data loss > > I'm running the current 64-bit Debian with the Cinnamon desktop and have been experiencing 'freezes' for about > a month now. The mouse still moves around but clicking on any window produces no response. However right-clicking > on any window (eg Firefox) brings up the context menu for the desktop!?This looks more like a bug in the window manager rather than a general bug. I'd recommend to reassign it.
> > I run a twin-screen set-up and looking at the screens which were timed-out I noticed that the times on the two > screens were different! One was reading 11:03 and the other 11:16!Like if one of the screens stop updating? > > After a few minutes both screens were frozen and I had to Ctrl+Alt+F1, kill the x-session-manager which resulted > in the login screen and the system wsudo gedit /var/log/syslogas usable again.. > > >From this I conclude that the problem is OS-related and not driver-related (as a twin-screen set-up is configured > in the OS).From this I conclude that the OS part (kernel and basic utilities) are still running correctly but the window manager stops dispatching events, maybe due to a buggy program catching the focus and incorrectly handling the X events. I'd recommend again to reassign this bug to the window manager package. There you will probably find a better chance to get help. -- Cheers, Abou Al Montacir
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Comment submitted by Mary Travaglini, Interim Executive Director, Society for Ecological Restoration (SER)
The is a Comment on the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Notice: Gulf of Mexico Regional Ecosystem Restoration Strategy (Preliminary)
For related information, Open Docket Folder
SER applauds the efforts of the Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Task Force this past year. The efforts to obtain public and stakeholder engagement including public meetings and listening sessions throughout the Gulf region were especially outstanding. SER believes that promoting consensus-building and leveraging partnerships with the Gulf of Mexico Alliance, The Hypoxia Task Force, the Natural Resource Damage Assessment Trustee Council and the National Ocean Council will be critical as this effort moves forward. SER places a high value on the four goals outlined in the Gulf of Mexico Regional Ecosystem Restoration Strategy:
•Restore and conserve habitat
•Restore water quality
•Replenish and protect living coastal and marine resources
•Enhance community resilience
SER strongly supports the incorporation of science-based adaptive management and monitoring and firmly believes that the Gulf ecosystem requires immediate action.
Most importantly, SER supports the Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Task Force's reiterated recommendations made by Secretary Mabus calling for the U.S. Congress to:
•Formalize the long-term intergovernmental partnership among the Gulf Coast states and the federal government by establishing a successor coordinating body to the Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Task Force.
•Dedicate a significant portion of the eventual Clean Water Act civil penalties resulting from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill for Gulf recovery, in addition to current funding for Gulf programs.
Mary Travaglini
Interim Executive Director
Society for Ecological Restoration
No documents available.
Comment Period Closed
Oct 26 2011, at 11:59 PM ET
Tracking Number: 80f5b3dc
Document Information
Show More Details
Date Posted: Oct 26, 2011


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Deviation Hits NYC For First Time EverTweet
Benji B, Kode9 and Lunice are set to host Deviation at Le Poisson Rouge, New York next Wednesday.
Ahead of Red Bull's Academy taking place in The Big Apple later this year, Deviation is to make its city debut together with RBMA. This edition of Benji B's legendary night will also be his first appearance in New York for three years.
Hyperdub boss Kode9 is billed next. Having pauseded production for the last year or so, Kode9 has excelled as a label owner and DJ. His imprint has been prolific recently, and if Steve Goodman's set at the last Deviation x Hyperdub party was anything to go by, NYC are in for a treat.
Montreal's showman Lunice completes the line-up. His recent collaborative project with Hudson Mohawke has propelled him further into the limelight; the pair now responsible for a jaw-dropping live show (trust us!) and a bass-heavy EP to be released on July 23.
The DJs will be hosted, as standard, by MC Judah.
See the Facebook event here and stream Lunice and Hud Mo's track 'Bugg'N' below.


