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Becoming Citizens
The Emergence and Development of the California Women's Movement, 18801911
By Gayle Gullett
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS PRESSCopyright © 2000 Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois
All rights reserved.
The Politics of Women's Work: Building the California Women's Movement, 1880–93
In the 1870s a few extraordinary pioneers for women's rights entered California's political arena, demanding women's enfranchisement. They based their demand on a fundamental principle: fathers and husbands should not vote for women; women must speak for themselves. The suffragists envisioned that women, with the gain of citizenship, would become a powerful force that could greatly improve women's position in society. Yet despite the hours these women spent organizing the suffrage movement, it remained small. Most women saw themselves as living private lives and did not see a relationship between angers many felt about their lives and the demand for the vote.
Although women lacked enthusiasm for the vote, they did develop a public role. During the 1870s women in San Francisco and Los Angeles built public institutions, such as philanthropic organizations that managed urban social welfare services. But the women who created these associations understood them as extensions of women's private domestic responsibilities and not as a challenge to their lives or duties. Just as the woman in the home, supported financially by her husband, created a place of moral influence, so women in charities created places of morality that depended upon male support. These women differentiated between women's role in public service and the role of women in electoral politics. The first was an extension of their domestic lives. The second was the realm of men.
In the 1880s women's organizations developed new ways of thinking about the relationship between women's work and politics. Organized women worried that they were losing their traditional ability to influence national morality through their work in the home, church, and community because of forces they called the "factory," the "city," and the "immigrant." Women turned to politics as a means to bolster their moral guardianship and thus advance themselves as a group; with this understanding they campaigned for, among other things, prohibition, women members on school boards, and a "pure," or nonsensational, press.
Women did not initially call their efforts political, which they understood as male partisan endeavors that were sectarian and opportunistic and, more often than not, corrupt. Organized women felt more comfortable labeling their political campaigns as women's work, a term that evoked for them the traditions of womanly service and obligation. When organized women spoke, as they commonly did, of "advancing women's work," they referred to their work in the home, volunteer work for churches and charities, paid work, and the work of civic activism. Women created an elastic and holistic definition that expanded their work and enhanced their power. When women did this, they were acting politically.
The Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) pioneered in arguing that politics could facilitate women's traditional task of providing moral influence. For WCTU women this meant lobbying for temperance legislation in order to protect the home from the ravages of male alcoholism. Club women, college-educated women, and professional women followed the WCTU's example of using politics for "home protection." Generally, they became involved in school elections, actions that they justified in terms of women's traditional work, their familial responsibilities.
Women's clubs and women's professional groups focused much of their attention on women's paid labor. They were influenced by the rising number of women attending college and the growing number of women who were entering the paid labor force. During the mid- to late 1880s club women in San Francisco and Los Angeles created institutions that sought to aid working-class wage-earning women as workers and protect them as women from public dangers. The club women who led these institutions—and thus worked both as moral guardians and as public servants—spoke of women's right to work and how women themselves, if united, could expand women's opportunities. During this period college-educated and/or professionally skilled middle-class women organized specifically to advance their employment opportunities, which were also linked to the dual concerns of moral service and professional development.
As women expanded their work, they built a new identity for themselves as women citizens. Their claim to public moral authority marked—and limited—them as a different kind of citizen than men; women were still confined to a moral sphere, albeit a more public one. But women's activism as moral guardians also aided their entrance into politics. Women argued that they could provide what men did not and what the women contended an industrial society needed in order to achieve true progress—an ethical nonpartisan public voice that spoke for women and children. By assuming such civic duties, through women's organizations that they controlled, directed, and staffed, women declared themselves citizens; they were performing independent work that sustained the Republic.
A social movement emerges when individuals and organizations form a collectivity, but this is not a process that necessarily runs in a smooth uninterrupted line. Women entered campaigns that were lost, formed groups that disintegrated; much of their story is therefore episodic. But women who engaged in this process developed a new consciousness about themselves; they began seeing themselves part of a movement they called organized womanhood. This label reflected their traditional belief that all women shared the womanly concerns of home and morality as well as their newly gained insight—that they could organize and gain strength from each other. Slowly, many began to feel that such power made them citizens.
* * *
In January 1870 a group of women met in San Francisco to unite the scattered suffrage societies in the northern part of the state into the first state suffrage society. As Laura de Force Gordon told a reporter, "When questions were put to the meeting not more than a dozen timid voices could be heard saying 'aye,' or 'no.'" She urged the women to "open their mouths and vote audibly." To do otherwise, she declared, would discredit the women's movement. The audience cheered and thereafter "unequivocal demonstration of voices were made" at each vote. Gordon's confidence reflected her years on the lecture circuit. Born in 1838, she toured the eastern states during the early 1860s, speaking for spiritualism, a popular movement on the left of religious liberalism. After moving west with her physician husband in 1867, she continued to speak publicly but dedicated more of her lectures to women's rights.
Gordon belonged to a small but vigorous national band of women that included Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony and was creating a women's movement. Gordon made several crucial contributions to the early western suffrage movement. She delivered the first suffrage speech in California, at San Francisco in 1868. She spent countless hours and miles touring California and other western states for suffrage in the early 1870s. Most of all, she brought to the movement a militant individualism, a deep belief in everyone's natural rights. Soon after that first San Francisco speech, she presented her perspective on the national debate about citizenship as the nation considered what should be the legal status of ex-slaves during the post–Civil War years. "Let the Constitutions of the several States be amended," she demanded, "so that white and black, red and yellow, of both sexes, can exercise their civil rights."
California suffragists split into two factions, which they labeled "radical" (those linked to the Stanton-Anthony National Woman Suffrage Association) and "conservative" (Henry Blackwell's and Lucy Stone's American Woman Suffrage Association); nonetheless, the California women hoped that their divisions would become a source of strength. As separate groups, each could recruit from their constituencies. Although this could have occurred, it did not. Instead, the 1870s movement failed to grow. This occurred both in California and nationally, more because politics grew conservative as the nation retreated from its Reconstruction promises of equal rights than because suffragists were split internally.
Those divisions, however, fueled by a disheartening decline in popular support, quickly became very bitter and very public. The local press accused California radicals, such as Gordon, of promoting socially dangerous free thinking; according to the San Francisco Chronicle in 1872, they supported socialism, spiritualism, and free love. Within a year conservative suffragists used the same paper to publicly charge a suffragist, Emily Pitts Stevens, with "free love"—which she and other radicals denied. Nonetheless, the conservatives purged her from the movement and soon thereafter the suffrage organ that Pitts Stevens edited, the Pioneer, died.
Suffragists achieved a significant legislative victory in the early 1870s through the work of San Jose suffragists. In 1874 Sarah Louise Knox Goodrich and other San Jose women persuaded the state legislature to pass a law that allowed women to hold educational offices, such as seats on school boards. Knox Goodrich, a wealthy and politically well-connected woman, whom scholar Barbara Babcock characterizes as "maternal, sweet and very tough," served as leader of the San Jose society, which had an impressive two hundred members. Her first husband, William J. Knox, a physician, town booster, and state senator, secured a bill aiding married women's property rights shortly before his death in 1867; a few years later she married Levi Goodrich, a prominent architect, and thereafter used both names.
All the California suffragists supported the educational office bill because all shared with Knox Goodrich the belief that their struggle for women's citizenship was also a fight to increase women's opportunity to engage in public work, from civic activism to paid labor. Knox Goodrich explained that women sought the ballot in order to be "acknowledged as citizens, respected as citizens, accorded the same rights and privileges as other citizens, and given the same chance to earn an honest living."
Suffragists gained victories in other areas as well. In 1878 Gordon and Clara Shortridge Foltz, another suffragist committed to radical individualism, successfully lobbied the state legislature for the Woman Lawyer's Bill. It changed the state requirement to practice law from "white male" to "person." The state suffrage movement aided and supported their efforts, but the work and the victory were mostly theirs. Approximately a year later the state constitutional convention, meeting in Sacramento, approved two clauses key to women's rights; one protected women's right to work and the other their right to higher education. The two women wrote the first clause and lobbied for it.
