text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 1, 2004
|Filing date
|Sep 26, 2000
|Priority date
|Sep 26, 2000
|Fee status
|Publication number
|James A. Michener
|Original Assignee
|The Directv Group, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (48), Classifications (12), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to systems and methods for the translation and presentation of digital data, and in particular, to a method and apparatus for translating an input data packet from a first input format to a second format.
2. Description of the Related Art
Television programs are distributed to viewers by a variety of broadcasting methods. These methods include traditional analog broadcast television (National Television Systems Committee or "NTSC" standard), the upcoming digital broadcast television (Advanced Television Systems Committee or "ATSC" standard), cable television (both analog and digital), satellite broadcasting (both analog and digital), as well as other methods. These methods allow channels of television content to be multiplexed and transmitted over a common transmission medium. Typically, the program material and supporting data such as program guides are transmitted as packetized data in a time-division multiple access (TDMA) channel scheme. Typically, the data packets containing program material are compressed to reduce their size.
High definition television (HDTV) improves substantially upon the image and audio quality of basic broadcast television. However, uncompressed HDTV signals include much more information (typically well over a gigabit per second). When transmitted, even highly compressed HDTV signals require significantly more bandwidth than standard video.
Since the advent of satellite-broadcast television, the advanced television systems committee (ATSC) prepared, and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) adopted a standard protocol for terrestrial high definition broadcasts. This standard was based on protocols developed by the motion picture experts group (MPEG)—specifically, MPEG-2 video on MPEG-2 transport.
In the early market penetration phases of HDTV, the cost to transmit uncompressed HDTV via satellite or terrestrial fiber optic circuits are not justified by the relatively small audience. Standard definition television (SDTV) signals having a lower bandwidth and a higher audience are often distributed in a "contribution quality", a quality higher than normal transmission permitting alteration of the signal by affiliates. HDTV, which is in an early stage of development, is typically distributed in a format fully compressed and ready for broadcast "broadcast quality". These signals are reduced in bandwidth to less than 18.5 megabits per second in a format directly compatible and ready for ATSC broadcast.
Without translation, the satellite broadcasters would have to fully decode the ATSC signal into an uncompressed digital stream, then re-encode the stream into the proper format and protocol. Unfortunately, this solution is undesirable, for several reasons. First, the decode/recode process induces errors, resulting in degradation of the output signal. Second, to minimize the reduction in the quality of the recoded signal, the bit rate of the second encode cycle may be larger than the original coding rate, thus increasing bandwidth. The reduction in signal quality is worse than one might assume. One of the most difficult tasks for an MPEG encoder is to code an MPEG artifact. Consequently, if difficulties in the first encoding process result in artifacts, these artifacts will cause even greater difficulties in the next encoding process. Third, the decode/recode process requires relatively expensive decoder/encoder hardware. What is needed is a method and apparatus for translating input data packets from a first protocol to a second protocol, without losing signal quality or requiring additional bandwidth or hardware. The present invention satisfies that need.
To address the requirements described above, the present invention discloses a method, apparatus, and article of manufacture for translating an input data packet from an input format to at least one output data packet in an output format. The method comprises the steps of reading a series of data packets in the first format, the data packets including a data type identifier, wherein at least some of the data packets include first time synchronization data and at least some of the data packets include payload data; identifying data packets of interest in the series of data packets according to data type using the data type identifier; identifying data packets from the data packets of interest having time synchronization information; generating second time synchronization information from the first time synchronization information for the data packets having time synchronization information, and generating at least one output data packet in the output data format having the second time synchronization information. In one embodiment, the method further comprises the steps of identifying data packets from the data packets of interest having payload data, and assembling at least one output data packet in the second format having the payload data.
The apparatus comprises a receiver for accepting the series of data packets in the first format, the data packets including a data type identifier, wherein at least some of the data packets include first time synchronization data and at least some of the data packets include payload data; a translator, comprising a processor, communicatively coupled to the receiver, the processor for performing instructions; a memory, communicatively coupled to the processor, the memory storing instructions comprising a first instruction set to identify data packets of interest in the series of data packets according to the data type identifier, a second instruction set to identify data packets from the data packets of interest having time synchronization information, a third instruction set to generate second time synchronization information from the first time synchronization information for the data packets having first time synchronization information and a fourth instruction set to generate at least one output data packet in the second format having the second time synchronization information.
Referring now to the drawings in which like reference numbers represent corresponding parts throughout:
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an overview of a video distribution system;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a typical uplink configuration showing how video program material is uplinked to a satellite for transmission to subscribers using a single transponder;
FIG. 3A is a diagram of a representative data stream received from a satellite;
FIG. 3B is a diagram illustrating the structure of a data packet;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of one embodiment of an integrated receiver/decoder;
FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGS. 6A and 6B are diagrams illustrating the formation of a series of data packets that together for the first or input signal to the translator;
FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating one embodiment of the method steps used to identify packets of interest;
FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating exemplary method steps used to generate output data packet time synchronization information;
FIG. 9 is a block diagram showing one embodiment of how an offset time can be computed;
FIG. 10 is a flow chart illustrating exemplary method steps used to assemble output data packets in the second format; and
FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary computer system that cold be used to implement that translator.
In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and which show, by way of illustration, several embodiments of the present invention. It is understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an overview of a single satellite video distribution system 100. The video distribution system 100 comprises a control center 102 in communication with an uplink center 104 via a ground link 114 and with a subscriber receiver station 110 via a public switched telephone network (PSTN) or other link 120. The control center 102 provides program material (e.g. video programs, audio programs and data) to the uplink center 104, coordinates with the subscriber receiver stations 110 to offer pay-per-view (PPV) program services, including billing and associated decryption of video programs.
The uplink center receives program material and program control information from the control center 102, and using an uplink antenna 106 and transmitter 105, transmits the program material and program control information to the satellite 108. The satellite receives and processes this information, and transmits the video programs and control information to the subscriber receiver station 110 via downlink 118 using transmitter 107. The subscriber receiving station 110 receives this information using the outdoor unit (ODU), which includes a subscriber antenna and a low noise block converter (LNB).
In one embodiment, the subscriber receiving station antenna is an 18-inch slightly oval-shaped Ku-band antenna. The slight oval shape is due to the 22.5 degree offset feed of the LNB (low noise block converter) which is used to receive signals reflected from the subscriber antenna. The offset feed positions the LNB out of the way so it does not block any surface area of the antenna minimizing attenuation of the incoming microwave signal.
The video distribution system 100 can comprise a plurality of satellites 108 in order to provide wider terrestrial coverage, to provide additional channels, or to provide additional bandwidth per channel. In one embodiment of the invention, each satellite comprises 16 transponders to receive and transmit program material and other control data from the uplink center 104 and provide it to the subscriber receiving stations 110. However, using data compression and multiplexing techniques the channel capabilities are far greater. For example, two satellites 108 working together can receive and broadcast over 150 conventional (non-HDTV) audio and video channels via 32 transponders.
While the invention disclosed herein will be described with reference to a satellite based video distribution system 100, the present invention may also be practiced with terrestrial-based transmission of program information, whether by broadcasting means, cable, or other means. Further, the different functions collectively allocated among the control center 102 and the uplink center 104 as described above can be reallocated as desired without departing from the intended scope of the present invention.
Although the foregoing has been described with respect to an embodiment in which the program material delivered to the subscriber 122 is video (and audio) program material such as a movie, the foregoing method can be used to deliver program material comprising purely audio information or other data as well.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a typical uplink configuration 200 for a single satellite 108 transponder, showing how video program material is uplinked to the satellite 108 by the control center 102 and the uplink center 104. FIG. 2 shows three video channels (which could be augmented respectively with one or more audio channels for high fidelity music, soundtrack information, or a secondary audio program for transmitting foreign languages), and a data channel from a program guide subsystem 206.
The video channels are provided by a program source of video material 200A-200C (collectively referred to hereinafter as video source(s) 200). The data from each video program source 200 is provided to an encoder 202A-202C (collectively referred to hereinafter as encoder(s) 202). Each of the encoders accepts a program time stamp (PTS) from the controller 216. The PTS is a wrap-around binary time stamp that is used to assure that the video information is properly synchronized with the audio information after encoding and decoding. A PTS time stamp is sent with each I-frame of the MPEG encoded data.
