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Winter, Harland S.*; Mossialos, Elias¶; Naci, Huseyin¶; Chandra, Amitabh‡; Salojee, Haroon||; Yamashiro, Yuichiro§; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.†; Uauy, Ricardo#; Corvalan, Camila**
*Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
†Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
‡Harvard Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
§Probiotics Research Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
||Division of Community Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
¶London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
#Division of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontifical Universidad Catolica de Chile
**Instituto de Nutricion y Technologia de Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Harland S. Winter, MD, Massachusetts General Hospital, 175 Cambridge St, CRPZ 5-560, Boston, MA 02114 (e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com).
Received 30 August, 2012
The authors report no conflicts of interest.
Contributors from Europe, Africa, Asia, South America, and North America were invited by regional representatives to comment on the economics of health care for children because it relates to their region. The series of articles that follow this introduction reflect what each author believed was relevant. Two of the articles are written by economists at The London School of Economics and the Harvard Kennedy School of Government and delineate the role of health care in economic development; whereas, the other articles express the views of physicians in specific regions about the effects of economic development on individual or community health issues. Although it is true that intellectual genius is not related to economic or social status, societies benefit when the abilities of children are recognized and supported through education and opportunity, access to affordable health care for all children increases individual productivity, and economic empowerment of women improves children's health, there are no data to support the hypothesis that investing in children's health ultimately improves a country's economy. It would seem reasonable to believe that improving health care for children would result in their becoming better educated, reaching their intellectual potential, and being more productive, all of which in turn would result in economic improvement. Physicians who, by training, focus on the needs of an individual child find this worldview to be consistent with their beliefs, but economists who have a broader view of factors that affect economic development realize that health care for children is but one factor of economic success. Although investment in children's health has not yet been shown to directly affect economic growth, such an investment may not demonstrate benefit for decades. Allocation of modest resources to childhood health care may not be sufficient to affect an economy. The experiment may require a bold and comprehensive program to maximize impact. Both physicians and economists agree that the argument to support health care for children and to empower women need not be justified by an economic benefit to society, but rather is laudable on its own merits. Additional studies may be needed to convince governments that investing in health care for children and women will "trickle up" to improve the lives of all of the citizens and validate the expression once used by President John F. Kennedy, "A rising tide lifts all boats."
Elias Mossialos and Huseyin Naci
Children's health is influenced by socioeconomic status as well as physical and socioemotional environments. To promote and improve children's health in Europe, the World Health Organization (WHO) emphasizes a life-course approach, which aims to address the health challenges at each stage of development from prenatal life to adolescence (1). This translates to 7 areas for action, including maternal and newborn health, nutrition, communicable diseases, injuries and violence, physical environment, adolescent health, and psychosocial development and mental health.
Meeting the objectives of a life-course approach poses significant challenges to health systems because it necessitates multisectorial commitment, which spans across agriculture, education, transport, and social care sectors. Improving policies to promote children's health in Europe requires a different philosophy, or a reconfiguration of the health system, to allow for better coordination with other sectors. Health systems have traditionally favored the treatment of illness and disease rather than the promotion of future health. The failure to address the risk factors in early life of serious chronic illnesses such as obesity is likely to increase the medical costs associated with these conditions later on. Children who are obese, for instance, are likely to be obese adults, substantially increasing their risk for costly comorbidities such as type II diabetes mellitus (2).
A multisectorial life-course approach is justified on the basis that promoting children's health would have the potential of reducing the future costs not only to health care, but also to education and social welfare systems. Intuitively, there are pathways that provide a link between children's health status and educational and economic outcomes. Improvements in children's health can lead to improvements in educational outcomes, the prevention of irreversible harm to future economic contribution to society, and given the strong relation between poor health and income level, the mitigation of the intergenerational transmission of poverty (3).
A multisectorial approach that embraces the life-course approach is increasingly the focus of policymaking across European settings. The Finnish government, for example, prioritizes health promotion that spans across physical and socioemotional environments, that is, lifestyles, living environment, and quality of products (4). Similarly, the "Healthy Lives, Brighter Futures" framework, the UK government's children's health strategy, aims to achieve easier access to health services to improve not only physical health but also psychosocial well-being in the form of universal, targeted, and specialist support across 3 life stages: early years and pregnancy, school-age children, and young people (5).
An important challenge facing decision makers in Europe is coordinating the efforts of various stakeholders and ensuring that they share the same incentives around the common goal of promoting and improving children's health. So far economic incentives, such as those in place for family practitioners in the UK, have been constrained to the health system. These so-called quality indicators (eg, screening for high blood pressure) are generally not applicable to children, and those that are (eg, management of type 1 diabetes mellitus) do not always address the greater social context. Extending the reach of these incentives to other sectors, and aligning the objectives across multiple stakeholders, remains an important policy objective in Europe.
Given the complex methodologies required to evaluate interventions that span multiple sectors, there are inevitable limitations of the research efforts exploring the relation between children's health and wider economic and social outcomes (3,6). Reflecting the limitations of the existing data sources, studies adopt a short-term view, without taking into account the long-term costs and benefits; and often neglect important cost dimensions such as social benefits.
To inform evidence-based policies, accurately capturing both costs and benefits associated with multisectorial interventions is essential. In this context, a number of country- or regional-level cohorts are collecting a wealth of longitudinal information on children's health and its determinants in Europe. Examples include the Amsterdam-born Children and their Development cohort in the Netherlands, the Norwegian Child and Mother Cohort study (7) in Norway, and the Newcastle Thousand Families Study in the UK. In an attempt to coordinate these efforts, a Europe-wide research strategy is emerging as a result of CHICOS (Developing a Child Cohort Research Strategy for Europe) (8). Funded by the European Commission, this effort is striving to develop a strategy for future research within European children's cohorts designed to improve evidence-based policy. These efforts provide an opportunity to measure the longitudinal effects of policy initiatives, and allow for a careful evaluation of the relation between children's health status and wider societal outcomes.
A multisectorial life-course approach is needed to promote children's health and align system-wide incentives. Recent efforts to mobilize country- and regional-level data collection mechanisms will offer valuable evidence to evaluate policy initiatives in European countries.
Amitabh Chandra
This section reviews the relation between investing in health and later economic outcomes. Causal empiricism reveals 2 observations: healthier people are richer and richer countries are healthier, leading many commentators to believe that investments in health, especially in children, will yield economic benefits that are analogous to investments in schooling. As with early investments in human capital such as childhood enrichment programs, health capital is believed to pay off in the form of longer, healthier, and more productive lives. A child's intellectual and physiological development occurs early in life, suggesting that early setbacks may have deleterious effects on the ability to make future investments. The evidence on so-called critical periods for certain dimensions of development amplifies these concerns. Finally, there is a long tradition of assuming that what is true for individuals can be applied to larger aggregates such as states or countries. Distinguished commentators have argued that countries who pursue pro-natalist and pro-child investments would see large economic payoffs from their efforts to combat early insults such as malnutrition, diarrhea, and polio (9). The logic behind such reasoning is simple and intuitive, but the theoretical arguments and empirical evidence in support of it are far less obvious.
Let us first focus on the child as an individual and ignore the arguments surrounding aggregating his or her experience to the nation. The first reason that the link between early health investments and later health is not immediate is the problem of competing risks. Put simply, there are multiple health risks that a child faces, and eliminating the most prevalent risk will not guarantee that a child will survive to adulthood—a child who is free of polio may still succumb to malaria, a child who is cured of polio and malaria may still contract hepatitis. Therefore, if policies that target children's health target individual diseases, as many efforts by developing countries and WHO do, the salubrious effects of health investments will be diluted. The dilution depends on the presence of these competing risks, which are likely more prevalent in poorer parts of the globe. This is also 1 reason why investing in slightly older children may yield higher health benefits than investing in infants, who are subject to more competing risks because of their inherent frailty.
Economic theory offers another cautionary tale about the mechanism by which childhood health investments increase later earnings. The channel that economists emphasize is that better childhood health allows a child to learn faster and become stronger. In economic parlance, this is a productivity shock. Better health also may increase incentives to remain in school longer, but the gains from this channel will be second order relative to the direct effect of being healthier on earnings. This is because individuals select the number of years of schooling by comparing the benefits of more schooling to its costs. They may do so imperfectly, but better health only marginally alters their decision-making calculus. Moreover, better health can perversely increase incentives to drop out of school because of higher market wages, especially for physical work.
The third reason is that the extrapolation from the individual to the population is fraught with pitfalls. In high-mortality environments, disease restricts the ability of a population to grow, but when a population grows (because of improvements in health), it reduces the capital per worker, and through this channel, the productivity of labor and, consequently, earning. Therefore, although improvements in individual health may increase individual earnings, the same logic may not aggregate up to the country level. Indeed, this is the key finding of Acemoglu and Johnson (10), who found that major health improvements in the 1940s (the international epidemiological transition) stemming from the widespread use of penicillin, streptomycin, and DDT, were successful in improving life expectancy, but these improvements in life expectancy did not increase income per capita, largely because of the offsetting increase in population.
Taken together, these results lead economists to conclude that it is wrongheaded to argue that investments in health are a policy tool to improve economic outcomes. Rather, better health is an end in its own right and should be valued regardless of its effects on economic outcomes. In the spirit of this argument, Becker et al (11) demonstrate that the striking convergence in mortality between rich and poor countries, which is contrary to their income trajectories, did much to reduce the gap in human welfare between rich and poor countries. Good health means much more than higher incomes. It affects human capabilities and capacity to imagine, consume, and live. This is a sufficient motivation to invest in childhood health.
Haroon Salojee
Sub-Saharan Africa makes up 11% of the world's population, accounts for 24% of the global disease burden, is home to only 3% of the global health workforce, but commands <1% of global health expenditure (12). Health care delivery infrastructure is inadequate, skilled health care workers and essential medicines are in short supply, and weak health information systems restrict appropriate responses. The health care financing system is as deficient as the health care delivery system it supports. It depends on a mélange of measly governmental spending, heavy (but dwindling) foreign donor assistance, and substantial reliance on user fees and out-of-pocket contributions that primarily disadvantage the poorest. With the lowest health spending in the world (averaging $24 per person annually in 2010 [WHO recommends at least $40]), countries cannot ensure universal access to even a limited set of health services. Africa's health care challenges are heightened by the sheer diversity of the continent.