Despite these efforts and largely because of the growing conservatism of the Gilded Age, the state suffrage movement disintegrated in the 1880s. Although individuals and local societies continued to call for the vote, they did so in increasing isolation as the organizational and communication links that once held the movement together fell apart. As early as 1878 California suffragist Mary Snow reported that there was not "the same amount of activity in the movement as formerly." She observed that only "counties and individuals" gathered petitions; the state society did not. In 1886 a suffragist reported to the American Woman Suffrage Association that no state suffrage association existed; however, Foltz and Gordon continued a society affiliated with the National Woman Suffrage Association.
Los Angeles suffragist Elizabeth Anne Kingsbury toured California in 1887 to determine the condition of the state suffrage movement. A spiritualist and abolitionist, she had worked for suffrage in the East since 1856. She moved west in 1883, and in the spring of 1884 she formed the Los Angeles Woman's Suffrage Association. After her trip up and down California, Kingsbury announced that she had failed to find a single "earnest suffragist" in San Francisco and that Knox Goodrich was "discouraged regarding organized effort." Kingsbury used the columns of the Woman's Journal, a national organ of the suffrage movement, to plaintively inquire, "Is our little suffrage club of Los Angeles with seventeen members the only one in the state?"
As suffrage receded, women's temperance activism increased. Suffragists appraised this shift differently. Knox Goodrich complained in 1882 that "there is not as much interest taken in suffrage work directly as I would like to see, a great many of our old workers having gone off into other channels, such as temperance work." She conceded that "it may be that these will all lead to suffrage in the end," but she was "too impatient to secure the ballot to be even interested in any side issues." For her, temperance represented a retreat from women's struggle for citizenship.
Other suffragists, however, saw the WCTU as a vehicle to promote women's issues. The radical suffragist Pitts Stevens became a leader within the WCTU. As historian Nancy Yamane notes, the WCTU provided Pitts Stevens with a "safe refuge" from personal assaults. Temperance women entered politics as Christians on a crusade to protect the home; such women were not necessarily popular in fashionable society, but their moral reputations were beyond attack. Pitts Stevens developed a regional reputation as a noted temperance orator and writer. Because she watched the temperance movement as it eventually embraced suffrage, she no doubt perceived the WCTU as a powerful resource for the women's movement.
The WCTU served as a retreat, refuge, and resource for suffragists. Its greatest strength and weakness came from its contradictory combination of contained militancy—temperance women entered politics to protect women's place in the family. This focus represented a retreat from the suffragists' struggle to expand rights for women in and out of the family. Temperance women defended the homes of white, native-born, Protestant Americans, which won them much support and shelter from public attack. On the other hand, the WCTU argued that women could best guard the family by developing a politically powerful women's organization, so powerful that it could change laws. Not surprisingly, women who did this successfully rather quickly developed new definitions of womanhood, women's work, and politics that contrasted sharply with their defense of the status quo.
The WCTU developed into a resource for another reason—Frances Willard, the charismatic leader of the national WCTU. She became president in 1879 and soon transformed the small timid organization chiefly concerned with persuading individuals to support prohibition into the largest women's civic (or political) organization in the United States during the 1880s. By 1890, 150,000 women belonged to the WCTU, whereas only 13,000 were members of the national suffrage organization, which at that point was the National American Woman Suffrage Association (the separate groups had merged). Nationally, the suffrage movement remained, as in California, a small group of women clustered around extraordinary individuals. But Willard built an exceptionally well-organized movement with ten times as many members.
Willard rallied women when she asked them to enter politics for home protection—to shield themselves and their children from alcoholic husbands and fathers. Her request evoked two deeply emotional images for the white, native-born, Protestant women, neither rich nor poor, who formed the bulk of the WCTU's membership: the wife, brutalized by a raging alcoholic husband, and the home, a place where women's moral influence transformed husbands into saintly men. Willard's call for home protection criticized male failure in the home and informed women that if they wished to continue as the moral guardians of the home, they must organize, enter politics, and lobby for temperance legislation. As a group they could develop the power they needed to transform America. To quote Willard—whose power rested at least in part on her ability to create such effective political slogans—home protection was "For God and Home and Native Land."
California women, encouraged by Willard, formed a state WCTU in 1879; they started with fewer than two hundred members. (Initially, one organization covered the entire state, but in 1884 southern California women formed a separate group.) At the first state convention in 1880, they made the national slogan of "Home Protection" their own. They declared in their constitution that because the "woman is and always has been the greatest sufferer from this vice [alcoholism], which invades her home, and destroys her loved one," they would therefore "covenant with one another in a sacred and enduring compact against the wicked sale of alcoholic stimulants." In particular, they pledged to "work for such a change in those laws as will give us power to reclaim the fallen" and to create "a high moral and religious sentiment in favor of total abstinence."
When the California WCTU pledged to change laws and develop public opinion to defend the home, it did so for the values that supported Protestant homes. At the heart of WCTU members' political strategy stood their commitment to coercive Christianity. If they could not persuade people to be temperate and religiously observant, they would legislate this behavior. At their first convention they promised to work for state-imposed prohibition and to pass laws to "protect the [Christian] Sabbath as a day of rest and worship"; through the years, the women would continue these efforts.
Excerpted from Becoming Citizens by Gayle Gullett. Copyright © 2000 by Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. Excerpted by permission of UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS PRESS.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 29, 2009
|Priority date
|Jul 8, 2002
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Vinod Vasnani, Nikhil Jhingan, Soo Ying Ng, HanSeah Sim, Chee Siang Lim, Kelvin Wee Ming Lee, Mathieu Legrand
|Original Assignee
|Accellion Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (7), Classifications (12), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of Invention
The invention relates generally to communication between computer systems. In particular, the invention relates to the security of data requests during communication between computer systems involving authentication and verification of such requests.
2. Background
The explosive growth of the World Wide Web ("Web") has significantly increased the number of organizations using the Internet for business purposes. While businesses initially used the Internet to offer services to end consumers, these businesses are increasingly using the Internet to communicate with other businesses for commercial and the like economically motivated purposes as well. Hence there is a general need for computers in these two disparate business models, i.e. the business-to-consumer and business-to-business models, respectively, to communicate with each other.
Such communication can be classified into a request-response type of communication where a request, which is typically an instruction or the like structured data, can be issued for retrieving or processing information or content such as a file, and a response to the request can be appropriately a delivery of information or content, whether processed or not. Typically, such request-response form of communication between businesses is required to be secure and authenticated. As an example, when Business A issues a request asking for a file or the like content from Business B either for itself or to be delivered to an end-consumer, Business B has to ensure that the request did originate from Business A as well as ensure the integrity of the request by authenticating and verifying, respectively, the request.
One popular method of enabling communication between disparate systems over the Internet that has emerged recently is the use of the eXtended Markup Language (XML) for communication. This type of "rich" language provides computers and computer systems means for requesting and exchanging information. To implement a communication scheme using XML messages or scripts typically requires the relevant parties to agree to various terms with regard to the format and structure of the communication scheme, and the parties to have the appropriate tools to parse and process the XML scripts.
In such a communication scheme, an initial exchange of information such as passwords or keys takes place to generate a session key which is valid for a period of time. The session key is then used to authenticate requests for information. The passwords or keys can be encrypted using Secure Socket Layer (SSL). In situations where security is critical, the requested information can be encrypted as well. This in turn requires the receiving party to decrypt the requested information.
Such an approach requires the computer systems requesting and receiving the information to be tightly coupled as there is a requirement for both parties to agree on the format and structure of the XML scripts and be able to parse the same. This approach involves a number of interactions for a request to be authenticated, and additional steps are required if encryption is involved. Hence this approach is time-consuming due to the number of steps involved. It also places additional burden on businesses as separate agreements have to be reached with separate business partners.
However in many situations, the need for shorter response times and reality of businesses having multiple business partners require a more simplified communication scheme.
