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Although chronic proliferative arthritis is less common in children than in adults, it is of great interest, since the circumstances underlying involvement of the joints in systemic disease are not clearly understood. With children, the progressive degenerative changes which so commonly damage the joints of adults can be ruled out, except congenital or acquired malformation of the joints, which does not usually complicate the picture. One of the first series of cases of arthritis in children was reported by Dr. George F. Still1 in 1896. The records of twenty-two patients were discussed. Twelve of the twenty-two had concomitant changes in other organs and tissues and had in his opinion less change in the cartilage and in the bone of the affected joints than was present in the other ten children. Three of the twelve were examined post mortem. In the disease complex that has since often been referred to
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Build Log
Kirby Cadet mk 3
I am getting ready to scratch build one of these to 29%scale.I have a small plan that I am working off [not sure how accurate this is ] but would like a bit more detail.
Have done a google search but come up with very little.
This postng is to enquire if any of you glider guys have an more info. that I can use in my build. cheers
Now have the project under way .
well after a bit more time on line came up with more photos of the full size.Over the weekend started cutting out the fuse.
I enlarged a smaller plan that I had ,and taped those bits to a large piece of paper then drew in all the missing bits. Still have the wings to do .
lots of design bits to do yet ,like how I will mount the wings to the fuse and the strut mounting system.
Will try and get these to follow the full size glider as close as I can.
At the moment I have ideas running around in my head,and will put them onto the plan.
The fuse is 6mm ply on the center frames and mount points,white foam fuse sections then all will be covered in paper and the lot fiberglassed to give me the ply wood finish look.
The under cart will by tied into the center section with ply mounts.
Any ideas are welcome during the build.
Joined Jan 2005
113 Posts
Hi Mintie,
here is a link with documetation and Plan:
and a lot of other planes as well.
I enjoy your threads, especially the Fournier covering method.
Hello Istvan.....thanks for that I have some of those plans but not all .have now saved the site for future referance.
I have also used the same method with the PA 8 build as well.
Using a similar method with my latest builds,but have put a fiberglass skin over the paper covering.
Will be back on this build again tomorrow.
Thanks for your comments. cheers Mintie.
Now have the front ply former done for both sides.
Made up 5 templates to cut out the front half of the foam nose section. This worked a treat as was able to do it all in one piece,instead of three bits and sanding the final shape.
Have also drawn up the front wing mount the way I want it to mount into the plane.
So far all is going along just fine.
The other half of the nose section cut tonight.
Split the nose sections then made up three templates and hollowed them out and glued back together.
Moved down the fuse a little and did the rear cockpit area.
After a few wee mods to get things to line up ,now have the forward cockpit area done.
Glued the two front half sections together.
With this done I can now work out how I want the tow hook mounted and where any reinforcing might be needed.
Next working on the tail end and how I will incorperate the fin and post into the fuse.
Purchased some wire today to make up the wing front strut.
Will get a wee bit more done over the next two weeks,then all building will stop as we are off to Canada & USA for 6 weeks
Very happy with progress so far.
Progress has been a bit slow as had other things to do.Some of the fuse is glued and the rest is just taped together for a look.
Have been working on the strut mount designs for the fuse and wing,but still have more to do .
This will be my last posting for a while as we are away in a few days,and all modelling must stop.
Building will continue again in october when we get home.
back in the swing again
Back to the build..Home from our trip,done another exam,and now have time to build again.
I now have the forward bulkhead glued together and the wing/fuse forward strut mounting bolted onto it.
Next step is making the wing mounting cabane and fitting that to the bulkhead. Been working on a jig system so as to mount everything on to it and weld the bits.
When that is all done the B/H will be glued to the front section of the fuse.
Now everything is slowly taking shape.
Blenheim, NZ
Joined Dec 2007
1,355 Posts
Hi Mintie, nice work. I look forward to having you come to an aeo tow with this one.
Your T31 would be a welcome addition to the South Island scene so make sure youn include and aero tow release.
I attach a picture of my small one. 108 inch span. It tows nicely but has the glide slope of the space shuttle. Even so I managed a 15 minute flight at the CHCH Radio Fliers feild out at Burnham this year. Good lift though.
I love the inovative construction and will watch this one with interest.
Allan Knox in Blenheim
Blenheim, NZ
Joined Dec 2007
1,355 Posts
While I think about it I recommend you fit a taller rudder than the original T31 plan. The Aussies built a T31 derivative with the rudder a rib bay longer. I have since fitted this to mine and it has tamed the yaw instability nicely. I will get some pictures. They tell me the full size suffers the same way.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Altova Mailing List Archives
>xsl-list Archive Home
>Recent entries
>Thread Prev - RE: [xsl] Replacing Attributes
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RE: [xsl] Replacing Attributes
Date: 4/3/2002 9:19:00 PM
> From: owner-xsl-list@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx > [mailto:owner-xsl-list@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]On Behalf Of stevenson > Sent: Thursday, April 04, 2002 8:33 AM > To: xsl-list@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx > Subject: RE: [xsl] Replacing Attributes > > > But how do you do xslt without xml and xml DOM Methods? "How" you do XSLT depends on your environment. It may be a browser, a shell script, a DOM extension, a Java package. You asked a question about DOM, so this isn't an XSL question. You probably can find what you're looking for in the DOM recommendation: http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core > > -----Original Message----- > From: owner-xsl-list@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx > [mailto:owner-xsl-list@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]On Behalf Of Michael Kay > Sent: 03 April 2002 20:19 > To: xsl-list@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx > Subject: RE: [xsl] Replacing Attributes > > > Just like the way we have replaceChild method to replace > > nodes, how can > > Attributes be replaced? Please assist > > You're off-topic. This list is about XSLT and XSL-FO, and there's nothing > called replaceChild in XSLT (or, as far as I know, in XSL-FO). > > Michael Kay > Software AG > home: Michael.H.Kay@xxxxxxxxxxxx > work: Michael.Kay@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx > > > XSL-List info and archive: http://www.mulberrytech.com/xsl/xsl-list > > > > XSL-List info and archive: http://www.mulberrytech.com/xsl/xsl-list > XSL-List info and archive: http://www.mulberrytech.com/xsl/xsl-list
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Violetville, Baltimore
Violetville is a neighborhood in southwest Baltimore, Maryland and Baltimore County. The community is characterized by its "well-kept 1950s and 60s era rowhouses and older farmhouses that date back to the turn of the previous century."[1]
In 1958, the community united to form a strong and feisty community association. Filbert Field (what is currently known as Violetville Park) was established and various recreational programs were created. Violetville became known for its intense Little League competition, for outspoken members of its community association, and for an enthusiasm for outdoor Christmas lights. In the spring, a parade and street fair celebrate the beginning of the Little League and softball seasons.
Violetville was named "Best Neighborhood in Baltimore" by the City Paper in 2005. The Baltimore Sun named Violetville a "Hidden Gem" community in the November 13, 2009, edition of the paper.
In 2006, the Violetville Community Association voted to allow residents of the Baltimore City neighborhood of St. Agnes to join the association.
See also[edit]
List of Baltimore neighborhoods
External links[edit]
- ^ "Best Neighborhood." Baltimore City Paper (September 11, 2005). Retrieved 2010-08-27
Coordinates: 39°16′4″N 76°40′28″W / 39.26778°N 76.67444°W
|This article about a location in Baltimore City Maryland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
|This article about a location in Baltimore County Maryland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


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Comments made by a Parti Québécois candidate during a debate at Vanier College Tuesday night made waves on the campaign trail throughout the day on Wednesday.
The PQ candidate for Acadie, Évelyne Abitbol, raised hackles when she was asked point-blank by incumbent Liberal MNA Christine St-Pierre whether a doctor wearing a kippa at the Jean-Talon hospital would be fired. (The video of the Vanier debate is here, in full, with the exchange between St-Pierre and Abitbol beginning at roughly the 49:30 mark.)
Abitbol answered yes, after one year, but she later backtracked, suggesting there would be a five-year window for the hospital to apply the law.
The next day, Premier Pauline Marois told a radio interviewer that some public servants would lose their jobs for violations of the religious symbols provisions of the secularism charter, but then added the government would be ready to step in to help those people find jobs in the private sector.
She didn't offer any specifics as to how that would happen.
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Embedded domain specific language
From HaskellWiki
(Difference between revisions)
(links to Haskell Cafe)
(Added links for the Functional MetaPost library and recursion)
Revision as of 16:07, 30 December 2008
Embedded Domain Specific Language means that you embed a Domain specific language in a language like Haskell. E.g. using the Functional MetaPost library you can write Haskell expressions, which are then translated to MetaPost, MetaPost is run on the generated code and the result of MetaPost can be post-processed in Haskell.
Discussion of common problems
Sharing and recursion are common problems when implementing DSLs. Often some kind of observable sharing is requested.
- Oleg in Haskell-Cafe about Designing DSL with explicit sharing (was: I love purity, but it's killing me)
- Koen Classen: Observable Sharing for Functional Circuit Description


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Obama's Goon Squads On Prowl In Sterling
Just went home for lunch and found the Obama people have made it to our neighborhood. The McCain-Palin sign from my front lawn and I think also the McCain sign from my neighbor across the street were stolen after I left for work.
You have to go a little off the beaten path to get to our neighborhood so my guess is Obama's thugs are now just cruising the sidestreets looking to pick off any signage that challenges their messiah. They left the two signs on the main street on the way in which would have exposed them to possible observers.
Time for plan B, in which we place many signs and expect the Obama people to return.