Weak economic growth, inefficient budgeting and spending, poor accountability, and corruption are a few of the immediate causes of the fiscal crisis. Budgetary stringency under health sector reforms that accompany structural adjustment programmes instituted by institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund have handicapped many African governments' ability to respond appropriately to citizens' health needs. At the same time, inadequate investment in the health sector has paralyzed service delivery. In 2001, African governments agreed to allocate 15% of their budgets to health; to date, only 6 countries have met this commitment. Undoubtedly, the continent's greatest challenge is narrowing the inequity in access to care for the "have's" (privileged) and the "have not's" (ordinary citizens).
Universal health schemes are returning to Africa. Countries such as Ghana, Rwanda, Gabon, and Senegal have led the way in pooling risk and transforming access to health care, with South Africa and Nigeria following suit. Ethiopia, for one, has demonstrated the power of strong political will to create a primary-care service virtually from scratch. Simultaneously, an emerging middle class, increasingly active private health care industry, and shifting disease burdens are transforming the way health care on the continent is being funded and delivered.
Africa accounts for more than half of global maternal and child deaths, with infectious diseases predominating. Ensuring access to clean water and sanitation, battling ongoing communicable diseases, and stemming the tide of preventable deaths still dominate the health care agenda in most African settings. The last decade has seen significant progress in marshalling resources to tackle human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome, malaria, and tuberculosis, as new donors and institutions have emerged; however, there is concern that this focus has negatively affected progress in other areas, such as diarrheal disease and malnutrition reduction. Although diseases such as HIV and malaria are inextricably linked to diarrhea and malnutrition, both causally and in their successful management, the fear that funds that primarily address the latter diseases have been diverted elsewhere needs to be allayed. The evidence for this is equivocal.
In the case of childhood diarrhea, in the face of remarkable decreases in mortality globally, diarrhea has superseded pneumonia as the number one cause of under-5 mortality in Africa. Improvements in access to safe drinking water and sanitation have also stalled in Africa, making it difficult to combat stubbornly high levels of water-borne illnesses. A staggering 80% of African countries are presently unlikely to meeting the Millennium Development Goal sanitation target. More costly but still important have been the reductions in HIV-related morbidity through improved prevention of mother-to-child transmission strategies and antiretroviral therapy access, particularly in southern and east Africa.
In the case of malnutrition, evidence of disease reduction is lacking. Underweight prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa has remained roughly the same during the last 2 decades. More than half of the children hospitalized with severe malnutrition in countries such as Malawi, South Africa, and Zambia are HIV infected. The difficulties of ensuring access to nutritious food for the most vulnerable in Africa have been compounded by a convergence of global trends: skyrocketing food prices; an increase in the number and intensity of weather-related disasters (eg, droughts); and an escalation of ongoing civil conflicts. Although billions of dollars of international assistance are labeled "food aid," <2% is being spent on interventions targeted specifically at reducing malnutrition among children (13). Médecins Sans Frontières have raised the concern that wealthy countries are investing in long-term agriculture programmes at the expense of urgent measures to target food aid at the hungriest children (13).
Where lies salvation for Africa's children? Extending universal health care coverage to Africa's poorest offers the best prospect for addressing equity and other issues. It takes the focus of health systems away from providing expensive, hospital-centric, and disease-focused care and reestablishes the premier position of primary health care and the importance of community-based activities. Reducing reliance on international aid organizations and giving local communities more control over health care resources is crucial for meaningful change, but historically has been difficult to institutionalize. Nevertheless, community-based ambulatory treatment of severe malnutrition is an example of how this kind of change can occur. Inpatient care of malnutrition in many African settings is now reserved for the most severe cases, with many children being managed at outpatient or clinic nutrition centers, or at home. Costs of this ambulatory community-based treatment have been consistently lower than that for institution-based treatment, ranging between US$46 and $453 per child, depending on the type of care provided and the costing methods used (14). At this price, the intervention is cost-effective compared with other priority health interventions in low-income African countries.
Africa's health care systems are at a turning point. The crisis is as much political as fiscal. Governments must make tough choices and their decisions will be crucial to determining whether mortality rates remain crushingly high, or whether the "dark continent" illuminates a new path demonstrating how citizens' basic needs, including health, can be met, and diseases such as diarrhea and malnutrition obliterated to clinical peculiarities.
Yuichiro Yamashiro
In the last 2 decades, at least 3 major economic crises have occurred. The Asian currency crisis in 1997, the so-called Lehman Shock in 2008, and the present European market crisis. Globalization is rapidly influencing events worldwide. More than three-quarters of the countries belonging to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development have experienced a growing gap between rich and poor during this period.
Income inequality can damage health through 2 pathways. First, a highly unequal society implies that a substantial segment of the population is impoverished, and poverty is bad for health. Second, income inequality is thought to affect the health of not just the poor but also the better-off in society. The so-called spillover effects of inequality have in turn been attributed to the psychosocial stress resulting from social inequality (15). The fight by conservative forces in the United States against the bill to reform Medicaid is 1 example.
Health care delivery in highly developed countries can be roughly divided into 2 systems: the European type and the US type. The former is based on the principle of universal coverage. It is operated by tax-financed organizations such as the National Health Service in the UK (16). It is offered to all of the members of the population in times of health care need, and it provides largely free care at the point of use and lends itself to the principle of equal access for equal need. The latter relies on the incentive mechanisms of the purchasers and providers of health care and is based purely on economic notions of competition, rather than regulation by the government (17). Although the European type has been modified and reformed in each country, their health outcomes have been satisfactory. This is in contrast to that in the United States, where the lack of a national health care system to provide universal coverage, together with the lack of health insurance in a large segment of the population (>50 million, including even 7.5 million children in 2009), has led to a health crisis (17,18). It is worth keeping in mind the notion that health is not a game; it is a public good, and thus health services should not be about competition; they should provide equity for all people, irrespective of their socioeconomic or demographic position. Patients are not treated as merely consumers. This is especially true for children.
In other Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development signatory nations, however, core objectives of the system also have not been performed smoothly. This is mainly because of income inequality. Care is no longer entirely free at the point of use for all health services because of various reasons, including the increasing cost of health care management. Health inequality is a serious and growing problem worldwide, even in Japan (19), where wealth inequality is still lower than in other highly developed countries, according to the Gini coefficient. Indeed, cost performance for health care service in Japan is extremely good. For example, in 2008 the total expenditures for health/capital, in US dollars, were 7720 in the United States, 3644 in Sweden, 3280 in the UK, and 2878 in Japan (20). Furthermore, the lowest infant mortality rate, the longest life expectancy, and the lowest obesity rate among both adults and children were in Japan.
In highly developed countries, a lower level of education is associated with health inequalities. Lower education levels can lead to insecure income, hazardous work conditions, poor housing, and even psychosocial stresses, all of which can have a bad influence on children's environments for healthy growth. These factors cause higher rates of premature babies and of infant and child mortality, along with lower breast-feeding rates, leading to poor school performance, child abuse, and obesity with metabolic syndrome.
There is no valid argument against giving a high priority to the health of mothers and children, yet women and children are particularly vulnerable to socioeconomic inequalities. Medicaid in nearly half of the states of the United States is almost collapsing (21). This is threatening children with chronic diseases and leading to a widening health gap between different social groups. What world medicine needs today to avoid the sacrifice of children's health is a new and stronger political voice. Medical professionals working for children's care should strengthen their professional moral responsibilities because they know that a more involved and motivated profession will lead to better outcomes for children with diseases, throughout the world.
Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
Although there has been remarkable progress during the last decade in reducing the burden of child mortality, the rates of reduction in child deaths globally vary considerably. From an estimated 10 million deaths among children younger than 5 years annually in 2000 (22), now corrected to 9.6 million deaths, present figures indicate that there are 2.0 to 2.4 million fewer deaths ever year (23,24). There have been major reductions in childhood diarrhea-, pneumonia-, and measles-related deaths, and despite variations in malaria estimates (25), there has also been progress in reducing malaria-associated deaths; however, despite the reduction in the under-5 global mortality rate in children younger than 5 years to 57.1 from 73/1000 live births, progress across the globe remains variable. There are some varied estimates of gains over time and trends largely depending upon methodology used to derive estimates. The recent Countdown to 2015 initiative (26,27) reports that of 75 countries with >95% of the global burden of maternal, newborn, and child mortality, only 22 are on track to achieve Millennium Development Goal 4 and 13 (17%) have made little or no progress.
Of the 7.6 million under-5 child deaths globally, despite progress there are still close to 2 million deaths due to diarrhea and pneumonia annually. In 2010, 64% (4.875 million) of all of the child deaths were attributable to infectious causes, and pneumonia (14%, 1.068 (uncertainty range [UR] 0.972–1.173 million) and diarrhea (10%, 0.748 (UR 0.532–1.026) million) accounted for almost one-quarter of all deaths. There were notable regional variations. The southeast Asia region was also heavily affected by childhood pneumonia, which was responsible for 22% (0.455 million, UR 0.357–0.550 million) of child deaths in the neonatal and postneonatal periods. In India alone, of the 1.682 million under-5 children child deaths in 2010, newborn deaths accounted for 52% of these deaths, whereas pneumonia (0.394 million, UR 0.301–0.483 million, 23%) and diarrhea (0.208 million, UR 0.179–0.274 million, 12%) accounted for another third (3). For pneumonia and diarrhea, the 5 countries with the most deaths include India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Ethiopia (28).
Although challenges and inequities remain (29), there has been progress. Of the 2 million fewer deaths seen between 2000 and 2010, 41% of the lives saved were related to diarrhea and pneumonia. Pneumonia deaths fell from 1.846 (UR 1.608–2.124 million) to 1.393 million (UR 1.185–1.639 million), with the pneumonia-specific mortality rate dropping by an average of 3.1% (UR 2.6%–3.4%) per year. Diarrhea deaths fell from 1.160 (UR 0.911–1.574 million) to 0.798 million (UR 0.550–1.176 million), a 4.0% (UR 2.5%–5.6%) decline; however, the present rate of reduction of these deaths is insufficient to attain Millennium Development Goal 4. Despite reduced mortality, there is evidence that morbidity rates have hardly reduced during the last 2 decades (30), reflecting relatively sparse attention paid to preventive strategies and social determinants of health. Child undernutrition trends show some improvement, but unequal progress (31) and rates of reduction in stunting in Africa and parts of south Asia remain extremely slow.
