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I am, White Pouch as people know me on runescape and I am one of the "Summoning Tank Category" type of "pure/tank". Al-thou i am new to these forums, i am Going to start being highly active and I wish to know every singe and one of you
On another thought I am going to post a guide I have been working on for days on how to be a summoning tank and what are the perks/disadvantages.
Here I'm going to post my youtube channel And my current achievements!
Youtube channel :http://www.youtube.com/user/RsnWhitePouch?feature=mhee
Latest Achievment
Edited by The Summoning Tank, 17 September 2012 - 11:10 AM.


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Wednesday, July 24, 2013
In a little more than one week, the sun will come up on a brand new high school football season.
The first day of practice is Friday, Aug. 2 and teams can begin hitting opponents on Thursday, Aug. 8 so area squads will likely be involved in their first scrimmages of the summer that day or Friday.
Perhaps no area team will be more eager for the dawning of the season than the Goose Creek Gators. A year ago, they were booted from the playoffs for using an ineligible player. The incident kept the Gators from defending their Class AAAA Div. II crown.
They were 13-0 before their season was truncated.
"Obviously we lost some great players from last year's team but we have a good nucleus coming back," said Gators coach Chuck Reedy, whose team has won 40 of its last 42 games. "The expectations for this team are high and their work ethic and attitude are exceptional."
Among the top players returning for Goose Creek are senior quarterback Dantez Bennamon, who passed for 1,136 yards and 11 touchdowns while rushing for 535 more and six touchdowns last fall. Senior Caleb Kinlaw is the top back returning. He had 1,006 yards and 15 touchdowns.
Tight end Kalan Ritchie is a commitment to South Carolina.
On defense, the Gators bring back four of the top seven tacklers, including senior linebackers Daylin Julius and Shaquille Salley.
Cornerback Omar McRae is back too after making 11 interceptions.
Goose Creek opens the season on Aug. 30 at Ashley Ridge.
Stratford also has plenty of reason to be excited. The Knights are coming off a 10-3 season, their best mark since 2006, and have one of the premier quarterbacks in the county in senior Jacob Park.
Park (6-4, 205) who combined for nearly 2,700 yards passing and rushing last season was recently named an Elite 11 quarterback. He is committed to Georgia.
"He makes me look like a good coach a lot of times, like I called the right play," Stratford offensive coordinator Dennie McDaniel said. "He's got a lot of confidence in what he can do. The other players have confidence in him that he's going to put the ball where it's supposed to be."
Running back/receiver Jordan Johnson, another senior, is poised to have a breakout season too.
On the other side of the ball, the Knights are set to return seven starters, including safety Taylor Morrison. He had 10 interceptions last season, while cornerback Sheldon Reid made seven interceptions.
They will also bring back inside linebacker Cecil Smith, outside linebacker T.J. Deveaux and defensive lineman Stephen Hill.
Stratford hosts Berkeley on Aug. 30 to begin the season.
Cane Bay will be in its second year as a Class AAAA school after going 6-6 last season and making the playoffs. The Cobras were in battles every week, coach Russell Zehr remembered.
"That's the biggest difference between Class AAA and Class AAAA," Zehr said. "… It's a grind. Every team is good. That's Class AAAA football. Last year, there was never a game we could rest our starters in the fourth quarter."
On offense, the Cobras have experienced players coming back in quarterback Devin Kilgore and running back Ramonte Frasier.
Defensively, junior linebacker Matt Rudy is the top tackler returning.
Cane Bay opens at Summerville on Aug. 29.
Hanahan was 11-2 and advanced to the third round of the Class AAA playoffs last fall. The Hawks bring back 10 starters on defense, including linebacker Lyndon Young and defensive back Marlon Washington.
Offensively, the Hawks will be the lone local squad with a new quarterback. Mason Schwerzler takes over for North-South selection Anthony Smalls.
Terrell Green, at 6 feet, 7 inches, figures to be one of the top receivers in the area.
Aug. 29 – at Summerville
Sept. 6 – vs. Fort Dorchester
Sept. 13 – at Berkeley
Sept. 20 – vs. Beaufort
Sept. 27 – at Ashley Ridge
Oct. 4 – vs. Colleton County
Oct. 11 – vs. Stratford
Oct. 18 – vs. Goose Creek
Oct. 24 – at West Florence
Nov. 1 – at Wando
Nov. 8 – vs. West Ashley
Aug. 30 – at Ashley Ridge
Sept. 6 – vs. Colleton County
Sept. 13 – at Summerville
Sept. 20 – vs. Fort Dorchester
Sept. 27 – vs. Dutch Fork
Oct. 4 – at Beaufort
Oct. 11 – at Carolina Forest
Oct. 18 – at Cane Bay
Oct. 25 – vs. Wando
Nov. 1 – vs. West Ashley
Nov. 8 – at Stratford
Aug. 23 – vs. Military Magnet
Aug. 30 – vs. Timberland
Sept. 6 – at Bishop England
Sept. 20 – at Edisto
Sept. 27 – vs. Wade Hampton (Hampton)
Oct. 4 – at Orangeburg-Wilkinson
Oct. 11 – vs. Berkeley
Oct. 18 – at James Island
Oct. 25 – vs. Hilton Head
Nov. 1 – vs. Stall
Aug. 30 – vs. Berkeley
Sept. 6 – at Sumter
Sept. 13 – at Fort Dorchester
Sept. 20 - vs. Ashley Ridge
Sept. 27 – at Colleton County
Oct. 4 – vs. Summerville
Oct. 11 – at. Cane Bay
Oct. 18 – vs. Wando
Oct. 25 – at West Ashley
Nov. 1 – at South Florence
Nov. 8 – vs. Goose Creek
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subset: commoncrawl


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Reporter Sophia Miraglio tells us how this is affecting the Gem State on the local, regional, and state levels.
With states like Washington and Colorado legalizing recreational marijuana. Montana, Oregon and California upholding their stance on medical marijuana, and Wyoming in the middle of trying legalize it. Where does that leave Idaho, the state that's always had a zero tolerance for the drug
"Idaho as a whole and Idaho State Police have seen a trend of larger quantities of marijuana traveling through Idaho from Oregon and Washington which are known legal states traveling to other parts of the country," said ISP Captain, Lonnie Richardson.
Most marijuana trafficking is taking place in the Boise and Coeur d'Alene areas.
"Lewiston specifically is not on what we would call the drug corridor in that we have no major route east or west," said Richardson. "So quantities that do end up here for sale are small."
This right here looks like just your average two liter of Coca Cola but it's far from it. As you can see it twist open and is actually used to hide contraband.
"Whatever it is they try to use to hide or mask the odor, you're not going to be able to fool the dog," said LPD K-9 Handler, Chris Reese.
K-9 Marta has only been with the department for six months, and has already proved to be a valuable tool in the fight against illegal drugs.
"She's very accurate, we've made several cases with her," said LPD Captain, Roger Lanier. "She's a young dog and we anticipate her being around a long time."
They'll do everything they can think of mask the odor to try to fool the drug dog but the dogs scent discrimination ability is so great that they are able to decipher through those odors."
And while a noticeable increase in marijuana has yet to be seen at the local level, a new form of excuses are on the rise.
"Usually saying that they have a medical marijuana card and for whatever reason thinking that medical marijuana card is valid in Idaho," said Lanier.
And when the time comes for pot shops to open their doors across the river, don't plan on bringing it to Idaho, where business will run as usual.
"We wont add extra patrols looking for people as a result of Washington's law taking effect," said Lanier. "It does not effect how we do business here in Lewiston."
Idaho State Police have started issuing drug canines to every district throughout Idaho, with Pocatello and Lewiston being next on the list. In the mean time, LPD canine Martha goes out whenever she's needed.


