text:
The exotic examples of dermatological curiosities which can be collected for an international congress of dermatology are illustrated graphically in this collection which illustrates in black-and-white photographs the major aspect of the patient's dermatologi- cal problem, gives description of the photograph in four languages, and has on the opposite page a synopsis of the history, clinical, laboratory, and histologic findings. This little book illustrates both the valuable points of such an effort and its shortcomings. It must be selective and synoptical. It depends upon the material at hand. Suitability of black-and-white photography for demonstrating dermatologic lesions varies conspicuously; in some instances the reproductions are excellent and in others almost a total loss. Its value for the internist will be enhanced if he is well versed in dermatology.
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text:
Independence Day means more than the Fourth of July.
When college freshmen move into their dorms and taste independence for the first time, they are beginning a year studded with life debuts: first day of class, first time to play hookey, first responsibility for their own souls.
Campus ministries
Seven Christian ministries at West Texas A&M University include:
North: Trinity Fellowship Church; wwww.northwebsite.squarespace.com
Overflow: First Baptist Church of Canyon; www.fbc-canyon.org
Buffs for Christ: 302 24th St.; www.buffs4christ.ucccanyon.org
The Navigators: 201 26th St.; www.navigators.org
Baptist Student Ministries: 2500 24th Ave.
Wesley Foundation: 107 26th St.; www.wtwesley.com
Catholic Student Center: 2610 Fourth Ave.; www.wtcsc.com
Earlier this month, freshman at West Texas A&M University took that first step of independence, hauling sheets, towels, laundry baskets, ironing boards, piles and piles of clothes, computers and favorite teddy bears into dorm rooms.
Helping them move in were students already allied with one of seven on-campus ministries that ranged from The Navigators, a parachurch ministry, to young people from the Catholic Student Center. That very first reach out moment was intended to help freshmen see the campus organizations as viable places to begin or continue their spiritual journey.
Samantha Parsons, 18, of Amarillo was among the freshmen moving in. While she feels prepared to enter college, she is also eager to find Christian friends with whom she shares moral values. Parsons planned to check out campus ministries as an alternative after receiving invitation letters from them.
"I might go to church on campus," she said. "I might try that out."
The WT Alliance, a consortium of campus Christian ministries, sponsored freshmen move-in day and a free burger bash to introduce themselves to students. Leaders say they focus on students' preferred communication styles, answer difficult questions and build unity among students without excessive focus on doctrine.
Student ministries have comfortable meeting places, abundant food and full-time staff. The Rev. Daniel Dreher, director of the Catholic Student Center, said a Catholic student at WT "has the full attention of the church." His duties, like those of other directors, requires him to be available to students in sync with their schedules. Besides conducting twice weekly Mass, he socializes too.
"My students always say how nice it is to see a priest that is normal," Dreher said.
Mikey Littau, who directs the United Methodist sponsored Wesley Foundation, said 100 freshmen showed interest in the ministry through Facebook. He sees WT as a group of tribes, some based on student majors, others based on interests in parties and alcohol.
"If you can stop that in the beginning, get them in a strong community of faith you can kind of avert the problematic circles they could run into later," Littau said.
David Green of Sunray helped his son, Kevin Green, 19, move into Jones Hall.
"It's easy to fall away when you go to school, and you're out on your own making your own decisions," Green said.
He wants his son to do the opposite of what he did while a student at WT - make poor decisions that took years to get over.
"We just want God to lead him down the path."
© 2016. All Rights Reserved. | Contact Us

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Marine Engine Collection of Mystic Seaport
Evinrude Motor Co. Zephyr
Engine Builder:
Model: Zephyr
Make: Evinrude Motor Co.
Inboard/Outboard: Outboard
Engine Type: Gasoline
Production Date: 1940's
Engine Design: Two-Stroke
Overall Condition: Good
Rebuilt/Restored: Untouched
Horsepower: 5.4@4000 RPM
Cylinders: 4
Bore: 1 - 1/2"
Stoke: 1 - 3/8"
Accession:MiscOtbd 30
Remarks: Mr. Guske donated this engine on 10/03/07. Evinrude introduced the Zephyr in 1940, and except for the war years, sold it throughout the 40's as a smooth-running, deluxe fishing motor. This engine, with its quad opposed-cylinder construction, had a displacement of approximately 10 cubic inches. It was considered the "Cadillac" of fishing motors. Likely to be accessioned. Since we now have more than one Zephyr in our collection (see 2001.1.6), we will retain the best example and sell any others.


text:
The People's Response to the Credit Crunch: Lending Club Members Issue $1 Million in Loans and Company Launches New Community Website
People-to-People Lending Service expands beyond Facebook, Invites Lenders and Borrowers to Come Together and Bypass Banks
SUNNYVALE, CA – September 13, 2007 – Americans are currently facing a credit crisis, and an increasing number are taking advantage of emerging alternatives such as people-to-people lending. Lending Club, the rapidly growing people-to-people (P2P) lending service that launched as a Facebook application in May 2007, today announced the public availability of its services with the launch of LendingClub.com. Lending Club connects lenders and borrowers based upon shared affinities, enabling them to bypass banks to secure better interest rates on loans.
Lending Club is the first in the P2P lending space to help people identify lending and borrowing opportunities using a proprietary affinity-matching technology that looks at factors such as where a person grew up, went to school or what they do for a living, and ensures that they are creditworthy (based on their credit score and other characteristics). The new site, LendingClub.com, introduces tools for building diversified loan portfolios composed of pieces of 20 to 30 individual loans and hosts a forum for financial experts to share their knowledge with the Lending Club community.
"During this credit crunch, people-to-people lending provides a valuable alternative, and keeps money flowing when people need it the most," said Renaud Laplanche, founder and CEO of Lending Club. "We promote responsible lending and borrowing with fixed-rate installment loans which allow borrowers to pay off 100% of their loan within 36 months. By cutting the banks out, both lenders and borrowers get a better deal and help each other."
Lending Club launched at the end of May exclusively as a Facebook application. Since then, the Lending Club community on Facebook has grown to more than 15,000 users who have loaned and borrowed more than $1 million among themselves. With the launch of LendingClub.com, the company brings its affinity-based lending services to the broader public, helping to connect borrowers and lenders the same way it did within Facebook.
Lending Club's proprietary technology, LendingMatch™, helps lenders quickly identify the best loan opportunities based upon personal affinities such as geography, work place, education and associations. LendingClub.com's LendingMatch sorts among affinity criteria that includes 47,000 US cities; 1,000 companies; 500 government agencies; 6,300 colleges and universities; 1,600 national associations and other organizations; as well as thousands of Facebook groups and networks. The LendingMatch technology allows people to quickly discover previously unknown connections, enabling them to borrow and lend money among trusted sources and rapidly build diversified portfolios.
The new site also includes "Better Rates Together," a blog community that features expert advice on P2P lending and personal finance.
Lending Club is available to individual borrowers with credit scores at or above 640. Using Lending Club, borrowers can apply for personal loans of $500 to $25,000 to be funded by one or many individual lenders. To date lenders have funded 90 percent of all approved loan requests. Lending Club handles user authentication, bank account verification, credit checking, credit reporting, funds transfers and collections.
Lending Club recently secured $10.26M in Series A financing led by Canaan Partners and Norwest Venture Partners.
Thursday, September 13th, 2007 at 2:58 pm
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text:
Location: 2454 S. Beretania Street, Honolulu, HI 96826
Supervisor: Marcia Kemble, Resource Center Manager
Phone: 945-7633 ext.34
Fax: 944-1123
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Description of library/collection
The Resource Center (RC) seeks to serve the community by providing public access to a repository of resources about the evolving Japanese American experience in Hawaii. The RC houses a collection of about 5,000 books (in both English and Japanese) as well as oral histories, archival manuscripts, photos, audiovisual materials, and vertical file materials. It is open to the public and is run by one staff member (the Resource Center Manager, who is a librarian) and numerous volunteers, including several retired librarians.
Description of internship
Available intern projects include, but are not limited to, (a) processing archival collections; (b) digitizing audiovisual, oral history, and manuscript collections and helping to move them online; (c) transcribing oral histories; (d) inventorying and cataloging donated photos; (e) cataloging books, AV materials, oral histories, and archival collections in the online catalog; (f) working on preservation and protection of fragile materials; and (g) preparing pathfinders for library materials on aspects of Japanese American history or culture. Interns will also gain experience in the everyday work of a specialized library in the nonprofit sector, including providing reference or other types of assistance to researchers and other visitors.
Required prerequisites/qualifications
Desired qualifications
We hope to find a self-driven, independent individual who can collaborate with a team of volunteers. Familiarity with the history of Japanese in Hawai'i is desirable. Japanese language ability would be ideal, but is not required. It would also be ideal if the intern has a particular interest in archival collections and has taken some LIS coursework in archival management (LIS 652) or preservation (LIS 619, LIS 620).
Weekly schedule
The intern's schedule is flexible, but should take place from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., Tuesday through Saturday. At least half of those hours should take place when the RC is open to the public (Tues.-Fri. from 10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m., and Sat. from 10:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m.).
Learning/experiential goals or work outcomes expected
The student will gain general real-world experience in the setting of a small specialized library in the nonprofit sector, along with specialized experience specific to the project he or she undertakes. We hope the student will gain professional awareness and personal passion and satisfaction from preserving our cultural heritage and promoting it to many types of users. The Resource Center expects the intern to take part in the day-to-day activity of the Center as well as the completion of a specific project as determined at the beginning of the internship.
Evaluation process/format
Evaluation will be based on the quality of the final project, as well as a reflective journal on the internship experience. The librarians will comment on this journal in order to provide continuous feedback. Final evaluation will be performed using the standard LIS 690 evaluation form and additional feedback.
Evaluation schedule
Students should submit a word-processed journal at the end of every two weeks as a basis for evaluation and discussion. Detailed evaluations will be performed at the middle and end of the semester.