There is considerable overlap between interventions to prevent and treat childhood diarrhea and pneumonia. Most of these interventions are inexpensive and well established, such as exclusive breast-feeding for 6 months, access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene, oral rehydration therapy, zinc supplementation, and community case management, yet their global coverage remains low, with huge differentials between various socioeconomic groups (29). Preventive interventions, some of which reduce the incidence of both diseases, include optimal breast-feeding practices and adequate nutrition, immunizations, hand washing with soap, and access to improved water and sanitation facilities. Lifesaving treatment options after a child becomes sick include antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia and oral rehydration salts and zinc for diarrhea; however, coverage of these interventions remains low, particularly among the most vulnerable children. In addition, many interventions requiring modifications of care seeking and household behaviors also do not have effective coverage, and if anything, overall coverage rates of oral rehydration for diarrhea have stagnated for the last decade.
In a previous estimation of costs for scaling up interventions for child survival, we assessed costs according to service delivery modes (community-based services, outreach programs, and facility-based clinical services) and suggested that a modest global investment of US$5.1 billion (UR US$3.1–8 billion) in new resources was needed annually to save 6 million child lives in the 42 countries responsible for 90% of child deaths in 2000 (32). These figures have been revised since to include a range of costs for integrated packages of maternal, newborn, and child health and include costs of training sufficient human resources, developing management capacity, and other aspects of the health system needed to scale up and sustain these coverage levels. A major cost-effective strategy for this is the development of cadres of community health workers for outreach and the development of strategies to reach those that are presently not being reached by existing programs (33). These community-based platforms have the potential to reduce maternal morbidity and newborn mortality and should be scaled up globally (34). They also have huge potential to reduce deaths caused by childhood diarrhea (35) and pneumonia (36) and should be an important part of the strategy options; however, efforts to do so are still slow (37). There is much that can be achieved by such task sharing with community-based outreach programs that can help address populations in greatest need. Similar approaches with targeting cost-effective interventions can also reach the urban poor (38) in some of the areas at highest need.
Ricardo Uauy and Camila Corvalan
Stunting is defined by a low height relative to what is considered normal based on children of similar age and sex that have grown up under conditions that do not restrict growth; participants of the WHO multicenter growth reference study conform to the latter condition and therefore are valid to identify stunted children. Height provides a cumulative record of past and present restrictions affecting a child's skeletal growth: failure to reach one's genetic height potential. This is commonly because of inadequate nutrition compounded with frequent infections, inadequate care, poor sanitation, and limited access to health services; however, the true underlying causes are low socioeconomic status, unemployment, and poverty, commonly conditioned by social, economic, and political contextual factors (39). Presently, stunting is the most prevalent form of undernutrition. Estimates of stunting prevalence among children ages 5 years or younger in 2010 based on the WHO (2006) standards are 38.2% for Africa (60 million children), 27.6% in Asia (100 million children), and 13.5% (7 million children) in the Latin American region; more important, these figures, particularly in Africa, will not change substantially in the next 10 years (40). Recent analyses of surveys from 54 countries using WHO growth standard reference indicate that the fall in mean height-for-age z score in early life occurs early in most regions of the world. Growth faltering takes place soon after birth and increases thereafter reaching its lowest value close to 24 months of age (41). These results support the concept that the intrauterine periods and the first 2 years of postnatal life are critical for preventing malnutrition; once stunting is established, the lost length typically persists, unless there are specific nutritional disorders that delay bone age maturation (41). Tracking height from early life into adulthood is further supported by analyses of several large cohorts from developing countries that show that gaining 1 z score of height-for-age at 2 years (∼3.2 cm) is associated with a similar increase in attained adult height (42).
Stunting is associated with increasing mortality and morbidity particularly because of infectious diseases such as diarrhea, measles, pneumonia, and malaria. The Lancet Series on Malnutrition reported that in 2004, stunting accounted for 1.5 million deaths and for almost 55 million disability-adjusted life-years in low- and middle-income countries (39). These numbers correspond to almost 15% of the total amount of deaths in children younger than 5 years and close to 13% of the total global disability-adjusted life-years. These data serve to demonstrate the relevance of nutrition–infection interactions as a risk factor for death and disability in children younger than 5 years. There is also evidence demonstrating that stunting is associated with impaired cognitive development and that this association is not just restricted to settings where the prevalence of stunting is extreme (43,44). Impaired motor development and exploratory behavior may further compromise and potentiate the early damage with consequences at later stages in terms of learning and school performance (45); however, the consequences of stunting are not restricted to the first few years of life; they extend throughout childhood and beyond (46). Stunting has also been associated with lower school performance, poorer attention in class, increased rates of repetition, higher drop-out from school, and lower graduation rates. These are likely because of the combined effect of deprived environments as well as the persistence of early functional and behavioral damage (44,45). Long-term economic consequences of stunting include lower earnings per workday and low family income, affecting men and women. In case of physical labor, there is a documented decrease in the capacity for physical work, likely because of reduced lean body mass and lower productivity in manual jobs. Analyses from the COHORTS study indicate that an increase of 1 standard deviation in height-for-age in early childhood in India was associated with an 8% increase in income as well as in assets (42). Birth length is also positively associated with attained adult height and fat-free mass, and therefore, has long-term consequences on body composition. Finally, it has been suggested that stunted children have a higher predisposition to develop obesity and metabolic complications later in life because of decreased energy expenditure; however, these associations have been replicated in some but not in all studies (47–50). In the case of adults, maternal short stature (height <1.45 m) is highly prevalent in south/southeast Asia and in some Latin American countries such as Guatemala. Given the actual rapid nutrition transition observed in developing countries, maternal short stature is now compounded with maternal obesity. Short stature and obesity act in synergy to increase the risks of cesarean deliveries (51), gestational diabetes as well as of delivering low- or high-birth-weight babies (52,53). The detrimental effects of the nutrition transition in developing countries will likely be amplified because of the transgenerational transmission of risks, unless we intervene to break the chain of events. These results support examining the consequences of stunting cumulatively with a life-course perspective.
Stunting may exacerbate poverty perpetuating the vicious cycle as vulnerability to malnutrition and disease grows. From a population perspective, the evidence summarized here demonstrates that stunting in early life not only has negative effects on children's health and educational performance but also imposes an added burden of disease across the life course affecting health expenditures and reducing overall productivity. Thus, the total cost of undernutrition is a function of higher health care spending, inefficiencies in education, and lower productivity. A recent study from the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean provides estimates of the economic costs associated with undernutrition in the Central American region (54). The analysis focuses on the consequences of infant and child malnutrition on economic development with a life course perspective. Given the rapidly evolving nutritional and epidemiological situation of these countries, the study provides present estimates based on extrapolations derived from previous studies from countries at early stages of the transition, as well as projected costs in the future predicted from costs and savings scenarios if interventions to control or eradicate undernutrition are effectively implemented. The first model using the retrospective approach includes the social and economic consequences of undernutrition for a given year for different cohorts that have been affected by undernutrition considering estimates of health costs for preschool children that are affected by undernutrition in the year of analysis; educational costs of 6- to 18-year-old children who experienced undernutrition during the first 5 years of life; and economic costs derived from lost productivity of working-age individuals who experienced undernutrition in early life. The second model used a prospective approach considering the projected present and future losses incurred as a result of medical treatment, repetition of grades in school, and projected lower productivity derived from undernutrition among children under the age of 5 in each country, in a given year. The models serve to estimate potential savings derived from actions to reduce malnutrition (eg, reducing undernutrition by 50% in 2015). Results indicate that the economic effect of undernutrition represents 1.7% to 11.4% of gross domestic product depending on the country studied (average 3.4% gross domestic product). Higher mortality and lower level of education accounted for >90% of the costs, whereas costs owing to illness or other health consequences accounted for only 6% and school repetition for <1%. These results support policies by governments in the region to eradicate hunger and undernutrition; significant economic and major social benefits will be accrued. In fact all of society would benefit from dropping malnutrition; investments in nutrition in early life will benefit not only the present group of children but also future generations.
Copyright 2012 by ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN
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Girls Soccer
West Branch 2, Salem 0
BELOIT - West Branch got two goals on directional kicks in the first half of their Division II sectional final against Salem Thursday, and it was good enough for a 2-0 victory.
Maddy Estock and Toni Dickinson both scored for the Lady Warriors, and West Branch's Lauren Martig had seven saves in goal for the shutout.
Erica Johnson, Madison Heverly, Aliza McConnahey, Emily Thiel and Olivia Polverine all helped contribute to the Lady Warriors defensive stand.
Salem's Makenzie Schwartz had three saves in goal.
United 3, Ursuline 1
HANOVERTON - The United Lady Eagles soccer team won their sectional final Thursday to remain unbeaten on the season. Leading United was Makenzie Gatchel, Emily Guappone and Becky Althouse who all scored. Gatchel added an assist. Paige Clark had eight saves in goal, and Shelby Widlicka was also key to the Lady Eagles' defensive cause.
United (15-0-2) will play in the district semifinal hosting Waterloo Monday at 7 p.m.
Salem sweeps Mooney
BOARDMAN - The Salem Lady Quakers got off to a good start in Division II tournament action Thursday at Boardman High School dropping Cardinal Mooney in straight sets 25-19, 25-11, 25-22. Camrin Costal tallied 11 kills and three blocks. Lindsey Foster added 10 kills and four blocks. Sami Reedy had 14 digs and two aces, and Carson Herron had 18 assists and two aces.
Salem (14-9) plays the winner of Hubbard/Southeast Tuesday in the night's second match (approx. 7:30 p.m.).
Clippers knock out Lisbon
LISBON - Columbiana earned a berth in the Division IV district semifinal with win over Lisbon on Thursday, 25-18, 25-14, 25-19.
"We're just hot right now," Columbiana senior setter Cassidy Stoddard said. "We had a rough start, but this is what weve played for."
Clipper coach Erin Heasley said her team is peaking at the right time.
"We're playing pretty well. We got a nice little streak going at the end of the season,: Heasley said. "Now's the time."
The win earns the Clippers a shot at Jackson-Milton, which toppled Sebring 25-7, 25-4, 25-17 in Thursday's early game. The Bluejays won the Inter-Tri County League upper tier title and beat the Clippers in their season opener.
"We played Jackson-Milton in the regular season, and we saw them a little tonight," Heasley said. "We'll make adjustments like we do with every team we play, and then we'll come Tuesday to get it done. I have all the confidence in the world that our best team is going to show up. I'm very confident in the way we're playing now."
Girard tops EP
SALEM - Girard beat East Palestine in Division III tournament action Thursday 25-16, 25-12, 25-21. Girard moves on to face Springfield - who beat Mogadore Thursday 16-25, 27-25, 25-21, 20-25, 18-16- at 5 p.m. Monday.
South Range tops Aquinas
SALEM - South Range continued its Division III trek with a sectional final win over St. Thomas Aquinas 22-25, 25-16, 25-14, 25-23.
Range moves on to face Waterloo at 6:30 p.m. Monday.
Crestview tops Heartland
LISBON - Crestview defeeated Lisbon 22-25, 25-23, 22-25, 25-15, 15-7 in the Division IV Lisbon Tournament Tuesday.
Leading Crestview was Morgan Newbauer with 32 assists, 14 digs and three aces. Adrienne Huston had 16 digs and four aces.
For Heartland (16-6), Maddison Pennington had 14 points, and Olivia Test had 21 kills and five blocks.
Crestview (12-11) moves on to face Wellsville - who topped Southern - at 6 p.m. Tuesday.
Freshman Volleyball
Salem @ WB Tournament
BELOIT - The Salem freshman volleyball team came in second place to Louisville Wednesday at the West Branch Tournament 18-25, 20-25.
For Salem, Kacey Costal had seven kills. Linzy Haueter added five kills, Ashley Foster had four kills and two aces, and Katie Madison had six assists.
Salem finishes the season at 14-3.

