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The 10 Best Ways To Whiten Your Yellowish Teeth Naturally
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Our teeth start their life white as snow but they are exposed repeatedly to different staining elements. For example every cup of coffee and tea contains substances that can stain our teeth. And there are many others. The aging process also darkens our teeth as the enameled surface gets thinner and more translucent, gradually exposing the darker interior layer called dentin. [1]
Although there are dental procedures that can whiten our supposedly pearly whites, they can be expensive. Others resort to bleaches and whitening toothpastes sold over the counter, however there are numerous items in our home and simple techniques that may help without resorting to spending a fortune on dental professional whitening procedures.
The 10 Best Ways To Whiten Your Yellowish Teeth Naturally
1. Oil Pulling – take a spoonful of either olive, sesame or coconut oil into the mouth and swish it around for 15-20 minutes each morning. It can be a little tedious so do this while you are doing something else. Oil pulling is considered not only to whiten teeth and support gum health, but may also have other super health benefits and is claimed by some to actually heal dental cavities!
2. Strawberries – Malic acid, an enzyme added to several whitening toothpastes also occurs naturally in strawberries. [2] Eat strawberries on a regular basis; slowly munching up the fruits to mash the fruit juices well with your teeth. Or better yet, cut up the fruit in two and stroke the other half along the teeth before eating. Experts also claim that the fibers present in strawberries act like an organic wiper, eliminating bad microorganisms present in the entire oral cavity. Just remember to rinse your mouth or brush your teeth right your strawberry teeth bleaching session because the fruit also contains glucose and acids that might pose a risk of tooth decay.
3. A Carrot a Day Keeps the Plaque Away – Carrots are good for eyes and also for your teeth. Rich in Vitamin C, this carotene-packed vegetable helps prevent the occurrence of periodontal conditions such as gingivitis. The fibrous nature of carrots acts like a natural stain remover because it helps clean the surfaces and hinder accumulation of plaque. [3] Carrots are not as acidic as other vitamin C-rich fruits and vegetables, thereby allowing you to eat them whenever you want.
4. Activated Charcoal Powder – This one may sound crazy (it's just about the blackest substance on the planet!) – but activated charcoal has received very good reports as a tooth whitening powder. Simply brush the teeth using the powder as a toothpaste. All the black washes away leaving the teeth feeling cleaner, smoother and noticeably whiter. It's also reported to assist with oral health. Be very careful not to get it on clothes, bathroom grout etc and wash it away thoroughly in the sink as it leaves stains.
5. Hydrogen Peroxide – If you were to look at the ingredients list of the commonly-found teeth whitening strips, you will find that the active ingredient is hydrogen peroxide. A 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide is considered safe for oral use. Typical method – 2 tablespoons (30ml) of hydrogen peroxide can be swished around the mouth for around 1 minute as a mouthwash. Rinse thoroughly. 2 teaspoons of peroxide can also be mixed with 3 teaspoons of baking soda to form a paste which can be used as toothpaste once a week. [3]
6. Baking Soda – Ever noticed that baking soda is present in the majority of whitening toothpastes? This is because baking soda is an amazing kitchen item that does everything, from neutralizing the acid level of teeth to eliminating the discolorations accumulated over time of consuming caffeine. [4] Experts agree that baking soda is one the most powerful, safest and cheapest whitening element available in the market. You can apply it on top of your toothpaste or brush it alone- cleansing and whitening as you scrub a tiny spread on your discolored enamels. Brush baking soda like you normally brush your teeth maximum of 3x a week. The key is consistency.
7. Drink Using A Straw – Tea, coffee and other drinks have the capacity to stain your teeth. Red wines are also capable of leaving unwanted stains on your beloved enamels. From coffee to cocktails, we are exposing our teeth to all kinds of chromogenic elements. (You can impress your friends with that word!) Drinking from a straw can diminish the amount the drink contacts your teeth. Looks childish? We think having stained teeth looks worse. For eco points, buy a stainless steel re-useable straw and skip the disposable plastic kind.
8. Stop Smoking – Kind of obvious this one, but tobacco smoking is a sure short-cut to yellowed teeth. The day you stop is the day that the yellow stains can begin to fade.
9. Back to Basics: Brush And Floss – Another obvious one but good brushing simply helps. There is no excuse acceptable as to why one should not brush their teeth regularly (unless specifically instructed otherwise by the dentist i.e. for bleeding gums, etc.) Remember to brush your teeth with gentle strokes after meals using a soft-bristled brush and floss daily. Flossing takes away the stubborn particles lodged in between teeth. It won't hurt to carry a box of toothpicks also – especially the tea tree variety, as these can not only clean the teeth but the tea tree has a noted antibacterial action.
10. Swish Your Mouth With Water After Eating/Drinking – Really simple and yet super effective: The importance of rinsing your oral cavity with water every after eating and drinking is that many of the remnants remained inside will be flushed out, thereby preventing further discoloration and possibly limiting decay! [3] This will also remove much of the sugar from the mouth after eating something sweet, thereby diminishing the bacterial attack on the mouth that sugar causes. Learning this principle, we expect that you now pledge to rinse your mouth the moment you are done with your morning coffee. Rinsing is not an elaborate step; all you have to do is swish drinking water vigorously inside your oral cavity and then spit it out.
See Also: How To Make Your Own All-Natural Herbal Tooth Whitening Powder
Photo – © marrakeshh – Fotolia.com
[1] "Dental Health and Tooth Discoloration." Oral Care. Web MD. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 July 2013. http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/guide/tooth-discoloration
[2] Mumbi, Mariah. "10 home remedies for whiter teeth." Lifestyle. Lifestyle Magazine. N.p., 23 Apr. 2013. Web. 24 July 2013. http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/lifestyle/2013/04/23/10-home-remedies-for-whiter-teeth/
[3] http://www.wikihow.com/Whiten-Teeth-With-Hydrogen-Peroxide
[4] "Natural Teeth Whitening Solutions." The Dr. Oz Show. N.p., 2 Dec. 2010. Web. 24 July 2013. http://www.doctoroz.com/videos/natural-teeth-whitening-solutions
[5] "Hydrogen peroxide." Household Chemicals. Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 July 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide
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11 Comments
By Linda Blank, August 2, 2013 @ 5:31 am
What I need is something that will whiten my veneers that have yellowed I can not afford to have new caps put on Unfortunately no one told me of the yellowing that could happen and these are on my 4 front upper teeth Can't seem to find anything that will whiten veneers Any ideas of what I could do
By Gloria Knapp, August 26, 2013 @ 9:57 pm
i use the magic eraser and my teeth were badly stained if removed all the yellow cut the earser into smaller squares then use the corners to get into cracks this really works and i reasearched the product for safty even my dentist was amazed.
