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Index of content:
Volume 64, Issue 7, 01 October 1988
Mean projected range and range straggling of 50‐ to 400‐keV Hg+ in glass64(1988); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.341515View Description Hide Description
The range profile of Hg+ implanted at energies from 50 to 400 keV in glass was measured by 4He+Rutherford backscattering. The measured projected ranges are in good agreement with those predicted by the Biersack model. A marked improvement in the range straggling fit is obtained after considering the second‐order energy loss.
Impurity ion temperature and toroidal rotation velocity in JET from high‐resolution x‐ray and XUV spectroscopy64(1988); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.341516View Description Hide Description
Doppler shifts and widths of strong spectral lines have been measured on JET (Joint European Torus) both in the x‐ray (resonance line of He‐like Ni xxvii at 1.5886 Å) and in the XUV region (several Ni, C, and He ion lines are available between 100 and 330 Å). Time‐resolved measurements of impurity ion temperatureT z and plasmatoroidal angular velocity ω are presented. Radial profiles of both T z and ω are inferred in combination with numerical simulations obtained using an impurity transport code, which allows radial localization of the emitting shells.
Externally modulated intense relativistic electron beams64(1988); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.341521View Description Hide Description
The physics of modulation of an intense relativistic electron beam by an external microwave source is studied in this paper via experiment, theory, and simulation. It is found that the self‐fields of the electron beam, in general, intensify the current modulation produced by the external source. The linear and nonlinear theory, together with the simulation, show that the classical klystron description in the drift tube region is substantially modified by the beam's high density. In the modulating gap, electron bunches may be generated instantaneously without the necessity of propagating the beam through a long drift tube. These properties, which have no counterparts in low‐density beams, lead to the generation of large amplitude, coherent, and monochromatic current modulation on an intense beam. The excellent amplitude stability and the phase‐locking characteristics (<2°) of the modulated current, demonstrated in experiments, open new areas of research in high‐power microwavegeneration and compact particle accelerators.
Emission distribution, brightness, and mechanical stability of the LaB6 triode electron gun64(1988); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.341522View Description Hide Description
Experiments have characterized the operation of a LaB6 triode gun in a standard three‐lens column of the type used for Gaussian electron‐beam lithography and scanning electron microscopy. A series of images representing cross sections of the three‐dimensional spatial distribution of current emitted from the gun is obtained by configuring the electron optics as a scanning confocal microscope. The gun acts as an immersion objective whose image is scanned by deflection coils and focused by the condenserlenses onto a pinhole transmission detector. Characteristics of the emission distribution include an emission image of the cathode surface situated between two distinct beam crossovers whose origin is either the apex (001) and {310} planes or the large {110} planes on the machined 90° cone angle of the cathode surface. Virtual objects are imaged when the back focal plane of the condensers falls inside the high‐field region of the gun. The target axial brightness is dependent on gun excitation and angular acceptance angle. The temperature‐dependent brightness of the cathode is used to determine its effective emission area, work function, and surface electric field. Beam positional stability of three‐carbon‐mounted LaB6 directly heated cathodes is measured. However, for measurement times ≤100 h the drift rate is found to be limited by thermal expansion of the movable anode assembly and not the particular cathode mounting technique.
Single‐pixel bistability with nonlinear interference filters64(1988); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.341523View Description Hide Description
We present a theoretical model describing a pixellated, optically bistable, interference filter illuminated by a Gaussian beam. Preliminary experiments using ZnSe devices and 514‐nm wavelength radiation show good agreement with this model for pixels of area 80×100 μm2 and a depth of 60 μm. Critical powers and cooling rates are presented for different combinations of materials and pixel dimensions.
Finite element analysis of thermal stresses in optical storage media64(1988); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.341524View Description Hide Description
Finite element techniques are used to calculate the thermal stresses generated in single‐layer, optical storage thin films. The calculations predict that the thermal stresses generated by laser heating may reach values well beyond the strength of the media in times much less than that for pit formation by melting. Both dye‐polymer and metal‐based systems are considered with either air or substrate incident laser sources.
Fast photoelectrochemical etching of quarter‐micrometer diffraction gratings in n‐InP64(1988); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.341495View Description Hide Description
A maskless etch process for diffraction gratings in n‐InP is described in detail which permits simple and reliable large‐area fabrication of gratings for distributed feedback (DFB) or Bragg‐reflector (DBR) lasers. With respect to processes reported earlier the exposure and etching times are reduced by an order of magnitude without sacrificing resolution, modulation depth, or surface morphology. In accordance with the recently published diffusion theory for minority‐carriers generated under holographicillumination, a high etch rate is found to be advantageous with respect to high spatial resolution. In addition, however, the results demonstrate that the chemical stability of the In‐rich (211) and (111) planes as against the (100) surface is of final importance for obtaining good first‐order DFBgratings.