subset: commoncrawl


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Hi! My name is Zeus
I am Domestic Shorthair from Benbrook, TX
Nicknames: Zeusy
Age: 14 years old
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Home > Categories > Category
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sorted by:
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Herb Brooks Arena - Lake Placid NY
in Ice Skating Rinks
The Herb Brooks Arena, one of three ice surfaces at the Olympic Center, is a 7,700-seat multi-purpose arena in Lake Placid, New York.
posted by: nomadwillie
location: New York
date approved: 9/28/2016
last visited: never
Donau-Ice-Dome - Neu-Ulm, BY, Germany
There's the public accessible ice-rink and the home of Neu-Ulm Ice-Hockey-Team 'Donau Devils'. The Donau-ice-Dome is located in Neu-Ulm, Bayern, Germany.
posted by: [somnambulist]
location: Bayern, Germany
date approved: 9/21/2016
Penobscot Ice Arena - Brewer, Maine, USA
Regular size year round rink.
posted by: Maine Gnomes
location: Maine
date approved: 6/23/2016
Icehouse Neuwied - Neuwied - Germany - Rhineland/Palantine
A public accessible ice-rink and the home of Neuwieds Ice-Hockey-team 'Die Bären' (Bears).
posted by: ColleIsarco
location: Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
date approved: 6/1/2016
Calumet Colosseum - Calumet MI
Originally it was the National Guard Armory and most people refer to it as The Armory.
posted by: kJfishman
location: Michigan
date approved: 5/31/2016
Dr Pepper Starcenter Frisco - Frisco,Texas/U.S.A
Located at the southeast corner of Dallas Pkwy and Gaylord Pkwy
posted by: Crazy4horses
location: Texas
date approved: 4/19/2016
last visited: 4/19/2016
Anaheim Ice - Anaheim, CA
Anaheim Ice in Anaheim, CA.
posted by: saopaulo1
location: California
date approved: 4/1/2016
Memorial Arena - Penticton, BC
Memorial Arena was, for 57 years, the major ice arena and entertainment venue in the city of Penticton.
posted by: BK-Hunters
location: British Columbia, Canada
date approved: 1/14/2016
Halifax Forum - Halifax, NS
Storied in history, the Halifax Forum was, for many years, the home of the only professional hockey team in the Maritimes. Today it is home to the Saint Mary's Huskies College Hockey Team.
location: Nova Scotia, Canada
date approved: 10/2/2015
Palm Beach Skate Zone - Lake Worth, FL
This location includes ice skating and roller skating.
posted by: Blue Man
location: Florida
date approved: 9/24/2015
Guildford Spectrum ice rink - Guildford, UK
Guildford Spectrum Ice Rink in Surrey.
posted by: JamesA60
location: South East England, United Kingdom
date approved: 8/28/2015
Eisbahn Kleinholz - Olten, SO, Switzerland
The ice stadium Kleinholz in the south of Olten is the public ice skating rink of town and home to the professional ice hockey team EHC Olten.
posted by: fi67
location: Espace Mittelland (BE/SO), Switzerland
date approved: 5/7/2015
last visited: 8/18/2015
Nelson Civic Arena - Nelson, BC
Nelson is a city of history and heritage buildings, with over 350 heritage buildings in a city of just over 10,000.
date approved: 3/15/2015
Patinoire des Lacs - Viry Châtillons, FR
La patinoire des lacs de Viry-Châtillon / Ice rink of the lakes.
posted by: Infra-Blue
location: Île-de-France, France
date approved: 3/7/2015
Zimní stadion USK Praha HASA - Praha, CZ
Ice rink HASA in Vršovice.
posted by: Noe1
location: Hlavni mesto Praha, Czech Republic
date approved: 2/21/2015
last visited: 4/6/2015
Aréna Maurice Richard - Montréal, QC
Aréna Maurice Richard, située
location: Quebec, Canada
date approved: 2/14/2015
last visited: 6/29/2016
Ober Gatlinburg Ice Skating Rink - Gatlinburg, TN
This ice skating rink is located in the indoor area of the Ober Gatlinburg Ski Area and Amusement Park in Gatlinburg, Tennessee.
posted by: Marine Biologist
location: Tennessee
date approved: 2/6/2015
last visited: 4/20/2015
Sport Center - Courmayeur, ITA
Olympic ice rink inside a sport center.
location: Valle d'Aosta, Italy
date approved: 2/2/2015
Eishalle Balingen, Germany, BW
This is the ice rink in Balingen, Germany, Baden-Württemberg. It is located in the 'Wasserwiesen'.
posted by: Tante.Hossi
location: Baden-Württemberg, Germany
date approved: 1/16/2015
Ice Center - SUNY Broome - Binghamton, NY
This rink is part of a student activity building on the local community college campus.
posted by: ripraff
date approved: 1/4/2015
La Patinoire de Tours - Centre, France
[E] This Ice Skating Rink is located in Tours, Centre, France.
[F] Cette patinoire se trouve à Tours en Indre-et-Loire.
posted by: Chickilim
location: Centre, France
date approved: 12/21/2014
last visited: 8/29/2016
J. L. Grightmire Arena, Dundas, ON
Also known as the Market Street Arena
posted by: stinger503
location: Ontario, Canada
date approved: 10/8/2014
Bradford Ice Arena - Bradford, UK
This public ice rink opened in 1966 and at the time was described as the finest rink in the world.
posted by: dtrebilc
location: Yorkshire, United Kingdom
date approved: 10/5/2014
Kamloops Memorial Arena - Kamloops, BC
Completed in 1949, the Memorial Arena, like those of a great many towns and cities in Canada, was built as a memorial to those soldiers who never returned from war. It is used as much today as it was on the day it opened.
date approved: 8/31/2014
Invista Centre - Kingston, Ontario
The City of Kingston's flagship indoor recreation complex has four ice sheets that accommodate a variety of sports - many of which have ice all year long.
posted by: Trail Blaisers
date approved: 8/17/2014
last visited: 9/10/2014
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text:
We made mistakes, says bank boss
Published 14/12/2009
One of the UK's top bankers has admitted that "mistakes were made" within the industry, as he vowed to restrict bonus payments.
Bob Diamond, president of Barclays, said banks had done a "pretty poor job" of managing the bonus process and that his firm would be deferring up to 60% of payouts — more than double the usual levels.
He said: "We (the whole banking sector) have done a pretty poor job of managing how the (bonus) process works.
"We do agree that many functions should have a higher portion of fixed and a lower portion of variable."
Mr Diamond warned that a regulatory crackdown on bonus payments could see banks base themselves somewhere other than London, currently one of the two main global financial centres along with New York.
"I don't think there is any city in the world that has been more of a symbol of global trade than London, and London has also been a very big beneficiary of its status as a global trading centre." Asked if that status was at risk, he said: "There is always a risk."
"Clearly there were mistakes made and I've made mistakes.
"This isn't about anyone saying I don't have to be part of the solution. It is quite the opposite, it is about saying I do want to be part of the solution."
Last week the Government unveiled a bank bonus supertax which will see the institutions pay 50% tax on all individual payouts above £25,000.
American Mr Diamond — who was paid more than £20 million in 2007 — waived his bonuses last year and declined to say what would be happening for 2009.
Belfast Telegraph