By admin, August 30, 2013 @ 2:09 am
This doesn't seem very safe to me, isn't it highly abrasive?
By Kas, October 20, 2013 @ 1:02 pm
Can you recommend anything for nails, since I started juicing my nails , which have always been strong and healthy are now breaking.
By Bay Native, November 12, 2013 @ 1:51 am
seems logical that smoking pot that causes "cotton mouth" prob wouldnt be a good idea if saliva is important to mouth n teeth health #jus'sayin
By rich, February 9, 2014 @ 3:23 pm
Activated charcoal. be a Goth but get whiter teeth. It works
By Hire the Best Dentist in Brisbane, April 15, 2014 @ 6:41 am
Teeth whitening process is very expensive at dentist's clinic I found these home remedies very helpful for brightening the teeth in a cost-effective way.
By Will, May 3, 2014 @ 3:10 pm
Try this one, it's all natural. Make a paste using turmeric powder, stains sink & toothbrush but your teeth look amazingly white !
FYI: Don't wear anything white while brushing !
By Carol, June 12, 2014 @ 11:53 pm
eat apples to clean teeth stains plus their quercetin helps block histamine reaction to allergens (pollen). after all, an apple a day… !
By CJ, July 18, 2014 @ 1:13 pm
Oil pulling whitens your teeth too amongst a list of other benefits!
By ross, March 10, 2015 @ 5:37 pm
How about tea tree? I heard that works.
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Progressive Savings Bank
Fiserv Solutions, Inc.
- July 13, 2016
( 34)
Progressive Savings Bank Mobile Banking
Works part of the time... Its nice when you want to check your balance but most of the time it saids system error & you have to delete than download again for it to work. That's a lot of extra time wasted :(
fast & convenient works smoothly and makes accessing your account from your mobile device simple and painless.
This app, and bank sucks I have never had to call the bank so often to check my account balance, the app never works, even the desk top site doesn't work. The bank itself "forgot" to deposit my pay check. Save yourself time and money, use a different bank.
Ok Here lately I've been having trouble logging in so I'm having to go to desktop site I just updated the app and I'm still having the problem
But could be better!! I love Progressive Savings Bank. Would not bank anywhere else. App needs to be able to change billing info as needed or for you to add a new bill. It needs to do everything that the one on the main web page does. But all in all I use it almost every day.
The app won't allow me to login.It continuously ask me to answer security questions.
What's New
This version includes Instant Balance for easy access to balances without logging in and What's New feature introduction.
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Founders Mobile App provides access to your accounts from your phone or tablet.
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ABNB is pleased to offer 24/7 account access to ABNB members anytime anywhere.
GNCU eBranch mobile gives you access to your accounts any time, from anywhere.

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Hmm, how can you not believe in something that doesn't exist. if it didn't exist you wouldn't have to not believe in it... that's a thinker.
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William Smalingcommented on a channel on YouTube.
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The Indian Institute of Technology at Powai (IIT-Bombay) has hit upon an idea that could boost the spirit of entrepreneurship among its students. Its placement cell is weighing the option of helping students whose start-ups have not fired to be placed in jobs after two years of experimenting with their ideas.
As part of the scheme, students keen on their own startups will be assigned mentors after graduating. These experts either people who have successfully floated their own companies or those with enough exposure to new businesses will evaluate their ideas to see if theres any potential. Once the ideas are approved, students can float their own companies. After two years, if a start-up fails to take off, the student entrepreneur can participate in the regular placement process and get a job. Ravi Sinha, professor in charge of placements, said the idea, which is at a nascent stage, can give students the assurance to float their ideas without hesitation. Very few start-up ideas on the campus turn out to be successful ventures. Often, many good ideas are not commercially viable. So, students are apprehensive about floating their ideas, added Sinha. The office of Society for Innovation and Entrepreneurship (SINE), which promotes entrepreneurship on the campus by promoting business incubation, and the Entrepreneurship cell (Ecell) is working with the placement cell to check the feasibility of the project. We have been working on the initiative for a couple of months. If it works out, student-entrepreneurs will be reasonably assured of getting a job through the institute's placement office, said Sinha.
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Brucella pathogenesis, genes identified from random large-scale screens
Pathogenicity islands, specialized secretion systems, virulence plasmids, fimbriae, pili, adhesins, and toxins are all classical bacterial virulence factors. However, many of these factors, though widespread among bacterial pathogens, are not necessarily found among bacteria that colonize eukaryotic cells in a pathogenic/symbiotic relationship. Bacteria that form these relationships have developed other strategies to infect and grow in their hosts. This is particularly true for Brucella and other members of the class Proteobacteria. Thus far the identification of virulence factors for Brucella has been largely dependent on large-scale screens and testing in model systems. The genomes of the facultative intracellular pathogens Brucella melitensis and Brucella suis were sequenced recently. This has identified several more potential virulence factors for Brucella that were not found in large screens. Here, we present an overall view of Brucella virulence by compiling virulence data from the study of 184 attenuated mutants.
- Brucella
- Virulence
- Intracellular survival
1 Introduction
The annotated genomic sequences of Brucella melitensis and Brucella suis were recently released [1,2]. These data were long awaited by the Brucella research community with the hope that the secrets of Brucella virulence would be revealed and clearly readable in their sequences. Instead, the sequences revealed that Brucella is surprisingly poor in classical virulence genes, earning it the name of 'furtive nasty bug' (for review [3,4]). This highlights the fact that though genomic sequences are of great value, they remain just starting points in the biological understanding of the nature of an organism and are not the end of the story. Therefore, while genome data open an easy door to a priori research, current research on Brucella pathogenesis will benefit from continued use of large-scale random approaches using relevant infection models and genetic tools, such as transposon mutagenesis, promoter-trap systems and proteome analysis.