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Archerfield, Queensland
Brisbane, Queensland
Archerfield Airport terminal, 2007
|510 (2011 census)[1]
|11 km (7 mi) from Brisbane GPO
|City of Brisbane
|State electorate(s)
|Federal Division(s)
Archerfield is a mixed-use suburb of the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.[2] Archerfield is a sparsely populated suburb, with most of the land being occupied by Archerfield Airport. At the 2011 Australian Census the suburb recorded a population of 510.[1]
The suburb's western boundary follows Oxley Creek and in the east it follows Beaudesert Road.
In the 2011 census the population of Archerfield was 510, 44.9% female and 55.1% male.[1]
The median age of the Archerfield population was 37 years of age, the same as the median nationally.
64.5% of people living in Archerfield were born in Australia, slightly less than the national average of 69.8%. The other top responses for country of birth were India 3%, England 2.4%, Philippines 2.2%, New Zealand 2.2%, Fiji 2%.
67.4% of people spoke only English at home; the next most popular languages were 4.2% Vietnamese, 2.2% Samoan, 2% Hindi, 1.8% Gujarati, 1.8% Greek.
Archerfield Airport originally served as the major airport for Brisbane. The old civil terminal is still in existence on the eastern side of the airfield. During World War 2 the airfield served as a base for military flying operations in support of the war in the Pacific.
On 8 August 1995 as southern Queensland experienced a severe cold snap, a temperature of 0 degrees was recorded in Archerfield.[3] On 4 January 2014, the suburb recorded a maximum temperature of 42.4 degrees, just under the record maximum set in 1940.
Heritage listings[edit]
Archerfield has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
- Beatty Road (in front of Archerfield Airport): God's Acre Cemetery [4]
- 98-138 Kerry Road: Archerfield Second World War Igloos Complex[5]
- ^ a b c Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). "Archerfield (State Suburb)". 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
- ^ "Archerfield (entry 44213)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
- ^ Jack Frost makes his icy presence felt. p.3. The Courier Mail. 9 August 1995.
- ^ "God's Acre Historic Cemetery - Grenier's Burial Ground". Brisbane Heritage Register. Brisbane City Council. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
- ^ "Archerfield Second World War Igloos Complex (entry 602150)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Archerfield, Queensland.
Coordinates: 27°34′6″S 153°1′27″E / 27.56833°S 153.02417°E
|This article about a place in Brisbane is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


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Other projects made by DesiLoopBySSK:
Offer some kudos...
Join the conversation...
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|Here are some details about my project:
|Cute, Retro / Vintage, Classic, Funky, Casual, Eco-Friendly
What was your source for this knitting project?
Online Photo or Website
Name of website or photo How to make snag free knitting stitch markers
What materials did you use? Beading Wire, Beads in two sizes, Crimping tool, crimping beads, wire cutter
How long do you cut the beading wire?
It really depends on what size needles you would like them to fit. However, in general I used about 2.5 - 3 inches long beading wire


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A long solenoid (black coil) with cross-sectional area andlength is wound with turns ofwire. A time-varying current flows through this wire. A shorter coil (blue coil) with turns of wiresurrounds it. Use .
Find the value ofthe mutual inductance.
Note: The current in coil 1 is constantly changing. However,when using the hints it may help you to consider the instant atwhich the current in coil 1 is .


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I have been helping my fellow students informally since the start of high school. After graduating from MIT I feel like I can continue to assist others with a desire to learn and excel. I understand that some, if not many, students benefit greatly from a more one-on-one learning approach and I loo...
Neptune, NJView Tutor
...My early background was working as a Chartered Certified Accountant. I reached a fellowship status in 2006. I qualified with KPMG, working as Audit Manager in the Caribbean.
New York, NYView Tutor
...My two years spent in Medical School at SUNY Downstate College of Medicine have also strengthened my understanding of many of the ideas tested by the exam. I completed two semesters of Organic + Lab Chemistry at Hunter College, and achieved an A for both semesters. I have also taught elements of Organic Chemistry to students at Hunter College.
Brooklyn, NYView Tutor
...I am experienced tutoring calculus and its applications in quantitative sciences. I teach enough theoretical analysis to allow students to understand calculus as an exciting and well-founded tool, and all the practical advantages necessary to put it to use with full confidence. I scored 5 on AP Calculus BC.
