text:
excerpt – Baha'i
Chapter 5.
The Babi movement represented a radical trend among the Shi'ites. The Bab's break with Shi'i Islam in 1848 was a major schism, the wounds of which have never healed. Like other radical movements, Babism and Baha'i later went through several schisms which in turn gave birth to splinter groups in fierce opposition to mainstream Baha'i. Seen from a Muslim perspective, the Baha'is themselves are a splinter group based on a heretical doctrine, namely, the claim that there was a prophet after Muhammad.
Schisms Since the Bab
In the period after the Bab's execution in 1850, the Babi movement began to disintegrate under Subh-i-Azal's leadership. Several other Babis stepped forward to claim competing spiritual authority, some declaring themselves to be the prophet promised by the Bab, "him whom God shall make manifest."1 But none of these contenders was able to gain substantial acceptance and the majority continued to acknowledge the leadership of Subh-i-Azal.
A more serious schism occurred in 1866 when Baha'u'llah claimed that he was "him whom God shall make manifest," implying that Subh-i-Azal should pay allegiance to him. The majority of the Babis accepted Baha'u'llah's claim, and the Azalis were reduced to a conservative minority group. Subh-i-Azal and his family were exiled to Cyprus, where he remained to his death in 1912. He made no attempt to organize a religious community in Famagusta, and the local population simply regarded him as a Muslim holy man.2 The Azalis in Iran were soon outnumbered by Baha'is and their influence waned, although some of them played a role in the constitutional revolution of 1905. When Subh-i-Azal died, he was given a Turkish Muslim funeral, confirming that the Azali community in Cyprus no longer existed as an organized body.3
A small shrine adorns Subh-i-Azal's grave on the outskirts of Famagusta, Cyprus. I visited it in February 1996 and found that a grandson of Subh-i-Azal, then an old man of eighty-six years, was acting as the caretaker of the rather neglected shrine. A local Baha'i told me that in the 1960s, they received a visit from a wealthy Iranian woman who flew to the island and claimed to be a relative of the deceased. It was she who arranged for the shrine.
The next schism came when Abdu'1-Baha was challenged by his half-brother Muhammad-Ali, whose followers had considerable influence in the Akko area. The opposition was strengthened when the successful missionary to the United States, Ibrahim Kheiralla, broke from Abdu'1-Baha and most of the American Baha'is in 1900. Kheiralla organized his followers as "Behaists" and joined forces with Muhammad-Ali. The group does not exist anymore. In the Akko area, the followers of Muhammad-Ali have been reduced to six families who have no common organized religious activities.4
Shoghi Effendi's leadership was challenged by family members, and in the process of gaining control over the Baha'i community, he excommunicated virtually all of Baha'u'llah's descendants, as discussed in chapter 2.5 Apparently none of the descendants tried to organize a competing group of Baha'is. A cousin of Shoghi Effendi, Ruhi Afnan, published two books after he was excommunicated, but the contents were compatible with established Baha'i concepts.6 In the 1920s, the American Baha'i Ruth White opposed Shoghi Effendi and his Administrative Order. She became convinced that Abdu'l-Baha's will had been forged in a conspiracy between Muhammad-Ali and Shoghi Effendi, the former having been the one in effective control.7 White won acceptance among some German Baha'is, and after World War II, her ideas continued in Germany through Hermann Zimmer, founder of the World Union for Universal Religion and Universal Peace.8 His group has been a rallying point for "Free Baha'is" around the world ever since. Their number is uncertain but probably not more than a few hundred.
A more recent proponent of White's and Zimmer's refutation of the disputed will is Francesco Ficicchia who wrote a monograph in 1981 on the historical development of Baha'i and its institutions.9 Written in German, the book seems to have gained some acceptance as a standard work in German-speaking countries. It spurred three Baha'i apologists to write a critical review of 685 pages which, if anything, demonstrated the sensitivity among Baha'is to the issue of opposition to the leadership.10
In the late 1920s, Ahmad Sohrab, Abdu'l-Baha's former secretary and interpreter, broke with the New York Baha'is when he and Julie Chanler formed the New History Society and, in 1939, opened their own Baha'i bookshop.11 Shoghi Effendi brought suit against them to prevent them from using the word Baha'i. However, courts ruled that no group of believers can monopolize the name of a religion.12
Shoghi Effendi died in 1957, and the leadership of Baha'i was assumed by a self-appointed council of nine men called "the Custodians." One of them, Charles Mason Remey, declared in 1960 that he was the Guardian of Orthodox Baha'is. His group became known as "Baha'is under the Hereditary Guardianship." Even before Remey's death in 1974, his followers had begun to split into smaller groups, the largest of which was led by Joel B. Marangella (1918-) who claimed that Remey had appointed him to be the third guardian. On 25 August 1980, I interviewed Marangella's son, Joel Jani Marangella (1947-), and it was evident from the interview that Orthodox Baha'is was an organization that lacked any communal religious life. Another Remeyite group, "Baha'is under the Provisions of the Covenant," was founded by Leland Jensen (1913-1996) in Montana. Jensen prophesied that a nuclear attack would be launched on 29 April 1980 that would annihilate one-third of humankind. Before and after that date, three researchers conducted interviews with Jensen's followers in order to gauge their reactions to failed prophecy.13
In Indonesia in 1962 or 1963, Jamshid Maani of Iran declared himself to be the next manifestation of God after Baha'u'llah, calling himself "the Man," leader of "Faith in God."14 An American Baha'i, John Carre, became the spokesperson for the Man and organized the American followers as the "House of Mankind." But in the 1970s Carre disassociated from the Man, and soon thereafter the movement ceased to exist.15
Internal Disputes and Opposition
Since the mid-1970s the study of Babism and Baha'i has grown considerably. Most scholars in this field are Baha'is or former Baha'is. Their academic activities have now and then led to internal disputes concerning the issue of academic freedom. At the core of the disputes is the practice laid down by Shoghi Effendi that any Baha'i writing on a religious topic must submit his or her material for approval before it is published.16 This not only applies to inspirational literature but also to academic works.
The background for the review policy was summarized in a letter from the Universal House of Justice to a group of young Baha'is who in 1978 were discussing ethics in scholarship:
The principle of the harmony of science and religion means not only that religious teachings should be studied with the light of reason and evidence as well as of faith and inspiration, but also that everything in this creation, all aspects of human life and knowledge, should be studied in the light of revelation as well as that of purely rational investigation.17
In other words, the Universal House of Justice took a clear position in the conflict between academic freedom and acceptance of religious premises: the former must yield to the latter. In a reminder of the policy in 1993, the Universal House of Justice reiterated the same position.18 It is hardly surprising that this policy has led to internal disputes and that these have occasionally surfaced in academic journals.19 In principle, the core tension between doctrinal faith and academic freedom scholars may face from any religion, whether or not the leadership has adopted a pre-publication review policy.