Brucella pathogenesis is mainly based on its ability to survive and multiply in host cells [3]. Cellular models of infection using professional and non-professional phagocytic cell lines have been developed [5,6]. Once inside either of these cell types, Brucella replicates within a membrane-bound compartment, isolated from the classical destructive endocytic pathway [7,8]. This compartment possesses some characteristics of the endoplasmic reticulum [7,8].
Though cellular models are invaluable in studying Brucella pathogenesis, these models are simplistic compared to using an animal host model. It is well recognized that in vivo approaches are required for full understanding of bacterial pathogenesis [9]. Mouse models of Brucella infection have been developed. The mouse is a model for persistence in the reticuloendothelial system (which occurs in human disease as well as in domestic animals) and it is genetically well-defined, as compared to goats, cattle or swine, the natural hosts [10].
Various infectious models have been used by several research groups to screen for virulence genes using a priori or random approaches. Random screens to identify virulence factors have been performed with three different methods: transposon mutagenesis [11–18,44,64], signature-tagged mutagenesis [19–22] and differential fluorescence induction (DFI) [23–25]. DFI identifies genes specifically induced intracellularly. In addition, DFI gives information about the intracellular environment encountered by the pathogen. Whether or not these genes are required for full virulence needs further analysis. Recently, Köhler et al. used the term virulome to describe the set of genes needed for survival of Brucella in macrophages [12]. We prepared a comprehensive list of genes that have been studied to date to determine their contribution to the virulence of Brucella along with the virulence model used in the virulence determination studies [71–⇓87]. Some additional data from our laboratory that have not been published are included as well. This collection consists of 184 unique genes divided into 12 functional classes based on sequence homology (Table 1).
All together this represents a collection of more than 184 unique genes divided into 12 functional classes based on sequence homology. For each mutant, all the infectious models tested are given, when one of them is not attenuated in a given infectious model, the model is written in red.
aThis region contains an authentic frameshift.
bThis region contains an authentic point mutation causing a premature stop.
cORFs encoding proteins underexpressed in B. melitensis strain Rev1 compared to strain 16M growing in rich medium [50].
*An uncountable number of intact intracellular mutants in these genes were observed at 48 h post infection in infected HeLa cells as with the parental strain. These mutants were classified in group A in the manuscript of Delrue and co-workers [16].
2 Classical virulence factors
2.1.1 Envelope molecule
Initial contact between Brucella and the host cell occurs obviously between the bacterial cell surface and the cellular plasma membrane. The large number of attenuated mutants with a structural defect in their lipopolysaccharide (LPS) confirms the importance of Brucella outer membrane in virulence. Recently, the LPS O-polysaccharide (O-PS) was shown to be involved in inhibition of phagocytosis, protection against bacterial killing inside the phagolysosome and inhibition of host cell apoptosis [26,27]. Porte et al. [27] suggest, also, that the O-PS could interact with lipid rafts during cell invasion contributing to diverting Brucella-containing phagosomes from the lysosomal pathway [28]. The O-PS is the first molecule clearly shown to be involved in Brucella intracellular entry. However, its cellular receptor has not been identified. It is possible, also, that the O-PS mutant phenotypes are not directly due to the absence of this structure but rather are the result of structural modification of bacterial cell surface ligands [3]. The O-PS contributes along with lipid A and the core of the LPS molecule in protection of Brucella against cellular defenses such as bactericidal cationic peptides and polycations, and humoral defenses such as complement-mediated lysis (for review see [29]). The outer membrane proteins (OMPs), another major constituent of the outer membrane, might also play a role in the protective properties of this membrane as suggested by the sensitivity of an omp19 mutant to cationic peptides [30]. It was also established that the two-component BvrR/BvrS system regulates the lipid A acylation pattern and expression of several group 3 OMPs including Omp3a, a protein known to be involved in Brucella virulence [31–33].
It is also clear that Brucella LPS is not only involved in the molecular dialog between bacteria and host cells but acts also as an immunomodulator for protein antigen presentation of MHC class II molecules [34]. Similarly, Omp3a is an immunomodulator, inhibiting production of tumor necrosis factor α during Brucella's infection of human macrophages [35].
2.1.2 Secretion system
In addition to LPS, the type IV secretion system (T4SS) of Brucella encoded by the virB operon is a major virulence factor. The T4SS delivers macromolecules between bacteria and eukaryotic cells, crossing taxonomic kingdom boundaries, by a cell-contact-dependent mechanism [36]. The T4SS of Brucella is involved in the recruitment of lipid rafts for entry of Brucella into macrophages [37] and is required for Brucella to reach its proper niche and to replicate within host cells [16,17,38]. The probable involvement of T4SS at two steps of host–Brucella interaction suggests that more than one effector could be secreted. Recently, it was shown by the use of VirB5- and VirB8-specific antisera that the production of the T4SS differs among Brucella species and in response to environmental stress [39]. These observations suggest that regulation of virB expression is complex and probably that of the secreted T4SS effectors as well.
2.1.3 Flagella
Although Brucella are described as non-motile bacteria, genomic analysis showed that all the structural genes for building a flagellum are present [40]. However, as no chemotactic genes have been detected, the flagellar genes might be cryptic. Nevertheless, transient expression of fliF, flgE and fliC has been demonstrated in rich growth medium as well as intracellular induction of the fliF promoter (D. Fretin and S. Köhler, personal communication). Moreover, it has been shown in our laboratory that Brucella mutants in fliF, flhA, flgI, flgE, fliC and motB are attenuated in BALB/c mice ([20]; unpublished data). In flagellated bacterial species, these genes encode respectively the MS ring of the basal body, the export apparatus, the P-ring, the hook, the flagellin and the motor of the flagellum. Search for a favorable niche is usually the obvious function of flagellum-based mobility but, in pathogenic bacteria, this structure could also play a role in colonization or adhesion. Furthermore, the flagellar apparatus of Yersinia enterocolitica, in addition to having a dedicated role in flagellum biogenesis, is also involved in the transport of YplA bacterial protein into eukaryotic cells that interacts with host cells independently of mobility per se [41].