text:
on June 3, 2013 - 9:00 PM
Few people would have blamed William "Popeye" Blackmon if he'd kept his mouth shut after witnessing, just a few feet away, the shooting death of his good buddy last July.
Instead, he helped lead authorities to his friend's killer. Nine days ago, on the night of May 26, his family believes, he paid for that decision when he was shot to death, only a couple blocks from the original shooting.
Blackmon, 51, knew the streets and the customs of Buffalo's East Ferry-Moselle-Grider-Woodlawn area. For some 40 years, he had walked those streets. He was a charmer and a hustler, armed with a gift of gab. And while family members admit he was no saint and had spent some time in jail, he also was known for helping people down on their luck, whether it was giving them a dollar or two or guiding them to the nearest food pantry.
Last July 18, Blackmon watched in horror as close friend Darryl "Bobby" McDavis was shot to death in broad daylight, at East Ferry and Stevens streets. Police have claimed it was a dispute over drugs and possibly a bicycle.
Blackmon saw it all, and he told Buffalo homicide detectives exactly what he witnessed. Late last October, police in Tennessee arrested the key suspect, Wyatt "Chicago" Hayes, who was charged with second-degree murder. Hayes pleaded guilty to first-degree manslaughter on May 17, nine days before Blackmon was killed, law-enforcement officials said; Hayes is scheduled to be sentenced June 14.
"My brother had the guts to stand up and tell them what happened," said Kimberly Blackmon, one of his sisters.
"We have a heart," she explained. "When you lose somebody like that, a good friend, by something so senseless, what are you supposed to do? We can't just shut up."
William Blackmon may have known his own days were numbered.
A few days before he died, he began sleeping on a chair in his sister's home.
"My brother was the type of man who wanted to do the right thing," said another sister, Deborah Irvin. "He took a chance. He knew the consequences. Near the end, he felt he was going to lose his life over this."
His family has gone public with its plea for someone in the community to do the right thing and come forward with information about his killer, the same way their brother did.
They held a prayer service and vigil Sunday evening in the area where he was shot, stumbled and collapsed, fatally wounded.
On Monday, Kimberly Blackmon and Deborah Irvin issued their own plea to their brother's killer.
"If you have any pride, any self-worth in yourself, you should come forward and turn yourself in," Kimberly Blackmon said. "This is going to haunt you, because you took away somebody who was so precious. Popeye never harmed a fly."
There's little question that someone saw their brother die. It was a hot night, about 10 p.m., the night before Memorial Day, when many people would have been outside, some on nearby porches in full view of the shooting scene.
Kimberly Blackmon understands that her brother's death can have a further chilling effect, causing people to fear for their lives if they come forward. If they talk, they can be labeled snitches, and that can put their lives in jeopardy.
But if witnesses don't talk, then crimes go unpunished.
"You have to talk, because you have to live in these neighborhoods," she said. "You want peace in your neighborhood. You want to be able to walk the streets."
Both sisters emphasized that anyone coming forward needs to ask police for witness protection.
Kimberly Blackmon knows who the real culprit is.
"These kids today are more scared to live than they are to die. They'll kill you at the drop of a dime. They don't know how to fight, but they know how to pick up a gun."
Anyone with any information about William Blackmon's killing may call or text the Buffalo Police confidential tip line, at (716) 847-2255.
His family knows what Blackmon would want, the same thing they want – justice.
"My brother looked out for the community over there," Irvin said.
"Now," her sister quickly added, "they should return the favor."
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RANGOON — Thousands of people rallied in eastern Rangoon on Sunday afternoon to show their support for the campaign to amend Burma's 2008 Constitution.
The demonstration was part of the opposition National League for Democracy (NLD) and the 88 Generation Peace and Open Society's joint efforts to drum up public support for changing the charter, which was drafted by the former military regime and approved by a referendum widely seen as rigged.
A procession of supporters dressed in the NLD's red, chanting their demand to amend the Constitution, made its way around Thaketa Township, culminating at Dawbon sports field for music and speeches.
The campaign is focusing on amending Article 436 of the Constitution, which calls for three quarters of Parliament to approve amendments, giving the military—which automatically controls 25 percent of seats—an effective veto.
Similar events have been held around the country in recent months, and last week, NLD Chairwoman Aung San Suu Kyi and 88 Generation leader Min Ko Naing spoke at a rally in Rangoon's Bahan Township.
Present constitution must make amendment to forward the country to be democratic. USDP party's leading members are many cronies so they do not want to change due to their benefits of interests. These peoples are selfish and egoists. They do not want country to be prosperous and develop. By hook or crook all have to join with ASSK for the CHANGE.
People and Suu Kyi/Min Ko Naing are on the same street while USDP regime is walking the opposite direction. So, Regime is enemy of everyone. Rallies must go on. Campaign for constitutional amendment must go on until we have democratic constitution. If needed, throng of people will filled Yangon, Naypitaw and Mandalay. Three years have been gone but we have seen nothing from USDP regime to meet the expectation from the public. A failed regime must go home for good.


text: Knowledge classification scheme in which subjects are divided into ten main classes (numbered 000 to 999) and subdivisions within a particular subject are indicated by decimals. Used in the libraries for creating call numbers for books and other material (for their systematic cataloging and shelving), it was invented in the 19th century by the US librarian Melville Dewey (1851-1931). See also cutter number and library of congress classification.


text:
Jamie Wilson of Mount Pleasant knows there's one certainty about the Ocean Course at Kiawah Island Golf Resort.
Carolinas Amateur
What: 99th Amateur Championship of the Carolinas Golf Association
When/Where: Today-Sunday/Ocean Course at Kiawah Island Golf Resort
Field: 147 players with a cut to low 60 and ties after 36 holes
"It can get windy. That's the main thing," said Wilson, who at age 15 will be the youngest contestant in the 99th Amateur Championship of the Carolinas Golf Association.
A field of 147 golfers is participating in the tournament that continues through Sunday. Tee times begin at 8 a.m. and continue until 2:45 p.m. Thursday and Friday, with the field cut to the low 60 scores and ties for the final two rounds.
Carson Young of Pendleton, a Clemson golf signee, won last year's Carolinas Amateur played at Charlotte Country Club. He edged 2011 winner Scott Harvey of Greensboro, N.C.
Wilson, the son of Hobb and Ginny Wilson, won't be the youngest ever to participate in the tournament, which is open to amateurs at least 13 who are residents of North or South Carolina. Tournament director Andy Priest said he knows of golfers who have qualified at age 14.
Wilson earned a spot in the final Carolinas Amateur qualifying event held Monday at Shadowmoss Plantation Golf Course, shooting 73. The rising sophomore at Bishop England has been having an outstanding summer. He finished second in the South Carolina Junior and tied for 13th at the Rice Planters Amateur on his home course, Snee Farm Country Club.
"I had no idea what it was going to take (to qualify)," Wilson said. "There were eight spots for 47 people. My thought was put together a good round, and it was good enough."
Wilson, who works with instructor Danny Stewart at the Country Club of Charleston, said his goal is to have a good time in the Carolinas Amateur.
Prior to Wednesday's practice round, his only Ocean Course experience was at age 12 when he shot 79 while playing with his father and two of his father's friends.
"It's such a great course. It's awesome out there. It's a fun competition. I'm just trying to make the cut, not do anything special," Wilson said.
"Being the youngest guy, you can't really expect too much. I just have to go out there, play my game and have a good time."


text:
There is something deeply perverted about this. We all remember the Sesame Street lovable Muppets for their music is synonymous with childhood innocence. However, our U.S. government has used compositions of this children's favorite characters to reportedly torture prisoners held at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. (Click on video above for more).
Composer/Creator Christopher Cerf was seen on CNN television Thursday morning expressing his revulsion at what he called the CIA's "perverting his music to serve evil."
U. S. interrogators tactics used on prisoners held on the socialist island of Cuba in the Caribbean, have come under fire, especially the infamous "water-boarding" which stirred up heavy controversy back in 2010.
But water-boarding was just 1 of 10 measures used, okayed by the Bush administration to get detainees held there to talk. Among the 10 interrogation methods was blasting loud music 24 hours a day non-stop. Included on that play list were Sesame Street songs.
Imagine "Elmo's World," Big Bird's, Cookie Monster, Bert and Ernie or Kermit's juxtapostioned in dark, dingy, prison quarters of terrorists, accused terrorists or just terrified men held on mere suspicions and nothing else--being tortured. The image is deeply troubling, to say the least.
According toThe Raw Story, other methods of interrogation were "sensory deprivation, physical torture and threats with power drills and guns." Mock burials and diaper wearing were 2 other forms of torture proposed but reportedly discarded and never used.
Read more of the Guantanamo torture documentary aired Wednesday on Al Jazeera.
What do you think of a children's popular program's music used to torture prisoners?