In one embodiment of the present invention, each encoder 202 is a second generation Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG-2) encoder, but other encoders implementing other coding techniques can be used as well. The data channel can be subjected to a similar compression scheme by an encoder (not shown), but such compression is usually either unnecessary, or performed by computer programs in the computer data source (for example, photographic data is typically compressed into *.TIF files or *.JPG files before transmission). After encoding by the encoders 202, the signals are converted into data packets by a packetizers 204A-204F (collectively referred to hereinafter as packetizer(s) 204) associated with each source 200.
The data packets are assembled using a reference from the system clock 214 (SCR), and from the conditional access manager 208, which provides the SCID to the packetizers 204 for use in generating the data packets. These data packets are then multiplexed into serial data, modulated, and transmitted by the encoder 218, modulator 220, transmitter 222 and antenna 106.
The uplink configuration 200 may also include a coded program source 250. The coded program source 250 provides a signal 252 having video and/or audio information that has already been coded in a particular format (e.g. protocol and/or syntax). In on example, the coded video source 250 provides video and/or audio information coded in a series of input data packets according to MPEG-2 and the ATSC HDTV standard. The signal 252 provided by the coded video source, however could be any packetized data transmitted via an asynchronous serial interface (ASI).
The coded video can be configured in the same format as the signals available at the output of packetizers 204 by decoding the coded video (using, for example, an MPEG-2 decoder) to yield uncoded data, recoding the data with an encoder similar to encoders 202, and packetizing the encoded data with a packetizer 204. However, such transformation requires additional expensive coding and decoding hardware/software, and can result in unacceptable artifacts. Hence, the present invention includes a translator 254, communicatively coupled to the coded video source 250. The translator 254 accepts the input data packets in the signal 252 via a receiver 255 and translates the signal 252 to produce a second signal 256 having output data packets of a different packetized format. The translator 254 may include a receiver for accepting a data packets from a transmitter or other program In the illustrated embodiment, the packetized format of the second signal 256 is the same as that which is present at the output of packetizers 204.
FIG. 3A is a diagram of a representative data stream. The first packet segment 302 comprises information from video channel 1 (data coming from, for example, the first video program source 200A). The next packet segment 304 comprises computer data information that was obtained, for example from the computer data source 206. The next packet segment 306 comprises information from video channel 5 (from one of the video program sources 200), and the next packet segment includes information from video channel 1 (again, coming from the first video program source 200A). The next packet segment 308 comprises program guide information such as the information provided by the program guide subsystem 206.
The data stream therefore comprises a series of packets from any one of the data sources in an order determined by the controller 216. The data stream is encrypted by the encryption module 218, modulated by the modulator 220 (typically using a QPSK modulation scheme), and provided to the transmitter 222, which broadcasts the modulated data stream on a frequency bandwidth to the satellite via the antenna 106. The receiver 400 receives these signals, and using the SCID, reassembles the packets to regenerate the program material for each of the channels. As shown in FIG. 3A, null packets created by the null packet module 212 may be inserted into the data stream as desired.
FIG. 3B is a diagram of a data packet. In this illustrated embodiment, each data packet (e.g. 302-316) is 147 bytes long, and comprises a number of packet segments. The first packet segment 320 comprises two bytes of information containing the SCID and flags. The SCID is a unique 12-bit number that uniquely identifies the data packet's data channel. The flags include 4 bits that are used to control whether the packet is encrypted, and what key must be used to decrypt the packet. The second packet segment 322 is made up of a 4-bit packet type indicator and a 4-bit continuity counter. The packet type identifies the packet as one of the four data types (video, audio, data, or null). When combined with the SCID, the packet type determines how the data packet will be used. The continuity counter increments once for each packet type and SCID. The next packet segment 324 comprises 127 bytes of payload data, which is a portion of the video program provided by the video program source 200. The final packet segment 326 is data required to perform forward error correction.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an integrated receiver/decoder (IRD) 400 (also hereinafter alternatively referred to as receiver 400). The receiver 400 comprises a tuner/demodulator 404 communicatively coupled to an ODU 112 having one or more LNBs 402. The LNB 402 converts the 12.2- to 12.7 GHz downlink 118 signal from the satellites 108 to, e.g., a 950-1450 MHz signal required by the IRD's 400 tuner/demodulator 404. The LNB 402 may provide either a dual or a single output. The single-output LNB 402 has only one RF connector, while the dual output LNB 402 has two RF output connectors and can be used to feed a second receiver or some other form of distribution system.
The tuner/demodulator 404 isolates a single, digitally modulated 24 MHz transponder, and converts the modulated data to a digital data stream. The digital data stream is then supplied to a forward error correction (FEC) decoder 406. This allows the IRD 400 to reassemble the data transmitted by the uplink center 104 (which applied the forward error correction to the desired signal before transmission to the subscriber receiving station 110) verify that the correct data signal was received, and correct errors, if any. The error-corrected data may be fed from the FEC decoder module 506 to the transport module via an 8-bit parallel interface.
The transport module 408 performs many of the data processing functions performed by the IRD 400. The transport module 408 processes data received from the FEC decoder module 406 and provides the processed data to the video MPEG decoder 414 and the audio MPEG decoder 416. In one embodiment of the present invention, the transport module, video MPEG decoder and audio MPEG decoder are all implemented on integrated circuits. This design promotes both space and power efficiency, and increases the security of the functions performed within the transport module 408. The transport module 408 also provides a passage for communications between the microcontroller 410 and the video and audio MPEG decoders 414, 416. As set forth more fully hereinafter, the transport module also works with the conditional access module (CAM) 412 to determine whether the subscriber receiving station 110 is permitted to access certain program material. Data from the transport module can also be supplied to external communication module 426.
The CAM 412 functions in association with other elements to decode an encrypted signal from the transport module 408. The CAM 412 may also be used for tracking and billing these services. In one embodiment of the present invention, the access card is a smart card, having contacts cooperatively interacting with contacts in the IRD 400 to pass information. In order to implement the processing performed in the CAM 412, the IRD 400, and specifically the transport module 408 provides a clock signal to the CAM 412.
Video data is processed by the MPEG video decoder 414. Using the video random access memory (RAM) 436, the MPEG video decoder 414 decodes the compressed video data and sends it to an encoder or video processor 416, which converts the digital video information received from the video MPEG module 414 into an output signal usable by a display or other output device. By way of example, processor 516 may comprise a National TV Standards Committee (NTSC) or Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) encoder. In one embodiment of the invention both S-Video and ordinary video (NTSC or ATSC) signals are provided. Other outputs may also be utilized, and are advantageous if ATSC high definition programming is processed.
Audio data is likewise decoded by the MPEG audio decoder 417. The decoded audio data may then be sent to a digital to analog (D/A) converter 418. In one embodiment of the present invention, the D/A converter 418 is a dual D/A converter, one for the right and left channels. If desired, additional channels can be added for use in surround sound processing or secondary audio programs (SAPs). In one embodiment of the invention, the dual D/A converter 418 itself separates the left and right channel information, as well as any additional channel information. Other audio formats may similarly be supported. For example multi-channel digital audio formats, such as DOLBY DIGITAL AC-3.
A description of the processes performed in the encoding and decoding of video streams, particularly with respect to MPEG and JPEG encoding/decoding, can be found in Chapter 8 of "Digital Television Fundamentals," by Michael Robin and Michel Poulin, McGraw-Hill, 1998, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.
Microcontroller 410 receives and processes command signals from the remote control 424, an IRD 400 keyboard interface, and/or another input device. The microcontroller receives commands for performing its operations from a processor programming memory, which permanently stores such instructions for performing such commands. The processor programming memory may comprise a read only memory (ROM) 438, an electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) 422 or, similar memory device. The microcontroller 410 also controls the other digital devices of the IRD 400 via address and data lines (denoted "A" and "D" respectively, in FIG. 5).
The modem 440 connects to the customer's phone line via the PSTN port 120. It calls, e.g. the program provider, and transmits the customer's program purchases for billing purposes, and/or other information. The modem 440 is controlled by the microprocessor 410. The modem 440 can output data to other I/O port types including standard parallel and serial computer I/O ports.