text:
Give your float spirit with our Lavender Tissue Squares!
Our Lavender Pomps Tissue Squares will allow you to create rich, luxurious parade floats with ease. Simply take a 5 1/2 inch square flame-resistant and bleed-proof Lavender Tissue Square and poke it through chicken wire with 1 inch openings (available at most hardware stores). Each package of Lavender Pomps Tissue Squares contain 300 sheets which will cover 4 square feet if poked into every other square.
Find more information and documentation for Flame Retardant materials here: Flame Retardant Documentation
Please allow ample time for delivery. Our ship date for this product is noted in your shopping cart. Many items are shipped separately, so please allow extra time for these items to arrive. Shipping charges are based on the value of the merchandise and not the number of shipments. For additional shipping information, please contact our Customer Service Department at (firstname.lastname@example.com or 1-800-314-8794).


text:
Are you interested in studying at the world's best universities? Do you want to put yourself in a position to win the best job offers after graduation?
Welcome to the Ivy Exam Group! We offer preparation courses for the SAT Reasoning Test, taught exclusively by teachers with 99% achievement on this rigorous exam. Our comprehensive course of instruction focuses on learning the content of the exam, practicing real-time test-taking, and internalizing efficient test-taking habits for time and stress management. Are we effective? Our average score improvement of over 240 points beats every major SAT preparation course on the market. See the results of our 2008 December program, 2009 May program, and 2009 October program here.
As Thomas Edison once wrote, "I am a great believer in luck, and I find that the harder I work, the more I have of it". We look forward to helping you reach your goals.


text:
I am interested in proposals for papers for a panel about Downtown Abbey for MWCBS 2012, which will be held in Toronto from the 12th to the 14th of October. As the possible working title indicates, this panel might be comprised of papers covering several different periods, and might take up many arguments, including, but certainly not limited to, the uses of history; race, class, and gender; material culture; the culture of specularity; building the nation; the marriage plot; servant culture; and architecture.
Interested parties should please email me (firstname.lastname@example.com)with questions, or with a 200 word abstract and a one page c.v.
Dana Gliserman Kopans


text: r didge gal | Digital Scrapbooking at Scrapbook Flair Home Galleries Groups Challenges Blogs Forums Members Downloads MarketPlace Store Archive Join Login offline Joined: Oct 10, 2010 Last Logon: Jan 7, 2012 didge gal's Home Page www.scrapbookflair.com/didge_gal 72 years young disabled from a septic infection in 2003..Really getting started in scraping sems like fun.Ilost my husband a year ago to cancer so there is just me and my 3 little dogs.. didge gal is from Lumberton, TX, USA didge gal's Scrapbooks Cool Summer Brezze SUMMER IN TEXAS MY EMILY email it » view all didge gal's scrapbooks didge gal's Favorite Scrapbooks There are no favorite scrapbooks chosen by didge gal yet. didge gal's Friends didge gal has 7 friends » view all didge gal's friends didge gal's Fans didge gal has 4 fans » view all didge gal's fans Renew/Upgrade Membership Gallery Groups Blog Friends Favorites Tags Post and Share this page on Blogs and other Websites by copying and pasting this link: http://www.scrapbookflair.com/didge_gal didge gal's home page has been visited 710 times. About Us Bookmark Contact Us Designer Members FAQs Fan Mail Help Link to Us Membership News Privacy Search Site Rules Suggestion Box Tell a Friend © 2006-2016, Patent Pending, Aurora Digital Imaging, Ltd. Beta 5.0 The most fun digital scrapbooking site on the Internet. Free digital scrapbooking software, scrapbook templates, scrapbook embellishments and backgrounds. Beautiful scrapbook prints and photobooks.


text:
Northwest NEWS
pril 29, 2002
What would Jefferson do?
Thomas Jefferson once said that a revolution every 20 years could be a good thing: Sweep away all the old forms and institutions which have mutated to serve only themselves instead of the people and purposes for which they were originally intended. Although a bit radical, this statement comes to mind in the case of the National Education Association and its Washington affiliate, the Washington Education Association.
The WEA's original purpose was obvious: education. But this month, we have seen the WEA spending its time and energy on a snide and childish smear campaign against the Evergreen Freedom Foundation for having the audacity to point out that the NEA was breaking campaign finance laws. The NEA was doing this by spending money collected from non-members on political ads. Non-members, you ask? Yes, they're also required to pay dues or find another profession ... it's part of that blunted purpose mentioned above.
This is but a new twist on an old theme.ĘThe WEA has a distinguished history in recent years of getting caught violating campaign finance laws, found guilty, fined, denying wrongdoing, criticizing Evergreen, and doing it again. Meanwhile, they pursue an agenda that often has little to do with education and entrenches their power at the cost of competition and freedom of school choice, two things that would re-sharpen that blunted purpose.
Ultimately, it's about reading, 'riting and 'rithmetic, not political power games or mudslinging. Should we continue to force teachers to support the NEA / WEA monopoly? What would Jefferson do?
Troy Beardslee, Woodinville


text:
Catalogue entry
Naum Gabo 1890-1977
Not inscribed
Published in:
T02190 Linear Form (probably Part of the Model for the First Bijenkorf Project) 1954
Not inscribed
Plastic with metal wires, 2 1/4 x 1 5/8 x 1 5/8 (5.8 x 4 x 4)
Presented by the artist 1977
Exh: Naum Gabo: The Constructive Process, Tate Gallery, November 1976-January 1977 (87) as one of 'Three Untitled Models (Variations on a Theme)' c.1953
See the note on T02189. This may also have been part of the Bijenkorf model, as it looks very like the form at the top left.
Published in:
Ronald Alley, Catalogue of the Tate Gallery's Collection of Modern Art other than Works by British Artists, Tate Gallery and Sotheby Parke-Bernet, London 1981, p.259, reproduced p.259


text:
As Diablo 3 patch 1.0.7 is still in preparing period for all Diablo 3 players, there are different ideas about this new patch. To get prepared well for the new patch 1.0.7, stock huge mounts of Diablo 3 gold is really necessary. For hard to farm lots of d3 gold in game, you can find the best site to buy. CheapDiablo is one of the best Diablo 3 gold cheap site from which you can get the cheapest d3 gold. Besides cheap Diablo 3 gold for sale, CheapDiablo also provides the latest information of the game on our site! Today, I would like to provide all players some possible changes in Diablo 3 patch 1.0.7!
Dueling in PvP system
Blizzard has announced that PvP system will be added in new patch in future. With the PvP system, players will be able to enjoy a dueling mode in game. As Blizzard said, players are supposed to be given some kind of structure that would not only make it easier for all players to duel with others, but also allow players to have duels that were team-based. However, Blizzard also announced that they just found that this mode falls short of their expectations for a high quality Blizzard experience. And so, players just have to wait more time for this new system! In waiting period, just catch time to get as much d3 gold as possible so that you will be able to get the best equipments for your character! And so, you will be rather confident when PvP system released in near future!
Monster Power system
As we noticed that one of the biggest issues for Monster Power system is pure efficiency. It seems that it is unnecessary for running at higher MP levels when farming gear or experience at level 60. It is true that faster efficiency of defeating monsters at MP0 makes up for lower XP and drop rate bonuses. But Public Games don't work with higher MP levels. In Diablo 3 patch 1.0.7, we are supposed to see greater experience bonuses which appear at higher MP levels. Also as adding higher MP levels to Public Games is rather difficult as with this that lots of people who are available for a game at any given time will be split up, we may see some tests for this when patch 1.0.7 is available in near future!
Nephalem Valor system
With the Nephalem Valor system, it can often feel like a chore for players to get to the 5 NV stacks before they can "start playing". This is being given attention by the developers. At the same time, they don't want to players to feel forced to only run very short games, for efficiency's sake. It is possible for all players to see an improved system in patch 1.0.7!
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- 5. Diablo 3 PvP System with Team Deathmatch Mode in Patch 1.0.7


text:
Internal Revenue Bulletin: 2011-49
December 5, 2011
Table of Contents
Application of general welfare exclusion to Indian tribal government programs. This notice requests comments describing actual or proposed Indian tribal government programs that provide benefits to members and the application of the general welfare exclusion to the programs and benefits.
Trusts for Indian minors. This procedure provides a revised safe harbor for Indian tribes to establish trusts for tribal members who are minors or legally incompetent for the distribution of gaming revenues under the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act. Rev. Proc. 2003-14 clarified, modified, and superseded.
This procedure publishes the amounts of unused housing credit carryovers allocated to qualified states under section 42(h)(3)(D) of the Code for calendar year 2011.
|More Internal Revenue Bulletins


