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Man shot near club in Liberty
Police find multiple shell casings at Belmont Ave. site
February 26, 2013
LIBERTY — Police are investigating an early Sunday morning shooting in which an 18-year-old Struthers man was wounded outside a Belmont Avenue clu....
Nothing good happens at 4am!
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yea. they're
either way not.
come out of the closet.
1 Agrees | 0 Disagrees | Report Abuse »
Nah, Robert.
What we need is a bunch of failures that believe their intellectuals.
Good thing you never went to law school.
Hope your parents lose the sh-hole over their use of child slave labor.
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What this situation needed was a lot more good guys with guns.
Would of solved everything.
Thank's Obama...
0 Agrees | 3 Disagrees | Report Abuse »
Everything is not drugs!!! Chances are better this was about a female or retaliation for some other perceived disrespect. Folks are in party mode while at the club so late into the night. A drug deal is highly unlikely to take place near a crowded club at 4:am in Liberty.
Only a straight moron is kickin it in Liberty so late while carrying enough dope to be out making deals. Perhaps late night club goer's might be smoking Pot, X-tasy maybe, but hardcore dopefiends using Caine, Heron, Meth, etc. ain't at the club or even near it.
You folks really need some street knowledge, it's very helpful in understanding what's going on, who might be doing what, and some of the things to look out for or recognize. And most of all to know when not to panic or leap to hasty conclusions & assumptions.
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4:30 AM. It must be an "after hours" joint. Illegal as heck.
6 Agrees | 0 Disagrees | Report Abuse »
The drug menace is everywhere.
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Drugs Drugs Drugs ..I'm sure no one will talk they are all involved ...
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Showing 8 of 8 comments


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Now the investigation is on hold.
Stratton told KBKW he's asking the Grays Harbor County prosecutor for guidance and waiting for more federal response to the law decriminalizing the possession of up to an ounce of marijuana.
The Justice Department says federal controlled substances laws are unchanged by the state.
The initiative takes effect Dec. 6, although it will take a year to draft regulations for the sale of recreational marijuana.-- The Associated Press

subset: commoncrawl


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The United Methodist Church is standing by its teaching that gay marriage is not compatible with scripture. This week, the denomination defrocked a Pennsylvania pastor for performing his son's same-sex wedding.
Rev. Frank Schaefer has led a congregation in the town of Lebanon, Pa., for more than a decade. In 2007, he officiated the wedding of his gay son in Massachusetts, where same-sex unions are legal. The Methodist Church allows gay and lesbian members, but homosexuality is viewed as incompatible with Christian teaching. Schafer was given 30 days to reflect, repent and promise never to violate Church teaching on the issue again. When he refused, United Methodist officials revoked his ministerial license.
"When asked to surrender his credentials as required by the verdict he refused to do so," church spokesman John Coleman said. "Therefore, because of his decision, the board was compelled by the jury's decision to deem his credentials surrendered."
The pastor plans to appeal the church's ruling.
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NEWPORT, R.I. - Another South Jersey standout has committed to play football at Temple.
Paul VI senior Zach Grant gave his oral commitment to the Owls on Monday. Temple now has 10th recruits for the 2013 recruiting class, and five are from South Jersey.
"I just think it's just local," Grant said of why South Jersey recruits are flocking to Temple. "There's no more Penn State. They messed up. Villanova is not really doing too much, too.


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HOLLIDAYSBURG - Blair County commissioners plan to move the county's Penn State extension office from Valley View Home to the Altoona-Blair County Airport.
The targeted area for the extension office is the airport's restaurant that ceased daily operations in December 2011 and has been advertised for lease as a restaurant.
Commissioner Diane Meling said Tuesday morning that the restaurant provides a square footage similar to the space the extension office uses in the soon-to-be-sold Valley View Home. Plus, she said the restaurant's kitchen could be used by the extension staff when hosting food-related workshops and meetings.
The airport authority voted Monday night to have Solicitor David Pertile work with the county on a proposed lease but the authority didn't spell out any specifics to include in the lease.
Meling said Tuesday that specific terms were not discussed but commissioners are interested in moving the extension office to the airport's restaurant area in return for the county's continued financial support. Commissioners, for the first time in several years, included $50,000 in this year's budget for the airport.
Airport Authority Chairman Lanny Ross said Tuesday that allowing the extension office to move into the airport's restaurant area may be the best option.
"I think everybody's preference would be a viable restaurant there, but that hasn't been the case for a long time now," Ross said.
Commissioners said Tuesday that it may no longer be financially feasible for the airport to have a restaurant.
"An airport restaurant cannot make it on airport traffic alone," Commissioners Chairman Terry Tomassetti said.
The competition has increased, Meling said, with more restaurants in the Martinsburg area.
Extension Agent Stanley McKee said he recently toured the airport's restaurant, on the second floor of the terminal, with Meling and Ted Beam Jr.
"We know that a move is imminent due to the sale of Valley View Home, and the staff here, we see a lot of potential with the airport location," McKee said.
Beam said he will meet with Hollidaysburg architect Pat Baechle to come up with some proposed ways to renovate the restaurant. Besides offices, McKee said the renovations could include the creation of meeting rooms for use by local 4-H groups.
A potential downside of the proposed move might be the impact on the Master Gardeners program, McKee and Meling said.
"We have a lot of volunteers with master gardeners, which is Altoona-based, so accessibility for them might be an issue," McKee said.
The move might also encourage more participants from the Martinsburg area, Meling said.
The extension office has been at Valley View Home since October 1999 when it moved there from Hollidaysburg, after Blair County built an addition to the courthouse and sold its Highland Hall annex to RADD Development Co. The extension office had been in the basement of Highland Hall.
Mirror Staff Writer Kay Stephens is at 946-7456.


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There's something about potato chips. The concept is simple: spuds sliced paper thin, deep fried until crispy and sprinkled with salt. We love them, and love to blame them for our dietary woes. They are a guilty pleasure and the bane of every calorie counter. Despite their designation as "junk food," potato chips are the No. 1 snack in this country, and the must-have munchy for parties and picnics. Here in the United States, we consume an average of seven pounds per person, per year. And while the big national brands dominate the $6 billion market, small regional "chippers" have passionate fans and loyal followings.
The folks at Grippo's get a lot of mail from devotees of their chips, made in Groesbeck near Cincinnati since 1959. Lately they've been hearing from soldiers deployed overseas. This letter writer wants chips shipped to him: "I have memories from childhood of sharing your Grippo's Bar-B-Q potato chips with my father on our front porch. To me there is no better potato chip... [but] I have not tasted a bag for over three months now."
Others send heartfelt thank-you notes: "I really appreciate you sending me my hometown favorite chips.... Ever since I was a kid, I loved Grippo's, and while I'm here in Iraq that's what you need most, things from home."
Potato chips are a truly American food. They are said to have been invented at a restaurant in upstate New York around 1853 and took their original name - Saratoga Chips - from the city where they were first served. But Ohioans played a central role in popularizing them and commercializing their production and distribution.
Around 1895, William Tappenden of Cleveland started making potato chips in his home for sale to area stores, delivering them in a horse-drawn wagon. He was the first potato chip wholesaler, and listed potato chips as his occupation in the 1900 census. His product was such a hit that he soon expanded, moving the operation to a barn behind the house where he began using a mechanical peeler and huge cauldron for cooking. In 1958, his daughter Anita told a reporter that when the wagon was replaced by one of the first automobiles in town, she often made deliveries for her father, although she was only 12 at the time. "Traffic," she recalled, "was no hazard for a child in those days."
Cleveland was also home to the original industry trade group, the Ohio Potato Chip Institute. At the inaugural convention held at the Hollenden House hotel in 1931, Daniel Mikesell, who introduced folks in the Dayton area to Saratoga Chips around 1910, was elected treasurer. The group's name was changed to the National Potato Chip Institute in 1937, and this organization, headquartered in Cleveland until 1978, was the predecessor of today's Snack Food Association.
In the early days of production, before packaging was invented to keep this fragile food fresh, all potato chips were locally made and kettle cooked by hand in small batches. Businesses were often family operated. Ohio today boasts 10 regional chippers, more than any other state except Pennsylvania. Some are among the oldest in the country. Most brands are sold within a 50-mile radius of where they are made, and all are available by mail.
Anchor O'Reilly has tasted each and every one of his products. That's the nom de crisp and fictional alter ego of Ned Coyle, a Toledo-based web entrepreneur who founded the Chip of the Month Club with his wife Therese in 1999 (www.anchorsfoodfinds.com). The truck-driving "Anchor" travels coast to coast, collecting and selecting chips produced by regional manufacturers from around the country for club members. "I take my potato chips seriously," he says. "If anybody knows more about potato chips than me, I haven't met 'em."
Coyle explains that just as climate, soil, grape variety and fermentation methods are important in winemaking, the type of potato, oil, salt and the cooking time affect the flavor of potato chips. And as with wine, it takes some education to be a connoisseur. "You want a chip that lets you know the spud's spent time in hot bubbling oil," he says. "Color should range from golden with some browning around the edges to suntanned. A real chip is never flat and doesn't come in a can. They should be gnarled, curled, bent and buckled, and each one should be different." Most important, he adds, is their crispness. There should be an obvious, audible and satisfying crunch. Kettle-cooked chips are crunchier, with a harder "bite" than other kinds.
This chipmeister tells me there are great varieties in Ohio. So I decide to sample the best our state has to offer. In the process, I eat my way through bags full of Ohio history.