The present invention also comprises a local storage unit such as the video storage device 432 for storing video and/or audio data obtained from the transport module 408. Video storage device 432 can be a hard disk drive, a read/writable compact disc of DVD, a solid state RAM, or any other storage medium. In one embodiment of the present invention, the video storage device 432 is a hard disk drive with specialized parallel read/write capability so that data may be read from the video storage device 432 and written to the device 432 at the same time. To accomplish this feat, additional buffer memory accessible by the video storage 432 or its controller may be used. Optionally, a video storage processor 430 can be used to manage the storage and retrieval of the video data from the video storage device 432. The video storage processor 430 may also comprise memory for buffering data passing into and out of the video storage device 432. Alternatively or in combination with the foregoing, a plurality of video storage devices 432 can be used. Also alternatively or in combination with the foregoing, the microcontroller 410 can also perform the operations required to store and or retrieve video and other data in the video storage device 432.
The video processing module 416 output can be directly supplied as a video output to a viewing device such as a video or computer monitor. In addition, the video and/or audio outputs can be supplied to an RF modulator 434 to produce an RF output and/or 8 vestigal side band (VSB) suitable as an input signal to a conventional television tuner. This allows the receiver 400 to operate with televisions without a video output.
Each of the satellites 108 comprises a transponder, which accepts program information from the uplink center 104, and relays this information to the subscriber receiving station 110. Known multiplexing techniques are used so that multiple channels can be provided to the user. These multiplexing techniques include, by way of example, various statistical or other time domain multiplexing techniques and polarization multiplexing. In one embodiment of the invention, a single transponder operating at a single frequency band carries a plurality of channels identified by respective service channel identification (SCID).
Preferably, the IRD 400 also receives and stores a program guide in a memory available to the microcontroller 410. Typically, the program guide is received in one or more data packets in the data stream from the satellite 108. The program guide can be accessed and searched by the execution of suitable operation steps implemented by the microcontroller 410 and stored in the processor ROM 438. The program guide may include data to map viewer channel numbers to satellite transponders and service channel identifications (SCIDs), and also provide TV program listing information to the subscriber 122 identifying program events.
The functionality implemented in the IRD 400 depicted in FIG. 4 can be implemented by one or more hardware modules, one or more software modules defining instructions performed by a processor, or a combination of both.
FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating one embodiment of the present invention. A series of data packets complying with a first format (including transport and payload protocol, data definitions, etc.) are read, as shown in block 502. In one embodiment, the data packets include a data type identifier and at least one of the data packets includes first time synchronization information. At least some of the data packets also includes payload data. In one embodiment of the present invention, the data packets comply with the ATSC (MPEG-2 transport) high definition (HD) format.
FIGS. 6A and 6B are diagrams illustrating the formation of a series of data packets that together form the first signal 252. In this example, the multiplex and transport characteristics of the first signal 252 are created via a fixed-length transport stream packetization approach based on a subset of the MPEG-2 transport system specification. Each data packet comprises only one type of data and can be identified by a packet ID header. This makes the transmission of new services (e.g. the broadcast distribution of software or high quality pictures) possible.
Elementary audio, video, and auxiliary data streams are packetized at an application encoding layer or a transport layer. The packetization can be application-dependent and results in elementary stream packets that can be of variable length.
Packetized elementary streams (PES) are then converted into fixed length 188-byte packets, each with a 4-byte header, before being fed to a transport layer. FIG. 6A is a diagram of a data packet 600 from an elementary stream. The data packet 600 includes a synchronization byte 602, a header 604, and adaptation header 606, and may include payload 608. Audio, video, and auxiliary PES packets are multiplexed together to constitute a program stream. The mix of these different packets can be dynamically allocated to meet the available channel bandwidth.
The transport layer provides the multiplexing and synchronization of the services (audio, video, and auxiliary) that comprise a program stream. An example of a transport stream 650 from the transport layer is presented in FIG. 6B. In the illustrated embodiment, the transport stream includes a first program stream 652, a second program stream 654 and a third program stream 656. The first program stream 652 includes a plurality of elementary stream data packets 600, such as video data packet 658, a first audio data packet 660, and a second audio data packet 662.
The syntax of the transport stream 650 is flexible enough to allow a program to be made up of a large number of elementary bit streams 600. Each transport packet header 604 includes at least one synchronization byte 602 and one or more flags for data stream content and program identification, as shown in FIG. 6B. The adaptation header 606 (which may be of variable length) which has additional information such as time and media synchronization, bit stream splice, and point flag information, may be included. The result is a first signal 252 that is a continuous MPEG-2
A conditional access mode capability, achieved by use of data packet scrambling, can be implemented in the transport stream with bits defined in the packet header. The transport syntax supports key encryption and descrambling functions, applicable to program streams or elementary streams.
Returning to FIG. 5, data packets 600 of interest are identified according to data type, as shown in block 504. Data packets 600 of interest are subject to additional data processing, while data packets which are not of interest, are simply ignored.
FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating one embodiment of the method steps used to identify data packets of interest. First, a packet ID in the header 604 of each packet in the series of data packets is compared with a stored value, as shown in block 702. Data packets of interest are then identified as those with a packet ID matching the stored value.
Returning to FIG. 5, data packets of interest having synchronization information are identified, as shown in block 506. Such data packets are hereinafter referred to as "synchronization packets", although such packets may also include payload data or other information. Synchronization packets trigger the generation of an output data packet in a second format, each with time synchronization information that has been properly translated. Synchronization packets, also include data. Data packets having no synchronization information are treated as having only payload data, and are processed by blocks 514 and 516 as discussed hereinafter.
In an embodiment of the invention relevant to the data streams presented in FIGS. 6A and 6B, data packets with synchronization information are identified as those packets with either a clock reference in the adaptation header (or field) 606, or data packets having a PES start code. In block 508, the synchronization information in the identified synchronization data packets is used to generate second time synchronization information.
FIG. 8 is a flow chart showing exemplary method steps used to generate second time synchronization information from the first time synchronization information in the incoming data packets.
A first time base is computed from the first time synchronization information, as shown in block 802. The time base essentially describes a moment in time relative to other data packets that allows the data packets to be reassembled in order so that the program material may be viewed.
For exemplary purposes, consider the case of translating an input signal 252 from an MPEG-2 format to DIRECTV transport format. In the MPEG-2 format, the first time synchronization information includes a program clock reference (PCR) that is within the adaptation field 606. In the DIRECTV transport format, the time synchronization information is included in a Reference Time Stamp (RTS) value that is included in an Aux packet. Unlike MPEG-2 packets, which can include both synchronization information and payload data, DIRECTV compliant packets with synchronization data include no data. If the MPEG-2 compliant data packet has an adaptation field 606, but no PCR in the adaptation field 606, the adaptation field 606 and the data within it are simply discarded. If the adaptation field 606 includes a PCR, the information in the PCR is used to compute time synchronization information, which will be included in the Aux packet.
The PCR includes a first component (hereinafter referred to as PCR1) which is typically a 34-bit number based on a 90 MHz clock and a second component (hereinafter referred to as PCR2) based on a 27 MHz clock. The first time base can be computed from the PCR as
This time base must be translated into a second time base, which is suitable for the second signal 256. The second time base can be based on a time clock and has a lower or higher rollover time than the first time base.
In the MPEG-2 to DIRECTV example described above, the format of the first signal 252 is described by a PCR (which has a rollover time of approximately 2 days), and the format of the second signal 256 is described by a proprietary DIRECTV transport protocol in which is based on a 32-bit 27 MHz time clock reference (which has a rollover time of about 2 minutes). In this case, the second time base is computed by dividing the result of Equation (1) by 27 MHz and returning only the 32 least significant bits of information. This computation translates the time synchronization information from the first data format to the second data format.
However, this computation fails to take into account data rate differences between the input data stream 252 and the output data stream 256 from the translator 254. The present invention accounts for these differences in two ways. First, when the output data rate exceeds the input data rate, coarse timing adjustments can be made by the insertion of null packets. Second, the time base used in translating the data packets from a first format to a second format is modified so that the output time synchronization information remains consistent.
Hence, an offset time is computed at least in part from the difference between the number of bytes in the series of read data packets and a number of bytes in a series of output data packets. This is illustrated in block 804 of FIG. 8.