Variable angle of incidence spectroscopic ellipsometric characterization of TiO2/Ag/TiO2 optical coatings64(1988); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.342491View Description Hide Description
Optical constants (3000–8000 Å) and layer thicknesses of TiO2/Ag/TiO2optical coatings are determined using variable angle of incidence spectroscopicellipsometry. Ellipsometrically determined silver layer thicknesses agree well with those obtained by cross‐sectional transmission electron microscopy. Also, spectral characteristics, absent in bulk silver data, are observed in n and k spectra for the thin silver layers. It is suggested that these structures may be caused by plasmon effects from the silver layers.
dc surface flashover mechanism along solids in vacuum based on a collision‐ionization model64(1988); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.341496View Description Hide Description
Selected experimental results are presented from an extensive experimental investigation of dc prebreakdown and breakdown processes in vacuum along solid insulators made of a variety of alumina ceramics and polymers. The investigations included measurements of predischarge current, x‐ray intensity, insulator surface charge density, breakdown behavior as influenced by insulator surfacecharacteristics and insulator profiles, and the analysis of the spectral characteristics associated with insulator surface luminescence. The prebreakdown and breakdown phenomena were found to be strongly influenced by surface microstructure and the chemical state of the insulator surface. The experimentally observed phenomena in our studies strongly point to a new breakdown model based on collision‐ionization by electrons of defect sites and/or traps within the dielectric subsurface at the vacuum interface.
Reexamination of recent experimental results in surface‐wave‐produced argon plasmas at 2.45 GHz: Comparison with the diffusion‐recombination model results64(1988); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.341497View Description Hide Description
In this paper we comment on recently reported experimental data about some characteristic magnitudes of plasma columns produced and maintained by surface microwaves. We then compare them with theoretical values obtained from the diffusion‐recombination model of Mateev, Zhelyazkov, and Atanassov [J. Appl. Phys. 5 4, 3049 (1988)] and Zhelyazkov, Benova, and Atanassov [J. Appl. Phys. 5 9, 1466 (1986)] for the same magnitudes, in a wide range of operating conditions. Such a comparison allows us to make conclusions about the results of the model and its hypothesis.
Production of H− ions with addition of cesium or xenon to a hydrogen discharge in a small multicusp ion source64(1988); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.341498View Description Hide Description
The effect on H− ion production by adding cesium or xenon to a hydrogen discharge, in a small magnetically filtered multicusp ion source, has been investigated. Addition of cesium vapor to the hydrogen discharge resulted in a factor of 16 increase in H− output relative to the uncesiated discharge for the same operating parameters. Likewise, the addition of xenon gas to a hydrogen discharge resulted in a factor of 2.7 increase in H− output over pure hydrogen operation at optimum H2 source pressure, while maintaining the same arc parameters. Operation of the source with the plasma electrode at optimum bias voltage was essential to obtain this result.
Ion implantation into gallium arsenide64(1988); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.341475View Description Hide Description
Secondary‐ion‐mass‐spectrometry studies of the implantation profiles of 20‐ to 400‐keV Si, Se, and Be ions into GaAs are reported. The measured profiles are fit with Pearson‐IV distributions whose moments are fit to functions of the ion energy to obtain simple, widely applicable analytical formulas. Also, profiles are measured for varying wafer tilt and rotation angles to the ion beam, and for varying dislocation densities and doses. For implantation through dielectric caps, the profiles in the GaAs can be simulated using shifted, bare‐wafer Pearson‐IV distributions for Be, or mixtures of shifted Pearson‐IV and Gaussians for Si and Se. Also, knock‐on distributions of Si and O atoms resulting from implanting through SiO2 caps were measured.
Layer disordering of GaAs‐AlGaAs superlattices by diffusion of laser‐incorporated Si64(1988); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.341476View Description Hide Description
Recently, a laser‐scanning technique for patterning layer disordering has been reported in which silicon impurities are incorporated by laser irradiation into GaAs‐AlGaAs heterostructures. The sample is subsequently annealed to diffuse the Si deep into the heterostructure. The GaAs‐AlGaAs layers are locally intermixed by diffusion of the silicon impurities. In this report, this two‐step process of laser‐assisted disordering is studied in detail with several material characterization techniques. Scanning electron microscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry are used to correlate the extent of the layer‐disordered region with the presence of laser‐incorporated Si and oxygen. Transmission electron microscopy(TEM) is used to obtain high resolution images of the disordered/as‐grown interface and to evaluate the crystallinity of the laser‐affected material.TEM images allow the determination of the distribution of the Al and Ga constituents at the interface between the impurity‐disordered alloy and the as‐grown crystal. The data indicate a more rapid Si diffusion in the GaAs layers relative to the Al‐rich layers. The data are discussed in the context of device fabrication.