text:
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This chapter explains why statistics are important for the query optimizer and how to gather and use optimizer statistics with the
DBMS_STATS package.
The chapter contains the following sections:
Optimizer statistics are a collection of data that describe more details about the database and the objects in the database. These statistics are used by the query optimizer to choose the best execution plan for each SQL statement. Optimizer statistics include the following:
Table statistics
Number of rows
Number of blocks
Average row length
Column statistics
Number of distinct values (NDV) in column
Number of nulls in column
Data distribution (histogram)
Extended statistics
Index statistics
Number of leaf blocks
Clustering factor
System statistics
I/O performance and utilization
CPU performance and utilization
Note:The statistics mentioned in this section are optimizer statistics, which are created for the purposes of query optimization and are stored in the data dictionary. These statistics should not be confused with performance statistics visible through
V$ views.
The optimizer statistics are stored in the data dictionary. They can be viewed using data dictionary views. See "Viewing Statistics".
Because the objects in a database can be constantly changing, statistics must be regularly updated so that they accurately describe these database objects. Statistics are maintained automatically by Oracle or you can maintain the optimizer statistics manually using the
DBMS_STATS package. For a description of the automatic and manual processes, see "Automatic Optimizer Statistics Collection" or "Manual Statistics Gathering".
DBMS_STATS package also provides procedures for managing statistics. You can save and restore copies of statistics. You can export statistics from one system and import those statistics into another system. For example, you could export statistics from a production system to a test system. In addition, you can lock statistics to prevent those statistics from changing. The lock methods are described in "Locking Statistics for a Table or Schema".
The recommended approach to gathering optimizer statistics is to allow Oracle Database to automatically gather the statistics. Oracle Database gathers optimizer statistics on all database objects automatically and maintains those statistics as an automated maintenance task. The automated maintenance tasks infrastructure (known as AutoTask) schedules tasks to run automatically in Oracle Scheduler windows known as maintenance windows. By default, one window is scheduled for each day of the week. You can customize attributes of these maintenance windows, including start and end time, frequency, and days of the week. AutoTask schedules statistics gathering as an automated maintenance task in the maintenance windows to automatically collect optimizer statistics for all schema objects in the database for which there are no statistics or only stale statistics. This process is called automatic optimizer statistics collection.
Automatic optimizer statistics collection gathers optimizer statistics by calling the
DBMS_STATS.GATHER_DATABASE_STATS_JOB_PROC procedure. The
GATHER_DATABASE_STATS_JOB_PROC procedure collects statistics on database objects when the object has no previously gathered statistics or the existing statistics are stale because the underlying object has been modified significantly (more than 10% of the rows).The
DBMS_STATS.GATHER_DATABASE_STATS_JOB_PROC is an internal procedure, but it operates in a very similar fashion to the
DBMS_STATS.GATHER_DATABASE_STATS procedure using the
AUTO option. The primary difference is that the
DBMS_STATS.GATHER_DATABASE_STATS_JOB_PROC procedure prioritizes the database objects that require statistics, so that those objects which most need updated statistics are processed first. This ensures that the most-needed statistics are gathered before the maintenance window closes.
Automatic optimizer statistics collection eliminates many of the manual tasks associated with managing the query optimizer, and significantly reduces the risks of generating poor execution plans due to missing or stale statistics.
This section contains the following topics:
Optimizer statistics are automatically gathered by automatic optimizer statistics collection, which gathers statistics on all objects in the database which have stale or missing statistics. Automatic optimizer statistics collection runs as part of the automated maintenance tasks infrastructure (AutoTask) and is enabled by default to run in all predefined maintenance windows.
If for some reason automatic optimizer statistics collection is disabled, you can enable it using the
ENABLE procedure in the
DBMS_AUTO_TASK_ADMIN package:
BEGIN DBMS_AUTO_TASK_ADMIN.ENABLE( client_name => 'auto optimizer stats collection', operation => NULL, window_name => NULL); END; /
In situations when you want to disable automatic optimizer statistics collection, you can disable it using the DISABLE procedure in the DBMS_AUTO_TASK_ADMIN package:
BEGIN DBMS_AUTO_TASK_ADMIN.DISABLE( client_name => 'auto optimizer stats collection', operation => NULL, window_name => NULL); END; /
Automatic optimizer statistics collection relies on the modification monitoring feature, described in "Determining Stale Statistics". If this feature is disabled, then the automatic optimizer statistics collection job will not be able to detect stale statistics. This feature is enabled when the
STATISTICS_LEVEL parameter is set to
TYPICAL or
TYPICAL is the default value.
See Also:
This section discusses:
Automatic optimizer statistics collection should be sufficient for most database objects which are being modified at a moderate speed. However, there are cases where automatic optimizer statistics collection may not be adequate. Because the automatic optimizer statistics collection runs during maintenance windows, the statistics on tables which are significantly modified throughout the day may become stale. There are typically two types of such objects:
Volatile tables that are being deleted or truncated and rebuilt during the course of the day.
Objects which are the target of large bulk loads which add 10% or more to the object's total size.
For highly volatile tables, there are two approaches:
The statistics on these tables can be set to NULL. When Oracle encounters a table with no statistics, Oracle dynamically gathers the necessary statistics as part of query optimization. This dynamic sampling feature is controlled by the
OPTIMIZER_DYNAMIC_SAMPLING parameter, and this parameter should be set to a value of 2 or higher. The default value is 2. The statistics can be set to NULL by deleting and then locking the statistics:
See "Dynamic Sampling Levels" for information about the sampling levels that can be set.
The statistics on these tables can be set to values that represent the typical state of the table. You should gather statistics on the table when the tables has a representative number of rows, and then lock the statistics.
This may be more effective than automatic optimizer statistic collection, because any statistics generated on the table during the overnight batch window may not be the most appropriate statistics for the daytime workload.
For tables which are being bulk-loaded, the statistics-gathering procedures should be run on those tables immediately following the load process, preferably as part of the same script or job that is running the bulk load.
For external tables, statistics are not collected during
GATHER_DATABASE_STATS, and automatic optimizer statistics collection processing. However, you can collect statistics on an individual external table using
GATHER_TABLE_STATS. Sampling on external tables is not supported so the
ESTIMATE_PERCENT option should be explicitly set to
NULL. Because data manipulation is not allowed against external tables, it is sufficient to analyze external tables when the corresponding file changes.
If the monitoring feature is disabled by setting
STATISTICS_LEVEL to
BASIC, automatic optimizer statistics collection cannot detect stale statistics. In this case statistics need to be manually gathered. See "Determining Stale Statistics" for information on the automatic monitoring facility.
Another area in which statistics need to be manually gathered are the system statistics. These statistics are not automatically gathered. See "System Statistics" for more information.
Statistics on fixed objects, such as the dynamic performance tables, need to be manually collected using
GATHER_FIXED_OBJECTS_STATS procedure. Fixed objects record current database activity; statistics gathering should be done when database has representative activity.
Whenever statistics in dictionary are modified, old versions of statistics are saved automatically for future restoring. Statistics can be restored using
RESTORE procedures of
DBMS_STATS package. See "Restoring Previous Versions of Statistics" for more information.
In some cases, you may want to prevent any new statistics from being gathered on a table or schema by the
DBMS_STATS_JOB process, such as highly volatile tables discussed in "When to Use Manual Statistics". In those cases, the
DBMS_STATS package provides procedures for locking the statistics for a table or schema. See "Locking Statistics for a Table or Schema" for more information.
If you choose not to use automatic optimizer statistics collection, then you need to manually collect statistics in all schemas, including system schemas. If the data in your database changes regularly, you also need to gather statistics regularly to ensure that the statistics accurately represent characteristics of your database objects.
Statistics are gathered using the
DBMS_STATS package. This PL/SQL package is also used to modify, view, export, import, and delete statistics.
Note:Do not use the
COMPUTE and
ESTIMATE clauses of
ANALYZE statement to collect optimizer statistics. These clauses are supported solely for backward compatibility and may be removed in a future release. The
DBMS_STATS package collects a broader, more accurate set of statistics, and gathers statistics more efficiently.
You may continue to use
DBMS_STATS package can gather statistics on table and indexes and individual columns and partitions of tables. It does not gather cluster statistics; however, you can use
DBMS_STATS to gather statistics on the individual tables instead of the whole cluster.
When you generate statistics for a table, column, or index, if the data dictionary already contains statistics for the object, then Oracle updates the existing statistics. The older statistics are saved and can be restored later if necessary. See "Restoring Previous Versions of Statistics".
When gathering statistics on system schemas, you can use the procedure
DBMS_STATS.GATHER_DICTIONARY_STATS. This procedure gathers statistics for all system schemas, including
SYS and
SYSTEM, and other optional schemas, such as
CTXSYS and
When statistics are updated for a database object, Oracle invalidates any currently parsed SQL statements that access the object. The next time such a statement executes, the statement is re-parsed and the optimizer automatically chooses a new execution plan based on the new statistics. Distributed statements accessing objects with new statistics on remote databases are not invalidated. The new statistics take effect the next time the SQL statement is parsed.
Table 13-1 lists the procedures in the
DBMS_STATS package for gathering statistics on database objects.
Table 13-1 Statistics Gathering Procedures in the DBMS_STATS Package
Index statistics
Table, column, and index statistics
Statistics for all objects in a schema
Statistics for all dictionary objects
Statistics for all objects in a database
See Also:Oracle Database PL/SQL Packages and Types Reference for syntax and examples of all
DBMS_STATS procedures
When using any of these procedures, there are several important considerations for statistics gathering:
The statistics-gathering operations can utilize sampling to estimate statistics. Sampling is an important technique for gathering statistics. Gathering statistics without sampling requires full table scans and sorts of entire tables. Sampling minimizes the resources necessary to gather statistics.
Sampling is specified using the
ESTIMATE_PERCENT argument to the
DBMS_STATS procedures. While the sampling percentage can be set to any value, Oracle recommends setting the
ESTIMATE_PERCENT parameter of the
DBMS_STATS gathering procedures to
AUTO_SAMPLE_SIZE to maximize performance gains while achieving necessary statistical accuracy.
AUTO_SAMPLE_SIZE lets Oracle determine the best sample size necessary for good statistics, based on the statistical property of the object. Because each type of statistics has different requirements, the size of the actual sample taken may not be the same across the table, columns, or indexes. For example, to collect table and column statistics for all tables in the
OE schema with auto-sampling, you could use:
When the
ESTIMATE_PERCENT parameter is manually specified, the
DBMS_STATS gathering procedures may automatically increase the sampling percentage if the specified percentage did not produce a large enough sample. This ensures the stability of the estimated values by reducing fluctuations.
The statistics-gathering operations can run either serially or in parallel. The degree of parallelism can be specified with the
DEGREE argument to the
DBMS_STATS gathering procedures. Parallel statistics gathering can be used in conjunction with sampling. Oracle recommends setting the
DEGREE parameter to
DBMS_STATS.AUTO_DEGREE. This setting allows Oracle to choose an appropriate degree of parallelism based on the size of the object and the settings for the parallel-related
init.ora parameters.
Note that certain types of index statistics are not gathered in parallel, including cluster indexes, domain indexes, and bitmap join indexes.
For partitioned tables and indexes,
DBMS_STATS can gather separate statistics for each partition and global statistics for the entire table or index. Similarly, for composite partitioning,
DBMS_STATS can gather separate statistics for subpartitions, partitions, and the entire table or index. The type of partitioning statistics to be gathered is specified in the
GRANULARITY argument to the
DBMS_STATS gathering procedures.
Depending on the SQL statement being optimized, the optimizer can choose to use either the partition (or subpartition) statistics or the global statistics. Both types of statistics are important for most applications, and Oracle recommends setting the
GRANULARITY parameter to
AUTO to gather both types of partition statistics.
With partitioned tables, new data is usually loaded into a new partition. As new partitions are added and data loaded, statistics must be gathered on the new partition, and global statistics must be kept up to date. If the
INCREMENTAL value for a partition table is set to
TRUE, and you gather statistics on that table with the
GRANULARITY parameter set to