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Interesting tidbit we just learned today from a trusted source...
[...call Cuomo and state legislators at (877) 255-9417-- to stop it from happening before it does!...]
Believe it or not, Gov. Cuomo is set to appoint former long-time Conservative GOP state Senator Steve Saland to Commissioner of the NYS Office of Temporary and Disability Assistance(!)...
[see OTDA.ny.gov]
.....not exactly a first choice for anyone who truly cares about low-income folks in NYS...
[.....can you say political patronage?....I knew you could.....just seems that reason for Cuomo getting up in the morning is to make NYS Senate GOP happy...(why?...three guesses-- the first being that the same wealthy corporate special interests who fund long-time NYS Senate Republicans like Saland are the same ones behind Cuomo and his so-called "Committee To Save New York"...don't believe me; see for your self here: http://www.elections.ny.gov/ ...]
Fact: Just four years ago, then-state-Senator Saland was literally the only Republican
in the state Senate to complain about helping families with children with food stamps(!).
[California and Texas had long been far ahead of NYS on this; would actually save tax dollars]
Fact: A better choice for OTDA Commissioner would be someone like Monroe County's Human Services Commissioner Kelly Reed-- not Saland (former OTDA Commissioners like Beth Berlin and David Hansell demonstrated repeatedly a genuine care and concern for the poor-- unlike Saland, frankly).
Fact: "The federal government has consistently rated the effectiveness of New York's welfare to work programs among the worst (48th) in the country."
[from Hunger Action Network of NYS 2009 report-- "A Decade of Welfare Reform Has Failed to Move Participants into Jobs or Out of Poverty: Job Creation is Critical for Successful Welfare to Work Effort"
The truth is there's a LOT that a new OTDA Commissioner could and should be pushing for (unfortunately, hell might freeze over before Saland acts on these):
1. Repeal/reject NY's failing "workfare/work-first" approach to welfare that forces poor folks into dead-end jobs they were cycling in and out of-- ignoring need to create good-paying jobs.
2. OTDA Commissioner should be true spokesperson for the poor (to the left of Cuomo-- not to the right).
3. Stop giving one billion dollars in welfare slush funds to counties across the state to do with as they wish; that money should be used to create transitional jobs and real employment.
4. More education for welfare participants (this was supposed to be part of 1996 welfare reform; fact is that literally half of all welfare recipients are functionally illiterate).
5. Force counties across NYS to comply with cash assistance re: Temporary Assistance for Needy Families.
Again-- call Cuomo and state legislators at (877) 255-9417-- to stop this charade of Saland as OTDA Commissioner from happening before it does!...
[pass it on]
Joel Tyner
Dutchess County Legislator
324 Browns Pond Road
Staatsburg, NY 12580
[let's also not forget Saland's inability-- for three decades-- to grasp need for progressive tax reform at state level to make sure low-income folks (and all of us) can truly survive and thrive; again-- see massive statewide coalition at ABetterChoiceforNY.org for much, much more on the tax breaks that too many GOP and Dems "representing" us in Albany have doled out to Wall Street and millionaires (and corporate tax loopholes that remain gaping)]
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From www.nysenate.gov/press-release/money-must-be-growing-trees-state-capitol ...
"Money Must Be Growing on Trees at the State Capitol"
Posted by Stephen M. Saland on Wednesday, August 12th, 2009
The Governor released details today of a "Back to School" bonus program that would give $200 per child to families on welfare or food stamps. The public money amounting to roughly $140 million is coming from the Federal Stimulus Plan.
"The Governor did not publicly discuss this plan prior to his announcement, nor did he solicit legislative approval," said Senator Saland. "In what is fast becoming this Governor's modus operandi, he prefers to exclude the public and other elected officials from weighing in on proposals that they may find fault with. If Governor Paterson wants to assure that children will have the tools they need to start school, there are certainly better ways to achieve that goal."
The new welfare give away was reportedly outlined in an internal memo from the Office of Temporary Disability Assistance. According to the memo, the grants would be available through ATM cards with no requirements of whether a child was enrolled or attending school and provides no conditions that money is even spent on a child.
The Governor is earmarking $140 million in public money to support a program that holds no one accountable while the State is facing a $2.1 billion budget shortfall. At the same time, the State Budget opposed by every Senate Republican contained $8.5 billion in new taxes and fees and stripped the STAR rebate from homeowners who are struggling to make ends meet.
" This money could be used to ease the tax burden on hard working New Yorkers who have been forced to shoulder the costs of the tax and spend budget rammed through by the three leaders of this State – all of whom are Democrats from New York City," said Senator Saland. "Among others, I'm sure homeowners whose utility bills were increased by that budget, as well motorists whose motor vehicles fees were similarly increased, would have welcomed those monies being used for tax relief," Saland continued.
"It is unfathomable to those of us who believed the Stimulus Funds were there to stimulate the economy that the Governor would propose such an outlandish plan. Handing out money with no regard for welfare reform which established a link between benefits and responsible behavior is not only reckless, but illustrates once again the Governor is missing an opportunity to turn this State's economy around," concluded Senator Saland.
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From http://www.hungeractionnys.org/welf_pr.html ...(2009 Hunger Action Network of NYS report):
A Decade of Welfare Reform Has Failed to Move Participants into Jobs or Out of Poverty
Job Creation is Critical for Successful Welfare to Work Effort
A new report by the Hunger Action Network of New York State finds that low-income New Yorkers have not benefited from welfare reform. The poverty rate in New York remains above the national average; the demand for emergency food has continued to increase; and few people escape poverty when they depart welfare for work.
"A decade ago many welfare participants were heartened when they were told that welfare was going to focus more on helping them move into a job that would enable them to support their family. That promise has not been kept. Helping many of these individuals become employable would be a difficult challenge under any circumstances. It is of course especially difficult during a major economic recession. But the local districts and the state have failed to provide the basic training, education and jobs needed to make this happen, and both taxpayers and low-income New Yorkers have been hurt by this failure," said Mark Dunlea, Executive Director of the Hunger Action Network of New York State and author of the 95 page report.
The report, Evaluating a Decade of Welfare Reform in New York State: Putting Jobs into New York's Welfare to Work Program, may be downloaded from www.hungeractionnys.org.
The group called for the state to substantially increase funding for transitional jobs and other wage subsidies programs from the annual one billion dollar surplus from the federal TANF (Temporary Assistance for Need Families) program. Hunger Action is also supporting pending legislation to require districts to focus more on finding living wage jobs for welfare participants; increasing the Earned Income Disregard (i.e., the amount of earnings welfare participants are allowed to keep from employment); and strengthening the right for education.
While even most welfare officials admit that placing participants into jobs with a paycheck is most effective in helping participants become employable, only a tiny percentage (3.3%) of individuals are placed in such programs. The state instead relies heavily on make work programs (e.g., workfare or WEP); 40.5% of the TANF caseload in NYS is engaged in workfare or community service, compared to 23.7% nationally. The state and local districts have also failed to make education (10.9%, compared to 21.3% nationally) and job training (under 1%) available to participants. Hunger Action said that there has been some improvement over the last two years (including nearly $30 million of new federal dollars this year for job programs) but the changes have fallen far short of what is needed.
The federal government has consistently rated the effectiveness of New York's welfare to work programs among the worst (48th) in the country. A major flaw in New York's approach is a heavy reliance on expensive and ineffective workfare programs that do little to make participants more job ready. The study called upon the state to reject its Jobs First approach because it is based on a false premise – namely, the welfare participants will obtain needed education and training programs once they find a job, no matter how dead end or low-paying that job is. The state unfortunately fails to have programs that effectively provide such assistance once a job is obtained.
A major problem is that after a decade of declining welfare caseloads, those still on welfare have multiple barriers to employment. Even state officials have admitted that the workfare approach is especially ineffective for this population.
"Welfare officials from the President to county officials need to come to grips with the fact that a significant number of welfare participants are not likely to become employable, particularly in unsubsidized private sector jobs, and they need to provide a humane and adequate safety net. The government must do more to create living wage jobs that welfare participants are able to secure if they expect welfare to work to be successful. And they need to be willing to provide the upfront investment needed in real jobs, education and training to enable those with multiple barriers to become employable," stated Rev. Debra Jameson, Community Outreach Minister for FOCUS Churches in Albany.
Hunger Action noted that even with increased investments and more support, helping people move from welfare to work will not be easy or quick "OTDA officials argue that many participants who do enroll in education programs drop out, sometimes for a job but other times because they find it too difficult. They need to be realistic that individuals who discontinued their education at an early age probably do not find it an easy, pleasant process Some may have learning disabilities, while many do not have English as their prime language. Having promised they were going to make welfare more jobs oriented, public officials need to get serious about what it will take to be successful. Terminating or denying benefits is easy. Overcoming real life barriers is hard work. So far the government has taken the easy approach," added Dunlea.
"Too many welfare officials are in denial about the poor performance of the state's welfare to work programs, but the data and studies are overwhelming. Some may argue that investing in real jobs and paychecks is too expensive, but studies by groups like the Fiscal Policy Institute show that the payback is relatively quick. Instead the state continues to throw away public funds on programs that don't work; in fact, the evidence was clear that workfare didn't work before Congress approved the TANF program in 1996. The taxpayers, poor children and poor adults are the victims of this failed approach," added Heidi Siegfried, a Hunger Action Board member and attorney who has often represented welfare clients in litigation and fair hearings.
Hunger Action surveyed former and present welfare participants about their experiences with welfare to work. Participants cite the need for more jobs and more education. They usually find jobs on their own, not through DSS / HRA. They want more vocational training related to computers and to degree / certification programs such as nursing. Local districts fail to provide comprehensive assessments to identify barriers to employment and to help individuals develop plans to overcome such barriers.
Hunger Action noted that while the number of participants in welfare have declined dramatically over the last decade, the number of applications for assistance has actually increased, indicating that the need for help has not diminished. New York still experiences a significant number of churning of cases; between 2003 and 2008, 21 to 30% of case openings were for individuals who had previously left welfare. Statistics compiled by the Schuyler Center for Advocacy and Analysis also showed a dramatic decline in the percentage of eligible poor children receiving welfare, from about 2/3 of eligible children in 1998 to about 1/3 today. In addition, many welfare cases in NY are now child only cases, with no adults receiving benefits.
Hunger Action said that addressing the problems of poverty needs to be part of the Governor's Economic Security Cabinet, which, to date, has focused primarily on the working poor. Local districts need to focus on identifying sustainable employment opportunities in their community and to assist welfare participants in obtaining the training needed for such positions. Such legislation was passed two years ago but was vetoed by Governor Spitzer due to the objections of Mayor Bloomberg. The proposal recently passed out of the Social Services Committee of both houses. Hunger Action said the state should also increase work incentives for poor New Yorkers, such as the minimum wage and the Earned Income Disregard (e.g., how much earnings may welfare participants keep without loss of benefits).
Summary of Findings
Welfare reform has been ineffective in improving the employability and income of most participants.
Welfare participants today are more likely to have multiple barriers to employment than a decade ago. To make such individuals employable require an increased investment in programs to assist such participants in overcoming such barriers.
Subsidized employments (e.g., wage subsidies, transitional jobs) are the most effective welfare to work programs in moving participants into jobs, as well as keeping them there.
New York State has a poor record in providing education and job training to welfare participants, thus failing to help them become more employable.
New York has made significant investments in increasing work supports, such as increasing the state supplement for the Earned Income Tax Credit. It raised the state minimum wage, though unfortunately if failed to index it to inflation. It has made it easier for working households to access food stamps. It has supported an expansion of child care subsidies, though the demand for child care assistance continues to exceed the resources provided.
The state's poor track record with welfare to work is shifting more costs onto local counties / NYC as only a handful of TANF participants find jobs; five times as many merely shift into the county-state funded Safety Net program.
The State's welfare to work program has a particularly negative impact upon people of color and women.
The state fails to help welfare participants find jobs that enable them to escape poverty. Those leaving welfare generally end up in the lowest-paying industries with little opportunity for advancement or wage increases over time, having acquired few new jobs skills, and often shortly return to welfare. The average wage earned is $8.50 an hour.
The state's "jobs first" approach negatively affects participants. Pushing participants into low-wage dead end jobs has a negative impact on their long term income. Participants who begin working at higher paying jobs are more likely to secure wage increases.
There is little evidence that workfare increases the likelihood of finding a job. [1] In fact, it can impede finding a job. Workfare is least effective for individuals with multiple barriers to work – which is now the dominant welfare population in NYS.
Welfare cycling or churning – moving on and off of welfare – has increased under TANF.
The percentage of eligible poor New Yorkers receiving welfare has been cut in half since TANF was implemented. Yet while the welfare caseload has been cut 60%, the number of applications has actually increased. During the present economic recession, welfare caseloads have remained relatively stable while the number of food stamp participants has soared to an all time high.
Welfare reform has had little to no impact upon the official rate of poverty. The demand for emergency food has soared since TANF was implemented.
At the November 20, 2008 Assembly hearing on welfare to work, OTDA Commissioner David Hansell said that average starting wages at job placement are approximately $8.50 an hour, which he cited as the fourth highest in the country. Yet since the average welfare household is slightly over three persons, this falls short of the $10.19 poverty level wage for a full-time worker in a household with four people ($21,200 poverty level). (The poverty wage for a full time worker with a family of three is $8.46). In addition, few of these workers are likely to be getting 40 hours a week of employment; studies indicate they get between 30 to 34 hours a weeks (at 34 hours a week, $8.50 an hour provides an annual income of $15,028.). However, these workers may receive the Earned Income Tax credit, and transitional benefits such as Medicaid and food stamps, which does help boost their income.
According to a recent report by FPWA, NYC wage data from HRA is similar. The average wage for job placements in NYC in 2007 was $8.30 an hour, though the average wage in the four largest job categories (child care, fast food, home care and sales) was only $6.99.
Other studies have found that the most disadvantaged Americans — those living in dire poverty —became even poorer after TANF implementation. Although the dire poor increased their work participation rate by nearly 50 percent, their monthly income declined, most notably among those with the youngest children. The poorest families found themselves significantly worse off under welfare reform (Lyter, Sills, Oh, and Jones- DeWeever 2004).
OTDA data is often suspect and incomplete. For some issues local districts enter data not based on what is most accurate but on the easiest way to get the computer system to accept the input. OTDA often changes its data collection methodologies and terminology, making it difficult to compare data over time.
Findings from 2008 SNAPSHOT Survey
In the fall of 2008, Hunger Action surveyed 128 present and former participants about their experiences with welfare to work (wtw). Unfortunately, we found many of the same problems as our prior workfare and wtw surveys in 1997 and 2001.
Only 11.5% of survey respondents rated the assessment done by DSS / HRA as good or very good. Almost half can't remember actually having their barriers to employment assessed.
The two biggest reasons why welfare participants say they are not employed are a lack of jobs (36.7%) and the need for more education (35.2%) Others major barriers citied include the need for more work experience (27.3%), transportation problems (25.8%), wages too low (23.4%) and child care (18.8%).
Compared to prior surveys, individuals were less satisfied with their job training, though slightly more found it led to a job. Less than a quarter (22.7%) reported that training provided by DSS / HRA led to a job. (In a related question, only 24.7% reported that DSS / HRA had helped them become more employable.) Only about one third (33.3%) found the job preparation useful, down from 48% in 2001. Of the limited number of individuals reporting they had found a job, less than 20% (18.5%) said it was due to efforts by DSS / HRA, with most (70.4%) saying that it didn't pay enough to get them off of welfare
When asked what job skills had they obtained from DSS / HRA, 25.8% cited resume writing; 24.2% job interview skills, 21.9% job readiness / job preparation skills; 19.5% computer training / typing; and 16.4% for job skills training. A very small percentage cited vocational training (5.5%) or job certification programs such as nursing or home health aide (5.5%).
Almost 2/3 thirds of the respondents (65.2%) cited the need for job training, skills or education to make them employable. 42.8% cited the need for technological training such as computers, with 35.3% citing the need for vocational training (carpentry, nursing, etc.) and 32.5% for education. Similar responses were reported in a related question: 53.8% cited need for technological training; 33.8% for education and 38.4% for vocational skills.
Less than a quarter of the respondents (21%) said that DSS/HRA had given them an opportunity to meet their work requirements by going to school instead of workfare, etc.
Of those individuals asking for education but being rejected by DSS / HRA, the most frequent reason (45.8%) was that they were told they had to work instead. 25% were told that education programs were not available.
RECOMMENDATIONSNew York should significantly increase the number of participants engaged in on the job training, wage subsidy, subsidized employment, grant diversion and transitional jobs.
New York – and particularly New York City - should reduce reliance upon workfare (WEP) programs, especially with so many present welfare participants having multiple barriers to employment.
The state should formally state that the key goal of welfare to work is to enable participants to become employable in jobs that allow them and their families to become economically self-sufficient.
The state should conduct a cost-benefit and performance analysis of its various welfare to work programs.
The state should expressly reject the Jobs First approach (namely, that any job, no matter how low the pay and benefits or lack of career advancement, is always the best solution) for one that promotes sustainable jobs and requires more upfront access to job training and education.
New York should substantially reduce the rate of sanctioning of welfare to work participants.
The state needs to increase oversight of local districts' performance in welfare to work. The best and most cost-effective solution would be state take over off administration of welfare and food stamps.
The State should continue to expand the Career Pathways program. [2]
The State should increase work incentives for welfare participants, including earnings supplements, a higher Earned Income Disregard, Individual Development Accounts, and a higher minimum wage and Earned Income Tax Credit.
New York should increase access to transitional benefits, including child care.
New York should strengthen its job creation efforts, with clear target goals for low-income employment.
New York should work with advocates and other states to reform the federal TANF program to make it supportive of helping participants finding sustainable employment and reducing poverty.
[1] The NY Times reported on April 12, 1998 that "an extensive examination…found scant evidence that workfare has accomplished one of its central goals -- moving a significant number of people from welfare to full-time work. Workfare has provided limited job training for many of the poorly skilled, poorly educated New Yorkers on public assistance. Much of the work is so menial that it offers few, if any, skills that employers demand. Participants receive little help looking for a permanent job; half of them get none at all. And there is no indication that many people have been able to use workfare as a springboard to a real job: a recent state survey, the first of its kind, found that after three months off the rolls, fewer than a third of those who left welfare in New York City found full- or part-time jobs on the books." The Times added "Across the country, where the welfare caseload has dropped by about a third, local officials rethinking welfare have largely shunned workfare as an expensive program that has not been notably successful at getting people into real jobs." See also page 15 of the report for recent studies.
[2] Increased funding was included in the final 2009-10 state budget, though well short of the $50 million recommended by advocates last year.