This Tiffin company, started by a husband-and-wife team, has been chipping for 85 years and is still family owned and operated. Ballreich's "marcelled" chips got their appellation back in the 1920s because their wavy shape resembled the popular women's hairstyle of the time. The company's original plain chip has a light crunch and the Smokey Sweet Mesquite tastes almost meaty. (www.ballreich.com)
Gold'n KrispKettle cooked since 1963 in Massillon and sold right where they are made at 1900 Erie Ave. North. "We make only one kind," says company founder and chief chipper Odell Gainey, "and it's not like anybody else's. My recipe is a secret." The chips are extra crunchy, slightly thicker than most, with a subtle and intriguing pork undertone that comes from the combination of soybean oil and lard in which they're fried. (330/832-8395)
Angelo Grippo started manufacturing rolled sugar cones in 1919 and later added pretzels to his product line. His wife Emma, who took over the business when he died in 1956, added potato chips. The Hot Dill Pickle chips have a nose-tingling scent, heat that lingers in the mouth, and pair up perfectly with a burger or a hot dog. The big taste of the Cheddar and Jalapeno chips raises the question: How can something this small pack so much punch? (www.grippopotatochips.com)
Made in Mansfield by the same family since 1945. According to Jones' Potato Chip Company president Bob Jones, products like his are an antidote to the "sameness" of mass-produced chips that flood the market. "In today's world, something that's unique and local has a special meaning for people." The wavy original is a light chip with a medium crunch. The salt and vinegar version has a definitive tartness, and the sweet honey barbecue delivers a strong, smoky taste. Jones' has also been manufacturing Thomasson potato chips for the past 10 years. That company was founded in Elyria in 1931 and is still a familiar and beloved brand in Lorain County. (www.joneschips.com)
This is the oldest continuously operating chipper in the country. Daniel Mikesell delivered chips, like William Tappenden, in a wagon. Sometimes a bicycle was pressed into service, too. When it broke down, he went to the Wright brothers, who lived down the street, for repairs. Today the Dayton plant produces almost a million pounds of potato chips a week. The unseasoned varieties - Groovy, Original and Old-fashioned - are fried in 100 percent peanut oil, which gives them a distinctive nutty flavor. (www.mike-sells.com)
Originally made in the back room of an Urbana grocery store in 1932, these award-winning kettle-cooked chips are now manufactured at the Schearer's plant, but founder Asa Mumford would recognize the recipe as his own. The chips are noticeably thicker than average, very crunchy, with a taste that never lets you forget you're eating potatoes. (937/653-3491)
Family run for 31 years, the chip maker, headquartered in Brewster, is one of the nation's largest kettle cookers. It takes five pounds of potatoes to make one pound of the signature chip, and the factory turns out 300 pounds an hour. Schearer's also makes super-seasoned variations: Salt and Pepper has a bright edgy flavor, the new Buffalo Wing Bleu Cheese is like a meal in each bite, and Sweet Wasabi Mustard is a surprising, tongue-tingling combination. (www.shearers.com)
A relative newcomer to the field, and appropriately located in Newcomerstown, the company started in 1974. Emphasizing healthy snacks, Tastee chips, made from Yukon Gold potatoes, have half the fat of regular brands and no hydrogenated oils. They deliver a big crunch and rich, buttery potato taste. (www.tasteeapple.com)
These chips have always been kettle fried in pure corn oil. "We were way ahead of the curve on the whole trans-fatty-acid thing," says Steve Wagner, whose parents started the business in their Miamisburg kitchen in 1949. He and his son Brett have added flavored chips to the mix. Salt and Malt Vinegar has an almost beer-like hoppy aftertaste. Chocolate-dipped chips marry sweetness and saltiness - a match made in heaven. (937/866-8808)
Ohio once again made chip history a few years ago, earning a spot in the 2004 Guinness Book of World Records for creating the biggest bag of potato chips known to mankind. It weighed in at 1,082.5 pounds, and it required approximately two tons of Ohio-grown spuds, more 700 pounds of oil, and 80 pounds of salt to fill the 8-by-5-foot sack. The chips were cooked and packaged at the 2003 Ohio State Fair by volunteers from the Ohio Department of Agriculture, and chipmakers from Ballreich's, Conn's, Jones, Mike-Sells and Shearers to celebrate the potato chip's 150th anniversary.
Curious about how your favorite snack is made? The following companies offer tours:
Conn's Potato Chip Company 1805 Kemper Court, Zanesville, 740/452-4615. Tours by appointment, Mon.-Wed. 10 a.m.-1 p.m.
Jones' Potato Chip Company265 Bowman St., Mansfield, 800/466-9424. Tours by appointment Mon.-Fri. 9 a.m.-1 p.m.
Shearer's Marketplace 692 N. Wabash Ave., Brewster, 330/767-3426, ext. 236. Mon.-Fri. 9 a.m.-6 p.m., Sat. 9 a.m.-4 p.m. Products are discounted and can be purchased in bulk at this factory outlet store in Amish country. Weekly specials plus extra bargains for seniors on Tuesdays.
Mumford's Potato Chips & Deli 325 N. Main St., Urbana,937/653-3491. Call for hours.The staff scoops up your kettle-cooked chips from a big bin and bags them here just like they did in the old days. The small store also sells candy, nuts and caramel corn, and has a cafe where homemade soups, salads and sandwiches are served for lunch.
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well i dont know wat to say apart from i am down to earth chick i can put a smile on peoples face's pretty fast....i am a big kid at heart and i am a big family person.....i like to go out and have fun not really into the club seen but like to there ever so often.......i like the out doors and i like to snuggle up watchin a movie or just talkin really......but i will say that i hate men that tell u one thing and then dont do it.......or think that we have all the time in the world for then and can wait for ages....
sorry guys but some of us girls dont like to b mushrooms.....
so if u wanna talk just let me know
Looking For:
Lenah Valley Women Looking for Men
Hi! I'm a 30 year-old woman.I'm 5 ft 9 in tall and I would describe my build as athletic.
I'm not afraid to ask for what I want in bed so watch out!
People often comment that I am attractive but you need to judge for yourself.
I love going out shopping and having coffee with friends.
Hi! I'm a 44 year-old well educated woman who has lived life to the full, I am hard working and in total control of my life during the day but at night I want to surrender to sweet sensation!
People often comment that I am attractive but you need to judge for yourself.
I love being outdoors in the garden, hanging out on the beach. riding my motorbike, music and the company of a good man.


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Hunt & Sons, Inc.
5750 S. Watt Ave
Sacramento, CA 95829
Serving Northern California Since 1946
Hunt & Sons is a diversified petroleum distribution company specializing in commercial fleet fueling services, bulk fuel supply, and comprehensive lubricant solutions for industrial, commercial, agricultural and automotive use.
Our corporate goal is to lower your total cost of asset operation though the implementation of high control fuel management programs and the use of our premium lubricants designed to prolong the life of your equipment.
We are dedicated to meeting your complete petroleum needs. Our team of specialists are ready to evaluate your situation and recommend money saving solutions.
Hunt & Sons has earned the distinction of being a Chevron 1st Source Elite Lubrication Marketer. This is the highest honor Chevron awards distributors of operational excellence.
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Warren Hunt hard at work.
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Car Disasters: Single-Car Crash
Do's ...
- Stay in your car until you know can assess how badly you've been injured, if at all. If everything seems to be fine, just sit for a minute and collect your thoughts.
- If you suspect you have a serious injury, whether it's your head, neck or someplace else, don't move until help arrives and your injury can be stabilized. Sometimes movement can make your injury worse.
- If the car is still running, shut it off. Pull the keys out of the ignition.
- Apply the emergency brake. Turn on your hazards lights. If it's nighttime, leave your headlights and parking lights on (if they work). This way, other motorists and emergency personnel can see you.
- If your cell phone works and you have coverage, call 911.
- Determine if it is safe to exit the car. If you're unsure, remain in the car until help arrives or proceed to exit with extreme caution. For instance, your car may have bounced to the edge of a ditch. Exiting without caution could result in injuries worse than those sustained in the accident itself.
- If available, use cones or flares to warn other motorists.
- If you struck a deer, wait for authorities to clear it from the roadway.
- Assess your car from the outside. Make note of any visible body damage, leaking fluids, smoke from the hood, and tire and wheel condition. Take photos if you can.
- As with any significant impact, assume that your car is not drivable. Even if it looks OK, there may be structural and mechanical damage you cannot see due to disbursement of crash energy. Driving it could further damage your car.
- Attempt to move the car only if it poses a danger to oncoming motorists in its current position (for example, if it is situated at a blind curve or just beyond the crest of a hill).
- Attempt to drive your car away only if there is a clear and present danger in staying or if it is absolutely clear to you that your car has not sustained any real damage. For example, a large pickup truck may not suffer any significant damage beyond a cracked grille after hitting, say, a small deer.
- Stay a safe distance away if the car catches fire.
- Wait for help to arrive.
- Inform emergency personnel if your car is a hybrid or electric car. The high-voltage components in these cars may require specialized training.
If you're in the wild: In the case of a minor accident, your car may still be drivable. If you are in a remote spot and unable to contact help, a small fix may allow you to make it a short distance to get to a garage or at least to civilization. Here are a few steps you can take:
- Carefully open the hood, but beware of fire and heat.
- Once the car has cooled, slowly loosen the radiator cap to release any pressure that may be building inside. Protect your face, as hot fluid could blow out. Leave the cap loose.
- Use rubberized tape to seal any broken hoses. Hoses will likely be hot, so wait until they cool.
- Check the ground for fluids. If you can, replenish any that may have leaked: oil (black), transmission fluid (red), antifreeze (yellow/green/orange) and/or water.
- Use tire foam if any of your tires have leaked air. Foam is a fix only for minor punctures. If the tire is torn or shredded, you'll need to change it.
Don't's ...
- Don't move the car unless it poses a threat to oncoming motorists.
- Don't drive the car away unless it is dangerous for you to remain at the crash site.
- Don't attempt to drive the car if the fenders are pushed into the tires.
- Don't lift the hood too soon if you're checking for damage. The burst of oxygen can make a small fire turn into a large one in a matter of seconds.
- Don't attempt to extinguish anything beyond a small fire. With larger fires, your car can explode. Get a safe distance away.
- Don't try to move a deer you just hit, unless you are absolutely sure the animal is dead and it poses a threat to oncoming motorists.
- Don't have your car towed until you can get police on the scene to make a report. A police report will likely be necessary for insurance reasons.