The internet has provided another forum for scholarly discussion, which is not subject to prepublication review. However, Baha'i officials have monitored Baha'i discussion groups on the internet and have reprimanded those who have aired complaints or circulated letters of petition.20 As a result, some of the participants have resigned their membership. Others have decided to keep a low profile.
It is obvious that the leadership runs the risk of bad publicity with a policy that violates scholarly standards. However, the critics are very few and isolated and do not represent an organized or united front, so the sensitivity toward internal critique seems out of proportion to any potential threat. It might be partly explained as fear that another schism could emerge, fueled by a liberal critique. As history has thus far shown, Baha'is have succeeded in maintaining a monolithic organization through resolute excommunications and isolation of the opposition.
Since the time of the Babi fights of 1848-1853, Baha'is have suffered from a strained relationship with the Muslim majority in Iran. During some periods, overt persecution has been unleashed upon the Baha'is, while at other times the situation has been more relaxed and the Baha'is have been more-or-less tolerated, in particular during the regime of the last shah. Baha'is tend to be better educated than the average Iranian, and under the last shah, many of them were employed in education and health care or were even appointed to high government posts.
The Islamacist and Babi scholar Denis MacEoin predicts that the tension created by the Baha'i view of messianic Shi'ism will continue.21 Baha'is envision a new world unified under one religion in line with Shi'ite eschatology. The difference is that Baha'is are ready to create that new world now because the redeemer, the Imam returned in the person of the Bab, has already made his appearance. It is a position that Shi'ites cannot accept because the return of the Imam implies the end of Islam. MacEoin points out that in the eyes of the ulama, Baha'i also represents concepts of modernity such as equality of the sexes that run counter to the traditions the ulama attempted to restore in the 1979 revolution.22
The situation for Iranian Baha'is turned worse than ever in the wake of the revolution.23 The constitution of the new Islamic Republic of Iran distinguished—as the earlier constitution did—between "religions of the book" and other religions. Besides Muslims, Zoroastrians, Jews, and Christians were considered members of legally recognized religions, while Baha'is—the largest religious minority with approximately 300,000 members in Iran—were excluded. This legal exclusion, mirroring the infamous Nurnberg laws of 1935 Germany, by relegating Baha'is to the second-class status of "unprotected infidels," with all the consequences that may imply, provided the basis for denying them civil rights. Most of the laws depriving Baha'is of civil and human rights were already in place before the revolution but were not in use. It is interesting but sad to see the lengths to which dictatorial governments will search for even the thinnest legal justification to harass an unwanted minority.
One efficient way to persecute a minority group is to deprive them of education and employment, and several steps were taken in this direction as summarized below:
• In 1979 a decree was issued barring Baha'i students and professors from studying or teaching at Iranian universities.
• In 1979 the government began a systematic dismissal of Baha'i civil servants.
• That same year the Ministry of Education dismissed all Baha'i teachers.
• Early in the 1980s the trading licenses of Baha'i businesses were revoked, the assets of Baha'i businesses confiscated, and bank accounts of most Baha'i businessmen frozen.
• Baha'i farmers were denied admission to the farmers' cooperatives.
• By 1982 practically all Baha'i public servants were out of work. In addition, their pensions had been rescinded.
• In 1984 former Baha'i civil servants were told to repay in full their salaries from the entire course of their careers.
Through arbitrary confiscation, looting, and destruction of property beginning in 1979, the Baha'i economy was ruined:
• In March 1979 the historic residence of the Bab in Shiraz was confiscated and given to a Muslim cleric. In September a group led by mullahs and officials of the Department of Religious Affairs destroyed the house. Since then, other Baha'i sites have been destroyed.
• Baha'i cemeteries were bulldozed and the graves dug up.
• Thousands of private Baha'i homes were confiscated.
• Baha'i community properties were transferred to the state.
• A major Baha'i savings company with 15,000 shareholders and investors was assumed by the government.
Bloody persecutions have occurred on a less wide scale but with more severe consequences. Since the revolution, almost 1,000 Baha'is have been placed in prison, with or without a trial, where they have been beaten, whipped, had their fingernails and teeth extracted, and have been forced to witness the torture of family members and friends. Many have reported pressure to recant their faith and convert to Islam. This would seem to demonstrate beyond doubt that they have been persecuted because of religious beliefs.
The charges range from apostasy and heresy to holding unauthorized meetings for youth, holding meetings in private houses, organizing children's art exhibits, Zionism, and the sexual crimes of prostitution, adultery, and immorality. The charges of Zionism and of being an imperialist agent and spy stem from the fact that the Baha'i World Centre is located within the borders of Israel. When Baha'is go on pilgrimage, it is to Israel, and when they send money, it is to the Baha'i World Centre in Israel. I was told by an Iranian woman that whenever a news report mentions the arrest of a Zionist spy, everyone in Iran knows that this means a member of the Baha'i religion. The accusation is made so often that "Baha'i" and "Zionist agent" have become synonymous.
The charges of immorality and adultery are founded in the fact that until recently Iran did not recognize Baha'i marriages. This meant that Baha'i children, by strict definition, were illegitimate. The lack of recognition implied that Baha'is who were imprisoned did not have the right to receive visits from spouses and that a husband or wife could not claim the body of a deceased spouse. Baha'i marriages are still not recognized, but the Iranian courts have since allowed couples to register their marriage without identifying their religious affiliation. This is an important first step toward a possibly more relaxed ambiance for the Baha'is.
Since 1979 more than two hundred Baha'is have been executed or killed in prison. Most often the sentencing has resulted from a summary mock trial, if a prisoner is tried at all. Fifteen additional Baha'is have disappeared and are presumed to be dead. It is a noteworthy token of the destructive strategy of the Iranian regime that half of the executed Baha'is were members of local and national spiritual assemblies. However, any kind of Baha'i activity can be reason for execution. In June 1983 ten Baha'i women, including two teenage girls, were hanged for holding children's classes for Baha'i youth.
As can be seen from the chart on page 72, the executions reached a peak in the early 1980s. Most observers feel that appeals from international organizations and the news media had a dampening effect on the regime. All eighteen resolutions of the U.N. Commission on Human Rights regarding Iran have condemned the deprivations against Baha'is. Since 1985 the U.N. General Assembly has approved thirteen resolutions denouncing Iran for human rights violations, but the killings have not entirely stopped, as seen from the chart.
Najis and Rumors of Immorality
The stated reasons for actions against the Baha'is are many and varied. However, persecution would not be orchestrated by the government if there were not popular sympathy for it. I interviewed a number of Iranian Baha'is in the autumn of 1982 to learn more about how they are perceived by the greater population. The following are examples.
Central to Shi'i Islam is a concept known as "najis," which means religiously unclean.24 Most Iranians know little more about Baha'is than that the Baha'i prophet came after Muhammad, which makes the adherents heretics and najis. There are other minorities who are najis: Jews, for example. Animals can be najis: pigs are, of course, while a cow is not. As is known from other cultures, that which is unclean is contagious and it is therefore important to avoid contact with whatever is infected. For instance, it might be dangerous to accept tea in a Baha'i home. In fact, some Iranians believe that when Baha'is serve tea, it is the means to make unsuspecting victims accept their faith.
