text:
SET 1: Llama, Wolfman's Brother, Punch You In the Eye > Quinn the Eskimo, Poor Heart, Roggae, Split Open and Melt, The Squirming Coil > Loving Cup
SET 2: Tweezer > On Your Way Down > Piper > You Enjoy Myself, Frankenstein, Waste
ENCORE: While My Guitar Gently Weeps > Tweezer Reprise
Add a Review
October 01, 1989
27 years ago
The Front
Set 1: Alumni Blues > Letter to Jimmy Page > Alumni Blues > McGrupp and the Watchful Hosemasters > Who Do? We Do! > Golgi Apparatus, Harry Hood > The Chase > Wilson > Foam, Ya Mar, The Oh Kee Pa Ceremony > Suzy Greenberg > Run Like an Antelope
Set 2: AC/DC Bag > My Sweet One > Reba[1], Dinner and a Movie > Bundle of Joy > Possum, You Enjoy Myself > If I Only Had a Brain, Contact, Split Open and Melt, The Lizards
Encore: Highway to Hell[2]
[1] Debut. No whistling.
[2] First known Phish performance.
Phish.net is a non-commercial project run by Phish fans and for Phish fans under the auspices of the all-volunteer, non-profit Mockingbird Foundation.
This project serves to compile, preserve, and protect encyclopedic information about Phish and their music.
Credits | Terms Of Use | Legal
The Mockingbird Foundation is a non-profit organization founded by Phish fans in 1996 to generate charitable proceeds from the Phish community.
And since we're entirely volunteer – with no office, salaries, or paid staff – administrative costs are less than 2% of revenues! So far, we've distributed over $750,000 to support music education for children – 210 grants in 43 states, with more on the way.


text:
Safe travels, turtles! The #seaturtletrek ends with 52 endangered turtles swimming free from a Florida beach. Way to go, rescue teams!
Safe travels, turtles! The #seaturtletrek ends with 52 endangered turtles swimming free from a Florida beach. Way to go, rescue teams!
The #SeaTurtleTrek successfully reached its final destination today!
Check out the full re-cap of the release of 52 endangered sea turtles on our blog.
That's a car-full of sea turtles bound for a massive release event in Florida. Follow along! #seaturtletrek
Last minute turtle check-ups happening this morning, and then the great Sea Turtle Trek begins! Follow along.
This is what it's all about…
Swim strong, little turtles! The grand finale of the #SeaTurtleTrek was 52 endangered sea turtles returning to the ocean after months of rehabilitation in East Coast marine animal rescue facilities.
Thank you to all the rescue groups who made this possible, and to @JennDittmar from National Aquarium who shared this photo!
52 endangered sea turtles released from a Florida beach on Sunday. That's after a 24-hour road trip down the East Coast.
Have you see the pictures from our Sea Turtle Trek! Prepare to be amazed.
Some of our rescued turtles are ready to head home!
Learn how we're preparing for a massive sea turtle release this weekend. It's starting with some turtle tagging! More
Sea Turtle Release
Imagine this scene x 6 + a few more. That's how many turtles we're releasing this weekend. Learn how we're preparing for this massive sea turtle release!
The #SeaTurtleTrek has arrived in Florida!
Ready for release: With both its ID and PIT tags in place, this endangered sea turtle is ready to be released! Learn why these tags are important.
And stay tuned! We're gearing up for a massive sea turtle release in Florida this weekend and many of our friends are helping, like National Aquarium. Lots more turtle talk to come…
Another pic from the start of the #seaturtletrek with our friends from the National Marine Life Center!
The Sea Turtle Trek is making great progress so far. This is truly an endangered species express!
The Sea Turtle Trek—Now with more turtles!
An overnight stop at the Virginia Aquarium added a few more turtles to our endangered species express. Follow along on the Rescue Blog.
Saving a Species, One Roadtrip at a Time
Still trekking! This all-night road trip is going non-stop to Florida. We'll finish off by releasing 50 endangered sea turtles back into the ocean. Follow along on the Aquarium's Rescue Blog.
The sea turtle trek has begun, people! Here are a couple snaps from this morning session. Get your live updates from the road.
Saving a species: It takes a team
We're so excited to be able to get these endangered sea turtles healthy enough be released back into to the ocean. And we had a lot of help doing it! Folks from National Aquarium in Baltimore (seen in blue above talking to the Aquarium's head vet) came during the crunch time this winter to help take care of the turtles, and we're teaming up with them to bring the turtles home!
Follow our Sea Turtle Trek to Florida this weekend!
@JennDittmar from National Aquarium snapped this picture at our last rendez-vous point with the South Carolina Aquarium. That pushes our total for today's release to 52 turtles—WOW!
Look for our satellite map on the Rescue Blog and see how close we are to Florida!

subset: commoncrawl


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text: The allowed energy levels for the harmonic oscillator are determined by numerical integration of the Schrodinger equation, starting in the classically forbidden region to the left of the potential. The criterion that the energy is an eigenvalue for the problem is that the wave function decays to zero in the classically forbidden region to the right of the potential. The zero point energy is determined for different values of k. The results are graphed to obtain a functional relationship between the zero point energy and k.


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MobileIron Unveils New Tool For Partners To Secure Cloud Data On Mobile Devices
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 28, 1991
|Filing date
|Sep 15, 1988
|Priority date
|Sep 15, 1988
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Glen A. Sanders, Robert B. Smith, Gordon F. Rouse
|Original Assignee
|Honeywell Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Non-Patent Citations (44), Referenced by (24), Classifications (6), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to gyroscopes utilizing a pair electromagnetic waves injected into a closed-ring resonant path, in opposite directions, in order to sense inertial rotation. The waves are caused to propagate around the ring path by means of some form of electromagnetic waveguide. More particularly, the invention relates to passive ring resonator gyros wherein the difference between resonant frequencies of two counter-propagating electromagnetic waves, introduced into the passive ring resonator path from a source of energy external to the ring path, is linearly proportional to the rotation rate.
The well known Sagnac Effect quantitatively describes the existence of a difference in the relative phase of two electromagnetic waves after traveling in opposite directions around a closed ring path. In gyro applications of the Sagnac Effect, the difference in phase is directly proportional to the inertial rotation rate about an axis normal to the plane of the ring path. Because the ring path is closed, the waves may propagate in multiple round trips around the ring. The waveguide ring structure is resonant at certain optical frequencies. Because of the Sagnac phase difference, the resonant frequencies are different for the waves propagating in the opposite directions in the presence of inertial rotation due to differences in the effective closed-loop path length traveled by the two counter-propagating waves. This frequency difference is directly proportional to the inertial rotation rate which may be measured by measuring the difference in the resonant frequencies of the counter-propagating waves. The frequency difference and sensitivity of the gyro to rotation is further a function of the area circumscribed by the closed ring waveguide path, the perimeter of the waveguide path, the effective refractive index of the waveguide an material within the waveguide, and the free-space wavelength of the waves.
