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Dr. Andreas Heyland
Associate Professor
Email: email@example.com
Office: SSC 1468
Ext: 56459
Lab: SSC 1407/1408
Ext: 58156
Profile | Education | Research | Publications | Teaching | Grad Students | | Links |
My interest in life history theory was driven by a naïve curiosity to understand why and how organisms constantly change and undergo remarkably dramatic transitions in their lives. My work on the quantitative genetics of life history trade-offs and sperm competition in flies with Dr Paul Ward and Dr. Wolf Blankenhorn at the University of Zurich introduced me to a much more conceptual approach to these questions. In addition I received a very good insight into plant and insect physiology with particular emphasis on hormonal signaling systems as an undergraduate at the University of Zurich. Without knowing how these two fields would later merge in my own research, I decided to study the life history of a marine polychaete species at the marine biological laboratory in Banyuls sur Mer (France) for my diploma thesis and observed for the first time metamorphosis and settlement in a marine organism. While I had seen metamorphosis happening before in flies and frogs, this metamorphosis struck me as something very unique.
Still, my own 'metamorphosis' occurred when I was introduced to a much broader array of marine invertebrate life histories and specifically metamorphoses when I took two summer courses at the Friday Harbor Laboratories (University of Washington) in 1999. During this summer my interest in metamorphosis and endocrinology suddenly merged when Dr Jason Hodin introduced me to the fascinating idea that vertebrate thyroid hormones may be involved in echinoderm metamorphosis. This idea later developed into my Ph.D. project which I did in the lab of Dr Larry McEdward who had also been a teacher of the summer classes. Larry introduced me to many new aspects and concepts of larval development and metamorphosis. I started my Ph.D work in the fall of 2000 at the University of Florida and spent several summers at the Friday Harbor Labs conducting research and/or teaching. My Ph.D project focused on the role of thyroid hormones (THs) in echinoderm larval development and metamorphosis and its implications for the evolution of alternative life history modes.
Towards the end of my Ph.D that was later advised by Dr David Julian, I began an interesting side project in collaboration with Dr. Leonid Moroz, on nervous system development of the sea hare Aplysia californica, a model system for learning and memory. This project eventually developed into my post-doctoral work at the Whitney Laboratory (University of Florida). Using functional genomics approaches, we focused on transcriptional changes during larval development and metamorphosis.
B.Sc. - University of Zurich 1996
M.Sc. - University of Zurich 1999
Ph.D. - University of Florida 2004
PDF - University of Florida/Swiss National Science Foundation 2004 - 2007
My research focuses on understanding molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying life history transitions and their evolution in marine invertebrates with particular emphasis on metamorphosis and the role of hormonal signaling systems in this process. Moreover I am placing this question back into the context of how the environment modulates such mechanisms on a molecular-cellular level. I have employed experimental, physiological and more recently functional genomics approaches. Currently my lab is pursuing research in the following fields: 1) Iodine & Thyroid Hormone Signaling in Marine Ecosystems 2) Functional Genomics of Larval Development, Metamorphosis and Settlement in Aplysia californica 3) Function and Evolution of Sensory Signaling Systems in Selected Marine Invertebrate Groups.
Iodine & Thyroid Hormone Signaling in Marine Ecosystems
Metamorphic life histories evolved in many animal taxa and diverse habitats. Many metamorphoses are coordinated by hormones. For example, thyroid hormones (THs) regulate virtually all aspects of amphibian metamorphosis and juvenile hormones and ecdysteroids are critical for regulating molting and metamorphosis in insects. Intriguingly, changes in the production, regulation and/or tissue-specific response of these hormones may lead to the evolution of alternative life histories. Since insect and amphibian metamorphoses likely evolved independently, this is a striking example of homoplasy (i.e. convergence, parallelism and reversal) at the level of regulatory mechanisms underlying complex developmental programs.
It has recently been suggested that THs can also function in non-chordate animals with distinct body plans but otherwise comparable metamorphic transitions (Heyland et al. 2005). For example, in echinoid larvae (sea urchins, sand dollars), TH-like molecules can be endogenously synthesized, exogenously derived from ingested phytoplankton, or both (Heyland et al. 2006a,b; Heyland and Moroz 2006). When applied to developing echinoid larvae, THs induce changes in development, including alterations of morphogenesis and growth. Moreover, THs regulate metamorphosis via short-term changes in settlement (Bishop et al. 2006). Preliminary comparisons of related echinoid species with feeding larvae (i.e. that require food to develop to metamorphosis) and non-feeding larvae (i.e. those that do not require food to develop to metamorphosis) suggest that changes in endogenous hormone synthesis and signal transduction may have facilitated the evolution of non-feeding development from feeding development (Heyland et al. 2004; Heyland et al. 2005). As such, THs in echinoids perform functions analogous to those in chordates (and to juvenile hormones and ecdysteroids in insects). In addition, exogenous sources of THs (i.e. phytoplankton) may represent an important component of trophic connectivity among organisms in marine ecosystems.
The majority of invertebrate phyla are marine (approximately 28 out of 32) and many of them evolved metamorphic life histories. This provides a broad comparative framework for studying the mechanistic bases of these complex life histories. My long-term goal is to gain insight into the signaling architecture underlying larval development and metamorphosis in selected marine invertebrate groups with particular emphasis on hormonal signaling. This will elucidate 1) the extent of homoplasy in mechanisms across phyla and 2) whether evolutionary changes in hormone signaling caused changes in life history modes, as appears to be the case for insects and vertebrates (3, 8). The short-term goal is to expand my work on the role of TH in larval development and metamorphosis of selected echinoid species and to test specific hypotheses regarding the role of these hormones in the evolution of non-feeding development.
Functional Genomics of Larval Development, Metamorphosis and Settlement in Aplysia californica
The sea hare Aplysia californica has been used extensively as a model system to understand physiological and cellular mechanisms underlying learning and memory. Still, molecular mechanisms underlying these processes have been, until recently, poorly understood. Large scale sequencing projects including the Aplysia neuronal transcriptome (Moroz et al. 2006) and the Aplysia genome (to be announced) have significantly contributed to our understanding of how these fundamental processes in the Aplysia function on a molecular level.
In collaboration with Dr. Leonid Moroz (University of Florida), my lab is focusing on expanding our understanding about the mechanisms underlying the development of the Aplysia central nervous system and its modifications during larval development and specifically metamorphosis. Using functional genomics tools such as microarrays, in situ hybridizations and functional gene knockouts in the sea hare we 1) identify key regulatory nodes in the gene regulatory network patterning the Aplysia CNS (central nervous system) and 2) identify target genes involved in specific behavioral changes which occur during the metamorphic transition such as changes in feeding and locomotion.
Using this approach we were able to identify novel neuropeptides and nuclear hormone receptors, potentially involved in the regulation of early development and the metamorphic transition of Aplysia californica. Moreover we gained new insights into the development and function of the neuroendocrine system of the sea hare. To this end we are validating these targets and functionally test them in both development and the mature CNS.
Function and Evolution of Sensory Signaling Systems in Selected Marine Invertebrate Groups.
Over the past years, a range of invertebrate genomes have been completely sequenced including several marine representatives [Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (sea urchin), Ciona intestinalis (sea squirt), Trichoplax adherens, Aplysia californica (sea hare), Brachiostoma floridae (lancelet), Capitella sp. I (polychaete worm) Lottia gigantean (Limpet), Nematostella vectensis (sea anemone)]. In collaboration with Dr Leonid Moroz, we are complementing several of these projects with transcriptome data. Specifically, we used standard and innovative massive parallel sequencing systems (e.g. 454 Life Sci pyrosequencing) and have obtained more than 900,000 expressed sequenced tags (ESTs) from representative of these species. The existing collection is the largest database available from the Lophotrochozoa superclade of the animal kingdom and from Placozoa. Work with these transcriptomes has not only helped to clarify the position of these organisms within metazoan phyla (Bourlat et al. 2006) but also revealed many new interesting neuropeptides and transcription factors that appear to have been evolutionarily lost in the ecdysozoan or vertebrate model systems (Moroz et al. 2006).
Several research directions currently pursued in my lab are designed to answer fundamental questions about the interactions between genotype and phenotype and the modulation of this interaction by the environment. By taking advantage of this novel sequence information and combining it with functional genomics tools, we are addressing questions such as: 1) What is the regulatory architecture underlying the metamorphic transitions in marine invertebrate species or more specifically: how to marine invertebrate larvae that have reached metamorphic competence modulate environmental sensory input ultimately leading to the dramatic morphological and physiological changes seen during the metamorphic transition? and 2) How do organisms such as Trichoplax adherens that have a comparably simple tissue organization coordinate behaviors (feeding, locomotion, mating etc.) in response to environmental cues?
Trichoplax adherens is the only known member of the phylum placozoa. It has only four cell types and reproduces asexually by binary fission or budding (production of swarming life history stages). A molecular signature for sexual reproduction has also recently been confirmed (Signorovitch et al. 2006). Its simplicity, basal position and easy laboratory maintenance make it an ideal organism to study cell identity and function in the context of exciting evolutionary questions, such as the origin of neuron-like cells and their genetics repertoire (pro-neuronal genes).
Selected Publications
Neira O. M., Ribeiro, J.M.C., Heyland, A., VanEkeris, L., Moroz, T., Linser, P.J. (2009) The Salivary transcriptome of Anopheles gambiae (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) larvae: A microarray-based analysis. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2009; 39(5-6) 382-94
Flatt, T., Heyland, A., Rus, F., Ermelinda Porpiglia, E., Sherlock, C., Yamamoto, R., Garbuzov1, A., Palli, S. R., Tatar, M. and Silverman, N. (2008) Hormonal Regulation of the Humoral Innate Immune Response in Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Experimental Biology 211, 2712-2724.
Reitzel AM, Heyland A. 2007. Reduction in morphological plasticity in echinoid larvae: relationship of plasticity with maternal investment and food availability. Evolutionary Ecology Research 9(1):109-121.
Bourlat SJ, Juliusdottir T, Lowe CJ, Freeman R, Aronowicz J, Kirschner M, Lander ES, Thorndyke M, Nakano H, Kohn AB, Heyland A, Moroz LL, Copley RR, Telford MJ. 2006. Deuterostome phylogeny reveals monophyletic chordates and the new phylum Xenoturbellida. Nature 444(7115):85-88.
Moroz LL, Edwards JR, Puthanveettil SV, Kohn AB, Hla T, Heyland A, Knudsen L, Sahni A, Yu FH, Liu L, Jezzini S, Lovell P, Iannucculli W, Chen MC, Nguyen T, Sheng HT, Shaw R, Kalachikov S, Panchin YV, Farmerie W, Russo JJ, Ju JY, Kandel ER. 2006. Neuronal transcriptome of Aplysia: neuronal compartments and circuitry. Cell 127(7):1453-1467.
Heyland A, Price DA, Bodnarova-Buganova M, Moroz LL. 2006. Thyroid hormone metabolism and peroxidase function in two non-chordate animals. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B-Molecular Developmental Evolution 306B(6):551-566
Bishop CD, Huggett MJ, Heyland A, Hodin J, Brandhorst BP. 2006. Interspecific variation in metamorphic competence in marine invertebrates: the significance for comparative investigations into the timing of metamorphosis. Integrative and Comparative Biology 46(6):662-682.
Heyland A, Moroz LL. 2006. Signaling mechanisms underlying metamorphic transitions in animals. Integrative and Comparative Biology 46(6):743-759.
Heyland A, Reitzel AM, Price DA, Moroz LL. 2006. Endogenous thyroid hormone synthesis in facultative planktotrophic larvae of the sand dollar Clypeaster rosaceus: implications for the evolutionary loss of larval feeding. Evolution & Development 8(6):568-579.
Flatt T, Moroz LL, Tatar M, Heyland A. 2006. Comparing thyroid and insect hormone signaling. Integrative and Comparative Biology 46(6):777-794.
Bishop CD, Erezyilmaz DF, Flatt T, Georgiou CD, Hadfield MG, Heyland A, Hodin J, Jacobs MW, Maslakova SA, Pires A, Reitzel AM, Santagata S, Tanaka K, Youson JH. 2006. What is metamorphosis? Integrative and Comparative Biology 46(6):655-661.
Heyland A, Moroz LL. 2005. Cross-kingdom hormonal signaling: an insight from thyroid hormone functions in marine larvae. Journal of Experimental Biology 208(23):4355-4361.
Heyland A, Moroz LL. 2005. Search for neuronal transcripts involved in the metamorphic transition of the sea hare aplysia californica. Integrative and Comparative Biology 45(6):1012-1012.
Heyland A, Moroz LL. 2005. A search for pro-neuronal genes: Understanding basal animals without brains. Integrative and Comparative Biology 45(6):1144-1144.
Heyland A, Hodin J, Reitzel AM. 2005. Hormone signaling in evolution and development: a non-model system approach. Bioessays 27(1):64-75.
Blanckenhorn WU, Heyland A. 2005. The quantitative genetics of two life history trade-offs in the yellow dung fly in abundant and limited food environments. Evolutionary Ecology 18(4):385-402.
Reitzel AM, Miles CM, Heyland A, Cowart JD, McEdward LR. 2005. The contribution of the facultative feeding period to echinoid larval development and size at metamorphosis: a comparative approach. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 317(2):189-201.
Heyland A, Hodin J. 2004. Heterochronic developmental shift caused by thyroid hormone in larval sand dollars and its implications for phenotypic plasticity and the evolution of nonfeeding development. Evolution 58(3):524-538.
Heyland A, Bodnarova M, Moroz LL. 2004. Thyroid hormone like metabolism and function in complex life histories. Integrative and Comparative Biology 44(6):568-568.
Heyland A, Reitzel AM, Hodin J. 2004. Thyroid hormones determine developmental mode in sand dollars (Echinodermata : Echinoidea). Evolution & Development 6(6):382-392.
Reitzel AR, Heyland A. 2003. The evolution of female gamete size: Comparisons of plants and marine invertebrates. Integrative and Comparative Biology 43(6):947-947.
Bernasconi G, Hellriegel B, Heyland A, Ward PI. 2002. Sperm survival in the female reproductive tract in the fly Scathophaga stercoraria (L.). Journal of Insect Physiology 48(2):197-203.
Heyland A, Hodin J. 2000. Endogenous thyroxine production in sand dollar larvae and its implication for the evolutionary loss of larval feeding. Integrative and Comparative Biology 40(6):1054-1055.
Heyland A, Reitzel AM, Hodin J. 2001. Facultative feeding in an obligatorily feeding sand dollar larva: The role of thyroid hormones in echinoderm life history evolution. Integrative and Comparative Biology 41(6):1470-1471.
Reitzel AM, Heyland A. 2001. Maternal investment and morphological plasticity: Insights from subtropical echinoids. Integrative and Comparative Biology 41(6):1565-1565.
ZOO*2100 Developmental Biology
Grad Students
Keegan Lutek (MSc)
Kelsey Halliwushka (MSc)
Elias Taylor (MSc)
Matthew Brown (MSc) - co-advised with F. Laberge
Vern Lewis (PhD) - co-advised with F. Laberge
Comparative Physiology at Guelph
Histamine Signaling in Sea Urchins
Mechanisms of Life History Evolution