New York, NYView Tutor
Passion and patience are what drive me to help students achieve their goals. I work as a teacher at a prestigious private high school in New York City and enjoy helping students reach the pinnacle of their ability in math and physics. I have a B.S. in physics from the California Institute of Technology and a M.A. in mathematics education from Bard College.
Scotch Plains, NJView Tutor


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Posted| Updated
Two dozen people, most of them international students, have been taken to hospital after their bus ran off a road in Gidgegannup, north-east of Perth.
The school bus, which was carrying students from Indonesia and Malaysia, had rolled into a ditch.
Firefighters returning from another job stumbled on the crash scene and used jaws of life to free those trapped in the wreckage.
A number of those injured have broken bones.
Topics: disasters-and-accidents, gidgegannup-6083
Posted| Updated
The three state-owned Chinese companies at the centre of US cyber espionage claims have deep and long standing involvement in Australia, according to an American cyber security expert.
Topics: security-intelligence, defence-and-national-security, internet-technology, computers-and-technology, science-and-technology, business-economics-and-finance, world-politics, government-and-politics, australia, china, united-states
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A knife-wielding attacker has stabbed and killed four people, and wounded 21 others in a Taipei subway train, police say.
Topics: crime, police, law-crime-and-justice, taiwan, asia
Posted| Updated
The Government is considering offering exclusive memberships at the new Burswood stadium, sparking fears there will be fewer seats available for ordinary Perth families.
Construction on the new 60,000-seat sporting stadium is set to start in December, and slated for completion in time for the 2018 AFL season.
The Opposition's Peter Watson condemned the idea, saying it would reduce the number of seats available to "ordinary punters".
"It's a real concern for the average person who wants to go to the football game," he said.
Topics: australian-football-league, sport, burswood-6100
Posted| Updated
France star Franck Ribery says the 2014 World Cup will be his last, but may compete at Euro 2016.
Topics: soccer-world-cup, soccer, sport, france, brazil
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Hobart's Lord Mayor Damon Thomas has rejected calls to step aside from debate about plans for a Mount Wellington cable car.
Topics: urban-development-and-planning, local-government, hobart-7000
Exiled rugby league player Blake Ferguson has finalised an off-field role with the Roosters for the rest of this NRL season.
Topics: nrl, rugby-league, sport, sydney-2000, nsw, australia
Alex McKinnon says he has some signs of movement in his left arm and legs as his recovery from a spinal injury continues.
Topics: nrl, rugby-league, sport, newcastle-2300, nsw, australia
Posted| Updated
China and Russia have signed a monumental, multi-decade gas supply contract, Chinese state energy giant CNPC said, with reports saying the deal could be worth as much as $400 billion.
The contract signatures came after years of negotiations and were witnessed by Chinese president Xi Jinping and visiting Russian leader Vladimir Putin, CNPC said in a statement.
"This is another major milestone achievement in China-Russia energy strategic cooperation," it said, adding it was "facilitated and greatly supported personally by the leaders of China and Russia".
Topics: oil-and-gas, industry, business-economics-and-finance, world-politics, government-and-politics, russian-federation, china
Posted| Updated
Former NSW great Steve Roach has tipped Aaron Woods to have a stand-out Origin series after he struggled last year.
Topics: state-of-origin, rugby-league, sport, coffs-harbour-2450, nsw, australia, balmain-2041
Posted| Updated
The nurses' union says it has received an assurance from Tasmania's Health Minister it will be kept informed about plans to deal with federal budget cuts.
Topics: health, federal---state-issues, states-and-territories, tas, hobart-7000
Posted| Updated
Indian prime minister-elect Narendra Modi has invited Pakistan's premier Nawaz Sharif and other South Asian leaders to his swearing-in ceremony next Monday, a spokeswoman for his party said.
Topics: world-politics, government-and-politics, unrest-conflict-and-war, india, pakistan, asia
Posted| Updated
The negative reaction to the Budget is threatening to stop consumers in their tracks. A Roy Morgan consumer confidence survey followed by today's Westpac report both tell the same story. Consumers are feeling decidedly gloomy about their prospects over the next twelve months. That will be a major disappointment for a government looking to households to help drive the economy.
