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This Means War (US - DVD R1 | BD RA)
We've updated our news item with disc specs and some revised package art
Starring: Tom Hardy
Released: 22nd May 2012
Further Details:
Fox Home Entertainment has announced DVD ($29.98) and Blu-ray/DVD Combo ($39.99) releases of This Means War for May 22nd. Extras on the Blu-ray release will include a commentary by Director McG, an alternative opening concept with optional commentary by Director McG, 6 deleted scenes with optional commentary, alternate endings with optional commentary, a Bachelorette Party feature, an Uncensored Gag Reel, and the theatrical trailer. We've attached artwork below:
Revised Artwork
Original Artwork
Quote: The world's deadliest CIA operatives, FDR Foster (Pine) and Tuck (Hardy), are inseparable partners and best friends until they fall for the same woman (Witherspoon). Having once helped bring down entire enemy nations, they are now employing their incomparable skills and an endless array of high-tech gadgetry against their greatest nemesis – each other.
News by Tom Woodward
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2016 SMSA Training Summit
Portland, Oregon Sept 21st-24th
Great News!
The SMSA National Training Summit, SkidBike and TEAM OREGON, were featured in an article in the Portland Tribune! Follow the link below to check it out...
"Summit Aims to Rev Up Motorcycle Safety"
Featured Documents
SMSA Motorcycle Safety State Self-Assessment Tool
NHTSA Guideline No 3 Motorcycle Safety Programs
General Information
Find a Rider Education Program Near You
Log In or Request access to the
Members Only Section and ListServ here
Documents and Resources
Motorcycle Safety News
NEW YORK STATE -- As motorcycle accidents are on the rise, experts are speaking out, offering valuable insight on the importance of sharing the roadways.
|Study Finds Motorcyclist Fatalities Fell 7% in 2013
WASHINGTON, D.C. - For only the second year since 1997, U.S. motorcyclist fatalities are projected to decrease in 2013, according to a new analysis of preliminary state data released today by the Governors Highway Safety Association (GHSA).
The Motorcycle Safety Blog is up and running!!
This document describes practices for safely and effectively conducting traffic stops of motorcyclists.
Like the SMSA page and tag yourself or your business in the 2015 Symposium pictures
SMSA News
The National Association of State Motorcycle Safety Administrators would like to announce its new membership structure for 2015.

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Auto Components
Company Overview of BOCAR, S.A. de C.V.
Company Overview
BOCAR, S.A. de C.V. manufactures aluminum engine systems and plastic components for the automotive industry. The company manufactures precision parts and complex assemblies; plastic injection-molded parts for automotive interiors, trunks, exteriors and engines; and aluminum and zinc die-cast products with aluminum gravity casting for vehicles engines, transmission, and structural components. BOCAR, S.A. de C.V. was founded in 1967 and is based in Mexico City, Mexico with manufacturing plants, engineering and sales offices, and a just-in-time logistic center in North America.
Calle de Cruz Verde 169-1A
Col. Los Reyes Coyoacán
Mexico City, DF 04330
Founded in 1967
52 5 422 2300
52 5 422 2435
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BOCAR, S.A. de C.V. does not have any Key Executives recorded.
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|Auto Cubiertas de Mexico, SA de CV
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|By PR Newswire
Article Rating:
|February 20, 2014 09:00 AM EST
WASHINGTON, Feb. 20, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- Defense and Security Company Saab's man-portable weapon system Carl-Gustaf has been chosen by the U.S. Department of the Army to be a Program of Record within the U.S. Army. This means that the world leading shoulder fired weapon system, with a long service record with the U.S. Special Operations Forces, will now become standard issue to the U.S. Army's Light Infantry units.
The Carl-Gustaf system will provide the U.S. Army with a capability that units using disposable shoulder fired munitions currently lack. This system has been a key component of the U.S. Special Operations Forces for over twenty years.
"The fact that the U.S. Army has now elected to designate Carl-Gustaf (M3 MAAWS in the U.S.) as a Program of Record, thereby enabling it to be broadly fielded to its light Infantry units speaks for itself. The Carl-Gustaf has repeatedly proven itself in the world's most demanding environments as a versatile, powerful tool for the infantry soldier," says Jonas Hjelm, President of Saab North America.
A true multi-role, man-portable shoulder-fired weapon, the Carl-Gustaf weapon system is currently in use in more than 40 countries worldwide. The highly modern system has a long and successful history, and it has been continuously modernized to adapt to the users' ever changing needs.
Anticipating future operational needs, Saab is constantly working to make a great system even better. A new, lighter weight version of the Carl-Gustaf is currently under development.
Furthermore, advances are also being made to the Carl-Gustaf ammunition family with the recent release of the new 655 CS (Confined Space) High Explosive Anti-Tank (HEAT) round. This is the first in a new generation of munitions for the Carl-Gustaf designed to reduce back blast. This will allow soldiers to safely employ the weapon in confined spaces, minimizing the hazardous effects of traditional shoulder fired munitions.
Saab serves the global market with world-leading products, services and solutions ranging from military defence to civil security. Saab has operations and employees on all continents and constantly develops, adopts and improves new technology to meet customers' changing needs.
SOURCE Saab
SYS-CON Events announced today that SoftLayer, an IBM Company, has been named "Gold Sponsor" of SYS-CON's 18th Cloud Expo, which will take place on June 7-9, 2016, at the Javits Center in New York, New York. SoftLayer, an IBM Company, provides cloud infrastructure as a service from a growing number of data centers and network points of presence around the world. SoftLayer's customers range from Web startups to global enterprises.
Sep. 29, 2016 01:45 PM EDT Reads: 1,102
Most of us already know that adopting new cloud applications can boost a business's productivity by enabling organizations to be more agile and ready to change course in our fast-moving and connected digital world. But the rapid adoption of cloud apps and services also brings with it profound security threats, including visibility and control challenges that aren't present in traditional on-premises environments. At the same time, the cloud – because of its interconnected, flexible and adaptable...
Sep. 29, 2016 01:45 PM EDT Reads: 1,761
19th Cloud Expo, taking place November 1-3, 2016, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA, will feature technical sessions from a rock star conference faculty and the leading industry players in the world. Cloud computing is now being embraced by a majority of enterprises of all sizes. Yesterday's debate about public vs. private has transformed into the reality of hybrid cloud: a recent survey shows that 74% of enterprises have a hybrid cloud strategy. Meanwhile, 94% of enterpri...
Sep. 29, 2016 01:30 PM EDT Reads: 4,446
SYS-CON Events announced today the Enterprise IoT Bootcamp, being held November 1-2, 2016, in conjunction with 19th Cloud Expo | @ThingsExpo at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA. Combined with real-world scenarios and use cases, the Enterprise IoT Bootcamp is not just based on presentations but with hands-on demos and detailed walkthroughs. We will introduce you to a variety of real world use cases prototyped using Arduino, Raspberry Pi, BeagleBone, Spark, and Intel Edison. Y...
Sep. 29, 2016 01:15 PM EDT Reads: 3,011
Businesses are struggling to manage the information flow and interactions between all of these new devices and things jumping on their network, and the apps and IT systems they control. The data businesses gather is only helpful if they can do something with it. In his session at @ThingsExpo, Chris Witeck, Principal Technology Strategist at Citrix, will discuss how different the impact of IoT will be for large businesses, expanding how IoT will allow large organizations to make their legacy ap...
Sep. 29, 2016 01:15 PM EDT Reads: 306
In his general session at 18th Cloud Expo, Lee Atchison, Principal Cloud Architect and Advocate at New Relic, discussed cloud as a 'better data center' and how it adds new capacity (faster) and improves application availability (redundancy). The cloud is a 'Dynamic Tool for Dynamic Apps' and resource allocation is an integral part of your application architecture, so use only the resources you need and allocate /de-allocate resources on the fly.
Sep. 29, 2016 01:15 PM EDT Reads: 2,905
The vision of a connected smart home is becoming reality with the application of integrated wireless technologies in devices and appliances. The use of standardized and TCP/IP networked wireless technologies in line-powered and battery operated sensors and controls has led to the adoption of radios in the 2.4GHz band, including Wi-Fi, BT/BLE and 802.15.4 applied ZigBee and Thread. This is driving the need for robust wireless coexistence for multiple radios to ensure throughput performance and th...
Sep. 29, 2016 01:00 PM EDT Reads: 1,686
Internet of @ThingsExpo, taking place November 1-3, 2016, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA, is co-located with 19th Cloud Expo and will feature technical sessions from a rock star conference faculty and the leading industry players in the world. The Internet of Things (IoT) is the most profound change in personal and enterprise IT since the creation of the Worldwide Web more than 20 years ago. All major researchers estimate there will be tens of billions devices - comp...
Sep. 29, 2016 12:45 PM EDT Reads: 5,131
The many IoT deployments around the world are busy integrating smart devices and sensors into their enterprise IT infrastructures. Yet all of this technology – and there are an amazing number of choices – is of no use without the software to gather, communicate, and analyze the new data flows. Without software, there is no IT. In this power panel at @ThingsExpo, moderated by Conference Chair Roger Strukhoff, panelists will look at the protocols that communicate data and the emerging data analy...
Sep. 29, 2016 12:30 PM EDT Reads: 1,743
According to Forrester Research, every business will become either a digital predator or digital prey by 2020. To avoid demise, organizations must rapidly create new sources of value in their end-to-end customer experiences. True digital predators also must break down information and process silos and extend digital transformation initiatives to empower employees with the digital resources needed to win, serve, and retain customers.
Sep. 29, 2016 12:00 PM EDT Reads: 443
"We're a global managed hosting provider. Our core customer set is a U.S.-based customer that is looking to go global," explained Adam Rogers, Managing Director at ANEXIA, in this SYS-CON.tv interview at 18th Cloud Expo, held June 7-9, 2016, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY.
Sep. 29, 2016 12:00 PM EDT Reads: 3,140
Smart Cities are here to stay, but for their promise to be delivered, the data they produce must not be put in new siloes. In his session at @ThingsExpo, Mathias Herberts, Co-founder and CTO of Cityzen Data, will deep dive into best practices that will ensure a successful smart city journey.
Sep. 29, 2016 11:45 AM EDT Reads: 2,599
Why do your mobile transformations need to happen today? Mobile is the strategy that enterprise transformation centers on to drive customer engagement. In his general session at @ThingsExpo, Roger Woods, Director, Mobile Product & Strategy – Adobe Marketing Cloud, covered key IoT and mobile trends that are forcing mobile transformation, key components of a solid mobile strategy and explored how brands are effectively driving mobile change throughout the enterprise.
Sep. 29, 2016 11:30 AM EDT Reads: 2,157
DevOps at Cloud Expo, taking place Nov 1-3, 2016, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA, is co-located with 19th Cloud Expo and will feature technical sessions from a rock star conference faculty and the leading industry players in the world. The widespread success of cloud computing is driving the DevOps revolution in enterprise IT. Now as never before, development teams must communicate and collaborate in a dynamic, 24/7/365 environment. There is no time to wait for long dev...
Sep. 29, 2016 11:00 AM EDT Reads: 3,523
Cloud computing is being adopted in one form or another by 94% of enterprises today. Tens of billions of new devices are being connected to The Internet of Things. And Big Data is driving this bus. An exponential increase is expected in the amount of information being processed, managed, analyzed, and acted upon by enterprise IT. This amazing is not part of some distant future - it is happening today. One report shows a 650% increase in enterprise data by 2020. Other estimates are even higher....
Sep. 29, 2016 11:00 AM EDT Reads: 4,164