text:
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Former House Speaker Newt Gingrich lashed out Wednesday against what he called liberals' "anti-religious bigotry" against Christianity.
Addressing The National Catholic Prayer Breakfast in Washington, D.C,, Gingrich warned that the "crisis of secularism" that has gripped Europe has taken hold in the United States. Gingrich cited today's culture and recent court cases like one involving the Mojave Desert Cross as evidence that anti-religious values and principles are dominating academics, the media, and the legal system.
"Imagine how hard it must have been for the Polish people with a government that would not allow school prayer and that kept tearing down crosses," he said. "It's hard to imagine that kind of government in a free society."
Other prayer breakfast speakers included Virginia Gov. Bob McDonnell and pro-life activist Lila Rose. Catholic leaders at the breakfast also instructed attendees to unite and support a culture of life.
Newt Gingrich Talks God, Forgiveness
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text:
Reviewer bias or competitive harmful acts by reviewers
How it works
To find out if a case, or suspected case of ethics abuse, falls within the category of this tree, please consult the definitions provided under 'What identifies a case in this area?' If it does, the recommended action of this tree can be followed. This tree furthermore provides:
- Case studies.
- References to the relevant form letters (examples of appropriate letters for various situations).
- Flow charts from COPE, here named 'COPE charts'. These are available for a second opinion. This is often the time for the editor to discuss the case with his/her publishing contact within Elsevier and agree what action, if any, needs to be taken.
- References to relevant Elsevier policies/links.
What identifies a case in this area? Recommended action
Case studies
1: Submission of a paper by a reviewer
2: Reviewer/author conflict of interest
3: Referee with a conflict of interest
COPE charts
What to do if you suspect a reviewer has appropriated an author's ideas or data?
Relevant Elsevier policies/links


text:
[QUOTE=Twibble;964496]I think I might try these ones before too long: [url=http://www.primal-palate.com/2010/10/pumpkin-spice-cakes-and-pumpkin-spice.html]The Food Lovers' Primal Palate: Pumpkin Spice Cakes and Pumpkin Spice Cookies[/url][/QUOTE]
You have to try the Infamous bacon cookies from this book! This is my favourite cookbook. I highly recommend it to everyone, primal and non. I can't wait for their new book "Gather" which will be released in April.


text:
In 1841, an establishment that sold books, insurance and window shades came to the area. Then, it was called A.D. Lundy and Co. Today, Williampsort knows it as Otto Book Store.
Current owner, Betsy Rider always remembers the store being a part of her life.
Rider's father, Jack Roesgen, bought the store in 1940. This was 35 years after he first began working for the store, including a six-year break, when he moved to Philadelphia to work at the George W. Jacobs Bookstore.
Article Photos
SHAWNA TURNER/Sun-Gazette
Betsy Rider, bookstore owner, shows books to Christy Lusk and her two children Cade Lusk, 9-months, and Tadd Lusk, 3.
"When my dad started working there in 1905, he was 18-years-old and thought he went to heaven. He just loved being in a bookstore. Before that, he worked in a silk mill and hated every moment of it," Rider said.
In 1958, Roesgen died and Rider's mother took it over, with Rider's help. Eventually, Rider's husband retired and she began working in the bookstore full-time.
"When my dad died in 1958, my mother took over but my dad trained me to do the bookkeeping. I had just gotten married and ended up with 10 kids. During that time, I did all of the bookwork and advertising from home. But, I didn't come in full time until after my husband retired," Rider said.
Following the death of her mother, Rider completely took over the business.
Services offered at the bookstore are free gift-wrapping, delivery, mail out books, special orders and form attachments.
One thing that sets the bookstore apart from others is they really love books, according to Rider.
"We read and love books. It's not just a check-out counter. We share our opinions of books. We collect and share opinions from other customers. If we haven't read the book, we'll say "well I know a couple of people who loved it and one who didn't like it. But, she didn't like such a such book either." We understand books," Rider said.
Books are ordered at the bookstore according to the tastes of the customers.
"If we know people are really into guns, we'll have a half a dozen books on guns. There may be a dozen books on railroads. There are a lot of local books with the history of this region," Rider said.
The bookstore also participates in the First Fridays celebrations in the city each month.
"Every First Friday we always have an author here, at least one, sometimes more than one. It is packed in here," Rider said. "This happens every First Friday. It is like ten times the number of people you get on a regular Friday."
The bookstore's biggest competitors are Amazon and other related internet sites that allow customers to purchase the same items without sales tax, providing the sites with an unfair advantage over locally owned independent bookstores, according to Rider.
"Indies (independent bookstores) are fighting for their place in the business world. Their major competitor is the internet. That is one of the motivations we had to start our own Web site," Rider said.
One way the bookstore is combating internet sites is with a book expansion the bookstore underwent this summer.
"The big thing that just happened this summer is we took on 3.5 million books on our Web site. You can search that just like you would anyone else's Web site and find out what we have and what we can get. If it says available in one to five days, we either have it or can get it within that time," Rider said.
For titles the bookstore does not have, Rider will contact the publisher to see if they could get the book.


text:
Google's privacy manager was a senior official at the UK's privacy watchdog while it was conducting its controversial investigation into the company's Street View cars, it emerged yesterday.
Stephen McCartney is believed to have joined Google as its British privacy manager in November last year — 18 months after he was a senior executive at the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO). In a much-criticised decision, the ICO cleared the search company over allegations that its Street View cars had snooped on the private correspondence of millions of people in the UK.
Last month, the ICO reopened its investigation into Google after evidence


text:
The NC State University Club has been serving the faculty, staff, and alumni of NC State University for over 50 years. We recently celebrated this milestone by treating our members to a fun evening of dining and dancing. In addition to commemorating our longevity, we proudly celebrated the completion of our 5-year, renovation and construction project, showing off our new facilities, and putting them to good use for the evening.
Aptly named "Bright Future Ahead Campaign," Phase I of the project began in 2011 and took 18 months to complete, costing $5 million. The clubhouse was completely renovated along with the addition of a new kitchen, lap pool (with salt chlorination system housed in the new pool entrance building), and fitness center with steam room. Phase II cost $2.6 million and included an enormous amount of new construction, including a new, 60 seat sports bar and a 70 seat, casual dining area, an outdoor patios with fire pit, a beautiful conference room, and youth activity room.
The expanding clubhouse has grown to approximately 38,000 square feet. Outside the clubhouse, a new pavilion was constructed housing a tennis pro shop and a full-service snack bar.Now members can enjoy the beautiful views of the golf course and the NC State Vet School while they dine in the Pack House Casual Dining Room or have drinks in the Pack House Bar. Small groups can enjoy the same luxury in our Wolfpack Club Conference Room. On-site child care will be available starting in September on a regular basis in the new Youth Activity Center which will allow parents to have a place where their children will be cared for in a safe, fun atmosphere. And, it will be so nice when the weather is a little cooler so our members can dine or have drinks alfresco on our patio while enjoying the warmth of our fire pit.
The pool area is in full swing and the Snack Bar has been busy serving a variety of salads, hot and cold sandwiches, desserts, cold beverages, and ice cream. Adult beverages are available as well. Need a place to hold a fun pool party? Our covered pavilions are just the spot for members to hold birthday parties or other celebrations.
Many children have been enjoying our Tennis and Golf camps this summer. Full- and half-day options are available. These camps are open to the general public.
Looking for a venue for your wedding reception, business meeting, or social club meeting? We have banquet rooms just the right size for any occasion. These facilities are available to members as well as the general public as long as they are sponsored by a member. Click here for more information.
There's a lot going on here at the Club. If you are interested in membership, click here to get more information. Better yet, call and schedule a tour!
Copyright © 2016 NC State University Club. All rights reserved.
NC State University Club, 4200 Hillsborough Street Raleigh, NC 27606
Tel: 919-828-0308 Fax: 919-834-2977


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Memorial Leighton Heart & Vascular Center
The Memorial Leighton Heart & Vascular Center offers the latest in cardiovascular care and testing, as well as comprehensive vascular services, all designed around patients and their families.
We started with a focus on safety, innovation and comprehensive staff involvement. We then benchmarked with nationally known experts in design, function, architecture and safety.
The result is a unique health care environment that supports the needs of caregivers, embraces the unique needs of patients and their families, and further strengthens Memorial's mission to improve the quality of life for the people of our community.