An Iranian refugee told me about a mullah who confiscated the apartment of a wealthy Baha'i family. Before the mullah entered the dwelling, even before he had the furniture and carpets removed, he took a garden hose and sprayed down the inside to make sure that everything was clean. In his mind, the apartment and everything in it were najis. A young girl told a similar story. During the war with Iraq, students in her school were encouraged to donate blood. Her teacher informed her that she was an exception and that her unclean blood was of no use to the soldiers.
It should be stressed that many Muslim Iranians ridicule the concept of najis, saying it is believed only by peasants. However, the incidents cited above demonstrate how widespread the belief is, even within a middle-class setting. Najis explains why Baha'is have been excluded from medical and teaching professions in particular.
Some Muslim Iranians believe that Baha'is live immoral lives, perhaps because of the Baha'i principle that men and women must have the same possibilities and rights. Unlike the tradition of the mosque where men and women are segregated, Baha'i men and women sit together at religious gatherings. Baha'i women tended not to wear the chador before the revolution, and this was seen by orthodox clergy and many common citizens as an affront to morality.
This has indeed given rise to many fanciful rumors in Iran. One is that Baha'i fathers and daughters indulge in sexual relationships, as do mothers and sons, according to this rumor. I have heard that the gossip among some Shi'ites is that Baha'i religious gatherings involve group sex, that—even more astonishing—the lights are turned off and men put on the women's clothes and women put on the men's clothes!
For the sake of good order, let me emphasize that there is no evidence to support any such rumors. They seem to arise from the already ambiguous feelings which some Muslim Iranians have toward Baha'is. Together with the concept of najis, the knowledge that these and other rumors circulate may help us to understand why so many Iranians seem to accept the persecution of this law-abiding religious minority.
1. The Babi/Baha'i term for this prophet is the man yuzhiruhu'llah. The Baha'is believe that Baha'u'llah was the man yuzhiruhu'llah.
2. Moojan Momen, "The Cyprus Exiles," Baha'i Studies Bulletin 5-6 (June 1991): 84-113.
3. Ibid., 97.
4. Erik Cohen, "The Baha'i Community of Acre," Folklore Research Center Studies 3 (1972): 119-41.
5. Peter Smith, The Babi and Baha'i Religions: From Messianic Shi'ism to a World Religion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and George Ronald, 1987), 125.
6. William P. Collins, Bibliography of English-Language Works on the Babi and Baha'i Faiths, 1844-1985 (Oxford: George Ronald, 1990), 295.
7. Smith, Babi and Baha'i Religions, 124.
8. J. Gordon Melton, "World Union of Universal Religion and Universal Peace," Encyclopedia of American Religions, 6th ed. (Detroit: Gale, 1999), 885.
9. Francesco Ficicchia, Der Baha'ismus: Weltreligion der Zukunft? Geschichte, Lehre, und Organisation in kritischer Anfrage (Stuttgart: Quell Verlag, 1981).
10. Udo Schaefer, Nicola Towfigh, and Ulrich Gollmer, Desinformation als Methode: Die Bahd'ismus Monographic des F. Ficicchia, Religionswissenschaftliche Texte und Studien, Band 6 (Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag, 1995), translated into English as Making the Crooked Straight: A Contribution to Baha'i Apologetics (Oxford: George Ronald, 2000).
11. Smith, Babi and Baha'i Religions, 125.
12. Melton, "World Union," 885.
13. Robert Balch, Gwen Farnsworth, and Sue Wilkins, "When the Bombs Drop: Reactions to Disconfirmed Prophecy in a Millennial Sect," Sociological Perspectives 26 (1983), 137-58.
14. David Piff, personal communication, 2000.
15. Melton, "Faith of God," op. cit., 883.
16. "The Policy of Prepublication Review: On Behalf of the Universal House of Justice, Enclosed with a Letter to an Individual Dated 5 October 1993," Baha'i Studies Review 3/2 (1993): 43-5.
17. Research Department, Baha'i World Centre, "Ethics and Methodology," Baha'i Studies Review 3/2 (1993): 39-42. These comments were enclosed in a letter of 3 January 1979 "to the participants in the Baha'i Studies Seminar held in Cambridge on 30 September and 1 October 1978."
18. "The Policy of Prepublication Review," op. cit., 43-45; "Further Comments on Baha'i Scholarship": From a Letter on Behalf of the Universal House of Justice Dated 19 October 1993," Baha'i Studies Review 3/2 (1993): 46-9.
19. Two of the most detailed and important discussions of the detrimental effect of the review policy are: Denis MacEoin, "The Crisis in Babi and Baha'i Studies: Part of a Wider Crisis in Academic Freedom?" British Society for Middle Eastern Studies Bulletin 17 (1990): 55-61; Juan R. I. Cole, "The Baha'i Faith in America as Panopticon, 1963-1997," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 37 (1998): 234-48.
20. Universal House of Justice to all National Spiritual Assemblies, "Issues Related to the Study of the Baha'i Faith," 7 April 1999.
21. Denis MacEoin, "A People Apart: The Baha'i Community of Iran in the Twentieth Century," paper 4, Centre of Near and Middle Eastern Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1989, 27.
22. Denis MacEoin, "The Baha'is of Iran: The Roots of Controversy," British Society for Middle Eastern Studies Bulletin 14 (1988): 75-83.
23. A fact-oriented report on Iranian Baha'is after 1979 has been issued by the London-based Minority Rights Group. See Roger Cooper, The Baha'is of Iran, report no. 51 (London: Minority Rights Group, 1982). More recent facts are found in The Baha'i Question: Iran's Secret Blueprint for the Destruction of a Religious Community; an Examination of the Persecution of the Baha'is of Iran (New York: Baha'i International Community, 1999). The following description of persecutions is based on these reports and material from Margit Warburg, Iranske Dokumenter: Forfolgelsen af Baha'ierne i Iran (Copenhagen: Rhodes, 1985).
24. Eliz Sanasarian, Religious Minorities in Iran (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 23-4.


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The thing that let this place down was the cleanliness of the room. The towels and bedding was stained. There was a bong under the sink, which stunk the room out. The floors were disgusting.