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Brockway Nursery School Inc - Brockway, PA - Phone: (814) 265-0805
The primary goal of childcare services and facilities in Brockway is to provide a safe environment for care and learning. These facilities are mostly meant for children aged between six weeks to twelve years. The commitment is to protect and serve children in settings outside their homes. They provide the basic health and safety requirements for all children in their care. Low-income, special needs, abused and neglected children, fragile adolescents are given personalized attention besides a healthy growth environment that ensure structured and wholesome development in children. The basic requirements, however, are that parents must be working and the gross family income per month must be at or below the income limit for the family size.
Keurig Introduces Recyclable K-Cups, But Environmentalists Ain't Buying It
(Long Island, NY) People love coffee. They also love convenience. That's why Keurig Green Mountain's eponymous coffee machine has taken the world by storm…instead of being forced to grind beans, dump them into a paper filter, and run hot water through them in order to get a steaming cup of joe, those looking for a quick caffeine fix can simply..


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The mission of the GCL (the "League") is to provide opportunities for the integration and development of Christian values into the everyday life of students through interscholastic athletic competition. Exemplary sportsmanship, respect, self-discipline and responsibility are the keystones of the GCL and define their members. Athletic activities enhance the educational, psychological, and physical development of the athletes and build a sense of community that support the overall success of students in our Catholic high schools. The Principals, Commissioners of the League, Athletic Directors and coaches understand and promote the mission of the League and serve as teachers and role models."
Follow us on twitter! @gclcoedsports@gclcoedsports
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Obama's Afternoon Snack and Things Every Kitchen Needs
The President's afternoon snack. We especially like the crackers. • Fascinating ingredients: Tupelo honey, vanilla powder, and edible nasturtiums. • What every kitchen needs, according to Ina Garten. Also, a guide to cheap cuts of meat from the Times. • The stages of edible growth in plants and the story of how chocolate is made. • For the picnic table: Pork tenderloin and onion jam sandwiches, and homemade BBQ sauce. • Kitchens that are inspiringly clean and neat, and Kyle's morels and ramps. • Spill-proof lunchboxes, and a herb saver gadget. • Lovely snacks: Baked doughnuts, honey and cream cheese "tarts", home-brewed kombucha, and chocolate chip and toffee shortbread cookies. • Best meals for camping trips. • Fun sweets: Gooey-chewy graham cracker bars and a recipe for a big hot pink cake. • Wine retailing: Do the supermarkets do it well? • What every pantry needs: The sweet stuff. • More spring eating: Quick radish pickles, watercress and cabbage stir-fry, 10 fresh asparagus recipes, and . • See the full archive of posts from this week a year ago. Previous Year Ago Lookback: Ina Garten's Lemon Cake, Barley Tea, and Samoas Bars