In the prior art of passive ring resonator gyros, operation has been generally restricted to utilizing a single-polarization wave in each direction and nearly always the same polarization in both directions. In general, electromagnetic waveguides are capable of supporting propagating waves of two possible polarizations, the most common of which are linearly polarized horizontal and vertical waves, but in some systems may be a pair of elliptically polarized waves or even right and left circularly polarized waves.
Similarly, in a ring resonator composed of such electromagnetic waveguide material, two polarization states exist in each direction around the ring. These states, each of which have resonances associated with them, are commonly referred to as resonant polarization eigenstates. Polarization eigenstates are essentially states of polarization that at any point around the ring do not change their state of polarization after one or more round trips around the ring. Eigenstates of polarization are described in detail in a publication entitled, "Eigenstates of Polarization in Lasers" by H. de Lang, Philips Research Repts, Vol. 19, pp. 429-440, 1964; and a publication entitled, "Marix Method for the Calculation of the Polarization Eigenstates of Anisotropic Optical Resonators", by V. Ya. Molchanov and G. V. Skrotskii, Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 315-330, January-February, 1972. Further, Eigenstates of polarization in a passive ring resonator gyros are discussed in a publication entitled, "Eigenstates of Polarization in a Fiber Ring Resonator and its Effect in an Optical Passive Ring-resonator Gyro", by K. Iwatsuki, K. Hotate, and M. Higashiguchi, Appl. Opt. 25, 15, 2606-12 (1986). These references are incorporated herein by reference.
Eigenstates of polarization can be simple, such as nearly horizontal and vertical linear polarized waves, elliptical polarized waves, or can exhibit complex behavior in which the polarization varies from point to point along the resonator.
Ring resonators of the prior art are often those having very nearly horizontal and vertical linear polarization eigenstates. In ring resonator gyros of the prior art, the possible excitation of both polarizations and the possible nearly identical resonant frequencies for the two different polarizations can prevent gyro operation or compromise its performance. To alleviate this problem, one of the two polarized waves in each direction is usually suppressed by some means or by providing special means so that the external source does not excite the other unwanted polarization. Prior art schemes for obviating the problem of unwanted polarized waves rely on, among others, careful polarization control of the light waves, tight component tolerances, and/or the introduction of high propagation losses for one of the two polarization eigenstates. These schemes are generally costly to implement, complex, and/or may introduce other error sources.
It is an object of the present invention o minimize the need to suppress waves of one polarization in order to make a gyroscope.
In the present invention, a passive ring resonator gyro is constructed of an electromagnetic waveguide ring path which causes a specified rotation of the polarization of the waves, once for each round trip around the ring path. The polarization rotation of the waves is about the centerline axis of propagation of the waveguide. The polarization rotation in accordance with the present invention may be introduced at any of several possible positions around the ring path, and may be effected in different ways. One embodiment of the invention, as an example, but to which the invention is not limited, is to introduce a splice at some point in the ring path on either side of which the linearly birefringent waveguide (comprising the ring) is rotated with respect to the waveguide on the other side of the splice. The amount of polarization rotation is arbitrary, although specific values such as 30, 45, or 90 degrees may be more advantageous.
FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a prior art fiber-optic ring resonator gyro.
FIG. 2a illustrates the detail of the resonator coupler and the ring resonator of the prior art.
FIG. 2b illustrates the ideal photodetector output vs. input light frequency when a single polarization wave is injected into the ring resonator of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3a illustrates the frequency response of the ring resonator of FIG. 2a utilizing a polarization-maintaining fiber when primary and secondary polarized light waves are injected into the ring resonator.
FIGS. 3b-c show the frequency response of FIG. 3a for changes in temperature.
FIG. 4a illustrates a ring resonator in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 4b illustrates the ideal frequency response of the ring resonator of FIG. 4a.
FIG. 4c shows the frequency response of the ring resonator of FIG. 4a for a change in temperature.
FIG. 5 shows a cross section of one example of an optical fiber splice in a highly-birefringent optical fiber for achieving polarization rotation.
FIG. 6 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the invention illustrated in FIG. 4a.
FIG. 7a illustrates a spliceless ring resonator embodiment in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 7b illustrates one mechanism for achieving 90 degree polarization rotation with a birefringent optical fiber coupler in the spliceless ring resonator design of FIG. 7a.
FIGS. 8a-c illustrate further alternate embodiments of the present invention.
Herein, the term ring resonator refers to any closed-ring or closed-loop electromagnetic waveguide structure which encloses an area, and in which an electromagnetic wave, injected therein, can make one or more round trips about or along or through the waveguide structure in either of two directions around the ring. Such waveguides include, among others, integrated optics, bulk optics including mirrors, optical fibers, metal microwave waveguides and the like. Further, hereafter the term wave will refer to any electromagnetic wave including, among others, microwaves, optical light waves, visible or non-visible, like those generated from a laser beam source. Generally, the electromagnetic waves referred to herein are coherent waves.
Further, in the discussion which follows, the terms beam and wave are intended to be interchangeable. Beams are generally used to discuss direction and paths of light which the electromagnetic waves follow, and waves are particularly suited to discussions relevant to wavelength, frequency, polarization states, interference, and the like.
Passive ring resonator optical gyros utilizing laser beams as a source of electromagnetic waves are well known in the art, and are particularly described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,135,822, issued to Ezekiel.
The conventional passive resonant ring laser gyro includes a ring resonator for the propagation of two counter-propagating optical waves. The ring resonator is generally made up of a plurality of reflecting surfaces or mirrors, or alternatively an optical fiber, and in which there is no active gain medium in the closed ring path provided by the ring resonator. The two counter-propagating optical waves are established by one or two laser light-generating sources external to the ring resonator. The two optical waves are generally coupled into the ring resonator through partially-transmitting mirrors, or alternatively fiber-optic couplers Independent servo loops may be used to vary either the frequency of each of the two optical waves, or alternatively the length of the ring path and the frequency of one of the two optical waves, to establish the waves to be at resonance in both directions within the ring resonator.
In some passive ring resonator gyros of the prior art, a single laser source is used to generate a pair of laser beams which are coupled into the ring resonator in first and second opposite directions. In some embodiments of the prior art, one servo loop modulates the ring resonator optical length to cause the resonant frequency of the ring resonator for waves propagating in the first direction to be the same as the frequency of the optical wave coupled into the ring resonator in the first direction. The other laser beam is frequency shifted to cause the optical wave coupled into the ring resonator in the second direction to be at the resonant frequency of the ring resonator for waves propagating in the second direction. In general, two servo control loops are needed for matching the frequencies of the two injected optical waves to the resonant frequencies of the ring resonator in the presence of rotation.