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Three Legs of Man Stainless Steel Oblong Hip Flask
This 6oz stainless steel hip flask contains a Three Legs pewter motif on the front face and has been designed especially for Lexicon Bookshop. This item is supplied with a presentation box together with two stainless steel cups and a drinks measurer.find out more
Three Legs of Man Pendant
Crafted in the finest 925 Sterling Silver, this attractive 3 Legs Pendant has been especially made for Lexicon Bookshop. It comes with a 16" sterling silver chain and is presented in a red and gold gift boxfind out more
Isle of Man Nostalgic Transport Calendar 2017
The 12 photographs portray nostalgic images from the Isle of Man's air, sea and rail networks and has been produced exclusively by the Lexicon Bookshop. The calendar runs from January 2017 to December 2017.find out more
In Douglas Bay 1000 Piece Jigsaw Puzzle
Two views of Douglas Bay, one taken in 1983 and the second in 1999. Not suitable for under 36 monthsfind out more
Three Legs / Celtic Knotwork Square Night Light Candle Holder
A square glass night light candle holder in a presentation boxfind out more
Isle of Man Ordnance Survey Landranger Map
Isle of Man Ordnance Survey Landranger map (this edition was published 24/02/16) which provides all the information you need to get to know the Island, whether you are a visitor or a local resident. This latest edition also includes an access code to download the map onto your smartphone or tablet.find out more
Visions of Mann Calendar 2017
Portraying 12 scenes from the beautiful Isle of Man, this calendar runs from January 2017 - December 2017find out more
Isle of Man Revisited
After seeing exhibitions of photography for the first time in New York in 1969, Manxman, Chris Killip, decided to return to the Isle of Man to photograph the place he knew and cared about. Thirty years after the publication of the resulting first Isle of Man book, he was in the process of preparing for his retrospective exhibition at the Museum Folkwang in Germany and started to re-examine his Isle of Man negatives. He hadnt had an occasion to think about this work since the first edition of the book was published in 1980. Going through these negatives again he found new images that he now liked, but at the time had overlooked or had not used for reasons that now mystify him. He ended up with 250 photographs that he now thinks of as his Isle of Man archive. This new version of Isle of Man draws from that archive. The 81 black and white photographs in this edition keep, more or less, to the same order as the original book but he has changed some of the images, added thirty others, and printed them all larger.The result is a stunning "coffee table" book showing life in the Isle of Man in the early 1970s. find out more
Manx Electric Railway Tramcar No.7 1000 Piece Jigsaw Puzzle
Manx Electric Railway "Tunnel" power car No.7, built by G F Milnes in 1894, is captured just past the once busy Howestrake Holiday Camp heading south towards Derby Castle.Not suitable for children under 36 monthsfind out more
Three Legs / Celtic Knotwork Round Dram Glass
Round dram glass in a presentation boxfind out more
Isle of Man Population Atlas
This Atlas explores some of the most important issues facing the Isle of Man as we approach the 2020s. The Island's Chief Minister is on record as having said that: "The biggest threat to the social and economic future of the Isle of Man.... (is) the demographic reality that our nation is growing older".The Island's population is vulnerable in other ways too. Between 2006 and 2011 a new trend emerged: the net migration loss of young adults in the 20-24 age range. Since 2011, several indicators suggest that this migration trend has not only continued but that population growth has come to an end. A 23% decline in the number of births since 2010 adds another dimension to the Island's population picture.This Atlas captures and presents the population through more than 130 imaginative maps and graphs and offers an authoritative commentary on a wide range of population issues.find out more
Manx Words
This book is a list of words that will be of use to all those who have been learning the Manx language for a little while. It provides a core vocabulary that will help learners to start using Manx in everyday situations.The book is based on the highly regarded Welsh Words book and it presents the key vocabulary words in context and also provides assistance with Manx grammar.find out more
Ian Hutchy Hutchinson Stretched Canvas
Limited edition of just 50 canvases by renowned motorcycle artist, Steve Whyman, depicting Ian Hutchinson on the 2016 Tyco BMW S1000RRSupplied as a stretched canvas and ready to hang.find out more
British Island Airways HPR 7 Dart Herald G-APWF
This model has been handcrafted from kiln dried mahogany and handpainted by artists especially for Lexicon Bookshop. Included in the price is a solid wood and polished chrome stand.The BIA fleet of Heralds served Ronaldsway throughout the 1970s with flights to Blackpool, Manchester and Dublin.find out more
Showroom Condition 1960 - 1980 - An Automotive History Through the Lenses of Manx Press Pictures.
Showroom Condition takes you back to the cars that you owned, the cars you wished you had owned, and cars that you wish you hadn't!Featuring 173 images of period advertising, launch parties and publicity shots, the island's garage showrooms, sporting action and motor shows, brief marque histories for 31 manufacturers from Alfa Romeo to Volkswagen alongside additional images of exotica such as Lamborghini and Rolls Royce.Manx Press Pictures cameramen not only shot at locations throught the Isle of Man but also covered events such as Earls Court and the Welsh Rally.Remember the classic vehicles of the period together with nostalgic shots of garage showrooms such as Athol Garage, E B Christian's, Island Garages , J R Moore's, Mylchreest Motors, W H Shimmin and Westminster Motorsfind out more
Manx Electric Railway Past & Present
The Manx Electric Railway is famous as a Victorian survival but the fact is not as simple as it seems.The uniquetramway, like any other, exists to take people where they want to go. Without passengers there would be no tramway and so the MER has survived by adapting.Covering the eighteen miles from Douglas to Ramsey, this book contains a fascinating collection of old and new photographs. Wherever possible the new photographs have been taken from the same vantage point as the old and so show what has altered as well as what has stayed the same. find out more
3 Legs of Man with Background Mobile Phone Case
Hard Plastic case with a stunning image transferred.Black Plastic around the edgesEasy access to all portsSnap case attaches easily and securelyfind out more
All Round Guide to the Isle of Man Coastal Path - Raad ny Foillan - Way of the Gull
The Raad ny Foillan is a 100 mile coastal footpath which offers great contrasts in scenery - from craggy cliffs to gently sloping low land, from sandy beaches to idyllic countryside. It transverses valleys, glens, open moorland and hill peaks with commanding views.This guide divides the Raad ny Foillan into 14 sections with clear navigation instructions, maps, photographs and lots of practical information.find out more
Locomotive No 4, Loch, 1000 Piece Jigsaw Puzzle
Built by Beyer Peacock in 1894, Isle of Man Railway's Locomotive No. 4 , Loch, is captured pulling away from Castletown station.Not suitable for children under 36 months.find out more
Isle of Man TT - The Golden Years Volume 2 - 1947 - 1962
The Isle of Man TT motorcycle races, with an unrivalled history dating back to the first event of 1907, have proved more enduring than any comparable fixture in motor sport. The outbreak of World War Two in 1939 meant a seven-year break in racing, but happily the TT was revived in 1947 to grow bigger than ever. When the FIM world championships were inaugurated in 1949, the TT was the most demanding and important round in the calendar. In 1957 the TTs Golden Jubilee saw 15 different manufacturers represented in the five-race programme. Going into the 1960s, the arrival of Japanese makers determined to prove their products on the Isle of Mans unique Mountain Course greatly enlivened the racing. Like the images in The Golden Years Volume One (1913-1939), the evocative photos here in Volume Two (1947-1962) are selected from the huge collection amassed over decades by the Douglas-based Keig photographic business.find out more
Isle of Man Summits - Easy Walking of 28 Summits Over 1,000 Feet.