AUTO, Oracle will gather statistics on the new partition and update the global table statistics by scanning only those partitions that have been modified and not the entire table. If the
INCREMENTAL value for the partitioned table is set to
FALSE (default value), then a full table scan is used to maintain the global statistics. This is a highly resource intensive and time consuming operation for large tables.
Note:When you set
INCREMENTAL to
TRUE for a partitioned table, the
SYSAUX tablespace consumes additional space to maintain the global statistics.
Use the
When gathering statistics on a table,
DBMS_STATS gathers information about the data distribution of the columns within the table. The most basic information about the data distribution is the maximum value and minimum value of the column. However, this level of statistics may be insufficient for the optimizer's needs if the data within the column is skewed. For skewed data distributions, histograms can also be created as part of the column statistics to describe the data distribution of a given column. Histograms are described in more details in "Viewing Histograms".
Histograms are specified using the
METHOD_OPT argument of the
DBMS_STATS gathering procedures. Oracle recommends setting the
METHOD_OPT to
AUTO. With this setting, Oracle automatically determines which columns require histograms and the number of buckets (size) of each histogram. You can also manually specify which columns should have histograms and the size of each histogram.
Note:If you need to remove all rows from a table when using
DBMS_STATS, use
TRUNCATE instead of dropping and re-creating the same table. When a table is dropped, workload information used by the auto-histogram gathering feature and saved statistics history used by the
RESTORE_*_STATS procedures will be lost. Without this data, these features will not function properly.
Oracle can also gather statistics on a group of columns within a table or an expression on a column. For more details on these, refer to:
When multiple columns from a single table are used together in the
where clause of a query (multiple single column predicates), the relationship between the columns can strongly affect the combined selectivity for the column group.
For example, consider the
customers table in the
SH schema. The columns
cust_state_province and
country_id are related, with
cust_state_province determining the
country_id for each customer. Querying the
customers table where the
cust_state_province is
Select count(*) from sh.customers where cust_state_province = 'CA';
returns the following value:
Adding an extra predicate on the
country_id column does not change the result when the
country_id is 52790 (United States of America).
Select count(*) from customers where cust_state_province = 'CA' and country_id=52790;
returns the same value as the previous query:
However, if the
country_id has any other value, such as 52775 (Brazil), as in the following query:
Select count(*) from customers where cust_state_province = 'CA' and country_id=52775;
then the returned value is:
With individual column statistics the optimizer has no way of knowing that the
cust_state_province and the
country_id columns are related. By gathering statistics on these columns as a group (column group), the optimizer will now have a more accurate selectivity value for the group, instead of having to generate the value based on the individual column statistics.
By default, Oracle creates column groups for a table, based on the workload analysis, similar to how it is done for histograms.
You can also create column groups manually by using the
DBMS_STATS pac ��kage. You can use this package to create a column group, get the name of a column group, or delete a column group from a table.
Use the
create_extended_statistics function to create a column group. The
create_extended_statistics function returns the system-generated name of the newly created column group. Table 13-2 lists the input parameters for this function:
Table 13-2 Parameters for the create_extended_statistics Function
Schema owner. NULL indicates current schema.
Name of the table to which the column group is being added.
Columns in the column group.
For example, if you want to add a column group consisting of the
cust_state_province and
country_id columns to the
customers table in
SH schema:
declare cg_name varchar2(30); begin cg_name := dbms_stats.create_extended_stats(null,'customers', '(cust_state_province,country_id)'); end; /
Use the
show_extended_stats_name function to obtain the name of the column group for a given set of columns. Table 13-3 lists the input parameters for this function:
Table 13-3 Parameters for the show_extended_stats_name Function
Schema owner. NULL indicates current schema.
Name of the table to which the column group belongs.
Name of the column group.
For example, use the following query to obtain the column group name for a set of columns on the
customers table:
select sys.dbms_stats.show_extended_stats_name('sh','customers', '(cust_state_province,country_id)') col_group_name from dual;
You will obtain an output similar to the following:
Use the
drop_extended_stats function to delete a column group from a table. Table 13-4 lists the input parameters for this function:
Table 13-4 Parameters for the drop_extended_stats Function
Schema owner. NULL indicates current schema.
Name of the table to which the column group belongs.
Name of the column group to be deleted.
For example, the following statement deletes a column group from the
customers table:
exec dbms_stats.drop_extended_stats('sh','customers','(cust_state_province,country_id)');
Use the dictionary table
user_stat_extensions to obtain information about MultiColumn statistics:
Select extension_name, extension from user_stat_extensions where table_name='CUSTOMERS';
Use the following query to find the number of distinct values and find whether a histogram has been created for a column group:
select e.extension col_group, t.num_distinct, t.histogram 2 from user_stat_extensions e, user_tab_col_statistics t 3 where e.extension_name=t.column_name 4 and e.table_name=t.table_name 5 and t.table_name='CUSTOMERS';
METHOD_OPT argument of the
DBMS_STATS package enables you to gather statistics on column groups. If you set the value of this argument to
FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE AUTO, the optimizer will gather statistics on all the existing column groups. To collect statistics on a new column group, specify the group using
FOR COLUMNS. The column group will be automatically created as part of statistic gathering.
For example, the following statement creates a new column group for the
customers table on the columns
country_id and gathers statistics (including histograms) on the entire table and the new column group:
Note:The optimizer will only use MultiColumn statistics with equality predicates.
When a function is applied to a column in the
where clause of a query (
function(col1)=constant), the optimizer has no way of knowing how that function will affect the selectivity of the column. By gathering expression statistics on the expression
function(col1), the optimizer will have a more accurate selectivity value.
An example of such a function is:
You can create statistics on an expression as part of the
gather_table_stats procedure:
exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats('sh','customers', method_opt => 'for all columns size skewonly for columns (lower(cust_state_province)) size skewonly');
You can also use the
create_extended_statistics function to accomplish this:
select dbms_stats.create_extended_stats(null,'customers','(lower(cust_state_province))') from dual;
Use the dictionary table
user_stat_extensions to obtain information about expression statistics:
Select extension_name, extension from user_stat_extensions where table_name='CUSTOMERS';
Use the following query to find the number of distinct values and find whether a histogram has been created:
select e.extension col_group, t.num_distinct, t.histogram 2 from user_stat_extensions e, user_tab_col_statistics t 3 where e.extension_name=t.column_name 4 and t.table_name='CUSTOMERS';
Statistics must be regularly gathered on database objects as those database objects are modified over time. In order to determine whether or not a given database object needs new database statistics, Oracle provides a table monitoring facility. This monitoring is enabled by default when
STATISTICS_LEVEL is set to
TYPICAL or
ALL. Monitoring tracks the approximate number of
UPDATEs, and
DELETEs for that table and whether the table has been truncated, since the last time statistics were gathered. The information about changes of tables can be viewed in the
USER_TAB_MODIFICATIONS view. Following a data-modification, there may be a few minutes delay while Oracle propagates the information to this view. Use the
DBMS_STATS.FLUSH_DATABASE_MONITORING_INFO procedure to immediately reflect the outstanding monitored information kept in the memory.
GATHER_DATABASE_STATS or
GATHER_SCHEMA_STATS procedures gather new statistics for tables with stale statistics when the
OPTIONS parameter is set to
STALE or
AUTO. If a monitored table has been modified more than 10%, then these statistics are considered stale and gathered again.
You can create user-defined optimizer statistics to support user-defined indexes and functions. When you associate a statistics type with a column or domain index, Oracle calls the statistics collection method in the statistics type whenever statistics are gathered for database objects.
You should gather new column statistics on a table after creating a function-based index, to allow Oracle to collect column statistics equivalent information for the expression. This is done by calling the statistics-gathering procedure with the
METHOD_OPT argument set to
See Also:Oracle Database Data Cartridge Developer's Guide for details about implementing user-defined statistics
When gathering statistics manually, you not only need to determine how to gather statistics, but also when and how often to gather new statistics.
For an application in which tables are being incrementally modified, you may only need to gather new statistics every week or every month. The simplest way to gather statistics in these environment is to use a script or job scheduling tool to regularly run the
GATHER_SCHEMA_STATS and
GATHER_DATABASE_STATS procedures. The frequency of collection intervals should balance the task of providing accurate statistics for the optimizer against the processing overhead incurred by the statistics collection process.
For tables which are being substantially modified in batch operations, such as with bulk loads, statistics should be gathered on those tables as part of the batch operation. The
DBMS_STATS procedure should be called as soon as the load operation completes.
For partitioned tables, there are often cases in which only a single partition is modified. In those cases, statistics can be gathered only on those partitions rather than gathering statistics for the entire table. However, gathering global statistics for the partitioned table may still be necessary.
See Also:Oracle Database PL/SQL Packages and Types Reference for more information about the
GATHER_SCHEMA_STATS and
GATHER_DATABASE_STATS procedures in the
DBMS_STATS package
DBMS_STATS enables you to compare statistics for a table from two different sources. Table 13-5 lists the functions in the
DBMS_STATS package for comparing statistics.
Table 13-5 Functions That Compare Statistics in the DBMS_STATS Package
Pending statistics and statistics as of a timestamp or statistics from dictionary
Statistics for a table from two different sources
Statistics for a table from two timestamps in past and statistics as of that timestamp
The functions in Table 13-5 also compare the statistics of dependent objects such as indexes, columns, and partitions. They display statistics of the objects from both sources if the difference between those statistics exceeds a certain threshold. The threshold can be specified as an argument to the function, with a default of 10%. Oracle Database uses the statistics corresponding to the first source as basis for computing the differential percentage.
See Also:Oracle Database PL/SQL Packages and Types Reference for more information about the
DIFF_TABLE_STATS_* functions in the
DBMS_STATS package
System statistics describe the system's hardware characteristics, such as I/O and CPU performance and utilization, to the query optimizer. When choosing an execution plan, the optimizer estimates the I/O and CPU resources required for each query. System statistics enable the query optimizer to more accurately estimate I/O and CPU costs, enabling the query optimizer to choose a better execution plan.
When Oracle gathers system statistics, it analyzes system activity in a specified time period (workload statistics) or simulates a workload (noworkload statistics). The statistics are collected using the
DBMS_STATS.GATHER_SYSTEM_STATS procedure. Oracle highly recommends that you gather system statistics.
Note:You must have DBA privileges or
GATHER_SYSTEM_STATISTICS role to update dictionary system statistics.
Table 13-6 lists the optimizer system statistics gathered by the
DBMS_STATS package and the options for gathering or manually setting specific system statistics.
Table 13-6 Optimizer System Statistics in the DBMS_STAT Package
|Parameter Name
|Options for Gathering or Setting Statistics
Represents noworkload CPU speed. CPU speed is the average number of CPU cycles in each second.
At system startup
I/O seek time equals seek time + latency time + operating system overhead time.
At system startup
10 (default)
I/O transfer speed is the rate at which an Oracle database can read data in the single read request.
At system startup
4096 (default)
Represents workload CPU speed. CPU speed is the average number of CPU cycles in each second.
Maximum I/O throughput is the maximum throughput that the I/O subsystem can deliver.
Slave I/O throughput is the average parallel slave I/O throughput.
Single block read time is the average time to read a single block randomly.
Multiblock read is the average time to read a multiblock sequentially.
Multiblock count is the average multiblock read count sequentially.
Unlike table, index, or column statistics, Oracle does not invalidate already parsed SQL statements when system statistics get updated. All new SQL statements are parsed using new statistics.
Oracle offers two options for gathering system statistics:
These options better facilitate the gathering process to the physical database and workload: when workload system statistics are gathered, noworkload system statistics will be ignored. Noworkload system statistics are initialized to default values at the first database startup.
See Also:Oracle Database PL/SQL Packages and Types Reference for detailed information on the procedures in the
DBMS_STATS package for implementing system statistics
Workload statistics, introduced in Oracle 9i, gather single and multiblock read times,