Point defect sinks in self‐ion‐irradiated nickel: A self‐diffusion investigation64(1988); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.341477View Description Hide Description
The diffusion coefficient of 6 3Ni in pure nickel after irradiation with 300 keV Ni ions has been measured directly using a secondary ion mass spectrometer. The calculated displacement rate for this irradiation ranged from 1.2×10−5 to 3.1×10−2 dpa/s, the dose from 0.2 to 102 dpa, and the temperatures from 293 to 950 K. Between 293 and 650 K the irradiation‐induced diffusion coefficient is temperature independent for a displacement rate of 1.2×10−2 dpa/s. In this temperature range mass transport by atomic mixing prevails over diffusion via point defects (radiation‐enhanced diffusion). Normalized to the displacement rate K' the diffusion coefficient describing atomic mixing attains a value of D mix /K'=1.3×10−18 m2 /dpa. The temperature and displacement rate dependence of the radiation‐enhanced diffusion coefficient is discussed in the framework of a rate equation model. The analysis yields a production rate of freely migrating defects of about 1.5% of the calculated displacement rate. The effective concentration of point defect sinks was derived for nickel under heavy ion irradiation. This effective sink concentration C s showed no dependence on displacement rate but a considerable temperature dependence, e.g., C s =2×10−6 at 850 K and C s =2.5×10−7 at 950 K. The conditions for a stationary effective sink concentration in self‐ion irradiated nickel are discussed.
Rapid thermal annealing of shallow Sb‐implanted Si64(1988); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.341478View Description Hide Description
Rapid thermal annealing(RTA) of low‐energy Sb‐implanted Si has been studied with Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and sheet‐resistance measurements. For comparison, some samples were also analyzed with secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS). Si wafers were implanted with Sb at energies of 16, 32, and 48 keV and doses of 5×101 4 and 1×101 5/cm2. Samples were annealed in a nitrogen atmosphere with an AG Associates 410 Heatpulse system. RTA cycles ranged from 10 to 30 s at temperatures of 1000–1150 °C. Some samples were furnaceannealed at 930 °C for 30 min. RBS experimental mean projected range and range straggle values did not differ significantly from trim code calculations. However, SIMS experimental range straggle values were ∼30% greater than RBS values. With RBS, a broadening of the Sb depth distribution and Sb accumulation in the near‐surface region (<5 nm) were observed for furnace‐annealed samples and, to a lesser extent, for those subjected to RTA. The relative retained SB dose decreased as RTAtemperature and/or time increased. No loss of Sb was observed for furnace‐annealed samples. For a dose of 5×101 4/cm2, lower sheet‐resistance values were obtained following RTA of a 32‐keV Sb implant compared to a 30‐keV As implant. The opposite was true for a dose of 1×101 5/cm2.
Hydrogen‐deuterium reactions on palladium‐iron bilayers: A permeation investigation64(1988); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.341479View Description Hide Description
The permeation of hydrogen, deuterium, and hydrogen‐deuterium through iron coated with thin surface films of palladium has been measured. The experimental steady‐state fluxes show the expected isotope diffusivity dependence in iron. A new observation is that hydrogen and deuterium react on the palladium surface to form HD, and this affects the permeation fluxes. The results are in good agreement with a model incorporating second‐order surface kinetics which allow for competition between hydrogen and deuterium for surface sites. The theory predicts that the hydrogen/deuterium surface coverage ratio on palladium is ∼4 at room temperature for equal H2 and D2 pressures.
Zinc diffusion in InGaAsP64(1988); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.341480View Description Hide Description
Ampoule diffusion of Zn in undoped liquid phase epitaxial InGaAsP layers between 425 and 525 °C shows the Znsolubility, as measured with secondary ion mass spectrometry, to be much larger than in InP and to be slightly less than in GaAs. The acceptor concentration, as determined by capacitance‐voltage measurements, is 60%–90% of the Zn concentration. Incorporation and diffusion of Zn can be described with the interstitial‐substitutional model. The difference between the acceptor and Zn concentrations can be explained by compensating Zn interstitial donors or by neutral Zn‐vacancy complexes. The diffusion depth is slightly smaller than in InP and much larger than in GaAs. In n‐type InGaAsP, profiles are found with a cut‐off similar to the behavior in InP. The solubility is higher than in undoped InGaAsP.
The effect of a Ga prelayer on the beginning of GaAs epitaxy on Si64(1988); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.341481View Description Hide Description
The formation of GaAs islands is a major effect at the beginning of GaAs‐on‐Si epitaxy. The density of nucleation sites for the islands and the manner of their subsequent coalescence will influence the dislocation density of the final GaAsfilm. In this paper the effect on GaAs‐on‐Si epitaxy of a Ga‐prelayer treatment is studied with photoemission core level spectroscopy and high resolution transmission microscopy (HTEM). Experiments are carried out with GaAsfilm thicknesses in the range from one monolayer to around 50 nm. Core level spectroscopy results for the monolayerfilms give information about the bonding character at the interface and suggest methods of improving the degree of two‐dimensional growth. A particular Ga‐prelayer technique is examined with HTEM using a wedge‐shaped GaAs‐on‐Si sample. This allows side‐by‐side comparisons of areas with and without the Ga prelayer as a function of GaAs thickness. At thicknesses of around 5 nm, it is shown that the Ga prelayer yields islands with a lower wetting angle than those obtained with no prelayer. The Ga‐prelayer technique also gives better surface morphology at thicknesses of around 50 nm.