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subset: commoncrawl


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1. Howard Moore was an ambassador for UIC during the NBA draft combine. He was greeting NBA personnel and celebrating the practice facility that was getting plenty of air time on ESPNU. Well, Moore can't exactly say the pre-draft camp being housed on his practice floor in early June was the reason, but he is a believer that it helped land Central Florida transfer Josh Crittle. Crittle, who is from Illinois, had one season left to play after transferring from Oregon and playing one season with the Knights. Crittle put up modest numbers last season (4.7 points and 2.9 rebounds), but at 6-9 he gives the Flames necessary size. The postseason ban at Central Florida allowed Crittle to leave and play immediately. His teammate Keith Clanton decided to stay while two other seniors -- CJ Reed (Georgia Southern) and Marcus Jordan (stopped playing) -- opted to leave. The Flames also picked up Eastern Illinois' Joey Miller immediately after his father, Mike, was fired as head coach. That means the Flames suddenly have two veteran players -- one inside and one outside -- to go with returning leading scorer and point guard Gary Talton, 3-point shooter Danny Barnes, four-man Hayden Humes and 7-foot newcomer Matt Gorski. Valparaiso and Detroit are the clear frontrunners. But with Butler gone, the Flames (3-15 in Horizon, 8-22 overall last season) suddenly will be much more competitive. Moore and the Flames beat out DePaul for Crittle. Now the Flames have legit players on the roster and have a real chance.
2. Xavier athletic director Mike Bobinski reiterated Tuesday that the decision to expel leading returning scorer Dez Wells was a University Conduct Board and had nothing to do with athletics. Bobinski said that the Wells incident, on the heels of the departure for the enigmatic Mark Lyons, won't change recruiting. Bobinski said, "We'll always do the very best to identify prospects that fit at Xavier as students, people and athletes.'' Meanwhile, Xavier's hold on a top spot in the A-10 is about to end. The timing of Butler and VCU joining the conference doesn't bode well for the Musketeers. Xavier will have a hard time staying in the rear-view mirror of those two teams, front runner Saint Louis and re-surging Saint Joseph's and UMass, let alone traditional title contender Temple for one more season before the Owls leave for the Big East.
3. New Orleans' decision to stay Division I and get into the Southland Conference is tremendous for the Privateers and the city that yearns for competitive, higher level teams. But it's unfortunate for the players who left and head coach Joe Pasternack who moved on to be an assistant at Arizona. The players and staff bolted once the program was headed to Division III and then Division II. The school had legitimate financial concerns because of the move out of the Sun Belt. But the Privateers are now ready to be Division I members again, this time in the Southland. It's a shame that the players and staff, especially Pasternack, a native of the city, weren't given the chance to stay without the odd hiccup of indecisions on what NCAA division the school should compete in.