There is therefore a need for a communication scheme for enabling communication between computers in a network in which requests for information are authenticated and verified to facilitate efficient and secure information exchange between the computers.
In the disclosure of computer network systems and related methods hereinafter, computer systems of distributed network applications are enabled for communicating with each other in an efficient and secure manner involving network resource calls and tokens, for example Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) in the case of distributed Internet applications, that encapsulate resource requests and information for authentication and verification of the resource requests. Authentication as well as verification of a request can be performed during a single request call by using the same key for authentication and encryption of the request. Furthermore, users of the computer network systems are given the flexibility to determine the extent of security to implement during the same single request call.
Preferably, a method of authenticating and verifying requests in respect of distributed network applications using a shared-key methodology is applied. In this methodology, a secret key that is known only to the relevant communicating parties is used to authenticate and verify a request for initiating the exchange and/or processing of information in relation to the communicating parties.
In a client-server distributed network environment, a client that issues a request first computes a one-way hash function of the request to generate a first hash value, H(R). The client then concatenates a secret key, k, with the first hash value and further computes a one-way hash function of the concatenated string, producing a second hash value, H(k.H(R)), which is sent together with the request to a server.
The server then extracts the request from the information sent by the client and computes a one-way hash function of the request to generate a first hash value. The server then uses the secret key known to and stored by the server and the first hash value to generate a second hash value using a concatenation of the two types of information. If the result of the second hash operation performed by the server matches the second hash value sent by the client, the server then accepts the request and reverts to the client with an appropriate response.
Preferably, the client chooses from a number of secret keys that are also known to and stored by the server for performing the second hash operation. The client uses a secret key identifier to indicate to the server which secret key is used to create the second hash value.
Preferably, the level of security implemented in relation to the request is indicated in the request. Such indication of security level can relate to any relevant information, for example an IP address, expiry date, or even a collection of files, on which a one-way hash operation can be performed for generating a first hash value within constraints such as bit length. The details of the request are sent as plain text to the server, and the second hash value generated using the secret key allows the server to authenticate and verify the request. If an unauthorized client attempts to make a request but tampers with or changes the IP address, expiry date or any part of the request, the resultant hash value would not match the one-way hash value embedded in the request and the request would not be accepted.
Preferably, a single authentication and verification token is generated and embedded in the request which is valid for requesting a related set of resources, for example, a set of files that belongs to the same folder. In such a situation the single authentication and verification token can be generated using any part of the details of the folder path instead multiple authentication and verification tokens using the full details of the file paths or file handles. Subsequently the request is honored for all files that belong to the folder. This is useful when the request is for a related set of files without creating a unique token for each of the files.
Therefore, in accordance with a first aspect of the invention, there is disclosed a method for providing secure communication between computing systems, comprising the steps of: applying a first numerical operation to a request code by a first system for generating a first request value, the request code being associated with a system task; concatenating an authentication code to the first request value for generating a first concatenated value; applying a second numerical operation to the first concatenated value for generating a first encoded value; and providing an instruction code to a second system, the instruction code including the first encoded value and the request code, wherein the second system conditionally performs the system task in accordance with the request code.
In accordance with a second aspect of the invention, there is disclosed a system for providing secure communication between computing systems, comprising: means for applying a first numerical operation to a request code by a first system for generating a first request value, the request code being associated with a system task; means for concatenating an authentication code to the first request value for generating a first concatenated value; means for applying a second numerical operation to the first concatenated value for generating a first encoded value; and means for providing an instruction code to a second system, the instruction code including the first encoded value and the request code, wherein the second system conditionally performs the system task in accordance with the request code.
In accordance with a third aspect of the invention, there is disclosed a communication system for facilitating secure communication between systems, comprising: an authentication code; a request code being associated with a system task; a first request value generated by applying a first numerical operation to the request code, the first numerical operation being defined by an administrator; a first concatenated value generated by concatenating the first request value to the authentication code; a first encoded value generated by applying a second numerical operation to the first concatenated value, the second hash value being defined by the administrator; and an instruction code containing the first encoded value and the request code.
Embodiments of the invention are described in greater detail hereinafter with reference to the drawings, in which:
Embodiments of the invention are described hereinafter for addressing the need for a communication scheme for enabling communication between computers in a network in which requests for information are authenticated and verified to facilitate efficient and secure information exchange between the computers. This need is addressed by a simplified approach of communication which involves the modification of conventional requests for information, such as Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), to enable authentication and verification of such requests to resources over a network, such as the Internet, by embedding in such modified requests information for performing the authentication and verification. In addition, various degrees of security can also be built into the modified requests, hereinafter generally known as requests.
The embodiments of the invention are described in greater details hereinafter with reference to
In the computer system 20, an authentication and verification system and method thereof, hereinafter known as communication scheme, is employed to enable the clients 26 to request resources from the servers 22/23 in a secure manner. In accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention, the communication scheme provides for a client 26 to send a request via a HTTP request, which is typically a URL, in the modified form:
The hashed token preferably consists of the value of a one-way hash function applied to the concatenated character string of the request and a secret or shared key known only between the application servers 22 and clients 26. Using the hashed token, the communication scheme provides for the application servers 22 to authenticate a request by validating the access rights of the client 26 to the resource requested. A request for resources includes a request for files as well as information such as user lists or file lists. The request can also be a request for an action to be performed, such as to perform a file action on a list of selected files. For example, the application servers 22 can determine using the hashed token that the request is only allowed for the clients 26 that belong to specific IP address ranges or that the request is valid for only a certain period of time or according to any other restriction. In addition, the clients 26 can view a collection of files that match a certain pattern only.
In the second communication session as shown in
This form of communication according to the communication scheme is suitable for obtaining resources as well as information and performing actions on the resource server 22. The application server 23 may, for example, make a request to obtain a list of resources available on the resource server 22 that matches a certain criteria. In addition, the application server 23 may request the resource server 22 to perform an action on a selected list of files, which may include deleting, copying and moving files to another location.
The communication scheme also enables an application server 23 to provide a client 26 with a URL to access resource at a resource server 22.
For purposes of brevity, only the communication session between the application server 23 and the resource server 22 is described hereinafter in greater detail. The processes and operations involved in the communication session, however, can be applied in general to any communication session between any requesting party and any resource provider.
Key Number
A valid key number may for example range from "x0" to "x255". The key number indicates a specific secret key value that is known between the application server 23 and resource server 22 and hence also known as a shared key. For example, specifying "x5" indicates that the sixth key in a list of secret keys is used to generate the 128-bit hashed token for authenticating and verifying the request.
The secret key preferably contains an alphanumeric random value that is known only between the application server 23 and the resource server 22. In selecting secure secret keys, each secret key value should preferably be: at least 16 characters in length; a cryptographically strong random number, not a string that can be easily figured out or can be found in a dictionary; and changed frequently.
128-bit Hashed Token
The 128-bit hashed token is described with reference to
To obtain the 128-bit hashed token, one-way hash operations are applied to the request. In this case, the MD5 hash function is used in the one-way hash operations. The hashed token is preferably generated by applying a double MD5 hash function to a number of character fields that are concatenated into a character string to make up the request.
In the first MD5 hash operation shown in
In the second MD5 hash operation shown in
The <token expiry date-time>field indicates the date and time that the hashed token would expire. The preferred format for indicating the date and time is "YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS", and "*" can be used to indicate that the hashed token has no expiry date.
<Allowed IP Hosts>Field
The <allowed IP hosts>field provides the IP address of the application server 23 allowed to call the token-based URL. A value set to "*" for this field preferably means that no authentication would be performed on the IP address of the application server 23 making the request call. However, using "*" as a wildcard such as specifying 12.25.35.* preferably means only the application servers 23 with IP addresses ranging from 22.214.171.124 to 188.8.131.52 would be allowed to call the token-based URL.
The key component in the token-based URL shown in
The communication scheme can also provide for authenticating and enabling end-users to upload files to a server. In this case, similar parameters are preferably used to generate a hashed token. With this capability, an end-user may be restricted for upload by a hashed token that contains restrictions relating to IP address, expiry date, user_id and other parameters.