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Looking for info on Walter T HAGER b. 14 April 1896 in Mn.He married Frances Euphemia MAXSON on 19 Sep. 1931. They had one child who I don't know first name. Frances born 28 Aug. 1909 in Seattle, Wa. died 13 Mar. 1979 in Coville, Stevens, Co. Wa.
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Love was in the air this morning when Hermione's lovely fiancé Francesco surprised her LIVE on air!
January 2, 1:00 pm
We take a look at Andrew's fancy footwork when he danced in the studio with Mel. Doesn't look like she is having a bar of Andrew's moves.
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A Mayan prophecy predicts an apocalypse today so we put Eddie on end of the world watch.
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Heres the second part to my crazy DIY Alaska moose hunt with my good buddy Pat! We traveled 120 miles up the Koyukuk River and found a GIANT, caught a ton of pike and had a run in with a grizzly!! watch video >>
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Tag along with me as I head to Vegas to help Cody "No Love" cut weight and prepare for his big fight at UFC 202. Make sure to follow me on Social Media Facebook- https://www.facebook.com/ChadMen watch video >>
Chad Laprise talks about his technical knockout win over Thibault Gouti at UFC on Fox 21, moving up to welterweight, what's next for his career, and much more. Subscribe: http://goo.gl/dYpsgH Chec watch video >>
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UFC on Fox 21 - Condit vs. Maia
UFC Fight Pass Early Prelims watch video >>
Hear Chad Laprise inside the octagon with Brian Stann after his impressive win over Gouti Thibault in the FIGHT PASS Featured Bout of UFC Fight Night: Maia vs Condit. watch video >>
Champions.co was at the media scrum for Bellator 160: Henderson vs. Pitbull, when Patricio Pitbull discussed his thoughts on a rematch between McGregor and Aldo and later mentions a list of UFC fight watch video >>
http://fightnetwork.com/ - UFC lightweight Chad Laprise speaks with Robin Black and John Ramdeen ahead of his UFC Fight Night Vancouver bout vs. Thibault Gouti this Saturday. For additional coverage watch video >>
This week I show some of my cardio training at Orange Theory and give a sneak peak of our Finz and Featherz abalone trip up in Mendocino Ca. Make sure to follow me on Social Media Facebook- https watch video >>
Derek "The Gargoyle" Boyle vs. Chad Laprise http://www.gfl.tv/event/gofightlive/Fight/MMA/Xcessive-Force-Fighting-Championship-3/2136 watch video >>
Hey guys! Heres my first video! I flew to Utah and hung out with the Hushin and Mtn Ops crew along with Josh and Sarah Bowmar from Bowmar Bowhunting. Make sure to follow me on Social Media Faceboo watch video >>
http://fightnetwork.com/ - John Ramdeen and Robin Black discuss the smaller MMA organizations receiving support on UFC Fight Pass; assisting the development of the sport as a whole, "negative press" watch video >>


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Today, "Democracy Now!" reports on the five Democratic presidential candidates squaring off tonight in Las Vegas for the first of six debates in the 2016 campaign. The participants are former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders, former Maryland Governor Martin O'Malley, former Virginia Senator Jim Webb and former Rhode Island Governor Lincoln Chafee. Hawaii...

Olympics to proceed, riots in Venezuela, and Julian Assange's new companion.

The Olympic Show Must Go On

Despite ... the perfect gift for a dad who doesn't get out much? Julian Assange's children decided the answer was a ...
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Kuczynski Takes Peru's Presidency With Narrow Victory

Although Pedro Pablo Kuczynski seems to have squeaked out the narrowest of ...
... A national human services organization, we serve more than 13 ,500 individuals every year, working both above and below the line in film, ... when gas prices were through the roof and people just couldn't afford to get to us, we started looking for ways to take our services closer ...
... at the Clark Center before moving south to Solvang, June 13 through July 6. PCPA returns to the Marian Theatre in the fall for its ...
... on, if you stop someone randomly on the street, they wouldn't know what's going on. I felt that even with all this activity, policy, ... Catherine Gudis & Price. This team is joined by a programming and outreach group, which includes Erika Barbosa, Lila Higgins, ...
May was the 13 th straight month to smash global temperature records, amid increasing ... and hundreds of homes have been destroyed. May was the 13 th straight month to smash global temperature records, amid increasing ...
Visitors to the San Diego Public Library can experience more than books. A large-scale visual arts program brings guest curated art exhibitions to its central location and many branches.

In this age of exponential growth in technology, there must be space for ... essay, "The Two Cultures," sparked a debate that still hasn't been resolved. This year, through the revitalization of their Art + ... early explorations into steel works were born from a A&T project with Kaiser Steel. "This was a chance to work with steel on a scale ...
The L.A. Roots of Kendrick Lamar's 'To Pimp a Butterfly'
"To Pimp A Butterfly" dips into that lane at times but it's not remotely beholden to it.
The L.A. Roots of Kendrick Lamar's 'To Pimp a Butterfly'
Earth Focus
Earth Focus Plus: 'Biodiversity and Health'
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Earth Focus Plus: A Storify Supplement to 'Biodiversity and Health' (Ep. 41)
India's Coal Pollution
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Journalist Sarah Stirk profiles India's coal problem.
Coughing up Coal: Reporting from the Frontline of India's Health Crisis
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Climate Change: Numbers, Trends and Reality
The economic impact of climate change driven by global warming is both genuine and impossible to calculate.
Climate Change: Numbers, Trends and Reality


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English Australia Awards
Recognition and Celebration
English Australia has six awards in its Awards Program. English Australia and our awards sponsors believe it is important to recognise individuals and organisations who make outstanding contributions to raising the professionalism of the English language sector of international education in Australia and to celebrate their achievements, their dedication and their inspiration.
Click here for an Awards Program flyer for your staffroom.
2015 Award Winners
Click here for a summary of the winners of the 2015 awards, presented at the gala dinner of the 2014 English Australia Conference. For details, go to the individual awards below.
2014 Award Winners
Click here for a summary of the winners of the 2014 awards, presented at the gala dinner of the 2014 English Australia Conference. For details, go to the individual awards below.
Development of the English Australia Awards Program
The first Award was launched in 2003, with the Awards Program developing further in subsequent years. English Australia would like to acknowledge the strong support of sponsoring organisations in enabling the industry to recognise and celebrate contributions in this way.
Nominations & Judging
Nominations open in March/April each year and most awards are open to any organisation registered on CRICOS to deliver English language courses. Each award is judged by a panel of relevant industry experts and all winners are announced at the gala awards dinner of the English Australia Conference in September.
Click on the award below to find out more.
Note: Judges are asked to declare any conflict of interest that may arise with a nominee in any category of award. If this is felt by the other judges on the panel to have the potential to seriously affect the selection process, that judge will be asked to stand down
Lifetime Achievement Award for outstanding service to the ELICOS industry (individual)
John Gallagher Professional Bursary for significant contribution to ELICOS made by an individual (individual - open to staff from English Australia member colleges only)
Award for Contribution to Professional Practice (individual)
Award for Innovation (team/institution)
Award for Academic Leadership (individual)
Award for Action Research (individual)