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Either you didn't plug in the sensor bar, or it's faulty. Try two candles set about a foot apart to make sure everything else is going good.
Hi Everyone,
It is Christmas morning and I finally got my wii. My sisters and I have played it many times at friends houses, but we have never gone through the initial setup. We tried just now, but for some reason our controllers (though we have synced both of them) the little hand won't appear on the screen. One of the hands would appear but we had to point the controller a completely different direction at a window, and so we moved it to our basement where sources of light wouldn't be an interference.
We have no obstructions, we are the optimal distance, we have synced everything...but nothing is working.
Can someone please help!?
Either you didn't plug in the sensor bar, or it's faulty. Try two candles set about a foot apart to make sure everything else is going good.
I agree the problem is with your sensor bar. A window provided the UV source and it "worked" so the Wiimotes are fine, so it has to be the sensor bar. I would try replugging it, checking for any kinks or sharp bends, anything sitting on it, etc. If that doesn't work, any 2 sources of UV will work until you can get a new sensor bar from Nintendo.
We didn't plug in the sensor bar!
wow thank you SO much! We are so happy it wasn't a faulty one!!
Take care! Thanks again so much, you are a life saver!
I'm actually in a good mood to take on the newbies today. ^_^
Quite fulfilling sharing knowledge.
Rock and Roll!
Beyond Courage Lies Freedom!
"It takes one man too start a war... and many die ending it!"
Plz add me I need friends...


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Platinum Interior Color Samples
Finding the right colors for painting projects just got easier with Platinum® Paint Color Samples from Dutch Boy®. Platinum® Paint Color Sample program allows you to test Dutch Boy colors before you choose your favorite one. Comes in a convenient size container with a twist off lid.
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Submitted on behalf of Anjum, who lives in a village with no internet or even electricity.
My name is Anjum and I am 16. I am the first girl along with my classmate Farana who also goes to school with me in Blossom Bus, in the history of my village Babupur in Mewat district Haryana to reach grade 10 in a school. I am told that this is an achievement. How? My parents are not much happy about this achievement as they are happier with the money they are expecting from the harvest being done.
Nobody in the village congratulated me. I do not know how to celebrate and with whom. The girls of my age are busy in harvesting, helping their mothers. Not many girls from my village go to school and none goes to a school after grade five as we do not have an upper primary school in the village. I know most of the girls of my age are married and most of them have kids at 16 in Mewat and nobody complaining.
A question comes to my mind when I do not find any other girl from my village to celebrate. Who is responsible for this situation where no girl has studied till grade 8 or ten in my village? Parents? Teachers? School authorities or the girls themselves are blamed by some parents. I think everyone. The parents never took any initiative to send the girls to school beyond grade five, away from the village because it is not safe. But is it not unsafe at home or when working in the fields alone and unprotected? Is it not true that the girls if educated are better prepared to protect themselves? The parents are escaping from their responsibility putting the blame on the society in Mewat. It requires courage to stand apart from the masses and do something which seems to be difficult but is better.
The lethargic and insensitive teachers taking advantage of the attitude of the parents also discourage girls to come to school, as more students means more work for some teachers who only want to come to school to mark attendance. We have lethargic higher authorities as I have never seen a Block Education Officer or District Education Officer coming to our school and patting on our back for coming to a school four kilometers away from our home. http://bit.ly/huipnE
Take action! This post was submitted in response to My Story: Standing Up .
Rachel - thank you for sharing Anjum's story! What brave determination she has for continuing to pursue her education and search for a better future.
Thank you, Breese. When we got this in from the field the strength and clarity of her voice almost knocked me out of my seat! I will be visiting India in October and have requested to meet Anjum so I can shake her hand. I hope she will qualify for the Standing Up contest - she's only just gotten transportation to school (through our Blossom Bus project) but electricity and internet may be a few years off yet! But Anjum fit the bill so well I'd submit her through my account.
At the very least, thanks for reading it!
Thank you Rachel for sharing this very inspiring story of a girl who is determined at all cause to get an education. First girl to go to school from her village? that's deep. You teach a girl child, you teach a village.
Way to go Anjum!
Thanks, Fatima! Anjum is truly inspiring. We are excited to watch her become a force to be reckoned with in the coming years.
I wish Anjum could read the responses flowing in the forum, as a result of her testimony. I can imagine the torture she and her friend are silently going through. I admire her courage, determination to stand up for her education. My phrase is the one she said : the parents, so do the tutors and villagers would prefer their girl children b @ home / go to the farm rather to school beyond grade 5- with the pretext that one is safer than the other.I love the manner in which she presented her argument; to whether safety is only onesided. You can also testify that the issue about safety but interest. Patriarchy , patriarchy is entrenched in the culture and do present itself as though it care; no! It only cares in favour of its interest; and that Annum rightly pointed it , in her introduction.
Thanks Rachel, this is good. Plz do us all a favour, in your trip to India in Oct, give Anjum and her friend a printed copy of our responses. Tell her that though we may be distance apart, we are proud of her. She is amazing. I am just imagine my own time, at her age, could i have fully withstand?
Stay Blessed
Blog: http://zofem.blogspot.com/
Facebook:Zoneziwoh Mbondgulo Wondieh
Twitter | Instagram: @ZoFem
Hi Zoneziwoh,
Thank you so much for your heartfelt words. I will absolutely make sure that Anjum sees the response to her story here on World Pulse. She is indeed very astute, cutting right through the smokescreen and telling everyone to see the bottom line. Feel free to share it!
Thanks, Rachel, This is a reality check, more often not, how many girls out there with the same issue? since most girls generally are at loss to find the right to life! Frederica,
Y'ello, This my new email address email@example.com note that freddygibs is no longer my email address as it was hacked, Frederica,
Thanks Rachael for being the voice...May the World listen to our voices. Amen
Olutosin Oladosu Adebowale Founder/Project Coordinator Star of Hope Transformation Centre 512 Road F Close Festac Town Lagos-Nigeria https:
Thanks Olutosin and Frederica. Agreed on both counts!
Rachel Its a very inspiring story, especially to those societies where girls/ women are still struggle to realize their right to education . Tell her to hold on and she will get far!!!
"Its not by might nor by power, but by my spitrit , says the Lord"
Rachel, Thanks for sharing this beautiful young woman's story. All of us have a voice that needs to be heard, and your determination to have Anjum be heard, and read, despite long odds, is very inspiring.
My sister married a man from India, whose family came from a very poor village as well. They now have 3 children, two boys and a girl, and these children are growing up in the USA and taking advantage of good education, that we take for granted here, but still in so many regards, can't seem to get right.
I am an educator, and have worked with high school students for 25 years. We must find ways to reach and educate every child. I will use Anjum's story as an inspiration for many of my urban students who do not always take seriously the gift of education. It is a way out and up.
Peace and blessings to you both!
Thank you Rachel for amplifying Anjum's voice! She is an insightful and inspiring young woman!
Warmly, Ayesha
"Let the beauty of what you love be what you do."
- Mevlana Jalal-ad-Din Rumi
Liba, Pam and Ayesha - thank you all so much for sharing! The response to this post is so encouraging, it's certainly time I shared it with Anjum! I will send the link to our project leader in Mewat, Suraj Kumar, and ask him to please print what is here to translate for Anjum the next time he visits her village. If we get word back from her I will certainly share it with everyone here!
Pam, I would be most interested to hear more about your students' reaction to the story. If you would like to write up a brief summary after, I'd love to share it on our blog. Moreover, if any of your students would care to pen their thoughts after hearing about Anjum, those would make great posts for us as well.
With gratitude,
I checked out your blossum bus project — it looks amazing. it must be incredibly gratifying to hear stories from girls like anjum who you are helping.
xx ana
Thanks so much for having a look, Ana. It truly is - and we know that each extra year we can keep these girls in school provides benefits that will last a lifetime. They marry later, have fewer children and have greater self confidence. We love our work!
Thank you Rachel for sharing such an inspiring story of Anjum. Great job!
Live and Let Live Usha http://globalpressinstitute.org/userhttps://www.facebook.com/usha.anuyaee