To implement security and flexibility features when requesting for resources, the communication scheme according to further embodiments of the invention provides for additional parameters to be appended to the token-based URL after the key number and correspondingly an optional request parameter to be appended to the character string representing the request on which the first hash operation is performed. Accordingly, a <folder level access>field can be appended to the token-based URL as shown in
<Folder Level Access>Field
The security and flexibility features relating to folder level access restriction is described with reference to
If "f0" or no value is specified, the entire file handle would then be used to generate the first hash value. In this case, the hashed token is valid only for the file indicated by the file handle.
<Character Count Access>Field
The security and flexibility features relating to character level access restriction is described with reference to
If "c0" or no value is specified, the entire file handle would be used to generate the first hash value. In this case, the hashed token is valid only for the file indicated by the file handle.
<Application id>Field
The <application_id>field provides an additional means to identify a party or business requesting the resource.
<Request Optional Parmeter>Field
The <request optional parameter>field allows additional parameters or actions that can be applied to a request to be specified. For example, a request for a list of files matching a certain criteria may be accompanied by a request to delete or email that list of files. This accompanied request can be specified in this field.
Processes in the communication scheme by which hashed tokens are generated and used for authentication and verification are described with reference to
The process of
There are a number of advantages associated with adopting the communication scheme for a client-server method of communication.
Firstly, the communication scheme allows for the application servers 23 to use a plurality of resource servers 22 without the need for tight coupling amongst the servers 22/23. All that is required of the application server 23 is to store the knowledge of the shared keys and the method used to generate the one-way hash values. Also, the application server 23 keeps its structure and only the URLs used for file/content uploads and requests need to be modified using this communication scheme.
Another advantage is that the application server 23 can provide various levels of authenticity and validity of requests to different users by simply generating the appropriate one-way hash values. This is possible as all relevant information regarding authenticity and validity of the request is passed on during the request call. This is achieved without any code modification on the resource server 22 or application server 23.
Yet another advantage is that the communication scheme enabling communication in the computer system 20 can be used for individual files or for a set of files when requesting a download. This is done by specifying the appropriate folder level or character level match when generating the hashed token. This is useful in scenarios such as accessing secure web pages which generally contain several files that belong to a folder.
Still another advantage is that the communication scheme enabling communication in the computer system 20 allows for more than just requesting file downloads. A whole suite of commands and relevant options maybe called this way. Such ease of expandability stems from the simplicity of adding more parameters to the hashed token generation process.
A further advantage is that the communication scheme allows for restrictions to be easily added, such as IP address and expiry date. In particular the IP address restriction allows for the request to be restricted to say an intranet or a corporate wide-area network (WAN).
Still a further advantage is that the communication scheme enabling communication in the communication system 20 does not require the use of user accounts and passwords. Access can be given for resources or a set of resources with an appropriate validity period without giving access to the server 22/23 that holds the resource, thereby reducing the security risk of the server 22/23 itself.
In the foregoing manner, a communication scheme for enabling communication between computers in a network in which requests for information are authenticated and verified to facilitate efficient and secure information exchange between the computers is disclosed. A number of embodiments are described. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art in view of this disclosure that numerous changes and/or modifications can be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. For example, other numerical operations may be performed to generate tokens on which the authentication and verification processes rely. These other numerical operations include but are not restricted to other one way hash functions such as SHA as well popular encryption methods such as BlowFish, DES or 3DES.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 3, 1992
|Sep 20, 1994
|Novell, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for authentication of client server communication
|Apr 29, 1994
|Feb 27, 1996
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Personal key archive
|Sep 19, 1994
|Feb 25, 1997
|Electronic document verification system and method
|Sep 11, 1997
|Aug 3, 1999
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Secure array of remotely encrypted storage devices
|Mar 23, 1998
|Dec 5, 2000
|Interlok Technologies, Llc
|Encryption key management system and method
|Feb 25, 2000
|Nov 25, 2003
|Brantley W. Coile
|System and method for distribution of network file accesses over network storage devices
|Feb 1, 2000
|Feb 19, 2008
|At&T Corp.
|Method and apparatus for secure remote access to an internal web server
|Aug 3, 2001
|Jun 27, 2002
|Brothers John David West
|Resource distribution in network environment
|Apr 10, 2001
|Oct 10, 2002
|Rose Mark E.
|Access control for distributed content servers
|May 10, 2001
|Nov 14, 2002
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Method and apparatus for serving content from a semi-trusted server
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 23, 2007
|Jan 28, 2014
|Microsoft Corporation
|Secure isolation of application pools
|Feb 22, 2011
|Nov 25, 2014
|Lockify, Inc.
|Encryption system using clients and untrusted servers
|Dec 6, 2011
|Aug 25, 2015
|Amazon Technologies, Inc.
|Stateless and secure authentication
|Mar 23, 2007
|Sep 25, 2008
|Microsoft Corporation
|Secure isolation of application pools
|Dec 2, 2011
|Sep 19, 2013
|Qryptal Pte Ltd
|System And Method For Verifying Authenticity Of Documents
|Nov 24, 2014
|Jul 23, 2015
|Lockify, Inc.
|Encryption system using web browsers and untrusted web servers
|Aug 24, 2015
|Dec 17, 2015
|Amazon Technologies, Inc.
|Stateless and secure authentication
|U.S. Classification
|726/10, 726/9
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 16, 2002
Owner name: ACCELLION PTE LTD., SINGAPORE
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|Jun 5, 2013
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Year of fee payment: 4


text:
The Bull & Bear: Market Trends and Stock Picks
Growth, Value, and Dividend Aristocrats
Heading into the final four months of 2016, Credit Suisse Equity strategists have identified three investment styles that they believe off the best opportunities within the asset class.Read More
The Bull & Bear Financial Report
Featured Articles Inside This Issue:
Gold: Plan B — Eight years after our near meltdown in 2008, trust in our politicians, central banks and the intelligentsia have eroded, in part due to the failed promises and solutions which, beside pushing up asset prices has resulted in the anemic economic recovery despite rounds and rounds of monetary stimulus and the lowest rates in 5,000 years. Consequently, voter frustration, disillusionment and anger has led to a rise in populism and radical political solutions, such as Brexit. As such investors are more concerned about the return of their money, rather than the return. Investors beware, better to come up with a Plan B. Gold is everyone's Plan B. Comments on: Barrick, B2 Gold, Centerra Gold, Detour Gold. Eldorado Gold, Goldcorp., Kinross, McEwen Mining, Newmont and Yamana Gold.
Quick Financial Fixes— In as little as 15 minutes – and no more than 1 hour – you can make moves that will improve the return on your portfolio. Save on your cable bill, improve your smartphone service, and skip the lines at the airport.
47 Smart Websites to Use Instead of Wikipedia — Wikipedia is perhaps the most popular reference site online, with millions of high quality articles available on virtually any topic. However, there are limits to what Wikipedia can offer. Here are 47 Wikipedia alternatives you can use to find information, research a paper, get quick answers, and much more.
Earnings, the Market's Most Persistent Theme — It will take years to appreciate Brexit's full ramifications, so investors need to accept that and digest related issues as they arise. Friess Assoc. focuses on earnings, and asses the companies that they hold along business lines and the geography of their revenue generation to gauge potential risks. Here the company looks at Activision Blizzard, B&G Foods, Black Knight Financial and UnitedHealth Group.
Rare Earth Metals Pay the Price of Previous Excess — For every action there is a reaction and never more so than when it comes to industrial commodity supply chains. Japanese automotive giant Honda and its technology partner Daldo Steel have just announced a materials breakthrough in the electric motors used in hybrid vehicles. Honda will be using a motor that doesn't need rare earth metals. Specifically, it will be the world's first hybrid engine, one combining a gasoline and electric motor, to dispense with terbium and dysprosium.
Gold is Back in Style Amid Uncertain Economic and Political Outlooks — Thomson Reuters' authoritative GFMS Gold Survey shows the first half of 2016 saw a dramatic change in the rhythm and flows of the gold industry, even long before Brexit.