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- University of Idaho sophomore Stephen Madison has been on a hot streak and Sunday afternoon was no different. Madison finished with a team-high 17 points on 5-of-8 shooting, nabbed seven rebounds and added three assists and one steal in his final box score.
- Idaho has been bolstered by the addition of two freshmen to the lineup off the bench, with redshirt freshman Matt Borton and true freshman Connor Hill being efficient in their time on the court. Sunday afternoon at Seattle U Borton went a red hot 5-of-5, while Hill balanced him out with a 3-of-3 performance, with each sinking two 3-pointers and combining to account for 22 points for the Vandals.
- Senior forward Djim Bandoumel tied a season-high with 13 points on 6-of-11 shooting. Beyond the points, he added three rebounds and blocked two shots, while slamming home an alley-oop for the Vandals.
IDAHO OFFICIAL SITE: Vandals control Redhawks (story and stats)
SEATTLE TIMES: Seattle U can't keep up with Idaho in 73-62 loss
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I just want to thank you once again for your kind words during this very trying time in my life.
Gwen – Thanks for the Pink elephants! I am not sure you are aware of how much that meant to me.. but I collect elephants and it was very touching.
Eli – Thank you for being so supportive as a gay father who came to terms with his true calling. You are a hero to so many including myself.
I have been under the weather and I guess when you get sick your emotions are just so much stronger than ever… It's been a really hard week and your emails and presents helped a lot.
Keep on rockin' don't stop now… xoxox – LG