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Hi guys, I'm new on this forum as well with the database world.
Let me explain the problem: I'm inserting a string ('Magic Kingdom')into a table through script editor of oracle 10g XE (the type of the column is varchar2). When i consult for that string, the output is 'Magic \nKingdom'. Now, if i insert the same but this time using SQL*Plus/Appex interface, i get 'Magic Kingdom', there's no '\n'... so I'm guessing the problem occurs because of the script.
After hours searching the reason why the '\n' (which is bothering me a lot) i was unable to find it and now I'm asking for a little help how i can fix it


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The AMT: What's Wrong and How to Fix it?
William G. Gale
Brookings Institution
Leonard E. Burman
Tax Policy Center; Maxwell School; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Greg Leiserson
Urban Institute
Jeffrey Rohaly
Urban Institute
National Tax Journal, Vol. 60, No. 3, 2007
The alternative minimum tax (AMT) is a complex, unfair, and inefficient shadow tax system that threatens to affect 32 million taxpayers by 2010, many of them solidly middle class. Under current law, repealing the AMT without offsets would cost more than $850 billion through 2017. This paper summarizes the current and projected effects of the AMT and considers options to finance repeal. One attractive option we consider would be to combine AMT repeal with a four percent tax on AGI in excess of $200,000 for married couples and $100,000 for others.
Number of Pages in PDF File: 22
Keywords: AMT, alternative minimum tax, tax policy
JEL Classification: E62
Date posted: February 2, 2011
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To the Editor.—
I certainly agree with Burlington and Freed (1980;243:1036) in their letter, "Massive Overdose and Death From Prophylactic Lidocaine," and others1 that a good double-blind study is necessary in demonstrating whether prophylactic lidocaine hydrochloride leads to reduced mortality after myocardial infarction (MI). However, their implication that prophylactic lidocaine use is inadvisable, in that relatively few patients with an acute MI demonstrate ventricular fibrillation while prophylactic lidocaine exposes all patients to toxic drug reactions, shows poor reasoning. Following this thinking we would not use medication to treat any illness with a mortality of less than 50% because of the possibility of side effects, no matter how remote.Lie et al2 state that "rigid observation of patients and control of infusion rates are required to reduce the likelihood of side effects." The fallacy of the reasoning by the authors is as apparent as is the poor supervision of medication
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Dear Heloise: I was honorably discharged from the U.S. Army in the 1960s. I'm finding retailers offer discounts to veterans. I now carry one of my dog tags, and I have been able to get discounts on purchases by showing the tag to the cashier.
The other day, it struck me that there is another benefit to carrying my dog tags. On my tag is my faith preference, and also my blood type, should a transfusion be necessary.
This information could be beneficial to thousands of military veterans. — Gary in Missouri
Gary, thank you for writing. One note: If the military dog tag has your Social Security number on it, please be mindful of the potential for identity theft. — Heloise
Dear Heloise: I have taken over many of my elderly mother's affairs. I carry a separate small purse inside my purse that contains her credit/debit cards, checkbook, power of attorney and living will, stamps, cash, etc. Her things are never commingled with mine, and I can easily find what I need.
— Sandy, via email
Dear Readers: This is a classic hint from my mother, the original Heloise: When you have a repairman in your home, carefully watch what he is doing so you can learn. Perhaps the next time if something goes wrong, you can fix it yourself. — Heloise
Dear Heloise: I have found that by putting my garden hose in a figure eight instead of a circle, it comes out without kinks. Rolling it in a figure eight puts one positive twist and one negative twist with each cycle and keeps the hose straight when pulling it out to use. — Larry in Palestine
Dear Heloise: My mail comes enclosed with a rubber band because of the large volume. I save the rubber bands, and when I have a sufficient amount, I return them to the post office.— Gail in Virginia
Send a money-saving or timesaving hint to Heloise, P.O. Box 795000, San Antonio, TX 78279-5000, or you can fax it to 1-210-
HELOISE or email it to firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Governors Awards Brings Out the Oscar Hopefuls in Hollywood
You'll have to wait until February to see which of your favorite scene-stealers will take home honors at the 85th Academy Awards. Until then, the industry's top contenders arrived in head-to-toe red carpet form Saturday at the Academy's Governors Awards, which serves as an unofficial venue for potential nominees to convince Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences members to rock the vote (in their favor, of course).
The 4-year-old Hollywood & Highland Center event, which hands out lifetime achievement Oscars, comes just weeks before nomination voting is due to begin Dec. 17. So who will make it onto the ballot? (Readers on desktop computers can flip through the five photos above to see which attendees left us dazzled – and itching to see their movies.)
Leslie Mann and husband Judd Apatow, who team up for a little adult fun – literally – in This Is 40, a comedic update to Knocked Up that arrives in theaters Dec. 21.
Kristen Stewart, who ditches her vampire boyfriend to transform into a belle of the Beat Generation for On the Road, which hits theaters Dec. 21.
Amy Adams, who brings the drama as the headstrong wife of a charming cult leader in September's The Master.
Tom Hanks and Will Smith, who celebrated Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award winner Jeffrey Katzenberg, the head of DreamWorks Animation.
Bradley Cooper, who takes a vulnerable turn on the big screen opposite Jennifer Lawrence in Silver Linings Playbook.


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Guy Pearce is great to work with. In a pinch, he'll even save your life.
Kate Winslet found this out recently while filming Mildred Pierce for HBO. The period piece required Pearce, 43, to drive an unwieldy 1929 Cord automobile with heavy steering and awkward gears. And at one point, with Winslet, 35, in the passenger seat, they had a very close call.
"We'd finished a take, and a van came onto the road that we were on without seeing us," Pearce told PEOPLE at the miniseries' premiere this week in New York. "We both had to sort of swerve to get out of each other's way ... and I thought ... wow!"
Did he picture the headlines in the papers the next day? "Yeah, can you imagine?" he said.
Avoiding serious car accidents wasn't the only challenge on the set. Pearce and Winslet also had to film nude scenes together – for which both came prepared.
"I'm always pretty fit, generally," said Pearce, who also played the Duke of Windsor in The King's Speech. "It was about getting a body shape that was appropriate for that period, and not being too buffed. Having a tan was important, a real tan, but some of it was sprayed – in certain areas that don't normally see the sun."
Winslet, who wore Stella McCartney dress with a sheer side vent to the premiere, has shot nude scenes for several recent films, and thus brought plenty of experience to the set. "The most important thing is to have a sense of understanding and trust with one another, because it just makes it easier," she told PEOPLE.
And does she prepare physically – yoga, diet – before going wardrobe free? "No ... just me," she quipped.
Filming the miniseries, which begins airing Sunday on HBO, certainly brought the two actors close. Luckily, Pearce's wife is also named Kate – which might prove helpful in the long run.
"At least if I yell out 'Kate' in the middle of the night, then I'm okay," he joked, before adding: "My wife has as much of a crush on Kate as I do, so she was pleased for me."
Kate Winslet's Life Saved by Mildred Pierce Costar Guy Pearce
Dave Allocca/Startraks