Bull & Bear's Digest of Investment Newsletters — Buy/Sell advice from the world's top-performing investment experts. Top Stock Picks of the Month. Seasoned advisors and traders give their "Buy" recommendations for Small- Mid-Cap Stocks, Blue Chips, Tech, Turnaround Situations, Gold and Silver Stocks, Energy Stocks and Trading Strategies. Recommendations: Abbott Laboratories, Tractor Supply Co., The Walt Disney Company, UPS, Zimmer Biomet Holdings, Lowe's, Exxon, Goldcorp, Spectra Energy Partners to name a few.
Other Articles:
Bull & Bear's The Resource Investor
Featured Articles Inside This Issue:
Technical Analysis Q3 Commodity Outlook
Gold: Plan B
Rare Earth Metals Pay the Price of Previous Excess
Did Oil Kill the Dinosaurs?
Investment Newsletter Digest
Bull & Bear Featured Company:
Fairmont Resources Acquiring Major Dimension Stone Producer in Spain; Consolidates Historic Quartzite Resource at Baie-Comeau in Quebec
Fairmont Resources Inc. is a rapidly growing industrial mineral and dimensional stone company in the midst of acquiring a major dimension stone producer in Spain. The assets of Granitos de Badajoz (Grabasa) in Spain includes 23 quarries, premium quality dimension stone mine licenses, and a 42,000 square meter granite finishing facility for cutting and polishing. The company has annual production capacity of over 250,000 square meters and has produced finished granite installed in buildings across Europe. These mine licenses and processing facility will make Fairmont one of the largest granite producers in Europe...READ MORE
Bull & Bear Featured Company:
Puma Exploration IDs Large Geophysical Anomalies at Turgeon VMS Project in New Brunswick
Fairmont Resources Inc. recently announced completion and logging of 12 drill holes in a 2015 drill program at its Forestville Quartzite Property, located 20 kilometres north-northwest of the town of Forestville, Quebec. The property is accessible by road, and is situated within 50 Km the Municipal Port of Forestville, Quebec, it has excellent logistics to the Great Lakes, Eastern Seaboard and Europe. Fairmont has optioned the property for the purpose of testing the chemical and physical properties of the quartzite as potential raw material source of high purity glass, fiber optics, ferrosilicon and silicon metal...READ MORE
Bull & Bear Featured Company:
Torex Gold Building First Gold Mine,
Defining Its Second... and Looking for More
Torex is a growth-oriented, Canadian-based resource company engaged in the exploration and development of its 100% owned Morelos Gold Property, an area of 29,000 hectares in the highly prospective Guerrero Gold Belt located 180 kilometers southwest of Mexico City...READ MORE
The Bull & Bear: Analysis, Strategies and Top Stock Picks
The S&P 500 and Dow Jones Industrial Average both touched record highs in July, but on a recent trip across the United States, Europe, Britain and South Africa, equity strategists on Credit Suisse's Global Markets team found investors as bleak as they've ever been about global equities. Read More
Jay Taylor: Turning Hard Times Into Good Times
4 Mid Cap Growth Mutual Funds to Buy on Market Rally
4 Strong Buy Small-Cap Blend Mutual Funds
Vulnerable Prey: How Short-Sellers Outsmart Mutual Funds
Fidelity Large Equity Makes Canada's Best Funds List
The Golden Rule of Estate Planning: Your Spouse Comes First
You Can Negotiate Anything:
What to Ask Before Investing in Natural Resource Stocks
Brent Cook Reveals His Rules and Guidelines for Evaluating Junior Exploration Projects and Companies
Documents You Need When Disaster Strikes
Five Username Mistakes That Can Be Worse Than Using the Same Password for All Your Online Accounts
The Bull & Bear NewsWire
China & SilverCrest Metals Inc Reports Further Continuous High Grade Underground Results At Las Chispas; Extends Surface Drilling Program
Is Art a Good Investment?
Where ads are read for profit!
Start It Up: Five Surprisingly Great Times to Launch Your Business
Many people want to start their own businesses, but feel that "it's just not the right time." Sean C. Castrina explains why five common excuses should actually be used as motivation to become your own boss.
No Money, No Problem:
Eleven Tips for a Start-up
Business with Very Little Cash (and a Great Idea)
Many entrepreneurs kick off their ventures on a budget so lean it's beyond shoestring; it's dental floss! That's especially true in an era where credit is almost impossible to come by. Michael Houlihan, one of the founders of Barefoot Wine, explains how to get the biggest possible bang out of very few start-up bucks.
9 Major Retirement Planning Mistakes to Avoid
Much has been written about the classic financial mistakes that plague start-ups, family businesses, corporations and charities. Aside from these blunders, there are also some classic financial missteps that plague retirees.
Astronomy Picture of the Day
Discover the Cosmos
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text:
America the Great ... Police State
Police Killings Won't Stop
The Presidential Debate That Did Not Really Happen
Hillary Clinton Lets Donald Trump Be Trump in First 2016 Presidential Debate
Important Anti-War Films That Reveal the Uncensored History of the United States
By Edward P. Morgan
By Gore Vidal $16.00
http2007 (CC BY 2.0)
Growth for the world's largest exporter hit its slowest pace in three years as demand for Chinese products waned in the U.S., Europe and elsewhere, prompting the country's leaders to encourage investment with stimulus measures.
The world economy this year is likely to grow at a rate of only 0.5 percent, according to the International Monetary Fund, which re-evaluated its figures after the U.K. officially entered into recession last week. The growth rate, as projected, is the lowest in more than 60 years.
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|Reviews for The Batman
| C480o0s3 chapter 14 . 3/15
That was amazing from start to finish. I can see how you earned your Fanny award for this. Time to take a look see at how little Jason shapes up
| C480o0s3 chapter 9 . 3/13
That was AWESOME! Going to check out 'The World's Finest' Then I am coming back for Chapter 10
| Thomas Linquist chapter 14 . 4/20/2014
Great blend, not just of KP and Batman, but of the Bat's various incarnations. Time to look up the sequels!
| HRHPrincessTricia chapter 8 . 4/8/2014
It's a good story. Hope you update soon.
| Exiled Soul Nomad chapter 14 . 1/9/2014
I fuckin' knew it!
| Fayari chapter 2 . 4/25/2013
Damn! This got way too dark, way too quickly. I hate rape. I hate even reading about rape. It's one of my few triggers. It takes me a good few hours just to calm down when I learn of women getting raped. A good few hours during which I remember nothing but full intent to torture rapists. Not just violence, but pure, methodical inch-by-inch genital mutilation with a dash of highly visible facial scar infliction and a bit of crippling dismemberment.
| Linariel chapter 14 . 1/5/2013
I couldn't help it after finally seeing The Dark Knight Rises I had to come back to this story. I just love how you blend the two worlds together in an unbelievably stellar fusion. It's gritty intense and at times dark but hey it's Batman. What do you expect? I love this story how you tell all the characters stories within the story and give them all spotlight including KP. But you know this is Ron's turn to shine and your transformation into changing into Batman is flawless. It's so good. I love all the villains you put in here. Especially how you intertwine The Joker's story into their lives that was just epic.
Now reading the story again I see the subtle hints that reveal both Yori's origins and The Joker's identity but to be honest the first time around I never caught it. I love how you have Barbara as Kim's daughter giving her qualities that fit her mom and the Barbara/Batgirl we know from the comics, you also bring in Dick/Robin as Ron's ward quite effortlessly. The story line is grim and fits Batman's world but still has the Kim Possible essence to it. The whole idea from the beginning of combining all the county into one city called Triton was just plain brilliant.