2.2 Regulation
To survive under various conditions ranging from the open environment to the intracellular milieu of eukaryotic cells, pathogenic bacteria coordinate the expression of an intricate network of factors as an adaptive response. For example, invasion and vacuolar jacking of eukaryotic cells is actively directed by Brucella (for review see [4]). This implies that there is a specific bacterial response to every change in the environment, adapting the bacterium at each step of the infectious cycle. Usually, the adaptive response is mediated by two-component regulatory systems (TCSs) and by transcriptional regulators (TRs). The detection of 21 predicted response regulators (RRs) and 20 predicted histidine kinases (HKs) was performed in the genome of B. melitensis using the PFAM HATPase_C domain and the PFAM response_reg and trans_reg_C domains, respectively. On the basis of the proximity of hk and rr genes in the genome, it is predictable that these RRs and HKs can form 13 HK/RR pairs. The remaining HKs and RRs may belong to phosphorelays, such as the DivK/CtrA pathway. Analysis of polypeptides for the helix-turn-helix motif, the main signature for DNA binding transcription factors of prokaryotes [42], identified 148 TRs in the genome of B. melitensis.
Six TCSs have been shown to affect the virulence of Brucella[12,20,22,43,44]. One of the TCSs, the Brucella BvrR/BvrS system, has an important effect on HeLa cell–pathogen interactions. At the step of penetration, this TCS is involved in the recruitment of small GTPases that are required for actin-dependent cell penetration [45]. After entry into the cell, it inhibits phagosome progress towards lysosomes [7]. No bacterial ligand or eukaryotic receptor has been identified as yet for any step of the infectious cycle. As some envelope components are regulated by BvrR/BvrS [31], these are good candidates for direct ligands of eukaryotic vacuolar molecules.
Among the 148 transcriptional regulators, six have been shown to be involved in Brucella pathogenesis so far [12,15,20,22] (Table 1). Most of them were identified in our lab but have not been published on as yet. One of the regulators we identified and studied in our laboratory belongs to the LuxR family of the quorum-sensing (QS) proteins. This regulator was designated vjbR (vacuolar jacking Brucellaregulator) and is involved in phagosome trafficking and activates the virB operon [15]. As the QS phenomenon links transcriptional regulation to population density, involvement of vjbR at the step of intracellular trafficking suggests that intracellular Brucella coordinates virulence gene expression in response to the accumulation of a pheromone inside a vacuole during trafficking towards the replicative niche. In support of this hypothesis, it has been shown that Brucella produces dodeca-acyl-homoserine lactone (Cl2-HSL) [46]. However as this QS pheromone represses the transcription of the virB operon [46], it seems unlikely that Cl2-HSL can be the activator of transcription by VjbR.
The spoT, ptsP and glnL mutants suggest that two global regulation systems, the stringent response (for review see [47]) and a phosphoenol pyruvate-dependent phosphotransfer transduction pathway (for review see [48]), are involved in the control of Brucella virulence [11,12,15].
2.3 Metal acquisition
Metal ions are known to play at least two major functions in bacterial virulence. They signal bacteria as to their cellular location and are required as co-factors for a wide variety of enzymes. For these reasons, the bacteria must tightly regulate their intracellular levels of metal ions. Mg2+, Zn2+, and Fe3+ transporter genes are involved in virulence, suggesting that these ions are essential for Brucella homeostasis. The role of iron metabolism in virulence of Brucella is still poorly understood. Mutants unable to synthesize DHBA siderophore are unable to cause abortion in the goat model and are not attenuated in tissue culture or mouse models of infection [49]. However, the Rev1 vaccine strain has been shown by proteomics to have altered expression of proteins associated with iron utilization [50].
2.4 Amino acid metabolism
This category is divided into three subclasses (synthesis, transport and unknown function) and contains 26 genes, 19 of which are in the synthesis subclass. From its 'Brucella virulome', Köhler et al. suggest that the intracellular replication site of Brucella is poor in amino acids [12]. However, all the mutants in amino acid metabolism that were identified as attenuated in cellular models by Delrue et al. [16] are able to replicate intracellularly (genes annotated by an asterisk in Table 1). This suggests that Brucella encounters an environment poor in nutrients before reaching the replicative compartment. As some amino acid/peptide transporters such as artL and dppA seem to be required during intracellular infection, it suggests that amino acids/peptides are available. It was also shown that minimal medium induces transcription of virB which is necessary for Brucella to reach its replicative niche [51]. In summary, Brucella may activate some critical virulence genes in response to starvation occurring at an early stage during its intracellular trafficking. Failure to resist this sudden lack of nutrients would result in attenuation. This hypothesis remains to be documented by future investigations.
Even though lysine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, serine, threonine, histidine, and cysteine could be synthesized de novo by the bacterium during infection, some of the genes involved in their biosynthesis might be involved in other metabolic processes as well. For example, the carAB mutant might be affected in both pyrimidine and glutamate synthesis. Likewise, a datA mutant might be impaired in both phenylalanine and peptidoglycan biosynthesis [19]. Thus, mutants at branch points in metabolic pathways must be considered carefully and will need further studies in order to decide which metabolic pathway affects virulence.
2.5 Sugar metabolism and transporter
Old data from the 1950s and the information coming from the genomic sequence about sugar metabolism in Brucella have been compiled nicely in a recent review [52]. Maltose, ribose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, glycerol, erythritol and rhizopine (inositol) degradation pathways appear to be essential for Brucella intracellular survival. Among the 25 attenuated mutants, genes encoding sugar transport systems were disrupted in eight, consistent with the replicative niche containing several carbon sources. However, it is not known whether their role is limited to carbon or energy supply or if they play a signal role in affecting gene regulation during the infectious process. Five mutants might be impaired in their pentose phosphate cycle (ppc) (mutants: cbbE, pgi, rbsK, araG, rbsA). Because Brucella lacks phosphofructokinase, an essential enzyme of the glycolysis [52], the ppc pathway is crucial for sugar degradation in Brucella. This pathway also furnishes ribose for nucleic acid synthesis, and it has been demonstrated that the ability to produce de novo purines and pyrimidines is essential for Brucella intracellular replication [12,53].