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Systemwide Events Calendar
Coffee TalkAugust 27, 8:00am - 9:00am
Hawaii Campus, Manono 379-15 / UH Hilo 324, 346
Jump start your day with coffee and talk story at our morning Coffee Talk sessions! >> Mon, Tues, and Thurs in the Kau Wa'a Student Center on the Manono campus.<< >> Wed at the UHH shops (8a), then at BEaT (9:30a).<<
Event Sponsor
Student Life Program, Hawaii Campus
More Information
|Tuesday, August 27
|The Wellness Center - Fitness Class Schedule
Maui Campus, Pilina Bldg., Wellness Center
|Coffee Talk
Hawaii Campus, Manono 379-15 / UH Hilo 324, 346
|Agree to Degree Pledge table
Hawaii Campus, Behind Bldg 379
- Highlighted dates have scheduled events.
- Select the date to view all events for that day.
Ongoing Events
- Arts Exhibition: Peranakan Chinese Heritage of Southeast Asia
- The Wonder of Learning: the Hundred Languages of Children Exhibit
- Waikiki Parc Features Nicole Naone
- Course Reserves Deadlines and Information
- Welcome Week
- Welcome Week
- Open At-Large Student Senator Seat
- Thinking about Law School?
- Thinking Design: Creating Memorable Images with Duane Preble and Philippe Gross


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I never imagined I would be bidding "Backstage" adieu after only nine short months. I have had the time of my life getting to know our amazing performing arts community better and attending so many first-rate performances. Every show I've had the honor of watching and reviewing has been entertaining, thought-provoking, laugh-inducing or heart-warming (and infinite combinations of all four!) Rick Chatenever has to be the kindest, wry-est editor on the face of the earth - always offering pithy advice and a thoughtful perspective. I will miss his mentorship very, very much. A couple of exciting opportunities have arisen in the last few months that I've decided to pursue - which will not afford me the luxury of maintaining "Backstage."
I am very excited to pass the column to the Divine Ms. M - Mirabel Bradley. Mirabel is a Seabury Hall graduate and a former recipient of the school's prestigious English Award for excellence in writing. She is an actress, a stage manager, a theater aficionado and one of the wisest young people I've ever had the pleasure of meeting. It's wonderful to introduce a wordsmith of Mirabel's caliber to The Maui News readership and I look forward to keeping up with the column as Mirabel adds her own "magic" to the mix each week. Break a leg, Mirabel!
Article Photos
Cable TV star Hal Sparks highlights Maui Celebrity Series Saturday
Sparks fly at this month's Celebrity Series show
Hal Sparks breathes new life into the hackneyed term "Renaissance Man." The comedian, actor, rock star, veejay, activist, radio personality, brain surgeon, horse whisperer, glass blower (OK, I added the last three, but you get the picture) is the latest star to grace the Lahaina Theatre marquee - adding his name to the illustrious, ever-expanding "Maui Celebrity Series" roster, along with luminaries like Paul Rodriguez, David Spade, Mos Def, Tom Green, Roseanne Barr and the list goes on.
Sparks began his stand-up career in high school, and was named "Funniest Teenager in Chicago" by the Chicago Sun Times when he was only 17. He really burst onto the scene in 2000, when, after hosting E! Entertainment Television's "Talk Soup" for a year or so, he was cast as handsome, naive, all-American Michael Novotny in the provocative Showtime series "Queer as Folk." The series ran for five years, and left an indelible mark on television and popular culture.
Fact Box
* The Maui Celebrity Series presents Hal Sparks Live at the Maui Theatre at 9 p.m. Saturday with special guests Chino LaForge and DJ Aggressive Cane Spider. The show is hosted by Jenelle LeBlanc with a special appearance by Brian Evans. Purchase tickets at the Maui Theatre box office at 878 Front St. in Lahaina, by phone at 856-7973 or online at www.mauicelebrity series.com.
Sparks hosted VH1's "I Love" retrospectives and tributes on VH1 for years, and his metal band "Zero 1" has a new record, "The Sacred Nothing" dropping in February.
But, for now, it's all about the comedy.
Sparks' latest Showtime comedy special, "Charmageddon," re-ignited his stand-up career. He shares his hilarious, controversial, outspoken takes on current events on his weekly radio show, "Hump Days with Hal," every Wednesday on the syndicated Stephanie Miller show.
Sparks attributes his comic sensibility to his lower-middle-class Kentucky upbringing.
"Let's never underestimate the power of poverty and lack of education for creating a sense of humor," Sparks has said.
Sparks' family didn't have a television, so he turned to Richard Pryor, George Carlin, Steve Martin, Godfrey Cambridge, Shelly Berman, Woody Allen and Red Foxx records for entertainment. What he got was straight-up inspiration.
This weekend:
ProArts has unveiled its latest original, fractured adaptation, "The Emperor's New Clothes." Doug Kendrick directs the story of the vain Emperor of Boondoggle who squanders his peoples' money for some swanky duds. Two sly swindlers and one brave imperial employee cook up a plan to teach the selfish ruler a lesson he (and we) will never forget. The show runs weekends through Oct. 31, 7:30 p.m. Fridays and Saturdays, with matinees at 4 p.m. Saturdays and 1 and 4 p.m. Sundays at the ProArts Playhouse in Azeka Shopping Center in Kihei. Tickets are $15 for reserved seats, and $10 for floor seating, available before each performance, or by calling 463-6520. (See the review next article.)
Maui OnStage presents creepy classic "Arsenic and Old Lace" at the Historic Iao Theater in Wailuku at 7:30 p.m. Friday and Saturday and 3 p.m. Sunday. Tickets, $40 preferred seating, $18 general, $15 bargain matinees, are available at the box office before the show, online at www.mauionstage.com or by phone: 242-6969. Ask about "dinner and a show" packages with Cafe O' Lei by calling 244-8680.
Enjoy four days of tap in paradise when The Hawaiian Islands Tap Festival shuffles into the Maui Arts & Cultural Center from Nov. 11 to 14. The festival showcases traditional and contemporary tap-highlighted in the show-stopping Rhythmic Revolution in the Castle Theater on Saturday, Nov. 13. Rhythmic Revolution brings some of the world's greatest tap stars to the stage in a refreshing fusion of tap, flamenco, Afro-Cuban and Indian Odissi dance, accompanied by live music. For more information on the festival, log on to www.mauitapexperience.org. For tickets and more information about Rhythmic Revolution, log on to www.mauiarts.org or call 242-7469.


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While the market often turns on little more than a whim, it can also move with a hint of logic behind it. Today, Wall Street decided it was time to pull back a little after a six-week rally left the S&P 500 Index (SNPINDEX: ^GSPC ) at its highest valuation in about a year and a half. While the S&P fell less than 0.1%, its three biggest decliners fell a little more hastily.
As can frequently be the case, Western Union (NYSE: WU ) fell on Monday, mostly for the simple reason that the company reports earnings tomorrow; a number of investors became anxious that the numbers wouldn't be in line with estimates. It could also be the case that investors forgot just how unimpressive Western Union's results are projected to be: Sales are expected to decline by 2.3% as EPS contract by a crushing 12.5%. Either way, the stock's 2.8% fall today was the steepest of all 500 S&P components.
Natural gas company WPX Energy's (NYSE: WPX ) 2.3% fall Monday was the result of a broader decline in the S&P 500's energy sector, which, declining 0.6% on the day, was just bad enough to be the worst performer in the 10 sectors. Also not insubstantial was the U.S. Energy Department's weekly report on natural gas inventory levels. While natural gas supplies did fall, they fell less than expected, meaning that natural gas prices may be even lower than projected.
The third and last of today's decliners is the online streaming company Netflix (NASDAQ: NFLX ) , which dropped 1.7% Monday. Shares in Netflix have rallied by a remarkable 123% in the past three months alone, with most of the gains coming after CEO Reed Hastings reported subscriber base growth that impressed investors. While there's no solid catalyst behind today's pullback, Netflix's stock is about 20% more volatile than the broader market. Not to mention that it's only natural for some people to cash out after such a remarkable run.
The precipitous drop in Netflix shares since the summer of 2011 has caused many shareholders to lose hope. While the company's first-mover status is often viewed as a competitive advantage, the opportunities in streaming media have brought some new, deep-pocketed rivals looking for their piece of a growing pie. Can Netflix fend off this burgeoning competition, and will its international growth aspirations really pay off? These are must-know issues for investors, which is why we've released a brand-new premium report on Netflix. Inside, you'll learn about the key opportunities and risks facing the company, as well as reasons to buy or sell the stock. We're also offering a full year of updates as key news hits, so make sure to click here and claim a copy today.