This story is still undeniably so good I'm glad I'm reading it again. Please I do hope you continue The Dark Knight and somehow intertwine The Dark Knight Rises, I know it won't be easy but if anyone can do it is you Classic. You are talented story teller in all your works but The Batman is just a story that remains close to my heart as my all time favorite KP fusion story ever.
| likeacrazytrustexercise chapter 1 . 11/17/2012
Whoops... didn't sign in to comment! Guess that's why I sign at the bottom. Now I will add this absolutely incredible story to my favorites list!
| Guest chapter 14 . 11/17/2012
Great story. I saw something about Kim Possible and decided to look it up on . Recently I've also gotten into Batman. Reading the Comics, watching the cartoons and movies, and things of that sort. (My favorite characters are Barbara Gordon and Dick Grayso, ha!) So when I saw this story, I thought, holy schnitzel, this story is perfect. They knew I'd be reading it! So I'm so happy you wrote this, it was absolutely astounding story that I will be adding to my favorites. Great job, and keep writing!
| Daki92 chapter 14 . 5/25/2011
great story, but i hate the fact that everything is so messed up lol
| Ali chapter 14 . 10/9/2010
Just wow. This was one of the best fics I've ever read. The ending really made my jaw drop. Words do not do justice for how awesome this story is. Now on to the sequel!
| Itachi's apprentice chapter 14 . 5/8/2010
Great work.
| Itachi's apprentice chapter 4 . 5/7/2010
Great work.
| Itachi's apprentice chapter 1 . 5/7/2010
Great work.
| Virusir chapter 11 . 12/20/2009
Usually I never read crossovers but, then again, there are some that are well-written. This story is well-written. The most favorite part of this story that I truly like is Joker's fourth's wall quote.
"You honestly think this is real? How could you possibly think that, seriously?" the Joker beamed. "This is obviously just some trumped-up, silly story put on the internet, based on some comic book or cartoon, or both made by some goofball with too much time on his hands! And I ask you, why would someone waste such a great resource as the Internet when it could be used for something far more beneficial for the common man? Such as Porn!"
I laugh for at least twenty minutes with that alone. :D


text:
May 8, 2013
IRVINE, Calif. - Long Beach State men's golfer Daniel Chian was named Big West Conference Freshman of the Year, the league office announced on Wednesday.
This is the second straight year that a 49er has been selected for the award and the third time in five years a freshman golfer from LBSU has won the honor.
Chian also named Second Team All-Big West, recorded an impressive season for the 49ers, posting two top-10 finishes and two top-20's. The native from Covina recorded his highest finish of the year, placing second at the 33rd Anteater Invitational with a 1-over par 217. LBSU captured its second straight Anteater Invitational team title.
Chian carded a career low 66 in the final round of the 17th Del Walker Intercollegiate Golf Classic at Virginia Country Club in Long Beach. Chian tied for 13th with a 3-over 213, helping the 49ers win the team title.
Chian finished out his first season at LBSU, tying for 11th at the Big West Conference Men's Golf Championship at The Country Club at Soboba Springs, finishing just one stroke behind older brother senior Philip Chian.
Big West Men's Golf Player of the Year
Glen Scher, UC Santa Barbara
Big West Men's Golf Freshman of the Year
Daniel Chian, Long Beach State
Big West Men's Golf Coach of the Year
Jason Drotter, Cal State Fullerton
First Team All-Big West
Mark Anguiano, Cal State Fullerton
Dakota Duerr, Cal State Fullerton
Alex Edfort, Pacific
Tyler Raber, UC Davis
Glen Scher, UC Santa Barbara
Eric Sugimoto, Pacific
Second Team All-Big West
Daniel Chian, Long Beach State
Pete Fernandez, UC Irvine
Matt Hansen, UC Davis
Travis Russell, UC Irvine
Ryan Tetrault, Cal State Fullerton
Honorable Mention All-Big West
Jonny Baxter, UC Davis
Corey Gard, Cal State Fullerton
David Gazzolo, UC Riverside
Allan Jun, UC Irvine
Byron Meth, Pacific
Matt Seramin, UC Davis
Brett Silvernail, UC Santa Barbara
Sport Links
- Recruits
- Recruit Form
- Recruit Information
- Related Links
- CollegiateGolf.com
- GolfStat.com
- GolfWeek
Media Guides
Section 1Cover
Section 4Coaches/Player Profiles
Section 5Records
Section 6This is Long Beach State
More Headlines
Daniel Chian Set To Play At NCAA Tucson Regional05/15/2016 - M. Golf
Long Beach State senior Daniel Chian travels to Arizona for the NCAA Tucson Regional at The...
Daniel Chian Named First Team All-Big West05/11/2016 - M. Golf
Long Beach State senior Daniel Chian was named to the an All-Big West Conference team, the league...
Daniel Chian Receives At-Large Bid To Play In...05/05/2016 - M. Golf
Long Beach State senior Daniel Chian received an at-large bid to play as an individual in the...
Men's Golf Closes Out Season With Fourth-Place ...05/04/2016 - M. Golf
The Long Beach State men's golf team closed out the 2015-16 campaign with a four-place tie on...
Daniel Chian Moves Into First-Place Tie At Big ...05/03/2016 - M. Golf
Senior Daniel Chian fired a 69 in Tuesday's second round of the Big West Conference Men's Golf...
LBSU In Seventh Place After One Round At Big...05/02/2016 - M. Golf
After one round of play at the Big West Conference Men's Golf Championship, Long Beach State sits...


text:
$11.99The critically acclaimed smash hit series rolls on with this collection of the blockbuster third arc, 'P.E.!' The first days were just the beginning - when the faculty cancel classes and send the students on an outing in the nearby woods, all hell breaks loose - sending the Glories on a mysterious journey through time and space. Nothing is what it seems to be as Academy's hold on the kids
$14.99Collects MIND THE GAP #6-10ONE OF THE TOP 20 BOOKS OF 2012 ROARS ON!New threats arise as the curtains pull back to reveal some of the most shocking secrets surrounding the mystery behind the attack on Elle Peterssen. Meanwhile, what is her connection to a 10-year-old girl who claims to actually be Elle's mind trapped in this girl's body? All of this plus the acclaimed silent issue "speechless" and
$9.99Collecting the second story arc of the smash series in one volume. Learn (some) of the secrets in the Glories' lives as we delve into their pasts and see how it affects their present. Each chapter focuses on a different Glory while maintaining the narrative and moving the mystery forward.Series DescriptionMorning Glory Academy is one of the most prestigious prep schools in the country, but behind
$14.99Collects MIND THE GAP #11-15ELLE PETERSSEN MUST DIE! LONG LIVE ELLE PETERSSEN!The history and truth of what "Jairus" and its connection to Elle are exposed! With the memories of what put her in the coma returned, Elle faces the greatest decision ever: Life, Death, or forever stay in The Garden. She has only moments to decide, and what she does will not only shock you, but will change the course of
$11.99Still reeling from the climactic events of "P.E." the Glories find themselves lost in time and space, confronted by a new group of students who might be even more dangerous than the faculty themselves-- the truants! Questions are answered and new mysteries emerge as Season One comes to a shocking end! Collects MORNING GLORIES #20-25Series DescriptionMorning Glory Academy is one of the most
$7.99Morning Glory Academy is one of the most prestigious prep schools in the country, but something sinister and deadly lurks behind its walls. When six gifted but troubled new students arrive, they find themselves trapped and fighting for their lives as the secrets of the academy reveal themselves!Series DescriptionMorning Glory Academy is one of the most prestigious prep schools in the country, but
$9.99The Glories are scattered, The Faculty broken, and The Truants on the attack! Collecting the explosive, mind-bending Season 2 premiere event, 'Tests.' Collects MORNING GLORIES #26-29Series DescriptionMorning Glory Academy is one of the most prestigious prep schools in the country, but behind it's hallowed doors something sinister and deadly lurks. When six brilliant but troubled new students
$9.99Collects MIND THE GAP #1-5 Elle Peterssen is young, wealthy, and beautiful - and there is a reason someone tried to kill her. Only, Elle doesn't remember any of this. MIND THE GAP, the new series by the Eisner Award-winning writer JIM McCANN (Return of the Dapper Men), is a mystery with a paranormal twist. Elle, in a spirit form detached from her comatose body, must not only unravel the mystery of


text:
HRW report lists cases of rape victims being put through finger-test
Top Stories
- Rafale deal: India sign agreement with France to acquire 36 fighter jets
- Subrata Roy set to go back to Tihar jail; SC declines to extend parole
- Explained: Restricting Pakistan's access to Indus easier said than done
- MNS-affiliate sets 48-hour deadline for Pakistani artists to leave India
- BJP-BDJS alliance in Kerala on verge of collapse hints leader
Traumatic medical examinations for child sexual abuse victims should be replaced with a more sensitive universal protocol developed in accordance with World Health Organisation guidelines, a report released by Human Rights Watch said.