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 22, 2004
|Filing date
|Apr 1, 1994
|Priority date
|Sep 4, 1991
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Terence Ralph Hurley, Jonathan James Stone
|Original Assignee
|Sony Broadcast & Communication Limited
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (17), Referenced by (4), Classifications (22), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/913,407, filed Jul. 15, 1992, now abandoned.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the field of image data recording and transmission. More particularly, this invention relates image data recording and transmission in which image data is stored prior to transmission over a bandwidth limited transmission channel.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Known systems used in broadcast situations store high quality video image data on magnetic recording tape. The video image data is then read from the magnetic recording tape and transformed into a transmission signal format of reduced bandwidth.
A significant limiting performance parameter of most image data storage devices is the amount of data or number of images that can be stored. One way of decreasing the amount of space needed to store an image is to compress the image data with a technique such as that proposed by the Joint Photographic Experts Group and currently under review by the International Standards Organisation. It is an object of the invention to increase the number of images that can be stored.
Viewed from one aspect the invention provides an image data recording and transmission apparatus having:
(i) a decorrelator for producing frequency separated component data from input image data;
(ii) a recorder for storing frequency separated component data produced by said decorrelator;
(iii) an interpolator for producing reconstructed data from frequency component data stored by said recorder; and
(iv) a transmission signal generator for producing a bandwidth limited transmission signal from reconstructed data produced by said interpolator,
wherein said recorder stores substantially only that portion of frequency component data produced by said decorrelator corresponding to frequencies transmittable with said transmission signal.
The invention recognises that in a system in which the image data will be transmitted with a bandwidth limited signal there is no point in preserving information in the image data that cannot be represented by the transmission signal. Discarding such information does not degrade the quality of the image recoverable from the transmission signal, and yet allows an improved degree of data compression to be achieved.
In addition to recognising the above, the invention provides a particularly simple and efficient way of removing the excess data since for other data compression purposes the input image data may well have already undergone frequency separation. In this case, the overhead required to carry out the frequency separation is already present in the system and a relatively small modification in accordance with the invention allows the additional advantage of the invention to be realised.
In order to match the known NTSC transmission signal format said recorder stores substantially only that portion of frequency component data produced by said decorrelator corresponding to frequencies less than substantially 4.5 MHz.
Similarly, in order to match the known PAL transmission signal format said recorder stores substantially only that portion of frequency component data produced by said decorrelator corresponding to frequencies less than substantially 5.5 MHz.
Preferred embodiments of the invention enhance the data compression achieved with an entropy encoder for encoding frequency separated data prior to storage by said recorder and an entropy decoder for decoding frequency separated data read from said recorder.
Further improvements in data compression are achieved with a quantiser for quantising frequency separated data prior to storage by said recorder and a dequantiser for dequantising frequency separated data read from said recorder.
It will be appreciated that the frequency separation could be carried out by discrete cosine transformation of block of the image. However, improved performance is achieved when said decorrelator produces sub band component data representing different portions of the two-dimensional spatial frequency domain.
Since the decorrelation works on the basis of a two fold frequency division at each stage, an upper limit on the frequency of data extracted cannot be easily set if good frequency resolution is to be preserved at lower frequencies, e.g. if the signal undergoes a three stage frequency separation: to meet the required frequency resolution, it may be that the two uppermost bands are above the frequency that can be carried by the transmission channel. Accordingly, the output from the decorrelator may include high frequency information not required. One simple way of dealing with this is to configure the system such that said quantiser quantises sub band component data not transmittable with said transmission signal to a single value. Quantising to a single value, such as zero, effectively removes the unwanted information.
Preferred embodiments of the invention carry out the subsequent required filtering to remove the unwanted high frequency data utilising a data sequencer for sequencing sub band component data to separate sub band component data transmittable with said transmission signal from sub band component data not transmittable with said transmission signal.
In some embodiments said data sequencer removes sub band component data not transmittable with said transmission signal. Alternatively, said data sequencer sequences said sub band component data into an order in which sub band component data transmittable with said transmission signal is fed to said entropy encoder before sub band component data not transmittable with said transmission signal. Sequencing the data in this way allows an increase in the degree of compression achieved through entropy encoding by increasing the probability of long zero value run lengths and the occurrence of end of block codes.
Viewed from another aspect the invention provides an image data recording and transmission method comprising the steps of:
(i) decorrelating input image data to produce frequency separated component data;
(ii) storing frequency separated component data;
(iii) producing reconstructed data from stored frequency component data; and
(iv) producing a bandwidth limited transmission signal from reconstructed data,
wherein substantially only that portion of any frequency component data produced corresponding to frequencies transmittable with said transmission signal is stored.
The above, and other objects, features and advantages of this invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments which is to be read in connection with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a data compression apparatus;
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a simple sub band coding apparatus;
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a higher order sub band coding system;
FIG. 4 illustrates a two-dimensional sub band decorrelator;
FIG. 5 illustrates a frequency separated video signal;
FIG. 6 illustrates the human psychovisual response to images of differing spatial frequency;
FIG. 7 illustrates, a data sequencer circuit;
FIG. 8 illustrates the scan pattern effected by the data sequencer circuit of FIG. 7;
FIG. 9 shows a quantisation matrix;
FIG. 10 illustrates an image data recording and transmission apparatus;
FIG. 11 illustrates possible bandwidth characteristics of the transmission system; and
FIG. 12 illustrates a data decompression apparatus.
FIG. 1 shows an apparatus for effecting intra-image frequency separation and compression of a video signal in the two-dimensional spatial frequency domain. A video signal, which is in digital form and comprises successive multi-bit (for example 8-bit) samples or words each representing a respective pixel of a scanned image or picture, is applied via an input 10 to a decorrelator 12. A frequency separated video signal is outputted by the decorrelator 12 to a data sequencer 18 and then via a quantiser 14 to an entropy encoder 16, which together compress the frequency separated video signal outputted by the decorrelator 12 to produce a compressed signal on an output 20. The compressed signal is then stored. After storage, the compressed signal can be restored substantially to its original form by expansion by way of entropy decoding, resequencing, dequantising and recorrelation operations which employ parameters complementary to those used for decorrelation, sequencing, quantisation and entropy encoding, respectively, upon compression.
The operation of decorrelation performed in the decorrelator 12 relies upon the fact that neighbouring pixels of an image are highly correlated, whereby processing an image (for example, a field or frame of a video signal) to form frequency separated signal portions representing different components of the image in the two-dimensional spatial frequency domain enables a reduction in the amount of information needed to represent the image. Specifically, the frequency separated signal portions represent different spatial frequency components of the image.
The sequencing operation will be described in more detail below.
The quantisation operation, which is a lossy operation, in that it involves deliberate discarding of some frequency data considered to be redundant or of little importance to adequate perception of the image by the human psychovisual system, in itself enables some signal compression to be achieved. The quantiser 14 enables compression to be achieved in two ways: it reduces the number of levels to which the data inputted to it can be assigned, and it increases the probability of runs of zero value samples on the data it outputs. The ability to achieve enhanced signal compression provided by the operation of the quantiser is carried into effect in the entropy encoder 16 in that the reduction in information content achieved in the quantiser 14 enables a consequential bit (data) rate reduction to be achieved in the entropy encoder.
Further (non-lossy) compression, and bit (data) rate reduction, is provided in the entropy encoder 16 in which, in known manner, using for example variable length coding, the data produced by the quantiser 14 is encoded in such a manner that more probable (more frequently occurring) items of data produce shorter output bit sequences than less probable (less frequently occurring) ones. In this regard, the decorrelation operation has the effect of changing the probability of occurrence of any particular signal level, which is substantially the same for all possible levels before decorrelation, into a form in which it is much more probable that certain levels will occur than others.
The compression/coding system or apparatus as shown in FIG. 1 can be embodied in a variety of ways, using different forms of decorrelation. An increasingly popular form of implementation makes use of so-called transform coding, and in particular the form of transform known as the discrete cosine transform. The use of discrete cosine transformation for decorrelation is in fact prescribed in a version of the compression system of FIG. 1 described in a proposed standard prepared by the Joint Photographic Experts Group and currently under review by the International Standards Organisation. According to the transform technique of decorrelation, the signal is subjected to a linear transform (decorrelation) operation prior to quantisation and encoding. A disadvantage of the transform technique is that, although the whole image (for example, a whole field) should be transformed, this is impractical in view of the amount of data involved. The image (field) thus has to be divided into blocks (for example, of 8�8 samples representing respective pixels), each of which is transformed. That is, transform coding is complex and can be used on a block-by-block basis only.