Topics: business-economics-and-finance, australia
Posted| Updated
Russia's President Vladimir Putin has failed to secure a crucial multi billion dollar gas deal with China. During a state visit to Shanghai Mr Putin had hoped to thumb his nose at his critics in the West by wooing the powerhouse of the East, but it has not quite gone to plan.
Topics: business-economics-and-finance, australia
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A meeting between Thailand's army chief and the leaders of the country's main political factions has ended inconclusively with another meeting scheduled for Thursday.
Topics: government-and-politics, thailand, asia
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Martin Lakos from Macquarie Private Wealth gives his take on the Woodside announcement.
Topics: markets, stockmarket, australia
Posted| Updated
Every Government MP is under orders this week to pursuade their electorates to take the budget medicine, including MP Angus Taylor.
Topics: business-economics-and-finance, australia
Posted| Updated
It is often dismissed as a sideshow act but professional wrestling is a huge business around the world. The undisputed champion, the WWE, suffered a body slam last week as its share price plunged on a new TV rights deal that fell well short of expectations. Now the WWE is pinning its hopes on a new online streaming service which could also transform the way real sports sell their wares.
Topics: business-economics-and-finance, australia
Posted| Updated
In this update: Police and students have clashed in Sydney and Melbourne as thousands protested against planned cuts to higher education; the Prime Minister is holding out the prospect of future tax cuts to help soothe concerns about the budget; twin bombings in Nigeria have killed at least 118 people.
Topics: australia
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The chairman of the Gillard government's key report into school funding, David Gonski, has attacked the Abbott Government's decision to do away with many of the changes to education outlined in his report.
Mr Gonski also said he regretted putting a dollar figure on the amount that should be spent on schools, stating that "the decision to mention the number clouded the entire response to our review".
Topics: education, access-to-education, government-and-politics, budget, australia
Posted| Updated
On this episode of News Exchange, student protests take place across the country as part of a national day of action against the Federal Government's cuts to higher education, a pensioner who says she has to work on a phone sex line to make ends meet challenges Tony Abbott and Tara the hero cat adds another accolade to her impressive list of achievements.
Posted| Updated
Western Australia's Health Minister has criticised the Federal Government's decision to reduce funding to the states hospitals by more than $300 million.
Topics: health, government-and-politics, wa
Posted| Updated
Women are being trafficked to Australia and forced into a life of slavery under the partner migration program, a report by the Institute of Criminology has revealed.
The report details the cases of eight women in Canberra and Sydney who have come to Australia with the promise of a happy marriage, but have ended up being exploited by their partners.
The report also recommends changes in the way the Immigration Department handles visa applications.
Topics: immigration, laws, human-trafficking, women, relationships, marriage, sydney-2000, canberra-2600
An Egyptian court on has sentenced ousted president Hosni Mubarak to three years in prison on charges of stealing public funds.
Mr Mubarak looked on from a cage flanked by his sons, Alaa and Gamal, who were sentenced to four years on the same charges. Four other defendants were acquitted.
Topics: courts-and-trials, law-crime-and-justice, world-politics, government-and-politics, unrest-conflict-and-war, egypt
Rory McIlroy has called off his engagement to Caroline Wozniacki, saying he was not ready for marriage.
Topics: golf, tennis, sport, northern-ireland, denmark


text:
(answers below)
1. The first jump shooter in major college basketball led his team to the NCAA title. Who was he?
a. Hank Luisetti—Stanford
b. George Kaftan—Holy Cross
c. Bob Cousy—Holy Cross
d. Kenny Sailors—Wyoming
e. Don Schlundt—Indiana
2. Who was the first undefeated national champion?
a. Wisconsin in 1943
b. Kentucky in 1949
c. Indiana in 1953
d. San Francisco in 1956
e. North Carolina in 1957
3. Which national champ won both their semi-final and championship games in triple overtime, playing 110 minutes in the Final Four?