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- Admissions Home
- How to Enroll
- Application Check List
- Prospective Students
- Tuition and Fees
- Forms
- Accepted
- Campus Visitation
- Request Information
Avoiding Delays in the Financial Aid Process
We realize that applying for financial aid can be a complicated process, but remember that the SUNY Adirondack Financial Aid Office is here to assist you with this annual process. Start the process early - we recommend filing the FAFSA (Free Application for Federal Student Aid) as soon as you, and your spouse or parents, have completed your federal tax returns. In order to have financial aid in place prior to the bill due date, students should file by June 1st for fall semester and December 1st for spring semester. Read all materials thoroughly. Respond to all requests for additional information. Ask questions.
We have outlined some of the steps that could result in a delay in the processing of your aid application. We encourage all students to monitor the status of their financial aid on their Self-Service Banner account. In Banner you can: identify outstanding documents and/or requirements; confirm receipt of submitted documents; view your financial aid awards; accept or decline offered financial aid (loans and/or work-study); and view how your financial aid has been applied to your semester bill (Note: be sure to select "Account Detail by Term" in the Student Accounts section of Banner and not "Account Summary by Term").


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There are going to be many big plays in the 2013 BCS national championship between Alabama and Notre Dame. Some of these plays will come at the hands of superstar players, and others will be carried out by guys that received little-to-no love leading up to the big matchup.
Looking back on past national championships, there are always the guys that nobody even heard of that helped contribute to the victory. Sure, big-name players made their mark as well. But if it weren't for that first-year receiver picking up that crucial first down or that second-string linebacker making that big hit, the outcome may have been different.
Everybody knows the guys such as AJ McCarron and Manti Te'o; however, there are other people on both of these rosters that can make an impact. The players that received the majority of the attention throughout the year will not be the only ones to decide the game.
With that said, here are a few of the unsung heroes that could determine the outcome of the national championship.