The effect of InP substrate misorientation on GaInAs‐AlInAs interface and alloy quality64(1988); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.341482View Description Hide Description
The quality of GaInAs‐AlInAs epitaxial layers is found to be critically dependent on the degree of (100)‐InP substrate misorientation. The alloy quality of both materials is improved when the substrate is misoriented 4° off the (100). The heterojunction interface quality as determined by the full width at half‐maximum of quantum‐well photoluminescence is also improved when a substrate misoriented by 4° is used. A degradation of both alloy and interface quality as compared to material on (100) InP is observed when the misorientation is 2°. These effects are also observed for strained quantum‐well structures.
Bonding configuration of fluorine in fluorinated silicon nitride films64(1988); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.341483View Description Hide Description
Bonding configuration of constituent elements in fluorinated silicon nitrideinsulating films prepared by reactive plasma of SiF4 (or SiF2), N2, and H2 gas mixture is investigated by means of optical absorption analysis and electron‐spin resonance study. Fluorine is bonded to silicon rather than to nitrogen. Slight variations of spin density and optical gap with chemical composition are attributed to the complemental increase of fluorine with decrease of nitrogen, and to the passivation of silicondangling bonds by fluorine atoms.


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text: Applause to every individual who took part in the tremendous rescue effort at the scene of a tourist train's collision with a logging truck on Cheat Mountain Friday afternoon. Longtime emergency workers said they had never seen such a strong spirit of cooperation among a huge group of law enforcement agencies, fire departments and emergency medical service agencies. Everyone involved deserves our gratitude and deep respect.


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Star Tracks: Monday, May 16, 2016 42 years, 2,191 covers and 55,436 stories from PEOPLE magazine's history for you to enjoy
Latest News!
- Author Examines Mob's Possible Role in Murders of JFK, Others in Tale of Jimmy Hoffa's Confessed Killer
- Read the Cover Story: Brad & Angelina Split After 12 Years: It's Over
- Donald Trump Shames Alicia Machado's Past and Hillary Clinton's Judgement in 3 A.M. Twitter Storm
- WATCH: Inside Olivia Newton-John's Inspiring New Project to Help Cancer Patients
- Flip or Flop's Christina and Tarek El Moussa Debut a 'Bling-y' Tile Line
People Top 5
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- April 18, 2005
- Vol. 63
- No. 15
Poehler Express
Amy Poehler Hits Her Stride at SNL, Thanks to a No-Shame Policy and Support from Spouse Will Arnett
Now, playing a fake news anchor comes as easily as the other roles she's played during her four seasons on SNL, which include characters such as Michael Jackson, Avril Lavigne, Madonna and a one-legged loudmouth with gastrointestinal issues named Amber. "You can't go halfway," says Poehler. "If you don't allow yourself to look crazy and silly, your vanity will get in the way."
"She'll try anything," says "Update" coanchor and head writer Tina Fey. "And she's physically fearless. She hit her head coming out of a garbage chute for a sketch once and had five seconds of 'Where am I?' She just blacked out on TV."
Less dangerous roles have included that of an overly lax mom in last year's Mean Girls, and she has a recurring guest spot on FOX's Arrested Development, playing the seal-trading wife of her real-life husband, Will Arnett. "We both have no problem looking like idiots to each other or other people," says Poehler with a laugh. "We will stand in the bathroom in front of our double sinks and have contests to see who can make the queerest, most disgusting face. It gets serious. Like, 'Good job. How about this?' "
Such antics fit right into what she describes as SNL's "college dorm" environment. "Last week we had a spontaneous pushup contest," she says. "I don't think many workplaces have that."
Although she describes herself as being more "tomboyish and bossy" as a kid rather than as the class clown, Poehler learned to take—and deliver—a joke early on. "My family is very witty, so you had to earn your place at the table," says Poehler, 33, who was raised by two high school teachers, Bill and Eileen, in Burlington, Mass. (Her younger brother Gregory is a lawyer in the same building where SNL is shot.) As a communications major at Boston College, Poehler planned to become "a teacher, a journalist or an actor," she says. But after joining the campus improv group, "I was totally intoxicated," she says. "You get one genuine laugh, you just want it again, even if you spend the next 10 years being a waitress."
Poehler's parents were less than impressed. "We thought she'd get a nice little 9-to-5 job," says Eileen. "She told us that she was going to Chicago to be an improv comic, and we were like, 'Oh my God.' " Adds Bill: "$80,000 down the tubes."
While studying and performing at Chicago's Second City and Improv-Olympics, where she first met Fey, Poehler made a living from waitressing and odd jobs, like being a lighting stand-in for Gina Gershon in 1996's Bound. ("I got a hundred bucks for that!" she says.) She moved to New York that same year, into a West Village basement apartment with improv partner Matt Besser. "There were bars on the windows, and you could see people's legs walking by," she says. "There were rats, we had an occasional peeping Tom. It was horrible."