a. LaSalle in 1954
b. North Carolina in 1957
c. California in 1959
d. Cincinnati in 1962
e. Loyola of Chicago in 1963
4. Which school first made it to five consecutive Final Fours?
a. Kentucky
b. North Carolina
c. Duke
d. UCLA
e. Cincinnati
f. Ohio State
g. Indiana
5. Which school first made it to three consecutive Final Fours two different times?
a. Ohio State
b. Oregon
c. Stanford
d. Oklahoma A&M
e. New York U.
f. Bradley
g. City College of New York
6. Which national champ placed nobody on their conference's all league 1st or 2nd teams, yet beat the teams with two best players in the nation and two of the best of all time in the semi-finals and finals?
a. Wisconsin in 1943
b. Kansas in 1952
c. Kentucky in 1958
d. California in 1959
e. Texas Western in 1966
7. Name those two great players and their respective teams that lost to the correct answer in #6.
8. Which NCAA champ was the first to shoot better than 50% from the field for that season?
a. Ohio State in 1960
b. UCLA in 1965
c. UCLA in 1967
d. UCLA in 1972
e. Indiana in 1976
9. Which national champ was the first to average better than 80 points per game for that season?
a. Kentucky in 1951
b. Indiana in 1953
c. Ohio State in 1960
d. Loyola of Chicago in 1963
e. UCLA in 1964
10. Who was the first national champ to win their championship game by 20 points?
a. Kentucky in 1948
b. Kentucky in 1951
c. San Francisco in 1955
d. Ohio State in 1960
e. UCLA in 1967
11. Which venue hosted the most Final Fours?
a. Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City
b. Freedom Hall (Kentucky Fair and Exposition Center) in Louisville
c. Los Angeles Sports Arena
d. Houston Astrodome
e. Madison Square Garden (the prior one at 50th St. & 8th Ave.)
f. Cole Field House in College Park, MD
g. Louisiana Superdome
Now for questions without multiple choice answers:
12-14. In the early days of the NCAA Tournament, the Eastern Press used their literary clout to keep the NIT number one in prestige. That began to change when the NCAA champ beat the NIT champ in a post-season game for the benefit of the Red Cross. Which NCAA champ beat the NIT champ in this clash of giants? Name the giant centers for the winner and for the loser?
Q. What were these great Kentucky players' collective team nicknames?
15. Louie Dampier, Pat Riley, Larry Conley, Tommy Kron, Thad Jaracz
16. Vernon Hatton, Johnny Cox, Ed Beck, John Crigler, Adrian Smith
17. Ralph Beard, Alex Groza, Wallace "Wah Wah" Jones, Cliff Barker, Kenny Rollins
18. John Pelphrey, Deron Feldhaus, Richie Farmer, Sean Woods
19-20. Which big man scored 31, 44, 33, and 33 points in his team's march to the NCAA Title? Which bench warmer on that team went on to direct another school to two national titles?
Q. This national champ saw all five of its starters play in the NBA. While this was not the first time this happened, one of these starters went to the same high school and was best friends with a future 300-win pitcher in the Major Leagues.
21-25. Can you name the starting five basketball players
26-27. Which of these basketball players and which pitcher were teammates and friends?
28. Which national title game first saw teams from the same state play?
29. In which national title game did the team with the nation's best offensive scoring average beat the team with the nation's best defensive scoring average?
30. Prior to UCLA winning 38 consecutive NCAA tournament games from 1964 to 1974, which was the last team to beat them in the tournament?
31. Which national title team outscored their championship opponent 16-0 in a 2 minute and 34 second stretch in the first half to put the game away?
32. Which player first scored 40 or more points in the national title game?
33. This player in #32 did not win the Most Outstanding Player award. Who did, and what did he do to win it?
34. Following the 1965 national title won by UCLA over Michigan, Lew Alcindor began to change his mind about going to another school and moved UCLA to the top of his list. Can you name the runner-up school that lost his services?
35. Who was the former NBA star and hall of famer who would have been Alcindor's coach if he had not gone to UCLA?
36-38. Now, can you name the other three schools that were on Alcindor's final list?