A ring path constructed of an optical fiber is particularly applicable to passive ring resonator gyros. This is so since an optical fiber can provide a ring resonator comprised of a coil of an optical fiber having many turns thereon. The resulting ring resonator has a sensitivity which is proportional to the number of coil turns or loops times the area circumscribed by one fiber loop.
Commonly, passive ring resonator fiber-optic gyros include a laser beam source for generating and launching a light wave of a single linear polarization. In turn, the launched light wave is split and coupled into a ring resonator to produce two light waves counter-propagating along the ring resonator waveguide. The ring resonator is provided, at least in part, by an optical-fiber which is a polarization maintaining fiber--that is, the optical fiber is highly birefringent. Thus, the system as just described is such that the counter-propagating waves in the ring are each intended to be a single linear polarization light wave.
In fiber-optic passive ring resonator gyros, an obstacle to realizing practical and useful gyro performance parameters is believed to stem from the excitation of two polarized light waves in each direction of the ring path, rather than just one of the two possible polarizations as intended. This is usually true even though the electromagnetic wave was launched having a single linear polarization state. The ring resonator supports the simultaneous and independent propagation of four different resonant light waves--one wave for each of the two polarizations in each of the two directions.
To understand the behavior of the ring resonator, it is useful to first consider only two polarized resonant waves in one direction. Except for special circumstances, these two resonant light waves in one direction around the ring will be nominally polarized along the X and Y axes of the birefringent fiber. The resonant ring will therefore have different resonant frequencies for the two possible polarized waves in each direction since light travels at different speeds along the X and Y axes of the birefringent fiber. (By definition, the index of refraction is different along the X and Y polarization axes of a birefringent fiber.)
Since the path length of the fiber ring determines the resonant frequency for each polarized light wave in each direction, any change in path length due to environmental conditions, particularly temperature, will grossly affect the performance parameters of the gyro. Commonly in passive ring resonator gyros, photodetectors are utilized to detect the amplitude of the waves propagating along the ring resonator path. The outputs of the detectors become the control inputs to the aforementioned servo loops. Therefore the light detectors will in practice be at least partially responsive to both linearly polarized light waves. In turn, the gyro servo loops which maintain the counter-propagating light waves at resonance within the ring resonator are also affected by the detection of light of both polarizations. This unintended excitation and detection of the secondary and unwanted polarized light wave is believed to cause one of the largest errors in fiber-optic ring resonator gyros.
FIG. 1 illustrates a simplified schematic diagram of a passive ring resonator optical fiber gyro known in the art. Source 10 provides a laser beam identified as B0 which is split by beam splitter 20 into beams B1 and B2. Beam B1 is passed through a frequency shifter 22 and emerges as beam BS1. A portion of beam BS1 passes through beam splitter 30 and is injected or launched into fiber 42. In a similar fashion beam B2 passes through frequency shifter 24 and emerges as beam BS2. Beam BS2 passes through beam splitter 32 before being launched into optical fiber 44. It should be noted that beam splitters 30 and 32 are only utilized for redirecting return energy coupled out of the ring toward other gyro system components. The intended function of the beam splitters may be accomplished by other techniques, such as, for example, fiber optic couplers.
Ring resonator 50 includes an optical fiber 52 which has first and second segments 53 and 54 which are coupled to directional optical-coupler 60. Commonly in the prior art, ring resonator 60 is comprised of a continuous optical fiber with a single splice, and a portion of the fiber 52 passing through optical coupler 60. A portion of optical fiber 52 is illustrated being wound around cylindrically shaped piezoelectric (PZT) device 70 in order to effect a change in the total optical fiber length in a well known manner. Optical fibers 42 and 44 are also shown coupled to coupler 60.
It should be understood by those skilled in the art that coupler 60 may be provided by a wide variety of bulk optic, fiber-optic, and integrated optic techniques to provide the intended function of coupling input waves into the ring and/or coupling out of the ring portions of the waves traveling along the ring path. In one practical implementation of coupler 60, fibers 42 and 44 are portions of a single continuous fiber, and fibers 53 and 54 are also portions of the continuous fiber ring 50. In this situation, the fiber ring 50 contains a splice, not shown, somewhere appropriately along the ring resonator path in a well known manner.
For passive ring resonator structures, the amount of energy coupled into the ring resonator through a coupler is dependent upon the difference between the frequency of the input wave coupled into the ring resonator and the resonant frequency of some ring resonator mode.
In FIG. 1, coupler 60 functions to couple a portion of beams BS1 and BS2 into fiber 52 resulting in clockwise beam Bcw and counter-clockwise beam Bccw, respectively, counter-propagating in ring resonator 50. The magnitude of energy of beam Bcw is dependent upon the difference between the frequency of input beam BS1 coupled into ring resonator 50 and one of the resonant frequencies of the resonator for beams traveling in the clockwise direction. Similarly, the magnitude of energy of beam Bccw is dependent upon the difference between the frequency of input beam BS2 coupled into ring resonator 50 and one of the resonant frequencies of the resonator for beams traveling in the counterclockwise direction.
FIG. 1 further includes components for detecting the condition of resonance of the resultant Bcw and Bccw beams propagating in the ring resonator. Referring to FIG. 1, one ring resonator output is provided by beam of light B0S1 emerging from fiber 44 and is directed toward photodetector 82 after being reflected from beam splitter 32. Similarly, the other ring resonator output is provided by beam of light B0S2 emerging from fiber 42 and is directed toward photodetector 80 after being reflected from beam splitter 30.
Output beam B0S2 represents the energy of that portion of beam BS2 not coupled through coupler 60 into ring resonator 50. Similarly, output beam B0S1 represents the energy of that portion of beam BS1 not coupled through coupler 60 into ring resonator 50.
The output signal of photodetector 82, representative of beam B0S1, is presented to a phase sensitive demodulator 92; the output of phase sensitive demodulator 92 is summed in amplifier 95 with AC modulation source 93 having frequency fm. The output of amplifier 95 is presented to the input of PZT device 70 for modulation of the length of optical fiber 52 in a well known manner. This comprises the primary servo control loop.
The output signal of photodetector 80, representative of beam B0S2 is presented to a phase sensitive demodulator 94. The output of phase sensitive demodulator 94 is presented to voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 96 having an output thereof presented to optical frequency shifter 24. The optical frequency shifters 22 and 24 may be, by example, an acousto-optic frequency modulator. In both phase-sensitive demodulators 92 and 94 the signals are frequency demodulated at reference frequency fm.
The operation of the passive ring resonator fiber-optic gyro illustrated in FIG. 1 will now be described. The laser light B0 at frequency f0 is split equally into two beams B1 and B2, each of which is frequency shifted by different amounts prior to being coupled into ring resonator 50. The resulting resonator clockwise beam Bcw has frequency f0 +f1 --namely beam B1 of optical frequency f0 shifted by frequency f1 by means of frequency shifter 22. The resulting resonator counterclockwise beam Bccw has frequency f0 +f2 --namely beam B2 of optical frequency fo shifted by frequency f2 by means of frequency shifter 24.