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Intel® Teach Elements Australia
Because great teachers never stop learning
Intel® Teach Elements is a series of 4 free, interactive eLearning courses that can be taken anytime, anywhere. These compelling courses have been localized for Australia and provide deeper exploration of key 21st century learning concepts for all teachers.
Each Intel Teach Elements course includes online modules (c 5 hours) and offline action planning (c 10 hours). They can be taken individually, in any order and require no prior IT skills. Intel Teach Elements courses are evidence-based and designed by teachers for teachers.
Each Intel Teach Elements course resembles an animated tutorial including audio narration and dialogues and interactive exercises to check your understanding.
Complimentary Facilitation Kits are available for each course to support teachers who wish to mentor colleagues throughout the course. Facilitated courses involve discussion and sharing with peers, and therefore additional hours to those above.
Starting in 2014, Intel® Teach Elements courses now offer teachers the opportunity to earn professional learning certificates. Teachers in any jurisdiction can now undertake a short quiz at the end of each course if they wish to receive a certificate for 5 hours for completion of the online modules. All teachers are advised to check in advance in case they can obtain a certificate through their employer/jurisdiction for longer hours (action planning time included). This may particularly apply to teachers who are employed by the NSW and Victorian Education Departments and some Catholic Education Offices.
Intel® Teach Elements courses have been mapped to the Australian National Professional Teacher Standards (NPTS). You can download the NPTS Reference Guide for each course which indicates how the course aligns with focus areas of the NPTS.
Inquiry in the Science Classroom
Learn to use authentic inquiry with your students today! This course is aligned to the Australian Curriculum: Science and provides strategies for addressing Science Inquiry Skills in any science learning regardless of the discipline.
Learn more >
Collaboration in the Digital Classroom
Explore digital collaboration and its ability to engage students and deepen content understanding. Learn to plan and implement successful collaborative activities and find out more about how collaboration helps students develop 21st century thinking skills and prepares them for the global world. Learn more >
Assessment in 21st Century Classrooms
Discover new strategies for assessing students' understanding and 21st century skills. Implement student-centred assessment throughout the learning cycle. Find out how to manage increasing student data and use it effectively to improve outcomes for all your students. Learn more >
Project-Based Approaches
Design authentic, real-world projects which meet curriculum objectives, and the support materials needed to ensure student success. Find out how to use digital tools and resources to enhance project –based learning activities for all your students.
Learn more >
Explore Intel's resources for mobile classrooms.
Includes teacher professional learning courses;
· Creativity in the Mobile Classroom
Mobile Learning resources are globally relevant and have not been localised for Australia
- Read More
- ˄
- ˅