39-40. When Texas Western shocked the world and beat Kentucky in 1966, tiny guard Bobby Joe Hill stole the ball twice in a row from different Wildcat players and scored lay-ups to take the steam out of the Cats. In order, which two players did he steal the ball from?
41. In this lopsided championship game which losing team started out 0 of 8 from the field, trailed 20-4 in the opening 10 minutes, and were down 76-47 before the winning team's coach pulled his starters?
Q. Three great dominant big men led their teams to the national title with such impressive fashion that the NCAA changed the rules of the game.
42. Who forced the NCAA to establish rules about goaltending?
43. Who forced the NCAA to widen the lane and create the 3-second rule?
44. Who forced the NCAA to outlaw the dunk shot?
45. Which undefeated and top-ranked team lost by 32 points in the national semi-finals after trailing by as much as 44 points to the second-ranked team and eventual national champs?
46. What National Championship game team featured a starting front line of players that were 7-02 and 7-00 and a top reserve who was 6-10?
47-49. One of those seven-footers and a hot-shooting guard on that team from #46 had nicknames from a popular TV show and the comic books. Who were the two players and their nicknames?
50-52. In one semi-final game, this team's head coach and top assistant got into a heated verbal argument on the bench during the game, and it had to be broken up by a player on the team. The assistant coach left after that season and immediately put his new team in the Final Four the next year. The player who broke up the fight also became a head coach at his Alma Mater's arch-rival. Name the three people involved.
53. Which NCAA Champion finished the season with the highest ever scoring margin of 30.3?
54. Which player played on back-to-back national championship teams, never started a game in college, yet became a 1st round draft choice in the NBA?
55. When was the last year the NCAA title game was played on a Saturday?
56. When Memphis State lost in the 1973 NCAA title game to UCLA, what did Tiger players Larry Finch and Billy Buford do to leave a lasting mark in Final Four history?
57. What was the first year more than one team per conference could go to the NCAA tournament?
58. Which national champion won their title game by 30 points and scored more than 100 points for the only time in title game history?
59. What year saw two undefeated teams make the Final Four?
60. Who was the last player to score more than 40 points in the Championship game?
61. Who was the last team to make it to the NCAA Championship game undefeated?
62. Who was the last team to make it to the Final Four undefeated?
63-65. Name the three freshmen who have been named Most Outstanding player of the Final Four.


text:
The best desktop developments of 2010: The Apple iPad
The Apple iPad has re-energized the tablet industry. See what else made our list of the best and worst enterprise desktop developments of the year.
This Article Covers
Apple iOS
The best of 2010: Apple iPad
|The Apple iPad, announced in April 2010, has re-energized the tablet industry. Corporate IT workers have found applications such as Wyse PocketCloud and Citrix Receiver, which allow the iPad to connect to a Windows desktop, useful. It isn't clear if these apps and others will be enough to make the iPad a corporate desktop replacement, but many IT shops are giving the iPad a closer look. And with the recent announcement of a unified operating system with the iPhone, Apple's wisdom is starting to show. (Now, if it could only run Flash-based websites....)
David Strom is a freelance writer and professional speaker based in St. Louis. He is former editor in chief of TomsHardware.com, Network Computing magazine and DigitalLanding.com. Read more from Strom at Strominator.com.
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text:
Luxury apartment with spectacular view
From $95 / night
Description from the owner
Description from the owner
Bedrooms: 3/
Bathrooms: 2/
Sleeps: 6/
Type: Apt. / Condo
Book this 3 bedroom, 2 bathroom apt. / condo in Kuala Lumpur today! A total of 6 people can sleep here comfortably. This property has been booked 6 times.
Guests can enjoy a pool, hot tub, and outdoor grill among other amenities offered by this rental.
Travelers are sharing their opinions on this property. It has an overall rating of 5/5 thanks to an average of 63 reviews.
Costs vary, with the average weekly rate as low as $590.00, depending on travel dates.
The owner responds to 100% of inquiries and last updated the property's calendar 6 days ago.
Proximity to TripAdvisor's Top Kuala Lumpur Attractions
Proximity to TripAdvisor's Top Kuala Lumpur Attractions
Reviews (50)
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