Virulence of Brucella is also dependent on certain synthetic abilities. For example, production of cyclic β-(1-2) glucan is necessary for Brucella's intracellular replication [4,54]. This compound might be involved in cholesterol sequestration during phagosome trafficking as suggested by Moreno and Moriyon [3]. Recent data suggest that the bacterium might also synthesize and/or catabolize rhizopine [20,23]. Rhizopine (l-3-O-methyl-scyllo-inosamine) is produced by Rhizobium only in the plant nodule [55,56]. This inositol-derived compound is a growth substrate for strains of Rhizobium carrying the moc operon and seems to give an advantage to moc+ strains in the rhizosphere [57].
Though most of the mutants in this category have deficiencies related to purine/pyrimidine synthesis, some of the mutants are more puzzling. A strain generated by Köhler is mutated in miaA[12], which encodes a tRNA δ(2)-isopentenylpyrophosphate transferase responsible for the specific modification of the A-37 residue in the UNN codon tRNA species. It has been shown that a mutation of the miaA gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens results in reduced virB gene expression [58]. As Agrobacterium and Brucella are phylogenetically related, it would be interesting to study virB regulation in the Brucella miaA mutant. DNA repair systems are likely to play an important role in intracellular persistence, possibly by preventing DNA damage that might be induced by reactive oxygen intermediates. Mutants affecting RNA helicase or DNA gyrase activities suggest that Brucella might also use other strategies as well to regulate virulence genes. For example, tldD encodes a modulator of the DNA gyrase [59], and the modifications in DNA topology caused by the DNA gyrase are known to affect transcriptional regulation of virulence genes in some bacterial species [60].
2.7 Stress
Genes encoding stress proteins have been an obvious choice for directed mutagenesis for virulence studies and vaccine generation [61,82–85]. In addition, they have been identified in different screens for attenuated strains. However, the role of htrA in virulence is unclear as contradictory results have been found [12,84,85]. Studies on the DnaK-DnaJ chaperones (BMEI2002-2001) have been initiated by Köhler et al. [61]. The results showed that though DnaK plays a role in intracellular survival, DnaJ does not. While the dnaJ mutant was not attenuated in macrophages, it should be noted that Brucella has four genes encoding proteins having a DnaJ domain (BMEI0047-I0564-I1513 and I2001). One of these genes, BMEI1513, was shown to affect virulence of Brucella in mice, macrophages and HeLa cells [19]. This suggests that DnaK might interact with different DnaJ domain proteins in various environments. Despite the fact that ClpA, ClpB and ClpAB play an important role in stress resistance, they are not involved in virulence [62,63].
2.8 Oxidoredox
Most of the genes in this category are probably involved in reactive oxygen intermediate detoxification, as demonstrated in the study of cydB by Endley et al. [64]. With the sequencing of the genome, it is suspected that Brucella might use nitrate as an electron acceptor, the attenuation of the narG and norE mutants suggests that the Brucella vacuole is deprived of oxygen and that the bacterium switches to anaerobic respiration and uses nitrate as an electron acceptor if available. Preliminary studies showed that Brucella is capable of anaerobic growth in the presence of nitrate [65]. Another possibility would be that these genes are involved in nitric oxide detoxification inside activated macrophages [66].
Proteins of the DsbA family are periplasmic proteins and function as soluble thiol:disulfide oxidoreductases. In a catalytic cascade pathway, the activity of DsbA is maintained by DsbB. DsbA proteins catalyze the oxidative folding and assembly of many secreted proteins, such as cholera toxin and pertussis toxin [67]. The implication of proteins of the DsbAB system in Brucella's effectors secretion remains to be investigated.
2.9 Coding sequences with unknown function
Among all the mutants presented here, 20 are disrupted in sequences for which no function could be assigned. These sequences are of particular interest as some might correspond to secreted effectors involved in vacuolar jacking. For example, BMEI1229 belongs to a cluster of six predicted coding sequences whose low GC content is less than that of the genome. All six sequences are specific for the Brucella genus and the class of rhizobia. As this cluster is bordered on one side by an integrase gene and on the other by a disrupted tRNA gene, it may have been acquired by horizontal gene transfer [68]. The protein encoded by BMEI1227 is a likely candidate for secretion by the T4SS as its carboxy-terminus contains an RPR motif. It has been suggested that this motif forms part of a transport signal for A. tumefaciens T4SS effectors [69,70].
3 Conclusion
In this review, we present a list of all the genes identified currently that affect the virulence of Brucella, regardless of the virulence model used. Because the function or functional group of most of these genes could be determined by homology searches, this list extends our understanding of the genetic basis of Brucella virulence. Of course, further work will be needed to confirm these homology-based predictions. Some sequences that potentially encode virulence factors were discovered by genome sequence analysis that had not been identified by random screens. Analysis of null mutants in these sequences which encoded putative hemolysins, invasins, and adhesins is awaited [2,3].
The next step is to understand the biological functions of the identified virulence factors during an infection. The role of flagella and of rhizopine metabolism in Brucella virulence is particularly intriguing. To adapt to a changing environment during the infectious cycle, pathogens express virulence factors in an orchestrated manner. The challenge now is also to identify all the partners involved in the regulation of expression of virulence factors as well as to draw regulation networks. Global proteomic and transcriptome studies done under conditions encountered by Brucella during its infectious cycle hand in hand with a mutagenesis approach will be critical for a detailed understanding of the genetic basis of virulence of Brucella. When we learn more about the host–pathogen interaction, we will have a better understanding of the brucellosis.
We thank Shirley Halling for critical reading of the manuscript. This work was supported by the Commission of the European Communities, Contracts QLK2-CT-1999-00014 and QLRT-2001-00918.
- © 2003 Federation of European Microbiological Societies
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About Baylor University
Baylor University is a private Christian University and a nationally ranked research institution. The University provides a vibrant campus community for more than 16,000 students by blending interdisciplinary research with an international reputation for educational excellence and a faculty commitment to teaching and scholarship. Chartered in 1845 through the efforts of Baptist pioneers, Baylor is the oldest continually operating University in Texas and welcomes students from all 50 states and more than 80 countries.
#BearsOfBaylor — "We had a really cool Welcome Week group…"
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Rookies depart Cats
Geelong has today informed those players whose rookie contracts with the club will not be extended.