text:
Top 7 Reasons Why You Shouldn't Outsource Fulfillment
The allure of outsourced fulfillment (such as Amazon's FBA program) is strong. But, don't get sucked in by the hype! In any business, you never outsource anything that you can do better or more efficiently yourself.
If you don't think you can make your fulfillment operation more efficient than a third party, then you're not trying hard enough. All of Amazon's super-advanced technology is designed to handle the massive size of their operation. If you're a small business, you don't need advanced technology to grab a product off a shelf, put it in a box, pad it, and put a label on it.
Here are my top 7 reasons why you should perform your own fulfillment:
Would you outsource your customer service? Of course not. Fulfillment is probably the most important aspect of an e-commerce business because it's the LAST thing customer's remember about their interaction with your store. If a waiter is great for an entire meal, but takes five minutes too long to bring the check, you're going to have a poor opinion of them. It's human nature. If everything about your site is great, but the customer has a bad fulfillment experience, they're going to blame you and not your fulfillment company.
Vendors are going to make mistakes. They're going to send the wrong item. They're going to send too few or too many of an item. Items will get broken during delivery to the fulfillment center. How is your fulfillment company going to handle this for you? Will they even know if an item is damaged? Will they know if your vendor made a change to the packaging? Will they know if the vendor changed a spec of the product? If the vendor forgot to inform you, you won't know until a customer complains! This will cause you constant headaches. As soon as you lose control over such an essential part of your business and you're at the mercy of another company, you're destined for major problems.
Returns. When a customer needs to return an item, do they send it back to the fulfillment company? Are you going to trust the fulfillment company to decide if the product is in good enough condition to resell? You may put yourself into a position where you have to eat all returns. Also, if the returns aren't sent to you, you lose out on a valuable feedback mechanism to determine why a particular product has a high return rate.
You won't save money. Seriously. The fulfillment company is going to charge you to store product (remember that about 80% of your products aren't best sellers). They're going to charge you to pick product, to pack product, and to actually ship it. They may pass along some of their volume postage savings, but they have to make a profit, too. When you add up all of those costs, you might as well hire someone to do it yourself. At least you'll have control over the entire process. If you don't do enough business right now to hire someone, then do it yourself and include a hand-written "thank you" note inside each order.
Don't get duped by the "we're experts in fulfillment" sales pitch. As a small business owner, you've figured out how to performs tons of things you never thought you could do. Determining the best way to send an item without it breaking during shipping is definitely something you can do. I don't mean to sound crass, but at a 3rd party fulfillment company, they don't have PhD's packing your product. You can figure out how to do this efficiently for your business and teach an employee how to do it.
Customization: You have best sellers. You can purchase boxes that fit those items exactly. This saves tremendously on shipping costs because you don't have to use void fill material and the chance of breakage drops to nearly nil. Third-party fulfillment can't (and won't) do this.
Breakage. The fulfillment company doesn't know anything about your products. They don't know what's highly susceptible to breakage. They're going to pack everything in exactly the same manner. When breaks occur, you're the one who will have to deal with the customer service and pay for the reshipment. Yes, the fulfillment company might reship for free, but you're out the cost of the product. You also have an angry customer. If you handle fulfillment, you can make adjustments so that the same problem doesn't repeat itself. A large 3rd party fulfillment company can't handle this level of customization.
Third-party fulfillment companies setup their operations to be as generic as possible. This, by definition, is going to be less efficient than what you can create yourself.
The only cases in which I think outsourced fulfillment makes sense is if you do not have the physical space to do it yourself. Otherwise, roll up your sleeves, and learn something about shipping! You'll be glad you did.
Comments ( 30 )
In the last week here in the UK I sold nearly 100 CDs through Amazon FBA. As a one-man (virtually) business there is no way I could have handled that volume of picking and packing with the addition of sales on eBay and other venues
With Amazon Fulfilment customers TRUST the site to deliver quickly, to deal with queries and be 100% customer focussed.
I would agree with your comments regarding using an unknown fulfilment house but, in my own experience, Amazon has been a boost to my business and, apart from the costs, I have no complaints (and judging from my feedback neither do my customers!)
Good points! I agree that cost is definitely not a reason to outsource fulfillment, especially not FBA. However, one other situation (ie. my situation) where it's essential is where you're fulfilling internationally. I live and work in China selling Chinese tea to Europe. Sending the products direct from China would mean a 3-4 week delivery time. An outsourced fulfillment system like Amazon or Shipwire means I can guarantee 1-2 days delivery to UK customers.
On the other hand, if I could do the shipping myself, I absolutely would, for the ability to personalise and 'delight' the customer much more than I can with Amazon.
If you sell generic, "pick'n'pack" items in huge volume, I would definitely suggest you use a fulfilment company to save time, money and storage space.
But if you sell anything that's personalised in any way, or that is meant to be a gift, a fulfilment company simply will not provide the "delight" your customers expect.
I have a suspicion that many of the older Baby Boomers who don't wish to retire will be snapped up for customer service and complex fulfilment roles by specialist online retailers.
@crucialmusic – If FBA works for you, that's great, but you're missing out on opportunities to brand yourself. Everything from Amazon says "Amazon.com" on it. They may think they purchased from Amazon — not from your company. In small business, repeat customers are essential.
At the very least try to pick a fulfillment company like Shipwire that doesn't compete with you. Why educating your competitor with your sales data and help them to build their brand?
I´m looking for warehouse/fulfillment service in The Nederlands.
could you please send me information on your company.
I do not agree with any of the above points mentioned. I own a fulfillment business in The Netherlands. We pick and pack the orders specifically to clients requirements. There is no reason why we would have any more breakage. Due to the large volume of packages we ship out, our clients benefit from our discounted shipping rates as we send out more than 250,000 cartons a year.
The #1 reason that ecommerce merchants outsource fulfillment is aggregate cost reduction per order shipped and this is especially true at shipping volumes less than 2,000 orders per month.
The overhead cost of UPS or FedEx daily pick up service, endicia.com or stamps.com fees, and package processing software like ShipWorks can add up to over $3,000 per year and these basic costs are all avoided by outsourcing.
When the cost of printers, scales, shelving, facilities, labor and supplies is factored in, it is not uncommon for the total outsourced fulfillment cost per order to come in at less than half of the DIY cost per order.
This doesn't include the value of the working capital and management focus freed up by moving the repetitive process of warehousing, picking, packing and shipping to others which can mean the difference between sales growth vs. stagnation over time.
It is true that fulfillment outsourcing is not for everyone, but it would be a good idea for most online merchants to research the facts and figures carefully before making their own DIY vs. outsourcing decision.
John Lindberg – President
One more point I did not see addressed for the small home business: scalability. My book business has outgrown my storage space. Fulfillment by Amazon allows me to increase stock without renting a storage unit or the like. Much cheaper to "rent" space at an Amazon warehouse than do it on my own. I send only items that amazon can't damage (too often) in their picking and packing.
We have been using drop-shipping services since 2000. Yes, things very occasionally go wrong but our own warehouse is only 1000 square feet. We use trade warehouses whose combined area is around 60,000 sq ft. We couldn't afford to rent that space, never mind buy it. Nor could we employ 6 – 12 extra staff.
As we are – acting as middle-men – we get the advantages of scale without having to pay for them. The stock is always available for shipping direct to the customer and we don't have to pay for it until 30 days after the customer has paid us.
We could never dream of affording the stock and the storage space.
Most fulfillment companies claim a 99% accuracy rate. They have systems and procedures in place to make sure things go out correctly.
Mike Nelson
Xipix Logistix Order Fulfillment
I agree with Jamie. FBA's rising costs make it less possible to make a good profit. And once any warehouse has your goods you are at their mercy. They don't care like you do. Plus the opportunity for smart cross-promo is too valuable to give away. Fulfillment is not rocket science and I consider it a core skill for ecommerce success.
There are some very valid points in the above. However, it is important to remember there are some very good fulfilment companies out there who could enhance your business as well as some very bad ones who will provide nothing but heart ache.
From my perspective (as an owner of a fulfilment company), the decision whether to outsource depends on scale. I would strongly advise any start up company to handle their fulfilment in house in the early days. This will minimise the drain on cashflow and allow them to get an understanding of their order profiles.
Once the business is established and the systems have bedded down, then that is the time to consider outsourcing should you wish.
From our perspective we like to work with companies where we can integrate our systems, develop bespoke services and reporting. We are happy to make the front end investment to dove tail our services and this results in long term and successful partnerships.
However, such can only be achieved when there is a certain volume to justify the time investment and the client has systems in place support the integration.
3PL's and their clients should work together as a team for the common goal. Providing a seamless quality service will simply result in more volume for all!
CEO AFM Ltd
I feel that with a company like Amazon, the economies of scale offered can make it cheaper to outsource fulfilment. However as your theoretical e-commerce store increases in size, it may make more sense to fulfil orders yourself. There is also the option of going for multiple carriers one of which Parcelhub offers http://www.parcelhub.co.uk
I could not disagree more. There are times when you can not do the volume you need on your own. Look for a company that has been doing fulfillment for over 10 years and knows what they are doing. That is no dupe. Sometimes the money you spend at first gains you relevancy later. Could not be happier with Supplier Oasis.
We are a fulfillment company and let me tell you. We have saved our customers plenty of time. We have our employees working all day long shipping items. Our customers can focus on selling their item and continue to make money. We take the burden of storing, packing, and shipping. We save our customers money on shipping because we ship such a large amount that they get a discount. We want to make sure our customers get the cheapest price and get the best experience. If you know of anyone that wants a fulfillment company please give us a call we will take care of you! (800) 765-4031.
I couldn´t agree with you more. Of course each business is different but our business was small but growing until we "outsourced" to a professional fulfillment firm. This was because we decided to move to France (from Germany). We lost 50% of our customers within the first three months: this company also took our phone orders which we had been doing personally before. Huge mistake. Huge. Now we have so few customers left that no other fulfillment will take us on. I really enjoyed doing my own fulfillment, putting a personal touch on things and knowing my customers. We´re presently considering moving back or sending from France, which is expensive and difficult. But yes, I whole-heartedly agree with your opinion.
We have a small housewares company that currently outsources fulfillment to a local developmentally disabled not-for profit. Sales are growing fairly quickly. We are in 2 national chains and have been approached by several very large (500+ Stores). I don't think Amazon/Shipwire/Fulfillment.com is the answer-where would you suggest we go to scale fulfillment quickly, provide EDI, and easy customer ordering allowing electronic order flow from original order input to shipping of the order and electronic accounting as well?
I don't think your article gives Fulfillment Warehouses justice.
You have to factor in many things in running your own warehouse.
Is your warehouse scale-able? If you are shipping 100 shipment a month out of your garage, then it's better for you to stick to your garage. If you are growing and start shipping thousands of orders per month. You can't grow space, without renting out a warehouse, etc. More shipments also equals more labor. More labor means hiring employees and equals more expenses. Payroll, payroll taxes, payroll processing fees, and liability insurance (which is very high for warehouse employees). This is just a summary of all the things that need to be factored into your plans.
We carry about 4000 different types of products, and our company has used Rakuten Super Logistics and FBA for fulfillment. There has been less than .01% error rate, which is much lower than what we had with our own warehouse employees.
When you have 4000 different products in your warehouse, you need to invest in costly (very expensive) warehouse management system.
Another thing is shipping rates; unless you ship out thousands of orders a month, you are over paying for shipping. These fulfillment centers have contracts with many carriers, and could ship out your products at a lower cost, and at a quicker turn around time. Keeping your customers happy with ship time, and you happy with lower shipping cost.
I'm getting kicked off my computer. Thanks for Reading!
Shipping is prohibitively expensive for small businesses who don't have the ability to negotiate for better rates. I sell a product that retails for $29 and shipping from Toronto to Vancouver costs over $30 with UPS! My fulfillment company does it for $2.20
I rolled up my sleeves and learned something about shipping with my last product: outsource.
I would never use FBA though. There are plenty of smaller fulfillment companies that can give you something similar but with more flexibility and customization.
That seems… unlikely. But if true, I would love to get the name of your fulfillment company! The only thing I can think of is that you sent it UPS in a box and they figured out they can send it lettermail in an envelope, but then no way it is getting there as fast, plus no tracking, plus they didn't do anything you couldn't have. But yeah, if they really are getting UPS shipping from TO to VAN down to $2.20… give me their name!
Yeah I'd like to know the name of your fulfillment company too. :) I'm encountering the exact same issue right now in Canada, and looking for that exact solution….
Yes i take in you 7 points but what you forget is this, when you operate out of Northern Ireland and the item is not produced in the UK, Ireland over, is very bulky, 1 metre cubed, and is in massive demand it makes sense to choose fulfillment as an option due to that piece of Irish Sea. Believe me in this case Fulfillment is much cheaper and much better logistical.
I suppose what i am saying is this, you cannot write off fulfillment in all instances and your document should reflect this.
As a company who uses Amazon FBA and has been using it since its infancy in 2008, I can say that Amazon FBA is not as rosy as people might think. Can we send a single 3 LB book anywhere in the U.S. for $3.85 with anyone but Amazon, well no. But…you get what you pay for, truly. The woes with Amazon FBA begin with their receiving, which they say takes 3 business days, but that's only after they take as long as they darn well please to issue an appointment for the trucking company to deliver your goods. Yep, this has taken as many as two weeks before. Then, once they do check your inventory in (3 days later), they send your inventory into transshipment, which can taken, again, another two weeks or more. This means a portion of your inventory is "locked up" and inaccessible in the abyss of "transfer" status for as long as Amazon would like.
I'm posting this here because I want to make sure this is terribly clear to anyone considering FBA. Be very cautious before you become all-in with Amazon. We became all-in with them in 2009 and 300+ SKUs and hundreds of thousands of shipments to customers later we are desperate for a different solution. After months of research to partner with other fulfillment companies, we would be talking about quadrupling our cost. Just not feasible.
We are now seriously considering bringing fulfillment in-house, which means a warehouse, a fulfillment staff, equipment, packaging, everything. It's daunting and will be an up-front investment but I just don't see Amazon ever improving as each year becomes more of a mess and the service provided gets further away from the United States. As an aside, I literally received a response in broken English today from someone named "Cloud."
Any suggestions anyone has on how to begin down this path of bringing this in-house is appreciated, as this is clearly more than just a roll-up-you-sleeves proposition (30,000+ orders just in the month of Dec.).
Speaking as the owner of a fulfillment company, the first and most important order of business is Order Management and Warehouse Management systems. It's the place where the magic happens (and something this post overlooks). And be sure they integrate with whatever intake(s) you have for receiving orders (shopping carts, files, hand-entered). Focus on fulfillment accuracy first.
Issues with virtually any other area of the operation can be overcome with brute force (more bodies and/or time). The physical world problems are mostly things you can be inefficient with at the start, and improved upon as time goes by and experience accumulates.
And remember — you can start small. Just pick off a slice of your orders and inventory to process yourself, and work your way up to full speed.
I saw your post on PracticalEcommerce. I am bringing a new product to market and would like to discuss fulfillment with you. I can be reached at the email provided or I can provide a telephone mumber if you email me.
I've done order management system, warehouse management systems, and ecommerce platforms for 35 years now. Half our clients do their own fulfillment, and the other half are fulfillment companies. There are situations where either is more economical, and there are good and bad fulfillment companies out there. This list of 7 points is a great set of criteria for seeking out a fulfillment company that has the software and warehouse infrastructures, a good culture (from company values all the way to the conversations by the water cooler), and a reasonable but adequate pricing structure to maintain the necessary motivations. In other words, what will happen when you get past their glitzy hype and sales process, and then the long term relationship kicks in? Lastly, (just like with the software systems for these things) there are so many fulfillment companies out there, but they are not all easy to identify. So the ones that are easy to find will usually cost more, simply because they spent so much on marketing.
Order fulfillment operation more efficient than a third party. All of Amazon's super-advanced technology is designed to handle the massive size of their operation no doubt about it they are having world best chain regarding this..thank you for sharing informative blog like this.
Many people – from both e-commerce side and fulfillment side – have already mentioned drawbacks and benefits of using fulfillment center. Instead of repeating what has been already said, I would like to specifically address every point mentioned in the article one-by-one:
1. It is correct that you may end up with a fulfillment company that may ruin your reputation. However, if you do your homework and choose the right company you shouldn't worry about it, because in most cases, due to experience, fulfillment companies handle it better than you would do with less experience.
2. I don't know what this claim is based on. At fulfillment house everything is handled in an organized way. Upon receipt of inventory, it is controlled, counted, every single issue/situation is reported to the owner, and then distributed to the shelves.
3. It is not a rocket science. E-commerce company sets the rules and gives the checklist. (e.g. re-ship it if x, y, z conditions hold, otherwise do (you name it))
4. Not all fulfillment companies charge storage fee. For example, we don't charge it.
5. E-commerce companies don't use fulfillment house because they don't know how to pack their orders. They usually use fulfillment house for the reasons that my fellows from both e-commerce side and fulfillment side have mentioned.
6. Fulfillment companies actually use what the e-commerce company provides. For example, most of our customers purchase or custom order their packaging boxes, protective material etc. and have them shipped to us. We keep these material together with their inventory and use for their orders. So, every product goes in to the box that is is custom made for the item e-commerce products. Or in some cases they don't know what to do, or they don't have time – because they are too busy with marketing and sales – and we arrange the custom made packaging materials on their behalf.
7. At Packageman, after deciding how certain product is going to be packaged we conduct intensive test to see how durable it is. Throwing the package from one end of the warehouse to the other end like a football, dropping the package from the height of truck top, kicking the package on the ground, and doing all sort of torture… If only it passes the test do we start applying that packaging method. For example, we have an Italian food product company that sends subscription boxes to its customers. In every box there are between 4-7 jars and bottles. Since we took this company on board we are yet to hear a complaint about breakage.
Finally, there are some factors that are not considered in this article. Proximity of the fulfillment house to your customers is one of them. For example, we are located in greater New York City area. In addition to our nationwide fulfillment service, we provide Same-Day Delivery to the entire New York metro area. Moreover, because it is a local delivery, it is cheaper than ground shipping. So, imagine this – a fulfillment house that doesn't charge you a storage fee, you don't have to maintain a warehouse, you don't have to spend money on inventory management softwares (which is pretty expensive), you save money on shipping that covers more than what you pay for fulfillment service AND your orders are at your customer's doorstep on the SAME DAY they are placed. And we are still debating if e-commerce companies should or shouldn't use fulfillment companies?
Yashar Novruz
Packageman Inc.
E-Commerce Fulfillment and Same-Day Delivery