A recently proposed approach to compression/coding in the frequency domain is that of sub-band coding. In this approach, the decorrelator 12 in the system of FIG. 1 would comprise a spatial (two-dimensional) sub-band filtering arrangement which divides the input video signal into a plurality of uncorrelated sub-bands each containing the spatial frequency content of the image in a respective one of a plurality of areas of a two-dimensional frequency plane of the image, the sub-bands then being selectively quantised by the quantiser 14 in accordance with their positions in the sensitivity spectrum of the human psychovisual system. That is, decorrelation is achieved in this case by putting the energy of the overall image into different sub-bands of the two-dimensional spatial frequency domain. Sub-band filtering is believed to provide better decorrelation than the transform approach. Also, unlike the transform technique, there is no restriction to operation on a block-by-block basis: the sub-band filtering can be applied directly to the video signal.
FIG. 2 illustrates a sub-band coding system in which the input video signal is passed through a low-pass decimation filter 22 and a high-pass decimation filter 24. The resulting two output signals represent different portions of the frequency spectrum of the input signal. The two signals are then quantised, sequenced and entropy encoded as discussed in relation to FIG. 1. The sub-band components of the input signal can now be transmitted or stored for later reproduction. The storage of the sub-band components is illustrated by the dashed line 26 in FIG. 2.
When the sub-band components are recovered from the recording medium they are passed through corresponding matching filters to regenerate the original frequency components. These matching filters are a low-pass interpolation filter 30 and a high-pass interpolation filter 28. The outputs of the interpolation filters 28, 30 are added by a summation circuit 32 to yield the original video input signal.
FIG. 2 illustrates the decomposition of the input video signal into two sub-bands. In practice, the input video signal would be decomposed into many more sub-band components. FIG. 3 illustrates the decomposition of an input signal into eight sub-band components and its subsequent recombination into an output video signal.
The filters of the sub-band coding system comprise finite impulse response filters with appropriate delays and weighting coefficients to perform both horizontal and vertical frequency decomposition. Different forms of filter for performing sub-band frequency separation are known, e.g. some possible filters are described in the article entitled 'Exact Reconstruction Techniques for Tree Structured Sub-Band Coders', in IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Volume ASSP-34 at pages 434 to 441, June 1986.
FIG. 4 illustrates the decorrelator 12 of FIG. 1 in more detail. The decorrelator comprises a horizontal filter arrangement 46, an intermediate field store 48, a transpose sequencer (address generator) 50, a vertical filter arrangement 52, an output field store 54 and an output sequencer (address generator) 56. Sub-band filtering is effected on a separable basis. Thus, in FIG. 4, filtering in the two orthogonal image directions, namely the horizontal direction (the direction of image scanning in the case of conventional video) and the vertical direction, is effected entirely independently and separately of one another by respective one-dimensional filtering operations performed in the horizontal and vertical filter arrangements 46 and 52, respectively.
The horizontal filter arrangement 46 and vertical filter arrangement 52 can be of substantially the same construction as one another. Thus, the construction of the horizontal filter arrangement 46 only will be described in detail. The filtering is to achieve 8 sub-bands in each of the horizontal and vertical directions, that is to say that a square array of 64 (8�8) sub-bands is to be produced. The 64 sub-bands are to be of equal extent to one another.
The horizontal filter arrangement 46 is preferably of a tree or hierarchical structure as shown in FIG. 3, comprising three successive filter stages. The first stage comprises a low pass filter (LF) and a high pass filter (HF), each of which is followed by a respective decimator (not shown). The LF filter, HF filter and the decimators together make up a quadrature mirror filter (QMF). Each of the filters can be a finite impulse response filter of conventional form. In use, a line of a field of the input digital video signal is applied, sample-by-sample, to the first stage, to be low pass filtered and high pass filtered by the LF and HF, respectively. Thus, the LF and HF produce outputs comprising low pass filtered and high pass filtered versions of the input line, respectively, the outputs representing the spatial frequency content of the line in the lower and upper halves of the horizontal spatial frequency range. That is, the first stage divides the input line into two sub-bands in the horizontal direction. The decimators decimate (sub-sample) the respective outputs by a factor of two, whereby the total number of samples outputted by the decimators (together) is the same as the total number of samples in the line.
The second stage is of similar construction to the first stage, except that there are two QMFs each as in the first stage and the output from each of the decimators of the first stage is passed as an input to a respective one.of the two QMFs. Thus, the second stage produces four outputs representing the spatial frequency content of the line in four equal quarters of the horizontal spatial frequency range. That is, the second stage further divides the two sub-bands, into which the input line was divided in the first stage, into four sub-bands in the horizontal direction. The four decimators of the second stage decimate (sub-sample) the respective outputs by a factor of two, whereby the total number of samples outputted by the decimators of the second stage (together) is the same as the total number of samples in the line.
The third stage is of similar construction to the first stage, except that there are four QMFs each as in the first stage and the output from each of the four decimators of the second stage is passed as an input to a respective one of the four QMFs. Thus, the third stage produces eight outputs representing the spatial frequency content of the line in eight equal one-eighths of the horizontal spatial frequency range. That is, the third stage divides the four sub-bands into which the input line was previously divided into the required eight sub-bands in the horizontal direction. The eight decimators of the third stage decimate, (sub-sample) the respective outputs by a factor of two, whereby the total number of samples outputted by the decimators of the third stage (together) is the same as the total number of samples in the line.
The eight outputs of the third stage, that is of the horizontal filter arrangement 46, are passed to the intermediate field store 48 and stored at positions corresponding to respective one-eighths of a first line thereof. The above process of horizontal filtering is then repeated for all the other lines of the field of the input digital video signal. This results in the intermediate field store 48 containing a version of the field of the input digital video signal that has been filtered into; eight sub-bands in the horizontal direction (only). Each line of the field stored in the intermediate field store 48 is divided into eight portions each containing the horizontal spatial frequency information in a respective one of eight sub-bands of the horizontal spatial frequency range of the image that the original field represented. Thus, the horizontally filtered field stored in the intermediate field store 48 can be considered to be divided into eight columns.
The horizontally filtered field stored in the intermediate field store 48 is then fed (under the control of the transpose sequencer 50) into the vertical filter arrangement 52, in which it is filtered into eight sub-bands in the vertical direction in similar manner to that in which filtering into eight sub-bands in the horizontal direction was achieved in the horizontal filter arrangement 46. The horizontally and vertically filtered field is fed on a line-by-line basis into the output field store 54 to be passed from there to the quantiser 14. The store 54 can be considered. to have been partitioned into an array of 64 (8�8) storage regions, in each of which a respective one of the 64 sub-bands is stored. Thus, successive fields of the input digital video signal are sub-band filtered and passed, duly filtered, to the quantiser 14 after a delay of two field intervals.
The transpose sequencer 50 produces read addresses for the intermediate field store 48, to control reading of the contents thereof into the vertical filter arrangement 52, as follows. As will be recalled, the signal as stored in the intermediate field store 48 comprises the lines of the original field, each divided horizontally into eight sub-bands. That is, the signal as stored in the dintermediate field store 48 can, as mentioned above, be considered to comprise eight columns. To enable the signal stored in the intermediate field store 48 to be vertically filtered by hardware of the same construction (the vertical filter arrangement 52) used to horizontally filter it, it must be transposed, that is rotated through 90 degrees, as it is read to the vertical filter arrangement 52, so that it comprises eight rows (as opposed to columns). The transpose sequencer 50 addresses the intermediate field store 48 in such a manner as to accomplish this.
The nature of the filtering produced by the combination of the horizontal filter arrangement 46 and the vertical filter arrangement 52 is such that data stored in the output field store 54 is somewhat scrambled and reordered by the output sequencer 56 before being passed to the rest of the apparatus for processing.
FIG. 5 illustrates the various sub band components produced if the input video signal is decomposed both horizontally and vertically into eight frequency components (this can be considered to be the data stored in the output field store 54 after it has had the reordering of the output sequencer 56 applied to it). Each of these sub bands or sub-pictures is represented by one of the blocks in FIG. 5. The upper left hand block represents the dc sub-band. This is the band of lowest horizontal and vertical frequency although in practice it doesn't necessarily represent only the constant portions of the signal with strictly zero frequency. This dc sub-band will contain the majority of the dc luminance information of the original input video signal. The relative importance of the remaining sub-bands to the eventual perception of the picture by a viewer varies. Generally speaking, the higher frequency sub-bands are less important to the eventual perception of a viewer. In relation to FIG. 5, the frequency which a particular sub-band component represents increases in moving downward and/or rightward in the array of blocks. Further bands of particular importance are those that contain any dc chrominance information. In the case of NTSC format signals, the lower two central blocks contain this information.