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The French philosopher Descartes (1596- 1650), convinced that animals were mechanistic beings without reason, thought or language, opened the door to centuries of animal torture in the name of science. The 18th century philosopher Jeremy Bentham, whose oft quoted rejoinder heads this chapter, thought that reason and language were irrelevant to the fact of an animal's suffering. Although it is hard to imagine anyone nowadays thinking that a dog's yelp when kicked is merely the "creaking of the machine," there is still an attitude held by some that "animals don't feel pain as we do." In refutation, here is a forceful statement on the subject by two scientists, G.F. Poggio and V.B. Mountcastle (Poggio,C.,1960, p.302).
"We are well aware of the difficulty one faces in labeling as painful any stimulus delivered to an experimental animal, for no introspective report is available. Nevertheless, when a stimulus is by nature destructive of tissue, provokes a defense or escape maneuver accompanied by signs of an appropriate emotional change in the normal working animal, and evokes painful sensations when applied to man, it seems reason able to regard the stimulus as painful in nature to both animal and man. To label such stimuli as 'tissue-destructive, escape-provoking, and emotion-changing', but not to call them painful, seems to us a semantic triviality. There is no a priori reason to suppose that in evolution the perception of pain appears as a wholly new sensory phenomenon in man."
In fact, such a supposition would be quite illogical in view of the neurophysiological similarity between humans and animals. Neurons, synapses - the nerve cells and their connections - and the neuroendocrine mechanisms - the electrical and biochemical paths of communication - are functionally identical through many species; it is therefore inconceivable that there could be radical discontinuity between these patterns of nervous response and the consciousness of pain, mediated in humans by these very mechanisms and of such obvious value to most if not all animals for self-preservation. The ways of evolution are often devious and surprising but they are never unparsimonious1.
However, to say that organs have practically identical functions is not to say that they are identical in structure. A man and a mouse would both jump away from a hot iron, but men and mice are put together very differently and are not often mistaken for one another! Internally, too, although made out of the same materials, the architecture may be different. This may result in a misreading of the pain signals. "In animals," says Lumb "the fiber systems subserving pain perception are more diffuse than in man and are not so easily destroyed. Therefore, it should not be assumed that animals are not perceiving pain because man, in a similar situation, does not." (Lumb, W., 1973, p.67).
A further difficulty arises because animals may not communicate
their distress in a sufficiently 'human' fashion. Dogs in pain
may show much restlessness, but cats may simply sit in stoical
Still another caution against equating pain-signalling in man with that in animals springs from the fact that man, a social being, has learned from earliest infancy that a display of fear and pain to others may bring help. But a similar display in many non-social animals is avoided because it is likely to attract aggression, especially from predators, rather than assistance. (Baker, J, 1948).
The failure to recognize the nature of pain or distress in
animals, and probably the subconscious wish of many investigators
to deny that their experiments are stressful, result in the reluctance
to use pain-relievers to the extent that common humanity would
demand. It is not only inhumane, it may distort research findings.
M.R. Chance has shown that variations in the environment of rats,
for example, will affect the results of tests - based on ovary
weights - in standardizing gonadotrophic hormone. These variations
included changing the rats' cages, changing the number of their
cage-mates, putting them with strange rats rather than litter-mates,
and so forth. When such comparatively minor environmental tensions
can interfere with test results, it is obvious that unrelieved
pain and fear will cause much wider variations. (Chance, M.,1956).
Harold Hillman, a physiologist at the University of Surrey, England, has enumerated the many physiological reactions of an animal in fear and pain.
"An animal under stress, 1. secretes adrenalin from the suprarenal gland into the blood, which raises the blood pressure and heart rate, mobilizes glucose from muscle and liver glycogen; 2. has violent muscular contractions, breaking down creatine phosphate, and accelerating glycolysis, releasing lactic acid into the circulation; 3. hyperventilates, and thus lowers carbon dioxide and increases the blood oxygen tension; 4. increases its metabolic rate and temperature, and changes the pattern of a series of enzyme reactions, each of them dependent to different degrees on the temperature. In summary, there is hardly a single organ or biochemical system in the body which is unaffected by stress .... The changes in some of the parameters cited may be up to 300% of the normal values at rest. This would obviously invalidate painful experiments claiming to examine any changes less than those already known to be due to stress itself. It is almost certainly the main reason for the wide variation reported among animals upon whom painful experiments have been done." (Hillman,H.,1970).
An animal under stress shares all the above reactions with
man. The actual perception of pain in man and presumably in animals
is influenced by what H.K. Beecher has called the "reaction
component," the psychological evaluation of the stress and
its significance to the sufferer. Soldiers wounded in combat who
interpret the trauma as a fortunate means of release from dangerous
service often feel only minimal pain. Volunteers in painful experiments,
since no serious outcome is anticipated, also, like the soldiers,
suffer relatively little. Analgesics, since they act primarily
on psychological distress, are not very effective in these cases.
But when the reaction component is fraught with fear and anxiety as in the case of "pathological pain" from conditions such as cancer - pain of serious and depressive significance - then suffering is much greater, although, fortunately, narcotics are correspondingly more effective. In animals all pain is serious and significant, like pathological pain in man. Therefore analgesics are especially needed in animals and are very effective. (Keele,C.,1962).
The term "vivisection," with its etymology derived from "alive" and "to cut," originated during an historical period when experiments were chiefly operations on unanesthetized animals. Although those who call themselves "anti-vivisectionists" today define it much more broadly, the term has greatly obscured the fact that the vast majority of modern pain-inflicting experiments use techniques unknown to our forbears. An example is the electrical probing and shocking ("stimulating" to use the more seemly language of the investigator) of areas, nerve cells or fibres in the brain which register pain. Antiquated laws to prevent "surgical" pain frequently result in the anomaly of an animal having to be carefully anesthetized for the implantation of electrodes through scalp and brain coverings, only to be brought out of anesthesia to experience the unimaginable suffering of direct electrical stimulation of the pain centers in the brain itself. For instance, consider the painful experiments performed on ten cats at the State University of Iowa, Iowa City, in 1976.
"These studies," the university reported, "involve the tracing of central pain pathways in chronically implanted electrodes in the brain of the cat. Tranquilizers or anesthetics would negate the pain and thus would prevent the fulfillment of the protocol of the research. The pain is produced only during 60 second or less time periods when the animals are either stimulated through chronically implanted tooth pulp or intracephalic electrodes." (USDA/APHIS,1976, Iowa,Univ.).
I wrote "unimaginable suffering", above, because humans are never subjected to such experiments (even specialists in political torture have not yet introduced the technique, although no doubt they will).2 Furthermore, pain suffered by an animal is always unmitigated by the 'philosophy' whereby man can often temper his perception of pain.
An experiment of this type by R.S. Kestenbaum of the State University of New York at Stony Brook, E.E. Coons of New York University and another investigator, used 19 rats, the pain receptors in whose brains were electrically stimulated by surgically implanted electrodes. To be sure that the implantation had reached a pain center, they only used those animals which showed "clearly aversive response to the stimulation, such as squealing, defecation, urination and running." Each "one-minute train of noxious midbrain stimulation" could be interrupted, but only for 3 seconds, if the rat pressed an escape lever. The investigators reported that "due to the stressful nature of the stimulation some subjects could only be tested for brief sessions. Thus, an experimental session consisted of 20-60 1-min. brain stimulation trials, each followed by a 1-min. rest." It is not stated just how "some subjects" made it known that the agony, prolonged sometime up to an hour, was more than they could bear. In such an experiment there was no question, of course, of using a pain relieving drug. (Kestenbaum, R., 1973).
The description of the above experiments brings us into the
laboratory, and in the remainder of this chapter I shall examine
a few of the procedures which are used in brain experiments to
investigate the nature of pain. I have mentioned some of the psychological
determinants of the pain experience in humans and what these are,
presumably, in animals. But since many experimenters are preoccupied
with neurophysiological and neuroanatomical explorations of the
brain and central nervous system, I shall broaden the discussion
and attempt to attach physiology to psychology as an introduction
to these pain experiments.
If our skin is burned or traumatized two things happen: we are conscious of a very unpleasant sensation and we jerk or jump away from the source of the pain. We may quickly rub the skin, or run cold water on it to diminish the pain. If at the time of the hurt we had been under some strong emotion, or if our attention had been intensely fixed on something else, we might at first not have noticed the pain very much.
These reactions can be explained very roughly by the following: although the sensation of pain and the muscular reaction appear to follow the trauma almost instantaneously, in fact a good many things happen between the moment of trauma and the response. The feeling of pain, its intensity, can be decreased - and it can also be increased - by messages which rush down from the brain, messages moulded by the factors of memory, attention and emotion. (The messages conveying emotion, motivating "flight or fight," mostly come from the "limbic" system in the midbrain; attention and memory messages come chiefly from the higher cortical areas.) Hypnotic analgesia, for instance, is caused by the mind's attention being totally absorbed, through hypnotic suggestion, in something other than the sensation of pain. An impulse to flinch from a hypodermic can be inhibited by a memory that the anticipated pain will not be so bad after all. And the sensations from rubbing or chilling the skin can inhibit the pain, if the latter is not too intense, by moving much faster to the brain through the large-diameter fibers which convey them than does the pain sensation through its small fibers. Thus the brain can be triggered into inattention and the pain does not register. Acupuncture probably works via the same mechanism: pricking by needles travels as nerve impulses in large fibers and is felt in the skin as a discrete stimulus which is predominant over diffuse pain - again, if the latter is not too intense.
The neuroanatomical structures forming the substrate of these responses have been examined by researchers over many decades in both humans and animals. For example, K.V. Anderson and associates at Emory University, Atlanta, gave young cats electric shocks to the paws to activate the discrete pain pathways, and shocks to the upper canine teeth to activate the diffuse pain pathways. The cats were trained to jump over a small barrier to escape foot shock, but when the shocks to the teeth were given at the same time, the "animals assumed a fixed posture with limbs extended until both stimuli were terminated." In continued trials pairing tooth and foot shock, escape responses were absent, even though foot shock was raised to - "the maximum amount of current that could be generated by our apparatus." The experimenters convinced themselves that 1 mA shocks to the teeth did not hurt the cats too much, but apparently they hurt enough to reverse the acupuncture effect - the predominance of discrete over diffuse pain stimuli. (Anderson, K.,1976).
Memory was mentioned above as one of the contributions which
the brain makes to the shaping of incoming pain sensations. When
a limb has been amputated, sometimes the infusion of -memory appears
in the shape of "phantom limb", which gives the patient
the sensation that the amputated extremity is still present. Since
this phenomenon is usually accompanied by severe pain, neurosurgeons
attempt to relieve it by cutting one of the nerve tracts which
formerly connected the brain and the limb. B.S. Nashold, Jr. and
associates at Duke University Medical Center reported on several
cases of phantom limb which had been unsuccessfully treated by
this type of surgery, as well as others who were also suffering
from intractable pain of central nervous system origin. All of
these Nashold et al. planned to treat by interrupting the ascending
pain tracts, but only after electrode exploration in the conscious
patient of the exact areas involved in the pain sensations. Their
report of these preliminary explorations has given us an invaluable
insight into the character and degree of pain produced by electrical
probing of the pain centers in the midbrain or "mesencephalon."
The results can be summarized as follows: 1. stimulation of the
gray matter immediately surrounding the central canal in the midbrain
("periaqueductal gray matter") produced diffuse pain
with feelings described as "fearful", "frightful"
or "terrible"- followed by refusal by the patient to
allow it to continue. 2. Stimulation of the areas lateral to this
caused a "brighter" or "sharper" sensation
of pain, localized on the opposite side of the body, with the
patient allowing repeated stimulation because the pain although
intense was bearable. (Nashold, B.,1969).
We now know why the monkeys stimulated at Yale University by José Delgado in the same central midbrain area reacted with "high pitched vocalization accompanied by grimacing, restlessness, and attempts to grab and bite objects within reach... with signs of aggressiveness directed against the investigator." (Delgado, J.,1966).
An Editorial Note entitled "Use of Curariform. Agents" in the journal Experimental Neurology (Doty,R.,1975), by R.W. Doty, contains the following admonitions, with a reference (4) to the Nashold article:
"At one time it was common practice to apply electrical stimulation to the brain stem of curarized animals ... with roving electrodes. A large body of evidence has now accumulated on experimental animals and human patients (4) showing that even moderate electrical stimulation of certain regions of the limbic system or mesencephalon can produce aversive effects of extraordinary intensity. While it is not common to strike such loci when using relatively weak stimuli, there is also no certain way of avoiding them, especially in the mesencephalon. The relative inaccuracy of stereotaxic placements and the need to use stimuli likely to be suprathreshold for the "aversive areas" should they be encountered, makes the risk significant that, sooner or later, such regions will be stimulated. In addition, there is probably no reliable method for knowing in the curarized animal whether the stimulation is aversive. Aware of these facts, few experimenters choose to move stimulating electrodes through the brain stem of conscious, curarized animals, any more than they would perform major surgery under these conditions."
Earlier in the editorial, Doty described how an animal's head, in these brain experiments, can be precisely positioned by metal clamps (stereotaxis), but warned that a paralyzing curariform drug will abolish the signs - dilatation of the pupils, response to pinprick stimuli, etc. - by which the presence of pain is indicated. He adds:
"The widespread success with extracellular or even intracellular recordings from single units in the brain of behaving animals clearly shows curarization is, in certain instances, no longer needed for these delicate and difficult procedures per se."
For just such an experiment, see description of
E.V. Evarts' work on p.128,130,131.
The second reference (2) in this editorial directs the reader's attention to an experiment on squirrel monkeys which J.H. Bartlett and the writer of the editorial, Dr. Doty, performed at the Center for Brain Research of the University of Rochester, New York. Describing the technique actually used in the experiment, he says:
"Where it is necessary to stimulate the brain stem of the conscious, immobilized animal, the electrodes should first be implanted and subsequently the alert, freely moving animals should be carefully observed for any evidence of aversive effects, e.g., hypermotility, when stimulation is applied to these electrodes at the intensity to be used in the final experiment (2). With this precaution of stimulating through fixed electrodes with parameters demonstrated by the animal's behavior to be innocuous, the possibility of applying aversive stimuli to an immobilized preparation is precluded."
In spite of his editorial reservations about the use of curariform
drugs, Doty apparently felt the monkeys in this experiment had
to be paralyzed. Presumably this was to immobilize the eye and
eliminate variables in the brain cells' response to light stimuli.
The object of the experiment was to study the way electric stimulation
of another part of the brain (the mesencephalon) could alter the
response of the light-sensitive cells. Although the electrodes
penetrated an area whose stimulation in man the investigators
admit is "excruciatingly painful," they maintain that
the precautions described above protected the animals from discomfort.
(Bartlett, J.,1974).
The admission by a neurophysiologist of Doty's stature, confirmed by the editorial in Experimental Neurology, that excruciating suffering may be caused by these techniques unless careful precautions are taken, is certainly disturbing. J. Diner abstracts a series of experiments on animals paralyzed by curariform agents. (Diner,j.,1979,p.45-54). Typically, under general anesthesia, the animal's head is fixed to a stereotaxic instrument, tubes are passed into the windpipe and veins, the skull is opened and an electrode is introduced into the brain, and all wound edges are infiltrated with a local anesthetic. Then the general anesthetic is withdrawn and the animal is paralyzed with the curariform agent. The electrode produces recordings and/or stimulation, sometimes of single nerve cells. Often it is moved around, and it is here that the danger of hitting a pain center occurs.
The precautions described by Bartlett and Doty are not often mentioned by other investigators. Therefore all journals that print reports of experiments using curariform agents should adopt the practice of Experimental Neurology, which states editorially that the following constitutes a requirement for consideration for publication:
"For any experiment in which curariform agents are employed, the necessity for their use must be justified and details provided as to steps taken to reduce or avoid distress to the animal, particularly with regard to electrical stimulation. (Doty, R.,1975, p.iv).
Since this book is about pain and how it can be relieved, the
subject of drugs as pain-relievers naturally comes up for discussion.
Below are brief descriptions of the principal drugs and their
Analgesics are drugs used for the relief of pain without causing unconsciousness or sleep - e.g. aspirin; morphine (a narcotic analgesic).
Hypnotics or sedatives are drugs which depress the central nervous system; they do not relieve pain, they dull the conscious perception of it, tending to produce sleep or unconsciousness - e.g. barbiturates.
Tranquilizers alleviate agitation or anxiety, promote muscle relaxation, make pain more bearable, but do not dull mental acuity - e.g. meprobamate ("Miltown"); chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride ("Librium").
Anesthetics are drugs which combine any or all of the above actions, leading to the complete elimination of pain and the induction of unconsciousness - e.g. ether; halothane; barbiturates in large ("anesthetic") doses, or in repeated, smaller doses. The first two are inhalant gases, particularly suitable for long operations since the anesthetic level can be kept constant by altering the inspired concentration; barbiturates are injected, so-called "fixed agents." "Morbidity and mortality in animals are much greater following the fixed rather than the inhalation agents, probably due to the long recovery time, heat loss, pneumonia, etc., aggravated by lack of postoperative care." (Barnes, C.,1973).
Curariform agents are drugs which produce generalized muscular relaxation or paralysis but which have no effect on pain sensibility - e.g. curare; succinylcholine; gallamine triethiodide ("Plaxedil"). When they are appropriately combined with an anesthetic, muscle relaxation is obtained which is desirable in surgical procedures, but there is a risk of causing extreme suffering with curariform drugs, as described on p.20ff., if analgesia is inadequate or absent. That there is real cause for concern is illustrated by the finding that of 110 applicants for grants proposing to use curare in animal experiments, only 7% indicated that it would be accompanied by an anesthetic. These were approved and funded applications made in 1972 and 1976 to either the National Science Foundation or to one of the institutes of the Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Administration. (Fox, M.,1979, p.11).
In general, the various stages of recovery from an operation
proceed in this fashion. The immediate postoperative period, even
with the return of consciousness, is usually not pain-filled.
Later, if discomfort begins, light analgesia may be tried. Still
later, if pain increases, perhaps betrayed after chest surgery
by an animal's shallow respiration in an attempt to "splint"
the thorax, a stronger narcotic is called for. By this time any
respiratory depression caused by drugs used during the operation
itself should have worn off, thus reducing the chance of pneumonia.
(Rackow, H., 1979).
Barbiturates, often used for animal anesthesia, need special attention, because, as they are metabolized, excreted and as they decline to less than anesthetic levels, they actually increase pain sensitivity. If no postoperative analgesic has been given, an animal may experience considerable pain as the barbiturate concentration in the brain diminishes. The same is true for halothane. (Croft, P.,1964).
During 1973, postoperative analgesics were rarely if ever ordered
at New York State Veterinary College at Cornell. (Rubin, N., 1974).
No doubt it was the same in other years. Animals there are used
for multiple procedures, so the repeated experience of recovery
without pain-relief adds up to considerable suffering. In 1966,
testifying before a subcommittee of the House Committee on Agriculture,
Ralph Mayer stated that during his employment as a technician
at the Minneapolis Veterans Administration Hospital no postoperative
pain relievers had "ever been given ... to
any dog, including the major surgery cases, such as gastrectomies,
lung transplants, kidney transplants, bowel anastomoses, open-heart
surgery and brain surgery." (US Congress, House of Reps.,1966).
At the same House Hearing, Dr. Donald McQuarrie, Director of Experimental Surgery at the Minneapolis hospital, attempted to defend the withholding of analgesics on the grounds that "narcotics in a dog depress the respiration ... so that pneumonia occurs very frequently, and death is common."
Dr. McQuarrie's comment is surely relative to special circumstances at his hospital. In what condition were the dogs preoperatively? Were they random- source animals, obtained by the hospital from pounds, perhaps already suffering from respiratory disease or anemic from worms? Were his animal-care facilties understaffed, so that postoperative observation was not available to check on the dogs' condition? Were "fixed" rather than inhalation anesthetics preferred by the surgeons, with their greater risk of postoperative complications? Were analgesics given too soon after surgery, before recovery from the anesthetic was well advanced? Was there good rapport with the animals before the operation? Barnes and Eltherington's text comments on this:
"'Making friends' with the animal will contribute much to a smooth anesthetic induction. Attempting to anesthetize a frightened, struggling animal, often made that way by undue restraint, may lead to fatal consequences due to the use of more anesthetic than normally required." (Barnes, C.,1973, p.15).
Although it is probable, for a variety of reasons ranging from
the matter of expense to sheer inhumanity, that postoperative
analgesics are often withheld from animals when they would have
been prescribed for human patients, it would nevertheless be unreasonable
to insist on their use in every case. For instance, it has been
found that, in a consecutive series of over 1000 human patients
who had had general surgical or urological operations, 36% had
no need at all for any analgesic drug in the entire postoperative
period. (Jaggard, R., 1950). Furthermore, the proportion of patients
requiring analgesia postoperatively correlates with the site of
the operation, as follows: chest cavity, 74%; upper abdominal,
63%; lower abdominal (excluding gynecological), 51%; limb operations,
27%; inguinal, 23%; body wall, 20%; neck, 12%. (Loan, W.,1967).
Other factors also influence the severity of postoperative pain. They include fear, nausea, drainage tubes, abdominal distension and adequacy of dressings.
These matters must all be weighed by those ordering pain-relieving drugs. Each case is different and there is no simple solution to relief of suffering in animals under experiment. In the operative and postoperative situation there are some fairly precise do's and don'ts, as the above outline suggests. There are less precise indications in nonsurgical cases: for instance, in attempting to relieve the chronic pain of cancer. And unfortunately there are many experiments such as pain, stress, and behavior studies; toxicity tests; safety and potency assays of drugs; addiction studies and investigations of many diseases; in which pain-relieving drugs are withheld on the grounds, sometimes valid but often merely traditional or statutory, that giving them would "defeat the purpose of the experiment." Comments on this will be found throughout the book.
In this book many types of painful experiments are described,
some at greater length than others. It is in fact a survey of
such experiments throughout the 1970's. For the sake of at least
relative completeness, a listing follows of procedures or induced
maladies which have been singled out by various authorities as
particularly painful, distressing or fear-invoking.
The sources drawn upon variously described these procedures as ones causing "Pain or distress," or "gave concern," or in some cases were "not acceptable," especially if carried out too rigorously or for too long a time or without appropriate pain-relieving drugs. The experiments or illnesses cited inflict a degree of suffering on animals which, depending on the circumstances, ranges all the way from "severe" to the extremity of torture. The authorities include a group of research facilities listing experiments - in their Annual Reports for 1976 under the Animal Welfare Act - which caused pain or distress to animals without the benefit of pain-relieving drugs; a spokesman for the Inspectorate of the British Home Office; Dr. J.R. Baker and a group of British scientists; the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare; the Animal Welfare Foundation of Canada and the Canadian Council on Animal Care; the National Society for Medical Research; the Animal Welfare Institute, as sponsor of Physical and Mental Suffering of Experimental Animals (Diner, J.,1979), and Dr. Alice Heim, recently Chairman of the Psychology Section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. These groups represent either research-associated scientific bodies or animal welfare organizations identified with a reformist rather than an anti-vivisectionist position; thus their selection of experiments as ones which often lead to undue suffering is particularly significant.
The experiments are listed alphabetically; the reference numbers refer to the above-mentioned authorities (cf. key on
p.30); the letters "AP" identify citations in this book (cf. Index) .
Anaphylactic shock. 4; AP.
Aggression, induced (often by electric shock - resulting in fighting, wounding, killing). 2, 9; AP.
Blinding. 9; AP.
Brain stimulation, electrical, painful. 6, 7, 9; AP.
Burns. 2; AP.
Cancer, chronic. 1, 2, 7; AP.
Cannula, chronically implanted. 5; AP.
Cold, prolonged exposure to. 2, 7; AP.
Coronary constriction, induced. 9; AP.
Defense research (radiation, ritants, fire, explosives, etc.). 7; AP.
Drowning, following swimming toexhaustion. 7, 8; AP.
Drug addiction (withdrawal symptoms) 8.
Fear ("conditioned emotional reaction."). 8, 9; AP.
Fractures. 2.
Grooming disruption. 9; AP.
Heat, prolonged exposure to. 2.
Heart failure, stress induced. 9; AP.
Helplessness, learned (usually via electric shock). 8; AP.
Infectious disease, chronic. 2, 7; AP.
Inhalants, toxic. 5; AP.
Irritants, corrosive, of digestive tract. 4, 9; AP.
Irritants, eye.1, 4, 5, 9; AP.
Irritants, joint (injected) 4, 5; AP.
Irritants, skin. 4, 5; AP.
Isolation, social, or from mother.8, 9; AP.
Electric shock, painful. 6, 9; AP.
Pain, postoperative, unrelieved. 2, 7; AP.
Pain research. 9; AP.
Pain, unrelieved, combined with curariform paralysis. 2, 7, 9; AP.
Pathogens (Rabies, Tetanus, etc.), virulence challenge. 4; AP.
Punishment (usually electric shock) in behavior conditioning. 5; AP.
Radiation sickness. 1, 9; AP.
Repeated use of same animal (especially in painful brain exploration). 7; AP.
Restraint, physical, prolonged. 2, 7; AP.
Seizures, convulsive, induced by chemical or electrical brain stimulation. 9.
Sleep deprivation, prolonged. 8.
Sound, loud, prolonged exposure to. 2, 9.
Starvation, prolonged. 2; AP.
Stress. 6, 9; AP.
Thirst, prolonged. 2; AP.
Tooth-pulp stimulation, painful. 4, 9; AP.
Toxicity Testing, in general. 2, 4, 5, 7; AP.
Toxicity Testing, lethal dose ("LD/50") 5; AP.
Toxicity Testing, metal poisoning. 7; AP.
Toxicity Testing, rodenticides. 6.
Trauma (battering in drum; crushing, striking) without pain relief. 2, 3, 9; AP.
Ulcers, gastric, stress induced. 8; AP.
1. U.K. Home Office, 1974.
2. Canadian Council on Animal Care, 1978.
3. Baker, J., 1949.
5. Anon., 1975.
6. Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, 1963.
7. Hughes, T., 1976
8. Heim, A., 1978.
9. Diner, J., 1979.
1. These comments refer to vertebrates, but invertebrates
exhibit defensive movements which suggest that they experience
pain. Some, like the octopus, have a highly developed nervous
system. The degrees of consciousness among the more primitive
organisms are unknown, but anesthetics have been developed and
should be used at least for all multicellular forms of macroscopic
dimensions. (Kaplan, J.,1969).
Back to text
2. Nashold et al. probed pain centers in the brains
of conscious patients, but only as long as the latter would endure
it. (cf. p.19-20).
Back to text