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GE 1.0 cu. ft. Microwave Oven
Store pickup
1 year parts and labor
This GE Profile™ 1.0 cu. ft, 800 Watt sensor oven features not only sensor cooking controls, but also Auto and Time Defrost, turntable on/off and child lockout. Optional kits provide this countertop microwave with a versatile appearance: built-in kit (JX827) or hanging kit (JXA019K).
- Auto & Time Defrost - simply enter the weight of the food, and the oven automatically sets the optimal defrosting time and power level or set your desired time for defrosting
- Optional hanging kit - installs under a cabinet to free up valuable counter space
- Optional built-in trim kit - achieve a custom appearance and built-in convenience with a sleek, matching trim kit
- 1.0 cu. ft. capacity - 800 Watts (IEC-705 test procedure)
- Sensor cooking controls - automatically adjusts time and power for delicious cooking results
- Turntable on/off - ideal for even cooking results or for accommodating oversized dishes that may not be able to fully rotate
- Child lockout - provides peace of mind by locking the oven and preventing accidental activation
Specifications & Dimensions
Product Documentation
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Champions League T20 2013 live streaming
The Champions League T20 is a multi franchise tournament that has been replicated on the Champions League format of football. It involves the top T20 franchises from each nation – 4 from India, 2 each from Australia and South Africa, 1 from West Indies, Sri Lanka, New Zealand and Pakistan.
The top 10 teams shall play in the tournament – divided into two groups. There shall be 23 matches played over 20 days. No team from Friends Life T20 or BPL are participating this year.
A win earns you 4 points; a N/R earns you 2 points while a loss earns you no points.
Here are the two groups :
Group A :
Mumbai Indians :
They won the sixth edition of the IPL this year, beating CSK in the final. Sachin Tendulkar may play his last few matches in this tournament in the MI jersey.
Key players : Pollard, Karthik
Rajasthan Royals :
Off-field controversies didn't amr their on-field performance, finishing third this IPl, their best performance since 2008. Dravid would also be playing his last few matches in all forms of cricket during this tournament.
Key players : Watson, Faulkner, Dravid
Highveld Lions:
The Highveld Lions beat the Titans in the final of the Ram Slam tournament by 30 runs. They impressed everyone in the last edition which threw up stars like Aaron Phangiso and Chris Morris.
Key players : Peterson, Bodi
Perth Scorchers:
In the final, Brisbane Heat beat Perth Scorchers by 34 runs to lift their first Big Bash League title. Perth Scorchers finished runners-up for the second successive year.
Key players : A Thomas, S Marsh
Group B:
Chennai Super Kings:
CSK lost their second consecutive final in the IPL against the Mumbai Indians this year, but are favorites to lift the CLT20 trophy.
Key players : Dhoni, Raina
Brisbane Heat :
Brisbane Heat won their first title this year, beating Perth Scorchers in the final by 30 runs, with Kemar Roach being the star.
Key players : Hopes, Roach
Titans :
Riding on AB de Villiers' experience, Titans, who were runners up in the Ram Slam tournament, could pose a serious threat on Indian soil.
Key players : AB de Villiers, Behardien
The New Zealand of this format; T&T has always won hearts with their displays on the field. Drafted into the main draw this time, they should induce the Caribbean flavour in what is a dull tournament. They have been rewarded for consistent performances over the last two editions.
Key players : Rampaul, Narine
The Otago Volts, Sunrisers Hyderabad, a Sri Lankan team and Faisalabad Wolves shall play in the Qualifiers to make it to either of these two groups.
Short URL: http://www.cricketdiaries.com/?p=10274


text: rookie players Mariners finally 'growing their own' talent By Kirsten Kendrick & Art Thiel • Aug 18, 2011 Ted S. Warren / AP Photo It's about time. That's what KPLU sports commentator Art Thiel says about all the young players the Mariners have acquired recently. Art has said for years that the Mariners need to grow their own talent, rather than waste millions of dollars on veteran free agents who are often on the decline. And he says the fresh young faces are giving fans some excitement in an otherwise dismal season.


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Despite the fact that roulette is one of the most popular casino games at this point in time, there are still many people who not very familiar with a free roulette game. Free roulette game is a very fascinating and stimulating game that has been drawing thousands if not millions of people to play it.
With the presence of the internet and as it becomes available for almost everyone to use, there have been plenty of online casinos built and created today.
Free Roulette Game at Online Casinos
These online casinos offer free roulette game that do not only give you the high that roulette games played in real casinos give you but are also very convenient to play. This move actually made free roulette game even more popular among those who have visited and played in real casinos and those who have used the internet for whatever kinds of purposes.
Facts About A Free Roulette Game
What exactly is a free roulette game and how can you play it? Roulette is practically a French word which means "small wheel". Well, actually the game is dependent on a wheel (not necessarily small) and a ball. A free roulette game wheel has numbers and colors on it. The whole idea of the game is for a player or players to make the right prediction on which wheel number or color the ball will land as the wheel stops to turn. If your guess is right then you will win the bet you made at the beginning of the free roulette game. That is how simple roulette is.
Although, those who have played roulette understand that roulette is not really a game where you can use strategies to win and there is no single strategy that really works hundred percent except if you just an extremely lucky player, many are still trying to find and create strategies that could beat the game. If you are just starting to play roulette, try to focus your attention in learning the mechanics of the game first before studying roulette strategies. In spite of the simplicity of the game, there are still a few points that you must know and master.
One of the things that you should be able to understand when it comes to playing this game whether it is the free roulette game offered by most of the online casinos today or the real online roulette game wherein you need and have to spend real money on it is that there are currently two types of roulette games. One is the European and the other is the American roulette. The wheels used for these games are actually the most apparent disparity between the two. In European roulette, you will able to find numbers 1 to 36 and a single zero while in American roulette, apart from number 1 to 36 and a single zero, a double zero can also be found.
Different Ways To Bet in a Free Roulette Game
Furthermore, try to practice betting strategies like inside and outside bets. This knowledge will give you the kind of guidance that you will need when it comes to making the right moves or judgments. A free roulette game can be so much fun, you might not want to play any other game after you have started playing it.
Related posts:
- Roulette Game – Understanding The Game Of Roulette
- European Roulette Game – Learning How to Play European Roulette
Tags: free online roulette, free roulette, online roulette, play roulette, roulette game, roulette system


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Sep 28, 09 Mia 3 Comments Gallery Updates
on 1 Jan, 1970
I uploaded the (probably) full portrait session, of which pictures first appeared in UK's Telegraph Magazine – later other photos from the shoot also appeared in Femina, Télé 2 Semaines and Le Vif Weekend. Some of the pics are tagged but I'm sure you'll enjoy looking at this absolutely gorgeous photo shoot as much as I!
3 Responses to "'Telegraph' Portraits"
Thank you so much for sharing. These photos are just amazing!!Sep 28, 09 at 3:04 am
Mia – These are AMAZING. Thanks so much for posting xSep 28, 09 at 3:25 am
Thank you so much for sharing. These photos are just amazing!!Oct 05, 09 at 11:10 pm
Comment Form


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I write with a quick reminder that the CFP deadline for the 2006 joint conference of the North American Society for the Study of Romanticism and the North American Victorian Studies Association is coming up in a few days: *Feb. 15*. The conference will occur at Purdue University on Labor Day
weekend (Aug. 31-Sept. 3) and headliners will include: Timothy Barringer, Alan Bewell, Ross Chambers, Anna Clark, Julie Codell, Tracy Davis, Mary Favret, Neil Fraistat, Regenia Gagnier, Catherine Gallagher, Elaine Hadley,
Andrea Henderson, Sonia Hofkosh, John Kucich, Christopher Lane, Celeste Langan, Thomas Laqueur, Rosemary Lloyd, Deidre Lynch, Ghislaine McDayter, Andrew Miller, Timothy Morton, Daniel O'Quinn, Thomas Pfau, Adela Pinch, Marjorie Stone, and Martin Wiener.
The conference will include such special features as a silent-film festival (with live organ in a restored 20s theater) and a swing band (following the banquet).
For submission instructions, you can go here:
Or you can click on the following link to download the CFP in pdf format:
I hope to see many of you at Purdue!
Dino Franco Felluga


text:
Enter keywords, ISBN, author, or book title
Home > Resources: Author Profiles > Author Profile
Amy Tan is the author of The Joy Luck Club, The Kitchen God's Wife, The Hundred Secret Senses, and two children's books, The Moon Lady and The Chinese Siamese Cat, which has been adapted as Sagwa, a PBS series for children. Tan was also the co-producer and co-screenwriter of the film version of The Joy Luck Club, and her essays and stories have appeared in numerous magazines and anthologies. Her work has been translated into more than twenty-five languages. Tan, who has a master's degree in linguistics from San Jose University, has worked as a language specialist to programs serving children... Read More
Photo © Robert Foothorap
""As compelling as Tan's first bestseller, The Joy Luck Club. . . No one writes about mothers and daughters with more empathy than Amy Tan."–The Philadelphia Inquirer"[An] absorbing tale of the mother-daughter bond . . . this book sing[s] with emotion and insight."–PeopleRuth Young and her widowed mother, LuLing, have always... Read more
"The Bonesetter's Daughter dramatically chronicles the tortured, devoted relationship between LuLing Young and her daughter Ruth. . . . A strong novel, filled with idiosyncratic, sympathetic characters, haunting images, historical complexity, significant contemporary themes, and suspenseful mystery."–Los Angeles Times"TAN AT HER BEST . . . Rich and hauntingly forlorn . ... Read more
"A rollicking, adventure-filled story . . . packed [with] the human capacity for love."–USA Today"A superbly executed, good-hearted farce that is part romance and part mystery . . . With Tan's many talents on display, it's her idiosyncratic wit and sly observations . . . that make this book pure pleasure."–San... Read more
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Top Definition
Twenty one inch diameter wheels or rims, on luxury cars.
I got twenty ones rubbing on my Benz.
viết bởi Jack 28 Tháng mười hai, 2003
Trending Now
Can you define these popular missing words?
blackjack the card game
Twenty-one is also called blackjack.
viết bởi Ed 05 Tháng tư, 2005
noun: a telephone call; verb trans: to give someone a phone call. From police code 10-21, originally meaning request for contact by phone.
1. Yo son gimme a twentyone.
2. I'ma twentyone y'all later.
2. I'ma twentyone y'all later.
viết bởi Grandmaster Vinny B 02 Tháng mười một, 2005