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Our staff recently dined at Le Bernadin in our quest to eat at every three star Michelin in the US. We had reservations for the week after, but got a little anxious and decided we'd call the restaurants. Luckily, they had seating for two. We put on our Sunday best (actually it was our Thursday best) and happily hopped on a cab to taste Eric Ripert's culinary creations (Click the images to enlarge them).
The decor of the restaurant most definitely has a French feel and immediately reminded me of Un Table Au Sud in Marseille. Clean with wood accents that reminded me both of Japan and Frank Lloyd Wright. While it was perfectly fine I looked for something a bit more special on decor. We were warmly greeted and promptly seated at a very large and comfortable table for two. Someone kindly brought a mini settee for me to place my handbag. Lovely detail.
If you are allergic to fish or shellfish you may think you would have a hard time at Le Bernadin. This is not the case, my dining partner has an allergy to shellfish and the restaurant made some great substitutions that kept the integrity of the dish and kept us happy.
The shellfish free amouse bouche (which was more of a complete dish was the crispy black bass. The skin was crispy, the fish was light, fluffy and delicious. This may be a good time to note that if you are concerned about conservation of the oceans, Le Bernadin is a good restaurant to visit. The restaurant does not serve fish in peril (including Chilean sea bass, shark, marlin and blue fin tuna) in support of Oceana which is a non profit that works to protect the world's oceans.
We opted with the Prixe Fixe menu at $112 per person. It was divided into three categories: Almost Raw, Barely Touched and Lightly Cooked. A note on the wine list. Simply gorgeous. There are some certainly affordable options on the list. Chef Sommelier Aldo Sohm came over to assist us. He was gentle, knowledgeable and suggested a fairly priced unoaked chardonnay which was stunning. He was informative without being pretentious and we'd go back to the restaurant just for him. Prior to getting our bottle, he surprised us with a glass of bubbly. A lovely way to start our meal. Perfectly cooked with balanced flavors and a hint of what was to come.
From the Almost Raw menu I opted for the Kumamoto: a progressive tasting of Kumamoto oysters "en gelee". It started off with the lightest on the left, moved onto refreshing and finished up with complex and spicy. I am normally an oyster purist, but I figured if I was going to play with my Oysters, Le Bernadin would be the spot. This was a fun and exciting tasting, but I would have liked to have one naked oyster. That being said, the Kimchi gelee was killer.
For his Almost Raw my dining companion had the Caviar-Wagyu "Surf and Turf" minus the turf. The dish was originally described as "Wagyu beef, langoustine and Osetra caviar tartare; black pepper vodka creme fraiche, pomme gaufrette". The restaurant altered the dish for his shellfish allergy and from the small bite I took it was delicious.
For the Barely Touched course I opted for the Charred Octopus: fermented black bean, pear sauce vierge, ink – miso vinaigrette and purple basil. The octopus may have been my favorite course during the dinner. Tender, not chewy at all and incredibly tasty and the black bean simply worked quite well with the dish. The color of the basil was a lovely accent to the skin and meat of the octopus. This dish was definitely a winner.
For my dining partner's Barely Touched course, the restaurant took the Langoustine dish (seared langoustine, mache and wild mushroom salad with a white balsamic vinaigrette) and switched things up a bit. In order to keep this dish decadent, the langoustine was replaced with foie gras. A lovely way to give someone with an allergy a way to enjoy the intellectual creations of Eric Ripert.
For my Lightly Cooked I went with the Hiramasa: seared yellowtail king fish with truffle risotto, spring vegetables and a truffle emulsion. I have to admit, by this time I was getting close to full; very close. But I am not one to turn down risotto. The fish was clean and light which worked well with the risotto which was a significantly heavier item. The emulsion was delectable.
The non-shellfish selection for our second Lightly Cooked dish was the roasted rack of lamb with spicy mustard, mint persillade, cauliflower, apricot and almond. The presentation was lovely. The persillade harkened back to the classic preparation of lamb, but this dish was in no means boring. The apricot and almond lent themselves quite well to this lovely lamb.
It was finally time for dessert. The restaurant brought out yet another surprise. Our dessert was served in an egg shell (something we have figured out how to do at home with this little jewel). Indulgence would be one way to describe this dish. Sadly I was already full and needed to leave room for second dessert.
The actual dessert I ordered was the Hazelnut: giandua cream, Oregon hazelnuts, honey, banana and brown butter ice cream. I was happy to have left a little room for this dessert. My favorite component in the dish was the banana which was ligthly caramelized. The giandua (hazelnut) cream was light. This was welcome as I had reached my end point.
To end the evening I ordered the organic Earl Grey from Sri Lanka. The gentleman that came to order the tea seemed to come out of nowhere. He was not as warm and welcoming as the rest of the staff. While his service was perfectly fine, it left something to be desired. The rest of the staff managed to make me feel as if we already knew each other. This gentleman seemed to be a random part of the evening. Perhaps it was the contrast between having someone at your table during various times in the evening and having someone just come in for one service in the evening.
Friends always ask me how it is possible to go to a restaurant where a meal costs over $100 per person. Meals such as Le Bernadin and Per Se will tell you why. It is the attention to detail, the little touches. A glass of sparkling wine to welcome you in, a surprise scallop course or a surprise black bass, a plate of lemon water to cleanse your hands, a foot stool for your handbag. Ultimately it comes to the food and the food at Le Bernadin is good.
Le Bernadin is located at 155 West 51st Street in Midtown New York. 212-554-1515