text:
Terrostic threats alleged
MANSFIELD - Marcus Devon Philpot, 22, of 150 N. Main St. was accused of terroristic threats, two counts of simple assault and harassment after police interrupted an altercation between him and the victim Aug. 26.
According to court documents, Philpot allegedly forcefully removed the female victim out of a vehicle, threatened to kill her as well as the other occupants of the vehicle.
He then pushed the victim up against the rear of the car and allegedly attempted to choke her, according to the affidavit.
Philpot was arrested Aug. 27 and freed on $5,000 bail.
He appeared before District Judge James E. Carlson Wednesday and was held for court.
Crash leads to DUI charge
MANSFIELD - Eric Lavadius Green, 36, of 686 Spencer Road, is accused of driving under the influence, driving without a license, speeding and careless driving Aug. 20.
According to court documents, Green lost control of his wife's vehicle while driving with a blood alcohol content of .229 and crashed it into a field about 50 yards south of Spencer Road.
His preliminary hearing will take place Oct. 15 in front of District Judge James E. Carlson.
Driver accused of heroin use
WELLSBORO - Charlotte Evelyn Rims, 25, of 6 East Ave., Apt. 4, is accused of driving under the influence of a controlled substance and damaging unattended property in the Dunham's Department Store parking lot June 17.
According to court documents, Rims allegedly told Patrolman Chad Boyce she injected two bags of heroin prior to crashing her vehicle at the store located at 45 Main St.
The accused was arrested and transported to Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hospital to have blood drawn and tested. She then was released to a family member.
Rims will appear in front of District Judge Robert L. Repard Sept. 30 for a preliminary hearing.
Pot and alcohol use alleged
WELLSBORO - Michael Christopher Paul, 50, of 831 Magnolia Ave., Croydon, is accused of driving under the influence, possession of a controlled substance and drug paraphernalia and failing to signal while driving Aug. 31.
According to court documents, Paul was pulled over on Pearl Street by patrolman Chad Boyce after allegedly failing to signal on three different turns. Boyce said he smelled alcohol on the defendant's breath and spotted an open container of beer in the vehicle.
The arresting officer says he also smelled marijuana in the vehicle.
Allegedly, Paul gave permission to search his vehicle, which led to Boyce confiscating four grams of marijuana, two multicolored pipes and a metal grinder.
Paul was arrested and posted bail of $2,500.
He will appear in front District Judge Robert L. Repard for his preliminary hearing Sept. 16.
Man allegedly sold pot to officer
WELLSBORO - Joey Thomas Tanaiewski, 19, of 68 Jackson Center Road, Millerton, is accused of possession with intent to sell drugs on three separate occasions, according to court documents.
Tanaiewski was arrested Aug. 31 by officer Chad Boyce of the Wellsboro Police Department.
According to Boyce, the accused allegedly sold 6.6 grams of marijuana to an undercover officer March 12, two baggies of heroin March 20 and "wholesale" heroin March 24.
His bail is posted at $7,500 and Tanaiewski awaits his preliminary hearing on Sept. 16 in Tioga County Prison.