4:02pm Sep 27, 2016
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Danger revels in success
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Brownlow talking points
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Byzantine Era Golden Treasure Uncovered at Foot of Temple Mount
During excavations at the foot of the Temple Mount which were conducted this summer, Jerusalem Hebrew University archaeologist Dr. Eilat Mazar discovered two bundles of a treasure containing thirty-six gold coins, gold and silver jewelry, and a gold medallion with the menorah (Temple candelabrum) symbol etched into it. Also etched into the 10-cm medallion are a shofar (ram's horn) and a Torah scroll.
Mazar, a third-generation archaeologist working at the Hebrew University's Institute of Archaeology, directs excavations on the City of David's summit and at the Temple Mount's southern wall, the Ophel area. Calling the find "a breathtaking, once-in-a-lifetime discovery," Dr. Mazar said: "We have been making significant finds from the First Temple Period in this area, a much earlier time in Jerusalem's history, so discovering a golden seven-branched Menorah from the seventh century CE at the foot of the Temple Mount was a complete surprise."
The discovery was unearthed just five days into Mazar's latest phase of the Ophel excavations, and can be dated to the late Byzantine period (early seventh century CE). The gold treasure was discovered in a ruined Byzantine public structure, a mere 150 feet from the Temple Mount's southern wall.
The menorah, a candelabrum with seven branches that was used in the Temple, the national symbol of the State of Israel, reflects the historical presence of Jews in the area. The position of the items as they were discovered indicates that one bundle was carefully hidden underground while the second bundle was apparently abandoned in haste and scattered across the floor.
Given the date of the items and the manner in which they were found, Mazar estimates they were abandoned in the context of the Persian conquest of Jerusalem, in 614 CE. After the Persians conquered Jerusalem, many Jews returned to the city and formed the majority of its population, hoping for political and religious freedom. But as Persian power waned, instead of forming an alliance with the Jews, the Persians sought the support of Christians and ultimately allowed them to expel the Jews from Jerusalem.
Hanging from a gold chain, the menorah medallion is most likely an ornament for a Torah scroll. If this is the case, it is the earliest Torah scroll ornament found in archaeological excavations to date. It was buried in a small depression in the floor, along with a smaller, gold medallion, two pendants, a gold coil and a silver clasp, all of which are believed to be Torah scroll ornaments.
"It would appear that the most likely explanation is that the Ophel cache was earmarked as a contribution toward the building of a new synagogue, at a location that is near the Temple Mount," said Dr. Mazar. "What is certain is that their mission, whatever it was, was unsuccessful. The treasure was abandoned, and its owners could never return to collect it."
The Ophel cache is the third collection of gold coins to be found in archaeological excavations in Jerusalem, said Lior Sandberg, numismatics specialist at the Institute of Archaeology. "The thirty-six gold coins can be dated to the reigns of different Byzantine emperors, ranging from the middle of the fourth century CE to the early seventh century CE," said Sandberg.
Found alongside the coins were a pair of large gold earrings, a gold-plated silver hexagonal prism and a silver ingot. Remnants of fabric indicate that these items were once packaged in a cloth purse similar to the bundle that contained the menorah medallion.
Mazar's Ophel excavation made headlines earlier this year when she announced the 2012 discovery of an ancient Canaanite inscription (recently identified as Hebrew), the earliest alphabetical written text ever uncovered in Jerusalem.
The 2013 excavation season at the Ophel ran from the middle of April to the end of July, on behalf of the Institute of Archaeology of the Hebrew University. The Israel Antiquities Authority is carrying out the preservation works, and is preparing the site for the public.Aryeh Savir, Tazpit News Agency
About the Author: Aryeh Savir is director of the International division of Tazpit News Agency.
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If you promote any foreign religions, gods or messiahs, lies about Israel, anti-Semitism, or advocate violence (except against terrorists), your permission to comment may be revoked.


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text: Motivation1 by Artistry Beats published on 2012-03-10T19:11:21Z This beat contains a sampled song that has not been cleared and is not intended for sale; nor future profit by any means. It is a promotional work built to show case and pay tribute to past recordings. Any clearing of the sampled song for profit or use will be the responsibility of the person downloading the song. Upon download or use, Artistry Beats will no longer be held responsible for any use or profit. Genre Hip Hop Comment by Artistry Beats @crib9: thats everyday for me homie lls 2012/04/17 19:36:57 +0000 Comment by Risky Biz hear the motor roarin 2012/04/17 00:44:43 +0000 Comment by robpalme357 Killed It! 2012/03/23 16:18:56 +0000 Comment by ✮✫✪ A.Z. ✪✫✮ hahahaaaaa love this 2012/03/17 04:51:08 +0000 Comment by The Real Tony Diablo yes sir! 2012/03/11 00:14:12 +0000 Comment by Nenad Guteša neice chopping! 2012/03/10 19:55:17 +0000 Comment by A C T W O picturing a beatmaker montage! 2012/03/10 19:19:54 +0000


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$ 229.99 SALE: $ 137.99 Not Eligible For Return
You don't have to wait for the holidays to step out in this flashy style. Bourne's Rita is showcased by a enthralling gold mesh upper with embroidered floral detail. A 4 1/4 inch heel, 1/2 inch platform and decorative straps at the vamp polish off this exquisite peep toe.
Taylor Says
Vino - Cork


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GESF 2016: Key quotes from day one
The Global Education & Skills Forum 2016 opened today in Dubai with a day of speeches, debates and panel discussions with some of the world's top education thinkers and teachers. Here are some of the key quotes from today's sessions:
The Global Education and Skills Forum is the leading multi-stakeholder education event bringing together leaders from the Public, Private and Social sectors together to address how we can deliver on the promise of education, equity and employment for all.
Blog post by:
Harsha Sharma
Digital Communications Manager, Varkey Foundation
Digital Communications Manager, Varkey Foundation


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New Jersey Bankruptcy Lawyers
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September 20, 2013
hike, bike, swim
anywhere! love being outside!!
Hi I'm Erin and I just moved to the Dallas area. I would like to meet more people and do as much as I can while I'm here! :)
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- Overview
- Transcript
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One of the most common brushes that you'll use is the Smooth brush. Because of that, ZBrush has been optimized to make Smooth one of the easiest brushes to access. Let's open up the exercise file for this movie. Go up to File > Open, in Ch03, the smooth.ZPR file. I just want to hide the Light Box so it's out of the way. So it never fails; you've sculpted some beautiful forms on your model. But it's just too rough looking. Not too worry, the Smooth brush is there for you. The Smooth brush behaves a little differently from other brushes because you can't just pick it from the list and start stroking with it.