The clockwise beam resonant condition is sensed by photodetector 82 which detects the intensity of light waves impinging thereon. Resonance is indicated by a signal dip in the photodetector 82 output signal. This is so since at resonance most of beam BS1 will be coupled into ring resonator 50, and very little will appear as beam B0S1 coupled out of the resonator. The resonant frequency of waves traveling in the CW direction in resonator 50 is locked to frequency f0 +f1 by means of a primary servo-loop including photodetector 82, phase sensitive demodulator 92, summing/amplifier circuit 95, modulation source 93, and PZT 70--which adjusts the resonator ring path length via the PZT device 70. In this way, the difference between the resonator clockwise resonance frequency and the frequency of the input beam BS1 is removed. To provide a discriminate for sensing departures from resonance, modulation frequency source 93 is employed whereby the resonator length is modulated at frequency fm. The output signal of photodetector 82 is demodulated at frequency fm by phase sensitive demodulator 92 to provide the primary frequency servo control loop.
Using similar servo control techniques, the average counterclockwise beam frequency is adjusted to match the counterclockwise ring resonant frequency by means of a second servo, sometimes referred to as the "rate servo." The rate servo includes photodetector 80, phase sensitive demodulator 94, voltage controlled oscillator 96 and frequency shifter 24. The output of the phase sensitive demodulator 94 drives voltage controlled oscillator 96 to control the frequency of beam BS2, having value f0 +f2 to be the same as the counterclockwise resonant frequency of resonator 50.
In closed-loop operation, the frequency difference f1 -f2 is then a measure of the inertial rotation rate.
In summary, the primary servo adjusts the optical path length of ring resonator 50 such that the clockwise resonance frequency thereof is f0 +f1. This primary servo condition is obtained regardless of the rate of rotation of the ring resonator 50. At the same time, the frequency shift f2 is varied by the rate servo such that frequency f0 +f2 corresponds to the resonant frequency for waves in the counterclockwise direction of the resonator 50 for all rates of rotation of ring resonator 50. Thus, the absolute value of the frequency difference f2 -f1 is related to the rate of rotation of ring resonator 50.
Prior art passive ring resonator fiber gyros designed similar to that shown in FIG. 1 make use of mono-mode optical fibers to provide a mono-mode waveguide for the ring resonator. Herein the use of mono-mode waveguides refers to the single transverse spatial mode of the electromagnetic wave which may propagate along the longitudinal axis of the waveguide --in the direction of the optical fiber length. With each such transverse spatial mode there actually are associated two independent polarization modes, for example horizontal and vertical polarization or right-hand and left-hand circular polarized waves. In the prior art, the intention has commonly been to use only one polarization mode or eigenstate. Any light propagating with other, unintended, polarization is considered detrimental to good gyro performance, i.e., for inertial rotation measurement.
In the description which follows, only the details of resonator 50 including optical fiber 52 and coupler 60, including optical fibers 42 and 44, will be shown. Further, only one of the beams injected into optical fiber 52 will be illustrated.
Specifically, only the input beam BS1, the resulting clockwise beam Bcw, and the detected beam B0S1 will be shown and discussed. Beams traveling in the opposite direction will behave in a similar manner.
Now referring to FIG. 2a, there shown is the ideal situation in which optical fibers 42, 44 and 52 are mono-mode optical fibers. The injected input beam BS1 is coupled into optical fiber ring 50 in the clockwise direction through coupler 60 resulting in the clockwise beam Bcw. Lastly, there shown is the output beam B0S1 from coupler 60, which is directed to photodetector 82 as shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 2b illustrates the ideal frequency response of the output signal from photodetector 82 as the optical frequency of beam BS1 is varied. The characteristic illustrated in FIG. 2b is for the idealized mono-mode fiber in which the polarization of beam BS1, the injected wave into the ring resonator, is perfectly aligned with the polarization eigenstate of the ring resonator. Then, only a single polarization state is excited and propagating in the ring-resonant 50.
However, in practice, the problem is that the alignment of the polarization of the input wave BS1 and a polarization eigenstate of the ring is difficult to achieve to the required degree.
The resonant frequency fR of a beam in ring resonator 50 is mathematically described by:
fR =q(c/nL)
The numerical value of "q" is the integral number of wavelengths of light around the path at resonance within ring resonator 50; n is the effective index of refraction of the propagation path; L is the path length of the ring path; and c is the speed of light in vacuum.
The factor "c/nL" in the above equation is termed the free spectral range of the ring resonator. The free spectral range is the frequency difference between two adjacent longitudinal resonant modes of the resonator, i.e., those resonant modes having nearly the same polarization characteristics but differing in optical round trip pathlengths around the ring by one wavelength.
FIG. 3a illustrates the frequency response in a practical situation for the resonator of FIG. 2a when fiber 52 thereof is comprised of a highly linearly birefringent polarization maintaining (PM) fiber. That is, fiber 52 is not only a mono-mode waveguide, but also has X and Y orthogonal axes of linear polarization. Mono-mode birefringent fibers permit the excitation of waves of two linear polarizations with different phase velocities determined by the differing refractive indexes nx and ny to propagate along the fiber. This type of fiber is particularly described in a publication entitled "Development of Low- and High-Birefringence optical fibers", by D. N. Payne, A. J. Barlow and J. J. Hansen, IEEE Q.E. Vol. QE-18 No. 4., April 1982, or the publication entitled "Polarization in Optical
Fibers", by I. P. Kaminow, IEEE Q.E. Vol. QE-17, No. 1, January 1981. These references are incorporated herein by reference.
In ring resonators 50 using the polarization maintaining fiber, the frequency response as seen at the photodetector 82 is that as shown in FIG. 3a. FIG. 3a illustrates that there exists a different resonant frequency for each of the two linear orthogonally polarized light waves. This is so since the two different indices of refraction of the PM fiber result in different speeds of propagation through the fiber, and different optical pathlengths for each of the two possible polarizations. Therefore, resonant frequencies for the different polarization modes along each of the different axes of the fiber are not equal. This is particularly described in a publication entitled "Evaluation of Polarization Maintaining Fiber Resonator for Rotation Sensing Application", by G. A. Sanders, N. Demma, G. F. Rouse, and R. B. Smith, Proc. of Opt. Fiber Sensors Conf., pp. 408-11, New Orleans, 1988, and is herein incorporated by reference.
It should be noted that in FIGS. 3a-b, several peaks for each of the polarized waves are shown. This is so since the ring resonator can support an excited wave of an integral number of wavelengths as is well known. The frequency spacing between similar dips (or peaks) is the free spectral range for each of the polarization modes. The "q" number, as before, is simply a convenient way of identifying different resonant waves that can be excited and propagated in the ring resonator. It denotes the integral number of wavelengths that "fit" inside one round trip (for each polarization) to achieve resonance.