FIG. 9 is a block diagram showing one embodiment of how the offset time can be computed. As shown in block 902, a number of bytes in the series of read data packets in the input or first signal 252 is computed. Then, a number of bytes in the series of output data packets in the second signal 256 is computed. A difference between the number of bytes in the input signal 252 and the output signal 256 is computed, and the offset time is computed using this difference, as shown in blocks 906 and 908.
This can be accomplished by determining a product of the number of bytes or bits in the input data packets and the clock speed for the input data packets, determining a product of the number of bits or bytes in the output data packets and the clock speed for the output data packets, and determining the difference between these two values.
This can also be accomplished by a "ledger" method in which a counter is incremented for each byte or other data unit is received at the translator 254, and the same counter is decremented for each byte or other data unit provided as an output from the translator 254. When the counter is positive, the average input data rate has exceeded the average output data rate (during the time interval since the counter was last initialized). The counter can be divided by the data rate to compute the offset time.
Returning to FIG. 8, the offset time is then added to the first time base to produce the second time base. This is shown in block 806. Hence,
Second synchronization data can be computed from the second time base (e.g. by dividing the second time base by the clock speed in the second data format). Second synchronization data can also be based on bit or packet times as well. Finally, if necessary, bits of the resulting second synchronization data can be truncated as required. This is shown in block 810. Typically, the most significant bits of the synchronization are truncated, since they are not required to reconstruct data packets into the program material. In the MPEG-2 to DIRECTV translation example described above, the most significant bits of the second time base are truncated to produce a 32 bit number consistent with the 32-bit 27 MHz DIRECTV RTS in the format, as shown in block 810.
Typically, the first signal 252 provided by the coded video source is produced by a high quality encoder. Consequently, one would expect that the first signal 252 provided by the coded video source 250 would be jitter-free. Jitter includes deviations in values related to the data stream from the expected value. Jitter can include for example, clock deviations that vary from a mean value over time. Unfortunately, this is not the case. Although most encoders perform better than required, the MPEG specification allows for a substantial amount of jitter.
As described above, if the output frequency of the data stream is known precisely, the proper value for each increment in the second time base (and hence, the second synchronization data) can be computed from the number of output packets that have been provided. If the output clock is locked to the input clock, the frequency of the first signal 252 and the second signal 256 should be substantially the same, and any variations between the two can be determined from the input-to-output phase lock loop (PLL) signal and the input clock frequency. However, if the second signal 256 is free-running with respect to the input, this is not the case.
One embodiment of the present invention minimizes jitter effects. This is accomplished by computing a predicted time base and combining it with the measured time base. The predicted time base can be computed as a preceding computed time base added to a delta time base that is computed from the number of output packets that have been released by the translator 254 since the preceding time base multiplied by the number of output clock cycles per output transport packet. Hence, the predicted time base is computed according to Equation (3) below:
Wherein RTSP is the predicted time base value at the translator 254 output, RTS−1 is the most recent RTS computed for the output data stream computed according to Equation (4), NP is the number of output packets since the preceding time base value RTS−1, SP is the size of the output packets, and fclock is the clock speed of the output packets. The second time base can then be computed from the relation described in Equation (4) below:
where RTSA is the most recent translated time base (e.g. derived from Equation (2)) entering the filtering process, and K is a mixture ratio that varies from zero to one, inclusive. As K approaches zero, the output time base value is weighted toward the predicted value, and as K approaches one, the output time base value approaches the "measured" output time base value.
In some cases, the input data signal 252, may include additional synchronization information that is used to assemble the payload data of a plurality of data packets into presentable program material. For example, in addition to the PCR values contained in the adaptation fields, the MPEG-2 specification also defines a PTS and/or DTS value in the PES header as well as the PCR values contained in the adaptation fields. The PTS/DTS values are required to handle processing of MPEG I-frame and B-frame data. I-frame data provides anchoring baseline data for subsequent frames. B-frame data includes information reflecting the difference between the current frame and an preceding or subsequent frames.
The MPEG decoder 514 uses the communicatively coupled video RAM 436 (which is typically 2 megabytes in size) to store incoming data packets. The time synchronization information within these packets is then examined to determine the order in which the data packets should be assembled. The PCR information provides time synchronization which is suitable for assembling groups of data packets, but is typically insufficient for assembling frames of video data. The PTS/DTS values in the PES headers, however, are useful for this purpose. The PTS/DTS and PCR information can also be used to determine how full the video RAM 436 or other buffer is with video data, to trigger alternate processing if necessary.
In cases where the first 252 signal includes additional synchronization information, (as indicated, for example, by the a PES start code) that synchronization information is also altered to conform to the format of second signal 256. Typically, this is accomplished by multiplying the additional synchronization information by a number suitable to translate the information to the clock speed of the second (output) signal 256. In the case of a translation from an MPEG-2 transport format to a DIRECTV compatible format, this can be implemented by multiplying the PTS/DTS value in the PES header by 300, thus translating the value from a 90 MHz clock to a 27 MHz clock. If the first signal's 252 additional synchronization information if of a different size than required by the format of the second signal 256, the most (or least) significant bits of the data can be discarded. In the MPEG-2 to DIRECTV example, this would amount to retaining only the lowest significant 32 bits. The number can now be multiplied by a suitable factor to produce the translated PTS/DTS number. For example, where the translation is from a 90 KHz MPEG-2 signal to a 28 MHz signal used in the DIRECTV compatible format, a suitable factor is 300.
Returning to FIG. 5, the second signal 256 having at least one output data packet in the second format is generated, as shown in block 510. In some embodiments of the present invention, data packets having synchronization information may also comprise payload data as well. Block 512 determines if payload data is also present in the data packets identified in blocks 504 and 506. If no payload data is present, the packets are assembled and provided as the output signal 256. If, as determined by block 512 payload, data is present in the data packet having synchronization data, an output data packet having the payload data is assembled in the second format.
Also as indicated in FIG. 5, data from data packets that do not contain synchronization information (as determined by block 506) are examined to find those packets with payload data, as shown in block 514. Those with payload are used to assemble output data packets in the second output format having the payload data.
FIG. 10 is a flow chart illustrating exemplary method steps used to assemble output data packets in the second format. The flow charts illustrate a method by which data packets having payloads from of one size can be transformed into data packets having payloads of another size. For example, the MPEG-2 standard specifies 188 byte data packets, while the DIRECTV standard specifies 130 byte packets. One technique of dealing with this difference in packet size is to simply translate each MPEG-2 data packet into a complete 130-byte DIRECTV packet and second DIRECTV packet with 58 bytes of data and 72 bytes of null data. This technique, however, results in the transmission o excessive null data. Another technique is to retain the 58 bytes of data outstanding from the previous data packet and to transmit that 58 bytes with the next data packet transmitted. The flow chart presented in FIG. 10 shows one way to implement this second technique.
Payload data is to be packetized and transmitted. Block 1002 determines if there is an outstanding payload. If not, processing continues at block 1006. If so, the payload data is added to the outstanding payload, as shown in block 1004. In one embodiment, this is accomplished in a first-in first-out (FIFO) fashion, so the payload data is appended to the outstanding payload. After this operation is complete, block 1006 determines if there is sufficient data to form a second packet in the second format. In the MPEG-2/DIRECTV example discussed previously, this determination considers whether the payload data (perhaps appended to the outstanding payload data as shown in block 1004) to be packetized is at least 130 bytes (with overhead).
If there is sufficient data to form a packet in the second format, the packet is formed and transmitted, as shown in blocks 1006-1010. If not (e.g. fewer than 127 bytes are available for transmission), the number of bytes remaining, and a pointer to the first unsent byte is saved, as shown in block 1012. These remaining bytes become "outstanding data" and will be sent with the next payload packet. Next, a check is made to determine if the number bytes received in the input data packets of the first signal 252 exceed the number of bytes in the transmitted output data packets in the output signal 256. In one embodiment, this is implemented by examining an I/O ledger comparing the number of bytes in the input data packets and the number of bytes in the output data packets. If the difference in the rate of input data (computed, for example, from the input clock rate and the number of input data units—e.g. bytes/bits/packets—) and the rate of output data (computed, for example, from the output clock rate and the number of output data units) exceeds a threshold amount, null packets are added to the output data stream, the ledger is adjusted, and the result is transmitted, as shown in blocks 1016-1018.