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This study, for the major part of which the senior author is responsible, covers the developmental history of the school child and includes detailed data on 48 children aged 5 to 14 years. The approach is an intensive one, using biologic, psychologic and other technics to study children not as discrete organisms but as living, changing, functioning human beings at one of the most important stages of their development.
The investigators have taken the point of view that no single factor is, by itself, of sufficient significance to merit full consideration unless other related aspects of development are included in the evaluation. This monograph, therefore, is concerned not only with the several physical, psychologic, physiologic and sociologic variables but, more closely, with their many interrelationships and the effects on personality, adjustment and school success thus produced. The circumstantial histories of cases and the precise descriptions of traits add interest and
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As coroner's officials try to determine whether a body found burning near a Southern California lake is that of a missing college student, deputies continue to scour the area for the 19-year-old man.
A Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department statement says the search for Bryce Laspisa continued Tuesday in the Castaic Lake area.
Crews using dogs and helicopters have searched the rural recreation area since Friday. Scuba divers have searched the lake about 40 miles northwest of downtown Los Angeles.
Meanwhile the Orange County Register reports dental records are being used to help determine the identity of the badly burned remains, which were found Wednesday.
Laspisa, who attends Sierra College north of Sacramento, vanished about two weeks ago on the way to visit his parents in Laguna Niguel.


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on May 31, 2013 - 8:36 AM
A fire early Friday morning in a vacant house in South Buffalo spread to the next door occupied house, forcing five adults residents to flee, Buffalo firefighters said.
The blaze at 150 Orlando St. spread to 148 Orlando at about 2 a.m., fire officials said,
The adults escaped without injury and were assisted by the Red Cross.
Damage to the vacant house was listed at $60,00 and damage to the occupied house was listed at $20,000.
The cause of the blaze remains under investigation.
email: firstname.lastname@example.com


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Hit Musical [title of show] Comes to Sabes Jewish Community Center
* Additional fees apply. No coupon or promo codes necessary to enjoy the displayed discount price.
The last date listed for [title of show] was Saturday April 30, 2011 / 7:30pm.
Most Popular Theater Event Nearby
STOMP -- The International Phenomenon is Better Than Ever
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STOMP has been a staple for decades, and it never ceases to amaze. Everyday objects -- matchboxes… More
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What a surprisingly delicious show. Thanks for producing it at the JCC. The story, the acting, the singing, and thanks, too, for the bubble tea!
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A laugh out loud, brilliant, hilarious production. You won't want to miss it!!
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What an amazing show - funny, irreverent, by turns wacky and poignant, with lovely music sung by amazing singer/actors! Kudos to Urban Samurai for bringing this show to the Twin Cities! If you love musicals, you'll love this. And if you only like...continued
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Loved it!!
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"Calling all show queens! Have I got a show for you!" —The New York Times
Check out the _[title of show] _"website":http://www.titleofshow.com/.
Check out a video clip on YouTube.
A love letter to musical theatre and to the joy of collaboration,_ [title of show] _is a witty new musical written by two struggling writers about two struggling writers writing a witty new musical. A can't miss for those who love Broadway!
[title of show] has music and lyrics by Jeff Bowen and the book is by Hunter Bell. Directed by Ryan Grimes.
Starring Emily Jabas, Kecia Rehkamp, Adam Qualls and Max Wojtanowicz


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Managing Crohn's disease readily?
I have freshly been diagnosed near this and am managing it with alternate pills, has anyone else done this. I am resourcefully at the moment. Am I kidding myself?
you are not kid yourself. I know a number of relatives who swear by high level aloe juice (not walmart brand) and other things. I supposedly "had" it, but "it" be just because the flora contained by my intestines had be damaged by a dumb az dr. prescribing antibiotics that he know nothing around. Yogurt and oatmeal is what cured me.
Sorry to hear about your recent diagnosis Crohn's disease is a fundamentally bad item to have and the side effects and long occupancy affects of the disease are terrible.
If you want to try and use alternative or colloquial medicines thats great and I really hope it works.
My husband have crohn's and I have see him suffer terribly from it. He have alot of different medications to whip and the side affects from the medication has cause all sorts of problems he have osteoperosis and has common pain he also is elevated risk of developing diabetes.
He also gets alot of headache stomach cramps nausea diaorehea and sometimes it affects his eyes.
The only warning I can really give you is to stay storng and do waht ever the doctors suggest as this is not something you want to muck around near.
And stick to the diet they give to you because if you dont the side affects can attain worse.
Milk and dairy products cause Crohn's disease, mucous and irritable bowel syndrome -- interview near Robert Cohen
Sunday, December 05, 2004 by: Mike Adams
Printable version Key concepts: Crohn's Disease, dairy products and cow's milk
NewsTarget.com printable article
Originally published September 24 2004
Crohn's Disease shocker: microbes found in cattle and sheep in a minute found in blood of Crohn's patients
by Mike Adams
A bacterium that cause intestinal illness contained by cattle and sheep could also be responsible for Crohn's disease, researchers said on Friday.
Dr. Saleh Naser and researchers at the University of Central Florida in Orlando believe it is due to a bacterium call MAP which is found in cattle, sheep and goats suffering from an disorder called Paratuberculosis or Johne's disease.
"We discovered the germs in the blood of Crohn's patients.
This is the first time anyone have done that," Naser said in an interview.
Previous studies own concentrated on looking for MAP in the tissue of Crohn's patients and the outcome have been mixed, according to Naser.
'Disease might be systemic' MAP be found in the blood of patients near Crohn's disease but not in forceful people.
"The blood is a sterile environment so the presence of this microbes in the blood indicates this disease might be systemic, which ability it may start in the intestine and ultimately it may infiltrate into other organs," he said.
Abdominal backache, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, weight loss and confusion are the most common symptoms of the ailment.
Naser, who reported the finding in The Lancet medical magazine, believes people can be exposed to the germs but they do not develop the illness unless they own a genetic susceptibility to it.
In a commentary in the monthly, Professor Warwick Selby of the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in Newtown, Australia, said although the research may topple short of proving that MAP is one of the causes of the ailment, it raises lots important question.
"The findings now obligation to be replicated in other laboratories.
Whatever one's landscape, MAP cannot continue to be overlooked in Crohn's disease," he said.
Hi a Friend of mine have crohn's and they have gone stale all the steroids the doctor be prescribing and is now taking Goji Juice. He is foreboding better and hasn't had an attack. I'm not sure if it is the miracle liquid that everyone claims but anything is worth a try go to gojimedia.com.au to read a bit roughly speaking it. Good luck
please consult a GI before you start anything drastick...first rotten this disease as well as UC is a inherent diease and ... THERE IS NO CURE FOR CROHN'S DISEASE..... just considered necessary to clear it up..... a person can be within remission but you are not cured......
as i said i watch what i get through..... which is tricky because it changes on in the region of a weekly basis but here is the jist.... when i be first hospitalized my dad bought the book "the Visious Cycle".. it is how flour is bad and other things too ... resourcefully it turns out that i couldn't eat a single entry in that book.... next i was on a gooey diet but my GI freaked because i was droppin method too much weight (age 14, 5'1", 75 lbs).... next i was put on steroids and such and hospitalized....anyway long story short i have surgery (took out 8 in of intestines)... took meds for 3 years after.. haven't be on then contained by 2 years... and now i am ok .... not fitting but definatly not bad....
in a minute i just brand name sure that i don't eat things that i know will contribute me a "mini flare"
but remember this is not a cokie cutter disease everyone is different
and again please talk to your GI
hope this help
Go to http://www.glycostory.com/mannalive... and click on the stories tab and look up crohns or type it into the search engine.
Next, self invite yourself by providing your e e-mail, so that a link to the testimonial on reversing this condition is sent to you to listen to.
Don't skip articles and validation as very well.
Educated people net educated decision.
TRUST ME ON THIS ONE I have crohn's and be adamant i didn't want to use steroids etc. From one in and out of hospital i accidently come across a book on amazon. "Breaking the vicious cycle" At first i thought it was close to any other so called "cure" or anything but reading the reviews i thought i might as well hand over it a go. In a business of days my symptoms sarted to go, i've hear this from practically every person who's be on the diet, it's a real blessing. Check out Elaine Gottschall- Breaking the vicious cycle on amazon.com or uk (com have more reviews) the official website is http://www.breakingtheviciouscycle.org... appropriate luck


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Peter Jackson's King Kong: The Official Game of the Movie Screenshots for PSPOn: PSP, Xbox 360, PC, DS, PS2, Xbox, GBA, Cube
Videogame version of the much anticipated Peter Jackson movie.
Latest Articles for Peter Jackson's King Kong: The Official Game of the Movie
Kong sequel on the cards?
Peter Jackson has been talking about a possible King Kong video game sequel, and the growing respect for the video game industry.
King Kong gone gold
Ubisoft has announced that Peter Jackson's King Kong The Official Game of the Movie has gone gold.
King Kong to debut at E3
Ubisoft's videogame of this year's biggest movie is set to be revealed at the Ubisoft booth at next week's E3 show.