© Cars.com 04/30/2013


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Beats Wireless headphones deliver the sound quality that made Beats by Dr. Dre famous, only without the cord getting in your way. Controls on the earcup even let you switch tracks without pulling out your music player. Beats Wireless give you ten hours of battery life and are easy to charge with any USB port. These wireless headphones also come with a cable you can plug in to for even more ways to listen.


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BEITEDDINE, Lebanon (AP) - Elton John got thousands of Lebanese fans dancing in a sellout concert, his first appearance in the Middle East.
Wearing a glittery blue suit, the British pop star sang for more than two hours nonstop Saturday night at Beiteddine, a scenic mountain palace that was the seat of the 18th-century Mount Lebanon principality.
"I am very excited to be here in this beautiful setting. Thank you for inviting me," John told the crowd.
The star was invited to Lebanon by the organizing committee of the Beiteddine Festival and was to give an extra performance on Sunday at the Beiteddine summer resort.
John played new songs and old hits, from "Your Song" and "Daniel" to "Circle of Life" and "Can You Feel the Love Tonight," the Lion King soundtrack.
The fans - some of whom paid up to $193 for the ticket - held candles for the final song, "Candle in the Wind."
NEW YORK (AP) - Marlon Brando's off-screen antics during filming of "The Score" were high drama.
Brando would refuse to come to the set if director Frank Oz was present, leaving co-star Robert DeNiro to direct one of Brando's scenes. Oz watched from an offsite monitor and sent instructions to DeNiro via an assistant director, Time magazine reported in its July 16 issue.
When they were in the same room, Brando called Oz "Miss Piggy," and at one point said, "I bet you wish I was a puppet so you could ... make me do what you want," Time reported.
As a young puppeteer, Oz provided the voice for Miss Piggy on "The Muppet Show."
LOS ANGELES (AP) - Playboy magazine founder Hugh Hefner has a new mansion.
Hefner paid $4.5 million for a 5,500-square-foot house near the Playboy Mansion in exclusive Holmby Hills just west of Beverly Hills, real estate sources told the Los Angeles Times.
Hefner, 75, has lived at the Playboy Mansion for three decades and bought the new property as an investment, according to Dick Rosenzweig, executive vice president of Playboy Enterprises.
"He is not using his new property for parking, but he hasn't yet decided exactly how he will use it," Rosenzweig said. Hefner sometimes hosts big nighttime soirees at the six-acre Playboy Mansion.
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WILLIAMSPORT - Two Mustangs are headed toward the corral at the Giant Center in Hershey.
Junior Alex Lieberman (170) and senior Zack Heeter (145) will use third-place finishes in Saturday's Northeastern Class AA Regional as entries into the state championships, which will begin Thursday.
Both state-bound grapplers battled back from first-round losses on Friday to earn bronze medals. It is the first trip to states for both wrestlers.
Article Photos
Sentinel photo by FRANK DIMON
Midd-West's Zack Heeter, right, ties up with Western Wayne's Manny Mirailh during the 145-pound consolation final of the PIAA Class AA Northeast Regional wrestling tournament Saturday in Williamsport. Heeter earned a trip to the state tournament with a 3-1 decision.
A third Mustang, Corey Stauffer at 106 pounds, just missed a state berth with a fourth-place finish.
Clint Swartz, the Midd-West coach, admitted Saturday was a better day than Friday when all four Mustangs lost.
"We're taking two, they wrestled real well today," Swartz said. "The other kids (Tanner Ebright at 126 and Stauffer) did well today. Tanner has been working real hard."
Swartz said there's not much he can do to get the two guys ready for states. "I think you have to take the spectacle out of it. I'll tell them 'we're in Hershey now, just go out and wrestle.'"
"I'm proud, I'm pretty happy," Lieberman said. "It does feel good (to go with Heeter), we can stick together."
Lieberman, who had never wrestled in the postseason before, won the District 4 title. At the regional tournament he lost his first bout 4-3 to finalist Justin Knee of South Williamsport. Then on Saturday he recovered to beat Brandon Lontz of Benton 7-2 and then followed with a win over Brandon Hadden of Western Wayne by a score of 5-1 for third place.
Lieberman was ill during the week, even missing a day of school.
Heeter got a 3-1 win over Manny Mirailh of Western Wayne for third. A takedown was the difference. Earlier in the day he topped Garrett Hoffman of Montoursville by 8-3.
"It was tough (after losing Friday) but I bounced back. I knew that one takedown wins the match so I went for takedown," Heeter said.
"I'm just going out there and wrestle my best. I'm looking for a state title," Heeter continued.
In the consolations, sophomore Ebright won his first bout, a pin in 3:26 over Troy Maby of Blue Ridge. He was then eliminated in a 5-1 loss to Keith Batkowski of Montoursville. Ebright completed the season at 28-14.
Stauffer was eliminated when he lost for the third time this year to Warrior Run's Zack LeBarron. Last week, in the district championship, he lost 11-9 to LeBarron. Then in the first round Friday, the Defender pinned Stauffer. It was 7-3 in the consolation final.
Benton won the team title with 93 points while Mifflinburg was second with 51.5. Southern Columbia and Milton tied for third with 45. Midd-West was 14th with 30.


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Erie woman charged in fatal crash
An Erie woman has been charged in connection with a fatal two-vehicle crash in May in Millcreek Township.
Aleatha Wyatt, age not given, of Florida Street, was arraigned today before Greene Township District Judge Susan Strohmeyer on charges of homicide by vehicle while driving under the influence, homicide by vehicle, aggravated assault by vehicle while DUI, aggravated assault by vehicle, DUI-general impairment, DUI-highest rate of alcohol, involuntary manslaughter, reckless driving and other charges.
Wyatt was driving a Jeep Patriot south on Wattsburg Road on May 17 when she rear ended a Harley-Davidson motorcycle operated by Peggy Sargent, 53, of Erie. The accident occurred at the intersection with East Gore Road.
Sargent died from her injuries the next day at UPMC Hamot. Erie County Deputy Coroner Korac Timon said the cause of death was complications from blunt force trauma.
Police said Sargent was stopped or nearly stopped at the intersection when her motorcycle was struck from behind.
Sargent was thrown from her bike, police said. She was wearing a helmet.
Wyatt, the lone occupant in her vehicle, was uninjured in the crash, police said.
Wyatt was committed to the Erie County Prison after bail was not posted, police said.


text:
Synthetic Metals (v.160, #5-6)
Editorial Board (iii).
Structure and properties of solid-state synthesized poly(3′,4′-ethylenedioxy-2,2′:5′,2″-terthiophene) by Tursun Abdiryim; Ruxangul Jamal; Chunbao Zhao; Tunsagul Awut; Ismayil Nurulla (325-332).
A polyterthiophene derivative: poly(3′,4′-ethylenedioxy-2,2′:5′,2″-terthiophene) was synthesized by solid-state oxidative-polymerization of 3′,4′-ethylenedioxy-2,2′:5′,2″-terthiophene (TET) in various ratios of oxidant (FeCl3) to the monomer (TET). The resulting polymers were characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, TEM, SEM, UV–vis–NIR, GPC, X-ray diffraction, EDX, CV, galvanostatic charge–discharge, as well as TGA and conductivity measurements. The results showed that the as-made poly(TET)s were partially in doped state with a conductivity ranging from 2.1 × 10−3 S cm−1 to 8.1 × 10−3 S cm−1 at room temperature, and exhibited good thermal stability in nitrogen up to 337–356 °C. The poly(TET)s showed a similar UV–vis absorption peak at 462 nm in acetonitrile. In addition, as-made poly(TET)s had low molecular weight ranging from 3300 to 3500 with microstructured morphology including nanorodes and nanofibers, and presented one redox couple at 1.1–1.2 V(ox) and 0.6–0.7 V(re) in 0.1 M Et4NBF4 acetonitrile solution. A moderate specific capacitance of 71 F g−1 for poly(TET) modified graft electrode was obtained within the potential range of −0.2 V to 0.5 V in 1 M H2SO4 solution. X-ray diffraction results imply the enhanced crystallinity of poly(TET)s, indicating the existence of crystalline phase in polymer matrix. Furthermore, the comparison of results from every measurement indicated that the [FeCl3]/[TET] ratio strongly affects the morphology of the poly(TET), and the fibrillar growth tendency of poly(TET) was observed with the increase of the [FeCl3]/[TET] ratio, and long-length fibrillar morphology occurred in the highest [FeCl3]/[TET] ratio.
Keywords: Polyterthiophene; Derivative; 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene; Solid-state oxidative-polymerization;
A novel poly(o-anisidine)/CoFe2O4 multifunctional nanocomposite: Preparation, characterization and properties by Jing Jiang; Lun-Hong Ai; Ai-Hua Liu (333-336).
A novel poly(o-anisidine) (POA)/CoFe2O4 nanocomposite was synthesized by a facile in situ polymerization of o-anisidine in the presence of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles which were obtained by a simple refluxing process in ethylene glycol. The structures of the resulting nanocomposite were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. The optical, thermal and magnetic properties of the POA/CoFe2O4 nanocomposite were characterized by UV–visible spectrometer, thermogravimetry analyzer (TGA) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). It was indicated the existence of CoFe2O4 in the POA/CoFe2O4 nanocomposite. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation illustrated that POA layers were wrapped on the surface of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles appearing as small aggregated globules. The POA/CoFe2O4 nanocomposite exhibited a ferromagnetic behavior under applied magnetic field at room temperature. The saturation magnetization of POA/CoFe2O4 nanocomposite was lower than that of pure CoFe2O4 nanoparticles due to the contribution of non-magnetic POA layers.
Keywords: Conducting polymers; CoFe2O4; Structural characterization; Properties;
Effect of thermal annealing on the electrical conductivity of high-strength bicomponent polymer tapes containing carbon nanofillers by Hua Deng; Emiliano Bilotti; Rui Zhang; Joachim Loos; Ton Peijs (337-344).