In FIGS. 3a-c, the two possible linear (or nearly linear) polarized waves allowed to propagate in the ring resonator are denoted as X and Y polarized light waves. The X polarized light waves are shown to have resonant frequencies f for different integral number of wavelengths q and q+1, etc. Likewise, Y polarized waves have multiple resonant frequencies fy at integral wavelength numbers, for example, q+1000 and q+1001, etc. (This is because of the assumption that the Y polarized light waves travel slower than the X polarized light waves and thus the effective pathlength is longer by 1000 wavelengths. Another way of expressing this is that the two polarizations have different free spectral ranges.) In these circumstances, it is important that the servo loops must consistently drive the optical frequency to the center of one of the resonant dips of either the X or Y polarized sets of resonant frequencies.
FIGS. 3a-c illustrate the effect of temperature on the X and Y polarized sets of resonant frequencies. A large optical path length difference exists between the X and Y polarized modes--here 1000 wavelengths in the example--and is sensitive to temperature. The ring path length difference, in fact, drifts about one wavelength per degree centigrade for resonators of roughly one to ten meter length. This means that if the servo loops are intended to track the "X" resonance, then for every degree centigrade temperature change of the ring path the small unwanted resonance mode (Y) drifts through the main resonance of the wanted mode (X). FIG. 3b particularly illustrates the gross distortion of the line shape of the frequency response in response to temperature effects on the fiber resonator. This distortion introduces uncertainties and errors in any measurement of the resonant frequencies of the ring resonator.
Practice of the present invention is intended to eliminate the distortion and errors due to the excitation of the unwanted resonances regardless of excitation of the second polarized wave, by rotating the polarization for each round trip of the waves propagating through the ring resonator.
FIG. 4a shows one embodiment of the present invention in which the ring resonator 500 is provided by a highly birefringent mono-mode optical fiber 400, i.e., a PM fiber.. Further, the optical fiber 400 is cut and the two ends are spliced together, 410, with the principal axes of birefringence rotated by a selected angle, shown as 90°, as particularly illustrated in FIG. 5. FIG. 5 illustrates the cross-section of a PM fiber 400 having high birefringence and how the fiber 400 is spliced at juncture or splice 410. Further, FIG. 5 shows the principal axes of birefringence X and Y of fiber 400. In FIG. 5, the principal axes on either side of the splice 410 have been rotated by 90° with respect to each other. The angle 90° is only an example, and other values of rotation angle can give other useful embodiments.
Again referring to FIG. 4a, PM optical fibers 42 and 44 are to couple optical waves into and out of ring resonator 500. In the ideal situation where light is only coupled into one of the resonator polarization eigenstates, only one resonance dip is seen as shown in FIG. 4b. Since the polarization eigenstates for a ring having the rotated axes of birefringence,--herein referred to as polarization rotation angle, are no longer states of linear polarization, the states are now represented as "a" and "b" instead of "X" and "Y". FIG. 4b thus only shows resonance dips and resonance frequencies fa@q corresponding to one polarization state.
FIG. 4c shows the resonator output in practice, that is, when both resonator eigenstates are coupled into (or excited in) the ring resonator, such as for an input wave BS1 that is nearly linearly polarized. For FIG. 4c, the polarization rotation angle was chosen substantially close to 90°. In this case, the free spectral ranges "FSRa " and "FSRb " of the two polarization modes are substantially equal. In addition, the resonance frequencies of the two polarization eigenstates fa and fb are substantially separated by one half of either free spectral range. In addition, the resonance frequency differences are substantially fixed with temperature; that is, the separation of the resonance frequencies between the two polarization eigenstates remains fixed and the resonances don't cross (as in the case of FIGS. 3a-c). Hence, none of the resonance distortions shown in FIG. 3b and consequent errors occur with the polarization rotation angle near 90°. In effect, the role of the 90° polarization rotation is to create different polarization eigenstates of the ring (not X and Y linearly polarized), each state now being comprised of substantially equal amounts of X and Y electromagnetic field components. These eigenstates can be shown to be circularly polarized or ±45° polarized, or have other elliptical polarization depending on the relative phase of the equal X and Y components. Thus the waves of both eigenstates "see" effectively the same index of refraction, namely an average of nx and ny of the fiber. As a consequence of this it can be shown that the pathlengths for the resonant eigenstates are within a half wavelength of each other, instead of 1000 wavelengths as denoted in FIGS. 3a-c. In addition, other splice angles are also of interest, since resonance frequency separations can be achieved between the two resonant polarization eigenstates that also prevent the resonance frequency crossings shown in FIGS. 3a-c.
FIG. 6 shows another embodiment of the invention incorporating the principles of the invention illustrated in FIG. 4a and FIG. 5. FIG. 6 is substantially FIG. 4a except highly birefringent fibers 42 and 44 are replaced by a simple mono-mode waveguide, non-polarization maintaining fibers 642 and 644. However, the input wave BS1 is first passed through a polarization adjuster 610 before being coupled into the PM fiber 620 including the polarization axes rotation splice 630 like splice 410 of FIG. 4a. The polarization adjuster 610 allows for better coupling of the polarization of the input light into only one resonant polarization eigen mode of the ring resonator. This architecture is most stable with a splice location substantially at the mid point of the ring resonator.
FIGS. 7a-b illustrate another embodiment of the invention utilizing the principles of altering the state of polarization of electromagnetic waves traveling through the ring resonator by rotation thereof at least once within the ring resonator path. In this case, light is cross-coupled between the birefringent axes of two fibers composing the optical coupler 720. This is accomplished by rotation of the principal birefringent axis of the fibers in the coupler as shown in FIG. 7b. The resultant effect is an effective rotation of the polarization within the coupler rather than by using a splice elsewhere in the ring. FIG. 7a particularly illustrates use of a spliceless fiber ring resonator as particularly described and shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,530,097 entitled Brillouin Ring Laser, issued to Loren F. Stokes et al, and is herein incorporated by reference.
FIGS. 7a-b show how a single continuous strand of fiber can be employed to form both an optical coupler 720 to serve the same function as coupler 60 in FIG. 4a, and at the same time provide a resonant ring path 710 without an "closing splice." Optical fiber 700 forms a loop between first and second end segments 702 and 704. The optical coupler 720 optically closes the loop to form the resonant ring 710.
FIG. 7b illustrates a detailed cross section of the optical coupler 720 in accordance with the present invention. Optical fiber 700 is a highly birefringent polarization maintaining fiber. The optical coupler 720 is constructed so that the input fiber portion 725 is coupled to the output fiber portion 730 such that the axes of birefringence are rotated relative to one another so as to rotate the direction of the linear polarized electromagnetic waves for each passage through the ring resonant ring 710. In essence, the spliceless fiber resonator 710 with coupling means 720 as illustrated in FIG. 7a performs in substantially the same manner as the structure illustrated in FIG. 4a wherein the polarization rotation is provided at splice 410 in the fiber ring 500.