text:
It's time for the Thanksgiving holiday. One thing to be definitely thankful for is that you get more time to spend at home with your critter. Another thing is that SmallAnimalChannel has pulled together six great items to help you prepare and go through this holiday with your critter friends. Check it out!
1. Give Thanks! Take a moment to tell your critter how thankful you are that it came into your life. Then consider what your critter would say back to you. For inspiration, check out the What Is Your Critter Thankful for Contest. Click here>>
2. Show the people you won't be able to see this holiday that you care about them. Send them a critter Thanksgiving card! Click here>>
3. For ferrets, holidays bring new people to meet and enticing aromas from cooking/baking and more. Protect your pet from potential holiday dangers by reading our Ferret-Proof For The Holidays article. Click here>>
4. Got visitors to your house for the holidays? Warn them to be cautious with your critter friend with these fun small-animal door knob hangers. Click here>>
5. Need to entertain the kids while the parents prepare the Thanksgiving feast? Print out these coloring pages for hours of entertainment. Click here>>
6. It is Thanksgiving, and you want to share some of your feast with your pet mouse. But, is it safe for mice to eat turkey? We answer that question in our Good Table Foods For Mice article. Click here>>
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Just about every wine-drinker in the state of Washington and well beyond its boarders – is Columbia Crest. There is few other wineries this side of Chateau St. Michelle which have done more to propigate and further the local industry. It's reach is very pervasive and they've done a great deal to help promote the greater good of Washington wines.
For years now, it has had its 2-vine (cheap) series, a Grand Estates version and Reserve – earlier this year, however, it introduced its H3 brand. It's called H3 because of its Horse Heaven Hills designated vineyards in which 100% of the fruit comes from. In contrast, Grand Estates could be sourced from other places within the greater Columbia Valley.
Starting at around the $10 mark, its Grand Estates is generally a pretty safe-bet as far as wine values go. It's typically a fruit-bomb with layers of oak and some good complexity for its price.
The H3 label is a more premium one which fills the price-gap in its current line-up between the Grand Estates and Reserve lines. This was my first time with the H3 merlot, so it was fun for me to be able to check out what's going on there.
2005 Grand Estates Merlot: W.E.P. Scale Rating: 80%
Technical Data
• Total acidity: 0.61 g/100ml
• pH: 3.73
• Alcohol: 13.9%
• Grapes were destemmed and crushed with 10% whole berries
remaining, then fermented on skins 7-10 days with a twice-daily
pumpover regime to gently extract color, aromas and flavors.
• The wine aged for 12-14 months in French (60%) and American
(40%) oak barrels. The blend includes Viognier (co-fermented)
to add complexity to the bouquet and also depth and nuance
to the finished wine.
Nose: Subtle blackberry and raw venison on the nose with dashes of pepper. The Vanilla isn't near as strong here as it is on the H3 Merlot. I get some shoe leather, and the smell of carmalized carrots.
Taste: All fruit forward with little across the mid and zilch on the end of the palate. Dried blackberry and black cherry with components of leather and spice. This wine is a total fruit bomb made for those folks as a good alternative to other similarly-priced or cheaper merlots.
Summary: I didn't like this one as much as the H3 and I was even poured them in a blind scenario (had my son bring both glasses out to me without telling me what they were). Its finish wasn't near as long or smooth as the H3 and quite frankly there are other wines in its price-range which I find more interesting.
2005 H3 Merlot: W.E.P. Scale Rating: 100%
Technical Data
• Total acidity: 0.55 g/100ml
• pH: 3.69
• Alcohol: 14.3%
• Grapes were crushed at 30% whole-berry to retain the fruit quality.
• Fermentation lasted 7-14 days on the skins to extract optimum fruit and structural components.
• Various yeasts were used to maintain fruit flavors and complexity.
• Malolactic fermentation occurred in stainless steel tanks and oak barrels.
• Blending occurred shortly after malolactic fermentation.
• The wine was barrel aged in 40% new American and French oak, and 60% older oak for 14-18 months.
Nose: Jammy blackberry and blueberry with a hint of leather strip and white pepper. Some big league chew and twizzler action on the nose here. Also picking up the toasted vanilla component from the oak.
Taste: Vanilla-coated blackberries and cherries covered in a dash of pepper. Good fruit forward on the palate – smooth on the mid but gets a bit hot on the back-end of the palate. Picking up a hint of red clay as well on the end.
Summary: This is a well-priced Merlot which brings with it a good amount of worthiness. I like this Merlot and for $12 or so, I'd hit it. It'll easily pair with any Lamb dish I can think of or a good, artisan-style pizza and red-sauced pasta dishes.