FIG. 6 illustrates the human psychovisual response to image components of differing spatial frequency. As can be seen, the level of human perception first rises and then steadily diminishes with increasing spatial frequency. This characteristic can be exploited in a data compression system with the realisation that components of higher spatial frequency can be subjected to higher degrees of quantisation with subsequent loss in information, without significantly degrading the perceived image that can be reconstructed.
FIG. 7 illustrates a data sequencer for controlling scanning of the decorrelated data. The data sequencer includes a nested arrangement of counters. The horizontal position counter 62 and the vertical position counter 64 can be nested within the sub band counter 60 or vice versa depending upon whether a intra-sub band (raster) scan is desired or an inter-sub band (non-raster) scan is required. It will be appreciated that when a counter is described as being nested within another counter then this means that the first counter will complete a full counting cycle for each increment in the value of the counter above it in the hierarchy. The value from the sub band counter 60 is fed to a sub band number generation programmable read only memory (PROM) 70 where it is converted into a sub band number. The output of the sub band number generation PROM is fed to both a horizontal pointer generation PROM 68 and a vertical pointer generation PROM 66 together with respective ones of the output from the horizontal position counter 62 and the vertical position counter 64. The horizontal pointer generation PROM 68 and the vertical pointer generation PROM 66 map the input values into physical horizontal and vertical addresses within the field store (not illustrated) where the quantised data is being stored. From this field store the quantised data is then fed to an entropy encoder.
It will be appreciated that the use of PROMs is particularly convenient as the ability to reprogram the mappings stored allows a considerable degree of flexibility.
When the data sequencer is in raster mode, the horizontal position counter 62 and vertical position counter 64 trace through a complete sub band before the sub band counter 60 is incremented. When the data sequencer is in non-raster mode the sub band counter 60 moves through a complete cycle for each increment in the combined horizontal position counter and vertical position counter 64. The combination of the horizontal position counter 62 and vertical position counter 64 can be considered as an intra-sub band counter 72, whereas the sub band counter 60 can be considered as an inter-sub band counter.
FIG. 9 illustrates a quantisation matrix as applied by the quantiser 14. In accordance with the characteristic shown in FIG. 6, the psychovisual sensitivity to each frequency component decreases with increasing frequency. The quantisation matrix exploits this by applying more severe quantisation to sub band components of higher frequency and thereby increases the degree to which they may be compressed.
The two columns of the quantisation matrix corresponding to the two highest horizontal frequency component ranges are shown filled with values of A. This indicates that whatever input data value is subject to quantisation from within these sub bands the result produced by the quantiser 14 is a single predetermined value (e.g. zero). This need not be done if these sub bands are subsequently to be completely removed from the data stream.
FIG. 8 illustrates the scan path effected by the data sequencer of FIG. 7. The two right most columns within the array of sub band component data correspond to frequencies not transmittable with the subsequent transmission signal. A cycles per picture width count of 288 corresponds to a frequency within the raster scan output of 5.37 MHz. The horizontal frequency components of the image manifest themselves on an intra-raster line basis in the transmission signal, i.e. a high horizontal spatial frequency component will produce a high frequency component within the horizontally rastered transmission signal. In contrast, vertical spatial frequency components only manifest themselves on an inter-raster line basis in the transmission signal due to the horizontal raster. Thus, the vertical spatial frequency components of the image are not rendered non-transmittable by the limited bandwidth of the eventual transmission signal format.
The sixth left most columns of the sub band array are scanned in a zig-zag pattern as shown. This zig-zag scanning can be carried out on an intra-sub band basis, with each complete sub band been fed to the entropy encoder 20 before passing onto the next sub band.
Alternatively, an inter-sub band scan can be used with a single data value from each sub band read out following the zig-zag, pattern to form a block of data. The scan is then repeated for different data values from each sub-band to form further blocks of data until all the data values of each sub band have been read.
The data scanned by the zig-zag pass represents that data that can eventually be transmitted with the transmission signal format concerned. The remaining data can either not be read at all, or can be read in the order shown. If the data is read then it will previously have been forced to have a single value by the application of the quantisation matrix which will result in efficient compression as described above. If the single value is zero then the result of entropy encoding of the two right most columns from the sub band array after inter-sub band scanning will be a sequence of end of block codes. These codes may already have been issued depending upon the values towards the end of the zig-zag scan.
The pattern illustrated in FIG. 8 is effected by appropriate programming of the sub band PROM 70 in the data sequencer 18.
The quantised data emerging from the quantiser 14 is fed to the entropy encoder 16. The entropy encoder 16 can encode the quantised data in accordance with one of the known techniques, such as that proposed by the Joint Photographic Experts Group mentioned above.
FIG. 10 illustrates a data recording and transmission apparatus. The data compressor 76 takes the form described previously. The combined action of the quantisation matrix of FIG. 9 and the data scan pattern of FIG. 8 mean that only that data that can ultimately be transmitted by the transmission signal format used is passed to the data recorder 78. The data recorder 78 can be a conventional digital video tape recorder or the like. When desired, the data is recovered from the data recorder 78 and fed to the data decompressor 80. The data decompressor carries out entropy decoding, data resequencing, dequantisation and interpolation with parameters complementary to those described for the data compression. The data recovered by the data decompressor is passed to a transmission signal generator 82 of standard form which converts the image data into the appropriate PAL or NTSC transmission format for broadcast.
FIG. 11 illustrates the transmission filter response of the transmission signal generator 82 for both the PAL and NTSC standards. The NTSC signal is bandwidth limited to less than 4.5 MHz. The PAL signal is bandwidth limited to less than 5.5 MHz.
FIG. 12 illustrates the various components of the data decompressor 80. The data from the data recorder 78 is fed to an entropy decoder 84. The entropy decoder 84 applies the complementary coding rules applied by the entropy encoder 16 so as to recover the quantised data. The output from the entropy decoder 84 is fed to the data resequencer 86. The data resequencer 86 may comprise a circuit similar to that shown in FIG. 7 with different data stored in the various PROMs to effect resequencing of the data back to its original order. When the data has been resequenced, the data values for each sub band component are collected together and passed to the dequantiser 88 to have the appropriate dequantisation applied to them. The data from the highest horizontal frequency sub band components will not have made it this far through the system. The output from the dequantiser 88 is fed to an interpolator 90 which transforms from the spatial frequency domain back into a signal similar to that at the input 10 of FIG. 1. The output from the interpolator 90 is fed to the transmission signal generator 82.
Although illustrative embodiments of the invention have been described in detail herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to those precise embodiments, and that various changes and modifications can be effected therein by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 24, 1958
|Aug 7, 1962
|Color television recording system and method
|Sep 14, 1982
|May 14, 1985
|New York Institute Of Technology
|Method and apparatus for encoding and decoding video
|Mar 28, 1986
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|Gte Laboratories Incorporated
|Progressive image transmission
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|Mar 22, 1988
|New York Institute Of Technology
|Method and apparatus for generating progressively scanned television information
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|Sub-nyquist sampling encoder and decoder of a video system
|Oct 26, 1989
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|Bell Communications Research, Inc.
|Apparatus and method for differential sub-band coding of video signals
|Oct 12, 1989
|Mar 19, 1991
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Transform coding using coefficient prediction techniques
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|Dual channel video signal transmission system
|Aug 24, 1990
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|Video signal encoding method with a substantially constant amount of transform data per transmission unit block
|Mar 30, 1990
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|New York Institute Of Technology
|Apparatus and method for encoding and decoding video
|Mar 23, 1990
|Oct 27, 1992
|Pioneer Electronic Corporation
|Video signal recording apparatus that converts high definition video signals into signals usable with conventional television systems
|Nov 26, 1990
|Jan 12, 1993
|North American Philips Corporation
|Method and apparatus for digitally processing a high definition television augmentation signal
|Mar 22, 1991
|Jan 4, 1994
|Bell Communications Research, Inc.
|Two-dimensional block scanning for subband image and video coding
|Sep 22, 1995
|Feb 3, 1998
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Magnetic recording and reproducing apparatus for high speed dubbing
|Jun 8, 1990
|Dec 12, 1990
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|An apparatus for orthogonal transform coding
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 20, 2004
|Mar 18, 2008
|Method for transmitting signalling information between an access point and a terminal of a multi-carrier radio communication network
|Jul 21, 2009
|Uni-Pixel Displays, Inc.
|Enhanced bandwidth data encoding method
|May 20, 2004
|Dec 16, 2004
|Method for transmitting signalling information beween an access point and a terminal of a multi-carrier radio communication network
|Apr 29, 2005
|Nov 2, 2006
|Walker Philip M
|Combining different content discs for playback of supplemental content
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 26, 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 6, 2012
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jun 22, 2012
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Aug 14, 2012
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20120622