But professionally? Things were looking up. Thanks to connections from Chicago, she started getting small parts in skits on Late Night with Conan O'Brien. At the same time she was performing with Besser, along with partners Ian Roberts and Matt Walsh in the improv troupe Upright Citizens Brigade, which got its own show on Comedy Central in 1998. (Poehler still performs at the troupe's Manhattan theater most Sunday evenings.)
It was while she was performing in 1996 that Arnett, 34, first laid eyes on Poehler. "I went with my then-girlfriend, and she was like, 'You have a crush on that girl!' " says Arnett. "Amy did stick out. She was fantastic and obviously really cute." Four years later they began dating after meeting through friends. "He makes me feel very safe," she says. "You can have a lot of adventures if you have someone by your side."
Despite three seasons on cable, SNL was a whole new stage for Poehler. "My first week, I had to sit down and say, 'Don't worry who's been here before or you'll get totally paralyzed.' " She still gets starstruck, as during a U2 rehearsal last year. "Bono comes over and hugs you, and you have this surreal moment," she says. Still, SNL's season finale May 21 will mean she'll get more face time with Arnett, whom she married in 2003. (She has been commuting to L.A., where Arrested is shot, every two to three weeks.) "We're happy just to spend time together," says Poehler. "We spread out and read each other the paper." And, of course, compete to see who'll go further for a laugh. "One July 4th, Will came out in a stars-and-stripes apron with nothing underneath," she says. "He's pretty fearless too."
Jennifer Wulff. Rebecca Paley in New York City
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Powerball officials say two tickets had the winning numbers and will split the record $587.5 million jackpot.
Those winning tickets were purchased in Arizona and Missouri.
Overall, there were 8,924,125 winners on Nov. 28, according to Lottery officials.
The Powerball winning numbers: 5-16-22-23-29.
The red Powerball number: 06.
Ticket holders in 25 states -- including Michigan -- matched 5 numbers and won $1 million each.
Those tickets were purchased in Arizona, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, North Carolina, Nnew Jersey, New Mexico, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Wisconsin and New York.
Players in seven states -- Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Maryland, New Mexico, Ohio and South Carolina -- used the Power Play feature and won $2 million each.
According to the Michigan lottery, 313,950 players matched different combinations of winning numbers to win at least $4 each.
• Two Michigan players won $1 million.
• Eighteen (18) Michigan players matched 4 numbers and the Power Ball number, winning $10,000 each.
For the latest on Michigan Lottery, check out MLive.com's lottery page for Daily 3, Daily 4, Keno, Mega Millions winning numbers and more.
The official Michigan Lottery page is at Michigan.gov/lottery.
The next Powerball drawing is Saturday. The jackpot is $40 million.
Powerball is played in 42 states as well as Washington D.C. and the U.S. Virgin Islands.
Email John Gonzalez at firstname.lastname@example.com
Or follow John on Twitter at Twitter.com/MichiganGonzo
On Facebook at Facebook.com/GRGonzo


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Green Zebra
Heirloom tomatoes are generally open pollinated varieties. This means that the seeds will produce the same plant year after year, as long as there is no cross pollination during the pollination of the tomato. An heirloom variety does not produce as much as a hybrid and has less disease resistance. Therefore more plants, space, fertilizer, and labor is required to get the same production as a hybrid. Hierloom tomatoes come in different sizes, shapes, colors. Some are firm, some are soft and mealy. Blaine continually tries different varieties each year to see which ones will give good taste, size, and appearance. Beyond the familiar red varieties, we ensure customers receive a variety of colors, shapes, and sizes including orange, yellow, green, and purple as well. However, knowing what is tried and true, Blaine won't venture far away from the standard heirloom varieties of Brandywine, Cherokee Purple, Striped German and Green Zebra.
Stripe German
Cherokee Purple
The plants are grown in a composted media, from a local nursery thus economically and environmentally friendly. After the bags have been used for tomato production, the soil is incorporated into the field soil to provide rich organic matter for the plants grown the following year.
The bags sit on a gutter that collects the drain water, and it is re-circulated, therefor preventing leaching of nitrates into the land. Each plant is fed water and nutrients via a feed tube. A computerized timer is set to give the plants water based on solar light. For example, plants get less water on cloudy days than sunny days.
String is hung from crop wires which support the plants. The plants are either wound around the string, or clipped to the string weekly. Other weekly tasks include putting supports on the truss stem, to keep the tomatoes from falling off when they get big; pruning the plant of excess leaves, and tomatoes (too many tomatoes reduces the fruit size); And finally, each week plants must be leaned and lowered. Amazingly, the plants will grow up to the support wire, and need to be lowered. When the crop is complete in late summer, plant length can reach up to 20 feet!
In the outdoor environment, tomatoes are pollinated by wind and/or bees. Plants grown in the greenhouse are not exposed to these pollinators, so bumblebees are brought in to do the pollinating. Bumblebees are ideal for pollinating because they are not as aggressive as honey bees, so they won't go after other forms of pollen outside the greenhouse.