In the four cases documented in the 'Breaking the Silence: Child Sexual Abuse in India' report, doctors used the "finger test" as part of examination of girl rape victims. Many doctors do not have the skills to perform such medical examinations and the absence of guidelines for treatment of sexual abuse victims can lead to further trauma.
"It is hard enough for sexually abused child or their relatives to come forward and seek help, but instead of handling cases with sensitivity Indian authorities often demean and re-traumatise them," Meenakshi Ganguly, South Asia director at Human Rights Watch, said.
The report recommends that the government implement a protocol for all public health facilities developed according to the WHO guidelines and that doctors and medical staff should be trained to respond to cases of sexual abuse in a sensitive manner, including minimally invasive examinations.
A standard part of the examination for female rape victims in India is the "two-finger test" to check the size and state of hymen and vagina for signs of sexual intercourse and violence. But forensic experts say the test has no scientific value and the Ministry of Women and Child Development recently recommended it be abolished as it heightens the trauma of victims.
In one case detailed in the report, a 15-year-old girl, forced to work as a maid, claimed she was raped by her boss. She was given a "two-finger" test after she escaped from her abuser and, on the basis of this test, the doctor stated that the girl had not been raped. Police have now refused to probe her complaint.
In rape cases, corroboration by forensic evidence is not mandatory where prosecution can secure a conviction based on the victim's testimony, but medico-legal reports can often play an important role in whether or not the police and judiciary believe the claims.Kira Spucys-Tahar
Editors' Pick
- In both India and Pakistan, war and peace are used to make political gains
- PM Modi's strategy of escalation vis a vis Pak seems like a gamble, but not without calculation.
- Describing soldiers who died in Uri as martyrs does them a disservice
- Claiming Shahabuddin is irrelevant in Nitish Kumar's Bihar sidesteps the truth
- Deendayal Upadhyaya transformed the Jana Sangh into a cadre party.
- Pakistan and India must get together to isolate the Kashmir issue
- GST is reform long delayed, but there may be good reason not to hurry it through now


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by Aekkarat Sumutchaya
published on 2016-05-27
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by Mohammad Attaran
published on 2014-01-31
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published on 2010-05-24
Keywords: character, robot, droid,
by Mark Dooney
published on 2009-12-09
Keywords: character, robot, droid,


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Enabling and Protecting the Open Enterprise
A decade or so ago, security wasn't nearly as challenging as it is today. Users, data and applications were all centralized in data centers that, in effect, kept them contained within a network perimeter. This eBook outlines how the open enterprise has changed the role of security.
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May 19, 2010 — After he commended University of Virginia employees on their many years of service, Leonard W. Sandridge, executive vice president and chief operating officer, was himself honored Wednesday by members of the Virginia General Assembly.
State Sen. Creigh Deeds, D-Bath, and Dels. David Toscano, D-Charlottesville, and Rob Bell, R-Charlottesville, presented Sandridge with a joint resolution honoring him for his many contributions to U.Va. and to the commonwealth at the annual Service Awards ceremony in John Paul Jones Arena.
"When I first thought about running for office, folks told me I had to get to know two people at U.Va.: 'Mr. Outside,' John Casteen, and 'Mr. Inside,' Leonard Sandridge," Deeds said.
Sandridge, a native of Crozet, will step down on Dec. 31 after more than 40 years as a U.Va. administrator.
The text of the commendation:
House Joint Resolution 263 Commending Leonard W. Sandridge
PATRONS: Robert B. Bell (chief patron), William J. Howell, William R. Janis, S. Chris Jones, R. Steven Landes, Robert Tata, David J. Toscano
Senate Joint Resolution 193 Commending Leonard W. Sandridge
PATRONS: R. Creigh Deeds (chief patron), George L. Barker, Harry B. Blevins, Charles J. Colgan, John S. Edwards, Emmett W. Hanger Jr., Mark R. Herring, R. Edward Houck, Janet D. Howell, Robert Hurt, Mamie E. Locke, L. Louise Lucas, David W. Marsden, Henry L. Marsh III, Stephen H. Martin, Ryan T. McDougle, A. Donald McEachin, Jeffrey L. McWaters, John C. Miller, Yvonne B. Miller, Stephen D. Newman, Thomas K. Norment Jr., Ralph S. Northam, Mark D. Obenshain, J. Chapman Petersen, Phillip P. Puckett, Linda T. Puller, Frederick M. Quayle, W. Roscoe Reynolds, Frank M. Ruff Jr., Richard L. Saslaw, Ralph K. Smith, Walter A. Stosch, Richard H. Stuart, Patricia S. Ticer, Jill Holtzman Vogel, Frank W. Wagner, William C. Wampler Jr., John C. Watkins, Mary Margaret Whipple
Agreed to by the House of Delegates, Feb. 19, 2010
Agreed to by the Senate, Feb. 25, 2010
WHEREAS, Leonard W. Sandridge, the executive vice president and chief operating officer of the University of Virginia, is recognized in 2010 for his many contributions to the Commonwealth and his fellow citizens; and
WHEREAS, a lifelong resident of Crozet in Albemarle County, Leonard W. Sandridge began his distinguished career at the University of Virginia (UVA) as an internal auditor in 1967; and
WHEREAS, Leonard Sandridge, recognized early in his career for his integrity, competence, hard work, and willingness to take on any task, rose steadily and rapidly through the administrative ranks at UVA; and
WHEREAS, in 1977 Leonard Sandridge began his close association with the General Assembly of Virginia as director of the budget for UVA; and
WHEREAS, Leonard Sandridge has served as associate vice president for Budget and Planning, senior vice president for Business and Finance, and as executive vice president and chief financial officer of UVA; in 1989 he became the executive vice president and chief operating officer of UVA, the position he holds today; and
WHEREAS, Leonard Sandridge's titles only hint at the responsibilities entrusted to him by successive presidents and Boards of Visitors of the University of Virginia, the value of his counsel to them, and the esteem in which he is held; and
WHEREAS, Leonard Sandridge is equally well regarded in the Charlottesville-Albemarle community and throughout the Commonwealth; and
WHEREAS, after a long and rewarding career, Leonard Sandridge will retire at the end of 2010; now, therefore, be it
RESOLVED by the House of Delegates, the Senate concurring, That the General Assembly hereby commend and congratulate Leonard W. Sandridge for his outstanding service as executive vice president and chief operating officer of the University of Virginia; and, be it
RESOLVED FURTHER, That the Clerk of the House of Delegates prepare a copy of this resolution for presentation to Leonard W. Sandridge as an expression of the General Assembly's appreciation for his stellar achievements and best wishes for a happy, rewarding, and much deserved retirement.


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South Africa sends troops to Central African Republic
Christopher Szabo
Jan 7, 2013 in
- South Africa has deployed 400 soldiers to the troubled Central African Republic, where a rebellion threatens to overthrow the elected government.
Following Central African Republic (CAR) president Francois Bozize's call to the US and especially the former colonial power, France, which were
quickly rebuffed
, CAR has turned to the African Union and regional political blocs for help.
The Seleka ("Alliance") rebels, a coalition of forces made up of three former rebel groups, was expected to arrive
in the Gabonese capital, Libreville, but lacks air transport.
Talks were pencilled in for Tuesday. The talks might be hampered by a
rebel demand
for President Bozizwe to step down, which he is not prepared to do.