In one embodiment of the present invention, only full null packets are generated, and packets having payload data are not padded with null data or zeros. However, packets having payload data can be padded with zeros where the data packet input/output format allows insertion of such null data. For example, MPEG-2 includes padding fields between synchronization information, but does not allow null characters to be simply appended to data packets.
FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary computer system 1100 that could be used to implement the translator 254. The computer 1102 comprises a processor 1104 and a memory, such as random access memory (RAM) 1106. The computer 1102 is operatively coupled to a display 1122, which presents images such as windows to the user on a graphical user interface 1118B. The computer 1102 may be coupled to other devices, such as a keyboard 1114, a mouse device 1116, a printer, etc. Of course, those skilled in the art will recognize that any combination of the above components, or any number of different components, peripherals, and other devices, may be used with the computer 1102.
Generally, the computer 1102 operates under control of an operating system 1108 stored in the memory 1106, and interfaces with the user to accept inputs and commands and to present results through a graphical user interface (GUI) module 1118A. Although the GUI module 1118A is depicted as a separate module, the instructions performing the GUI functions can be resident or distributed in the operating system 1108, the computer program 1110, or implemented with special purpose memory and processors. The computer 1102 also implements a compiler 1112 which allows an application program 1110 written in a programming language such as COBOL, C++, FORTRAN, or other language to be translated into processor 1104 readable code. After completion, the application 1110 accesses and manipulates data stored in the memory 1106 of the computer 1102 using the relationships and logic that was generated using the compiler 1112. The computer 1102 also optionally comprises an external communication device such as a modem, satellite link, Ethernet card, or other device for communicating with other computers.
In one embodiment, instructions implementing the operating system 108, the computer program 1110, and the compiler 1112 are tangibly embodied in a computer-readable medium, e.g., data storage device 1120, which could include one or more fixed or removable data storage devices, such as a zip drive, floppy disc drive 1124, hard drive, CD-ROM drive, tape drive, etc. Further, the operating system 1108 and the computer program 1110 are comprised of instructions which, when read and executed by the computer 1102, causes the computer 1102 to perform the steps necessary to implement and/or use the present invention. Computer program 1110 and/or operating instructions may also be tangibly embodied in memory 1106 and/or data communications devices 1130, thereby making a computer program product or article of manufacture according to the invention. As such, the terms "article of manufacture," "program storage device" and "computer program product" as used herein are intended to encompass a computer program accessible from any computer readable device or media.
Those skilled in the art will recognize many modifications may be made to this configuration without departing from the scope of the present invention. For example, those skilled in the art will recognize that the foregoing can be implemented with a plurality of computers or processors. Further, the present invention can be implemented by special purpose hardware processors designed to perform the required data manipulation tasks. The scope of the invention and the claims appended hereto includes such embodiments.
This concludes the description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention. The foregoing description of the preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. It is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description, but rather by the claims appended hereto. The above specification, examples and data provide a complete description of the manufacture and use of the composition of the invention. Since many embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended.
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|Systems, apparatus, methods and computer program products for providing ATSC interoperability
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|Sep 10, 2013
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|Jun 23, 2009
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|Apr 13, 2011
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|Apparatus, systems, methods and computer program products for producing a single frequency network for ATSC mobile / handheld services
|May 20, 2009
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|Lg Electronics Inc.
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|Hitoshi Ebihara
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|Jan 23, 2002
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|Stewart John Sidney
|Multimedia on demand for use in a near on demand environment
|Feb 20, 2003
|Sep 18, 2003
|Matthew Compton
|Frequency synchronisation of clocks
|Sep 3, 2001
|Sep 18, 2003
|Shinsuke Uga
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|Jan 13, 2003
|Jul 15, 2004
|Jiang Fu
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|Sep 30, 2004
|Girish Hulmani
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|Apr 12, 2005
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|Gervais John A
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|Rohde & Schwarz Gmbh & Co. Kg
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|Motorola, Inc.
|Synchronization of a plurality of data streams
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|Jun 16, 2011
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
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|European Classification
|Sep 26, 2000
Owner name: HUGHES ELECTRONICS CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MICHENER, JAMES A.;REEL/FRAME:011155/0813
Effective date: 20000922
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text:
Style the lovely lady in colorful clothes for an autumn stroll! The seductive gal wants to wear warm clothes for the cool, crisp weather. After designing the perfect outfit, you can accessorize with unique scarves and patterned hats. Pose among the changing leaves!
Autumn Park is one of our selected Dress Up Games. Also very popular on this website right now are Cute School Girls, Beautiful Journalist, Shopaholic Beach Models and Barbie Moving To Manhattan.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
September 22, 2016 | By: Pauly White
Biketoberfest has always been one of my favorite rallies, for a few reasons. I like to call it "Bike Week Light," simply because there are fewer people there during the four day run. This makes getting around to all the events easier and the events themselves more enjoyable. Another reason is because it is only four days. This makes it a quick getaway, and most people can stay for the entire rally. Lastly, the weather is usually amazing. With the Spring Rally, you never know if it's going to be cold, moderate, or hot. The fall rally however, typically offers nice riding weather that is neither too hot or … Continue Reading


text:
Facial plastic surgery is a unique specialty. Outcomes are difficult to quantitate and are determined by a sometimes unpredictable mix of art, craft, science, technology, and psychology. Our literature reflects this complexity. Both as authors and readers we prefer graphically rich presentations that describe interesting surgical procedures. Those who teach have at any one time a number of requests to write chapters or brief articles on procedures they perform. These may include a literature review but rarely involve a detailed analysis of the author's experience and outcomes. In a given year a surgeon, especially if residents or fellows are involved, may produce several such manuscripts. They are usually of good quality and are useful educational materials. They do not, however, provide data that allow us to choose between competing treatments and thus scientifically improve our outcomes.
Thank you for submitting a comment on this article. It will be reviewed by JAMA Facial Plastic Surgery editors. You will be notified when your comment has been published. Comments should not exceed 500 words of text and 10 references.
Do not submit personal medical questions or information that could identify a specific patient, questions about a particular case, or general inquiries to an author. Only content that has not been published, posted, or submitted elsewhere should be submitted. By submitting this Comment, you and any coauthors transfer copyright to the journal if your Comment is posted.
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Update history of this page:
2016-07-04 Added results from 3rd July 2016
2016-06-17 For privacy, deleted many years of old results - all are available on request with accepted reason.
2016-05-15 Added Region Sabre results
2016-05-14 Added Excalibur results
2016-03-21 Linked results from BYC foil (region website) and Surrey Team Foil
2016-03-09 Added results from BYC Epee & Sabre
2016-03-05 Updated result from Surrey Youth (correction, not affecting medal positions)
2015-12-28 Added Cadet Winton result
2015-12-06 Added Team Sabre and the Novices & Intermediates FES results
2015-11-02 Added Foil & Sabre results
2015-10-29 Added Barwell Results
earlier history click here
This page was last updated: 10 July, 2016
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2016-07-03 Surrey
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2016-05-22 Surrey Team Epée results will be linked from here after the event.
2016-05-15 South East Region Senior & Intermediate Sabre & Team
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2016-03-13 Surrey Team Foil
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text: Silithid scarab 104,491pages on this wiki Edit Classic editor History Talk0 A Silithid Scarab Silithid Scarabs are part of a caste of the Silithids. Often found in and outside the hives. Many of these Silithids are not aggressive unless they or another nearby Silithid is attacked. Retrieved from "http://wowwiki.wikia.com/wiki/Silithid_scarab?oldid=1936419" Categories: Silithid Add category Cancel Save


text:
Hotels in Cairns, Queensland
Search & Compare Cairns Hotels
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Trending now in Cairns
- Most bookedHilton Cairns
302 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"loved the location ,size of the room,clean n freshness,close to the beach"
s, Sep 2016, US
248 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"Very clean. Friendly, efficient staff. Great location."
A Traveller, Sep 2016, AU
208 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"Enjoyed the room, pools and restaurants with great happy hour deals at the North bar."
A Traveller, Sep 2016, AU
178 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"This is a 10/10 hotel for the price as long as your expectations are not set for a 5 star hotel. We got a 1-bedroom apartment and the location was within walking distance to pretty much everything specially a 2-minute walk to restaurants and to the ferry terminal that is the hub for almost all ex..."