FIGS. 8a-c show still other alternate embodiments employing the principles of the present invention. In FIG. 8a, there are shown two optical couplers 810 and 820. The input beam BS1 is injected into optical fiber 815 for coupling into the highly birefringent polarization maintaining fiber 830 which forms the resonant ring 840. Resonant ring 840 also includes a polarization rotation splice 831 like splice 410 of FIGS. 4a and FIG. 5. Optical coupler 820 allows a small portion of the waves traveling about ring resonator 840 to impinge on detector 850. The operation of FIG. 8a differs from that of FIG. 4a in so far as detector 850 will see a peak output when the frequency of the input beam BS1 is at resonance. The splice 831 performs, again, the same intended function as the splice 410 in FIG. 4a. That is, for a splice polarization rotation angle substantially equal to 90° the free spectral ranges of the two polarization states are substantially equal and their resonances are separated and don't cross with temperature. Other angles are also of interest for producing separation between different polarization resonances.
FIG. 8b is similar to FIG. 8a with the addition of a spliceless ring resonator formed like that already illustrated in FIG. 7a. Coupler 860 performs the polarization rotation and coupling function the same as coupler 720 in FIG. 7a. Coupler 862 performs the coupling function like coupler 820 in FIG. 8a. Detector 850 detects output signal, Bout. At resonance, the detector 850 output is a maximum.
FIG. 8c is another alternative embodiment employing the principles illustrated in FIG. 7a and FIGS. 8a-b. In FIG. 8c, coupler 861 serves the same intended function as coupler 810 in FIG. 8a. The ring resonator is formed by an output coupler 863 which forms in part the coupler and spliceless ring resonator in a manner as already described.
Thus, in practice of the present invention, the unwanted polarized waves in the ring resonator, which can deleteriously affect a passive ring resonator gyro, need not be highly suppressed, and in some cases may even be allowed to propagate freely. As previously stated, a 90° polarization rotation angle results in the free spectral ranges for both polarized waves in each direction in the resonator are nearly equal, and therefore track with temperature. Similar beneficial results may be obtained for other selected splice angles.
In the present invention, a passive ring resonator gyro is constructed of an electromagnetic waveguide ring path which incorporates rotation of the polarization of the waves, once for each round trip around the ring path. The polarization rotation of the waves is about the centerline axis of propagation of the waveguide. The polarization rotation in accordance with the present invention may be introduced at any of several possible positions around the ring path, and may be effected in different ways, not limited to those shown in the accompanying drawings.
Although the present invention has been particularly described by way of an optical-fiber ring resonator, any waveguide structure, e.g., metal waveguide, which provide the intended ring resonator having birefringent characteristics is within the scope of the present invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
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|"Anisotropic Optical Traveling-Wave Resonator", by V. I. Chernen'kii, Translated from Kvantovaya Elektronika, vol. 1, No. 5, pp. 53-59, 1971, Original article submitted Nov. 10, 1970.
|"Applications of Fibre Optic Ring Resonators Using Laser Diodes", by Tai et al., Optica Acta., vol. 33, No. 12, pp. 1539-1551, 1986.
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|Eigenstates of Polarization in Lasers , by H. de Lang, Philips Research Reports, vol. 19, pp. 429 440, 1964.
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|The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford University
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|Telstra Corporation Limited
|Modelocked lasers
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|Oct 14, 1997
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|Fiber ring interferometer using a Kerr medium optical fiber loop
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|Tokyo Aircraft Instrument Co., Ltd.
|Method of reducing polarization fluctuation inducing drift in resonator fiber optic gyro
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|Intel Corporation
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 15, 1988
Owner name: HONEYWELL INC., HONEYWELL PLAZA, MINNEAPOLIS, MN 5
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Owner name: HONEYWELL INC., A CORP. OF DE,MINNESOTA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SANDERS, GLEN A.;SMITH, ROBERT B.;ROUSE, GORDON F.;REEL/FRAME:004943/0921
Effective date: 19880913
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A view of Clynder from Rosneath, with Barremman Pier in the distance. Date unknown.
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A very old view of Clynder and Barremman from Rosneath.
Gareloch sunset
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Yachts moored on the Gareloch at Rhu in the sunset, circa 1935.
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A view from the north of the valley down to Garelochhead and the Gareloch beyond. Image circa 1920.
Hermitage patients
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During World War One from 1914-18 the Helensburgh Town Council-owned Hermitage House in Hermitage Park became a military hospital with a capacity for 58 patients who were sent from Stobhall Hospital in Glasgow. The wounded men in their blue uniforms were a familiar sight in the town, being wheeled around the park by their nurses. A number of local ladies and girls helped out in the hospital and the local Red Cross detachment also assisted the trained nurses. Many local girls met their future husbands among the wounded 'tommies', and patients were taken on outings in a horse-drawn carriage from Waldie & Co. in Sinclair Street.
"Portincaple – Loch Long" by Evelyn Carslaw
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This work by Evelyn Carslaw (1881–1968), a Glasgow Girl contemporary of Norah Neilson Gray, was donated to the Anderson Trust by her son John Carslaw, himself a painter and a Trustee. The painting invites comparison with an earlier painting in the Collection of the same view by John Reid Murray, and with two paintings acquired in 2009 by a more recent artist who also lived and painted at Portincaple, Violet MacNeish Kay (1914–1971).
St Michael's Church
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Sir Robert Rowan Anderson, a pupil of George Gilbert Scott, designed St Michael and All Angels Scottish Episcopal Church, at the corner of William Street and West Princes Street, and maintained an interest in the subsequent decorative additions. Amongst the important contributors to the cost of its erection in 1867 was William Gladstone. Image published by M.C.Robertson, West End Library, Helensburgh, circa 1912.
Burt Lancaster and Deborah Kerr
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A Front of House Lobby Card featuring Burt Lancaster and Helensburgh film star Deborah Kerr in the MGM production of 'The Gypsy Moths'. A 1969 American film, directed by John Frankenheimer, it was based on the novel of the same name by James Drought. It is the story of three barnstorming skydivers and their effect on a midwestern American town. At the time, the sport of skydiving was in its infancy.
Looking north from pier
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A view looking up Helensburgh pier towards Colquhoun Street, with the outdoor pool entrance on the right. Image, circa 1976, supplied by Jim Chestnut.
William Taynton
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William Taynton is seen with large cathode ray tubes at Radiolympia in 1939.
Hermitage House
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An image taken not long before the 1963 demolition of Hermitage House in Hermitage Park. Originally the home of the Cramb family, who sold what was then called Cramb Park to the Town Council in 1911 for £3,750, the mansion served as a World War One hospital for the wounded, then became an annexe to Hermitage School. After 1926 it became a council workshop and store. Image supplied by Stewart Noble.