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Template talk:Visa requirements
|WikiProject Aviation / Airports
|(Rated Template-class)
|WikiProject International relations
|(Rated Template-class)
|WikiProject Travel and Tourism
|(Rated Template-class)
I feel there are some issues with the separation of the Schengen countries from other countries. Now the Schengen countries do not link to a visa policy article but to the country article, which I think is not very helpful. Moreover, several countries follow schengen policy by EU-law (bulgaria et al) and might be better suited there... Shall I try to i) rearrange and iia) non-link the Schengen countries or iib) link all schengen countries to the European Union visa lists page? L.tak (talk) 17:40, 14 July 2010 (UTC)
- sorry, this should have been at Template:Visa policy by country; I have copied it in there... L.tak (talk) 06:06, 19 July 2010 (UTC)
missing citizenship/passport types[edit]
I think that all of the List of passports and missing passports should be present in the template here (including the passport/citizenship-types that do not correspond to a particular territory - SMOM, British National (Overseas), British Subject, etc.)
I recently added Kosovo, but there are others missing. Alinor (talk) 14:41, 2 October 2010 (UTC)
'British' passport-holders are actually 'UK' passport-holders. People from Northern Ireland have the same passport as those from Great Britain.22.214.171.124 (talk) 02:31, 11 August 2011 (UTC)
- No they're not. Please see my response to your comments at Talk:British passport#Why is this article about the UK passport called 'British Passport'?. Andrew Gwilliam (talk) 09:43, 11 August 2011 (UTC).
- You might also want to see a response posted to your comments at Talk:Visa requirements for British nationals#Expand content to other British nationalities / change name ?. Andrew Gwilliam (talk) 09:58, 11 August 2011 (UTC).
Grouping by region[edit]
Why are the entries in this template grouped by region? It seems to me that a user would come to this template with a particular country in mind, not a region (and they may not even be sure what region the country falls into), so a simple alphabetical listing would be more helpful. Colonies Chris (talk) 19:56, 17 May 2013 (UTC)
- Template-Class aviation articles
- Template-Class airport articles
- WikiProject Airports articles
- WikiProject Aviation articles
- Template-Class International relations articles
- NA-importance International relations articles
- WikiProject International relations articles
- Template-Class Tourism articles
- NA-importance Tourism articles
- WikiProject Travel and Tourism articles