Since bumblebees are used, biological control of insect pests is very critical. The crop is grown without the use of synthetic pesticides, and insect pests are controlled with various predatory insects like ladybugs!
Grow bags
Seedling plants
String for plants
Cluster with support
Bumblebee pollinating a flower


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Mr. and Mrs. Carl J. Stopper, DuBoistown, observed their 65th wedding anniversary Nov. 26, 2011.
They were married by the Rev. James Ohara at St. Lawrence Catholic Church, South Williamsport, where they are members.
Mrs. Stopper, the former Ann D. Steinbacher, is a native of Williamsport. She is the daughter of the late Esther and Robert Steinbacher. She attended the former St. Joseph High School. She is a homemaker.
Mr. Stopper, the son of the late Henrietta and Herman Stopper, is a native of Williamsport. He attended St. Mary High School and served in the Marine Corps for three years. He retired from the Williamsport Post Office in 1986.
They are the parents of a son, Robert H., and three daughters, Teri Knecht, Karen Stopper and Sandy Glover. There are eight grandchildren, a granddaughter, the late Jackie Ziegmann, and five great-grandchildren.


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Air Force Lt. Rachel Sherburne is getting worldwide attention for a video she published on Youtube.
Watch Lt. Rachel Sherburne talk more about her experience, as seen on today's Newswatch program.
The video, which is not an official military production, tells the story of a different kind of warrior - one who serves. It was posted from the frontlines in Iraq.
"Servant leadership requires a vision written by God on our hearts," her video said. "A vision to see beyond ourselves and serve our fellow man."
Although she was raised as 'Air Force brat', it wasn't always her goal to join the military.
"I wanted to move to L.A. and become a model or actress," Rachel told Tidewater Woman magazine.
But things changed when, in high school, her father encouraged her to apply for an ROTC scholarship. While she disliked the idea of a rigorous program, she opted to give it her all and "be the best flight-mate I could."
Part of Rachel's responsibilities included formulating press releases and briefing her superiors on news from the home front. It was a job she took seriously.
"If I am going to tell a story, why not represent and tell the story of the best organization in the country?" Sherburne told Louisiana State University's Daily Reveille just before she was to deploy on a four-month tour in Iraq.
So far, thousands of people have watched her story - and some have been inspired.
"Before I was in the Air Force, my first concern was taking care of myself," Sherburne said. "Now, as an officer, it is taking care of and leading other people."
Sources: Tidewater Woman, The Daily Reveille
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I have learned a ton in the past month about blogging for pay. I have found that many people have no issues accepting a gift card and writing about the product. Thank you to the lovely folk who have said yes!
I've found that some people never want to do that. The only types of reviews they'll give are the ones that they decide to do on their own.
I have found some people would normally do a review, but have gotten busy at this time of year. Totally understandable.
What I've found the most fascinating, however, is that people who don't do reviews tend to be people that are already making a gazillion dollars on their blog. This makes sense. After all, they don't have to.
There is definitely a fine line between making some money (which you know I have no problem doing) and still being true to your own voice. After all, some of you write just to write. Others write for pay. (Me.) But at the same time, I have built up my audience based on "me" - not my product pitches. So... and here's the real tip I've learned from my job:
Can we say it again? FULL DISCLOSURE.
This means that should you do a review for pay, always say you've been paid to do it! This at least makes you credible.
And so, on that note, I am giving FULL DISCLOSURE to say that Leapfrog has paid me in the past to write about their products. They have been very good to me, and I do really like their stuff - especially their TAG readers (these are books with electronic pens...less stimulation than a computer but still interactive for little hands... great gift for the 3 - 7 year old crowd) so I am letting you all know about their sale in case you have little ones to shop for.
At some point, if I keep doing product review, I will put a new tab up. Then, all the people who are into freebies can go there. And all of you who just don't give a rat's booty about discounts but want to hear about me - God bless you - can simply stay here.
Happy Thanksgiving to you all!
BLACK FRIDAY / CYBER MONDAY DEALS, STARTING 10 PM PST TONIGHT! · 25% to 75% off sitewide
· Select Leapster games as low as $5
· Select Tag Books as low as $5
· Up to 75% off on our gift packs
· Spend $50, get free shipping
· Black Friday Bonus, Spend $100, get $10 off
Gobble gobble!


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The legendary Victoria Vess uses her sharp high heels like weapons to kill guess who? OH MY GOD it hurt so good! She almost punctures me then sits on my face and makes me get her off... with my tongue!
It's a twelve minute clip so please be patient while downloading!
Here's the RapidShare link:


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celebrity life
Selena Gomez checked out of rehab early to attend Sundance Film Festival
- From: News Corp Australia Network
- February 07, 2014
SELENA Gomez checked herself out of rehab where she was dealing with "emotional issues" just two weeks into a six-week stay so she could attend the Sundance Film Festival.
Sources close to Gomez told TMZ that she checked into a program in Arizona - allegedly for alcohol, marijuana and prescription pills - in addition to what her "people" deem is an unhealthy relationship with Justin Bieber.