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If you'd like your kids to learn to love gardening, it's best to make it fun.
Here are three simple projects to entertain a youngster in the garden.
It doesn't get much easier than this: Take a terra-cotta pot and break a piece out of the lip (or use an old one that's already broken).
Turn it upside down and let the kids paint it with a little garden scene (grass blades, ladybugs and butterflies are easy). Place it in the garden near some water.
Once the frogs or toads find it, they'll make it home. But even if they don't, it looks cute in the garden.
Help your kids sow grass seeds in a container as if writing their own names. Cover seeds with a thin coat of soil.
When the seeds sprout, they'll see their names appear.
Or your kid can use lots of little plants to form his name. Use scissors to keep trimmed.
(This project is taken from "Dig, Plant, Grow: A Kid's Guide to Gardening" by Felder Rushing.)
Let kids invite the birds to nest in the garden with a hollow-gourd birdhouse.
Birdhouse gourds are often available at farmers markets and craft stores, already dried, or you can grow your own.
To make the birdhouse, adults should do the cutting and drilling or supervise older kids. Using an X-Acto knife, carve a 2-inch hole about two-thirds down from the top of the gourd (make sure it's in the wide part of the gourd).
Below the hole, drill another hole just big enough to stick a dowel in. Glue dowel in the smaller hole. This gives birds a perch.
At the gourd's narrow end, drill a hole straight across through both sides. Thread wire through holes and make a loop. Let kids paint the gourd or leave it natural, and hang it in a tree.
-- HGNW staff
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2 Fast 2 Furious
I have sperm that are older-looking than Paul Walker. Fortunately for the Mitsubishi Motors Company, his youthful appearance does not impede him from buzzing around the streets of Miami in a souped-up Lancer like Nick Nolte during Happy Hour.
Brian O'Connor (Walker) is fresh from the original, though minus his police badge, the L.A. location and any co-star with drawing power. He's also utterly unconcerned with keeping a low profile as he opens the film racing for cash. How an unemployed ex-cop manages to own and maintain a $100,000 vehicle, we have no idea, but it doesn't seem to stop any of the other hundred mechanics and fast food employees who join him, so maybe such questions are irrelevant.
Like most sequels, the film spits out copies like a Xerox machine after a lightning strike. Caught by the cops, O'Connor agrees to help the Feds catch a money-laundering baddie named Carter Verone (Cole Hauser) by impressing him with his driving skills. Brian's hip, urban friend Roman (Tyrese) joins in the fun, along with undercover cop Monica Fuentes (Eva Mendes), who's so undercover that audiences will mistake her for pointless eye candy until one of the film's characters establishes her purpose with the following line: "She's deep undercover." Real deep, apparently.
What has happened to the career of John Singleton? One minute the guy is debuting with "Boyz N the Hood" and being hailed as the next Spike Lee, the next minute he's helming leftover sequels and amusing himself by making the street racer's use of nitrous look like Captain Picard going to warp on mescaline. If movies were cars, "2 Fast 2 Furious" would be a Yugo.
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A delicious and potent concoction from the makes of Jim Beam, infusing their bourbon with a hint of black cherry.
a stag and pepper, combining Dr. pepper and red stag, is a great way to enjoy this bourbon.
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Kel-Tec 9mm prices.
Tools and Technologies
Handguns: Autoloaders
> Kel-Tec 9mm prices.
April 8, 2003, 06:34 PM
I have found a Kel-Tec 9mm for $219 i really dont know if it is new or used. But it looks to be in good condition, it also comes with 2 magazines. Is this a fair price for this gun?
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April 8, 2003, 07:12 PM
The price would depend on the slide and if is new or used. I bought my P-11 for $230.00 with a blue slide. If that gun is new than I would say $219.00 is pretty good!
April 8, 2003, 07:13 PM
The second mag is worth about $20 from the factory, and since it sounds like the price includes all transfer fees, etc., plus the KT warranty if you need for it to be "renewed", it sounds like a "good" price to me, even if it's used. You might find a used one cheaper, but you'll just be arguing about pennies.
April 8, 2003, 07:25 PM
$219 is good with that extra mag. I paid $214 for mine in September with only one mag. That price should be for a new one.
April 8, 2003, 10:49 PM
Ok Thanks People.
April 9, 2003, 12:23 AM
My local gun shop sells a new one (no extra magazine) for $220 plus sales tax.
April 9, 2003, 01:35 AM
pretty fair price. I wouldn't expect to find one for much better.
I picked up one with blued slide, extra mag, and grip-extender floorplates on the mags for $210 at a gun show a couple of months ago.
It was "used" but I couldn't tell, even after stripping it down.
My guess is someone bought it then decided not to bother getting a carry license, and sold it.
April 9, 2003, 01:40 AM
$219. Buy it.
I paid $269(new) for mine. Well worth the money.
April 9, 2003, 08:07 AM
Just to inform, there are two threads at KTOG referring to P11 AD when dropped. The light hammer with it's long travel required for bullet ignition may not function as a safety device. Anyway, check these threads out especially before buying a P-11:
The gunsmith found this would happen at 6 ft with the stock FP spring if the gun was dropped cocked on it's muzzle. YZ guy's modified spring would go off at 3 feet. Not a real world concern but something to think about.
April 9, 2003, 10:02 AM
yzguy's modified spring had 7 coils cut off of it. He is going to test it with a stock spring next. I will be interested in seeing that report.
April 9, 2003, 01:30 PM
Cool! thank for the info.
April 9, 2003, 01:56 PM
Yeah, I'll probably be getting to it this weekend. I'll post the results here to...
April 11, 2003, 12:56 AM
I have one with various accessories that I'll sell for $219. I've put one box of factory ammo through it. Discovered that I prefer my G26.
April 11, 2003, 05:36 PM
It has a hard chromed slide and, with one magazine, was $270.00 NIB. Extra mags are $26.00 per issue. If the gun of which you speak is in good condition I think that $219.00 sounds like a great deal. Good shooting;)
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Chicago Title - Sheffield Village, OH - Phone: (440) 933-2936
Real Estate Loans fall under the category of secured loans where they are protected by an asset. In real estate loans, real estate properties are kept as a security against the loan amount that is being taken by the borrower. Real estate loans in Sheffield Village are not only applicable against residential properties, but are also used against commercial real estate properties. Many business organizations in Sheffield Village apply for business loans and keep the commercial properties as collateral.
Home loan is a type of real estate loan where the lender keeps the home as a security against the loan they lend to the borrower for financing other activities.�
Alliance for Green Heat and NYSERDA Announce Seven Finalists in International Pellet Stove Competition
Two New York teams are among the finalists (Long Island, NY) Alliance for Green Heat and the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) today announced that seven pellet stoves have been chosen as finalists in the Pellet Stove Design Challenge. This international competition, administered by the Alliance for Green Heat, identifies innovative low emissions and high efficiency..


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Hotel Buenos Aires is a gorgeous hotel located on a hilltop of Santa Teresa overlooking Playa Carmen and Mal Pais on the Nicoya Peninsula in Costa Rica.
The Hotel Tropico Latino is located in a tropical town of Santa Teresa on the Nicoya Peninsula in Costa Rica. The charming and cozy hotel is nestled among verdurous flora fronted by a shimmering white sand beach of Santa Teresa.
Habaneros Restaurant is an ocean front restaurant and cafe which is located at Playa Cielo in the tropical town of Santa Teresa, on Nicoya Peninsula in Costa Rica.
Zula Restaurant is a small and charming restaurant run and operated by an Israeli family in Costa Rica. It is located 700 meters north from crossroads in Santa Teresa on the southern most tip of Nicoya Peninsula.
Perched atop a hill, Brisas del Mar, offers some spectacular views of the Costa Rican paradise. You can see beautiful sunset while you dig into your sumptuous meal.
Santa Teresa has as an amazing array of incredible beaches stretching up and down the coast. It has some long broad beaches with secret coves, huge rocky outcroppings, popular beaches with crowds of tourists, remote beaches, and island beaches like Tortuga accessible only by boat.
Casa Zen Yoga Retreat is located at the southern most tip of Nicoya peninsula in Playa Santa Teresa, Costa Rica. The popular surfing destination of Santa Teresa is just five minutes away from this retreat.
Hotel Playa Ceilo is a luxury beachfront hotel in Santa Teresa which pampers guests with breathtaking views of the Pacific ocean. The entire area is surrounded with lush green gardens.
Location :Santa teresa, Costa Rica Rates :$120 to 250 per night + taxes etc Accommodation : Four villas. Sleeping 2 adults or 2 adults + 2 children Amenities : Ocean View, kitchenette, room-service, vegetarian restaurant, swimming pool, fitness centre, kids activities, free-parking, WiFi network connection. Tel.: (506) 2640 0524 Fax: (506) 2640 0689 Website : www.horizon-yogahotel.com Perched on a hill-top, […]
Nestled on top of a hill, Hotel Casa Marbella is a boutique style hotel in Santa Teresa, Costa Rica. It provides three different types of accommodation to its guests; standard room, suites and luxury condos.