This book describes the easy walking routes to all the accessible summits (28 of them) over 1,000 feet on the Isle of Man. By using the book, you will be rewarded with breath-taking views over tens of miles and you will be treading routes that few others take, even though they are readily reached by a short journey from a nearby road.find out more
Aer Lingus Regional / Stobart Air ATR72-500 EI-FAS
This model has been handcrafted from kiln dried mahogany and handpainted by artists especially for Lexicon Bookshop. Included in the price is a solid wood and polished chrome stand.This aircraft regularly operates the service between Ronaldsway and Dublin.find out more
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WITH SUNColor-Changing Tote Bag - Del Sol Palms$20.00
WITH SUNBeach Towel - Del Sol Surf Shop$39.00
Color-Changing Tote Bags and Beach Towels
Del Sol color-changing tote bags and beach towels turn a simple accessory into a unique fashion statement that's all about having fun in the sun. The beach bags are 100% cotton with box-stitched handles for extra durability. The towels were made with you in mind, being extra-large and soft. They may start off with a cool black and white design, but with exposure to the sun vivid colors pop out to impress. If you're ready to wow your family and friends at the pool, beach or waterpark, then it's time to get your color-changing tote and towel.


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How to Choose the Best Survey Software or Survey Tool
If you've found yourself with the daunting task of researching survey software, we feel your pain and we're here to help. Checkbox Survey Solutions has developed a simple, logical and objective 3-step guide that will help you and your organization make the right survey software choice.
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Create a list made up of all potential candidates. Take to the streets (literally and figuratively) and scour search engines, ask friends […]


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Top Definition
religious or "sacred" vaginas or arseholes.
I need to get me some Holy Holes, I don't need no mo' rotten old holes! Down at the church they be singin', "Holy, Holy Holes!"
Shit_4_Brains tarafından 6 Eylül 2007, Perşembe
Trending Now
Can you define these popular missing words?
navel, aka belly button
I want to put my finger in your holy hole.
the big hp tarafından 2 Ekim 2010, Cumartesi
An Arch Bishop or the Pope's asshole.
The Pope's poop-shoot.
Arch Bishop tarafından 5 Nisan 2005, Salı


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Here's our latest collection of What Works for Business 10-Second Solutions:
Scanners Get Smarter: Fujitsu just launched two new SnapScan scanners for PC and Mac users with great new small biz features. Convert stacks of different docs to digital images without having to change settings - scanner auto-adjusts to sizes, page orientation, colors, 2-sided, etc. Speeds up to 40 images per minute. SnapScan S1500 and S1500M ($495) available at Fujitsu site.
crowdSPRING Draws a Crowd: The new online marketplace for creative design services (logos, websites, brochures, etc.) says it just hit $1 million in total deals done since May '08. Works this way: Post what you need, when you need it and how much you want to pay. Money goes to escrow. Creatives from a pool of 17,000 worldwide will submit actual designs -- not bids or proposals -- for you to review, sort, rate, provide feedback and collaborate on 'til you find the "the one." Money back if you don't get at least 25 entries.
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Digital Signage can Spark Retail Success: Amazing (and affordable) new digital signage technology is a great way for small businesses to turn heads, and attract customers. A small firm called advancedMethod has a new express digital signage system that's easy to use and includes the basic player and software needed to create your own content right out of the box, plus industry-specific templates.


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text: 0 Obama Edition by Kenn Bird Best Sellers Trending Art Best Selling Paintings Best Selling Abstract Art Prints Best Selling Photography Best Selling Posters Popular Subjects Animals Architecture Childrens Art Floral & Still Life Landscape Maps Military & War Music Science Fiction & Fantasy Skylines Spiritual Transportation Featured Artists Brickhut Cozamia Eric Joyner Erin Ashley James Niehues Jennifer Lommers Jonas Gerard Marcia Baldwin Mark Lawrence Michael Creese Michael Tompsett Collections ArtLoversOnline Design Pics The Fine Art Masters Panoramic Images Retro Images Archive StockTrek Images WorldWide Archive Create Your Own Photo Canvas Custom Frame Photos Obama Edition by Kenn Bird (2008) Sign inCustomer Service Cart Houzz Share on Tumblr Tweet +Add to Cart Available Sizes inches / cm Petite $57.50 Small $69.00 Medium $86.25 Large $115.00 Grande $230.00 Massive $345.00 » component prices Print Frame Mats Glazing Fitting Customize Framing or choose Canvas Print Customize Canvas or choose Framed Art Print Click to save as artist's preferred kit Paper Enhanced MattePremium Photo GlossyPremium Photo LusterUltraSmooth Fine ArtHahnemuhle Photo Rag 308Hahnemuhle Fine Art PearlHahnemuhle Torchon Mounted? ★★★☆☆ Details Paper print only, too large to frame online. Frames Choose a color » ø Top Mat | Middle Mat | Bottom Mat ø Glazing Style Soft EdgeWhite EdgeBlack EdgeImage WrapUnstretched 1½ inches thick (3.75 cm) Product Details Artist grade canvas, archival inks, wooden stretcher bars, and UVB protective coating Availablity Usually ships within five business days. Artist Kenn BirdCollection FineArtPrintsDescription Illustration of Barack Obama, Picture the Future Popular Configurations Stretched Canvas Modern Lines Contemporary White Classical Baroque Unframed print Explore More from the same collection View All Kenn Bird's Recent Work About the artist Kenn Bird, Austin, Texas Member Since October 2008 Artist Statement As a commercial and fine art photographer I've had some wonderful experiences and actively participated with many people and traveled many a location that I would possibly never had seen under other circumstances.I've had the rare opportunity to visit with many of my mentors and early influences such as Duane Michaels, Richard Avedon, Joel Peter-Witkin, and yes; I had my fifteen minutes with Andy Warhol at lunch one day. As Mr. Michaels taught me, "everything falls under the 3 B's", Beautiful,Boring, and Bizarre!I have mastered several difficult printmaking processes along the way. These include silver gelatin black&white, dye transfer, pigment transfer, and finally digital printmaking.Traditional, chemical-only printing and photography is inherently incapable of rendering a wide range of subject matters with superb quality. Beyond all of that are a myriad of other kinds of control, available only with digital imaging, that also work to give a two-dimensional print the strength to compare favorably with the beauty of the original scene, with its three-dimensionality, exquisite detail, perfect color, and naturally unproblematic tonality.Enjoy the view, Kenn Bird Community Comments Catalog Details Product No 1464005 Subjects Famous Faces, People, Political Leaders Style Contemporary Medium Tags Bird, Kenn, barack, change, famous, hope, obama, people, photography, political, president Create Frame Photos Photos on Canvas Sell Sell Art Online Become an Affiliate Get a Trade Account Common Questions Company Info About Us Contact Customer Comments Return Policy Social Tumblr Pinterest Twitter Facebook Instagram Our Wall Art Family CanvasOnDemand | Photo Canvases GreatBigCanvas | Decorate Huge Terms of Service Privacy Policy Copyright © 2016


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St Basil's Cathedral - Moscow
- Posted Dec. 19, 2007 by Rui Alves - Madeira Spotters in City. Viewed 4673 times
- This is a migrated legacy post. Image resolution is low. Info
This is a well known Moscow icon, in the red square.