But just two weeks in, the former Disney star ditched the program so she could promote her new film, Rudderless with co-stars Billy Crudup and William H. Macy, at the Sundance Film Festival.
Gomez apparently told her people she would return to the rehab facility after the festival was over, but reneged on her promise, deciding she had no need to go back.
Apparently the medical staff at the facility advised against Gomez leaving, given the treatment program runs for 45-days. TMZ is reporting that the staff feels it's essential in any recovery to complete the therapy, but Gomez is telling her people that she completed the toughest week, which the facility calls "Survivor's week" so she's recovered. Hmmm.


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MooFlick is a simple Mootools plugin to grab and display the latest images from Flickr JSON feed. It can grab specified number of the latest images, resizes and displays on page with visual effect. Optionally you it can styles and rotates images to look like small Polaroid previews. MooFlick is cross browser plugin and has been tested in Safari, Firefox, Chrome and IE 7+.
MooFlick is fairly easy to implement – you simply instantiate MooFlick and give it the id of the target container (usually a div) and your Flickr id. You can customize basic styling with CSS. It also allows you to specify number of images, rotation, size reduction and delay between adding each image to the page via confgiuration options.


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Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2011-06-27/News and notes
ArbCom database theft; WikiLove to roll out on the English Wikipedia; brief news
ArbCom mailing list archive leaked
On Thursday, June 23, a user going by the name of "MaliceAforethought" began leaking selected email threads of Arbcom-l, the Arbitration Committee's non-public mailing list, on Wikipedia Review. The issue was promptly noted on the Committee's talk page.
On June 27, arbitrator (and list admin) Roger Davies stated that "we have not established the source of the data theft though our investigations are continuing", dismissing the conclusion of an earlier investigation that had indicated the leak was probably the result of an unauthorized person gaining access to the Yahoo email account of one arbitrator, whose access to all private mailing lists and wikis was temporarily revoked. Another arbitrator, who had been inactive since February, returned to editing on Friday, June 24. As he did not respond to emails, when he edited again the following day, his account was globally locked, and his special permissions and mailing list accesses were temporarily revoked, but then reinstated after the Committee confirmed his identity. Roger Davies later emphasized that "there is no credible evidence at all to suggest that [these two arbitrators] were responsible, either directly or indirectly". He also told The Signpost he was "unaware of any evidence, credible or otherwise, implicating any other arbitrator", and noted that the entire list archive appears to have been compromised, going back to July 2005. At the time of writing, the leaker was continuing to post new threads purporting to be from the Arbcom-l archives, which have amounted to around 20 threads so far.
Also on June 27, the Mailman site password was changed[dead link]. A further announcement about these security issues is expected in the next few days.
While the leaks so far do not appear to have revealed any particularly controversial actions of ArbCom, there has been great concern about the amount of personal information revealed, not only about ArbCom members but also – as arbitrator Kirill Lokshin pointed out – within "the various material (including evidence, complaints, requests for assistance, and so forth) submitted by other editors [to the list]; in many cases, this correspondence includes personal information (real names, addresses, telephone numbers, ages) whose release could have negative consequences for editors and non-editors with no relation to the Committee". In a related discussion, the long-term retention of Checkuser data was questioned. As explained by Dominic, efforts have already been underway to address such concerns: The archives of the closed Checkuser-l mailing list are currently being removed, in favor of a recently established private Checkuser wiki that is intended only to "host the data from investigations that actually needs to be retained for the future due to persistent abuse". According to Kirill Lokshin, a similar solution has been considered for Arbcom-l (involving the existing Arbcom wiki), but it "would be prohibitively time-consuming for arbcom-l due to the immense volume of the archives; and there have been security concerns with the arbitration wiki as well."
In 2009, there had already been concern about a former arbitrator publishing selected e-mails from the Arbcom-l archives (obtained while authorized) on an external site.
See also a current RfC on account security and last year's Signpost coverage of an assessment of Wikipedia's password security, including a list of former incidents where user accounts had been compromised.
WikiLove to be rolled out on the English Wikipedia, flanked by new research
On the Wikimedia Foundation's blog, a new tool was announced last week, called WikiLove (after the concept). WikiLove has been developed into a MediaWiki extension (after first becoming available three months ago as a user script), and is currently in testing at the prototype wiki. The tool, which displays only on userpages, is represented by a red heart icon on the edit bar. Clicking on it will open a menu with options for giving awards: specifically, barnstars, various food and drink items, kittens, as well as an option to make your own award. The tool is designed to be simple and elegant; the user need only fill out a few fields and select an image or barnstar, and the message is even auto-signed.
Users are encouraged to go to the Prototype Wiki, create an account, and experiment with the tool (note: because of a known bug, creating an account requires editors to check the Remember Me box). WikiLove will be rolled out of testing on June 29, 2011 (assuming no last-minute delays), and the English Wikipedia will be first to receive it. Users can opt to disable it by going to My Preferences → Editing → Labs Features, and disabling the experimental feature. WikiLove also automatically updates special databases to help study its impact on Wikipedia, and the designers are looking into related tools for welcoming and encouraging new editors.