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As the 2012 Red Bull X-Fighters amaze fans across the world, everyone can now get involved in the action with the all new Red Bull X-Fighters game.
The Red Bull X-Fighters 2012 mobile game is live on the App Store TM and Google Play TM. The game for iPad TM, iPhone®, iPod touch® & Android TM brings the thrill of the world's most exciting FMX competition series straight to mobile devices of gamers & FMX fans worldwide.
With a host of game modes and brilliant graphics putting the thrilling atmosphere of the real deal in your hands, the Red Bull X-Fighters 2012 mobile game offers endless entertainment. Players can unlock bikes, driver suits and game modes and earn exciting in-game rewards and achievements. The "Tournament", "Freestyle", "Arcade", and "Collector" modes open the gate into a fascinating and addictive gameplay. What's more, interactive features double the fun with weekly, monthly and overall leaderboards showing the best national and worldwide players. Players can send out challenges to friends or share achievements and scores via Facebook. In addition, the FMX game contains the mobile event website and all information around the world of Red Bull X-Fighters.
For further information, please visit www.redbullxfighters.com/game
- Four action packed game modes - Tournament, Freestyle, Arcade, Collector
- All six original locations from the Red Bull X-Fighters 2012 World Tour
- Combine all the FMX Tricks and create your own style
- Unlock driver suits, bikes and dozens of tricks
- Send Facebook friends in-game challenges
- Play as Red Bull X-Fighter World champion DANY TORRES
- Full achievement and leaderboard system including Game Center and global/national rankings
- Responsive tilt steering interface for maximum control
- Official songs by TWIN ATLANTIC (Red Bull Records)
About Red Bull Media House:
Red Bull Media House is a global media company that produces and distributes compelling sports, culture and lifestyle programming across multiple platforms. The media company was founded in Austria in 2007, runs a subsidiary in North America and offers multiple services and products about established and innovative playgrounds through a network spanning 160 countries to media partners, broadcasters and other brands.
About Polarbit AB:
Polarbit AB, founded in 2005, is an independent publisher and game and middleware developer focusing on high-end mobile and handheld devices. Their experience, dedication and uncompromising attitude towards quality ensure customers and users that Polarbit technology is always synonymous with world-class entertainment technology.


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I was never blessed with a full head of hair, but after I was diagnosed with cancer at the age of 39, I lost all of my hair. My hair grew back thinner than it was before and I am so thankful I found a solution!
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Now that I have my hair back, I feel like the real me again!
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Better Technology. Better Hair.
The ARTAS® FUE Procedure is the future of safe and effective hair restoration. A fusion of cutting-edge digital imaging with precise robotic technology, this mechanical breakthrough gives our experienced physicians a level of control and accuracy unmatched by any other method.


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National Close the Gap Day
- When:
- Thursday March 21 2013 3:36 AM - 2:36 AM
- Where:
- https://www.oxfam.org.au/act/events/national-close-the-gap-day/, NSW
National Close the Gap day, on 21 March 2013, is a way for all Australians to join together and remind political leaders of their commitments to close the life expectancy gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians within a generation.
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples still live up to 20 years less than other Australians. Since 2006, the Close the Gap campaign has taken advantage of immense community support to generate awareness about this issue, calling on governments to take action and achieve Indigenous health equality within 25 years.
Become a part of the campaign and register your own National Close the Gap day event with Oxfam to help raise awareness in your own community.
nsw News
The NSW Action Centre
Amnesty International Australia NSW Branch
Phone: Work+612 (02) 8396 7670
Fax+612: (02) 8396 7677
Email: [email protected]
DVD library catalogue and order form (PDF 525KB)


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Haha rofl, so much for respecting other peoples opinoins. FFX was a TERRIBLE game. The graphics were horribly blocky, the combat was boring, the storyline was cliche and predictable, the random encounter battles were repititive, the game was WAY too easy, the voice acting was horrible, and just everything about it sucked with a capital S. It doesn't even COMPARE to KOTOR in anways.Originally Posted by Lord Haku
Have you even played Halo? Halo is perhaps the most innovative FPS every made, and just everything about it rocked. What the hell does "PC Multiplayers" have to do with anything? I couldn't really get into Metal Gear just because I hated how unrealistic the gameplay is and how boring it is. And haha PS2 had all the greatest RPGS? Once again KOTOR and Jade Empire blow ANY and EVERY RPG away on the PS2 with such a force it's astounding. Seriously. If anything the PS2 couldn't handle anything the Xbox had to offer just because it was so weak.
lol man here's what I want you to do. Stop. Take a breath. And realize NOT everybody has the same opinoin as you. You act as if the PS2 being the best is some fact or everybody agrees with it; but in reality it is just YOUR opinoin. And ah, growing up would help you to because based on your arguement and your totally irelevant points I take it your about 12. Nice try though.


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63.7% of chiropractic physicians reported that they practice Cox® Technic according to the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners in 2010. This statistic makes it one of the most popular techniques in chiropractic, one of only four in chiropractic that a majority of chiropractic physicians practice. However, only a few are certified, about 3.4% of 49,100 (by Bureau of Labor Statistics 2008) to 2.3% of 70,000 (by National Board of Chiropractic Examiners 2010 report).
To help physicians be more competent in their practices and patients be more confident in their choices of physicians to visit, the Cox® Certification Program was established in 1991 at the National University of Health Sciences in Lombard (Chicago), Illinois, with Dr. James M. Cox. Chiropractic physicians (and students) may choose to take the certification examination. If passed, they are "Certified".
Benefits of Certification
"Research is what will save our profession. ... I feel more equipped to take on patients now than when I graduated Chiropractic school." - Dr. Luigi Albano (attendee, Parts I/II Combined Certification Coures, 4/13)
Doctors remain listed as ACTIVE for two years. If the doctor does not Re-Certify by the end of the second year, the doctor's name is REMOVED FROM THE REFERRAL DIRECTORY.
The Referral DirectoryCertification in Cox® Technic Flexion Distraction & Decompression Adjustment & Manipulation (aka flexion-distraction) and listing in the Referral Directory is a responsibility as is maintenance of the listings as reliable. A patient seeking a practitioner who does this technique does so in hopes of finding a physician to care for his/her spinal condition with this technique on a flexion-distraction table in a similarly effective application as he or she has previously experienced.