A Traveller, Sep 2016, US
171 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"central location, close to shops,, restruants, beach. Bed was not made up during our stay...but great hotel for the price paid. Would stay there again."
A Traveller, Sep 2016, AU
153 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"Great location on the Esplanade and within walking distance to a plethora of restaurants and shops. Clean room and facilities. Pool was a little disappointing, pics make it seem nicer than it is. Staff was great."
A Traveller, Sep 2016, US
142 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"We had a fantastic stay, close to the terminal for cruises."
A Traveller, Sep 2016, AU
78 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"Convenient location to ferry terminal, restaurants and Safeway. However noises from streets and night clubs especially deep beats at midnight could affect sleep. Otherwise it is a good place. Staffs are friendly."
A Traveller, Aug 2016, AU
67 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"Good hotel close to downtown and the boardwalk/harbor. Get the rooms with balconies facing the water. Liked that they would store bags if you stayed there on either side of day trips. "
A Traveller, Sep 2016, CA
- The Hotel CairnsNo Guest Reviews yet
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"Nice room, comfy bed, no safe though, walking distance from shopping area and from the beach. Take a local bus to skyrail and see the rainforest, gorgeous. Or plan a boat trip to the great barrier reef. Hotel staff is friendly and helpful in getting you anywhere. Wifi was a bit painful in rece..."
A Traveller, Sep 2016, US
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- Jack & Newell Holiday Apartments
- Reef Encounter
- Il Palazzo Boutique Apartment Hotel
- The Abbott Boutique Hotel
- Waters Edge Apartments Cairns
The location of your Cairns hotel is important. If you are traveling to Cairns, &StateorCountry for business, you may want to consider getting a hotel close to the airport or near your meeting venue. By doing so, you can really cut down on transportation costs and time. You may also want to book a hotel that offers free wifi just in case you need to get some work done.
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You'll also want to determine which type of accommodations will suit your needs before booking a hotel in Cairns. If you're traveling with the kiddos, a family friendly hotel will offer larger rooms and more sleeping arrangements. For those traveling for an extended period of time, booking a hotel suite with a kitchenette is a smart move and will feel a little more like home. If you are budget conscience and just need a place to rest your head, a hostel or motel may be all you need.
If you are looking to score the best discounts and deals, use the filter to sort by price from low to high. You can book a hotel in Cairns for as low as $12 per night. If you are looking to cut down on expenses, look for hotels that include free breakfast and parking. Some hotels even offer free shuttle service to and from nearby places. You can also sort by star rating, proximity, and guest rating.
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text:
Toby Keith
Four Ways that 9/11 Changed Country Music
The terrorist attacks on American soil ten years ago changed the course of our nation's history in far more significant ways than just its impact on country music.
But the fact is that country music was changed as well. Here are the four biggest ways that it did, for better and for worse.
1. Alan Jackson Becomes a Legend
He was still getting solid radio airplay and record sales in 2001, but it seemed like his glory days were behind him. Then, he stepped on to the CMA Awards stage and debuted "Where Were You (When the World Stopped Turning)" to a stunned industry crowd on national television.
Album Review: Eric Church, Chief
On his new album, Eric Church sings that we need "Some longhaired hippie prophet preaching from the book of Johnny Cash/A sheep among the wolves there standing tall/We need a country music Jesus to come and save us all."
Bear in mind that he's singing these lines on an album loaded with distorted vocals and sound effects, guitar solos closer to Three Doors Down than Cash, and a song about Bruce Springsteen.
Single Review: Toby Keith, "Made in America"
Rah Rah USA USA Rah Rah America America Rah Rah Rah.
Grade: C
Listen: Made in America
Single Review: Toby Keith, "Somewhere Else"
"Somewhere Else" has a groove that is very similar to "Trailerhood", the lead single from the set that features both songs.
The slightly meatier content of this one likely gives it a longer shelf life. Keith does breakup about as good as anybody, and he sounds great, as always. I don't think the guy is capable of turning in a weak vocal performance.
Grammy Awards 2011: Staff Picks & Predictions
It's hard to believe, but it's that time of year again: the 2011 Grammy Awards air this Sunday at 8 p.m. Eastern. Country music has its hand in the Grammy pot via major nominations for Lady Antebellum, performances by Miranda Lambert, Lady A and Martina McBride, and appearances by Keith Urban, Zac Brown, Blake Shelton and Kris Kristofferson. We've picked and predicted the awards below – chime in with your own thoughts, and stop by on Sunday night for our live blog!
Should Win
- Arcade Fire, The Suburbs – Dan
- Eminem, Recovery – Kevin, Tara
- Lady Antebellum, Need You Now
- Lady Gaga, The Fame Monster
- Katy Perry, Teenage Dream
Will Win
- Arcade Fire, The Suburbs
- Eminem, Recovery – Kevin, Dan, Tara
- Lady Antebellum, Need You Now
- Lady Gaga, The Fame Monster
- Katy Perry, Teenage Dream
Crunching the Numbers: January 2011
Feel that chill in the air? It's not just climate change, friends. The music industry is suffering through historic lows in record sales, the worst since SoundScan started tallying them in 1991.
How are country artists faring? Let's take a look at cumulative sales for current albums. Sales are rounded to the nearest hundred.
Top Selling Current Country Albums
- Taylor Swift, Fearless: 6,233,900
- Taylor Swift, Taylor Swift: 4,955,000
- Lady Antebellum, Need You Now: 3,138,700
- Taylor Swift, Speak Now: 3,078,600
- Zac Brown Band, The Foundation: 2,489,200
2011 Singles: A Wish List
The bulk of our work at Country Universe this month has been catching up on singles currently at radio. Collectively, they've been abysmal, with review grades rarely reaching a B, let alone an A.
How can we turn this around? Here are five songs that I'd love to see sent to radio tomorrow. Share your own in the comments!
Zac Brown Band, "Let it Go"
A dizzying dose of positivity, with a few great musical twists to boot. The Serenity Prayer never sounded so good.
Win an Autographed Copy of Toby Keith's New Album, Bullets in the Gun
The good folks at Show Dog-Universal have given us an autographed copy of Toby Keith's new album, Bullets in the Gun to give away to one lucky Country Universe winner.
This is my favorite Toby Keith album since 2006's White Trash with Money. As was the case with that album, Keith seems loose and mostly good-natured, which results in a friendlier more relaxed album than we're accustomed to hearing from him.
Movin' On Up
We're proud to note that our very own Dan Milliken has been published by CMT.com for the first time.
Check out his write-up of the Toby Keith classic, "Who's That Man":
The impossible question of divorce is how to divide lives that have become so intricately knitted together. As Keith demonstrates in this dark, brooding song, no answer to that question comes without its toll. The narrator of "Who's That Man" has lost every staple of his former life in the collapse of his marriage, and as if that weren't bad enough, someone else is filling his shoes without any apparent hitch.
Of course, this is an awesome and impressive new platform for Dan's writing, but let's be honest. Just like Country Universe got a hell of a lot better once he joined us, CMT can only be elevated by his trademark wit and undeniable talent.


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Charles Chaplin and Marion Davies dated from 1924 to 1931.
Charles Chaplin is a 88 year old English Actor. Born Charles Spencer Chaplin on 16th April, 1889 in London, England, he is famous for The Little Tramp in a career that spans 1899–1976. His zodiac sign is Aries.
Marion Davies is a 64 year old American Actress. Born Marion Cecelia Douras on 3rd January, 1897 in Brooklyn, New York, USA, she is famous for The Mistress of William Randolph Hearst in a career that spans 1917–1937. Her zodiac sign is Capricorn.
Help us build our profile of Marion Davies and Charlie Chaplin! Login to add information, pictures and relationships, join in discussions and get credit for your contributions.
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text:
iHerb Customer Reviews
Savings of: $0.07 (2% off)
Note: Korean Customs will quarantine and inspect this item before final shipment to the customer. Please be advised that ordering this item could cause delivery delays
Great item
Posted by 5102661963628510825 on Aug 19, 2016
Item is great. Exactly as it says. Said it's cut/processed in a certain way to prevent rancidity which is good. How accurate that is, I do not know. Had a pleasant healthy bitterness. Great on yoghurt, smoothies, ect... Liked it. Good price for organic
Posted by Reviewer3194469 on Oct 07, 2010
Fresh product! i use for baking, cereals, etc. Good wholesome food and great omega source.