text:
Live Donald Driver ceremony to pre-empt local programming
Although the supposed link between Ryan Braun and a Miami PED clinic signals the start of baseball season, football has one more ace up its sleeve - the Donald Driver retirement ceremony.
WTMJ-TV (Channel 4), WISN-TV (Channel 12) and WITI-TV (Channel 6) expect to pre-empt local programing for live coverage of the event at Lambeau Field in Green Bay at 11 a.m. Wednesday. »Read Full Blog Post
Rusty Chain Cafe a coffee bar on wheels
Rusty Chain Cafe photo »Read Full Blog Post
Wilson Center announces new Guitar Competition and Festival for Aug. 15 to 17
A total of $22,000 worth of cash prizes and a show by Phil Collins' lead guitarist, Milwaukee native Daryl Stuermer are among the highlights for the Sharon Lynne Wilson Center for the Arts' first Guitar Competition & Festival, taking place Aug. 15 to 17.
Juiced! juice truck will open a store on Farwell
A little more than a year after his Juiced! Mobile Juice Bar first hit the streets of Milwaukee, Jason Lannoch will be opening a shop at 1749 N. Farwell Ave.
He will sell bottled juices at the store, which previously was Sphinx coffee bar, and PJ's Subs before that. »Read Full Blog Post
New Milwaukee show announcements for John Medeski, Sammy Adams and Ghost B.C.
Rapper Sammy Adams and mysterious metal group Ghost B.C. (until recently known simply as Ghost in the U.S.) are coming to Turner Hall Ballroom April 15 and May 15, respectively.
Video: See Jim James perform with the Roots on "Fallon"
Jim James' new album "Regions of Light and Sound of God" is a solo effort, his first, but the My Morning Jacket had a ton of support--21 musicians in fact, including the Roots--when he performed '50s-style love song "A New Life" on "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon" last night.
Alas, James isn't going to have that kind of support when he performs at the Pabst Theater April 19. But with My Morning Jacket, he's an excellent showman - local MMJ shows made my favorite Milwaukee concerts list the past two years. And "God," which is out today, is a wonderful listen. »Read Full Blog Post
Tony Matelli talks about his process
If you look around, there's a sort of quiet, cosmic war going on all around us. You can see it in the cracks of a sidewalk, on attic junk and down the gradual sag of a face. It's our effort against the beat of time. And it seems to be what, at least in part, Tony Matelli is exploring in his sculptural work at the Green Gallery East.
From the outside of the exhibition space, it may seem like you missed the opening night by a few years. Dusty mirrors propped against walls bear the handprints and doodles of bygone humans. Walking up to them for a moment almost channels a quieting, humanistic experience of a cave drawing. And it is then the liminal space you just trounced in on begins to move into focus. »Read Full Blog Post(1)
Miranda Lambert to headline Wisconsin State Fair Aug. 11
Country-music queen Miranda Lambert will headline the Wisconsin State Fair's Main Stage on the final day of the 2013 fair's run.
The fair announced Tuesday that Lambert will perform at 6:30 p.m. Aug. 11, with The Farm opening. »Read Full Article(4)
Harley-Davidson Museum brings champion racers to Milwaukee
Milwaukee's Harley-Davidson Museum will host a number of champion motorcycle racers Feb. 22 at a public program called "Untold Stories: Built for Speed: The History & Evolution of Harley-Davidson Racing."
Three-time and defending NHRA Pro Stock Motorcycle Champion Eddie Krawiec of the Screamin' Eagle/Vance & Hines drag racing team and Andrew Hines will be part of the event. »Read Full Article
On Tap Today: Remembering Howlin' Wolf and Muddy Waters
Howlin' Wolf died in 1976, Muddy Waters in 1983, but there are musicians still around today who played with the blues legends, who are keeping their music alive today. Musicians like Jody Williams, a guitarist who played with Wolf, and Bob Margolin, Waters' guitarist for seven years, and Grammy winner James Cotton, who played with both Wolf and Waters.
Those three musicians, as well as the Fabulous Thunderbirds and multi-instrumentalist Tinsley Ellis, come together for a special Wolf and Waters tribute show, "Blues at the Crossroads II." The show begins at 8 p.m. Tuesday at Potawatomi Bingo Casino's Northern Lights Theater. Tickets are $35 to $45 and available to purchase at the box office, by calling (800) 745-3000 and clicking here. »Read Full Blog Post


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After winning their first round in Commonwealth Court last week, state officials are in no hurry to hear what the state Supreme Court may have to say about Pennsylvania's new voter-ID law.
The state Attorney General's Office, defending the law against contentions that it will disenfranchise thousands of voters, filed papers Tuesday suggesting that the Supreme Court consider the case the week of Oct. 15 - barely three weeks before the Nov. 6 general election.
Opponents of the law say the dispute should be settled as quickly as possible so voters will have a clear idea of what will be required of them when they go to the polls.


text:
Sales Hours
Monday - Saturday: 9:00am to 6:00pm
Sunday: 10:00am to 4:00pm
Service Hours
Mon - Sat: 9 AM to 6 PM
Sun: closed
2008 Yamaha Rhino 700 FI 4X4 ATV
- $9,995
- Internet Price
- Exterior: Camo
- Interior: Black
- Stock #: 000662
- Engine: 686cc liquid-/oil-cooled, four-stroke engine
- Transmission: Automatic
- This vehicle located at:
- Desert Autoplex RV
- 2260 E Main Street
- Mesa, Arizona 85213
- 480-964-2277
- Map this location »
- This vehicle located at:
- Desert Autoplex RV
- 2260 E Main Street
- Mesa, Arizona 85213
- 480-964-2277
- Map this location »
Desert Autoplex is pleased to bring you this extra clean 2008 Yamaha Rhino 700FI 4X4 Ducks Unlimited Edition!
This Rhino is extra clean and shows absolutely no signs of abuse or damage. The digital display was just replaced and the readout before the unit went out was only 328 miles.
This 2008 Yamaha Rhino 700 FI Auto 4x4 is an ATV equipped with an 686cc, Liquid / Oil Cooled, Single-Cylinder, SOHC, 4-Stroke Engine and a Continuously Variable (CVT) Transmission. It has a Selectable 4X2 / 4X4 driveline. The Rhino 700 FI Auto 4x4 has a Independent Double Wishbone Front Suspension with 7.3 inches of travel while the Independent Double Wishbone Rear Suspension has 7.3 inches of travel.
Here are some of the latest features:
All-new 686cc engine puts out plenty of broadband power. New four-valve head with 9.2:1 compression and forged piston bumps power and efficiency.
Electronic fuel injection ensures peak performance in nearly all conditions and elevations, along with instantaneous cold starts.
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New four-wheel disc brakes provide unsurpassed stopping power, and a new parking brake is super convenient.
Cool, comfortable new steering wheel and new passenger grab handles.
Now with two cup holders for even greater creature comfort.
New under hood tool-free air filter is a snap to service.
New Stainless Steel Exhaust with Spherical joints
New front differential
Bigger CV Joints and Axles
CV boot protectors
Larger Radiator (20mm taller and 28mm wider) and Fan with shroud
New Brake Pad Material - Eliminates Squeaks
CVT filter has been redesigned so that the intake/exhaust sit about 5" higher
This Rhino is also equipped with a set of black off-road wheels wrapped in a set of Maxxis tires showing 90% tread life left.
Don't pass up your chance to own clean 2008 Yamaha Rhino 700 FI Auto 4X4 Camo Edition. This off-road fun machine is the one!!
Financing is always available on approved credit on our website.We offer rates from 5.25% (o.a.c.) and can work with any past or current credit situation. We offer a secure online credit application for fast and easy credit approval.
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Thanks for your interest! Make it a great day! Desert Autoplex
All advertised prices exclude government fees and taxes, any finance charges, any dealer document preparation charge, and any emission testing charge. The price for listed vehicles as equipped does not include charges such as: License, Title, Registration Fees, State or Local Taxes, Dealer Prep, Smog Fees, Credit Investigation, Optional Credit Insurance, Physical Damage of Liability Insurance, or Delivery Fees. DEALER makes no representations, expressed or implied, to any actual or prospective purchaser or owner of this vehicle as to the existence, ownership, accuracy, description or condition of the listed vehicle's equipment, accessories, price, specials or any warranties. Any and all differences must be addressed prior to the sale of this vehicle.