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Auchendennan House was from 1945 to 2013 a Youth Hostel and is reputed to have its own ghost. This view, circa 1956, shows Loch Lomond and Inchmurrin island beyond. Used for hunting by Robert the Bruce when he lived at Cardross, and then a church possession of Dunbarton, Auchendennan was feued about the time of Flodden to one of the Dennistouns, Andrew of Cardross, whose descendants held it for 100 years and then the Napiers of Kilmahew for another 100 years. The present mansion was built in 1867 by Glasgow merchant George Martin, and it is now back in private ownership.
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Discussion in 'Beer Talk' started by BKBassist, Apr 6, 2013.
$35 for a 12 oz. Ouch.
The fact that it a restaurant not withstanding, that is hideous behavior. My bro paid $35 for a 4-pack this year, and here I though THAT was bad..
Looks like all the prices at this place are crazy.
Stop bitching, at least you have a chance to try it. Honestly I wish more places would raise prices so beers were accessible. Sure, I'd pass on some great beers as I'm not loaded, but a beer like KBS I really like and would like to get a bottle or two of each year, it's well worth 15-20 bucks a bottle if I don't have to chase a damn distributor around, know 6 people, do a special hand shake, and the drive for an hour wasted untold amounts of gas.
In their defense it is 2011. But that's still crazy.
Raising the price wouldn't make it more accessible.
Are you mad?
Yeah really. Some people who paid 20 bucks for a 4 pack spent 20 on gas to assemble it. Factor in time and its like a 100 dollar 4 pack.
How would it not? Less people would buy a case or two, which despite limits still happens. It would be around longer and give those who don't have a twitter update or read this site daily a chance to get it. I just moved to a new city, I had no chance in hell of getting any. The few places I found that were going to get it couldn't give me a hard date and I couldn't just take off work in hopes I'd get lucky so I went after work, they didn't make it till 7 pm the night of release.
$20 for Sculpin?!
$15 for a single at Beer Plus in Warwick New York.
It's only gouging if you let it happen.
wait, isnt Rogue Dirtoir Black Lager normally like $6.50?
You answered your own question. "Less people would buy a case or two." If the price goes up less people will buy it. This may make it more accessible for you specifically, because you can afford the new price, but to most it makes it less accessible.
Beer is a luxury item and thus, no price on beer can ever be considered an attempt at gouging. It could be an attempt at being greedy (which is what I believe the folks charging $35 for KBS are being), but it's not and never will be gouging.
Rayon Vert $10/single and considered rare? its $10 for a 4-pakwidely avalable
I'm a bit tired of the work it takes to get the few beers I really am willing to go out of my way for. I'd much rather see the whales priced where people buy less due to cost. I end up spending so damn much on gas just hoping to find stores with a second bottle....what I spent to get like 6 bottles of the 2011 bourbon county stout between driving to 5-6 stores a day for a week and then asking family to pick me up a single because yes I wanted to be able to have a bottle a year for 5 years, plus one now. I'd have much rather just spend 100 bucks for 6 bottles or 120 I guess.
I think KBS is under priced in comparison to that lol.
I don't see how making a beer 20 bucks a bottle makes is inaccessible. It makes buying volume inaccessible. If less people buy volume there is more for people who want a bottle or two. The same number of bottles WILL still sell, they just go to more people.
I'd rather spend the $35 on a 2011 KBS than any of the other prices visible in that photo.
Worst price gouging is when someone is crazy enough to pay these prices and tries to trade it $4$. Like your decision to overpay is my problem.
It sounds like you're gripe isn't with the price as much as it is with the store not limiting how much any one person can purchase. Seems like not allowing cases to be purchased would rectify your problem much more simply, and less detrimentally to others, than raising the price.
But if people can't buy cases at a time, then they can't have a bunch of trade bait or resell on Craigslist. Higher original cost means higher resale value, right? I think he's on to something.
Hardly, you call a few friends to pick up a bottle, hit up a few stores. I've done it....and will do it again when things like bourbon county stout come out.
BTW my biggest issue is they need to make more of these beers, I have no idea how you do that given the demand is insane, but heck maybe it SHOULD cost more so they can expand and buy enough barrels to meet ever growing demand?
So you're part of the problem that you're bitching about?
you might be right
So basically your entitled to every beer, at a price you're willing to pay, at stores that are conveniently located to you, all the time?
I do.
13.99 for a bottle and you had to purchase a founders six pack to qualify for the gouging
I should have reworded that.
*EDIT* Just reworded it...
Noteworthy gouging right there.
Speaking in relative terms within this little microcosm of ours (about which my comment was intended): yes, yes it is. The moment beer is no longer a commodity in my life, BeerAdvocate ceases to exist in said life. Your point is moot.
That's much worse (in a relative sense) than the overpriced restaurant in the OP.
I was able to find 5 bottles of KBS between 3 different place around Charlotte.
1st stop- 2 bottles x $5.98 each
2nd stop- 1 bottle x 6.99
3rd stop -2 bottles x 5.99 each
All these places were limiting the beer but at these prices I wish I could of purchased more! Screw $35!!!!
I got three four-packs at Beer World in New Windsor, New York at $26 a pop. I felt this was great notonly because of the price but because, as a regular customer, they hooked me up by allowing me to buy so much. Beer Plus made up for it by hammering me so I guess it all comes out in the wash.
They can kiss my ass I will not buy into the madness of these so called rare beers, plenty of quality beers can be purchased for a reasonable price ten to twelve dollars for a sixer is what price point i'm looking for.
No 12 oz beer is is worth 35 dollars in my opinion.
Or you could just drink cheaper, more readily accessible beers that are just as or almost as good and not worry about it.
Went to a place where you have to buy a 6 pack of founders all day ipa or 4pack of breakfast stout just to be eligible to buy 1 bottle of kbs
I feel that's the goal. You set it at a price that the most people can get while at a price others can get to.
The problem is that we under price beers and those who think the bottles are worth a LOT of money, they use time instead of money to get them. Is that better for beer? HELL NO!
Now look I want a case of Bourbon County every time it comes out. I'll spend the time and or money for it. KBS? I want about 8 bottles a year, but if you price them at 20 bucks a bottle? I might get 1. I'll be honest I'd do my best to find a way to spend 15-20 a bottle for a case of bourbon count, it's THAT good imo. But there are dozens of rare release hard to get beers that I'd pass on because I can't afford them if they were priced like that.
In this world, the people who want these beers get them. There are some very well off beer snobs who would benefit over the rest of us, but at least I'd get my bourbon county and others would get their KBS or CBS or whatever it was.
In a world of limits and hard to get beers, I'd rather do this and get to try beers on draft now and then vs bottles when I can't afford the bottle.


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Height vs. Length a) Do you believe that a correlation exists between a person's height and the length of a person's arm?
b) Select 10 people from your class and measure (in inches) their heights and the lengths of their arms.
c) Plot the 10 ordered pairs on a scatter diagram.
d) Calculate the correlation coefficient, r.
e) Determine the equation of the line of best fit.
f) Estimate the length of the arm of a person who is 58 in. tall.