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Zeisler, Bella*; Lerer, Trudy*; Markowitz, James†; Mack, David‡; Griffiths, Anne§; Bousvaros, Athos||; Keljo, David¶; Rosh, Joel#; Evans, Jonathan**; Kappelman, Michael††; Otley, Anthony‡‡; Kay, Marsha§§; Grossman, Andrew||||; Saeed, Shehzad¶¶; Carvalho, Ryan##; Oliva-Hemker, Maria***; Faubion, William†††; Sudel, Boris‡‡‡; Pfefferkorn, Marian§§§; Ashai-Khan, Farhat||||||||||; LeLeiko, Neal¶¶¶; Hyams, Jeffrey*; for the Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Collaborative Research Group
*Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT
†Cohen Children's Medical Center, New Hyde Park, NY
‡Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa
§Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
||Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
¶Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
#Goryeb Children's Hospital, Morristown, NJ
**Nemours Children's Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
††University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
‡‡I.W.K. Health Center, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
§§Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
||||Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
¶¶Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati
##Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
***Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
†††Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN
‡‡‡University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
§§§Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, IN
||||||||||Children's Medical Center, Dayton, OH
¶¶¶Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, RI.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Bella Zeisler, MD, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, 282 Washington St, Hartford, CT 06106 (e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com).
Received 10 February, 2012
Accepted 18 July, 2012
Partial support for the present study came from a grant provided by Janssen Ortho-Biotech.
Bella Zeisler, Farhat Ashai-Khan, Neal LeLeiko, Marsha Kay, Andrew Grossman, Michael Kappelman, Jonathan Evans, Boris Sudel, Ryan Carvalho, and David Mack report no conflicts of interest. Trudy Lerer has the following disclosure: Janssen Ortho Biotech—research support. James Markowitz reports the following disclosures: Janssen Ortho Biotech—consultant, research support; Prometheus Laboratories—research support. Anne Griffiths reports the following disclosures: Abbott—consultant, speakers' bureau; research support; Centocor—consultant, research support; Merck—consultant, speakers' bureau; Janssen—consultant, speakers' bureau, research support; Nestle—consultant; Shire—consultant. Athos Bousvaros reports the following disclosures: Warner Chilcott—consultant; Millennium—consultant; UCB (subinvestigator on a clinical trial)—research support; Abbott Nutrition—speaker for webinar (developed his content independently). David Keljo reports the following disclosure: Pfizer (manufacturer of Azulfidine)—a family member owns stock. Joel Rosh reports the following disclosures: Abbott, Centocor, UCB—grant/research funding; Abbott, Centocor, Soligenix—advisor/consultant; Abbott Nutrition—speakers' bureau. Anthony Otley reports the following disclosures: Janssen Canada—advisory board, research support; Abbott Canada—advisory board; Abbott US—research support (site in multicenter trial); Mead Johnson Canada—speakers' bureau; Nestle Canada—advisory board; UCB—research support (site in multicenter trial); AstraZeneca—research support (site in multicenter trial). Shehzad Saeed reports the following disclosures: Prometheus Laboratories, Given Imaging—speakers' bureau; UCB—advisory board. Maria Oliva-Hemker reports the following disclosures: Abbott Immunology—research support. William Faubion reports the following disclosures: Centocor Ortho Biotech Services, Genentech Inc, Shire Pharmaceutical Development—consultant (no personal compensation received). Marian Pfefferkorn reports the following disclosures: UCB, Prometheus Laboratories—research support. Jeffrey Hyams reports the following disclosures: Janssen Ortho Biotech—research support, advisory board, speakers' bureau; Abbott—research support; Shire—research support.
Objectives: Despite a paucity of published supporting data, 5-aminosalicylate (5-ASA) use in pediatric ulcerative colitis (UC) is common. The present study describes the use and outcome of a large multicenter inception cohort of children with UC treated with 5-ASA.
Methods: Data were obtained from the Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Collaborative Research Group Registry, a prospective North American observational study of children newly diagnosed as having inflammatory bowel disease ages 16 years or younger. Patient data are recorded at diagnosis, 30 days, and then quarterly. Patients are managed by physician dictate, not protocol. Disease activity is classified by physician global assessment. The primary outcome examined was corticosteroid (CS) free, inactive UC at 1 year following initiation of 5-ASA within 30 days of diagnosis (with or without concomitant CS use) without the need for rescue therapy (immunomodulators, biologics, or colectomy).
Results: Study subjects included 213 patients newly diagnosed as having UC who received oral 5-ASA compounds (115 of whom also received CS) during the first 30 days after diagnosis, and no other oral therapies for the treatment of UC. Of these 213 patients, 86 (40%) were CS free and physician global assessment inactive at 1 year without rescue. Outcome was not associated with disease severity at diagnosis, demographic or laboratory factors examined, or initial dose of 5-ASA used.
Conclusions: Forty percent of children taking 5-ASA as primary maintenance therapy at diagnosis are in CS-free remission after 1 year of treatment. Further pediatric studies will be needed to address whether increased adherence and/or higher dosing schedules will improve outcomes.
Data supporting the use of 5-aminosalicylate (5-ASA) compounds for induction and maintenance therapy in adult ulcerative colitis (UC) are strong (1,2). A recent meta-analysis comparing 5-ASA use with placebo in adults showed that induction and maintenance of remission was significantly higher in patients receiving 5-ASA compounds compared with placebo (3). In the 11 randomized controlled trials included in this meta-analysis, induction of remission was achieved in 40% of patients receiving 5-ASA medications versus 20% receiving placebo. Likewise, maintenance of remission was achieved in 60% receiving 5-ASA medications versus 38% receiving placebo.
In contrast, data supporting the use of 5-aminosalicylate (5-ASA) therapies in pediatric patients are scarce and the widely accepted practice among pediatric clinicians to prescribe these medications is generally based on data extrapolated from adult studies. In 1993, Ferry et al (4) published the only randomized double-blind study to date looking at efficacy of 5-ASA compounds in pediatric UC. Fifty-six children with mild or moderate disease were included in the study and were randomized to take olsalazine (30 mg · kg−1 · day−1) or sulfasalazine (60 mg · kg−1 · day−1). The rate of response or remission at 3 months among patients taking olsalazine was reported to be 39% versus 79% for patients taking sulfasalazine. In 1996, Hyams et al (5) published a retrospective review of outcomes for 171 children with mild, moderate, or severe UC. The majority of patients included in the study were maintained on 5-ASA with or without corticosteroids (CSs) during the first 12 months after diagnosis; only 7% received immunomodulators and 5% required colectomy. At 12 months after diagnosis, 49% of patients within this cohort were in remission excluding those patients who required colectomy.
Given the paucity of pediatric-specific data on the use of 5-ASA medications in UC, the aim of the present study was to determine the outcome following initiation of 5-ASA medications for UC in a large multicenter contemporary inception cohort of pediatric patients. Furthermore, we also sought to identify demographic, clinical, and laboratory factors that may be associated with outcome following 5-ASA therapy in this population.
This was a prospective, multicenter, inception cohort study of a subgroup of children with UC enrolled in the Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Collaborative Research Group Registry. The Registry is an ongoing, observational research program started in 2002 that is conducted at pediatric gastroenterology centers in the United States and Canada collectively known as the Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Collaborative Research Group. Children younger than 16 years newly diagnosed as having inflammatory bowel disease are eligible for enrollment in the Registry through one of the participating sites. Medical data for each enrolled patient are collected from the treating physician and submitted to a centralized data management center. Data are submitted at the time of diagnosis, 30 days after diagnosis, and every 3 months thereafter. All of the patients are managed according to the dictates of their physicians, and not by standardized protocols.
Inclusion criteria for the study population included receiving an oral 5-ASA compound within 30 days after diagnosis with or without concomitant CSs; no other concomitant oral or intravenous medication for the treatment of UC during the first 30 days after diagnosis; and a minimum follow-up from diagnosis of 1 year. Patients were excluded from analysis if they did not receive an oral 5-ASA compound within 30 days after diagnosis or received additional "rescue therapies" within 30 days after diagnosis. Rescue therapy was defined as immunomodulators (azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate), calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine, tacrolimus), antitumor necrosis factor-α agents (infliximab or adalimumab), or surgery.
Although rectal therapy usage in study patients is captured in the registry database in a "yes-no" format, data regarding the dose and formulation used were not available, including whether rectal medications were 5-ASA versus steroid based. Rectal therapy usage did not factor into the inclusion or exclusion criteria for the present study.
The primary outcome variable was CS-free, rescue-free physician global assessment (PGA) of inactive disease at 1 year following diagnosis. A secondary outcome variable was CS-free, rescue-free PGA of mild disease at 1 year following diagnosis. We also examined potential relations between demographic, clinical, and laboratory features at diagnosis and the primary outcome variable.
Groups were compared using t tests for continuously distributed variables and χ2 and exact tests for categorical variables. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze for predictors of our primary outcome. A significance level of 0.05 was used for all of the tests.
The institutional review board at each participating center approved the protocol. Informed consent and, when appropriate, assent was obtained from all of the parents/caregivers and patients enrolled in the Registry in accord with local regulations.
From January 2002 to August 2010, a total of 1669 children newly diagnosed as having inflammatory bowel disease were enrolled in the registry from 32 sites in the United States and Canada. Four hundred forty (26%) of these patients were diagnosed as having UC, and 353 had a minimum follow-up of 1 year. After inclusion and exclusion criteria were met, a total of 213 patients were included in our study population. Figure 1 summarizes how the final study population was derived.
As shown in the figure, nonmutually exclusive rescue therapies were received by 69 patients. Rescue therapies received included immunomodulators (n = 57), infliximab (n = 12), calcineurin inhibitors (n = 7), and colectomy (n = 8). Of the 122 patients who were not included because of meeting exclusion criteria and/or not meeting inclusion criteria, 32 patients received oral 5-ASA medications as part of combination therapy during the first 30 days following diagnosis, whereas 90 of these 122 patients were not prescribed 5-ASA as part of the initial regimen. Thus, in this cohort of 353 patients diagnosed as having UC with >1 year of follow-up, oral 5-ASA use as single or combination therapy within the first 30 days following diagnosis was 73%. (This calculation excludes the 18 patients for whom there were insufficient data recorded). The 90 patients who did not receive an oral 5-ASA within the first 30 days following diagnosis include 42 patients who received CS alone during this time, as shown in Figure 1. Of these 42 patients, it should be noted that 29 then went on to receive a 5-ASA medication without other rescue therapies added by the end of the first 3 months after diagnosis.
The clinical and demographic characteristics at diagnosis of the 213 subjects who fulfilled study criteria are shown in Table 1. Of these 213 patients, 98 (46%) received an oral 5-ASA medication without CS within the first 30 days following diagnosis, and 115 (54%) were treated with a 5-ASA plus a CS. There were no significant differences between these groups with respect to mean age at diagnosis, sex distribution, median length of follow-up, the presence of pancolitis versus limited disease, and the mean dosage of 5-ASA that was prescribed; however, the subgroup of study patients who received CS had a significantly higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and platelet count as well as a lower hemoglobin and albumin compared with the patients who were not receiving CS by 30 days after diagnosis. These differences likely reflect the significantly more severe disease activity among the patients who received CS in addition to 5-ASA medications during the first 30 days following diagnosis. Of note, there were no significant differences in initial PGA or initial laboratory markers including hemoglobin, platelet count, ESR, or albumin in patients who received higher doses of 5-ASA (≥60 mg · kg−1 · day−1) compared with patients who received lower doses of 5-ASA (<60 mg · kg−1 · day−1).
We looked at the incidence of rectal therapy in our study group and found it to be 17% at 30 days following diagnosis, and 32% (cumulative) over the first year (Table 2). Overall, patients receiving 5-ASA medications without CS were significantly more likely to also be receiving rectal therapies by 30 days (23% versus 12%, P = 0.04). Broken down by PGA, at 30 days following diagnosis, patients receiving 5-ASA alone presenting with moderate/severe disease were more likely to be receiving rectal therapy at 30 days than patients who received 5-ASA and CS (P = .014). Patients who had received 5-ASA medications without CS by 30 days also had a greater 1-year cumulative use of rectal therapy (39% vs 27%), but the result was not statistically significant. As noted in the methods section of this article, rectal therapy usage in study patients is captured in the registry database in a "yes-no" format. Data regarding the dose and formulation used were not available, including whether the rectal medication was 5-ASA versus steroid based.
Of the 213 patients in the primary study population who received a 5-ASA ± CS by 30 days after diagnosis, 40% (n = 86) were PGA inactive and were CS-free/rescue-free at 1 year after diagnosis (primary outcome measure) (Table 3). An additional 15% (n = 31) were PGA mild and were CS-free/rescue-free at 1 year (secondary outcome measure). The remaining 45% (n = 96) of patients required additional rescue therapies (n = 79), and/or had moderate or severely active disease (n = 20), and/or were using CS at 1 year following diagnosis (n = 29); note that these latter groups are not mutually exclusive. Of the 79 patients who received additional rescue therapies, 76 received an immunomodulator (6-mercaptopurine or azathioprine or methotrexate), 3 received calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine or tacrolimus), 23 received infliximab, and 7 underwent surgery. These therapies were again not mutually exclusive.