A new concept is described that creates highly oriented multifunctional polymer nanocomposite tapes (or fibres) that combine high stiffness and strength with good electrical properties and a low percolation threshold of conductive nanofillers. The concept is based on a bicomponent construction consisting of a highly oriented polymer core together with conductive polymer composite skins based on a polymer with lower melting temperature than the core. This construction allows for a thermal annealing process that can be applied selectively to the skins to improve their conductivity through a kinetic re-aggregation process while retaining the mechanical properties of the core and hence those of the overall tape or fibre. In the current study this generic concept was applied to bicomponent tapes based on a polypropylene homopolymer core and a multi-wall carbon nanotube or carbon black filled polypropylene copolymer skin. The conductivity of the bicomponent tape containing 5.3 wt.% of MWNTs in its outer skins increased from 1.3E−6 to 1.5 S/cm after annealing while the percolation threshold in the copolymer skins of highly drawn bicomponent tapes could be decreased from 5.3 to 1.1 wt.%. To the best of the authors' knowledge this is the lowest percolation threshold reported in literature for highly drawn polymer nanocomposites fibres or tapes. In fact, the percolation threshold is as low as 0.1 wt.% when considered on the overall tape as the conductive skins account for only 10% of the total volume of these bicomponent tapes.
Keywords: Conductive polymer composites; Multifunctional fibre; Carbon nanotubes; Carbon black;
Water-dispersed polypyrrole nanospheres via chemical oxidative polymerization in the presence of castor oil sulfate by Chao Yang; Peng Liu (345-350).
The castor oil sulfate (COS), produced by the sulfonation of the castor oil (one of the most promising renewable sources), was used as both the surfactant and the dopant in the chemical oxidative polymerization of pyrrole. The resulting castor oil sulfate doped polypyrrole nanospheres (PPy/COS) were characterized with FTIR, UV–vis, TGA, zeta potentials and TEM techniques. It was found that their diameter decreased and their dispersing stabilities in water increased with the increasing of feeding ratio of COS. The PPy/COS nanospheres possess high electrical conductivity at room temperature and the weak temperature dependence of the conductivity.
Keywords: Polypyrrole; Castor oil sulfate; Electrical conductivity; Water-dispersed; Temperature dependence of the conductivity;
Facile chemical synthesis of DNA-doped PEDOT by Yogesh Ner; Michael A. Invernale; James G Grote; Jeffrey A. Stuart; Gregory A. Sotzing (351-353).
The preparation of a water-dispersible conducting polymer system comprised of a DNA-PEDOT bio-composite using DNA as a polyelectrolyte template for polymer growth is described. Optoelectronic properties, conductivity, and morphology are explored in this potentially bioactive and biocompatible system.Neutral and oxidized state of a solution of DNA-PEDOT in water.Herein we report the template polymerization of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) using a biomacromolecule, DNA, as the polyelectrolyte. The resultant bio-composite material formed a stable, aqueous-dispersible system. Higher conductivities than that of conventionally prepared PEDOT-PSS without conductivity enhancing additives were observed (ca. 1.0 S/cm versus ca. 0.15 S/cm). The material was redox active in the dispersed state and in the solid state. The DNA double helix was found to undergo changes in conformation upon redox switching, resulting in controllable variance of its ability to polarize light. This non-acidic template is non-corrosive and is therefore an ideal candidate for use in device applications. The system described is potentially bioactive and biocompatible, as well, which would further extend its applicability.
Keywords: Conducting polymers; DNA; Template polymerization; PEDOT; Water-dispersible;
Efficient electrophosphorescence based on 2-(9,9-diethylfluoren-2-yl)-5-trifluoromethylpyridine iridium complexes by Wenguan Zhang; Yongsheng Wang; Zhiqun He; Linping Mu; Ye Zou; Chunjun Liang; Shengmin Zhao (354-360).
A novel cyclometalated ligand 2-(9,9-diethylfluoren-2-yl)-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridine (fl-5CF3-py), and its complexes bis[2-(9,9-diethylfluoren-2-yl)-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridinto-C3, N]iridium (acetylacetonate) (fl-5CF3-py)2Ir(acac) (5) and bis[2-(9,9-diethylfluoren-2-yl)-5-trifluoromethylpyridinto-C3, N] iridium (2-picolinic acid) (fl-5CF3-py)2Ir(pic) (6) were synthesized, respectively. Trifluoromethyl group and 2-picolinic acid were incorporated into iridium ligands to tune luminescent color. Emission spectra of 5 and 6 in THF solutions were 589 and 572 nm. Decomposition temperatures (Td) of 5 and 6 were 326 and 360 °C. Multilayer electrophosphorescent devices were fabricated using 5 and 6 as emitter dopants with electroluminescent spectra maximized at around 585 and 571 nm, respectively. The relatively high efficiencies of the devices and their slow rate of decay against increases in current densities indicated that (fl-5CF3-py)2Ir(acac) or (fl-5CF3-py)2Ir(pic) was a promising emitter for practical device applications.
Keywords: Trifluoromethylpyridine; Fluorene; 2-Picolinic acid; Iridium(III) complex; Tune color; Electrophosphorescent;
Preparations and characterizations of new series of TTF ligands containing a nitrogen aromatic heterocycle by Sabrina Bouguessa; Abdelkrim K. Gouasmia; Lahcène Ouahab; Stéphane Golhen; Jean-Marc Fabre (361-367).
The detailed synthesis of a new series of conjugated TTF ligands with nitrogen-based aromatic heterocycle are presented. In all these molecules, trimethyl-TTF or TTF skeleton are bridged to the nitrogen aromatic ligand through a conjugated spacer such as ethenyl or phenylethenyl unit. Their electrochemical characterization as well as the crystal structure of one of these compounds is given.
Keywords: TTF derivative; Synthesis; X-ray structure; N aromatic heterocycle;
Electrical and mechanical properties of novel polyaniline coated polycaprolactam fibers by Xin Jin; Changfa Xiao; Wenyu Wang (368-372).
Polycaprolactam (PA6) fibers were coated with polyaniline (PANI) by a novel dissolving-coating method. In the dissolving-coating method, dissolution of PA6 fiber surface is the necessary condition for imparting conductivity to PA6 fiber. But the dissolution of fiber surface would cause the structural integrity of PA6 fiber being destroyed. In this research, the effect of solvent concentration and roller speed on the mechanical and electrical properties of PANI-coated PA6 fiber were discussed. The results showed that the optimum condition for PANI-coated PA6 fiber is 75% formic acid aqueous solution and 100 rpm. The coating durability of PANI was tested by TG, FT-IR, water washing and heating to different temperatures. The experimental data indicate that PANI coating is difficult to peel off after the heating and washing treatment.
Keywords: Polyaniline; Polycaprolactam fiber; Coating; Electrically conductive fiber; Electrical and mechanical properties;
High response organic ultraviolet photodetector based on bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinato)-4-phenylphenolate aluminum by Yuncheng Cui; Lihui Liu; Chunbo Liu; Qingwei Wang; Wenlian Li; Guangbo Che; Chunhui Xu; Mei Liu (373-375).
We report highly efficient visible-blind ultraviolet photodetectors based on 1,3,5-tris(3-methylphenyl-phenylamino)-triphenyamine (m-MTDATA) as donor and bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinato)-4-phenylphenolate aluminum (BAlq) as acceptor. Strong photoluminescence quenching of m-MTDATA by BAlq is observed manifesting the efficient photoinduced charge transfer occurs between m-MTDATA and BAlq. The optimized device exhibits a photocurrent of 172 μA/cm2 at −14 V under an illumination of 365 nm UV light irradiation with an intensity of 0.691 mW/cm2, corresponding to a responsivity of 248 mA/W. We attribute the high response to the efficient electron transfer from the donor to the acceptor, the feasible level alignment match and the high carrier mobility of photoresponsive materials.
Keywords: Organic ultraviolet photodetector; BAlq; Photoluminescence quenching; High response;
MoO x interlayer to enhance performance of pentacene-TFTs with low-cost copper electrodes by Jun Li; Xiao-Wen Zhang; Liang Zhang; Hao Zhang; Xue-Yin Jiang; Khizar-ul-Haq; Wen-Qing Zhu; Zhi-Lin Zhang (376-379).
We demonstrated that the electrical properties of pentacene-thin film transistors with low-cost Cu electrodes can be enhanced by inserting a thin MoO x interlayer layer between pentacene and Cu source/drain (S/D) electrodes. In comparison with the device having Cu-only electrodes, the performance of the device with MoO x /Cu electrodes was significantly improved. The saturation mobility increased from 0.13 to 0.61 cm2/V s, threshold voltage reduced from −14.5 to −7.3 V, on/off ratio shifted from 8.9 × 105 to 1.6 × 106 and threshold swing varied from 1.92 to 1.33 V/decade. The improvement was attributed to the reduction of contact resistance and the enhancement of hole-injection efficiency. The results suggest modification of Cu S/D electrodes is a simple and effective way to improve device performance and reduce the fabrication cost.
Keywords: Organic thin-film transistor; Pentacene; MoO x ; Cu;
Synthesis of micromulti-prisms polypyrrole boxes in the presence of α-cyclodextrin by Jiangtao Feng; Wei Yan (380-383).
Polypyrrole (PPy) boxes with micromulti-prisms have been synthesized in aqueous solution via a self-assembled method using α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) as a dopant and FeCl3 as an oxidant. The morphology and the micro-structure of the as-synthesized PPy boxes were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum. The formation mechanism of the PPy boxes structure was also discussed. And the congregated structure of dissociative pyrrole monomers with the inclusion complexes (between α-CD and pyrrole monomer) was proposed to play a significant role in forming the multi-prisms sectional PPy-CD boxes.
Keywords: Polypyrrole (PPy); Morphology; Micromulti-prisms; Boxes;
The structure change-induced morphology transition of polyaniline in 1.6-hexanediol aqueous and acid-free solutions: From submicron-spheres to nanofibers by Y.F. Huang; C.W. Lin (384-389).