Click on the Brush button or hit B on the keyboard to bring up the Brush palette and I'll show you what I mean. Now find the Smooth brush and click on it. I'm going to hit S to narrow the selection. It's right here Smooth B. Now when I click on it I get this message, "The brush will be selected as the sculpting smooth-brush. Press the Shift key and then click to use it." What is that mean? Well, this brush behaves differently, because you have to hold down Shift to use it. So now that I've selected that Smooth brush, I'm just going to hit Shift, and you can see that the interface changes now to the Smooth brush. We see that there is the Smooth button active up here, and then there is also these settings have changed to reflect the settings of the smooth brush.
If I release Shift, it goes back to the standard brush. Now hold down Shift as you brush on the model and see what happens. It just smoothes out any rough areas. Now there are several different types of smooth brushes to choose from, but to be honest, I rarely find a use for them, as the basic smooth brush works great for me. The only one that I might use on a regular basis is SmoothDirectional, which will preserve detail that runs in the same direction as the stroke, and it will smooth out other details.
So let me just demonstrate how that works. I'm going to hit B to bring up the Brush palette and hit S, and we see down here E is SmoothDirectional. Okay, so it's telling me I have to hold down Shift to use it. So if I go around to the back side of this model and try to smooth out some of this detail in the back side of the head, you can see that as I hold down Shift and I stroke, it's smoothing out a lot of the stuff that's in the same direction as the stroke. Now let me just undo that and smooth across the grain of the detail.
You see it's smoothing out of lot more of that. So it preserves detail in the direction of the stroke while smoothing out other detail. Smooth is one of the most-used brushes in ZBrush, because it cleans up rough spots left behind by many of the other brushes. Use it regularly any time you want to remove detail from a part of your model.
- Navigating the canvas
- Using perspective and floor
- Creating a mesh with a ZSketch
- Extracting from an existing mesh
- Managing subdivision levels
- Working with alphas
- Masking off parts of a model
- Using deformation
- Using subtools
- Deforming with Transpose
- Painting and texturing
- Creating UV maps


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Safari to Corbett National Park
About Corbett National Park
Named after Jim Corbett, a British-Indian hunter turned conservationist and author who played a key role in establishing the park, the Corbett National Park is the oldest of its kind in India. Originally named the Hailey National Park in 1936, it was renamed in honour of this famous, man-eating tiger slayer, and later photographer, in 1957. The park is part of the much larger Corbett Tiger Reserve and is divided up in to five zones, each with its own distinct features and topography. With so much natural on beauty on offer here it is little wonder that the park is getting increasingly popular by the year.Read More
Corbett National Park Tours
Here are some popular itineraries that include a visit to Corbett National Park
Corbett National Park
Corbett National Park Hotels
If you are planning a Corbett National Park holiday, have a look at some of the accommodation that we recommend. 'Our Rating' indicates how we feel each property rates according to normal Western hotel standards. 'Local Rating' indicates how the property is categorised/rated locally:
Claridge's Corbett Hideaway Corbett National Park
Set in 13 acres of lush mango grove, with bamboo, guava trees, hibiscus schrubs and the sound of the Kosi River in the background, the Hideaway is the perfect jungle retreat for anyone seeking a breath of fresh air away from the chaos of the cities. The rooms are quaintly furnished and afford all modern comforts including air conditioning and easy access to the outdoor pool. The lodge is 300 km from Delhi; 5 km from the Corbett National Park and 3 km from Ramnagar railway station.
Corbett Ramganga Corbett National Park
Located in the foothills of the Himalayas, on the banks of the Ramganga River, the Ramganga spreads out over 20 acres of hill terrain speckled with ravines and forest. Covered in moss, the htoel itself looks like a fairytale cottage. The rooms withing are airy and decorated in calming whites and creams. The hotel also has a restaurant serving local and foreign cuisine and a pool. The hotel is 1.5 km from the nearest railway station at Ramnagar and is in a prime location for exploring the Corbett National Park.
The Wild Crest Corbett National Park
Situated on the edge of the famous Corbett National Park, the Wild Crest lodge is surrounded by jungle, with the Himalayas as a backdrop. The accommodation is made up of spacious rooms that have been exquisitely decorated and that overlook the shimmering water of the outdoor swimming pool. The lodge is only 6km from Bijrani Gate, the main entrance of Corbett National Park, 6 hours drive from Delhi and the nearest Railway station is Ramnagar (7km).
For all our tours and tailor-made holidays we provide you with a clear categorisation of all hotels we use. The REGIONAL CATEGORY indicates the local rating of each hotel in each respective country. We have also rated each hotel using OUR CATEGORY, which will be in line with generally accepted western hotel grading standards.
Basic hotels and simple accommodation is a no frills option with an adventurous authentic feel.
Standard accommodation equates to a Western 3-star standard, always featuring en-suite rooms and usually a restaurant.
Superior accommodation equates to a Western 4-star standard, featuring en-suite rooms and usually a restaurant and often a swimming pool and/or a fitness centre.
Deluxe accommodation equates to a Western 5-star standard, usually featuring spacious, en-suite rooms, a restaurant, swimming pool and fitness centre and an array of amenities, excellent service and customer care.
Lavish accommodation equates to a Western 5-star plus standard - the creme de la creme. Featuring spacious, en-suite rooms, a restaurant, swimming pool and fitness centre and an array of amenities, this accommodation is a cut above the rest. Sheer opulence!
Corbett National Park Tailor made suggestions
Here are some of the recent tailor made itineraries we have created for our clients which include a visit to Corbett National Park.