text:
Kenmore Elite 29.2 cu. ft. Side-by-Side Refrigerator w/ Genius Cool™ - White
$799.93 - $1,060.00
1 year parts and labor
Find Out More »
Kenmore — trusted in the homes of more than 100 million Americans. The Kenmore side-by-side refrigerator 51182 is loaded with a lot of great features to keep food as fresh and flavorful as possible. GeniusCool™ with Dual Evaporators, CrisperKeeper™ Drawers, and CleanFlow™ Air Filtration all work together to keep food fresh. In addition, multi-air flow provides better consistency in cooling throughout. The white Kenmore 5118 29.2 cu. ft. fridge includes larger crisper drawers, top-to-bottom gallon door storage, larger shelf space and a larger utility bin that all add up to room for more groceries.
- GeniusCool™ uses two evaporators to cool the refrigerator and freezer compartments separately, so lettuce doesn't wilting and ice cream doesn't get freezer burn
- CrisperKeeper™ drawers absorb the natural ripening gas that fruit and vegetables emit, extending the freshness of your produce up to 25% (based on extended shelf life of commonly purchased produce)
- Compared to previous 25 cu. ft. Kenmore® models, this 29 cu. ft. Kenmore refrigerator offers more storage space while still fitting in a standard 25 cu. ft. footprint (Compared to previous 25 cu. ft. Kenmore models)
- The CleanFlow™ Air Filter actively circulates air and is 15 times more effective than baking soda in reducing common food odors
- The doors store up to 8 gallons of milk, providing more door storage than any other available side-by-side (among leading brand side-by-side refrigerators with dual evaporators)
- SmartSense™ Temperature Management detects temperature shifts automatically and adjusts cooling to return food to just the right temperature 8 times faster, keeping it fresh longer (compared to single evaporator Kenmore® models without SmartSense™ Technology)
- The Kenmore® dispense system delivers fresh, filtered water and includes features like Measured Fill, Metered Fill, and the customizable Favorite Fill that dispenses a preset amount
- Moving the ice system to the door frees up 30% more space in the already larger freezer compartment, letting you fit 6 more pizzas than before (compared to previous 25 cu. ft. Kenmore® models without SpaceSaver™ Ice)
Specifications & Dimensions
Product Documentation
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text:
Adrian Matilla can usually be seen dressed as an EMT for Jersey City Medical Center-Barnabas Health, but he will don a different uniform Sunday night for his role in the HBO series "The Leftovers."
The budding actor who grew up in North Bergen and now lives in West New York, plays "a police officer in one of the surrounding towns where the main character lives," Matilla said referring to Mapleton, N.Y. Police Chief Kevin Garvey, played by Justin Theroux.
The show, based on a book by Thomas Perrotta, is set three years after two percent of the world's population suddenly disappears in a global "rapture" and it centers around those left behind in a small upstate New York community and how they are coping with the loss.
Violence erupts as the townspeople grow tired of a mysterious group -- "the Guilty Remnant" -- that has moved into the town and recruited new members, including the police chief's wife.
Sunday's episode is entitled "The Garveys at Their Best."
"Playing these roles gives me a good sign I'm going in the right direction," said Matilla, 30, who has worked at the JCMC the past three years while honing his acting skills.
Matilla recently starred along Donnie Wahlberg on the CBS drama, "Blue Bloods" and has also appeared on "Law & Order: SVU," "Person of Interest" and "Power."
"The Leftovers," which was recently renewed for a second season, airs Sundays on HBO at 10 p.m.


text:
High Octane Dinosaurs
The question of whether dinosaurs were endothermic has been a rich source of controversy for decades. Although they were originally portrayed as sluggish reptiles that crept their "cold-blooded" way through the Mesozoic, over time evidence has suggested that they may have actually had active and athletic lifestyles, with fast-running metabolisms to match. Everything from growth rates to diet to integument has been used as evidence that dinosaurs, if not as fully "warm-blooded" as mammals, at least ran on a higher octane than many modern ectotherms. ("Cold-blooded" and "warm-blooded" are misleading terms; some ectothermic reptiles, such as large marine turtles, maintain consistently high body temperatures through behavioral adaptations, and some endothermic species, such as hummingbirds and bats, have a wildly variable body temperature that periodically drops low enough to drop them into torpor. Poikilothermic = variable temperature, homeothermic = consistent temperature, and endo- or ectotherms can be either.)
There is a new paper in PLoS ONE today that jumps into the fray of the dinosaur energetics question. Pontzer and Hutchinson (2009) test the hypothesis that dinosaurs were endothermic, using biomechanical analysis to model the metabolic rate of 13 bipedal dinosaurs, in addition to an outgroup ornithodiran, Marasuchus. They calculated metabolic demands of both walking and running using locomotor anatomy (limb length and active muscle volume), and compared their results to the aerobic capacity of extant ectotherms and endotherms. These comparisons can give us clues where the dinosaurs might have fallen along this metabolic spectrum.
So, what did they find? The results showed strong evidence that dinosaurs had aerobic capacities that exceeded the maximum limits of extant ecotherms. In other words, they were most likely endothermic to at least some degree, otherwise they could not have afforded the amount of energy that it apparently cost them just to move around. It is suggested that development of endothermy could be a reason for the long and extensive reign of the dinosaurs, which continues to this day in the form of their avian descendents.
It is certain that the debate over dinosaur energetics is far from resolved, but this study definitely adds a fascinating piece to the puzzle.
Pontzer, H., Allen, V., & Hutchinson, J. (2009). Biomechanics of Running Indicates Endothermy in Bipedal Dinosaurs PLoS ONE, 4 (11) DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007783


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Subjectivity is overrated. Sometimes, the opinions of experts are wonderful resources that can help inform a debate, but there is nothing like some cold hard numbers to help glean insight about which NBA teams are playing the best.
For these stat-based power rankings, we looked at which teams have performed best in terms of net rating (points scored per 100 possessions minus points allowed per 100) since January 1, according to NBA.com.


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ELBERTA, Alabama -- Authorities are continuing the investigation into a shooting involving the Elberta police chief and a person who fired into the chief's office window, officials said.
On Feb. 13, Chief Mickey Pledger dislocated his shoulder in a fall when the person
fired a gun outside the chief's office window at about 10:30 p.m. Pledger was working late on a Sunday night and noticed a person standing outside the building when he went to his car to retrieve some papers. The chief said he called out to the man, who fired a shot that went through the office window.
Pledger chased the man when he ran, but slipped, fell and injured his shoulder. After falling, the chief fired one shot at the man, but investigators found no sign that the person was hit.
The shooting is under investigation by the Baldwin County Sheriff's Office. Investigators have no new finding to report as of Thursday, Maj. Anthony Lowery, Sheriff's Office communications director, said.
On Thursday, Pledger said investigators are still checking leads on several individuals. After the shooting, the chief said he did not know why someone would fire a shot at the window of an empty office. He said Thursday that the gun may have been fired prematurely or accidentally.
"I really think that the guy had a gun in his hand and when he turned to run, he fell down and pulled the trigger," Pledger said.
The chief said the spot where the shooter was standing was under a tree and the man was standing on leaves and other debris. He said the person could have been startled while waiting outside and challenged by a voice in the dark.
In an interview after the shooting, Pledger said he did not know if the man had been waiting to shoot him or for another reason. Pledger retired as director of the Mobile office of Homeland Security, Immigration and Customs Enforcement before becoming Elberta police chief.
He said he had wondered after the shooting if the incident could have stemmed from investigations or incidents during his federal career. Pledger said Thursday that he felt the February shooting had a local origin.
Pledger said the shooter may have been upset about something he or other Elberta police officers had done. The person also may have been attempting to take evidence or other items from the police station and found the building occupied when he approached the structure late on a Sunday night, Pledger said.


text:
Clean-up operations for a major water main break in Southwest Center City were disrupted this morning when a gas line broke, apparently under the weight of collapsing asphalt.
Firefighters hooked hoses up to hydrants in the area around South 21st and Bainbridge Streets as PGW crews worked to close the gas main.
The major water main break near 21st and Bainbridge Streets on Sunday night forced the evacuation of several blocks of residents - some by boat - and left a cleanup job that could continue for days, city officials said.