This study shows that the polymerization of aniline monomers in 1.6-hexanediol aqueous and acid-free solutions can produce three-dimensional (3D) polyaniline submicron-spheres and one-dimensional (1D) nanofibers at different reaction stages through a morphology transition process. Fourier transform infrared spectra indicate that the aniline monomers form phenazine-like units in the initial reaction stage, producing polyaniline submicron-spheres with a diameter of ∼400 nm. The hydrogen bonds between 1.6-hexanediol molecules and polyaniline chains serve as the driving force for the polyaniline chains to construct submicron-spheres. However, as the reaction proceeds, the solution acidity increases and the initially formed phenazine-like segments function as the nucleate for the free aniline monomers to polymerize through para-coupling linkage. This process forms polyaniline samples with a structure consisting of a core of phenazine-like units and a shell of para-linked units. In this stage, the newly formed para-linked aniline units exhibit an intrinsic tendency to transit the polyaniline morphology from submicron-spheres into nanofibers. These results indicate that a change in polyaniline structure during the polymerization process can produce different micro/nanostructures at different reaction stages. This finding provides a practical route for the further design and synthesis of different polyaniline micro/nanostructures.
Keywords: Polyaniline; 1.6-Hexanediol; Microspheres; Nanofibers; Self-assembly;
Synthesis, photophysical and electrophosphorescent properties of a novel fluorinated rhenium(I) complex by Xiao Li; Shuanghong Wu; Dongyu Zhang; Zisheng Su; Peng Lei; Zhiqiang Zhang; Zhizhi Hu; Wenlian Li (390-393).
A novel fluorinated rhenium complex, i.e., Re-BFPP (BFPP, 2, 3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline) was designed, synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR and mass spectroscopy. The light-emitting and electrochemical properties of this complex were studied. The organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) employing Re-BFPP as a dopant emitter with the structures of ITO/m-MTDATA (10 nm)/NPB (20 nm)/CBP: X wt.% Re-BFPP (30 nm)/Bphen (10 nm)/Alq3 (30 nm)/LiF (1 nm)/Al (100 nm) were successfully fabricated and a broad electroluminescent peak at 553 nm was observed. The 10 wt.% Re-BFPP doped device exhibited the maximum luminance of 6342 cd/m2 and a peak current efficiency of 17.9 cd/A, corresponding to the power efficiency of 8.1 lm/W.
Keywords: Rhenium complex; Synthesis; Electrophosphorescence; OLEDs;
Polyaniline nanofibers synthesized in compressed CO2 by Quoc Minh Pham; Jae-Seong Kim; Sunwook Kim (394-399).
Polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers were synthesized in compressed liquid carbon dioxide without any template or surfactant. The polymerization of aniline took place at the interface between CO2 and aqueous solution in a high-pressure stirred reactor. The prepared PANI nanofibers were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), electrical conductivity (EC), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The yield of polymerization was high enough to reach 63.04% while maintaining small diameters of the PANI nanofibers. This result is very important for the preparation of the PANI nanofibers because no other previous investigations have achieved both high yield and small diameter of fibers at the same time. Through SEM and TEM analyses, we observed that the PANI nanofibers had diameter range of 30–70 nm and a length range of 0.3–1 μm, which caused them to disperse well in various solvents such as water, ethanol, 2-propanol, m-cresol and toluene. The electrical conductivity of the PANI nanofibers was 4.34 S/cm at 20 °C. The XRD diffraction pattern showed that the PANI nanofibers had crystalline one-dimensional structures, which gave high thermal stabilities as confirmed by TGA.
Keywords: Polyaniline; Nanofiber; Carbon dioxide; High yield; Electrical conductivity;
Synthesis and properties of novel electroactive polyamide containing crown ether in the main chain by Lili Cui; Danming Chao; Junfeng Zhang; Hui Mao; Yongxin Li; Ce Wang (400-404).
A new electroactive polyamide with dibenzo-18-crown-6 and well-defined oligoaniline in the main chain was synthesized through oxidative coupling polymerization. The structure of the electroactive copolymer was confirmed by FTIR, NMR spectroscopy. And its electrochemical activity was tested in 0.5 M H2SO4 aqueous solution and it shows three redox peaks. Moreover, the UV–vis absorption attenuation of the copolymer solution was found upon K+ binding, but the absorption had hardly change on Na+ . We found the polymer has selectivity toward K+ ions. So it has a potential application in chemical sensors.
Keywords: Polyamide; Crown ether; Absorption attenuation;
Effects of content of polyaniline doped with dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid on transparent PANI-SiO2 hybrid conducting films by Li Wei; Qi Chen; Yingjun Gu (405-408).
Transparent PANI-SiO2 conducting films were prepared by hybrid of dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid-doped polyaniline (DBSA-PANI) and 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) through sol–gel route. The influence of content of DBSA-PANI on the structural, electrical and optical properties of the films was investigated. Sheet resistance of the hybrid films was 5.1 kΩ/□ and visible light transmittance was 75%, when the content of DBSA-PANI was 30 wt.%. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) showed that the obtained films were thermally stable under 120 °C and optical bandgap of the hybrid films was determined from Tauc plots.
Keywords: Sol–gel; DBSA-PANI; Hybrid film; Conductivity; Transparence;
Effects of substituents on the third-order nonlinear optical properties of poly(3-alkoxythiophene) derivatives by Dong Yanmao; Jianmei Lu; Qingfeng Xu; Feng Yan; Xuewei Xia; Lihua Wang; Li Hu (409-412).
Poly(3-alkoxythiophenes) (P3AOTs) have been synthesized with octoxyl, dodecaoxyl and 4-nitro-benzyloxyl as sidechains, respectively. The novel poly(3-octoxycthiophen)-co-poly(3-(4-nitro-benzyloxy)-thiophene) (P3OOT-co-P3NBOT) has also been prepared. The absorption spectra of samples indicate that the side groups affect the bandgap of P3AOTs. The nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of P3AOTs were investigated using Z-scan method. The third-order NLO susceptibility (χ (3)) of the polymers shows a strong dependence on the length of the alkoxyl sidechains and polarity of polymers, which affect the intra- and intermolecular charge transfer. These polymers have potential application in optical limiting device.
Keywords: Substituent; Nonlinear optics; Poly(3-alkoxythiophene);
Synthesis, electrochemical, and spectroelectrochemical properties of conductive poly-[2,5-di-(2-thienyl)-1H-pyrrole-1-(p-benzoic acid)] by Yung Hyun Kim; Jaeyoung Hwang; Jung Ik Son; Yoon-Bo Shim (413-418).
Poly(ter-heteroaromatic(thiophene-pyrrole-thiophene)), PDPB, was electrochemically prepared from the 2,5-di(2-thienyl)-1H-pyrrole-1-(p-benzoic acid) (DPB) monomer using the Paal-Knorr pyrrole condensation reaction. The structure of the monomer was confirmed using 1H-, 13C NMR, FT-IR and mass spectroscopy. The maximum UV–visible absorption and PL emission bands of DPB were observed at 330 nm and 500 nm, respectively. The cyclic voltammograms (CVs) recorded for the electrochemically polymerized DPB revealed a set of redox peaks at 0.65/0.53 V. The conductivity monotonically increased with respect to the applied potential from 0.0 V to 1.0 V, exhibiting a maximum conductivity of 0.18 S/cm at +0.80 V. The in situ UV–visible spectroelectrochemical analysis of PDPB revealed electronic transitions at 420 nm, 654 nm, and 870 nm corresponding to the π–π* transition, polaron, and bipolaron states, respectively. The optical band-gap (E g) of PDPB was 2.16 eV. The color of the PDPB film transitioned yellow (at 0.0 V) to blue (at 1.0 V) when the potential was switched between the reduced and oxidized states with a good electrochromic response time (0.95 s).
Keywords: Conducting polymer; Electrochemical polymerization; Electrochromism; Spectroelectrochemistry; Poly-(2,5-di(2-thienyl)-1H-pyrrole) derivative;
Fabrication of high adhesive silver-coated PET electrode challenged by simulated body fluid (SBF) soaking by Yinxiang Lu; Suhua Jiang; Yongming Huang (419-424).
Ultrasonic assisted electroless deposition of silver on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) modified with silanes was investigated. Mercapto groups were linked to the PET film as an active layer, which was proved by Raman spectra and EDX analysis. The composition, structure, thermal decomposing behavior of silver-coated PET films after simulated body fluid (SBF) treatment were characterized by scanning electron scopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and ATR-FTIR spectra respectively. Silver plating on modified PET films has good adherence stability (>40 N/cm) and high electric conductivity (∼0.03 Ω/□) before and after SBF soaking. The practical implication of these results is that this silver-coated polymer can be applied to the flexible conductive electrodes for interventional therapy because of its firmness and improved mechanical property.
Keywords: Poly(ethylene terephthalate); Silver; Adhesion strength; Modification; Simulated body fluid; Flexible electrode;
Reactive polymer films by T.F. Otero; J. Arias-Pardilla; E. Chermak (425-431).
The oxidation kinetics of electrogenerated polypyrrole films was studied in aqueous solution. The influence of reactant concentrations (LiClO4 in solution and active centres in the polymer film) and temperature on the kinetics has been studied. The usual procedure for any kinetic study was now repeated for different initial states, attained by electrochemical reduction at the same cathodic potential for different reduction times. For rising reduction times, lower kinetic coefficient (k) and higher activation energies (E a) were obtained. The activation energy is assumed to include rising conformational energy for more packed conformations of the initial states. Both kinetic magnitudes become a way to quantify the initial packing conformational degree. So, kinetic magnitudes can include structural information opening a new window for the chemical kinetics of reactive macromolecules that could be extended to reactive biopolymers. When compared the evolutions of k and E a experimental changes from aqueous and acetonitrile solutions of the same salt, important differences were found. Evolutions of k and E a from different solvents could be used as tools to quantify the polymer–solvent interaction evolution along the reaction.
Keywords: Oxidation kinetics; Polypyrrole; Conformational energy; Activation energy; Kinetic coefficient;
Synthesis and electrochromic properties of oligothiophene derivatives by Binbin Yin; Chuanyu Jiang; Yongguang Wang; Ming La; Ping Liu; Wenji Deng (432-435).
In order to develop novel organic electrochromic materials, oligothiophene derivatives, 5,5″-biformyl-2,2′:5′,2″-terthiophene (OHC-3T-CHO) and 2,3,4,5-tetrathiopenyl-thiophene (X-T), were synthesized. Three electrochromic devices have been fabricated using OHC-3T-CHO and XT, and the electrochromic properties of OHC-3T-CHO and X-T were studied. The indium-tin-oxide (ITO)/OHC-3T-CHO/electrolyte solution/ITO device exhibited reversible, clear colour change from yellow to bright bluish-green on electrochemical doping and dedoping, while ITO/OHC-3T-CHO/conducting gel/ITO device and ITO/OHC-3T-CHO/conducting filter paper/ITO device exhibited colour change from yellow to green. The ITO/XT/electrolyte solution/ITO device showed reversible, clear colour change between yellowish orange and silver-gray on electrochemical doping and dedoping.
Keywords: Oligothiophene derivative; Microwave irradiation reaction; Electrochromic property; Electrochromic device;
Comparison of photophysicochemical properties of hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazenyl-substituted metal-free, mono- and bis-lutetium phthalocyanines by Mahmut Durmuş; Serkan Yeşilot; Bünyemin Çoşut; Ayşe Gül Gürek; Adem Kılıç; Vefa Ahsen (436-444).
The aim of this study is to compare the photophysicochemical properties of hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazenyl-substituted metal-free (1), mono-(phthalocyaninato) lutetium(III) (2) [LuIII(AcO)(Pc)] (Pc = phthalocyaninato, AcO = acetate) and bis-(phthalocyaninato) lutetium(III) (3) [LuIIIPc2]. The synthesis and characterization (using the elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, IR, 1H, and 31P NMR and UV–vis spectroscopy) of new compounds (2, 3) are described in this study. The electronic absorption and fluorescence spectral properties of compounds 1–3 are investigated. Photophysical (fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes) and photochemical (singlet oxygen and photodegradation quantum yields) measurements are also studied on hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazenyl-appended metal-free, mono- and bis-lutetium phthalocyanines in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Photophysical and photochemical properties of phthalocyanines are very useful for photodynamic therapy (PDT) applications. Singlet oxygen quantum yields (Φ Δ) give an indication of the potential of the complexes as photosensitizers in PDT applications. Hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazenyl-substituted mono-(phthalocyaninato) lutetium(III) complex (2) gave good singlet oxygen quantum yield (0.66) in DMSO. Thus, this complex shows potential as Type II photosensitizer for PDT of cancer.
Keywords: Rare-earth phthalocyanine; Bis-lutetium phthalocyanine; Mono-lutetium phthalocyanine; Phosphazene; Photosensitizer; Quantum yields; Photodynamic therapy;
Investigation of annealing effects on microstructure of hybrid nanocrystal–polymer solar cells by impedance spectroscopy by WenBo Huang; JunBiao Peng; Li Wang (445-449).
We have fabricated hybrid bulk heterojunction solar cells with blends of MEH-PPV (poly[2-methoxy,5-(2-ethylhexoxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene]) and nano-CdS as electron donor and electron acceptor, respectively. The effect of thermal annealing was investigated with impedance spectroscopy (IS) and capacitance–voltage (C–V) characteristic measurements on devices. The IS and C–V characteristic manifested very different before and after thermal annealing. We performed equivalent circuit to explain the effect of thermal annealing. The thermal treatment of nanocrystal–polymer films is seen to aid in the formation of a continuous network for electron transport between nanorods, and hence improves devices performance. The method based on the IS is available to probe the microstructure of hybrid bulk heterojunction solar cells before and after thermal annealing, and therefore detect the mechanism for the annealing improvements.
Keywords: Impedance spectroscopy; Hybrid bulk heterojunction solar cells; Nanocrystal–polymer films; Thermal annealing;
Conversion of a green light emitting zinc-quinolate complex thin film to a stable and highly packed blue emitter film by Vivek Kumar Shukla; Satyendra Kumar (450-454).
Tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) metal complex Znq2, used as light-emitting layer in electroluminescent (EL) devices was synthesized and optical properties of as-deposited Znq2 in thin films were studied. Interesting phenomenon was observed while studying the ageing and degradation behavior of Znq2 films and consequently a stable form having strong blue photoluminescence (peak 465 nm) was discovered. This converted (from green to blue emitting) film has higher molecular packing density and comparable photoluminescence intensity with Znq2 film. Here, we report on the production of this blue material under controlled conditions and its optical properties.The thin films have been deposited by thermal evaporation on quartz and silicon substrates. The optical constants (n and k) of green Znq2 film and converted (to blue) thin films have been determined using spectroscopic ellipsometry. Environment induced effects on optical properties of films have been studied using ellipsometry, photoluminescence and UV–vis transmission measurements.
Keywords: Tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) metal complex; Znq2; Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE);
Water-soluble polyaniline and its composite with poly(vinyl alcohol) for humidity sensing by Yang Li; Bangyu Ying; Lijie Hong; Mujie Yang (455-461).
Water-soluble polyaniline (PANi) was prepared by a "green" method with poly (stryrenesulfonic acid) (PSSA) as a template, and characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). It was found that the films of PANi and its composite with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were composed of nanoparticles. The humidity sensitive properties of the both PANi and its composite with PVA were investigated at room temperature. The water-soluble PANi exhibited high sensitivity (impedance change over three orders of magnitude in the range of 15–97%RH) and good sensing linearity on a semi-logarithmic scale, but a relatively large hysteresis of ∼8%RH. In contrast, the composite of PANi and PVA showed a very small hysteresis of ∼2%RH. Moreover, the response was fast and highly reversible. The humidity sensing mechanism of the composite of PANi with PVA was explored by measuring its complex impedance spectra under different humidities.
Keywords: Water-soluble polyaniline; Humidity sensitivity; Polymeric humidity sensor; Composite; Poly(vinyl alcohol);
Structure–property relationship in mechanochemically prepared polyaniline by O. Yu. Posudievsky; O.A. Goncharuk; R. Barillé; V.D. Pokhodenko (462-467).
High conductivity of mechanochemically prepared polyaniline is analyzed in respect of structure–property relationship.The comparative analysis of the physicochemical properties of polyaniline prepared in the conditions of solventless mechanochemical treatment in the ball mill (PAni|mch) and polyaniline synthesized by the usual oxidative polymerization in the solvent (PAni|c) is carried out. Conductivity of PAni|mch substantially exceeds that of PAni|c. As molecular weights of PAni|mch and PAni|c are comparable, the observed difference could be connected with the influence of mechanical stress which affects the polymer during its mechanochemical preparation. The increased conductivity of polyaniline obtained by post-synthesis mechanochemical treatment of PAni|c (PAni|mt) confirms such explanation. It could be concluded from the results of the structural investigations as well as of spectral and electrochemical studies that the shear stress which exerts influence on the polymer during mechanochemical synthesis or mechanochemical treatment leads to the increase of the interchain π–π interaction and, consequently, to the efficient improvement of conductivity.
Keywords: Polyaniline; Mechanochemical preparation; Conductivity; Structure–property relationship;
Synthesis, characterization and comparative OFET behaviour of indenofluorene–bithiophene and terthiophene alternating copolymers by Prashant Sonar; Luke Oldridge; Andrew C. Grimsdale; Klaus Müllen; Mathieu Surin; Roberto Lazzaroni; Philippe Leclère; Jason Pinto; Lay-Lay Chua; Henning Sirringhaus; Richard H. Friend (468-474).
The synthesis of alternating copolymers of tetraalkylindenofluorene with bithiophene and terthiophene using Suzuki polycondensation route is reported. We report on the optical and electrochemical properties of these copolymers. AFM analysis of the microscopic morphology of thin deposits showed that the copolymer with terthiophene units produced the more ordered films, with well-defined fibrillar structures, resulting from highly-regular dense packing due to strong π–π interchain interactions, in contrast to the amorphous bithiophene copolymer. Upon testing these materials in FETs the terthienyl copolymers displayed the higher charge mobilities among the studied compounds, with values of over 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1 being obtained.
Keywords: Indenofluorene copolymers; Semiconducting Materials; Microscopic Morphology; Charge; Carrier Mobility;
Depletion- and ambipolar-mode field-effect transistors based on the organic heterojunction composed of pentacene and hexadecafluorophtholocyaninatocopper by Fei Hong; Feifei Xing; Wen Gu; Weipeng Jin; Jianhua Zhang; Jun Wang (475-478).
We investigated heterojunction organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) using pentacene and hexadecafluorophtholocyaninatocopper (F16CuPc) as double active layers. Two operation modes including depletion- and ambipolar-type were observed depending on the deposition order of two organic films. Depletion-mode was firstly observed from that devices with pentacene as the bottom layer and F16CuPc as the top layer, which was attributed to dipole effects originated from the pentacene/F16CuPc interface. Then improved device performances were obtained with mobility from 0.87 to 1.06 cm2/V s, and threshold voltage shifted from −20 to +25 V as compared with conventional pentacene-based devices. Furthermore, the heterojunction OFETs exhibited typical ambipolar transport when alternating the deposition order of two films, which exhibited ambipolar mobilities with 0.06 cm2/V s for electron and 0.0025 cm2/V s for hole, respectively. All results implied the utilization of heterojunction can effectively improve the device performances of OFET, and operation mode strongly on the deposition order of two films.
Keywords: Organic heterojunction; Threshold voltage; Depletion; Ambipolar;
Synthesis, characterization and spectroscopic studies of CdS/polyaniline core/shell nanocomposite by R. Seoudi; M. Kamal; A.A. Shabaka; E.M. Abdelrazek; W. Eisa (479-484).
In this work, CdS/polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposite was synthesized by a novel method. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images showed that the CdS/PANI nanocomposite had a core/shell structure. The crystal structure was studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the obtained results showed that CdS had cubic structure. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic measurements confirmed the formation of PANI at the surface of CdS nanoparticle. The prepared samples were further characterized using UV–visible (UV–vis) and fluorescence spectroscopy.