This colorfull building was construted on the 16th century and here I'll try to present it shortly to you.
Several towers are connected like labyrint where strairs are all over…
To photograph inside you must pay separately but I think it's worthwhile!
Finally, I keep in my mind the small choyr singing inside one of it's chapels… unforgetable!
(Sad that I was not allowed to spot it)
My web page [ruialves.madeiraspotters.net]
5 There are 5 comments, add yours!
Kecskemétiné Nelli
Great shots, thanx..
I've also been there but couldn't take photoes. Not just because of the smotritel's, but my camera is pretty amateur as well..
#3, #10, #13 are my favourites!
Rui Alves - Madeira Spotters
I'll post more latter :)
Keep in touch
thank you for the visit, bis !
Diane Davis
Beautiful shots. I love the first one best.
Sofia Viana
WOW fantastic set, love the colours and shapes!


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you are viewing a single comment's thread.
Most likely suspect in the selling areinstitutions that formerly held HBOC. That's probably who'sworried about MCK/HBOC (I came to MCK from HBOC myselfand wouldn't be holding if not forMCK).Sometimes downward spirals simply feed on themselves...anduntil there's a selling climax (perhaps like last week)that takes out the last weak links, and the valuationsbecome so appealing, the stock can't respond no matterwho's recommending it. Dollar wise this is one ofmy 3 largest holdings (w/CSCO and AMGN) so it'sdisappointing to see this gross over reaction. However, if MCKhits earnings of $3.00 in FY2000 and $3.73 in calendar2000 with rising orders at HBOC, IMHO we'll see 100plus. However until a base is set, it's gut check timefor us good guys. Personally I'm long thru 2000. Goodinvesting.
Most likely suspect in the selling areinstitutions that formerly held HBOC. That's probablywho's worried about MCK/HBOC (I came to MCK from HBOCmyself and wouldn't be holding if not forMCK).....................................................What's wrong with HBOC?Congrats on those othertwo. Nice stocks!I think this one will settledown now.
still looks good as long as its above 57. MCK will need to rebound before March option expiration in order to avoid another possible dive!
You could be right. Old HBOC had many share holders.However we have now had 4 major waves of selling. This is quite rare for a stock with excellent prospects.


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Ray Charles
Ray Charles
Real Name:
Ray Charles Robinson
Ray Charles (born September 23, 1930, Albany, Georgia, USA – died June 10, 2004, Beverly Hills, California, USA) was an American singer, songwriter, musician, and composer. He was inducted into Rock And Roll Hall of Fame in 1986 (Performer).
For the leader of the Ray Charles Singers, please use Ray Charles (2).
For the co-writer of the song "Frenesi", please use Ray Charles (6)
For the leader of the Ray Charles Singers, please use Ray Charles (2).
For the co-writer of the song "Frenesi", please use Ray Charles (6)
In Groups:
Quincy Jones And His Orchestra, Ray Charles And His Band, Ray Charles And His Orchestra, Ray Charles Trio, Ray Charles With String Orchestra And Chorus, The Maxim Trio, The Ray Charles Big Band, USA For Africa
Viewing All | Ray Charles
"Father John Crawley", Cahrles, Charles, Charles Ray, Charles, R., Charles, Ray, Leo Hickman, Mr Charles, Mr. Charles, PianoRay Charles Robinson, R Ch, R Charles, R, Charles, R,. Charles, R. Chalres, R. Charles, R. Charls, R.C. Robinson, R.Charles, Ray, Ray Charles And His Orchestra, Ray Charles Robinson, Ray Charlrs, Ray Charls, RJ, The Piano Of Ray Charles, Р. Чарльз, Рей Чарлз, Рей Чарльз, Рэй Чарлз, レイ・チャールズ, 雷查尔斯
Marketplace 43,893 For Sale
Ray Charles Discography
2236 Credits
- 8 Remix
- 143 Vocals
- 139 Instruments & Performance
- 1786 Writing & Arrangement
- 42 Featuring & Presenting
- 2 Conducting & Leading
- 75 Production
- 35 Technical
- 6 Acting, Literary & Spoken
CSwa913102September 26, 2012
There are a great many releases listed under "albums" that actually belong in "compilations."


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Happy birthday to the Happy Birthday Song! The song was first sung today in 1859. Here are this week's Search Scoop articles: […] Read More
Improve Your Link Building Outreach
Let's be honest. As link builders we don't reach out to websites unless it is in our own personal interest. There isn't a society of web vigilantes out there looking […] Read More
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In late May, Twitter announced some changes they will be making to their platform. Some of the changes are large, while others are smaller. The changes are still considered to […] Read More
Search Scoop: Week of June 13th
How about the weather this past weekend? Summer is definitely here! Here are this week's Search Scoop articles: […] Read More
Search Engine Optimization vs. Pay-Per-Click
A common question in online marketing is: "What is the difference between search engine optimization (SEO) and pay-per-click (PPC)?" Then there is the follow-up question: "Which one is better for […] Read More
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Milk Chocolate Ice CreamJulieVR
Although I adore chocolate ice cream, and choose it most often when going out for ice cream, I hardly ever make it at home. I'm always making berry and rhubarb ice creams, or caramel, burnt sugar or sour cream. I decided to finally try my hand at true chocolate ice cream. Use milk or dark chocolate, whatever you like. Then use it as a base, and add stir-ins if you like: chopped peanut butter cups or Skor bars or chocolate chip cookies or chocolate chunks, stirred in when the ice cream is frozen but still soft enough to stir. Then pop it in the freezer to let it harden up. If you like, make mint chocolate ice cream by adding a few drops of mint extract.
Classic Chocolate Ice Cream
adapted from Gourmet, February 2003
3 cups half & half
8 oz milk or dark chocolate, chopped
3 large eggs
pinch salt
In a medium saucepan, heat the half & half over medium heat until steaming. Remove from the heat and add the chocolate; let sit for a few minutes and then stir until smooth.
Meanwhile, lightly beat eggs with salt in a bowl, then slowly whisk in the hot chocolate mixture, pouring it in a slow stream. Return the mixture to the saucepan and cook over moderately low heat, stirring constantly, until custard thickens. Immediately pour through a sieve into a bowl and refrigerate until cold.
Freeze in ice cream maker according to the manufacturer's directions. If you like, transfer to an airtight container and freeze until firm.


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Our Terms of Use (click here to view) have changed. By continuing to use this site, you are agreeing to our new Terms of Use.
A woman lectures with power point slides on the Urinary Systems' structure and function. On the bottom of the video there is an "Interactive Transcript" button that can help with note taking.


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Selected Products by Charles Swindoll
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In Living Above the Level of Mediocrity, Charles Swindoll writes about excellence. He tackles the difficult problems of self-discipline, laziness, and ...
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In For Those Who Hurt, Swindoll offers you words of hope about the painful subject of suffering. His look at Scripture encourages you or others you know ...