The South African troops, along with Chadian soldiers, are expected to prevent the rebels from entering the capital, Bangui, and are also continuing to train CAR soldiers. The South African Defence Minister, Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula, visited the CAR on January 31, to size up the situation. The mandate of the newly-deployed reinforced infantry company (about 200 soldiers) is to last up to five years. Chadian troops, and likely some of the South Africans, will deploy at the town of Damara, some 80 kilometres (50 miles) from Bangui.
Other African countries, including Gabon, the Republic of Congo and Cameroon have sent troops to CAR.
Unlike the US and France, the AU is primarily concerned with maintaining stability in African countries, and the rebellion in CAR is a carbon copy of that which recently happened in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), by the M23 group, which captured the regional capital, Goma. However, South African peacekeepers held the airport, which never came under rebel control.
The rebels are using a very old African trick, which is used when a party or group loses an election: The group demands the formation of a "Government of National Unity", which means members of rebel groups or defeated parties get into the government, thus circumventing the democratic process.
Meanwhile, a UN report warns of a serious
humanitarian crisis
developing in rebel-held areas, so far affecting over 300,000 people. People have fled from the general direction of the rebel advance and the UN expressed concern that its relief teams could not reach the refugees.
More about
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Top Definition
Slicing a non-pizza food item through the centre, in a similar fashion to the way a pizza is sliced. To form smaller equal sized portions for easier consumption.
This cosmos burger is far too big to eat, it requires pizzafication!
di BenDog 25 agosto 2005
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'A Stron Word Of Warning'
The pivot from the end of chapter four to the start of chapter five is very important to catch. It is masked by the misleading chapter and verse markings that were never in the original manuscripts. In the original, 4:13-5:6 is all one paragraph and is a description of one main thought. But, in many translations this is broken up into several thoughts, and so the unity of James on this issue is lost:
'Now listen, you who say, Today or tomorrow
It seems that without the physical bodily resurrection of Jesus Christ, our faith is vain.
And it seems also that the Christian faith is absolutely dependent upon it.
And so, let's have Paul tell it:
1 Cor.15
12 Now if Christ be preached that he rose from the dead, how say some among you that there is no resurrection of the dead?
Now, this verse indicates that Christ was preached that He rose
Let's look again at the "tares and wheat" parable and its interpretation:
Matt. 13
24a Jesus presented another parable to them, saying, The kingdom of heaven may be compared . . .
Stop right there.
Is not Jesus speaking about what the kingdom of heaven can be compared to?
Indeed, he is describing the kingdom of heaven in the parable itself.
And so, the Kingdom of heaven is a DOMAIN over which the
"What's In a Name"
So far, we have outlined the struggle for the first century believers to fully identify who they were. This involved struggles with Jewish authorities to show that Jesus was the long promised Messiah, witnessing to popular culture and prejudices, and confronting the authorities with the Truth. This is reflected in modern history with the Evangelicals attempt to fully define 'who' they are, and what are their distinctive beliefs. Indeed, you can see this
"What's In a Name?"
Part III
Okay, so we left Paul with the Pagans in Lystra trying to patch up a horrible misunderstanding. (Acts 14). In the very next chapter, Paul is found defending the Gospel message in the face of Judaizing additions. Circumcision was being taught by many as the logical outcome of Christ's 'Jewishness', the law of Moses must be followed by the Gentiles. Paul strenuously opposed this, as he did the Gentile interpretation in Lystra. If you


text:
BU Video Urges Stop! to Looming Research Cuts
Joins Association of American Universities, others in appeal
Federal research spending is "an investment in jobs. It's an investment in tomorrow's breakthroughs in science and medicine and technology. And it's an investment in America as the innovation leader."
That's the message that BU's Ahmad "Mo" Khalil hopes to get across in a video of academic voices against sequestration, the autopilot cuts in research and other government spending scheduled to take effect March 1. Khalil, a College of Engineering assistant professor of biomedical engineering, joins academics from eight other schools who made videos for Science Works for U.S., a website of the Association of American Universities (AAU), the Science Coalition, and the Association of Public and Land-grant Universities. The three groups combined represent 200 academic research institutions.
BU joined the AAU last fall, making it one of only four schools invited to membership since 2000. The University is one of only 4 Boston-area members of the 62-member consortium; the other 3 are Harvard, MIT, and Brandeis.
"We hope that the voices of Dr. Khalil and other university researchers and administrators will add to the growing chorus of voices urging Congress and the president to stop the sequester," says AAU spokesman Barry Toiv. "We hope the videos will enjoy wide viewership among policy makers, media, and the public. They are designed to show specifically what the impact of a sequester would be on vital university research." In his video, Khalil discusses his bioengineering work in "rewiring and engineering living cells with entirely new functions" for health, energy, and environmental applications.
While recognizing the country's long-term deficit problem, Khalil says, sequestration would have a "devastating impact" on research.
Toiv says Science Works for U.S. asked its member schools to contribute videos to the site, which is posting them in batches as they come in. Khalil's video was part of the first batch.
The videos are the latest salvo in a campaign by the AAU and academia in general aimed at derailing sequestration, which was approved by Congress as deficit-cutting insurance if lawmakers and the White House can't reach a spending agreement. In November, BU President Robert A. Brown cosigned a letter from Massachusetts research universities and hospitals to the state's congressional delegation, urging the representatives to stop the sequester. That same month, the AAU and its partners announced Science Works for U.S. would disseminate reports and videos about research's valuable applications.
Jennifer Grodsky, BU's vice president for federal relations, believes the campaign could influence budget decisions. "We've seen that it makes a real difference when Boston students and scholars explain to lawmakers how cutting the federal investment in scientific research can impact their pursuit of new discoveries," she says. "We're fortunate to have supporters on Capitol Hill, and videos like these help arm them with the facts to advocate on our behalf."
Earlier this week, President Obama proposed targeted cuts, entitlement program reforms, and tax-loophole plugging to avert sequestration, and he urged Congress to postpone the sequester if necessary to buy time.
Former Republican U.S. Senator John E. Sununu, an engineer, editorialized this week that sequestration's across-the-board, 5 percent whack to domestic spending would be manageably small. Toiv counters that that percentage is misleading, since it would be compressed into just seven months—the federal fiscal year ends September 30—"which makes it all the more disruptive." Besides, Congress has already approved about $1.5 trillion in budget cuts over the next decade, he says.
"It's hard," says Toiv, "to understand what is sensible or good for the country about an action that will significantly reduce the innovation-creating, economy-strengthening, job-creating, young-scientist-educating research that takes place at BU, the University of New Hampshire, Dartmouth, and the nation's other universities."
"Some in Washington believe that letting the sequester take effect is hitting the 'easy button' for solving the nation's growing deficit problem," ignoring how it will hurt jobs-creating scientific research, says Tim Leshan, president of the Science Coalition and a vice president at Northeastern University. That harm would fall, he says, "at exactly the time we are making huge strides in addressing the nation's grand challenges in health care, energy, the environment, and defense."
Many economists fear the spending cuts will thwart the sputtering economic recovery. For a case study in the economic benefits of research, Leshan suggests looking at Boston: strip federal research money from the city's universities and the spin-off companies it helps create, and "the local economy would be entirely different."3 Comments


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|The University of Texas at Dallas | Office of Admission and Enrollment
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text:
Published on
Authors: Sandra Schaffert, Guntram Geser.
In the last few years, Open Educational Resources (OER) have gained much attention. From January 2006 to December 2007 the Open e-Learning Content Observatory Services (OLCOS), a project co-funded by the European Commission under the eLearning Programme, explored how OER can make a difference in teaching and learning.


text:
Thank you to Ingatestone Music Festival for having me. I really enjoyed it!
Dont forget our tasty Millicano Coffee
The Bell Ingatestone
5 days ago
Looking forward to 'Thirsty Work' tonight live from 9pm. Why not grab your dancing shoes and join us for a night of #livemusic in #ingatestone #essex ... See MoreSee Less
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Rent The Girls with the Grandmother Faces 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Frances Weaver. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Hyperion Press.
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