Great for baby!
Posted by Reviewer1233991 on Mar 12, 2010
We use this as baby cereal to thicken foods. Works great, baby gets Omega 3's and it keeps him regular!
Great texture
Posted by Reviewer2413236 on Mar 12, 2010
I recently switched to this flax meal from another type of ground flax seed, and really love the texture it adds to my smoothies. I add two heaping tablespoons for extra fiber, and it works great.
Great fiber product
Posted by Reviewer1326836 on Aug 23, 2010
This flax seed is a great source of fiber and has a pleasant taste too.
Posted by Strelka on May 12, 2012
Ļoti smalki samaltas linsēklas. Var pievienot gan pie ēdiena, bet labi izmantojamas arī sejas maskām.
Now Foods is the best!
Posted by Reviewer1052580 on Feb 14, 2011
Great quality, great taste, super fresh product! Now Foods is the best!
Good choice of fiber!
Posted by Reviewer2520119 on Apr 15, 2011
I use 2 TBS added to a bowl of fruit daily.
this stuff is very good
Posted by Reviewer3031447 on Jan 09, 2012
great way to get essential fiber. put a teaspoonful into a pot of lentils or other soup. it's also great in kale salad.
for baking
Posted by Reviewer1788447 on Feb 23, 2012
I use this in breads. Perfect


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On average, listings lease in the $40's per square foot per year. The Sonoma region is experiencing a a boost in rates. In the last 3 months, the median rate went up $41 per sqft per year. That's a Inf% rise in rent.
Compared to the rest of the Bay Area market, the Sonoma submarket has more expensive rates, and you'll need to make a great offer to be in this hot submarket.
In the last 90 days, 15 listings have been listed, which means new listings most likley are going fast. You'll want to be prepared to make an offer immediately. There aren't many listings below 2,000 square feet on the market, so finding a space for a small business might be tough.
The standard measurement for office space in this area is around 830 sqft. Most properties in this market are close to 2 floors. Most buildings in this market were built in 1978 and are Class C.


text:
MICHAEL COGGAN: Next week's Federal election -- and with the seat of Solomon, the most marginal in the country, Top End voters will play a key role in deciding who will lead the country.
At a special ABC election forum in Darwin last night six of the seven candidates contesting the NT seat were put to the test.
They were scrutinised by voters about wide range of issues including the war in Iraq, abortion, national security. Here are some of the highlights.
DONNA RICHARDSON: What commitment can each of you give to help make health care more affordable for people in the Top End?
JIM DAVIDSON, LABOR CANDIDATE: I'll just make the observation that when the Howard government was elected in 1996, bulk-billing rates in Darwin were around just under the 80 per cent mark.
They are now at 55 per cent of all GP consultations.
The Medicare system is in tatters.
It has gradually been dismantled.
Medicare needs to be re-structured in a systematic way and we propose to provide incentives to doctors to encourage them to bulk-bill.
As an immediate corrective action to all this we are going to ease the squeeze on the accident and emergency wing at the hospital by introducing a doctor-nurse team there to divert people from ANE consultations into GP consultations in that environment, to give us time to rebuild the GP consultation arrangements out in the community.
So I thank you for your question.
DAVE TOLLNER, CLP CANDIDATE: There is an issue with bulk-billing in the NT.
Predominantly it is due to a lack of general practitioners.
The way that the coalition is addressing this is to the announcement recently at the hospital with the critical care and trauma centre.
Part of that announcement was that there would be major incentives there, major incentives, to get GPs, nurses, specialists, pharmacists, and the like, all to the NT and incentives ranging from between $10,000 tax free per year to $25,000 tax free per year.
We see the only way to increase bulk-billing is to get more doctors and GPs into our community.
EMMA KING, DARWIN 'NO WAR' COMMITTEE: I'd like to know what you think are the underlying causes of terrorism and the global instability are, and whether you think that, as Paul Wolfenstein, President of the World Bank said, that the disparity between the amount we spend on defence and the amount we spend on poverty eradication and social welfare globally has anything to do with causes of global instability.
DAVE TOLLNER: Australian has come under criticism for the strong stance that we have taken against terrorist organisations.
The reason terrorist organisations don't like us is because of who we are and what we stand for.
We are a free democracy.
We are a freedom loving people and that is abhorrent to the terrorists.
JIM DAVIDSON: There is a link between terrorism and poverty and subjugation.
And I understand the intent of your question and I think that Australia needs to take a more responsible role in the international context.
The starting point of that is to abide by the UN as the key broker of international law and to carefully manage our relationships with other countries, a lot more carefully than we are at the moment.
ILANA ELDRIDGE, GREENS' CANDIDATE: Poverty eradication is a critical international issue, if not the critical international issue to deal with security issues and particularly terrorism.
Australia needs to start putting a decent percentage of our budget, our annual gross domestic product, into aid, and we should start with a 0.7 per cent as is outlined or recommended by the UN.
It's not that much money, we can afford it.
People who are poor and are hungry are likely to become politically organised.
And hence head for ways to alleviate their situation.
So people to people aid, community to community aid, and actually in the war on terror, if we're actually at war, well how about some peace talks.
I mean if you're at war you start peace talks.
Don't you?
STUART FITCH: I direct my question to David Tollner.
David, why did your government go to war in Iraq without observing the UN's process?
DAVID TOLLNER: Fundamentally our belief was that Saddam Hussein needed to be overthrown.
We had seen enough of the killing, torture, of innocent Iraqis.
And, we believed that it was time to deal with Saddam Hussein.
JIM DAVIDSON: My view on this is that it's one thing to talk about the rule of law at home and it's another thing to go and preach it outside your country.
I think that we have done the world and Australia a great disservice by bypassing the rule of the UN.
And it leaves us at increased risk of terrorism at home.
As an alternative, the Latham government will propose that we protect our own country and that we engage with our neighbours here to ensure that our world is safer.
DUNCAN DEAN, DEMOCRATS' CANDIDATE: Basically we've got the UN which is the beginnings of a world government we've got to support it and stand behind it and give it every encouragement because unless we do we can break down into minor conflicts forever, for the next century.
Both houses of Parliament of Australia should endorse any move we make to go to war.
The PM should never again be allowed to send our nation to war without the approval of Parliament.
DR PHILIP NITSCHKE, VOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA ADVOCATE: But I've listened today to your views on abortion, both of you, and it worries me.
I really though want to know your views of the issue the complex issue of euthanasia.
And how, first of all, how you felt when you watched the Federal Government overturn the duly expressed views of the Territorians who voted in the Parliament of the NT to bring in the world's first euthanasia law.
And second part, to that question, from both candidates, both candidates from major parties, what are you going to do about it now when you, one of you, finds your way into federal parliament, are you going to take any initiatives at all to make sure that we see the due democratic process once again prevail in the NT.
JIM DAVIDSON: Just to put this issue into context, I've been doorknocking, phoning, talking to people at shopping centres and supermarkets for about six months now, pretty intensively, no-one has raised with me the issue of voluntary euthanasia or even abortion for that matter.
I pay respect to the right for legislatures to reach a conscience decision on these matters.
I won't go against what the conscience decision of the majority of State parliaments in this case is concerned.
But I will make the observation that the, in my view, a federal government is not entitled to overrule the decisions made in a State or Territory jurisdiction, certainly in a Territory jurisdiction, and that should not have happened.
DAVID TOLLNER: I personally am opposed to euthanasia.
However, I was absolutely horrified when the Federal Government overturned the NT Government's legislation.
I don't think it's the role of Canberra to step on the neck of the NT.
And I would have no problems at all saying that in a Federal parliament.
FIONA STUART: I've actually heard in the news today and it's a question to Mr Tollner and Mr Davidson, that men like you don't think that women like me, should be able to do decide what women like me do with their bodies in terms of pregnancy decisions.
Is this true?
JIM DAVIDSON: I was asked today what my view of the world is and I gave it.
That is not to say I'm going to impose that on anybody else.
My understanding of the situation is that it is State and Territory legislatures that provide the framework for abortion and various other things.