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Las Vegas Wedding Flowers
If you want something unique, send me a picture with your request.
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I have provided Las Vegas wedding flowers for many couples. I am a vendor with a local florist.
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Simple Bouquet Choices
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Boutonnieres and Corsage Examples
The boutonnieres pictured are only examples.
Many Flowers Options Available
Prices & Availability is Seasonal
Please fill out this flower questionnaire. Thank you.
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text: unfortunately I haven't tried any of the beers listed yet, where i am in jersey its really limited...or most of the ones mentioned i probably wont ever see on a shelf here. but some of my recent favorites are definitely Racer X i had that on draft it was incredible...really delicious DIPA. sculpin is always great, had the lagunitas sucks as well. im a huge hophead, even the nugget nectar is awesome. i'm heading to philly this weekend so if anyone in that area knows the best spots to get some of these IPA's listed in the poll lemme know !


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Serie A
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Euro 2016
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Germany squad to face Italy
Lazio striker Miroslav Klose is in the Germany squad for this month's international friendlies against Italy and England.
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Today's headlines:
What the papers say...
Today's front-page headlines from La Gazzetta dello Sport, the Corriere dello Sport and Tuttosport.
Petkovic: 'Lazio must be ruthless'
Vladimir Petkovic urged Lazio to be "more relaxed and ruthless" after they squeezed past Apollon 2-1 in the Europa League.
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 18, 2004
|Filing date
|Nov 25, 2002
|Priority date
|Jun 6, 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Jürgen Francke
|Original Assignee
|Siemens Ag
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (3), Classifications (11), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present application is a continuation of international application number: PCT/DE01/01762, filed May 9, 2001; and claims priority to German patent application DE 10027874.4, filed Jun. 6, 2000; both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
The present invention relates to the field of postal automation and handling and in particular to the detection of overlapping mail pieces conveyed during the postal handling process. The mail pieces at issue are, generally, flat and flexible, and transported in a sequence by a conveyor belt and the like.
Sorting devices incur problems when sorting mail pieces, namely, dual subtraction errors or the unintended removal of an overlapping mail piece along with the intended removal of the mail piece being overlapped. The intended mail piece is usually the leading mail piece. Numerous reasons exist for overlapping mail pieces and dual subtraction, including friction between the two mail pieces and over-protruding leading mail pieces. By this error, the overlapping mail pieces are unintendedly sorted to usually wrong locations within the mail handling system. In addition, the error distribution rate increases and an increase probability of mechanical interference and/or failure caused by the overlapping mail piece may result. One result to the above problem is to identify overlapping mail pieces and treat them as rejected mail items. Accordingly, the aforementioned results of this problem may be avoided.
One proposed solution includes the identification of overlapping mail pieces. One form of identification includes applying a pattern, such as a bar code, to the length of the mail piece and/or scannable traces on the front and back side of the mail piece. The pattern is then scanned for interruptions, the interruptions indicating a blockage of the scan and therefore an overlap. This solution requires the initial steps of applying the pattern or trace onto the mail piece. In a second step, the mail items are set aside for more precise distribution and then overlaps may be identified. By this solution it is not possible to detect overlaps in a first mail run through a distribution plant given that this occurs prior to the application of the pattern or trace. The high mechanical expenditure which has to be driven to flex-level or to bend the mail items in order to detect possible pattern or trace interruptions is also a disadvantage of this solution. Another disadvantage is that the pattern or trace may only be applied onto portions of mail items which are not covered up by shipping straps.
Another solution is proposed in EP 028 056 which sets out an apparatus wherein edges of mail items are detected by light sensors and diagonal illumination. With the help of a control switch it is then determined if a dual subtraction exists. This method has a high error rate due to the varying condition of the surface of the mail items arising for example from dirt accumulations.
A still further solution is proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,578,315 which also makes use of light sensors to detect dual subtractions. It is thereby assumed that diffused light, based on an illuminated letter, is brighter than diffused light during a dual subtraction. This method has a very high error rate because the letters normally have varying degrees of transparency.
Yet another solution is proposed in EP 0 650 911 B1 wherein at least one deflection element is placed within the hauling path, by which movable portions of the mail items are deflected temporarily vertically to the hauling direction. The presence of overlapping portions of mail items is then detected by a detection facility based on the spring-return mechanism of the rearward deflected (in hauling direction) portions of mail pieces. This solution is mostly independent from the condition of the surface of the mail pieces.
An advantage of the present invention is to overcome the problems of the above set out solutions. Another advantage is to provide a system which may easily be integrated into existing mail sorting systems at reasonable costs and easy manufacturability. These and other advantages are provided by the present system and method for detecting overlapping mail pieces.
The present invention comprises a system for detecting overlapping in-coming mail pieces carried along a track, comprising: a deflecting element for deflecting said mail pieces, said deflecting element positioned within said track so as to engage said mail pieces, at least one light barrier comprising a beam source and a detector element, said beam source emitting a light beam directed at a detector element, said at least one light barrier positioned proximate to said deflecting element such that an in-coming mail piece deflected by said deflecting means interrupts said light beam, and determination means for determining if said light beam has been interrupted more than once within a time T defined by the relationship T≦L/F, wherein L is the approximate length of a deflected mail piece and F is the in-coming speed of the in-coming mail pieces.
The present invention further comprises a method for identifying an occurrence of an overlapping in-coming mail piece being conveyed along a track, comprising the steps of: determining a length of said mail piece; determining an in-coming speed of said mail piece; deflecting said mail piece; and determining if a first light barrier is broken during a time T defined by the relationship T≦L/F, wherein L is the approximate length of a deflected mail piece and F is the in-coming speed of the in-coming mail pieces.
Because mail items comprises varying lengths, it is insufficient to detect the overlaps only in the rear portions of mail items (with respect to the conveyance direction) by detection of short successively rotating rear edges. Overlaps may also occur when the rear edges of the stacked mail items are essentially superimposed and only the front edges are a bit offset. In such circumstances, the solution set out in EP 0 650 911 B1 becomes inoperative. For overcoming at least this deficiency, the present solution, as set out in the claims, deflects movable front portions of mail items away from the conveyance direction.
The present system may be placed on either or both sides of the conveyance path in so as to detect leading edges with respect to trailing edges and overlaps from either side.
In another embodiment, the present apparatus may comprise a rotating smooth disk for deflecting mail pieces. The disk may be positioned at an angle or diagonally to the on-coming mail pieces. Rotating speed of the disk may be selected to approximately match the conveyance rate.
In a further embodiment the disk includes a plurality of teeth separated by gaps, the teeth being arranged about the circumference of the disk and rotating at such a speed and direction that the teeth engage a leading edge of an in-coming mail piece and the gaps engage any subsequent overlapping mail pieces. An advantage to this embodiment includes avoiding deformations of the mail pieces.
In a still further embodiment, another rotating disk may be added so as to take the tension off of the deflected portions of the mail pieces.