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Crochet Patterns, Painting Ideas, and More: 15 New DIY Crafts
Bonus: Get our newsletter & special offers for free. We will not share or sell your email address. View our Privacy Policy
Custom Painted Suitcase
We are adding the craft to your Craft Projects.
The project was added to your Craft Projects.
Click here to view your Craft Projects.
Never have a problem telling your suitcases apart at the airport again -- paint your old suitcases!
Delta Creative Ceramcoat
- Quaker Grey 2057
- Maroon 2075
- Opaque Blue 2508
- Charcoal Grey 2057
- Timberline Green 2533
- Eucalyptus 2569
- Magnolia White 2487
- Black 2506
- Dark Forest Green 2096
- Cricket 2585
- Delta Creative Ceramcoat Gesso 7002
- Delta Creative Ceramcoat Faux Glaze Medium Clear 5401
- Delta Creative Ceramcoat Satin Exterior/Interior Varnish 7003
- old suitcase
Brushes by Loew-Cornell La Cornellie
- Shader Series 7300 Size #6 and 12
- Wash Series 7550 1"
- Liner Series 7350 Size #1
- Brush Tub
- Graphite transfer paper black
- Palette Paper
- Tracing paper
- Stylus
- Paper towel
- Scissors
- plastic wrap
Click here for larger images and printable instructions.
Clean suitcase thoroughly with warm soap and water. Allow to dry.
Using 1" wash brush apply even coat of Gesso to areas to be painted.
Basecoat Quaker Grey using 1" wash brush. On second coat while grey is still wet blend in areas of Maroon and then Opaque Blue.
- Apply one even coat of mix of 1:Faux Glaze Medium Clear to 1:Charcoal using 1" wash brush. While glaze is still wet press on crumpled plastic wrap.
Transferring Pattern:
Lay tracing paper over pattern. Trace all lines. Lay tracing on surface, tape top and one side. Slide graphite paper between tracing and surface, draw over all lines.
Apply pattern for rectangles only.
Basecoat all rectangles in Maroon plus touch of Black using 1" wash brush.
Band Opaque Blue using #1 liner.
Apply pattern for flowers.
- Float shadows under flowers and leaves by adding more Black to basecoat color using the #12 shader. Tip: to float load brush first in floating medium or water, pat off excess on paper towel. Tip one corner of brush in color, blend color through bristles using short back and forth motion on palette. Color should graduate from heavy color on one corner to no color on opposite corner. If when you begin to paint, you have color showing from both sides of brush, it is improperly loaded. Rinse and start again.
Basecoat flowers Quaker Grey using #12 shader.
Float shadows lightly Timberline Green using #6 shader.
Float highlights Magnolia White plus touch Quaker Grey.
- Reinforce shadows Dark Forest Green and highlights Magnolia White using same brush.
Basecoat leaves, center of flowers and stems all mix of 1:Timberline Green to 1:Eucalyptus using #12 shader.
Float shadows Timberline Green using same brush.
- Float highlights Eucalyptus using same brush. Reinforce shadows Dark Forest Green and highlights Cricket.
To Finish:
- Apply as many coats of Satin Varnish as desired using 1" wash brush.
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Charleston County
BURDASHAW, Billy, 82, of Charleston, a retired clerk with the South Carolina Ports Authority, died Monday. Arrangements by Palmetto Cremation Society.
GREEN, McKenzie Tiana-Skai, infant daughter of Arnessto Green and Crystal Felder, of North Charleston, died Monday. Arrangements by Dickerson Mortuary.
POWELL, Betty Jo, 81, of Mount Pleasant, died Monday. Arrangements by McAlister-Smith's Mount Pleasant Chapel.
POWELL, Vermel Esther, 60, of McClellanville, died Tuesday. Arrangements by Smith-McNeal's Awendaw Chapel.
RICE, Mamie M., 79, of North Charleston, a retired entrepreneur, died Monday. Arrangements by Smith- McNeal's Charleston Chapel.
SHAW, Estelle, 77, of Wando died Tuesday. Arrangements by Murray's Mortuary of North Charleston.
SIMMONS, Robert, of North Charleston, husband of Maletheia S. Simmons, died Saturday. Arrangements by North Area Funeral Home.
SMALLS, Edward Jr., 64, of Hollywood, died Monday. Arrangements by Dorothy's Hollywood Chapel.
TAGUE, Harry Ray, 88, of Charleston, a retired captain with the Army and husband of Lynette Cundall Tague, died Tuesday. Arrangements by Stuhr's West Ashley Chapel.
REEVES, Hoap Chastire Jr., 76, of Charleston, retired owner of Reeves Barbeque and husband of Brenda Walker Reeves, died Tuesday. Arrangements by James A. McAlister Funerals and Cremation.
WILLARD, Ann Elizabeth Glaus, 83, of Charleston, a medical secretary and widow of Lindy Willard, died Sunday. Arrangements by McAlister-Smith's West Ashley Chapel.
Berkeley County
BEASLEY, Dolores G., 78, of Goose Creek, a homemaker and wife of Larry Beasley, died Tuesday. Arrangements by Stuhr's Northwoods Chapel of North Charleston.
CARR, Thomas Robert, 56, of Beaver Dam, a heavy equipment operator with Sweeping South Inc. and husband of Frances Baker Carr, died Monday. Arrangements by Dial-Murray Funeral Home of Moncks Corner.
CUMBEE, Mary Lou Murray, 80, of Cordesville, widow of B. Plowden Cumbee, died Thursday. Arrangements by Dial-Murray Funeral Home of Moncks Corner.
MITCHUM, Evelyn Mae Hood, 83, of Jamestown, widow of James A. Mitchum, died Tuesday. Arrangements by Dial-Murray Funeral Home of Moncks Corner.
THOMAS, Benjamin Franklin, 83, of Hanahan died Tuesday. Arrangements by Carolina Memorial Funeral Home of North Charleston.
Colleton County
FINIGAN, Frances Hood, 79, of Walterboro, a homemaker and widow of William F. Finigan, died Tuesday. Arrangements by Herndon's Walterboro Chapel.
THOMPSON, William Benjamin, 65, of Walterboro, died Sunday. Arrangements by Simplicity Lowcountry Cremation and Burial Services of North Charleston.
WEBB, Rufus, 91, of Walterboro, died Monday. Arrangements by Allen's Walterboro Chapel.
Dorchester County
LOMBARDO, Laura Marie, 95, of Summerville, widow of Joseph Lombardo, died Monday. Arrangements by James A. Dyal Funeral Home.
ORIHEL, Gregory Michael, 59, of Summerville, a retired lieutenant commander with the Navy and husband of Veronica T. Beitch Orihel, died Monday. Arrangements by James A. Dyal Funeral Home.
SCARBERRY, Vivian Irene, 91, of Summerville, widow of Donald P. Scarberry, died Tuesday. Arrangements by James A. Dyal Funeral Home.
CHALKLEY, William Allison, 83, of Arlington, Texas, an Army veteran, formerly married to the late Catherine R. Chalkley and to the late Edna R. Chalkley, died Saturday. Arrangements by Moore's Bown Road Chapel and Carolina Memorial Funeral Home of North Charleston, S.C.
JOHNSON, John, of Orangeburg, husband of Helen Johnson, died June 26. Arrangements by Milligan's Funeral Home of Moncks Corner.
MALPHRUS, Philip Glenn, of Ridgeland, an electrician with Erte Corp., died Sunday. Arrangements by Peeples-Rhoden Funeral Home of Hampton.
NELSON, Riaunna, 32, of Kingstree, died Tuesday. Arrangements by Henryhand's Kingstree Chapel.
RICHARDSON, Jeffrey B., 61, of Yemmassee, husband of Jannie Richardson, died Tuesday. Arrangements by Young Funeral Home.
RUMPH, Margaret Mitchum, 78, of Grover, a seamstress, died Tuesday. Arrangements by Bryant Funeral Home of St. George.
SEGARS, Dianne Graham, 61, of Lake City, a homemaker, died Tuesday. Arrangements by Samuels and Richards Funeral Home.


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*Not Quite 15 Minutes...: An Andy Warhol Mini-Symposium*
Wednesday October 22, 2003,Symposium 3-5:30 p.m.; museum open 10 a.m. - 6 p.m. Free to university communities.
Austin Museum of Art, 823 Congress Avenue, Austin, Texas (512.495.9224) www.amoa.org
*Artists, curators, philosophers, & art historians will present brief talks on aspects of Warhol's art and career. Each speaker will be limited to approximately 10 minutes' speaking time, leaving room for a few minutes of audience discussion after the talks.
Speakers and topics will include:
Dana Friis-Hansen, Austin Museum of Art: Welcome and Introduction to the Austin Museum of Art exhibit, "Andy Warhol;"
Anne Collins Goodyear, Smithsonian Institution / National Portrait Gallery: "Representing Andy: Warhol's Self (?) - Portraiture;"
Craig Hanks, Texas State University-San Marcos: "Spectacle Traces;" James Housefield, Texas State University-San Marcos: "Photo, Gesture, Gender: Warhol and Martha Graham;" James McManus, California State University, Chico: "Mimicking Mechanical Reproduction: Duchamp's 'Box in a Valise' and Warhol's 'MOTTS Apple Juice Box;' " Kimberly Smith, Southwestern University: "Warhol's Collecting and the Closet:
Queer Readings;" Dennis Summers, Quantum Dance Works: "Kaleidoscopic Lepidopterist;" M.E. Warlick, University of Denver: "Opposites Attract: Warhol and Sargent."
Warhol Symposium & "Warhol Wednesday" have been organized by Professors Jeff Dell and James Housefield with the co-operation and support of the Department of Art & Design, Texas State University-San Marcos, and the Austin Museum of Art. They are the culmination of a collaborative teaching experiment.