Those, the legislation is, happen in those places as a result of conscience votes on the part of members of those parliaments.
And that's where we are.
That's where we've been for about 20 years now and I don't propose to change that.
DAVID TOLLNER: My view is that in extenuating circumstances where a lady has been raped, or a life is in jeopardy from childbirth there may well be reasons that the public should fund those type of abortions.
But I don't think, I don't think, that the public should fund abortions of social convenience.
ILANA ELDRIDGE: To try and outlaw abortion and actually the question was about public funding of abortions -- is negating nature and a really stupid impossibility to even attempt to do.
And what you're going to do if you try to do that, and you said you would do that in Parliament, you would oppose public funding of abortion last night, would be to send women back into the, you know, the underground, the back alley, coat hanger, you know, horror story of really nasty health impacts from abortion, as well as tinkering in women's right to choose what we do with our bodies.
ANKARRIYUWU HILL, FORMER NT ATSIC COMMISSIONER: I think most people here want to know where has ATSIC failed in regards to its programs delivered?
Because I think there's been a lot of rubbish made in regards to ATSIC's failings.
So I just want to ask, where do you think that ATSIC failed in the delivery of its programs?
DAVE TOLLNER: The Government's view is that the Government can get far better value for its $3,000 million a year through the mainstreaming of services, rather than doubling up on an additional bureaucracies have so, by mainstreaming the services that ATSIC WAS delivering we believe that more money will get to the grassroots.
JIM DAVIDSON: I think ATSIC has been whipping boy for this government for the past 8.5 years.
The people in ATSIC have been audited to death, they've been micro-managed all over the place.
Labor proposes a change to those arrangements to continue to provide an effective representative voice for indigenous people, which relies very heavily on regional representation through a peak body to the federal government and that will continue.
There WILL be life after ATSIC as we know it, under a Latham government.
ILANA ELDRIDGE: I just need to say that I don't think there's any issue more important to us as a nation than justice and reconciliation with indigenous people.
And I think that we cannot move forward as a nation until we address the fundamental issues of justice.
MICHAEL COGGAN: After more than an hour of questioning from the audience, the Solomon candidates were given a final opportunity to persuade voters.
DUNCAN DEAN: Who do you want in the House of Representatives here in Darwin, to represent you in Canberra?
You want a strong person with a lot of knowledge, experience and who's willing to consult to bring the thoughts of the NT and the people of Solomon into the Houses of Parliament, down south, I can do that.
I've had a lot of experience up here over the last 18 years, working in both government and private enterprise.
And you need a candidate who consults, someone who is able to talk to the people and bring YOUR ideas to Canberra, so that you can get feedback from parliament back here in the right form, which is cash and programs and things that count.
ILANA ELDRIDGE: You double your voting value by voting Green in this election.
Because if a Green doesn't get up your vote is carried at equal value to the next candidate of your choice.
And Tweedledum and Tweedledumber, just put them after Green.
You send a really strong message not only to the major parties that they're sub-standard, that they're not good enough, and that whoever is elected in Solomon gets to carry around the weight of that vote.
The vote for social justice.
The vote for a sensible approach to our environment.
And a vote for the people, the people of the NT.
MAURICE FOLEY, INDEPENDENCE CANDIDATE: What are you?
What does it mean to be a human being?
Next thing to consider -- definition of love.
Love is that sense which allows us to see others as they really are -- fellow elements in an ongoing river of life.
Not individually special, not individually vital.
But collectively part of earth's greatest immanence.
The only way forward, to recognise this, for us to live as we can.
So vote one 'Philosophy'.
DAVID TOLLNER: A vote for Dave Tollner is a vote for continued good economic management.
A vote for Dave Tollner is a vote for more spending in our community.
More spending on health, more spending on education.
More spending on roads, more spending on tourism.
Most importantly more spending on this country's defence and keeping our country secure.
Under John Howard interest rates have been kept low, lower than they have been since WWII.
Inflation has been kept to the lowest levels since the Second World War.
Unemployment, we have created 1.3 million jobs in this term.
As I say, a vote for Dave Tollner is a vote for the coalition government and all I can promise you is more of the same.
JIM DAVIDSON: It's not just about economic responsibility Dave.
It's about social responsibility as well.
It's about responsibility for our place in the world, and being fair to other people who exist in this world as well.
It's about providing essential services, and we've heard a lot about that tonight.
Most importantly, also, it's about acknowledging and responding to the right of our indigenous Australians.
So if you vote for myself, and if you vote for a Labor government, you're going to get a government that blends economic and fiscal responsibility with social responsibility as well.
PETER FLYNN, CITIZENS' ELECTORAL COUNCIL CANDIDATE: The Howard Government must go.
Because of what they're done to Iraq.
We haven't liberated this nation, that nation, we've destroyed it.
On the economy, both sides lie, because they insist of pretending that the economy is going strong.
Remember, election time is lying season for the major parties.
They tell you what they think you want to hear because they think the voters are suckers.
Don't be a sucker, get involved, join the CEC's fight to dump Labor and Liberal and rebuild the country with the people's bank.


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Clean Power Plan Faces Appeals Court Showdown
The merits of the Obama administration's Clean Power Plan will be argued before the full D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals on Tuesday, as the legal challenge against it moves one step closer to the Supreme Court. The plan will be heard before all 11 D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals judges instead of the usual three, effectively fast-tracking the case… Read More
100 Countries Push to Phase Out HFCs
A loose coalition of more than 100 countries, including the U.S. and European nations, is pushing for an early phase-out of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), a powerful greenhouse gas that if left unchecked is set to add a potentially disastrous 0.5°C to global temperatures by the end of the century. At a meeting in New York on Thursday, world leaders ca… Read More
UN Expects 20 Nations to Join Paris Pact Next Week
At least 20 countries have indicated they will join the Paris climate change agreement at a United Nations event on Sept. 21, adding to the 27 that have already done so and raising hopes the deal will enter into force by the end of 2016, U.N. officials said. U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has invited states to deposit their instruments of… Read More
CO2, Climate Change Seen As Waste Disposal Challenge
When it comes to carbon dioxide, what goes up doesn't come down. It stays in the atmosphere for thousands of years after plumes of pollution have been released from tailpipes and power plants, trapping heat and warming the planet. That's why some scientists are increasingly looking at global warming as a waste disposal problem. They say that think… Read More
Natural Gas Emissions to Surpass Those of Coal in 2016
The U.S. is expected to reach a major carbon emissions milestone this year: For the first time, carbon dioxide emissions from burning natural gas for electricity in the U.S. are set to surpass those from burning coal — the globe's chief climate polluter. Emissions from burning natural gas are expected to be 10 percent greater than those from coal … Read More
After Scorching Heat, Earth Likely to Get Respite in 2017
The Earth is likely to get relief in 2017 from record scorching temperatures that bolstered governments' resolve last year in reaching a deal to combat climate change, scientists said on Wednesday. July was the hottest single month since records began in the 19th century, driven by greenhouse gases and an El Niño event warming the Pacific. And… Read More
As Earth Swelters, Global Warming Target in Danger
The Earth is so hot this year that a limit for global warming agreed by world leaders at a climate summit in Paris just a few months ago is in danger of being breached. In December, almost 200 nations agreed a radical shift away from fossil fuels with a goal of limiting a rise in average global temperatures to well below 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 … Read More
Artificial Leaf Turns CO2 Emissions Into Fuel
If humans could invent a leaf-like solar cell that could turn carbon dioxide pollution from the atmosphere into fuel for electric power plants, it could help reduce reliance on fossil fuels and cut emissions that contribute to global warming. That's the goal of a new artificial leaf that a team of researchers led by the University of … Read More


text:
I have been warning investors to sell since
Perhaps you don't realize that the "new" CEO
was a board member that signed off
on the moves that ruined this co?
Buying bc Icahn bought is dumb idea
Analysts have pegged assets worth maybe
Stock will surely fall from this level short term
and you will take your losses and move on
You are the reason the markets should not
allow novices to invest
Put it in a 2% 10 yr t- bill so my tax dollars
won't have to support you in a few yrs...
Quite the tale you are weaving here ianwallach.....assets worth $14B you post?! Why do you not post the link to that claim? You have a "free" forum from Yahoo....
Sentiment: Strong Buy