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Much has been made of this graph of market capitalization to GDP. At historic highs, this portends a large market crash, as happened the last two times that this ratio peaked. Many have talked about this, and we can see that in the last few quarters alone it has spiked precipitously, leaving the previous highs prior to the 2000 and 2008 crash in the dust.
However, this analysis is rather simplistic. Can we go a little deeper into the numbers to determine how overvalued the market currently is?
Corporate Profits and Capitalization
Here in this ratio between corporate profits and capitalization we see that the disparity is not as large. The largest difference was in 2000 when market capitalization was way out of line with corporate profits. The current value is right where it was before the last market crash, when the Dow Jones Industrial Average lost 20%.
Still, perhaps investors are confident about future revenue prospects. Can we look at consumer spending and possibly see reasons to be hopeful?
Consumer Spending and Capitalization
The ratio between consumer spending and market capitalization looks almost exactly like the ratio between capitalization and GDP, revealing yet again how important consumer spending is to GDP.
So again, relative to current consumer spending, market capitalization seems wholly unjustified. However, is the consumer in a better financial state relative to previous market upswings?
Consumer credit relative to personal income is approaching a new high not seen since the end of the last recession, and more importantly never seen outside of a recession. The typical consumer is doing far worse today than ever before. With a perpetually low savings rate, consumers do not have much to fall back on. Low savings and high debt are a deadly combination for future spending prospects.
Investors have seen market capitalization values run up to new highs, yet according to the underlying data, there is great reason to doubt the future performance of the US economy. The typical consumer is in terrible shape with soaring debt levels and a low savings rate. When another stock market crash hits, furthermore, the Fed does not seem to have many options left after using most of them to prop up the economy after the 2008 crash.
Action to take
No one can predict when a crash will come, but based on the data it will come and a rather large market contraction will come with it. This is a good time to sell most of your holdings and secure whatever profit you've made the past 6 years. As for what you should do with your money in the meantime, you can either bet against the stock market or hold out your money and buy the dip. My recommendation would be to buy dividend aristocrats at the dip since they tend to recover quite well after recessions and you'll have an opportunity to buy those stocks when they offer historically high yields (since they don't cut their dividends).
Disclosure: The author has no positions in any stocks mentioned, and no plans to initiate any positions within the next 72 hours. The author wrote this article themselves, and it expresses their own opinions. The author is not receiving compensation for it (other than from Seeking Alpha). The author has no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article.


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Each year the Bolivar County Alumni Chapter awards scholarships to incoming Delta State freshmen from Bolivar County. The scholarship is named for former Assistant Alumni Director Liza Vaughn ('95), who passed away in
Home » News and Events » Archive by category "Alumni" (Page 8)
Category Archives: Alumni
The legacy of beloved Delta State University professor Ethan Schmidt, who died on campus on Sept. 14, continues to grow. Most recently Schmidt was honored with a scholarship established in his honor by one of his students,
The Delta State University National Alumni Association recently announced dates for 2016 Pig Pickin' and Homecoming — two of the largest events held on campus. The 31st annual Pig Pickin' will be held Sept. 23-24,
On Dec. 1, as part of the global "Giving Tuesday" event, Delta State will officially launch a new fundraising program. This new program, called The Centennial Fund, was motivated by a generous gift from the Gertrude C.
One recent Delta State graduate shined brightly last summer while working with imprisoned students at the Mississippi State Penitentiary in Parchman. Jenni Owen, who completed her Liberal Studies Master of Arts in English


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Publication: World Music Blog
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Visit the World Music Blog to watch a video of Claudia performing live!
Although Claudia Acuña is a full fledged jazz singer, her repertoire still reflects her Chilean origins, and she presented several jazz settings of songs from its folk heritage.
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- Address: Paseo Pintor de Rosales 2, Madrid, Spain
- Hours: Open Tues - Sun 10am - 2pm & weekdays 6pm - 8pm , Closed Mon
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Temple of Debod (Templo de Debod)
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Practical Info
The Parque de Montaña, where the Temple of Debod now stands, also offers a comfortable retreat with grassy lawns and shade-giving trees. The view from the edge of the hillside is an amazing panorama of the city skyline and is the perfect spot to watch the sunset. Get there from the Plaza de España or Ventura Rodriguez metro stops.
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Visalia office hours: Monday-Thursday 4:00-9:00pm & Fridays from 4:00-6:15pm
Hanford office hours: Monday-Thursday from 4:00-8:00pm
This is the perfect time to experience the 21st season of Dancers Edge! On behalf of the entire staff and faculty, we welcome you to Dancers Edge. We are a studio committed to providing you and your children with outstanding dance instruction in a family friendly atmosphere. It is an honor to work with your children and promote self-confidence, respect and teamwork through dance. Through the pages of our website, through the pictures, and through all of the information you learn a little bit more about us. When you visit the studio and take classes, you quickly discover why we have such an exceptional reputation!
Class Schedule This first month of classes all teachers will be evaluating the students. If they feel a dancer is in the wrong level or there is a better class suited for your child, we will notify you to adjust their schedule. Please remember that Preschool classes are leveled by age. We follow the regular school system with a Nov. 1st cutoff date. Our preschool program is designed by age so we cannot have dancers jump levels.
Class Viewing We will start monthly viewing in October. Viewing will be the first week of every month. The TV monitors will be turned on and parents may view classes from the lobby.
Drop Off / Pick Up Please make sure your dancer arrives to class on time. If your dancer is going to be late or absent please notify the studio. Please make sure to pick your dancer up as soon as class is over. We do not have the man power to watch all dancers as they come out of class so it is important for you to be there when they are done. If for some reason you are unable to pick your dancer up on time please call the office so we can instruct your child to wait in the office. For safety reasons the dance teachers will be reminding their classes that dancers are never allowed to go outside by themselves. We ask that you do not have your child wait outside for pick up especially when it is dark. Preschool classes will not be released from the classroom until a parent comes into the room to pick them up.
Parking Visalia: We do have a parking lot on the east side of our building for parking. Parents may also park on the street. Conn Doors next to us on the east has kindly allowed us to use their parking lot after 5:30. We ask that you please do not park in any of the other business parking lots. We want to keep the peace with our neighbors, lol.
Monthly Tuition Just a friendly reminder that tuition is due by the 7th of every month. Late fees will be applied on the 8th of each month. We can set you up on auto-pay if you prefer. Stop by the front counter if you would like your tuition to be automatically deducted each month.
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Again, thank you for choosing us as your child's dance educators! Our amazing staff is excited to share their love of dance with your child. Please let us know if there is anything we can do to make your D.E. experience even better. This is going to be a great year and we cannot wait to see your dancer grow! We hope you have a wonderful week!
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