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Skip to comments.Iran's Zoroastrians remember Arab conquest of Persia
Posted on 06/18/2007 12:56:35 PM PDT by freedom44
CHAK CHAK, Iran (AP) - Dressed in white to symbolize purity, a priest recited from the Zoroastrian holy book at a shrine as members of this ancient pre-Islamic religion marked what they see as one of the most bitter events in Iran's history: the 7th century Arab conquest of Persia.
The Arab invasion changed history for Persia, the ancient name for non-Arab Iran: Islam was imposed as the new religion, replacing Zoroastrianism, whose followers were dispersed.
Thousands of Zoroastrians from Iran's small remaining community and from India, the United States and other countries gathered at this mountain shrine this week for five days of ceremonies that ended Monday, commemorating the event.
Priest Goshtasb Belivani addressed the gathering, standing at the tall bronze doors of the shrine, built into a cliff-side cave where a heroine of the faith, Nikbanou, is said to have fled from the Arab assault. «We have all gathered at this sacred place to pray Ahura Mazda,» he said, using the Zoroastrians' name for God. «We are also here to remember Nikbanou and what happened to our ancestors by the Arab invaders.
Belivani spoke to the crowd in modern Farsi, before reciting the verses from the Avesta, the faith's holy book, in an ancient version of the language.
According to legend, Nikbanou, the youngest daughter of the last king of the Persian empire, took shelter in the mountain and prayed to Ahura Mazda for help from the attackers. Miraculously, the mountain opened up and gave her protection.
Near the shrine, a slowly dripping spring emerges from the mountain, giving the site its name _ «Chak Chak» means «drip drip» in Persian. The legend says the spring is the mountain shedding tears in remembrance of Nikbanou. An immense tree stands nearby, said to have grown from Nikbanou's cane.
The legends regretting the invasion that brought Islam to this country highlight the unusual status of Zoroastrians in today's Iran ruled by an Islamic government headed by clerics.
Since coming to power in the 1979 revolution, the Islamic Republic has tolerated the sect, giving it official status and guaranteeing a Zoroastrian seat in parliament. It also allows its members to practice their rites. For example, while the law forbids mixed dancing, Zoroastrian men and women are permitted to dance together and play music as part of their worship in special places like temples or covered buildings.
Still, the Zoroastrian community's numbers have dwindled to around 50,000, down from 300,000 in the 1970s, with many emigrating to the U.S.
Human rights reports say Zoroastrians like members of Iran's small Jewish and Christian minorities suffer some discrimination, kept out of some jobs. But many Zoroastrians left simply because of the general restrictions on all Iranian society imposed by the Islamic government.
Still, Zoroastrian traditions remain embedded in Iran, where the population of 70 million overwhelmingly Shiite Muslim take deep pride in their pre-Islamic civilization.
Every year, Iranians of all religions mark Chahar-Shanbe Suri, or the Wednesday feast, part of celebrations for the Persian New Year, in March. During the rites, Iranians light bonfires in the streets and jump over them and dance, hoping to put failures behind them and the rite has persisted despite attempts by the ruling clerics to discourage it as un-Islamic.
Zoroastrians are not a big population in Iran but our rituals remain widely respected not only in Iran but other parts of the world, said chief Zoroastrian priest Ardeshir Khorshidian.
At Chak Chak also known by the name Pir-e Sabz, 550 kilometers southeast of the capital Tehran the pilgrims crowded into pavilions set up at the base of the mountain, below the shrine in the cliff. Families sitting on rugs had picnics, while children danced and their parents attended prayers in the shrine.
For many Zoroastrians, summer begins with a pilgrimage to Pir-e-Sabz, said Pedram Soroushpour. This event is a symbol of Zoroastrians remaining loyal to their manners and rituals.
However (as expected) AP can't get the facts straight: Persia, the ancient name for non-Arab Iran
Persia was the name the Greek, Romans and later other foreigners called the Country/Empire, referring to the people of the Fars province.
Iran (previously Aryanam), meaning "Land of the Aryans" has been the natives' name for their country since ancient times, long before Islam appeared.
1935 Reza Shah Pahlevi officialy made Iran the name to be used by natives and foreigners alike.
I've seen speculation several places that the Magi who visited baby Jesus with gifts, (Matthew 2), were Zoroastrians.
Interesting religion.
Really? I didn't know that. How is this related to the apparently fictitious "Aryan race" that Hitler dreamed up?
The "Aryans" of Hitler and Co., as you know where imagined to be blond, blue-eyed Nordics... total nonsense.
Aryan actually refers to a linguistic family, stemming from the Northern Caspian region, who settled what is today Iran, Afghanistan, India etc.
"Ive seen speculation several places that the Magi who visited baby Jesus with gifts, (Matthew 2), were Zoroastrians."
I have as well. It is a long-standing belief.
Marco Polo claimed to have seen their graves in Persia.
The wise men were apparently monotheistic (since God directed them), from the East, and not Jewish, or at least not under the Law of Moses, so Zoroastrian is one of a few possible candidates.
I know nothing about zorastrian, other than it would apparently qualify as a Noahadic religion, and thus would be a valid relgion, pre-Christ.
Very interesting. I always knew Hitler's idea of the Aryan race was bogus, but it would still be interesting to study the details of where the ideas came from.
The real Aryans were not a race, but a group of tribes.
The structural resemblance between Persian and Hindi and Latin and Greek and German led to them being called "the Indo-Aryan languages" and, due to Hitler, they are now called the Indo-European languages.
The Aryan tribes were a group of Caucasian peoples that raided and conquered modern-day Iran, northern India, Pakistan and Afghanistan.
Their descendants are the Persians, Punjabis and Pushtun peoples.
These peoples have lighter skin and are generally taller and lankier than other regional ethnic groups, have a large number of green and blue-eyed individuals in their groups, and have a strong military tradition.
The racial nationalists of 1930s Europe saw these peoples as fellow members of their imagined master race - cousins of Europeans who could be used as a puppet master race for Asia.
The RSS in India was a neo-Nazi organization that agitated against British rule and for Hitler.
Yes, a good read! And thanks for the clarification on the correct naming of Aryanam ... Persia ... Iran!
Heresy? I suppose its not heresy to the followers of this sect...I guess what I am saying is that it all depends what side of the street you live on....in America we have the right to believe whatever we want(at least until we are crammed full with enough Islamofascists, for those b@stards to take over.).
I've also seen claims that it is older than Judaism. Much older, in fact. Some say that this is it; the original, Zoroastrianism goes all the way back to Noah, Enoch, even Adam.
How ironic that both versions of Aryans ended up hating Jews.
It certainly could be older, in that God showed up on Mt. Sinia circa 1500BC.
I'd be careful with this description. The occurence of blue eyes and occasionaly fair hair in Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan have largely their origins from the Greek/Macedonians under Alexander the Great, who conquered the Persian empire, and intermarried with Persians and Baktrians.
While Persians are lighter skinned than i.e. Arabs, and often have green eyes, they are dark haired since ancient times.
Some cultural anthropologists say that the Jewish concept of the yetzrim - the good and evil impulses in each person - is a cultural borrowing from Zoroastrianism during the Babylonian captivity, since there is evidence of Zoroastrian presence in Babylon.
I don't buy the theory.
Manichaeanism owes something to Zoroastrianism, but it involves an importation from the Greek mystery religions: the demiurge.
In Manichaeanism and in Marcionism, we have the notion imported from Zoroastrianism of an evil power vying against a nearly-matched or equally matched good power, and the evil power is identified with the Greek demiurge: the creator of the physical world, while the good power is the creator of the spiritual world.
In Manichaeanism and Marcionism the evil demiurge is the God of the Hebrew Scriptures.
Iran (previously Aryanam), meaning "Land of the Aryans" has been the natives' name for their country since ancient times, long before Islam appeared.
Well that is something I had wondered about that you've explained. That Herodotus, he calls you something, the name sticks.
I was, which is why I did not mention fair hair.
At the time of his conquests of these areas, Alexander's armies did not have a very large Greek contingent any more - his invasion of India was undertaken with a force consisting almost entirely of Asian-born troops.
Hence the carping about how he had "gone native" with his Persian dress, Asian troops, Bactrian wife, etc.
I don't buy into the theory that Alexander's Greek troops had a significant impact on the gene pool - there were many more of Alexander's troops stationed in Egypt than there were in India and Egyptians don't look like Punjabis.
My gardener says Zorro means fox in mesican.
The Aryans that were the center of Nazi ideology were not "blond, blue-eyed" exclusively, or even primarily. You are thinking perhaps of Nordics, who were favorites; but even they had hair and eyes of various colors.
Nazi beliefs have been stereotyped by movies and other media. In the interests of historical accuracy, we should make an effort to get record straight.
The Nazi racial theorists did believe that various physical types and ethnic strains had different psychological characteristics. They lamented the scarcity of Nordics in Germany, and wished to promote and expand their numbers, a policy they call "Aufnordung." We might roughly translate that as Nordic promotion. Nordics were thought to be adventurous, and with good leadership qualities. Official propaganda also had good things to say about other groups, which was only good politics, because many Germans are not Nordic.
Aryan is often called a linguistic term, equivalent to Indo-European. Just where the original Indo-Europeans originated is still a subject of debate. The Capsian area is favored by one theory; the Iranian Plateau by another. The Baltics is favorite, and North Germany and Poland have been suggested.
Following Alexanders demise, during the Diadoch and Roman time, the people (at least the upper class) certainly had a strong Greek influence. But anyway, todays Egyptians are to the vast majority descendants of the invading Arabs.
I don't buy into the theory that Alexander's Greek troops had a significant impact on the gene pool
I'm ambivalent on this. The Graeco-Baktrian Kingdom in the Punjab region, following Alexander, had an evidently greek culture. Artworks show European features. There had to be Greeks among them, at least at the top. Today, as you said, there are people with bright eyes, light complexion and fair hair. I won't totally rule out an influence by Greeks in the region.
However your position is being corrobated by the fact that the Mazanderani and Gilaki people (North-Iranians living at the south coast of the Caspian) who are natives and had little intercourse with other people, have lighter complexion, eyes and hair.
Prominent example of a Mazanderani is the Ali Larijani, the Iranian regime's nuke negotiator:
Thanks for that tidbit. I had no idea.
The Zoroastrians followed one of the most logical and civilized of Pre-Christian religions. They beleived life was a struggle between good and evil and held hope that the birth of Jesus would move the needle in the direction of good. This is the key reason the Persians kings were so anxious to visit the Christ child. This would be a logical step for the Modern Persians to get back to when he comes again, as he surely will.
You are correct.
The point I was trying to make was a distinction between the Nazi "Aryan" and the historical Indo-Iranian Aryans.
My wife (Persian), did exatly this, and has embraced Jesus Christ as her Lord.
"Zoroastrianism, unlike Judaism, is a dualistic system in which two powers of either equal or almost equal strength vie for mastery over the world.
Some cultural anthropologists say that the Jewish concept of the yetzrim - the good and evil impulses in each person - is a cultural borrowing from Zoroastrianism during the Babylonian captivity, since there is evidence of Zoroastrian presence in Babylon."
From the fall of Jerusalem to about 1000 AD, the largest population of Jews lived in Babylon. They were there certainly long enough to, as you say, borrow from Zoroastrianism. Strong evidence of their "borrowing" appears in the two sides of the Kabbalistic sephiroth.
Actually the Arabs were and are a minority in all so-called Arab lands except in Arabia. The Egyptians are native (Copts). They adopted the Arab language and Islam over centuries. Syria was still a Christian majority nation until the First Crusade. In fact the crusades backfired when the Latin west went on rampages against there Christian brethern in the near east. This drove lots of Christians to embrace Islam. It has been estimated that the whole Arab empire for the first hundred years was ruled by about 1% of the population (meaning Arab Muslims).
I personally think the US could exploit some of the latent nationalism in Iran and Egypt. Most Egyptians think of themselves as Egyptians first, Arabs second. The rest of the Arab world looks at them that way also. The US should be playing up the Persian aspect of the humilating loss to the Arabs. The Persians do not like the Arabs overall.
Keep in mind I mean genetically "pure" Arabs are a minority in the so-called Arab lands. Culturally and lingulistically and religously, they are Arabs now.
I made some quick research and you are of course right about the Egyptian population. Didn't know that.
I was under the impression that only the Coptic Christians were the remaining native Egyptians, while Muslim majority are of mixed Arab-Egyptian descent.
Your info is good. FYI the non-Arab or Pakistan spelling is Pahlavi not Pahlevi. Yes, nitpicking but not in a mean way.
Beg to differ on the connotation of "dark hair" etc. - while not generally blond, they acquired their dark side (so to speak) not their blue and green eyes from the Greeks whose Mediterranean darker skin and eyes "congtminated a very light skinned people with lots of blue eyes. For example the nomadic Bakhtiari tribes who avoided "pollution" have a huge number of blue eyed members.
The Zoroastrian primary triple tenet is a great way to live:
Good Thoughts (lead to ) Good Words (which combine into) Good Deeds. This is all any religion needs.
By contrast Islam is a personification of evil and Allah derives from a wooden idol in Mecca.
For a good sense of islam check out the article and link to a video on AntiMullah: NOT FOR THE FAINT HEARTED
You are of course right. Actually I always write Pahlavi, but I am currently reading an old german book on Reza Shah, and they call him (germanized) "Resa Schah Pahlewi" and so the e stuck in my mind.
Thanks for teh ping!
I have always wondered if Alexanders uncle, acting as ruler of Macedon in his absence, sent significant Macedonian reinforcements or whether he kept those troops home to dominate Greek & Balkan territories. There should be some indication you would think.
Either way, Alexander left signicant garrisons at strategic points along his route of march. One would think that the further East he got, the fewer actual Macedonian's would populate those garrisons.
I love this site (Free Republic). I have learned so much from my fellow freepers and on so many subjects (things that I would not be normally interested).
Thanx for your post.
My thoughts echo yours on that point.
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Alexander's army was mostly Persians by the time he got to India. He was Persian by then too for most practical purposes. Don't imagine he had much trouble with astrology since they did that where he came from too.
Boy...I am impressed with the knowledge you guys have on the history of religion.
You're too kind.
My wife (Persian), did exatly this, and has embraced Jesus Christ as her Lord.
God Bless her!
One of my students - A former muslim Persian woman also embraced the Lord along with her children. Escaped from Iran.
The coming of a prophet under a shining star was a prediction of Zarthust (Zoroaster) in the Gantas of the Avesta. Also, the word "magi" comes from the religious scholars of Zoroastrianism. They were known to perform miracles also where the word "magic" comes from.
Which adds even more prevalence on the theory that the Magi were Zoroastrians.
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Women's Roundtable selects Lackey as Woman of the Year
The Women's Roundtable of Northwest Pennsylvania on Thursday presented its 26th Annual Woman of the Year Award to RoseMarie Lackey.
Lackey, director of the mission ministry of Erie City Mission, was presented the award at the organization's annual banquet at the Sheraton Erie Bayfront Hotel.
Award finalists included Gay Catania, human resources manager of the Erie Times-News; Nancy E. Sabol, executive director of Gannondale; Katrina Smith, senior vice president of the Economic Development Corp. of Erie County; and Carrie Swain, wellness support coordinator of Mindful Wellness.