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Tranquility, safety and cleanliness is what we stand for! Come visit and you wont regret anything. We are located in... More Info »
The MAYAPAN HOSTEL immerse within an ecological authentic Mayan style, is the first and only HOSTEL located in the... More Info »
Hostel Quetzal prices include breakfast, family dinner and a tequila shot We are a hostel focused on socializing and... More Info »
Welcome to Hostel Ka'beh! More Info »
As we know it's sometimes complicated to choose the hostels with the best value, location and comfort - so we like to... More Info »
The best location you will find with us. You are 10 minutes away from Cancun's International airport. You don't need... More Info »
Conveniently located in the hotel zone of Cancun, the Sotavento Hotel offers 90 brightly decorated rooms in a Mexican... More Info »
At Hostal San Patricio you save on logging which give you the opportunity to see more, or if you here for business it... More Info »
This renovated hostel is located in the residential area of the Cancun old town, a 10-minute walk from Mercado 28 and... More Info »
The best zone in cancun Mayafair has a unique location. Close to the airport, the hotel is also near to the Party... More Info »
Mundo Maya Hotel is located in the historical center of the city on Yaxchilan Avenue No. 82 Sm 25 M8. It´s next to... More Info »
Hotel and Hostel located in the center of Cancun, has 28 beds divided in half for men and women, 7 rooms with shared... More Info »
Adhara Hacienda Cancn mixes 'old' and 'new' Mexico with a Mexican Colonial style featuring graceful arches and... More Info »
Cancun Coolest hostel!! We provide you the greatest atmosphere with safe & clean rooms, free WiFi, AC, kitchen,... More Info »
We are an italian family running a hostel in Cancun the paradisiac mexican caribbean. We cook dinner for our guest to... More Info »
Our Hotel Hacienda de Castilla was designed with the comfort and convenience of its visitors, making memorable every... More Info »
Do you like to cook your own meals? Use our kitchen, after buying groceries at one of the nearby market Only 200 m... More Info »
Simon Hostel is a new friendly hostel located in Cancun. Simon Hostel offers all facilities expected, it is the... More Info »
Cancun Hostel Natura is all new built! The guest will also have a discount in the Natura Restaurant, just... More Info »
Welcome! Mayambe Room is a private village, an amazing place for Relax in a Pacific Atmosphere! Room with double... More Info »
Video guides, travel podcasts, city maps & free city guides. What to eat, where to stay and things to do and see - our travel guides have it all.Find a guide »
This place has something for everyone, from the Golden Gate Bridge to Alcatraz, Chinatown, amazing seafood and one of the oldest LGBTQ scenes in the USA. And if you're a museum-...Read more »
We offer the most comprehensive selection of hostels on the internet with over 33,000 great places to stay in 170 countries. The ultimate online resource for hostels everywhere.Find great value hostels »


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1500 Ocean
Hotel del Coronado
Few hotels in the world are as easily recognized or as much loved as the 'The Del.' The world's largest resort when it was built in...
Coronado Municipal Beach
Just beyond the 'Hotel Del,' this beach is consistently ranked in America's top 10. Four-and-a-half miles south of Coronado Village is...
Visitor Center
Coronado's Visitors center doubles as the Coronado Museum of History and Art and offers 90-minute historical walking tours .
Puesto at the Headquarters
This upscale eatery serves Mexican street food that knocked our zapatos off: innovative takes on traditional tacos like chicken (with...
Hotel del Coronado, 1500 Orange Ave · interesting places nearby
1500 Ocean information
It's hard to beat the romance of supping at the Hotel del Coronado, especially at a table overlooking the sea from the verandah of its 1st-class dining room, where silver service and coastal cuisine with local ingredients set the perfect tone for popping the question or fêting an important anniversary.
Other dining experiences at the Del include the casual, beachside Sheerwater and fancy Sunday brunch in the Crown Room.


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Chateau Souverain Chardonnay (2005)
|Chateau Souverain
|USA » California » Sonoma County
|Table Wines
Add an image or write a description for this store.
|Chateau Souverain
|USA » California » Sonoma County
|Table Wines
Not too oaky or buttery; very good with seafood and/or to cook seafood (e.g., clams) in. Introduced to this one through BevMo's wine club.
|Mia's Playground
|USA » California » Sonoma County » Dry Creek Valley
|Table Wines
I got this for 5.99 at bevmo. It's phenomenal at that price. Smooth, not that complex, but a nice, cheap wine to serve with any meal.
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Page 1 of 18BevMo on Snooth
April 2016
So they have seven wineries and an eighth that creates brands - kind of like going to BevMo.Another spam misfire. Read More
February 2016
I don't shop at TotalWine, but that's because I don't have one near ... snob: Heck, I shop at BevMo once in a while because it's less than two blocks from my office. My main complaint with them is that they mess around with the prices and have too many wines that are house brand with bogus reviews (although the bogus reviews are coming to an ... Read More
January 2016
I wouldn't try to recommend wines at all given the scant information we ... ... them periodically (even BevMo does it now, although I'd steer away since so many of their wines are bottled for them and not really something that will give you transferable knowledge) or a bottle shop that doesn't really cater to collectors and connoisseurs. It'... Read More
January 2016
What is a great wine for a novice palate? Read More
January 2016
Ok, so mine is pretty much any wine made by Wente. I hate to bash an ... ... first being to never shop at BevMo. I vow to never buy Wente wine. It isn't, and has never been, anything close to what I enjoy. Sorry friends who work ther Read More
January 2016
Great story, JD!VV, here's how it usually works, as people who have been ... ... something at Safeway or BevMo on the way home once or twice. Usually to my disappointment. If I'm buying after my wife makes a grocery list (I usually do the actual shopping), then I know what we are having for dinner and I might as well match it. But that Fia... Read More
January 2016
Ok, new year and time for a new topic of discussion. Just yesterday I opened this Pinot Noir from California that initially sounded promising. First - it was given to Sandra as a retirement gift so it was free. Second - a Pinot Noir bottled in St. Helena CA, so it has to be decent, right? and Third - a nice looking label. Well, this 2014 Me... Read More
December 2015
Red - one of the problems with recs for places like World Market and Total Wine ... ... Joe's, Total WIne, BevMo and others are not catering to what you might consider a "fine wine" crowd. They're more like supermarkets that do their own private labels.They'll carry some wine produced in mass quantities of course, but they also buy juice and p... Read More
November 2015
Not even good enough for marinade? Should have called BevMo!BTW, is it the lighting or were those bottles as cloudy as they look? Read More
November 2015
JD - I don't know that I'd say yuck to all of them. Tasted the Long ... of the wine in places like BevMo could give those operations a bad name. They buy up juice and slap a label on it but the problem is the juice isn't always very good. A good negociant works with the vineyard owners and maintains some quality measures rather than buying on ... Read More
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