When we further analyzed outcomes at 1 year by initial treatment group, we identified a significant difference between patients treated with 5-ASA monotherapy at the time of diagnosis, compared with those patients who were treated with CS induction and 5-ASA maintenance. Overall, 47% of patients treated with 5-ASA alone were in CS-free remission at 1 year, compared with 35% of patients treated with steroids and maintained on 5-ASA. Less favorable ("other") outcomes were seen in 35% of patients treated with 5-ASA monotherapy at the time of diagnosis, compared with 54% of patients who were treated with CS induction and 5-ASA (P = 0.017). Although similar numerical differences are seen for patient outcomes when grouped by disease severity (mild, moderate/severe) at diagnosis, the differences do not achieve statistical significance.
In a separate analysis, we looked at the 1-year outcome of the 29 patients who received CS only by 30 days who then went on to receive 5-ASA without the addition of rescue therapies by the end of the first 3 months following diagnosis. Although this subgroup of patients was excluded from the primary study population, we felt that it was a clinically relevant group and warranted further attention. Twenty-seven of these 29 patients (93%) were either moderate or severe by PGA at diagnosis. At 1 year, 45% (13/29) were CS-free/rescue-free and PGA inactive and 1 patient (3%) was CS-free/rescue-free PGA mild.
Within our study population, we looked at clinical and demographic variables that may have been associated with CS-free/rescue-free inactive disease at 1 year following diagnosis of UC (Table 4). Using a simple logistic regression model comparing only this primary outcome against all other outcomes combined, we found no significant associations with respect to age at diagnosis, sex, dose of 5-ASA used, initial PGA, and initial laboratory values recorded at diagnosis. We did however find that patients receiving rectal therapy by 1 year are less likely than patients who did not receive rectal therapy to be in CS-free/rescue-free remission at 1 year.
Of 213 study patients, one or more adverse effects were recorded by study physicians for 20 patients (9%) during the first year following diagnosis. Adverse effects noted included diarrhea (n = 7), headache (n = 4), vomiting (n = 3), rash (n = 3), abdominal pain (n = 2), fever (n = 2), nausea (n = 1), light-headedness (n = 1), hematuria (n = 1), dysuria (n = 1), hair loss (n = 1), pancreatitis (n = 1), and "allergy to 5-ASA" unspecified (n = 1). Of the 20 patients in whom adverse effects were recorded, 12 in total were not taking a 5-ASA medication by the end of the first year following diagnosis. Of these 12 patients, 4 were noted to have achieved CS-free/rescue-free remission at 1 year. The 1 patient noted to have pancreatitis while taking a 5-ASA was concomitantly taking a thiopurine.
Our study demonstrates that 40% of pediatric patients with newly diagnosed UC treated with 5-ASA with or without CS by 30 days following diagnosis have inactive disease, no longer require CS, and have avoided escalation of therapy or colectomy at 1 year. These data reflect the experience from a large multicenter inception cohort in the United States and Canada, and likely are representative of real-world experience. We did not find any presenting laboratory or clinical features, which were associated with a higher likelihood of achieving favorable outcomes following initiation of 5-ASA medications for the treatment of UC. It should be noted that additional laboratory markers that may demonstrate improved correlation with endoscopic inflammation such as C-reactive protein and fecal calprotectin were not systematically collected and were not included in our analysis. We would also like to remind the reader that our study cohort included only patients receiving oral 5-ASA with or without CSs within the first 30 days following diagnosis, and excluded a presumably sicker subset of patients, for whom additional rescue treatments were received during this time frame.
It is difficult to directly compare our results to other studies looking at efficacy of 5-ASA medications for the treatment of UC because of differences in study design, patient population, specific formulations, and dosages of 5-ASA used, as well clinical and/or endoscopic definitions of remission. Nonetheless, published studies focusing on adult patients at a 1-year endpoint report that efficacy of 5-ASA for the treatment of UC ranges from 26% to 63% (6–8). As stated previously, the pediatric-specific literature looking at outcomes of 5-ASA medications is limited to small studies with short duration of follow-up, and somewhat larger observational studies. Favorable outcomes, which have thus been variably defined for pediatric patients with UC receiving 5-ASA medications, have ranged from 39% to 49% (4,5). Although some studies in adults report mucosal healing as a clinical endpoint, it should be noted that this information was not available for our study population.
There have been no published pediatric-specific studies on optimal dosing schedules of 5-ASA medications for the treatment of children with UC. As such in our study, we found that the dose of 5-ASA used did not correlate to clinical severity of disease at presentation as per initial PGA or laboratory markers including hemoglobin, platelet count, ESR, and albumin. The mean daily dosage of 5-ASA compounds was 52 mg/kg, although the range was wide. Approximately, 23% of children receiving 5-ASA had a daily dose of ≥60 mg · kg−1 · day−1. In the Registry, the specific formulation of 5-ASA preparation is not recorded.
There have been various adult studies comparing 1 or more 5-ASA formulations or doses (9–15). The ASCEND II trial (Assessing the Safety and Clinical Efficacy of a New Dose of 5-ASA) suggested that higher dosing schedules may provide additional clinical benefit in some patients (11). The study was a randomized double-blind controlled trial looking at the efficacy of 4.8 versus 2.4 g/day of mesalamine in 386 adults with active UC and found that treatment success (defined as clinical response or remission from baseline at week 6 evaluated by PGA) was 32% versus 40% for patients with mild UC favoring patients receiving a higher dose (P = NS). For patients with moderate disease activity, however, treatment success was significantly increased in patients receiving the higher dose (59% vs 72%; P = 0.036) (11). Although our study did not find a difference in outcome between those receiving <60 mg · kg−1 · day−1 of 5-ASA and those receiving higher doses, it should be noted that our study does not reflect a formal clinical trial and any conclusions about dose effect should be interpreted with caution.
Likewise, adherence to 5-ASA dosing schedules has become an increasingly important consideration, and has gained focus in the pediatric literature (16–19) because of the potential for significant negative effects on outcome. A pediatric study has shown that baseline adherence to 5-ASA regimens is as low as 43% (16). Adherence, however, was not a controlled variable in our study but is clearly a factor that needs consideration in the interpretation of our results because it would be anticipated that improved adherence would perhaps improve overall outcomes.
We found that rectal therapy was common in those patients treated with 5-ASA. Although there are no published pediatric trials addressing potential effects of rectal therapy in UC, adult studies have shown that at various endpoints, including short-term (1 month) (20–23) and long-term (1 year) (24,25), rectal therapy may have positive effects on clinical outcomes. Although our data show that 17% of the study population received various rectal therapies by 30 days following diagnosis, and cumulatively over the first year, 32% had received rectal therapies, we did not specifically control for their use as frequency of administration, and specific formulation including whether the rectal therapy was 5-ASA versus steroid-based was not routinely available. As described above, the registry data provide information only in a yes-no format about whether rectal therapy was used. With respect to rectal therapy usage, we did, however, find in a simple logistic regression model comparing our primary outcome against all other outcomes that rectal therapy usage by 1 year was associated with poorer outcomes. Given the limitations of our database described above, it is difficult to know how best to interpret this finding and therefore warrants further study.
A potential important factor in our study was that disease activity was measured by PGA, not the validated Pediatric UC Activity Index (PUCAI) (26–28) that was introduced into clinical practice in 2007, 5 years after data for the present study was initially collected. Data from development of the PUCAI, however, have shown excellent correlation between PGA and PUCAI (28,29).
In summary, 40% of pediatric patients with UC treated with 5-ASA with or without CS by 30 days following diagnosis have inactive disease, no longer require CS, and have avoided escalation of therapy or colectomy at 1 year. Further pediatric studies will be needed to address whether increased patient adherence to 5-ASA regimens and possibly higher 5-ASA dosing schedules, including the concomitant use of topical therapies, may be needed to improve outcomes. In addition, although there has been an increasing body of literature identifying clinical, biological, and genetic markers that predict risk of disease, and disease phenotype (30–33), additional research specifically looking at possible markers to identify patient subsets most likely to respond favorably to 5-ASA compounds may help guide medical decision making.
We thank the following research coordinators whose efforts greatly facilitated the performance of the present study: Miriam Lincoln, Dianne Bachan, Karen Frost, Shari Huffman, Tara Raboin, Sarah Weber, Ruth Singleton, Lisa Reynolds, Jennifer Haskett, Gail Waltz, Annette Langseder, Kelley Koslasky, Vivian Abadom, Kelly Boyer, Barbara Bancroft, Sarah Bistrick, Kelly Kachelries, Sandra McRandal, Cindy Atkins, Athena Decker, Mary Lewis, and Jessica Augustin.
5-aminosalicylate; children; ulcerative colitis
Copyright 2013 by ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN
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Patient Safety Efforts Should Focus on Medical Injuries—Correction
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2007 Stuhlmuller Vineyards Reserve Chardonnay
Mission Codename: Convergence
Operative: Agent White
Objective: Visit Stuhlmuller Vineyards and acquire a limited allocation of their Reserve Chardonnay.
Mission Status: Accomplished!
Current Winery: Stuhlmuller Vineyards
Wine Subject: 2007 Alexander Valley Reserve Chardonnay
Winemaker: Leo Hansen
Backgrounder: The Alexander Valley in northeast Sonoma County is located on the western side of the Mayacamas range and extends westward to the edge of the Russian River Valley. This appellation was formerly considered a part of Dry Creek Valley but became its own appellation in November 1984. The region is best known for exceptional Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot but recently people are starting to discover its Sangiovese, Nebbiolo and Chardonnay as well.
Today's selection is grown in the Alexander Valley converges with the Russian River Valley AVA and the Chalk Hill AVA – both extremely highly regarded for exceptional Chardonnay.
Wine Spies Tasting Profile:
Look – Crystal clear straw yellow with golden hues that shine when held to the light. Along the edge, the color becomes slightly more pale and when swirled, widely spaced thin legs race down to the wine below.
Smell – Medium in intensity with classic California Chardonnay aromatics including a variety of stone fruit with a touch of citrus. Notes of ripe pineapple, spice and toasted nuts and buttery biscuit and popcorn notes also emerge and blend with vanilla and floral aromas.
Feel – Smooth in its initial attack, this dry, medium to full-bodied white has a a good weight and a creamy mid palate that is punctuated with a touch of tangy acidity, subtle spice and minerality.
Taste – Rich and ripe flavors of stone fruit including apple, peach and pear along with zesty citrus notes. Layers of vanilla, toasted oak and nuts, buttery biscuit and creamy custard adds complexity.
Finish – Clean, ripe and rich with the fruit component gently fading leaving behind a slight tangy citrus acidity and a touch of minerality that is balanced by this wine's creamy weight.
Conclusion – The 2007 Stuhlmuller Vineyards Alexander Valley Reserve Chardonnay is a classic California style Chardonnay with balance between its fruit and buttery creaminess. Easy, approachable and well integrated, this wine will accompany a variety of foods and is perfect for spring salads and mild seafood.
Mission Report:
SUBJECT: Leo Hanson
WINE EDUCATION: Sommelier – WSET Diploma , Hands on winemaking in Australia and California
CALIFORNIA WINE JOB BRIEF: 1999 Clos du Bois – Cellar Rat, 2000 Yoakim Bridge Dry Creek Valley (small family winery) – Harvest and beyond fermentation, bottling. 2001 Château Souverain – Harvest Lab. 2002 – Current- Stuhlmuller Vineyards – Winemaker since 2004
WINEMAKING PHILOSOPHY: Hands off minimal manipulation – no use of cultured yeasts or enzymes. No fining and minimal filtration if any.
WINEMAKER QUOTE: My focus is completely on wine not philosophy.
FIRST COMMERCIAL WINE RELEASE: 2002 Estate Chardonnay
AGENT WHITE: Greetings, Leo. We are thrilled to be showing Stuhlmulller's Chardonnay today. Thanks so much for taking some time to answer questions for our Operatives today.
WINEMAKER: I'm happy to share this limited production with other wine aficionados, who are always searching for new gems
WHITE: Was there a specific experience in your life that inspired your love of wine?
WINEMAKER: While I was a young Hotel/restaurant apprentice in Denmark I had the pleasure to work under Orla Farmann. Watching him prepare for the Sommelier World Cup in Tokyo was very inspiring and really got me excited about the wine world.
WHITE: What wine or winemaker has most influenced your winemaking style?
WINEMAKER: Working at Chateau Souverain I was impressed by how Ed Killian was able to make a large-scale quality value wine and still keep true to varietal characteristics from Sonoma County grapes. However, I like the style of biodynamic producer Ted Lemon from Littorai, the approach of very site-specific wines.
WHITE: Who do you make wine for?
WINEMAKER: I suppose I make wine for the vineyard, meaning my take on what the vineyard is giving us. Plus having my passion and personal signature in it.
WHITE: Please tell me a little bit about the wine we are featuring today.
WINEMAKER: 35-year-old vines. Low yielding vines with small clusters. Indigenous yeasts, 14 months in selected French oak from small artisan Bourgogne cooperages, minimal lees stirring, unfined and unfiltered. A wine with high complexity and concentration, with long aging potential.
WHITE: What is your favorite pairing with today's wine?
WINEMAKER: The menu is: Corn soup with truffle oil, seared scallops with mango salsa, BBQ chicken with grilled porcini mushrooms and Aged Comte. You're on your own for desert!
WHITE: In your opinion, what makes the Alexander Valley so special?
WINEMAKER: Southern Alexander Valley with the Russian River on the Eastern boarder of the vineyard and the Chalk Hill gap to the South. On a old river bottom with various soil types, mainly loamy-clay and gravel. Large diurnal temperature, which creates a more, intensified and developed grape with firm acidity.
WHITE: What is occupying your time at the winery these days?
WINEMAKER: These days I have been racking, blending, and tasting new blends from 2009 vintage I'm looking forward to bottling our 2008 Cabernet in May which I am excited about. After that the next big task is bottling 2009 Chardonnay in late June.
WHITE: How would you recommend people approach your wines and wine in general?
WINEMAKER: Wine should be experienced with food, friends, and family. It should be part of your life in a positive aspect, enjoyed and remembered fondly.
WHITE: Is there anything else you'd like to share with our readers?
WINEMAKER: Lucky you, this is a great find from Agent Rouge.
WHITE: Thank you so much for your time. We learned a lot about you – and your wine. Keep up the great work, we are big fans!
Wine Spies Vineyard Check:
The location of Stuhlmuller Vineyards can be seen in this satellite photo.
One Response to "2007 Stuhlmuller Vineyards Reserve Chardonnay"
[…] 2007 Stuhlmuller Vineyards Reserve Chardonnay « The Wine Spies […]