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CHICAGO -- Erupting with chants of "Shut it down," a sea of red-shirted teachers, other public workers, parents, community residents and students joined in a massive show of solidarity here on Labor Day as teachers prepare for a possible strike Sept. 10.
Chicago Teacher Union organizers estimated 18,000 rallied across the street from City Hall. It was the first Labor Day demonstration in Chicago in many years and had the full support of the city's labor movement.
The CTU represents 35,000 teachers, assistants, paraprofessionals, social workers, nurses and clinicians in the Chicago School System (CPS). Over 90 percent of CTU members voted to authorize a strike in June. The last strike was 25 years ago.
Over the past year, Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel and the Board of Education, an unelected body of billionaires and corporate representatives, have demonized teachers, rescinded a 4% pay hike and tried to impose without negotiation a longer school day without a pay increase.
Emanuel repeatedly stated that the Chicago school day was among the shortest of big city school systems. This charge turned out to be a total fabrication and he was ultimately forced to negotiate.
"He's a liar and a bully," said Karen Lewis, CTU president.
Teachers did not oppose a longer school day but wanted to enrich it with art, music, physical education and recess.
Emanuel and the Board of Education, who want to accelerate the privatization of Chicago schools by doubling the number of charter schools, are now demanding a merit pay scheme and teacher evaluations that are 50% based on student test scores.
This is unacceptable for teachers, who say evaluations can't be separated from school funding and the broader social and economic context. They say these measures are tantamount to breaking the union and imposing low wages and benefits, opening the door to further privatization.
"This fight is for the very soul of public education here and across the nation," said Lewis. "Those who came here to destroy public education have been met with resistance," she said, despite attempts to silence teachers.
After the rally, protesters spilled out into the street and shut down Washington Avenue. This was followed by an impromptu march to the Board of Education.
"I'm here to support public education and demand a fair contract," said Nancy Serrano, a teacher at Hernandez Middle School, where her children attend and her husband is president of the Local School Council.
Serrano, who was energized by the solidarity, said her four children would be walking the picket line with her if there were a strike.
"We don't want to be overworked," said Johann Tabares, another teacher, who rejected the idea that teachers don't work long enough. "They count official hours we are paid," Tabares said. "But they don't count what we put in off hours filling out recommendation letters, grading and planning. Count those and we'll talk."
"There's some great solidarity within our union and the unions throughout the city. It's awesome," said Tabares. "We are also willing to work out a contract that is fair for all. We don't want to strike but we will do what we have to".
The Emanuel administration's confrontation with teachers and public workers has roiled the labor movement and galvanized unity.
"We know the agenda - to scapegoat public workers for the crisis of our city. It wasn't us who caused it," said Henry Bayer, president of AFSCME Council 31. "If we want public services we need resources to do it. The same (wealthy) people who brought the economy to its knees don't pay their fair share in taxes and want to scapegoat public workers."
"What they have in store for teachers they have in store for the rest of us," he said. "We say no!"
Mack Julion brought greetings from the National Association of Letter Carriers. He "confessed" that the union had supported Emanuel for mayor in 2011, to a chorus of boos.
"We booed too," he chuckled. "But this wasn't what we supported when we supported him. We support our teachers 100%. If they are attacking teachers then letter carriers are in real trouble. Shut it down!"
Over the past year, community support for teachers has ballooned. A broad alliance has emerged to stop school closures and privatization.
One of the organizations leading the fight is the Kenwood-Oakland Community Organization (KOCO).
"This fight is more than about a contract. It's about what kind of Chicago we want to live in," said Jitu Brown a KOCO community organizer and Local School Council member. "Do we want to live in a city where workers do good things for the public like all of you or where corporate greed sabotages our work experience every day?"
Photo: Chicago, September 3. John Bachtell/PW


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[voiceover] In the beginning there was discovery. A confusion of elements. The first snowfall of impossible change. Old lives undone, left behind. Strange faces, made familiar. New nightmares, to challenge sleep. New friends, to feel safe with. Only then comes control. The need to impose order unto chaos, through determination through study, through struggle. All in defiance of a thundering truth. They're here, and the earth shudders underfoot.Mohinder
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