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How to Create Obfuscated Code In C
Most of the newbie programmers are fascinated by the term 'hacking' or 'cracking'(to be precise). Generally, they see some weirdly written code (that may visually seem like a painting to any new programmer) and start dreaming of the developer who has written the code as god of programming or something. I have personally interacted with many of these and they usually are very willing to know about how to write this kind of code. Though I strongly disagree with this type of coding practice but still I think every aspiring developer has the right to know how this is done. So in this article lets discuss how to write obfuscated code.
From Wikipedia:
Obfuscated code is source or machine code that has been made difficult to understand for humans.I'll use C as the programming language, Linux as the OS(Linux mint the distribution) and gcc as the compiler.
The Myth About Obfuscated Code
So, all of those who are new to C programming, what if I give you something like this :
#include <stdio.h>
2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47 53 59 61 67 71 73 79 83 89 97
Some of you might even believe that this code cannot be understood or its a kind of magic etc.
Well, to all those, this is not magic, this is obfuscation of code. So, lets shed all the myths away and see how this kind of code is made.
Step 1 : Write a simple program
Just forget about that small monster you saw above. Lets see a decent looking code here :
If you think that this is difficult then I think that you should take a good C book and study it first!!!
Lets see the output :
2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47 53 59 61 67 71 73 79 83 89 97
Step 2 : Change function name
Well, to make the code a bit obfuscated, start replacing names with weird but allowed characters. Like here I will replace the function name 'func' with an underscore '_'
Step 3 : Change the first argument name
Now, since function name has been changed, lets apply the same to first argument 'a' and replace it with a double underscore ie '__'
Step 4 : Change second argument name
Similarly, change the second argument name from 'b' to '___'
Step 5 : Change the third argument name
Similarly, change the Third argument name from 'c' to '____'.
The syntax of a ternary expression is :
<condition> ? <expression-1> : <expression-2>
where if the <condition> is true then <expression-1> is evaluated else <expression-2> is evaluated. For example :
b>a ? a++ : b++
Step 6 : Apply the ternary expressions
Finally, lets replace all the if-else with ternary expressions and make sure we have as less white spaces as we can in the code.
lets see the beauty :
#include <stdio.h>
Note that in this step, We got away with the data type of arguments and we also got away with the return types of the functions main() and _() as gcc will automatically assume int in both the cases
Lets cross check the output :
2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47 53 59 61 67 71 73 79 83 89 97
Tips for obfuscation
To conclude, In this article we learned how to create an obfuscated code out of a normal code. Professionally there is no use for these kind of codes but these are good for fun. :-) and I hope you enjoyed.
Stay tuned for more!!!!
Re: How to Create Obfuscated Code In C
Nice One! :) , Some New Stuff! :)
Re: How to Create Obfuscated Code In C
Re: How to Create Obfuscated Code In C
Awesome work, keep it up!
Re: How to Create Obfuscated Code In C
very nice man...
Re: How to Create Obfuscated Code In C
Really great sir.........
i like u...
Re: How to Create Obfuscated Code In C
Thank you all for the complements!!!
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Idicula, Titto T. MD; Thomassen, Lars MD, PhD
Introduction: Some stroke patients present with mild or absent measurable neurologic deficits in spite of a significant thromboembolic event. A thrombus in the distal region of the middle cerebral artery may have such a presentation. CT angiography in the acute phase helps to identify the culprit thrombus. Thrombolysis might be beneficial in these patients in spite of the lack of measurable neurologic deficits. We present a patient with a 'silent' thrombus in the middle cerebral artery.
Case Report: A 70-year-old man presented with a history of fluctuating neurologic symptoms for 2 days. Neurologic examination at the time of presentation revealed no measurable deficits. CT angiography showed a thrombus in the M2 segment of the middle cerebral artery which was treated with intravenous thrombolysis. Patient did not have recurrence of symptoms after thrombolysis. MR angiogram a day after thrombolysis showed partial recanalization of the artery.
Conclusion: Some stroke patients with an intracranial thrombus may present with minimal or absent measurable neurologic deficits. CT angiography is a useful tool in identifying the thrombus. Intravenous thrombolysis may be beneficial in stroke patients presenting with a "silent" thrombus.
© 2009 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
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Quigley Catholic girls' basketball team falls in battle of section leaders
While section honors were not on the line, this past Friday's girls basketball game between Quigley Catholic and Vincentian Academy had to be considered a measuring stick for both Catholic school programs. Both the Spartans and the Royals lead their respective groupings. At 10-0, Quigley has a three-game lead in Section 1-A over Cornell and Union, which share second-place honors with 7-3 records with just two section games remaining for all teams.
Vincentian also has two section games remaining with a 10-0 Section 2-A record and an overall standard of 19-0 that has earned the Royals the No. 1 position in the Post-Gazette's Class A girls basketball rankings.
Despite that, however, the Royals have a huge game for section pride looming on Thursday night when they host North Catholic at Marshall Middle School. In the first game between the two teams, the Royals eked out a 65-64 victory on a last-second basket by sophomore standout Brenna Wise. A reversal in the Royals' fortunes on Thursday would mean they would share the section title with North Catholic, which is what happened a year ago.
And so, there was a sense of intrigue that preceded Friday's game between the Spartans and the Royals. But there was no mystery about the outcome as the Royals took a 21-point halftime lead en route to a 73-45 victory.
Quigley Catholic's top scorer was Morgan Dillon, who had 12 points. Wise and Abbey Bartoszewicz outscored the Spartans with a combined 46 points, with Wise's 30 points leading the way. Quigley will again qualify for the WPIAL tournament as Section 1-A champion as the Spartans cannot be caught by any of their section rivals. But they certainly will have their work cut out for them if another matchup with the Royals takes place in the WPIAL Class A girls basketball playoffs.


text:
I went down this road a few months ago. Someone wrote a patch that
would add OCSP client functionality to Apache, but the patch never got
folded into the Apache mainline code. We spent a bit of effort trying
to get the patch to work with our version of Apache with no luck.
There are two products from commercial organizations out there that can
help. One is from Tumbleweed, called Server Validator. It's pricey
about $2000 per server, but works pretty well. Its very easy to install
and configure and has some nice features for supporting OCSP and failing
over to CRLs. It is supported on several platforms. =20
The other product is called WebCullis from the organization that used to
be Orion Security. (Orion Security has since been bought by Entrust.)
It used to be under the GPL, which was nice. At the time, they only had
a version for Windows and Intel based Solaris.=20
I hope this helps.=20
-----Original Message-----
From: [email]email@example.com[/email]
[mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com] On Behalf Of pbains
Sent: Wednesday, October 11, 2006 4:32 PM
To: [email]firstname.lastname@example.com[/email]
Subject: Re: OCSP? (UNCLASSIFIED)
My organization is headed down this road after experiencing performance
degradation from checking large CRLs. As we come up with a solution,
post what I find out. Alternatively, if you have any information, would
appreciate it, thanks!
Victor, Dwight P CTR DISA PAC wrote:[color=blue]
> Classification: UNCLASSIFIED=20
> Caveats: NONE
> Hello List!
> Has anyone had any experience/success with using mod_ssl + Apache v2[/color]
> query an OCSP responder regarding the status of an end-user provided
> certificate and allow/deny access based on the response? Any tips,
> suggestions, discussion would be appreciated.
> Best Regards,
> Dwight...
> ---
> Dwight Victor, CISSP (Contractor)
> Systems Administrator / Webmaster
> General Dynamics C4 Systems
> EMAIL: [email]email@example.com[/email]
> TEL: (808) 653-3677 ext 229
> Classification: UNCLASSIFIED=20
> Caveats: NONE
> =20
View this message in context:
Sent from the mod_ssl - Users mailing list archive at Nabble.com.
Apache Interface to OpenSSL (mod_ssl) [url]www.modssl.org[/url]
User Support Mailing List [email]email@example.com[/email]
Automated List Manager [email]firstname.lastname@example.com[/email]
Apache Interface to OpenSSL (mod_ssl) [url]www.modssl.org[/url]
User Support Mailing List [email]email@example.com[/email]
Automated List Manager [email]firstname.lastname@example.com[/email]


text:
Hi again,
Maybe a stupid question, should I just wait until a random editor approves my theme translations?
Did complete translation for several languages about 1,5 week ago, but nothing happens.
Did approve Dutch myself, and the only other language that's approved is Canadian (is the same as default English).
Themes are listed in this post:
Posted a request about 2 of my plugins few days ago, and untill now 2 of the translations got approved – thanks for that: