text:
Introducing Fireside
Hello Stylus Cap Backers!
Long time, no speak!
I have some exciting news to share with you: I have helped start a new company and we have just launched our... Read more
The All-New Stylus Caps
Hello Backers!
I hope your year has been going well and I especially hope all of our friends on the east coasts of the United States and Canada are safe... Read more
Shipping Update
Hello everyone,
Here is a quick update on shipping status: We have shipped out all of the $125 Both Packs as well as most of the $70 Brass Packs and... Read more
Now Shipping: $290 Studio Packs
Hi Everyone,
Great news. Over the weekend we finally received the remaining parts necessary to start assembling pre-orders (the new Firm Tips and the Bic caps), so as of tomorrow morning Stylus... Read more
Tip update
Hi everyone,
I have some great news to share with you.
We have developed a brand new tip for Stylus Caps. Before I tell you about the new tip, I... Read more
Status update
Hi everyone,
I want to update you on three things:
- Shipping status of Stylus Caps
- An issue that we had with shipping and how we fixed it
-... Read more
We're shipping!
Hey everyone,
The first group of Stylus Caps were shipped out yesterday! We are packing and shipping as quickly as we possibly can and overall just really excited to get... Read more
Setting up for Assembly
Hi Everyone,
Here's a quick video update showing off the work thats being done to set up Stylus Caps for assembly and shipping.
And here is a subtitled version... Read more
LAST CHANCE to Update your Address + How to fill out your Survey (If you haven't filled one out yet.)
Hi Everyone,
Just a friendly reminder that YOU HAVE JUST 24 HOURS TO UPDATE YOUR ADDRESS IF YOU HAVE MOVED. If you are having trouble with figuring out how to do... Read more
A Guide to Checking your Shipping Address
Hi Everyone,
This update is a guide to show you how to check that your shipping address is correct. (Note: This is only relevant to those of you who have... Read more
Last Call for Shipping Info, Production Update, Batman
Hi Everyone,
All Updated Addresses, Surveys, and PayPal Shipping invoices must be completed no later than this coming Wednesday, August 17th.
The reason for this deadline? I am heading to... Read more
THE HOME STRETCH: Housekeeping, You Gotta Be Kidding Me, Production Status
Hi everyone,
I want to bring you up to speed on all of the goings on of Stylus Cap production. Overall, manufacturing is going very well and we're still on... Read more
Cap pre-production video
Hi everyone,
I couldn't wait to show you some of the pre-production of the caps I saw on Friday morning at Teale. A quick overview of whats being worked on:... Read more
The Final 10%
Hello Backers,
Let's talk about all the work that has been going on and the schedule.
The main thing I have been working on is... Read more
The cleverly titled 'mid-May Update'
Hey everyone,
I want to update you with what went down in Rochester a couple of weeks ago which should bring us up to speed to where everything is right... Read more
RIT Presentation
Hi everyone,
I'm back from a great trip to Rochester. I ended up extending my stay an extra 3 days because it turned out I was able to meet with... Read more
The Road Trip Update
Hello everyone,
Just a quick update to share with you: early tomorrow morning I'll be hitting the road for a 6 day trip to Rochester. I can't stress enough how... Read more
Manufacturing Update
Hi Backers,
An update to you is about a week overdue but you'll understand why in a minute.
A week ago Tuesday, the agreement between myself and the company that... Read more
Meet the Family
Ladies and Gentleman, I give you the Stylus Cap family.
These are second round samples from German Tool, and the first time I have been able to see them all... Read more
Stylus Cap Weekly Update
Hello everyone,
I thought I'd give you a little recap of what I have been working on since funding closed on Tuesday night.
1) Amazon payment issues.
There were very... Read more
Don will be a guest on 5by5.tv at 10am Eastern.
Update:I was having some technical issues on my end with the podcast so Dan and I are rescheduling for sometime next week. I'll let you know when. Go ahead... Read more
Japan Relief + Architecture for Humanity
With the end of the funding period in sight and a higher volume of people visiting this page than usual, I would like to tell you about a great organization... Read more
Thanks, but time to stop emailing
Hi everyone,
I want to thank you for your efforts to email TUAW and Cult of Mac this morning, but now I need to ask you to stop.
I just... Read more
Last 24 hours of Funding! Let's go out with a bang!
Hello everyone!
I can't believe its already been a month since I posted the Stylus Caps project to Kickstarter. Typing this, I am remembering back to just this past December... Read more
Harbec + One More Thing...
My senior year of college, Kim Sherman, one of my design professors at RIT, took me and my friend Sam Aquillano on a tour of the most environmentally and socially conscience factories... Read more
iPad 2
I'm just about to go to bed for the night (I have to get up in about 4 hours to go to the first manufacturer) but I couldn't resist sharing... Read more
On to Rochester
I'm heading home to Rochester tonight so I can check out progress on the Stylus Cap tip, packaging, and look into some fulfillment centers over the weekend. It will be... Read more
One of the things that has been going on in the background of all the development work for Stylus Caps has been setting up a e-commerce site for MORE/REAL that... Read more
Structural Packaging Samples
I received the first round of structural packaging samples back from the printer yesterday. I provided drawings for 2 concepts that I had been working on and they came back... Read more
iPad 2 + MORE/REAL Stylus Caps
MORE/REAL Stylus Caps work with iPad 2.
Happy iPad day everyone! In case you were wondering, iPad 2 uses the same touchscreen technology that was used in in the first... Read more
Project Update - Tip refinement
There are quite a few things I'm working through at the same time. Refining the tips, refining the caps, packaging, website, e-commerce, shipping. There is a lot there to talk... Read more
Stylus Cap Compatibility Video
Hey everyone. My brother Dave was in town from Boston last weekend and I pressed him into Kickstarter video making duty. Specifically, we looked at all the devices that the... Read more
Hand written notes
I got a great email this morning from Aaron. He writes:
Hi Don
My name's Aaron - I've just been reading about your new capacitive stylus. It's an amazing... Read more
The FAQ Page
Hi Everyone, I will be updating this FAQ page throughout the project. If you have any questions that you feel need to be answered, please leave them in the comments... Read more
Thank You
Internet, you are blowing my mind.
Thank you Backers. Thank you Kickstarter. Thanks to all the blogs and twitter people who have been talking up the Stylus Cap. This has... Read more
Day 1
This has been a pretty exciting 24 hours! To go from sheltering and growing this little idea over the past couple months to then sharing it with all of... Read more


text:
Time Tracker Features
Table of Contents
To learn more about the important features of Time Tracker such as Manage Jobs, Client list, Integration with Zoho CRM accounts, Time Logs and Time Sheets.
Jobs, Projects and Clients
You can manage jobs, projects and clients simultaneously with the help of the time tracker module. Reporting Managers can schedule and assign jobs to their subordinates and have a complete record of their employees' work items. You can add clients and their contact details like contact person name, email ID, phone number, address details etc., Learn More.
Time Tracker Integration with Zoho CRM
Time Tracker is integrated with Zoho CRM 'Accounts' module for you to easily associate a Client/Account for a job directly while adding a job in Zoho People. Learn More.
Time Logs
Do you know how much time you spend at work productively? Here's an useful tool to help you find that. Learn More.
Time Sheets
Timesheets are basically used for client billing, payroll processing, project tracking and management etc., Learn More.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Postures in prayer take many different forms across the world – and through time – often varying within a single religion. As an outward sign of inward thoughts, they naturally express a variety of messages that can range from humility to ecstasy and even intercession. This month's tattoo, widely recognized as a common symbol of Christian prayer, owes an enormous debt to two very different sources: the medieval practice of vassalage and a certain German painter of the late 15th century.
Early Christian drawings or paintings of persons engaged in the act of prayer do not show them with their hands, palms together, raised slightly in front of them. In fact, this manner of praying is conspicuously absent. In the Christian wall paintings of the Roman catacombs, the dominant form of prayer shown is that of the orans position, standing with the hands spread in front and the palms facing up. It is a position still widespread in the iconography of the Eastern Christian churches and it was also described in Greek and Aramaic texts referring to Jewish prayer. As used in the catacombs, it has been interpreted both as a prayer position that suggested thanksgiving for being delivered from death and an earnest supplication to God for merciful judgement of the departed soul. However, if this shared position of prayer was so widespread and in use so early, where and when does the version in our tattoo become prevalent, at least in western Christianity?
Our only real clue, as faint and threadbare as it may be, is the following line from the Annals of the Kingdom of Franks, likely written by a scribe named Einhard (c. 775 to 850 AD), where he says that Duke Tassilo of Bavaria swears his allegiance to Pippin in 757 AD: "commending himself in vassalage between the hands." Because such commendation ceremonies were actually painted in later history, we know that "between the hands" refers to the hand positions of the lord and vassal. The vassal would kneel before the lord in submission, with his hands, palms together, stretched out to the lord in front of him. The lord would then place his hands over the vassals hands, between his own, to indicate not only his acceptance of the vassal but also his dominance over him.
By the 15th century, this method of prayer was securely part of western Christian iconography. In the San Marco monastery of Florence, Fra Angelico (a Dominican friar and painter) was commissioned by Cosimo de' Medici to paint a series of 43 frescoes that acted as a guide to the spiritual life. Not surprisingly, prayer figures largely, but in particular we see that Saint Dominic is painted kneeling in front of the crucifix, with his palms together in front, in a codified gesture of prostration meant to invoke an attitude of humility. In theory and in practice, this particular gesture had become an expected part of the ritual repertoire. As marvelous as these frescoes are, we must turn to another artist of this period for the exact image in our tattoo design.
Albrecht Dürer was a German painter and printmaker from Nuremberg whose artistic talent flourished at an early age – his first self-portrait was done when he was thirteen – and he was famous by his mid-twenties. Eventually he would journey to Italy (twice) and his reputation spread quickly throughout Europe. However, the now iconic image of "The Praying Hands," created in Vienna in 1508, was never intended as a finished product. Dürer typically made large numbers of preparatory drawings, engravings, and paintings as studies for large commissioned works, and such was the case for the Heller Altarpiece, a triptych originally commissioned by a textile merchant in Frankfurt named Jakob Heller. Although the original painting was destroyed by fire, the praying hands are one such study (for an apostle in the finished piece). Possibly the most famous creation in his body of work, the praying hands have been described as "majestic" and "inspirational." They are also a glimpse into the workshop of the master, as he worked and reworked such details to his satisfaction. Now reproduced on religious medallions, in devotional documents, and Christian tattoos worldwide, it is difficult to capture in words the appeal of this image but the painstaking attention to detail and the meticulous proportions of something so familiar as human hands make it difficult to see how it could be changed without detracting from its beauty.


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Edited by Gardner Laurence B.. . 710 pages. Medical Examination Publishing Co., New York: , 1986.. $32.50 (paperback).
The emergency care of the acutely ill patient is most often provided by physicians with differing degrees of training, expertise, and experience. In training institutions, this care is most often the responsibility of the housestaff, that is, the intern, resident, or fellow during his rotation in the emergency department as senior medical resident or fellow on call. In community hospitals, emergency care is often provided by an emergency physician who must function as an "acute" internist, as well as pediatrician, gynecologist, orthopedist, and so on. Continued acute care is delivered by specialists on call who must frequently address several medical
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------I heart Woo (HimmyCat). Until we meet again, my beautiful little boy. I love you.
------I have no idea what Apple thought I was saying so be a Peach and credit anything bizarre to auto correct.
------Visit my blog at http://sewingsaga.blogspot.com
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------Belinda. Melbourne, Australia
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text:
official break up thread
Posted 02 February 2012 - 03:27 PM
- 1
Posted 10 February 2012 - 05:21 AM
unless you're superawkward like dovo it's very feasible du
reverse hate fuck.
always works, but the fallout is like serious nuclear radiation in that social circle.
i'm still talked about years later. +1 in my book.
- 2
mildly water resistant businessman.
Posted 11 February 2012 - 10:54 PM
unless you're superawkward like dovo it's very feasible du
I resent that. I fucked one of my exes best friends without a single awkward moment or nuclear fallout.
or maybe that means if i can do it, Then anyone can.
or maybe I'm woody allen in the streets but 70's/90's R&B in the sheets.
Edited by dovo, 11 February 2012 - 10:57 PM.
- 10
Posted 12 February 2012 - 05:42 AM
I have solace in the fact that shes a complete loser, and regardless of who she dates or what she does nothing will change. She will continue to lie to herself about her behavior and continue to believe that she is right.
Sorry for the rant, just a little peeved that I'm still hurting over this whole situation. I wish she would just grow up and say 'you're right i fucked up, it was wrong for us to be dating regardless'. obviously that'll never happen, but I feel like an idiot for even admitting partial fault for this whole thing while she admits nothing.
I definitely know how you feel man, and it's a shitty place to be in. You feel like you put yourself out there in a real way, assume liability for the things you did wrong, but it's rarely returned. I think it's just in the nature of women, not all, but a lot, to not admit fault for anything. Regardless, trying to identify what you or she did wrong is only gonna drag it out and make it more painful. I've been told dozens of times that the best way to handle these things is to just split and cut off contact, and really, it is the best way. You gotta purge everything she was from you and re-focus on being a better you. That refocusing will rebuild confidence, and honestly attracts women in a crazy way. Kinda like what Clopek said about becoming a more interesting person and the benefits that come with that, invest in yourself and you'll be amazed at how fast you can put this last one down, move past her, and onto someone else that better fits you.
- 1
Posted 27 February 2012 - 08:04 PM
- 5
Posted 28 February 2012 - 03:57 AM
- 0
Posted 28 February 2012 - 05:38 AM
- 0
Posted 28 February 2012 - 04:39 PM
- 0
Posted 02 March 2012 - 03:59 PM
i have a few red lights in my head about the entire relationship regarding fidelity or whatever, but now that it's over i'm not feeling all that bad, maybe it hasn't really hit me yet. i really didn't myself out there to much with this one, so i wasn't completely emotionally invested, and now i feel like i can go out with no restrictions (i haven't been single in so long).
probably going out tonight to drown the remaining feelings in large amounts of alcohol and new women.
- 1
Posted 02 March 2012 - 09:07 PM
- 8
Posted 02 March 2012 - 09:28 PM
my head hurts.
- 4
Posted 03 March 2012 - 12:47 AM
still think about my ex every now and then in a thoughtful sense of what was and is,
the only thing that still bothers me is that something was taken away from me that we both shared, and i feel like one day it's going to come back to haunt me. sharing pet's should be a commitment within itself and the longevity of the actual relationship IMO. i can't say how it feels to be a father or have a kid, but damn, if losing a dog is anything like this, it sucks
- 1
Posted 03 March 2012 - 01:05 AM
get another text from her today that said "barnes & noble is selling really cool bookends if you're still looking for some, you don't have to text back just letting you know " bitch i aint even talked about wanting bookends, maybe punching her in the boob will finally get her to fuck off?
- 12
Posted 04 March 2012 - 02:57 AM
Clopek said:
Confirmation ladies and gentlemen!! My ex girlfriend fucked my good friend and sufu member (I'll leave you to guess which one!) mere days after we broke up.
Thank you, you fucking scumbag cunt!
you fuckn sasshole. clopek is dat dude, whoeoever fucked him, FUCK HOU. serslyl clopek is tje shit. if you getrated tehn uyou should feeelt he wratch
***** you should fee the wrath
clopek im down for jumping this doude just FYI lemme know whats good
this is all too funny after seeing all the texts mpcec sent my girl after we had a break for awhile
- 3
Posted 04 March 2012 - 03:36 AM
be there.
- 1
Posted 13 March 2012 - 09:36 PM
I mentioned my ex on here a while back but in the couple of months since we've been apart, I realized I might not have loved her to the extent I did. It was a scary feeling but i'm glad that we aren't together anymore... She's changed so much and I know we would never have worked. Seeing how she's changed just from what I see on her facebook is astonishing. I no longer see the girl I had feelings for but some impressionable shallow person who seeks attention....
today, I saw a pic of her at a themed party, but she was wearing lingerie that she bought and wore for me when we were together... yeah I know girls always wear shit like that at parties, but she wasn't like that in the past. it sucks, cause i've talked to her from time to time and I can tell she misses me . I've never hooked up with her since the break up, a feat that i'm proud of and hope to keep. In reality though, I always knew that these things about her existed and she did as well. She told me how thankful she was for me because she felt like she was a better person being with me....
Funny part is i've been in a relationship for a while since i've left my ex and my ex can see how happy I am in the new relationship. My ex has dated a lot of guys since and been in a relationship but without any success. I don't know where I was trying to go with this but I guess my rant is my realization that life goes on and it took me a while to fully realize what i've been missing out on and what's been holding me back
- 0
Posted 15 March 2012 - 05:25 AM
really, really same
my ex changed so much towards the end that even if all the shit that went down between us hadn't, i really wouldn't want her back
or like, if i met a girl exactly like her or whatever, i wouldn't even give her a second glance, because how she is now just sucks
- 1
Posted 23 March 2012 - 12:22 AM
I've started seeing this new girl, who is awesome, but I can't help but keep on comparing everything to my ex. It is kind of doing my head in, and I need to stop it, but am finding it really hard.
End whinge.
- 1
Posted 23 March 2012 - 02:55 AM
- 3
if a runner runs in the forest wearing UC and no is around to see, does he still get reps?
Posted 23 March 2012 - 03:40 AM
- 6
Posted 23 March 2012 - 03:47 AM
Clopek said:
Confirmation ladies and gentlemen!! My ex girlfriend fucked my good friend and sufu member (I'll leave you to guess which one!) mere days after we broke up.
Thank you, you fucking scumbag cunt!
this is all too funny after seeing all the texts mpcec sent my girl after we had a break for awhile
whoa whoa, how did i miss this. blow up the spot
- 0
Posted 23 March 2012 - 03:51 AM
^yo. I feel you on that one. It's probably best to destroy/eliminate any signs of your ex that's in your home or whatever. I did that about three months ago and haven't thought about my ex since.
This ^ 1,000,000 times over. Delete/trash it all, delete her from everything, no connections. This is the only thing that works. You have to completely purge them from your life or it'll never end. Guaranteed.
- 7
Posted 23 March 2012 - 04:00 AM
whoa whoa, how did i miss this. blow up the spot
Are you talking about me and my girl and mpcec? Or clopek and his girl?
The story between me and my girl and mpcec.
So mpcec and I became pretty good friends out of trips and shit, anytime I was on the east coast I'd go to NYC and he would come down and hang out. Then last year, he came out and stayed with my gf and I in LA. Then in October, my gf and I took a break, mpcec had already bought tickets to come out and see us, but I wasn't there anymore, I was back on the east coast.
Well, he went out, and while he was there, he stopped answering my texts, kinda weird right? The next week my gf came back from LA. She came and stayed over with me, (we were broken up at the time) and the next morning while she was in the shower, I stupidly looked at her phone (that I pay for). So I see dozens and dozens of texts from mpcec saying all kinds of shit like "you're amazing, I can't believe I ever met someone like you" and shit like that.
Anyway, I cut that shit out with him, kept rubbing it in his face that we got back together, it was simply distance that broke us up and nothing else (it's been 5 years) and now he doesn't talk to her anymore. Bitch ass punk. Used to be a good friend. Fuck him.
Now if you were interested in clopek's story, I can't help you there.
- 13
Posted 23 March 2012 - 06:22 AM
So, my girl broke it off with me about a month ago after almost two years. I was not in a good place, but now I'm starting to feel better. Found out that she is now seeing this guy she used to work with who she always told me was just a friend. So predictable, but it still hurts like all hell. The worst is that she has been lying to me about not seeing him, and the only reason I know for sure is because somebody else confirmed it for me. I confronted her and she admitted to it, but it was weird: before she knew that I knew she would get angry that I am accusing her of something and make me feel bad, and now I know that I was correct the whole time. Fucked up.
wtf, my ex did the exact same thing. She ended up cheating on the dude with me, for a whole year.
Edited by Dachink, 23 March 2012 - 08:20 AM.
- 2
Posted 23 March 2012 - 02:24 PM
So I see dozens and dozens of texts from mpcec saying all kinds of shit like "you're amazing, I can't believe I ever met someone like you" and shit like that.
lol what a fag
clopek spill it
- 2
Posted 26 March 2012 - 03:50 AM
I got over her when I suspected her of cheating and kept my distance with her but stayed in the relationship out of pity (she was going through a rough patch). Didn't have sex with her in the last 3 months of our relationship (it was a really fucking weird relationship).
I was never hung up on her or anything but I got really mad at the fact that she kept talking about how she wished sex wasn't at the centre of every relationship and how she would never cheat on me since it hurt her ex so much (cheated on that guy..).
All I have to say is, if the bitch has cheated in the past, she won't hesitate to do it again. I've seen this girl cry over how bad she felt about cheating on him and she had the balls to do it to me. She also shed tears during the break up. I'll never understand that bitch. She completely tainted my respect for women.
I'm in another relationship right now and this girl seems like the last girl on earth that would do anything of the sort, but I'm still on edge about loyalty. I'm not a jealous guy or over-protective, I just get uneasy a lot quicker now.
Main reason why I posted this is for the thread to show up in my content, to ultimately follow the whole Clopek beef.
Edited by Lozinski, 26 March 2012 - 03:51 AM.
- 7
Posted 26 March 2012 - 05:04 AM
i wish i can put youtube on repeat halo, can you??
carry on gentlemen
- 1
Posted 26 March 2012 - 05:15 AM
don't understand getting revenge on exes either. I figure they broke up with me; how can they find a more awesome dude, you know? my revenge is the fact that I continue to be fucking awesome and their life continues to be mediocre. It's cool, no skin off my back.
Of course I always have a girl waiting in the wings after a breakup(serial monogamist) so that probably helps.
- 1
Posted 26 March 2012 - 05:48 AM
- 0
Posted 26 March 2012 - 06:31 AM
- 5


text:
From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (Drs Rovaris, Bozzali, Iannucci, and Filippi) and the Clinical Trials Unit (Drs Martinelli and Comi), Department of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute and University Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan; the Multiple Sclerosis Center, Ospedale di Gallarate, Gallarate (Dr Ghezzi); the Departments of Neurology, Scientific Institute Don Gnocchi, University of Milan, Milan (Dr Caputo), Ospedale di Orbassano, Orbassano (Dr Bertolotto), and Spedali Civili, University of Brescia, Brescia (Dr Capra); the Multiple Sclerosis Center, Ospedale di Fidenza, Fidenza (Dr Montanari); and the Departments of Neurological Sciences, Scientific Institute C. Mondino, University of Pavia, Pavia (Dr Bergamaschi), and University of Genoa, Genoa (Dr Mancardi), Italy.
Diffusion-tensor magnetic resonance imaging is sensitive to the more destructive aspects of multiple sclerosis (MS) evolution occurring outside and within T2-visible lesions and, as a consequence, holds promise for providing a more complete picture of primary progressive (PP) MS–related tissue damage than conventional magnetic resonance imaging.
To improve our understanding of PPMS by assessing the extent of occult pathological features in the normal-appearing white and gray matter of the brain using diffusion-tensor magnetic resonance imaging.
Ninety-six patients with PPMS, 47 patients with secondary progressive (SP) MS, and 44 healthy control subjects were studied. T2-hyperintense and T1-hypointense lesion volumes were calculated, and the volume of the whole brain tissue was measured. Diffusion-tensor magnetic resonance imaging scans were postprocessed and analyzed to obtain the mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy histograms from the brain and from the normal-appearing white and gray matter in isolation.
The mean T2-hyperintense and T1-hypointense lesion volumes were lower in patients with PPMS than in patients with SPMS, while the mean absolute brain volumes were similar in the 2 groups. The average lesion diffusivity was significantly higher in patients with SPMS than in patients with PPMS (P<.001). Histogram-derived metrics of the brain tissue and normal-appearing white and gray matter were significantly different between patients with PPMS and healthy subjects (range, P = .004 to <.001). Average diffusivity values were significantly higher in patients with SPMS than in patients with PPMS for all the tissues studied (range, P = .001 to <.001). Fractional anisotropy histogram–derived quantities did not significantly differ between the 2 patient groups (range, P = .94 to .03).
This study confirms that, in patients with PPMS, normal-appearing white and gray matter are not spared by disease-related pathological processes, although they are affected to a lesser degree than in patients with SPMS.
THE MECHANISMS underlying multiple sclerosis (MS) evolution in patients with the primary progressive (PP) form of the disease are poorly understood.1 Despite the accumulation of irreversible neurological deficits, the burden and activity of lesions on T2-weighted and gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the brain are, on average, lower in patients with PPMS than in patients with relapsing-remitting or secondary progressive (SP) MS.2- 7 That the pathological features of PPMS lesions consist of a predominant loss of myelin and axons with only mild inflammatory components8 can, at least partially, explain the relative paucity of conventional MRI-detectable activity3,4 and the discrepancy between clinical and MRI findings.
Several pieces of evidence9- 11 have suggested that diffuse brain damage, which goes undetected when using conventional MRI, may be a relevant component of PPMS pathological features. All these studies are based on the use of quantitative MRI techniques, with increased specificity to the most destructive aspects of MS pathological features and increased sensitivity for the detection of subtle MS-related changes occurring in the normal-appearing white matter (NAWM). The severity of NAWM damage correlates with MS irreversible disability better than MRI-derived measures of macroscopic lesion burden do.11 More recently, the importance of gray matter pathological features in patients with MS has also been emphasized.12- 14 Again, conventional T2-weighted MRI scans underestimate the burden of MS lesions located in the brain gray matter,12 as shown by several studies using fast fluid-attenuated inversion recovery,15,16 gadolinium-enhanced,17 magnetization transfer, 18- 20 or diffusion-tensor (DT) MRI.18,19,21
Diffusion-tensor MRI is sensitive to pathological processes that, by modifying the integrity of tissues, result in loss of restricting barriers to water molecular motion and tissue anisotropy.22 Measures derived from DT MRI include the mean diffusivity (D̄), which is affected by cellular size and integrity,23 and the fractional anisotropy (FA), which reflects the degree of alignment of cellular structures within fiber tracts24 and their structural integrity. By creating histograms of D̄ and FA values from the corresponding brain maps, an estimation of MS-related damage can be achieved.25- 28 Diffusion-tensor histogram–derived metrics differ between patients with MS and healthy subjects, and among patients with MS with varying disease phenotypes and clinical disability.25- 28 In addition, using a technique based on FA thresholding to segment the white and gray matter on D̄ maps of the brain,18 information on the presence and extent of MS abnormalities can be obtained from each of these 2 compartments separately.
In the present study, DT MRI was used to assess the presence and severity of normal-appearing gray matter (NAGM) and NAWM damage in a large sample of patients with PPMS and to compare their damage with that of age-matched healthy subjects and of a group of patients with SPMS with similar clinical characteristics.
Patients with PPMS were consecutively selected from the populations attending the MS clinics in the participating centers. To be included, patients had to be corticosteroid free for at least 3 months before study enrollment. The disease course was classified according to the criteria of Lublin et al,29 and other neurological conditions were carefully excluded by performing the appropriate investigations.30 Patients were classified as having definite, probable, or possible PPMS.30 At enrollment, all patients underwent a complete neurological examination, with rating of the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores.31 This was done by a single observer who was unaware of the MRI results, on the same day of the MRI session. Ninety-six patients with PPMS (female-male ratio, 57:39) were studied. Eighty-one patients were affected by definite and 15 by probable PPMS.30 Patients with probable PPMS had either negative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination findings and positive MRI findings (n = 13); negative CSF examination findings, equivocal MRI findings, and abnormal visual evoked potentials (n = 1); or positive CSF examination findings, negative MRI findings, and abnormal visual evoked potentials (n = 1). Seventy patients with PPMS had a spinal cord presentation at disease onset, while 26 had a unifocal (n = 21) or multifocal (n = 5) presentation, with motor (n = 8), visual (n = 4), cerebellar (n = 12), brainstem (n = 4), or sensory (n = 2) disturbances. Their mean age was 50.3 (range, 25-69) years, their median disease duration was 10.0 (range, 1-26) years, and the median EDSS score was 6.0 (range, 2.5-7.5). Seventy-two patients with PPMS were not undergoing any immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive treatment at study enrollment, 12 were treated with methotrexate, 7 were treated with azathioprine, and 5 were treated with pulses of intravenous mitoxantrone hydrochloride.
Forty-four healthy volunteers (female-male ratio, 25:19; mean age, 50.1 [range, 32-66] years) who were similar in sex and age to the PPMS group served as control subjects. None of the healthy volunteers had experienced previous episodes of neurological dysfunction, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or other disorders potentially affecting the central nervous system, and all had completely normal neurological examination findings. A second control group consisted of 47 patients with clinically definite MS (female-male ratio, 31:16), with an SP disease course,29 who were consecutively referred to the MS clinics in the participating centers. To be included, patients with SPMS had to be relapse- and corticosteroid-free for at least 3 months before study enrollment. Their mean age was 47.4 (range, 31-61) years, their median disease duration was 16.0 (range, 3-29) years, and the median EDSS score, assessed by the same rater and with the same modalities as for patients with PPMS, was 6.0 (range, 3.5-8.0). At enrollment, 23 patients with SPMS were untreated, 14 were treated with interferon beta-1b, 8 were treated with pulses of intravenous mitoxantrone, and 2 were treated with glatiramer acetate.
All of the subjects signed a written informed consent form before study enrollment, and the study was approved by the local ethical committees.
Using a 1.5-T system, the following pulse sequences were acquired: (a) dual-echo turbo spin-echo (repetition time, 3300 ms; echo time, 16 ms (first echo) and 98 ms (second echo); and echo train length, 5); (b) T1-weighted conventional spin-echo (repetition time, 768 ms; and echo time, 14 ms); and (c) pulsed-gradient spin-echo echo-planar (interecho spacing, 0.8; and echo time, 123 ms), with diffusion gradients applied in 8 noncollinear directions, chosen to cover 3-dimensional space uniformly. The duration and maximum amplitude of the diffusion gradients were 25 ms and 21 mT/m (mT indicates millitesla), respectively, giving a maximum b factor in each direction of 1044 s/mm2. To optimize the measurement of diffusion, only 2 b factors were used32 (b1 ≈ 0 and b2 = 1044 s/mm2). Fat saturation was performed using a 4-radiofrequency pulse binomial pulse train to avoid chemical shift artifacts. Twenty-four contiguous axial slices, with a 5-mm thickness, a 192 × 256 matrix size, and a 188 × 250-mm field of view were obtained for dual-echo and T1-weighted scans. For pulsed-gradient spin-echo echo-planar scans, 10 axial slices with a 5-mm thickness, a 128 × 128 matrix size, and a 250 × 250-mm field of view were acquired, with the same orientation as the other scans and the second-last caudal slice positioned to match exactly the central slices of these sets.
Two experienced observers (M.R. and M.B.), without knowing to whom the scans belonged, identified by consensus the hyperintense lesions on proton density–weighted scans and the hypointense lesions on T1-weighted scans. T2-weighted images were always used to increase confidence in lesion identification. On proton density– and T1-weighted images, total lesion volumes (LVs) were measured by a single observer, using a local thresholding technique for lesion segmentation.33 On T1-weighted images, the absolute volumes of the whole brain were measured using a segmentation technique based on signal intensity thresholding and characterized by a high intraobserver reproducibility.34
From DT MRI scans, D̄ and FA maps were created and coregistered to the dual-echo images following a method described elsewhere.18,35- 37 Lesion outlines on proton density–weighted images were automatically transferred onto the coregistered D̄ and FA images, and the area and D̄ and FA of each lesion were measured. Then, for each patient, the average lesion D̄ and FA, weighted by lesion area,36 were calculated.
Normalized histograms of D̄ and FA maps were created as previously described.26 For all the histograms, the average D̄ and FA values were calculated, as were the heights and locations of their peaks. Diffusivity histograms were derived from the brain tissue (including T2-visible MS lesions and normal-appearing tissue), NAWM, and NAGM. To obtain D̄ histograms of NAWM and NAGM, MS lesion outlines from T2-weighted scans were automatically transferred onto the coregistered D̄ maps and then nulled out. The segmentation of NAWM and NAGM from the resulting D̄ maps was obtained using an automated technique based on FA thresholding, which has been previously validated in healthy controls and in patients with MS.18 Because FA maps were used for the segmentation of NAWM and NAGM, FA histograms were derived only from the brain tissue.
Group comparisons were assessed using the Mann-Whitney test for nonparametric data or the t test for parametric data. After Bonferroni correction, significant P values were P<.004 for comparisons between patients with PPMS and healthy controls and P<.003 for comparisons between patients with PPMS and those with SPMS.
Univariate correlations were assessed using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Composite MRI scores38 were generated using a linear combination of MRI variables, which were chosen a priori based on biological considerations. The first score included MRI measures of macroscopic lesion burden and intrinsic lesion damage (ie, T2-hyperintense LV, T1-hypointense LV, and average lesion D̄). The second score was composed by average brain, NAWM, and NAGM D̄ (ie, by measures reflecting diffuse tissue damage). A third score included quantities reflecting MS tissue damage within and outside T2-visible lesions (ie, average lesion, NAWM, and NAGM D̄). The weight of each MRI variable resulted from the coefficients estimated by a linear regression model, with EDSS score as the dependent variable. The magnitude and the significance of the correlation between composite MRI scores and EDSS score were evaluated by a nonparametric Spearman rank correlation analysis, because EDSS score does not satisfy the assumptions of continuity and normality for a valid inference in linear regression models. For all the correlations, P<.05 was considered significant. Statistical analysis was performed using a statistical package (Statistical Product and Service Solutions, version 9.0; SPSS Inc, Chicago, Ill).
Nine or more T2-hyperintense lesions30 were seen on the scans from 88 (92%) of the 96 patients with PPMS and on the scans from all patients with SPMS; fewer lesions (range, 2-8) were visible in the remaining patients with PPMS. In the patients with PPMS, median T2-hyperintense and T1-hypointense LVs were 11.3 (25th-75th percentile range [PR], 4.5-30.4) mL and 2.5 (25th-75th PR, 0.4-7.1) mL, respectively. In the patients with SPMS, the corresponding quantities were 26.4 mL (25th-75th PR, 16.0-38.6 mL; P<.001 vs patients with PPMS, Mann-Whitney test) and 4.5 mL (25th-75th PR, 2.6-9.1 mL; P = .004 vs patients with PPMS, Mann-Whitney test), respectively. The median values of average lesion D̄ and FA were 1.07 (25th-75th PR, 0.98-1.16) mm2/s per 10−3 and 0.26 (25th-75th PR, 0.23-0.28) in patients with PPMS and 1.26 (25th-75th PR, 1.14-1.37) mm2/s per 10−3 and 0.23 (25th-75th PR, 0.20-0.27) in patients with SPMS, respectively. The average lesion D̄ was significantly higher in patients with SPMS than in patients with PPMS (P<.001, Mann-Whitney test).
The mean (SD) values of brain volume were 1094.8 (113.5) mL in patients with PPMS, 1155.4 (89.3) mL in healthy subjects, and 1096.1 (117.8) mL in patients with SPMS. In patients with PPMS, the mean brain volume was significantly lower than in healthy subjects (P = .001, t test), while no significant differences were found between patients with PPMS and those with SPMS (P = .95).
Table 1 and Table 2 report the mean values of histogram-derived quantities from brain tissue, NAWM, and NAGM (Figure 1) in patients with PPMS, healthy controls, and patients with SPMS. All the differences remained statistically significant after adjusting for brain volume. Table 3 reports the correlations between DT MRI–derived metrics and T2-hyperintense or T1-hypointense LV; the strongest correlation was that between average brain D̄ and T2-hyperintense LV (r = 0.74, P<.001).
Average mean diffusivity (D̄) histograms of the normal-appearing white matter (A) and the normal-appearing gray matter (B) from healthy control subjects, patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS), and patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS). Compared with healthy controls, a reduction of the histogram peak height (which reflects the amount of "truly" normal tissue) can be observed for the patients with PPMS and SPMS, and is more pronounced in the latter group.
No significant correlations were found between EDSS score and any MRI- or DT MRI–derived variable (range, P = .99 to .26). No significant differences in any of the MRI-derived quantities were found between patients with PPMS with spinal cord presentation and those with other clinical presentations (range, P = .86 to .09). Patients with PPMS with an EDSS score of 6.0 or greater (n = 53) did not differ significantly from those with lower scores (n = 43) for their brain MRI or DT MRI characteristics (range, P = .92 to .06).
In patients with PPMS, none of the 3 composite MRI scores was significantly associated with clinical disability (P = .59, .50, and .42 for the first, second, and third score, respectively). In 26 patients with clinical presentations other than spinal cord syndromes, moderate, albeit statistically not significant, correlations were found between EDSS score and average brain, NAWM, and NAGM D̄ (r values were 0.32, 0.26, and 0.41, respectively) (P = .14, .26, and .06, respectively). In the same subgroup, the composite MRI score, including average lesion, NAWM, and NAGM D̄, was significantly associated with disability (r = 0.45, P = .04).
The clinical characteristics of our sample of patients with PPMS are similar to those of other populations enrolled in previous large-scale studies,5,6 but the predominance of patients with definite PPMS is likely to be the explanation for the relatively higher brain T2-hyperintense LV we found compared with those previously reported.5- 7 A diagnosis of definite PPMS actually requires the presence of either at least 9 brain T2-hyperintense lesions or 4 to 8 brain lesions when spinal cord lesions are detected.30 Consistent with the results of another study,6 we found that brain T1-hypointense LVs did not differ significantly between patients with PPMS and those with SPMS, thus indicating that the overall burden of macroscopic lesions affected by severe tissue damage39 may overlap in the 2 progressive forms of MS. However, the average D̄ of T2-visible lesions was significantly higher in patients with SPMS than in those with PPMS. These findings suggest that, when only a binary classification of MS lesions as either T1 hypointense or T1 isointense is performed, relevant information about the pathological heterogeneity of "black holes" is inevitably lost.39 Our results also prompt speculations on how intrinsic lesion MS pathology may have a different functional impact in patients with the progressive forms of the disease. Given the greater amount of tissue that is involved by T2-visible lesions in patients with SPMS, in these patients the severity of intrinsic lesion damage might play an important role in the accumulation of irreversible disability. This agrees with longitudinal data showing a continuous increase of tissue damage within newly formed lesions in patients with SPMS.40 On the contrary, the few T2-visible lesions and the observation that the severity of intrinsic tissue damage within individual lesions is lower in patients with PPMS than in patients with SPMS suggest that other factors in addition to the presence of lesions affected by marked tissue disruption should act in determining the dynamics of PPMS evolution.
Brain D̄ and FA histogram analysis confirmed the presence of diffuse abnormalities in patients with PPMS, for whom the histographic quantities were all significantly lower than those of healthy subjects. Admittedly, the DT MRI acquisition scheme we used allowed us to obtain limited brain coverage. Nevertheless, we covered a large portion of the central brain, where most of the MS abnormalities are typically located. The severity of brain tissue damage was, however, greater in patients with SPMS than in those with PPMS. Although patients with PPMS showed a significant decrease of brain parenchymal volume vs healthy controls, the results of group comparisons for D̄ and FA histogram–derived quantities did not change after correcting for this factor, thus indicating that the observed changes are not attributable to the inclusion of pixels with significant partial volume effects from the CSF. The correlation we found between T2-hyperintense LVs and average brain D̄ or FA suggests that, at least partially, wallerian degeneration of axons that are transverse to macroscopic lesions41 might contribute to MRI-undetectable brain abnormalities in patients with PPMS. Nevertheless, given the paucity of T2-visible lesions in patients with PPMS, the occurrence of multiple discrete lesions beyond the resolution of conventional scanning should also be considered. This important issue should be addressed by future postmortem studies because, to our knowledge, no pathological data are available supporting the presence of more diffuse occult damage in patients with PPMS than in those with other MS phenotypes.
Although much of the examined brain tissue is constituted of NAWM and, as a consequence, diffuse NAWM damage is likely to be the major contributor to the observed histogram changes, recent studies19,20 have suggested that gray matter damage is not a negligible aspect of PPMS pathological features. For this reason, after removal of T2-visible lesions, we obtained D̄ histograms from the NAWM and NAGM separately.
In a previous study,18 it was demonstrated that a segmentation process based on FA thresholding allows accurate separation between white and gray matter, based on their different microstructural properties. That this segmentation technique works properly in healthy subjects and in patients with MS is indicated by the previous finding that the mean ratios between pixels attributed to NAGM and those attributed to NAWM were similar in these 2 samples, and by the lack of significant differences between region of interest–based and histographic analysis of DT MRI characteristics from the NAGM and NAWM of patients with MS.18 We found that NAWM and NAGM D̄ histogram–derived quantities were different between patients with PPMS and age-matched healthy subjects. Again, tissue damage in both of the compartments seemed to be more pronounced in patients with SPMS than in patients with PPMS.
Our finding of NAWM D̄ abnormalities is consistent with those of other magnetization transfer MRI and magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies,9- 11 showing that tissue damage occurs outside T2-visible lesions in patients with PPMS. Although these results indicate a net loss and disorganization of structural barriers to water molecular motion in the NAWM, we can only speculate on the possible pathological substrates, and postmortem correlative studies are needed to clarify this issue. Nevertheless, valuable information can be derived from DT MRI studies of other neurological conditions. Increased D̄ values have been described in the brain tissue and NAGM from patients with Alzheimer disease,42 which can be considered a condition characterized by diffuse degenerative brain changes. Increased D̄ has also been found in patients with cerebrovascular abnormalities, such as leukoaraiosis,43 systemic lupus erythematosus,44 and cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy.45 Although the magnitude of DT MRI histogram abnormalities observed in our patients is less pronounced than in patients with Alzheimer disease,42 most of the subtle pathological changes known to occur in the NAWM from patients with MS, including diffuse astrocytic hyperplasia, patchy edema, perivascular infiltration, and abnormally thin myelin and axonal loss,46 have the potential to determine increased D̄ values.
Several observations12- 14 have recently emphasized the potential role of gray matter tissue damage in patients with MS. Studies with positron emission tomography47 and quantitative18- 21 MRI techniques have consistently shown functional and structural abnormalities in the NAGM of patients with MS. In a postmortem study,48 gray matter MS lesions had a reduced amount of inflammation when compared with those located in the white matter of the same patients, thus supporting the hypothesis that MS pathological features might follow different patterns in these 2 tissue compartments. Our results confirm that, in patients with PPMS, the brain NAGM is not spared by the pathological process. There are at least 2 factors that may contribute to the increased D̄ values found in the NAGM of patients with PPMS. First, there is the presence of discrete MS lesions, which may go undetected when using T2-weighted imaging.12,49,50 That demyelinated regions of the cerebral cortex from patients with MS harbored transected dendrites, transected axons, and apoptotic neurons48 also suggests that T2-undetectable cortical lesions might provoke a significant increase of gray matter D̄. Second, an alternative, but not mutually exclusive, explanation of the observed D̄ changes might be the presence of wallerian degeneration of gray matter neurons, secondary to the damage of fibers that are transverse to MS white matter lesions.41 However, the modest correlation we observed between macroscopic lesion load and average NAGM D̄ suggests that such a mechanism is likely to account only for a limited part of DT MRI findings from the NAGM. Because the results of NAGM histogram analysis did not change after correcting for brain volume, we conclude that, even though in patients with PPMS and SPMS, due to the presence of brain atrophy, pixels with significant partial volume effect from the CSF might have been introduced in the gray matter pixel pool, such a factor is likely not to affect NAGM D̄ a great deal.
Disappointingly, we did not find any significant correlation between DT MRI–derived measures and EDSS score. This might be because of the limitations of EDSS score, including that it is heavily weighted toward locomotor disability,31 which is likely to be largely dependent on the amount of spinal cord damage. Accordingly, conventional and magnetization transfer MRI studies5,6,51 have suggested that a prevalent involvement of the cervical cord might, at least partially, explain the discrepancy between brain MRI and clinical findings in patients with PPMS. In this study, the absence of imaging data from the cervical cord might, therefore, account for the poor clinical and MRI correlations. Interestingly, when the subgroup of patients with PPMS with clinical presentations other than a spinal cord syndrome was considered in isolation, we found a stronger correlation between the EDSS score and a composite MRI score based on measures of tissue damage within and outside T2-visible lesions. The paucity of the correlation between NAWM/NAGM pathological features and disability might also be secondary to the interpatient variability of adaptive cortical reorganization, with the potential to limit the clinical impact of structural PPMS damage, as shown by recent functional MRI studies.52,53
Accepted for publication May 3, 2002.
Author contributions:Study concept and design (Drs Rovaris, Ghezzi, Caputo, Montanari, Bertolotto, and Filippi); acquisition of data (Drs Bozzali, Iannucci, Ghezzi, Caputo, Montanari, Bertolotto, Bergamaschi, Capra, Mancardi, and Martinelli); analysis and interpretation of data (Drs Rovaris, Bozzali, Iannucci, Bergamaschi, Capra, Mancardi, Comi, and Filippi); drafting of the manuscript (Dr Rovaris); critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content (Drs Bozzali, Iannucci, Ghezzi, Caputo, Montanari, Bertolotto, Bergamaschi, Mancardi, Martinelli, Comi, and Filippi); statistical expertise (Drs Bozzali, Bergamaschi, and Filippi); obtained funding (Drs Ghezzi, Capra, Mancardi, Comi, and Filippi); administrative, technical, and material support (Drs Rovaris, Iannucci, Caputo, Montanari, Bertolotto, and Martinelli); study supervision (Dr Filippi).
This study was supported in part by grant 2000/R/37 from Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla, Genoa, Italy; and by grant ICS030.5/RF00.79 from the National Ministry of Health, Rome, Italy.
We thank Maria Pia Sormani, PhD, for her help in conducting the statistical analysis.
Corresponding author and reprints: Massimo Filippi, MD, Neuroimaging Research Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute and University Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy (e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com).
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Quico Canseco delivers his stump speech during the campaign.
Texas on the Potomac will give you information all day long on the new members of the Texas congressional delegation. This report contains reporting by Gilbert Garcia of the San Antonio Express-News and Richard S. Dunham of the Washington bureau.
San Antonio businessman Francisco "Quico" Canseco knocked off U.S. District 23 Rep. Ciro Rodriguez late Tuesday in one of the state's most hard-fought congressional races.
With 100 percent of precincts reporting, Canseco received 74,671 votes (49.4 percent) to Rodriguez's 67,212 votes (44.4 percent). Other candidates received about 6 percent of the total.
Canseco carried 11 of the district's 20 counties, with Bexar County providing the margin of victory. Rodriguez did best in the counties along the Mexican border, while Canseco rolled up huge margins in West Texas counties with smaller Latino populations.
Canseco, 61, a banker-attorney who relocated from Laredo in 2006, led from the beginning of the vote count as a solid early-voting lead in Bexar County, which makes up two-thirds of the district's electorate, proved insurmountable. Rodriguez, 63, made a small dent in that margin as the results rolled in but couldn't close the gap.
Five months ago, Canseco campaign manager Scott Yeldell told campaign volunteers at the Texas Republican Convention that the District 23 race was "about taking the gavel out of (U.S. House Speaker) Nancy Pelosi's hand."
Rodriguez was seeking his seventh term on Capitol Hill, and his third representing District 23.
The race was dominated by negative advertising, with Rodriguez ads suggesting Canseco was a tax cheat because the former Laredo businessman accrued more than $700,000 in tax and mechanics liens in the 1980s and 1990s, and Canseco ads accusing Rodriguez of delivering "jobs for Shanghai, debt for San Antonio," because the congressman voted for the 2009 federal stimulus package.
Despite the bitter nature of the campaign, Canseco said after his victory: "I'm proud of the race that Ciro ran and I think we all need to be very grateful for the service that he gave to the district."
Texas Tribune
Quico Canseco celebrates on Election Night.
Republicans succeeded in that national effort Tuesday, and Canseco said Tuesday night that he was optimistic he would be a part of the new, Republican-led House in January.
District 23 was targeted early by Texas Republicans as a seat they could flip in their direction.
The district, which has a 65 percent Latino population, is nearly evenly split between Democrats and Republicans.
Canseco, a well-funded Latino with impeccable free-market conservative credentials, offered the GOP a particularly formidable candidate.
Texas Tribune
Quico Canseco
Canseco made two previous bids for Congress, failing to win the Republican nomination both times. In 2008, he spent nearly a million dollars of his own money but lost the Republican primary to then-County Commissioner Lyle Larson.
Rodriguez's 35-year political career has been marked by heartbreaking defeats and tenacious comebacks.
He failed in his first bids at school board and state legislative seats, and was bounced from Congress in 2004 when he lost the District 28 Democratic primary by 58 votes to challenger Henry Cuellar, after a recount overturned an apparent Rodriguez victory.
Rodriguez lost again to Cuellar in the 2006 primary, but months later he successfully challenged District 23 incumbent Henry Bonilla after a U.S. Supreme Court decision resulted in the redrawing of that district's map.
Rodriguez couldn't be reached for comment Tuesday night.


text: On Mon, 2004-12-06 at 13:33 -0800, David Wagner wrote: > I have to say that this kind of reliance on "security through obscurity" > is a giant step back from what I understood to be the goals of the > capability community. This seems terribly harsh on several grounds: 1. Alan et al. are not the community. 2. They have substantially reduced the scope of the defensive problem. This is good progress forward. The question is not whether there is a hole. The question is whether the hole is, in principle, fixable. I absolutely agree that they cannot credibly claim to have solved the problem. They *can* usefully report that they have made progress and identify what is left to be done. The conference presentation problem lies in making the right claims. > I hope you and others won't completely give up your efforts to > build truly secure systems and do it right... I also would hate to see progress stagnate, but (with apologies in advance to Alan) I have somewhat mixed feelings about seeing that work done at HP. Like most companies, HP has a well-motivated tendency to make intellectual property proprietary. In the context of security, this doesn't advance the public interest (and doing so isn't HP's job). In light of this, I find myself in the awkward position of sincerely wishing Alan and his group the best of success at an interpersonal level, and simultaneously wishing that we (collectively) do not suffer the misfortune that they discover and patent anything truly foundational... shap


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Lexile® Measure: 890L
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Yellow blood, silk of steel, skeletons on the outside These amazing attributes don't belong to comic book characters or alien life forms, but to Earth's biggest and hairiest spiders: tarantulas.
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NJ.com member sjgmendevs has a comment:
There are reasons why Figueroa is 35 and has never latched on with a team. He's just not that good. Sure he had some good starts last year, (shutout Houston in the last game) but over the long haul, his stuff is not impressive enough to fool teams when they face him the 2nd or 3rd time around. But I do root for the man and admire his persistance.
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text:
A new report details the multiplying ways consumers can earn frequent flyer miles faster -- including through home purchases, car purchases and more.
Officials are reviewing plans to make Paisley Park a museum. Here's a look at what tours of the home will include as well as other local, must-see Prince stops.
A crop of new travel apps are changing the luxury travel landscape, providing access to luxury hotel pools, exclusive restaurants and more.
Luxury for less than $200 a night is possible. Here's a look at the properties that go easy on your wallet while making you feel pampered.


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Lord's (third day of four): Middlesex, with eight second-innings wickets in hand, are 125 runs ahead of Lancashire
Glen Chapple, the Lancashire captain, received a belated award before play, marking his selection as one of the 2012 Wisden Cricketers of the Year. He may no longer lead the champions, but he can be proud of his side's efforts.
After Toby Roland-Jones removed Ashwell Prince for 71 and Steven Croft for three during a probing new-ball passage that had allowed only 12 runs in 50 minutes, Lancashire were still 176 behind with half their men wickets.
No boundary had come for


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Hello from Glasgow Maybe I will meet some like-minded people from the area here. I have noticed one thread started by Glasgow ppl, yet it was started two years ago, so I am just posting a short intro here. I am also a low-carber.
Your location: Glasgow, Scotland, although I come from the Lower Silesia region of Poland.
Age (If you want): 29
How Primal are you: quite Primal ;]
Do you consume dairy: butter, sometimes cream.
Do you drink coffee or tea: I love all kinds of tea.
Motivator for switching to Primal: Having done my research I came to the conclusion that it is the optimal way of reaching one's full potential.
Favorite exercise: Walking, especially with my dog, hiking, swimming.
Favorite Primal food: Pork chops and bacon, but really all kinds of meat and fat, and eggs as well
Best part about being Primal: being Primal
Worst part about being Primal: Eating anything I did not prepare/bought myself, anxiety associated with eating in social situations etc.


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Spotting help
Since sunday 04/03/11 I spotted light brown, it is now 04/06/11 and i am still spotting a light to dark brown I am not having any pain. I did have a miscarriage 01/27/11 I was 5 weeks and six days bled until 02/01/11 a few weeks later I learned I was pregnant. I am so worried that this spotting may be a miscarriage.


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Thinking of getting one of these or something like it
Some people frown upon using those. If you want to try it out then try it out. I would use somthing like that in places with large crowds like amusement parks or the zoo.
I have one that i got at walmart that i have used for the past 6 yrs with both my girls. Its a puppy. For bigger toddlers ages 2 and up there is a back pack like one with a lead that clips onto the mini back pack on SkipHop.com. I also have a regular one that i got at walmart and its Munchkin brand. Just the harness strap type with no backpack or animal on it. Its adjustable. Love it!! Screw what other people think!! Child saftey is more important than the ones that think they are too good or that are just plain embarrased.lol
Check out your local Walmart or go online. SkipHop.com, Munchkin.com and Amazon have some


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Sen. Richard Blumenthal
Mr. President, today I wish to recognize the New Haven Lions Club as they celebrate their 90th anniversary and nearly a century of community service, civic involvement, and charitable contributions to the city of New Haven, the State of Connecticut, and the increasingly interconnected international community.
Lions Club members are connected to the heart and soul of their local cities and towns, following the proactive philosophy: ``community is what we make it.'' Through their extraordinary service and generosity including weekly meetings, annual volunteer events, and fundraising the 46,000 Lions Clubs and their 1.35 million members change the world around them. Following their historic practice of activism and participation, they touch countless lives.
Founded in 1922, the New Haven Lions Club is the second oldest Lions Club in Connecticut. The members--or Lions, as they aptly call themselves--come together four times a month at the New Haven Long Wharf to plan the community outings that have become well known and anticipated events. Their impact is felt when they hand out free hot cider at the New Haven tree lighting or deliver food donations to the Connecticut Food Bank. Since its start, the club has raised more than $717,000 in charitable contributions.
Responding to a call to action by Helen Keller in 1925, one of the hallmark services offered by Lions Clubs around the world is assisting the often-marginalized blind and visually impaired communities. In 1975, the One to One Program was created in New Haven, where partnerships are formed between a blind and a seeing person. Together, these pairs attend events together throughout the year. In addition, free eye screenings have been offered on the New Haven Green since 1998, serving as a practical resource as well as symbolic gesture that the Lions Club of New Haven is dedicated to inspiring the vision of New Haven residents, helping them to see better lives for themselves.
The Lions of New Haven also offer valuable opportunities for children and young adults in New Haven, understanding their specific needs and then aiming to fill the void, whether providing recreational fun, mentorship, or the teaching of life skills. They have partnered with local schools in New Haven throughout the years, most recently with Nathan Hale School, to sponsor Leo Clubs, which lead students to spend time volunteering and giving back to their communities. Last July, the Lions Club of New Haven offered $2,500 in scholarship funds for graduating Leos.
The New Haven Lions Club is also known for Camp Cedarcrest, 42 acres of grounds in Orange, CT, enjoyed each summer by thousands of Connecticut residents. Together, the New Haven Lions, along with four other service organizations and the New Haven Department of Parks, Recreation and Trees, provide this spot for the community to enjoy.
Even though the New Haven Lions Club has held and participated in many newsworthy events such as hosting a Benny Goodman concert in 1958 and volunteering over 150 hours during the 1995 Special Olympics World Games held in New Haven--what makes this service club special is its members' dedication to each other, their community, and their legacy. Since its birth, then only the second of its kind in New England, the Lions Club of New Haven has evolved and adapted while always keeping the tradition of service, companionship, and civic duty as the foundation of every step together.
I wish the Lions of New Haven all the best as they continue to listen to the pulse of the city of New Haven and represent Connecticut in the many Lions Club happenings around the world. I have the greatest confidence that steadfast progress, tender human connections, and far-reaching impact will be made by this invaluable organization over the next 90 years and more.
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MARTINSBURG - The 104th annual reunion of the Martinsburg High School Alumni Association was held recently at the Holiday Inn with approximately 200 attendees.
The presentation of colors was given by members of the Martinsburg ROTC.
The invocation was given by Budd Jones, class of 1963. President Sarah Frost gave the address of welcome.
Article Photos
Submitted photos
Pictured are Jamie Shrewsbury, Hattie Snyder Scholarship; Andrew Bolyard, Nelson Dunn Scholarship; Searra Carter, Nelson Dunn Scholarship; Alexandra McLeod, MHS Alumni Association Scholarship; Levi St. Thomas, Elizabeth Brindle Scholarship; Elizabeth Davis, James Reynolds Scholarship; Hartley Lushbaugh, Merit Award; Mother of Cedric Brown receiving his merit award (Brittany Waltz, who received the Fred B. Jackson Scholarship, was absent, along with Cedric Brown, as both were competing in a track contest).
Pictured are MHS Alumni Association Officers, first row: Elaine Bobo, Marty Keesecker, Judy Fleming, Peggy Boys, Sandra Sherrard, Derrinda Morrison, Libby Salmon; second row, Dale Hicks, Virginia Reisenwber, Teresa Nicklin, Eugene Myers, Ned Pitzer, Sarah Frost, Betty Gunnoe, Sue Lewis, Kelsey Banks, Anita Cooper and Larry Cooper.
Betty Gunnoe, class of 1963, was presented with the 2013 Outstanding Alumnus/Alumna Award.
The Pledge of Allegiance was led by Elaine Bobo, first vice president of the association.
President Frost introduced the current officers and board members and thanked them for their support throughout the year. The photographer was Patrick Murphy.
Dale Hicks and Sarah Frost presented awards May 16 at Martinsburg High School Senior Awards Day to: Jamie Shewsbury, Hattie W. Snyder Memorial Scholarship; Searra Carter and Andrew Bolyard, William Nelson Dunn Jr. Memorial Scholarship; Brittany Waltz, Fred B. Jackson Jr. Endowment Scholarship; Alexandra McLeod, MHS Alumni Association Scholarship; Levi St. Thomas, Elizabeth Brindle Memorial Scholarship; Elizabeth Davis, James Reynolds Memorial Scholarship; Hartley Lushbaugh and Cedric Brown, 2013 Alumni Merit Award.
Hicks reported that the association has given $4,500 total to the following at MHS this past year: the library, ACE Team and the baseball team.
Merit Awards were presented to Susan D. Goble and David W. Horner of the 1963 class.
Eugene Myers, second vice president, presented the 2013 Outstanding Alumnus/Alumna Award to Betty B. Gunnoe, class of 1963, who has been an active member of the MHS Alumni Association since 1976.
Class responses were given by Linda Jones, for 1968; Budd Jones, for 1963; Barbara Shepherd, for 1968; and Hartley Lushbaugh, for 2013.
Gunnoe presented the slate of officers and directors of the association for the year 2013-14 who were elected to office:
President - Sarah Frost, 1984
First Vice President - Eugene Myers, 1951
Second Vice President - Sue Lewis, 1979
Secretary - Kelsey Banks, 1978
Assistant Secretary - Teresa H. Nicklin, 1951
Treasurer - Dale C. Hicks, 1957
Assistant Treasurer - Martin Keesecker, 1979
Historian - Danny Frost, 2002
Assistant Historian - Peggy F. Boys, 1962
Directors, three years - Libby Salmon, 1958; Tony Lewis, 1996; Elizabeth G. Adams, 1944
Directors, two years - Sandra Sherrard, 1962; Elaine B. Bobo, 1982; Virginia S. Reisenbeter, 1959; Derrinda P. Morrison, 1966
Directors, one year - Anita R. Cooper, 1979; Larry M. Cooper, 1974; Judith A. Fleming, 1963; Ned H. Pitzer, 1958.
Following remarks by Frost, a memorial candle was lit by Hartley Lushbaugh in memory of those deceased members of the Martinsburg High School Alumni Association, followed by a moment of silent prayer.
The benediction was given by Jones.


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by: oversieze 08/05/03 06:29 pm
Msg: 40653 of 40660
She sees a great tech reckoning coming that will unleash cataclysmic consolidation. She says that in the past, high tech grew at five times the growth of the economy (GDP), but it will now grow at only two times GDP. She says the business model that worked for tech in the 1990s will not work in the future. Corporations are already running with the greatly improved productivity that tech provided them in the 1990s. Further gains in productivity will be hard to come up with, so corporate customers will no longer jump to accept new tech products so easily. Tech companies will have to provide more service and power, and at lower costs. The result will be that the tech sector will have to lay off many more workers and outsource to lower cost countries in an effort to survive. "Some companies will get rolled up (acquired), others will slowly slip away. The easy growth they achieved in the past does not prepare them for the slower future." It is her belief that many tech companies with good products that can't create new markets or steal business from competitors will be valued like the old-line maker of washing machines.
Well, you participated in an exchange of posts that focussed on the meaning of the words used by WH in a document. You apparently missed the point of the posts. Why not go back and trace the thread? Perhaps that would help.
Have a great evening.
HPQ Long
OK. Let's take your assertion that the company wasn't sliding. First how will we measure it?
I like Total Return to Shareholders, because that's what I am, a shareholder. Who's the competition for a comparative look? Why don't we use the same group of companies that HWP, and now HPQ, historically have used. Who are those guys anyway? Their names appear in the HPQ Proxy statement every year. As a company falls off the list due to merger, etc., it may be replaced. Surprisingly, the list has remained pretty constant.
Check out the last graph/chart, or whatever you find on p. 57 of the most recent Proxy statement. Keep in mind that this is not based on GAAP or non-GAAP earnings, revenues, employee head count, net assets, etc. but on publicly determined SHARE PRICE plus DIVIDENDS, which is how we participate in the game. It assumes reinvestment of dividends. The figures are plotted for the end of each fiscal year and, with the proxies of prior years, you can go back say ten years or more. Recall that CF arrived in mid calendar year 1999.
Have a look and let us know what you find. How's CF doing compared to her predecessors, competitively speaking? This analysis removes the effects of a bad tech market, which CF is not responsible for, a bad economy, which she likewise is not responsible for, etc. Mind the gap!
Tell me what you discover.
HPQ Long
Perhaps they find her attractive.....
I don't need an English lesson, shbrom.
If you were interested in understanding the truth in this matter and conveying said understanding to others, you wouldn't feel a need to change any of the terms in Walter's disclosure. They were simply put, conveying exactly what he wanted to convey. Terms were discussed and reviewed, (i.e ~$115M) it doesn't matter if a formal agreement was reached or not. The best we can do is agree to disagree here.
One thing is certain. Any further discussion with you about these terms or any terms, for that matter, will not necessarily yield a secret agreement between us.
Here are my references, which are available to all:
Webster's 9th; Roget's II; Barron's Dictionary of Business Terms
Which part of the post do you disagree with and why?
Because he (Lew Platt) was tired of fighting with Dick "the hack" Hackborn.
You like looking at charts, compare Lew's performance during the 90's to Carly's. No comparison, IMO.
IMO, looks good with THREE stock splits.
Under Carly we might get three stock splits.... but they might be reverse splits.... ;-P
Your posts give me a good laugh and I just shake my head.
Well, back to work... ;-)
>>so explain why the BoD of hp which included *heir musician* and susan packard orr retired lew at age 56??? <<
Because Lew wanted to go play in Napa.
Probably not genius.
To start with she didn't rescue a sliding company. It only became sliding when she arrived. She is yet to match Lew Platt's earnings even in his worst year.
So it probably isn't genius.
I am so sorry, but you started it. It is abundantly clear that you have no real concept of Financial accounting, I would also argue from your posts, that you are blinkered.
I would really question your intelligence. Got to go beers waiting.
Somebody considerably more intelligent than you are.
good bunch of bull


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Celestron - Module Axis Connector
Module Axis Connector for CGE Series Mounts... Learn MoreModel#: CEL-NXW412
Celestron - PEC Module for CPC Series Telescopes... Learn More
Model#: CEL-NXW232
In Stock$15.00
Celestron, is a leading designer, manufacturer and importer of high-quality optical products including computerized and non-computerized telescopes and related accessories, binoculars, spotting scopes and microscopes. Since manufacturing its first telescope in 1960, Celestron has grown to become one of the world's leading telescope makers, and enjoys brand-name recognition among serious amateur astronomers for superior optics, outstanding design, and innovative technology. Celestron's innovative products continue to receive numerous industry and consumer media accolades, adding to an already impressive list that includes awards for product innovation from Reader's Digest, Popular Science, PC Magazine, Popular Mechanics, the Consumer Electronics Association and more. Celestron sells and markets its products worldwide through a variety of specialty retail outlets and international distributors. Celestron is a privately held company with corporate offices and manufacturing facilities, in Torrance, CA.


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August 26, 2016 - Industry News
Loves Travel Stops has donated $25,000 to the Salvation Army to help with relief efforts in Louisiana after severe flooding devastated the region.
Tags: Flooding, Louisiana, Love's Travel Stops
July 12, 2016 - Industry News
The Love's Travel Stop in Guthrie, Okla., off Interstate 35, is now offering Fast-Fill compressed natural gas for heavy-duty trucks.
Tags: Love's Travel Stops, Trillium CNG, CNG Fueling Stations, CNG
June 10, 2016 - Product News
Love's Travel Stops has opened a new location in Boardman, Ore., the company's third location to open in the state.
Tags: New Facility, Oregon, Love's Travel Stops, Truck Parking
April 4, 2016 - Industry News
In a partnership with Love's Travel Stops, Great Dane will offer AdvantEdge emergency roadside service at Love's locations.
Tags: Roadside Assistance, Love's Travel Stops, Great Dane
March 29, 2016 - Industry News
The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation has contracted with Love's Travel Stops subsidiaryTrillium CNG to open 29 compressed natural gas facilities in the state.
Tags: Partnership, Pennsylvania, Love's Travel Stops, CNG Fueling Stations, CNG
March 28, 2016 - Industry News
Love's has finalized an agreement to purchase compressed natural gas provider Trillium CNG, officially adding 37 CNG stations to the company's network of facilities.
February 2, 2016 - Industry News
Love's Travel Stops has agreed to purchase compressed natural gas provider Trillium CNG in a deal that will add 37 public-access CNG locations to the truck stop company's network.
Tags: Mergers & Acquisitions, Trillium CNG, Love's Travel Stops, Truckstops, Compressed Natural Gas, CNG Fueling Stations
June 3, 2015 - Industry News
Love's has launched the TirePass full-service inflation system that offers drivers a way to check and automatically inflate tires while refueling.
Tags: Tires, Love's Travel Stops, Tire Inflation
February 10, 2015 - Industry News
Love's is offering 99-cent-per gallon compressed natural gas at select Midwest locations to mark the recent opening of a fast-fill CNG location in San Antonio. The deal will begin on Valentine's Day and run for two weeks.
Tags: Texas, Love's Travel Stops, CNG Fueling Stations, CNG, I-40, Truckstops
November 14, 2014 - Industry News
Love's opened a new travel stop in Columbus, Miss., at U.S. Highway 82 and State Highway 50.
Tags: Truck Tires, Mississippi, Love's Travel Stops, Fuel
October 31, 2014 - Industry News
Love's Travel Stops opened a new location in Muscle Shoals, Ala., at the intersection of State Highway 157 and U.S. Highway 72.
Tags: Alabama, Love's Travel Stops, Truckstops
October 21, 2014 - Press Release
Love's is adding compressed natural gas (CNG) to a Travel Stop location in West Memphis, Ark., along Interstate 40. The location will feature fast-fill pumps for heavy duty trucks as well as a fueling option for passenger vehicles.
Tags: Arkansas, Alternative Fuels, Love's Travel Stops, CNG Fueling Stations, CNG
September 10, 2014 - Industry News
Love's Truck Tire Care is now available at more than 200 of the company's travel stops across the U.S.
Tags: Love's Travel Stops, Maintenance, Truckstops, Tires, Aftermarket
August 29, 2014 - Industry News
Love's Travel Shops announced the opening of two new locations in Mossy Head, Florida, and Fort Stockton, Texas.
Tags: Florida, Texas, Love's Travel Stops, Truckstops, I-10
August 14, 2014 - Industry News
Love's Travel Stops opened two new locations in Fort Myers, Fla. and Shelby, Iowa.
Tags: Love's Travel Stops, I-75, I-80, Florida, Iowa, Truckstops
July 30, 2014 - Industry News
Love's Travel Stops will expand its CNG fueling stations, adding locations in Ardmore and Webbers Falls, Okla., by spring 2015.
Tags: Truckstops, CNG, Love's Travel Stops
July 25, 2014 - Industry News
Love's opens first travel stop along a major highway in Arkansas with its newest location in Searcy.
Tags: Arkansas, Love's Travel Stops, Truckstops, Love's
June 11, 2014 - Industry News
Love's Travel Stops has introduced Love's Financial, becoming the only travel stop company to offer factoring solutions to professional drivers.
Tags: Financing, Love's Travel Stops, Truckstops, Drivers
June 9, 2014 - Industry News
Love's Travel Stops has opened two new locations, one in Dodge City, Kan., at the intersection of U.S. Highways 400, 56 and 283; the other in Grand Junction, Colo., off I-70, at exit 26.
Tags: Diesel, Drivers, Colorado, DEF, Kansas, Love's Travel Stops, Truckstops, Diesel Exhaust Fluid
June 2, 2014 - Industry News
Tires are among the highest expenses for fleets and owner-operators, and tires and wheels accounted for 10% of out-of-service violations. Love's Truck Tire Care centers can help keep your tire expenses down while helping to prevent tire-related roadside breakdowns.
Tags: Love's Travel Stops, Roadcheck
May 16, 2014 - Industry News
Love's celebrated the reopening of its travel stop in east Oklahoma City on Thursday, May 15. The previous site was destroyed by a tornado in May 2010.
Tags: Love's Travel Stops, Truckstops, Drivers, Diesel
May 9, 2014 - Industry News
Love's Travel Stops opens its second travel stop in Fort Pierce, Florida, on I-95, at Exit 131. The additional location gives more drivers convenient access to services and amenities such as gourmet coffee, fresh fruit, gift merchandise and more. The new 24/7 travel stop features 126 truck parking spaces, five showers and a Hardee's restaurant.
Tags: DEF, Love's Travel Stops, Expansion
May 1, 2014 - Industry News
Love's Travel Stops will introduce fast-fill compressed natural gas fueling capabilities for heavy-duty trucks and a CNG fueling option for passenger vehicles at travel stops in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and Williams, Arizona.
Tags: Love's Travel Stops, CNG Fueling Stations, CNG
Trucking Moves America Forward gained momentum with its first major partnership, announcing an agreement with Love's Travel Stops. This comes days after TMAF shared it had raised more than a half-a-million dollars since its March launch.
Tags: Love's Travel Stops, Trucking Moves America Forward
April 11, 2014 - Industry News
Love's Travel Stops opened a new travel stop in Oglesby, Ill., on I-39, at Exit 54, on Thursday, April 10.
Tags: Love's Travel Stops, Expansion
We offer e-newsletters that deliver targeted news and information for the entire fleet industry.
The expert, Steve Carlson from Xantrex, will answer your questions
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Maxion Unveils MaxSmart Wheel-Mounted Sensor
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Welcome to the For Your InFARMation teacher's resource page.
Free teacher resources about Ohio livestock farming provided by the Ohio Livestock Coalition.
Our materials are designed to assist you teach your classes about the origins of the food they eat every day and livestock farming in Ohio.
The materials support the Ohio social studies, language arts, math and science academic content standards for third grade and have been reviewed by a curriculum consultant who is also a third-grade teacher in Ohio. And, smart board lessons have been developed and are available as part of the program. Click below to watch a demonstration of the smart board lessons.
Please complete the below form to download
Win a free field trip to an Ohio farm!
Do you want your students to experience an Ohio livestock farm firsthand? We are giving away a free, all-expenses-paid field trip for the class with the winning essay in our For Your InFARMation essay contest.
View a short video from a previous field trip.
Materials provided by the For Your InFARMation program are for the express use of teachers in Ohio,


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Product Information
InnoTab 3S The Wi-Fi Learning Tablet
The InnoTab(r) 3S offers a wealth of fun, age-appropriate learning games across a wide variety of subjects for kids ages 3-9 on their very own learning tablet! InnoTab(r) 3S includes Wi-Fi, providing a kid-safe connection to the Internet. Kids can use the Wi-Fi to connect to Learning Lodge through the Wish List Maker. There they can explore hundreds of games, e-books, videos, music and more, and send their favorites right to mom or dad's email. Kid Connect lets kids and parents stay close by sending text and voice messages, animated stickers, drawings, photos and more, right from the InnoTab(r) 3S to your smart phone.* Kid-safe web browsing is just a click away with pre-selected and parent-approved websites, allowing even more game play and learning fun. ** Use the D-pad controller, and talk into the microphone for enhanced and interactive game play! Kids will also use the 180 rotating camera to record movies and take fun photos with over 55 special effects on this fun learning tablet. They can even import and listen to their own MP3 songs! Entertaining game play teaches reading, math, social studies, handwriting, science, problem solving, geography and much more. The free onboard My Magic Beanstalk game and new camera features add to the fun. With Movie Maker, kids can become their own director, using their photos to create amazing movies. Features: 2 styluses,rechargeable battery pack and AC adaptor, kid-safe internet browser with pre-selected and parent-approved websites, microphone and NEW D-pad offer even more ways to play and secure Wi-Fi Connectivity ** The InnoTab(r) 3S. . . only from VTech(r)! **Some apps and features sold separately
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text: Explore Alternative treks to the Inca Trail Cusco Inca sites near Cusco The Sacred Valley The Inca Trail Machu Picchu Alternative treks to the Inca Trail Towards the jungle South from Cusco Share There are three main trekking routes that have been developed by Cusco-based adventure tour operators in response to the desperate over-demand for the Inca Trail. The most popular of these is Choquequirao, and like the Inca Trail, this trek ends at a fabulous ancient citadel. Treks around the sacred glaciated mountain of Salcantay are also well-developed and, to some extent, overlap with and link to the Inca Trail itself. Much less walked, but equally breathtaking, is Ausangate, another sacred snow-covered peak (with a convenient looping trail) that on a clear day can be seen from Cusco dominating the southern horizon. Another popular trek is the route from Ollantaytambo to Lares. As for cost, these treks are similar in price to the Inca Trail, ranging from about $60 to $100 a day. Choquequirao Salcantay Ausangate Read More


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Health and Wellbeing - Sculpture Fitness Consultations (NPT)
Choose your time slot - 10.30 10.50 11.10 11.40 12.00 1.00 1.20 1.40 2.10 2.30 2.50 3.10
From the personal trainer
"Would you like a bite size personal training consultation? I can talk about exercising and the importance of health and well being in the workplace. I will emphasise the importance of the knowledge of how to continue to exercise around injury and how to maintain good form and posture to avoid injury in the workplace. Also, did you know that I run outdoor Field Fitness sessions in Tredegar Park on Mondays at 4pm and Thursdays at 4pm, 5pm and 6pm?"
This is an internal ONS event.
- Date and Time
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Recreation Block, First Aid Room, Newport
Newport, United Kingdom
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