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By Diane Ness
Leg pulls are one of the most complicated edge drills to execute, but at the same time should look simple and effortless when done correctly. A leg pull is a drill in which the skater takes one or two pushes, balances on one skate, and pushes from each edge to keep speed. This skater must go the length of the ice on one foot without touching the other skate to the ice.
The only way to provide speed and movement is by shifting from inside edge to outside edge while pushing each time. When generating speed from flipping from edge to edge, the skater must be cautious of not "rutting" into the ice which will create friction and cause the skater to slow down or stop completely. It is a combination of power, edge strength and balance that will allow the skater to move down the ice.
To execute a forward leg pull, the skater must push from the middle back part of the blade to provide speed. We use the analogy of having a motor in the back of the boat to provide the power to move forward.
Each time a skater pushes from edge to edge, he/she should gain enough speed to continue to move on one leg. For advanced skaters, they should try to use one leg going the length of the ice, then switching feet (without any strides taken) and coming back down the other side on the opposite leg. This will teach the skater where the "sweet spot" is on their blade as well as providing a good leg burn.
Doing a backward leg pull is a little different. A skater needs to remember what part of the blade to be on. If a skater is using the middle back part of the blade moving forward, then he/she should use the middle front part of the blade while moving backwards.
The skater needs to remember to keep his/her chest and shoulders up while moving backwards. If your chest leans to far forward you will lose all of your speed and momentum while you are trying to move backwards. Backwards is quite a bit more difficult, especially for younger skaters so patience is required when trying to tackle these skills.
Diane Ness has been a full-time professional skating coach for over 35 years. She has coached both figure skaters and hockey players alike and is a former U.S. gold medalist in figure skating. She is the Director for the Pro Edge Power hockey camps and the Learn to Skate program at Highland Park Arena. Ness is the skating coach for the New Jersey Devils, the University of Minnesota men's and women's hockey teams and the U.S. Women's Olympic Hockey Team. She has trained players in the NHL, AHL, NCAA, USHL and NAHL.


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This diet manual, with its clarity of format, is an inclusive and concise reference for diet therapy as well as an indicator of bibliographic nutrition information and educational materials for patients. Diets are described in terms of foods allowed or avoided and nutrient content rather than in terms of diseases.
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