Keywords: CdS/polyaniline nanocomposite; Core/shell; TEM; XRD; FTIR; UV–visible; Fluorescence;
Photo-induced charge separation process in (PCBM-C120O)/(M3EH-PPV) blend solid film studied by means of X and K-bands ESR at 77 and 120 K by A. Konkin; U. Ritter; P. Scharff; H.-K. Roth; A. Aganov; N.S. Sariciftci; D.A.M. Egbe (485-489).
The new fullerene dimer adduct PCBM-C120O was studied as an electron acceptor by light-induced ESR (LESR) when blended with the electron donor-conjugated polymer M3EH-PPV in a thin solid film. ESR parameters for the PCBM-C120O anion radical and the M3EH-PPV polaron (triaxial g x,y,z factors) were determined by X- and K-band ESR techniques at temperatures of 77 and 120 K. It was found that isotropic g 0 of PCBM-C120O anion radical ESR spectra obtained in this blend under illumination is close to g-factors of electrochemically reduced (C120-O)− • and does not coincide with the analogous parameter of (C120-O)2− • • (reported in literature). Spin relaxation parameters (T 1 and T 2) of the PCBM-C120O anion radical and M3EH-PPV positive polaron are similar to T 1, T 2 for light-induced ion radicals in the P3HT/PCBM blend.
Keywords: LESR; Fullerene dimer (PCBM-C120O); M3EH-PPV; Charge separation;
Multifunctional polyconjugated molecules with carbazolyl and pyrazolyl moieties for optoelectronic applications by E. Arbačiauskienė; K. Kazlauskas; A. Miasojedovas; S. Juršėnas; V. Jankauskas; W. Holzer; V. Getautis; A. Šačkus (490-498).
Diethylene derivative possessing carbazolyl and pyrazolyl moieties and its analogue containing additional cyano groups were synthesized and investigated as potential multifunctional materials for organic light emitting diodes. The influence of the electron affinitive cyano groups on the ionization potential (I p ) of the films as well as on the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum, PL quantum yield (η) and PL decay time of the dilute solutions and thin films of the diethylene derivatives was studied. PL measurements revealed that highly luminescent (η = 0.80) cyano-free pyrazole–carbazole derivative in solution became weakly emissive (η = 0.04) by attaching cyano groups as a result of these groups-induced torsional deactivation. However in the solid state, the steric and electrostatic effects of the bulky and polar cyano groups prevented close packing of the molecules, thus significantly reducing migration-induced quenching of the excitons at the defects. Incorporation of the cyano groups resulted in the 3-fold enhancement of the PL quantum yield in the neat film of the polyconjugated derivative as compared to that of the cyano-free film. The I p of 5.50 eV estimated for the cyano groups-containing compound was found to be higher as compared to the I p of 5.35 eV for the cyano-free analogue, which in conjunction with the PL data for the films indicated increased electron affinity (by 0.40 eV) in the cyano groups-containing diethylene derivative.
Keywords: Pyrazole; Carbazole; Diethylene derivatives; Fluorescence; Ionization potential; Charge carrier mobility;
I–V characteristics of the p–n junction between vertically aligned ZnO nanorods and polyaniline thin film by Yinhua Li; Jian Gong; Mallarie McCune; Gaohong He; Yulin Deng (499-503).
The characteristics of the p–n junction between vertically aligned ZnO nanorods and polyaniline (PANI) thin film were investigated. The rectifying behavior of the I–V curve of ZnO/PANI diode was verified with assembled ZnO/PANI structures. The cut-in voltage of the p–n junction was found to be around 0.5 V and the reverse breakdown voltage was about −27 V. In addition, the effects of UV illumination and NH3 exposure on the I–V characteristics of ZnO/PANI configuration were also investigated.
Keywords: p–n junction; ZnO nanorods; Polyaniline;
Investigation of organic n-type field-effect transistor performance on the polymeric gate dielectrics by Moumita Mukherjee; Biswanath Mukherjee; Youngill Choi; Kyoseung Sim; Junghwan Do; Seungmoon Pyo (504-509).
We report a copper hexadecafluorophthalocyanine (F16CuPc) based n-type organic field-effect transistor (OFET) with polymeric gate dielectrics with different physical/electrical properties. The gate dielectrics are four types of cross-linked poly(4-vinylphenol) and newly prepared poly(4-phenoxy methyl styrene) and those are characterized based on surface tension, leakage current and capacitance. The performance of F16CuPc OFETs with those gate dielectrics was compared. We found that the composition of the gate dielectrics and the interfacial interaction of F16CuPc with the gate dielectric play a decisive role in the performance of OFETs. The effect of physical/electrical properties, composition and processing condition of the gate dielectrics on the device performance was investigated.
Keywords: Organic field-effect transistors; Gate dielectric; Surface properties; Organic semiconductor;
Organic field effect transistors based on 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-pentyloxyphenyl)porphyrin single crystal by Pan Ma; Yanli Chen; Xue Cai; Hailong Wang; Yuexing Zhang; Yingning Gao; Jianzhuang Jiang (510-515).
OFET devices fabricated from single crystal of metal free tetrakis(4-pentyloxyphenyl)porphyrin exhibit relatively high carrier mobility for hole of 1.8 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1 in the direction parallel to the aromatic porphyrin ring and high current modulation value of 104.Diffusion of methanol into the chloroform solution of metal free 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-pentyloxyphenyl)porphyrin H2TPOPP yields large single crystals with length as long as 1.5 mm, which allow the fabrication of single crystal-based organic field effect transistors (OFETs). These single crystal-based devices were revealed to exhibit relatively good OFET performance with the carrier mobility for hole of 0.0018 cm2 V−1 s−1 and current modulation of 104. In addition to confirming the tetrappyrole nature, single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis also reveals the planar two-dimensional supramolecular structures formed via porphyrin molecules in the head-to-tail manner through C–H⋯O interaction between oxygen atom and pyrrole hydrogen atom as well as p(O)–π(phenyl) interaction between the meso-attached phenyloxy groups of neighboring porphyrin molecules in the single crystal. This results in effective intermolecular interaction due to the significant participation of phenyloxy groups to the HOMO of the central porphyrin core as revealed by density functional theory (DFT) analysis and in turn is responsible for the relatively good OFET performance in terms of carrier mobility for hole in the direction parallel to the aromatic porphyrin ring. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation also reproduces the experimentally revealed carrier mobility for hole in the single crystal of H2TPOPP. The present work, representing our continuous efforts in understanding the relationship between molecular structure, crystal packing, and OFET performance of tetrapyrrole organic semiconductors, will be helpful for attracting further research interest over the semiconducting properties of tetra(aryl)porphyrin compounds for OFET applications.
Keywords: Porphyrin; Single crystal; Organic field effect transistor; Density functional theory;
Improved electrical and thermal properties of polypyrrole prepared by the repetition of a combination of chemical polymerization and 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid treatment by Sadamu Toita; Kenzo Inoue (516-518).
Electrical property and thermal stability of acid-treated polypyrrole (Ppy) film, which was prepared by the repetition of chemical polymerization of pyrrole (Py) followed by dipping in an aqueous solution of citric acid/boric acid (MCB), p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TS), 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid (2-NS), and 1,3,6-naphthalenetrisulfonic acid (NTS) were investigated. The normalized capacitance, the C p/C 0 value of capacitor fabricated with Ppy film (Ppy-II-2-NS) treated with 2-NS increased with increasing the number of times of polymerization and acid treatment, and reached 0.8 after 18 times repetition, whereas for the capacitor fabricated with Ppy film (Ppy-I) without acid treatment the C p/C 0 value stayed at a poor level of 0.4. A similar C p/C 0 = 0.8 was obtained for Ppy films treated with p-TS and NTS. The equivalent series resistance (ESR) value at 100 kHz of Ppy-II-2-NS showed a low value of 2 mΩ being about one-fifth of Ppy-I film. The normalized resistance (R t/R 0) at 150 °C indicates that the conductivity decay of the Ppy-II-2-NS/Al2O3/Al capacitor was significantly suppressed compared to the Ppy-I/Al2O3/Al capacitor. These results indicate that 2-NS treatment in the chemical polymerization process is highly effective to improve the electrical properties of Ppy/Al2O3/Al capacitor at elevated temperatures.
Keywords: Polypyrrole; Acid treatment; Electronic materials; Thermal properties; Capacitor;
Fuzzy nanofibrous network of polyaniline electrode for supercapacitor application by D.S. Dhawale; D.P. Dubal; V.S. Jamadade; R.R. Salunkhe; C.D. Lokhande (519-522).
Fuzzy nanofibrous network of polyaniline electrode is successfully electrosynthesized for supercapacitor application. The nanofibre network of polyaniline electrode is characterized using Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and optical absorption studies. Network of polyaniline is highly porous with interconnected fuzzy nanofibres having diameter typically between 120 and 125 nm. The supercapacitive performance of polyaniline electrode is tested using cyclic voltammetry (C-V) technique in H2SO4 electrolyte within potential range of −100 to 800 mV. The effect of scan rate on the capacitance of polyaniline electrode is studied. The highest specific capacitance of 839 F g−1 at the voltage scan rate of 10 mV s−1 is achieved. Additionally stability and charging–discharging of polyaniline electrode are studied.
Keywords: Fuzzy nanofibrous network; Polyaniline; Electrodeposition; Supercapacitor;
Interfacial polymerization of carbazole: Morphology controlled synthesis by Bhavana Gupta; Rajiv Prakash (523-528).
One-dimensional nanotube and three-dimensional hollow spheres of conducting polymers have attracted immense attention due to their unique properties and potential applications. There are two routes of synthesizing these systems—electrochemical and chemical. However, chemical polymerization has incurred a particular interest because of two major advantages—possibility of bulk synthesis and control of morphology. In this article, we have reported for the first time chemical synthesis of unsubstituted polycarbazole and formation of its hollow microspheres. Carbazole is polymerized with controlled morphology using interfacial polymerization; however, so far it is known to synthesize using electrochemical technique only. Upon comparative analysis with polymer synthesized through electrochemical route, it is observed that polymer synthesized through interfacial polymerization has higher crystallinity with spherical morphology. Formation and growth of microspheres are observed with AFM and SEM micrographs.