The novel features and method steps believed characteristic of the invention are set out in the claims below. The invention itself, however, as well as other features and advantages thereof, are best understood by reference to the detailed description, which follows, when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, wherein:
FIG. 1a depicts a bottom view of an embodiment according to the present invention;
FIG. 1b depicts a side view of an embodiment according to the present invention;
FIG. 1c depicts a perspective view an embodiment according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 depicts a front view an embodiment according to the present invention;
FIG. 3a depicts a bottom view of another embodiment according to the present invention;
FIG. 3b depicts a side view of another embodiment according to the present invention; and
FIG. 3c depicts another side view of another embodiment according to the present invention.
FIG. 1 depicts a bottom view of an embodiment of the present invention. The depicted apparatus comprises a first disk 4 having a smooth circumference and positioned at an angle to in-coming mail pieces 1 and 2. First disk 4 is made to rotate in direction 22 (FIG. 1a) at a speed approximate to the speed of in-coming mail pieces by known means not depicted for clarity. Mail pieces 1 and 2 are depicted as overlapping. A second disk 7 is depicted positioned behind or downstream (with respect to the direction of the on-coming mail pieces 1 and 2) and at an angle to the first disk 4. Second disk 7 may be made to rotate in the direction 24 (FIG. 1a). First and second light barriers 5 and 6, respectively, are also depicted. Second light barrier 6 is positioned downstream (with respect to the conveyance direction of the in-coming mail) from the first light barrier 5. The present system may include only first light barrier 5 (also performing the function of light barrier 6, as will be detailed below) as well as alternate placements of the two light barriers, such as together or with the second light barrier leading the first. Appropriate reorientations of the herein discussed elements and functions would follow. Conveyance and drive means are not shown for purposes of clarity only.
The mail pieces as depicted are squeezed into an upright position between two cover bands in a cover band system. The cover bands only cover a small portion of the surfaces of the mail pieces being positioned upright, such that large amounts of surface above and below the bands are available and visible. Other conveyance schemes are applicable to the present invention provided that front edges of in-coming mail pieces are available for deflection (as will be detailed below).
FIG. 1b depicts a top view of the present invention depicting, among other things, the direction 3 of the overlapping pieces. FIG. 1c depicts a perspective view wherein disks 4 and 7 are approximately perpendicular. FIG. 2 depicts a front view of the present embodiment. The operation of the present embodiment will now be described with general reference to the above cited figures.
In operation, the first disk 4 deflects a leading edge of a leading mail piece as it approaches the present system positioned along a conveyance system. The disk, by virtue of its angle to the in-coming mail and rotational speed, deflects the front edge of the mail piece, causing a redirection of the mail piece along the conveyance path. The deflected mail piece may be made to break light barrier 5, assuming the light barrier 5 is activated. This breaking will start a clock counting time 'T', to be detailed below. Alternatively, the leading front edge may be made or directed to break second light barrier 6 thereby activating light barrier 5 as well as starting 'T'. Second disk 7 assists with the continued conveyance of the diverted mail piece, along the track, by continuing to redirect the leading edge, as received from the second disks' cooperation with and placement to the first disk 4. Should an overlapping mail piece be present, in this case mail piece 2, the leading edge of mail piece 2 is also deflected as was the case with mail piece 1. The leading edge of mail piece 2 breaks light barrier 5 in the same manner as the leading edge of mail piece 1. The breaking of light barrier 5 within a certain time frame T is indicative of an overlap and so noted. As noted above, time frame T is counted beginning with the breaking of either light barrier 5 or 6 depending upon the arrangement. Time frame T is defined by the relationship T≦L/F, wherein L=approximate length of the deflected mail piece and F=hauling speed. An appropriately programmed and connected processor may be included with the present invention to facilitate the above calculations and operation.
The light barriers, as known in the art, may comprise a light source whose emissions are directed at a detector. As depicted, the light barriers are positioned approximately perpendicular, although their actual angular displacement to each other as well as to in-coming mail pieces is a matter of design provided the above functionality is respected. As is depicted, second light barrier 6 is positioned transversally to the direction of the mail pieces.
First disk 4 rotates in a direction and speed approximately the same as the in-coming mail pieces and is positioned at an angle so as to deflect the on-coming mail (see e.g. FIGS. 1c and 2). First disk 4 is positioned so as to engage a lower portion of the on-coming mail. Generally, this is below the conveyor bands or other conveying means used to haul the mail pieces along a certain plane and track. Accordingly, at least the first disk may be located within the track. In another embodiment, the disk may be positioned to grab and deflect any appropriate portion of the on-coming mail. First disk 4 deflects a front portion of the leading mail piece and therefore a second system may be located on the opposite side of the conveyor band or track in case a trailing edge is located along that side. For effective operation, a leading edge of a trailing overlapping mail piece must be available for deflection.
For the gentle treatment of the mail pieces 1, 2 the deflected portions of mail pieces may be taken over immediately after the deflection by second disk 4 for further conveyance in hauling direction 3.
Another embodiment of the present invention is depicted in FIGS. 3a-3 c. Herein, first disk 4 from above is replaced by a third disk 8. Third disk 8 comprises a plurality of teeth separated by gaps or spaces and positioned along the circumference of the third disk. The third disk is positioned at a location and angle so as to engage the leading edge of an in-coming mail piece as described above with respect to the first disk 4. The third disk 8 is made to rotate in direction 20 (FIG. 3a) by means known in the art and not shown for purposes of clarity. The remaining elements of this embodiment remain at least equivalent to the embodiment set out above. In operation, the third disk is made to rotate such that the leading edge of an in-coming mail piece is deflected by a tooth, while the leading edge of a trailing and overlapping mail piece is accommodated within a space or gap. Deflection of the trailing and overlapping mail piece occurs by a subsequent tooth. The operation is otherwise at least equivalent to the above described operation.
The invention being thus described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations may include a mixing of elements from the above embodiments. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention, and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 14, 1997
|Jan 9, 2001
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Method of controlling a device for removing flat items of post from a stack
|Aug 12, 1998
|Apr 23, 2002
|Pitney Bowes Technologies Gmbh
|Feeding machine
|Sep 2, 1998
|May 14, 2002
|Francotyp-Postalia Ag & Co.
|Mail processing system with a franking and addressing machine and method for combined franking and address printing
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 2, 2006
|Oct 5, 2010
|Siemens Industry, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for detecting doubles in a singulated stream of flat articles
|May 2, 2006
|Nov 30, 2006
|Carpenter Michael D
|Method and apparatus for detecting doubles in a singulated stream of flat articles
|Apr 25, 2012
|Oct 31, 2012
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Method for checking flat postal mail processed by processing system, involves making decision whether item at processing system is transported to direction reversal devices, and making decision whether item is removed
|U.S. Classification
|250/221, 209/606, 271/263
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 25, 2002
Owner name: SIEMENS AG, GERMANY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:FRANCKE, JURGEN;REEL/FRAME:013547/0164
Effective date: 20021015
|Nov 26, 2007
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|May 18, 2008
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jul 8, 2008
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20080518


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