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this companies actually missed and trade at much higher PE's and your the one that clearly is worried seeing how you have been trying to bash it down. Seeing as its up almost 2.5% after hours your not going a very good job or wait maybe it is that your wrong and the quarter and guidance was actually pretty good.


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Shiv Mantra
Xlratech Software Solutions
- September 1, 2014
( 231)
Lord Shiva is the Lord of mercy and compassion. He protects devotees from evil forces such as lust, greed, and anger. He grants boons, bestows grace and awakens wisdom in His devotees.
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On namashivaya Om
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Vashikaran Mantra is powerful tool to get the desired person under your control.
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Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry Outlook No. (LDPM-259) 23 pp, January 2016
The Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry Outlook for January 2016 analyzes economic impacts of events based on projections from USDA's World Agricultural Supply and Use Estimates Report for beef, pork, lamb, poultry, eggs, and dairy production and trade.
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Pfizer is partnering with oncology services company Crown Bioscience to develop novel therapeutics for cancers prevalent in Asia. The joint research will be carried out at Crown's new facility near Shanghai and aims to discover and advance multiple candidates for clinical development.
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Based in California, Crown operates wholly owned research facilities at campuses in Beijing and Taicang, China, and in Indianapolis. The company claims its CrystalClear™ and HuPrime™ platforms provide unique capabilities in lead optimization and translational oncology for the development of clinical candidates.
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 1, 1983
|Filing date
|Feb 19, 1981
|Priority date
|Feb 19, 1981
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Alan Hofer, Frank M. Yama
|Original Assignee
|Alan Hofer, Yama Frank M
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (14), Classifications (14), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to miniaturized sounders and in particular to a buzzer for a pocket paging device or the like.
Pocket pagers have gained wide use and acceptance in recent years. Such pages are commonly used by physicians, repair technicians, and others who must remain in contact with a central location. The pager, which corresponds in size roughly to that of a cigarette package, is carried in a pocket or clipped to the clothing of the user. In one common type of paging system, a radio signal at a particular frequency is generated when contact with the user is required. The radio signal serves to trigger an oscillator within the pager which, in turn, drives a buzzer. The user, upon hearing the buzzer, places a telephone call to the central location to receive his message.
Pocket pagers must be small enough to be comfortably carried by the user. In addition, the pager must be large enough to contain the buzzer along with its associated electronics and power supply. It is thus desirable to miniaturize the components of the pager as much as possible. This poses a particular problem with regard to the actual sounder since it must be capable of generating a sound sufficiently loud to insure attracting the user's attention regardless of ambiant noise conditions.
Therefore, various attempts have been made to produce such miniature sounders or buzzers. In one such attempt, a folded horn is positioned within a tuned cavity. This, however, requires precise tuning of the buzzer components.
In view of the above, it is the principal object of the present invention to provide an improved sounder which is small in volume but capable of producing a relatively loud, audible sound.
A further object is to provide such a sounder which is compatible with conventional pocket pager drive circuits and power sources.
A still further object is to provide such a sounder which is reliable, efficient and which may be constructed of a small number of components which may be readily assembled.
The above and other beneficial objects and advantages are attained by providing a miniature sounder comprising a double tuned cavity resonator.
The first cavity comprises a chamber one end of which is closed by a diaphragm which is operatively driven at a desired frequency. The diaphragm and chamber are positioned within a second cavity in the form of a rectangular housing. The chamber and housing are both tuned to the drive frequency of the diaphragm. The tuned frequency of the chamber is substantially three times that of the diaphragm and twice that of the housing.
When the diaphragm and chamber are in position a pocket is formed within the housing. An outlet opening is provided within the pocket.
In the accompanying drawings:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a miniature sounder in accordance with the present invention; and
FIG. 2 is a side elevational sectional view of the sounder of FIG. 1.
Reference is now made to the drawings and to FIG. 1 in particular wherein a miniature sounder 10 in accordance with the present invention is depicted. The sounder 10 is contained within a generally rectangular housing 12 formed of a suitable material such as ABS or the like. The length of housing 10 is approximately 5/8" and its width is approximately 1/2". The height of the housing is approximately 0.320.
A series of connectors extend from the bottom of the housing. A pair of connectors 14 have integral tabs 16 extending over the top surface 18 of the housing to engage the contacts 20 of a solder patch 22. The ends of a coil are similarly connected to the solder patch thereby permitting the coil to be activated through contacts 14. An additional pair of contacts 24 are provided opposite contacts 14. Contacts 24, in cooperation with contacts 14 facilitate seating and securing the sounder 10 in a socket in the pocket pager assembly or other device with which the sounder is to be used. Contacts 14 also serve to make electrical contact with an oscillator forming a part of the pager drive circuit. Such pagers are well known and are well defined in the art and form no part of the present invention. It should be noted, however, that the most commonly used frequency for such pager oscillators is 2070 Hz (nominal 2100 Hz).
Referring now to FIG. 2, it can be noted that there is contained at one end of the housing a driver generally designated 26. The driver 26 is of a conventional construction and may, for example, be constructed in accordance with the teachings of our commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 4,251,807 for MINIATURE BUZZER. In brief, the driver 26 consists of a plastic support collar 30 in which a pole piece 32 of a magnetic material is supported. A coil 34 is disposed about the pole piece. The ends of the coil 34 are drawn through the top of the unit for connection with contacts 14 through the solder patch 22. A ring magnet 36 surrounds the coil with its lower edge defining a common plane with the bottom of the pole piece.
A diaphragm 38 formed of a tempered magnetic material is positioned within collar 30 spaced below the bottom edge of the pole piece 32. An armature 40 of magnetic material is spot welded to the rear of the diaphragm (i.e., opposite to the pole piece). The diameter of the pole piece is less than that of the diaphragm but large enough to span the inner diameter of ring magnet 36. The diaphragm 38 fits onto a step 44 formed in collar 30. A closure plate 46 fits on a lower step 48 formed at the bottom of collar 30. A hollow tube 50 extends through plate 46. Thus, the lower portion 52 of collar 30 (i.e., below step 44) along with the bore 54 of tube 50 define a chamber 55 one end of which is closed by the diaphragm and the other end of which communicates with the interior 56 of housing 12 through the bottom end of tube 50.
The driver 26 is secured to one end of the housing as shown with collar 30 captured between a step 58 at the front end of the housing extending up from the bottom of the housing and a partial partition 60 extending downwardly from the top of the housing. It should be noted that partition 60 is spaced forwardly of the rear wall 62 of the housing so as to form a pocket 64 between the driver 26 and rear wall. An outlet opening 66 is formed in the rear wall.
By varying the diameter of collar 30 below diaphragm 38 and/or the distance between diaphragm 38 and plate 46 and/or the diameter and length of tube 50 the volume of the chamber and hence its resonant frequency may be altered. Similarly the resonant frequency of the housing may be altered by varying the distance between partition 60 and wall 62 and/or the height of the housing.
In a successful practice of the invention wherein the diaphragm was oscillated at 2070 Hz, the chamber 55 was tuned to 6200 Hz and the housing was tuned to 3100 Hz. The double tuned cavity resonator resulting from the tuned chamber and tuned housing produced an exceptionally loud audible tone.
Thus, in accordance with the above the aforementioned object were effectively attained.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 10, 1914
|Nov 5, 1918
|Charles M Heck
|Sound-controlling machine.
|Jun 10, 1965
|Jun 27, 1967
|Dyna Empire Inc
|Loud speaker housing
|Jul 13, 1978
|Jan 8, 1980
|Marine Resources, Inc.
|Alarm buzzer apparatus
|Mar 8, 1979
|Feb 17, 1981
|Pickering & Company
|Miniature buzzer
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 1, 1982
|Mar 31, 1987
|Schantz Spencer C
|Buzzer with adjustable volume level
|Mar 24, 1986
|Mar 1, 1988
|U.S. Holding Company, Inc.
|Miniature dual cavity ringer
|Feb 9, 1989
|Jun 5, 1990
|Motorola, Inc.
|Unitized housing for silent and tone pager alerting system
|Sep 22, 1992
|Jun 1, 1993
|Orton Kevin R
|Radio controlled speed controller with audible feedback signal
|May 29, 1990
|Jun 8, 1993
|American Phone Products, Inc.
|Ringer assembly
|Jan 23, 1992
|Feb 15, 1994
|Star Micronics Co., Ltd.
|Thin buzzer
|Apr 21, 1995
|Oct 14, 1997
|Oi Electric, Ltd.
|Sound device for message decoder
|Oct 22, 1999
|Apr 10, 2001
|Ericsson Inc.
|Variable frequency buzzer assembly
|Sep 6, 2000
|Jul 29, 2003
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Electromagnetic electro-acoustic transducer
|Apr 8, 2002
|Jun 8, 2004
|Plantronics, Inc.
|Apparatus and method for providing voice telephone instructions
|Apr 26, 1988
|Nov 2, 1988
|Nec Corporation
|Electromagnetic sounding device
|Jan 29, 1992
|Aug 5, 1992
|Star Micronics Co., Ltd.
|Thin buzzer
|Apr 26, 1994
|Nov 9, 1994
|Star Micronics Co., Ltd.
|Electroacoustic transducer
|Sep 6, 2000
|Aug 29, 2001
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Electromagnetic electroacoustic transducer
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 19, 1981
Owner name: PICKERING & COMPANY, INC., 101 SUNNYSIDE BLVD., PL
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:HOFER ALAN;YAMA FRANK M.;REEL/FRAME:003851/0783
Effective date: 19810213
|Jun 8, 1987
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jun 14, 1987
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Nov 1, 1987
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jan 19, 1988
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19871101