Keywords: Conducting polymer Synthesis; Polycarbazole; Controlled morphology; Microsphere;
Study of chemiresistor type CNT doped polyaniline gas sensor by Subodh Srivastava; S.S. Sharma; Shweta Agrawal; Sumit Kumar; M. Singh; Y.K. Vijay (529-534).
The composite thin films of polyaniline (Pani) with multiwall carbon nanotube (MWNT) and single wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) for hydrogen gas sensing application are presented in this paper. Polyaniline (Pani) was synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline using ammonium persulfate in acidic medium. The SWNT and MWNT were doped in Pani in presence of champhor sulfonic acid (CSA) by solution mixing method. Thin films of CNT/Pani composites were prepared by spin coating method. Finally, the response of these composite films for hydrogen gas was evaluated by monitering the change in electrical resistance at room tempeature. It is observed that the SWNT/Pani and MWNT/Pani composite films show a higher response as compare to pure Pani. The structural and optical properties of these composite films have been characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV–visible spectroscopy respectively. Surface morphology of these films has also been characterised by optical microscopy.
Keywords: CNT/polyaniline composite; Interdigited electrodes; Hydrogen gas sensing; XRD; UV–vis spectroscopy;
Synthesis and study of nonlinear optical properties of 4-substituted benzylidene-2-phenyl oxazol-5-ones by Z-scan technique by Y.L.N. Murthy; V. Christopher; U. Viplava Prasad; P.B. Bisht; D.V. Ramanaih; B.S. Kalanoor; S. Akbar Ali (535-539).
4-substituted benzylidene-2-pheny-5-oxazolones (5 new compounds) were synthesized by both conventional and microwave assisted synthesis and were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), Fourier-transform nuclear magnetic resonance (FT-NMR) spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The synthetic methodology of these new compounds is presented. The results of nonlinear optical study of 4-(4′-N,N-dimethyl benzylidene)-2-phenyl oxazol-5-(4H)-one by using Z-scan techniques are discussed here. The ultrafast fluorescence decay of the molecule has been explained to be due to the electron transfer from the dimethyl group to the carbonyl group.
Keywords: 5(4H)-Oxazolone; Nonlinear optics; Picosecond laser;
Analysing space charge limited currents in organic light emitting diodes by A.R. Buckley (540-543).
The error in making a mean field approximation when analysing space charge limited currents in organic light emitting diodes has been assessed. Using a Poole Frenkel-like, exp ( γ E ) , field dependent mobility, space charge limited currents have been simulated using zero field mobilities from 10−10 m2/V s to 10−4 m2/V s and field dependent parameter γ from 10−7 (m/V)0.5 to 10−2 (m/V)0.5. The simulated current–voltage data has been fitted using a mean field approximation to a modified Mott–Gurney equation and the deviation of zero field mobility and γ from the real values has been calculated. It was found that for a significant range of the simulations the error in both the zero field mobility and the γ factor was invariant, but systematically underestimated by 2% and 15% respectively. We conclude that the mean field approximation is a useful method with which to assess mobility using space charge limited currents in organic semiconductor devices, but the accuracy of such an analysis can be improved by accounting for the systematic error.
Keywords: Conjugated polymer; Space charge limited currents; PFB; SCLC;


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The GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare Manufacturing plant in Aiken shut down operations this morning, and there is no indication when they will resume.
The decision to shut down plant operations was made after a presence of "elevated methane levels" was detected in the sewer system at the site on Windham Road, according to Teresa Caro, a spokeswoman for GSK. Employees in the plant were evacuated immediately, and other areas of the site have been cleared for safety and security purposes, Caro said in a statement. No safety risk was posed to the surrounding community.
"We have communicated to employees that they are not expected to return to work until we have fully addressed this issue," Caro said. "Managers have been in contact with their teams and all employees and are encouraged to check in with the site before leaving for work."
Authorities and a small maintenance crew, led by the Center Fire Department, remained at the site investigating the issue this afternoon.
The site employs about 200 people and manufactures about a dozen pharmaceutical products.


text:
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It was quite an adventure trying to see "The Lorax" last weekend.
Accompanied by three of my friends' daughters, I arrived at Great Escape for a 12:30 p.m. show that was ... sold out.
Recalling a 12:55 p.m. screen-time downtown, we dashed off to Cinema Center - but their online credit-card system was down, and I had only $5 in my wallet.
Article Photos
In this film image released by Universal Pictures, animated character Lorax, voiced by Danny DeVito, center, stands with the Bar-ba-loots, Swomee-Swans and Humming-Fish in a scene from "Dr. Seuss' The Lorax."
So (after a stop at Rita's Italian Ice to kill time) it was back to the mall for an even later show, where we killed another 45 minutes visiting the arcade, using the rest rooms and playing with our 3-D glasses.
I wish I could report that the film was worth so much trouble.
Based on Dr. Seuss' 1971 book, "The Lorax" is by no means bad; but like the recent "Grinch" and "Horton," it has trouble stretching Seuss' modest tale out to feature length.
With Seuss' widow, Audrey, serving as exec producer, the movie follows the book pretty closely, adding a love interest for the young protagonist, who lives in a wholly artificial town (even the vegetation is inflatable!) - and whose interest in real trees is sparked by a lovely neighbor-girl who wants one.
Fittingly, she's named Audrey - and he's Ted, which was Seuss' real name.
Ted eventually learns that the walled-off countryside around his town is barren of vegetation - all cut down by "the Once-ler," who now regrets his environmental abuse and urges Ted to care "a whole awful lot" about the natural world.
Also added to the tale is a slimy corporate bigwig selling fresh air to townfolk - since there are no trees to produce it; of course, he opposes any attempt to revive his sylvan competition.
I loved the film's critique of the way big business repackages things that are readily available in the natural world (fresh spring water! pine-scented candles! 3-D visuals!). And "The Lorax" simply nails its title character - a model of compassion, dignity and controlled outrage, beautifully animated and perfectly voiced by Danny DeVito.
It's touching how he and his fellow-creatures refuse to fight back with the same viciousness humans use against them.
Yet despite these virtues, the slender storyline is slowly paced and poorly padded out with slapstick, lame 3-D effects and two early songs so tin-eared I could scarcely believe they came from the pen of John Powell (Oscar-nominated for his "How to Train Your Dragon" score).
On a side note, Ed Helms - star of "The Office" and the "Hangover" movies - voices the Once-ler and provides guitar work on these tunes.
The terrific final song goes a long way toward compensating for the first two - and the feel-good ending seems likely to satisfy most family members.
But I felt frustrated spending my entire afternoon on this; surely a few hours outdoors on that gorgeous day would've been more in line with Seuss' message.


text:
When we are faced with criticism, a primal instinct kicks in: we feel threatened, instantly freeze and begin to shut all the doors opening to warmth, gentleness and empathy inside us. But there is another way, writes Ron Rolheiser.
How would Jesus handle criticism?
Matthew 22: 15-21: Then the Pharisees went out and laid plans to trap him in his words.
Bill Wyatt was a PoW on the run in Italy who disguised himself as a priest and was blessed by Pope Pius XII. The Telegraph in London ran this obituary of the remarkable adventure of Bill Wyatt's life.
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In 44 BC, when Julius Caesar was killed, Augustus was just a teenager in his household. On the 2000th anniversary of Augustus' death, this new history looks at the teenager's path to becoming one the most powerful men in Rome.
Sesquicentenary of Christian Brothers education, one in seven Australians living in poverty, national curriculum progress, asylum seeker baby denied refugee status, TAS heritage treasures, Dominicans lobby for human rights and environment.
Gradualness and growing closer to God
The mid-term report from the Synod has caused a global stir and divided commentators. Among the discussion topics raised by the Synod Fathers was the principle of Gradualness. But what is meant by the term and how can it help us find God?
Hong Kong protesters praised by Velvet Revolution bishop, Cardinal Pell on "climate of liberty," polygamy and communion, Francis hails two Canadian saints, new Jewish-Christian co-operation, Cardinals reflect.
The welcome that makes a stranger into a friend
As a sign of commitment to dialogue as a way of life among the Muslims, we decided to pitch our tent amongst them and move to Pakistan, writes Irish Columban Sister Rebecca Conlon. That was 25 years ago.
Why Pope Paul VI should be a saint
The Synod on the Family will conclude with the beatification of Pope Paul VI on Sunday. His biographer called him the first modern pope. Here, Thomas Williams writes that he was a thoroughly modern saint.
Inside the Synod: 'A message of accompaniment'
On day nine of the Family Synod, Salt and Light TV recorded this special report, which includes news of the role Archbishop Denis Hart of Melbourne will play in drafting the final Synod document.
The Double
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Pope recovers, goes back to work
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Love thine enemies and do not THWACK them
In the movies, a persecuted protagonist can exact revenge on the evil antagonist and the theater audience cheers! Moral considerations melt away.
First be reconciled to your brother or sister
Matthew 5:17-37: 'You have heard that it was said in ancient times'
Pope Benedict's revolution, one year on
A year ago, Pope Benedict announced he would retire. In doing so, he may have transformed the papacy from monarchy to presidency. In this rare interview, Benedict's closest aid - Archbishop Georg Ganswein - reveals how the Pope Emeritus now feels about that revolutionary decision, as well as criticisms of his papacy, as he lives out a retirement 'far from the world, but present in the Church.'
Murder, mystery, martyrdom, and Imelda's shoes.
An investigator is sent to the Phillipines to examine the life of a Catholic priest murdered by Communist insurgents during the Marcos era. Was he a saint? A portrait emerges of a priest struggling with questions of faith in a corrupt world.
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The voice of God booms from the stands
Bruce Dawe's much admired poem 'Life-cycle' parodied the near religiosity of Australian obsession with sport - but for elite AFL sportsman Daniel Wells, God and family take precedence, in his personal life-cycle.
The best of all possible worlds?
Is atheism irrational? Gary Gutting interviews Alvin Plantinga, an emeritus professor of philosophy at America's University of Notre Dame, and former president of both the Society of Christian Philosophers and the American Philosophical Association.