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College Station party supplies, centerpieces and flowers are easy to find with our College Station, TX wedding supplies directory. We feature balloons, cakes and chairs all from the College Station area. Find discount ideas, favors and shower supplies. Check out our clothes vendors and quality performers, discount party supplies and deals on cutlery. Recreate your College Station Texas wedding with invitations, clothes and glasses.
© 2009 Weddings Of Today
Terms of Use | Site Index | Advertising | Resources | Local Vendors


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At Great National Hotels and Resorts, we genuinely appreciate your business.
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To sign up today, pick up an application form at any Great National hotel or resort throughout Ireland and Great Britain or LoCall us on 1890 65 65 00 and we'll sign you up over the phone!


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This attention-getting Wooden Mental Block Promotional Puzzle focuses people's attention on your logo! Six imprints for the price of one.
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Looking for the perfect way to promote brand awareness? ePromos can help you find the right promotional products to increase awareness of your brand. We work with thousands of companies, schools and organizations to find creative products to promote your brand.


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Mary Jo
member for 9 years, 5 months, 7 days
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My husband and I are both retired from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntsville, AL.
I enjoy Findagrave and researching our families.
I will gladly make transfers as long as they are not my family members. Please send your Find-A-Grave ID number with your request.
I will only make changes if you use the "Edit" tab on the memorial page for additions or corrections to the memorials. You should also include some documentation to support your corrections. I do not have time to check every correction that is sent to me.
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Donnie Stanford
Thanks for the information on Mrs. Miller.
Added by
Donnie Stanford
on Sep 24, 2016 8:58 PM
Patricia Baty
RE: Louise Tibby Baty
Mary Jo, someone has created an extensive sight for Louise Baty Tibby Hargate. Have U seen it yet? It is very recent. She is my grandmother. My fathers' mother. I am living in Illinois at this time. I went to William Woods University in MO. I have sent a request in to link Grandfather Baty to Louise. She is liked to her siblings already. Dad used to talk about Cordilia and the others. I don't remember meeting them tho.
Added by
Patricia Baty
on Jun 25, 2014 2:29 PM
Thomas Eaton Hall, Jr
Mary Jo, it seems that your great-great-grandfather is also my great-great-great-great-grandfather. Is there any further information on his parents? I see that his father was also a Thomas Eaton Hall Sr.
The Baty's in my family go down to Ina Louise Baty.
Added by
on Apr 18, 2014 10:33 AM
RE: Brooks - Longest
Hi Cousin - I live in Henrico County and have lived there or Mechanicsville all my life. Good to find another Cousin. Larry
Added by
on Aug 06, 2013 6:18 PM
Brooks - Longest
Just wanted to Thank You, for all the work you have done on the Brooks - Longest family.
My Grandmother is Lillie Bee Brooks Longest and my Father is Lewis Longest.
Thanks again. Larry
Added by
on Aug 06, 2013 11:50 AM
Tony Bryant
RE: Ref: Bessie Robinson
No I didn't personally know Diddly, she is my sister-in-law's aunt. I went to school with some of the Robinson family but I don't remember Barbara Jean, the name I've heard, at family gatherings I'm sure, but can't put a face to her. I attended Tappahannock High until it closed in 1970 then went on to Essex High. I've been in NC since 82 so I've also lost touch with most of the people I went to school with. If I can think of it I'll asked about Barbara and see if I can find out when she was born and let you know.
Added by
Tony Bryant
on Jun 24, 2013 2:53 PM
Hey Mary Jo
All your info is correct that you mentioned in your message. I am married to Richard and Earlie McCall's son Dewayne. So, Flossie was my husband's aunt. I am not the sister, Wanda McCall Holtzhauser. Wanda continues to live in Troy, Ill.
Dewayne and his brother, Thomas, went to Flossie's funeral in 1981. I don't have much on the McCall/Creasy side of the family. Thanks to you, my husband learned a lot about his family thru your entries. It reminded him of people and events that he had long forgotten. He just saw the picture of Mrs. (Earlie Creasy) McCall on your site, he said he had never seen it before.
The continued living children of Mr. and Mrs. McCall are Richard (Junior), Ima Lee, Dewayne, Thomas, Milburn and Wanda.
Added by
on Jul 09, 2012 7:54 AM
Deb Carlton
George Washington Singleton
Hi Ms Mary Jo, George Washington Singleton is my great great grandfather. His daughter Arbie Singleton is my great grandmother. Your info on his children is correct, I was wondering if you remember where you got this info from. Are we related, is this your family tree also? I also have been researching for a couple of years. I have info on Maranda, Lemuel Washington, and Arbie if you need or want this. I live in Dyer County Tennessee, I have photo's of the cemeteries where they are buried if you need them. And who they married and their children. Except for Cintha I have not been able to find her. My mom's 89 year old cousin says she moved to another state, Missouri she thinks and died young, I have yet to find anything on her. Even if this is not your family I really appreciate your adding this info to Find A Grave. I have never been to Decatur County Tennessee and I would not have known where to look if not for you. Please message with any info you have. Thanks Deb
Added by
Deb Carlton
on Feb 25, 2012 8:39 PM
Melissa Wilkerson
Julian Jones
I see in a message to another member that you are related to Julian Ward Jones. It appears that we are cousins. Julian Ward Jones, Sr. was my grandfather. My mother was his daughter Dorothy Irene. I know very little about him or his family so seeing your message was amazing. I would love to learn more about him.
Added by
Melissa Wilkerson
on Jan 07, 2012 10:15 PM
Jim Longest
RE: Greenstreet
Dorothy Beatrice Greenstreet Smith is/was my Grand-Aunt, being the sister of my Grandmother, Loula Ellen Greenstreet Prince. I can't say just how Robert Warren is connected to my family, but I am sure it is there somewhere. Lillie Bee is actually related by marriage to my Watkins Family relatives. And My father, Robert Muscoe Longest always said that John Russell Harper, Otha Watkins Harper's son, was our cousin. I don't know how, but in my research of my ancestry/family history, I've learned not to go against Father. He was a gifted oral Family Historian. Time and time again my research has confirmed what he said.
Added by
Jim Longest
on Nov 20, 2010 9:42 PM
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