The Foundation's announcement describes some motivations for the introduction of the new tool: A recent survey on Wikipedia editors (see previous Signpost story) found that among 17 choices, being looked down on by more experienced editors is the most common reason for editing less (69%), and receiving praise from others is the most common reason for editing more often (78%). In addition, recent results on newbie teaching strategy trends from the Wikimedia Summer of Research have shown that the number of warnings and criticisms that new editors receive has increased, combined with "a significant drop in messages including praise and thanks", as shown in the graphs above.
In brief
- WMF moves to defend public domain: As announced earlier (Signpost coverage), the Foundation has joined forces with several educational institutions to support an Electronic Frontier Foundation Amicus brief regarding the Golan v. Holder case. The case stems from US acceptance of the Berne Convention in 1994, an act which granted copyright protection to several foreign works that were previously in the public domain according to the Copyright Act.
Last week, Geoff Brigham, the General Counsel of WMF, announced that the amicus brief had been filed, and explained the relevance of the case to Wikimedia "in light of the tremendously important role that the public domain plays in our mission": "To put it bluntly, Congress cannot be permitted the power to remove such works from the public domain whenever it finds it suitable to do so. It is not right – legally or morally." More information, including the Amicus brief, is available on the EFF page.
- Closing projects policy to become official: An updated process for closing and deleting defunct Wikimedia projects was accepted by the Wikimedia Board this week. Wikimedia projects are closed and sometimes deleted when they are deemed terminally inactive by the community (a list of all closed projects is available here). Debates generally center on whether inactivity or an opportunity for growth is more important. However, it lacks a coherent model for determining majority, which can result in single users occasionally acting in ways that are at odds with the discussion. Originally drafted by Language committee member SPQRobin, the new framework aims to standardize the operation by leaving the ultimate decision to the Language committee, which reports to the Board of Trustees. This is more consistent with the parallel Language proposal policy, and it is hoped that the new framework will make closing discussions more meaningful. Because of objections by the community, as of writing, the policy has been put under review again.
- Two new advisory board members: Last week, Jessamyn West (Board vote) and Veronique Kessler joined the Wikimedia Foundation's advisory board. In the debate about Wikipedia's gender gap earlier this year, West, a US librarian, had contributed insights from her work as community manager at Metafilter (Signpost coverage). Kessler is the outgoing Chief Financial and Operating Officer (CFOO) of the Foundation (having been in office since February 2008 and leaving at the end of this month).
- Wikimedia and libraries: A posting on the Foundation's blog covered various aspects of "Wikimedia and libraries – a symbiotic relationship", such as the appearances by Liam Wyatt at the EIFL (Electronic Information for Libraries) General Assembly in Minsk, Belarus (slides), and by Sue Gardner in the President's Program of the American Library Association's annual convention (both last weekend). According to a summary of her talk, she "showed slides of the rather lavish offices of Google and compared them with Wikipedia's semi-shabby facilities" and answered a question about COI edits by remarking that Wikipedias are "vigilant in their defense of editorial integrity". Asked about upcoming changes, she said that "we are looking for ways to increase serendipity".
- IRC office hours, fundraiser test: The log for the June 23 IRC office hour with Sue Gardner has been posted. One of the topics was the recent test of fundraising banners (in preparation for the end of the year donation drive), where one of the much-used personal appeals by Jimmy Wales was for the first time outperformed in donations by one from another person, Wikimedia tech staff member Brandon Harris (User:Jorm). As explained on his personal blog, the appeal was crafted by the Community Department's newly hired "storytelling" team, based on an interview. Gardner commented that "This was a huge big deal, because the implication is that we can crack the code – we can successfully augment Jimmy with other folks who are just as appealing. It's good news for the financial sustainability of the movement" (a topic that has concerned WMF recently in preparation of the annual plan; also, the new position of Director of Sustainability was recently posted to the Foundation's job openings page).
- Majority of Wikipedians are multilingual: A series of blog posting about the results of the Foundation's recent editor survey continued by hightlighting the result that the "Majority read and edit more than one language Wikipedia".
- List of large languages without Wikipedias: Millosh has posted, via the foundation-l mailing list, a rough sketch of languages with more than a million and more than 100,000 speakers who remain unserved by a Wikipedia project in their native language, in a country with an existing Wikimedia chapter. India has 45 languages with more than a million speakers, Indonesia 15, and the Philippines 6. There are dozens of languages over the 100,000 mark without a project. However, the list is very rough; the many variations of Chinese have not been included, and several sign languages (which would be difficult to put into text) have been included in the list. Nonetheless, it has been pointed out that the list might be valuable for future wikis. In May, Millosh had already posted a similar list of "Missing Wikipedias" (Signpost coverage).
- Larry Sanger re-enters Citizendium leadership: Nine months after the free wiki-based online encyclopedia Citizendium had adopted a charter (consisting of 55 articles laying a constitution-like foundation for the project's governance), and its founder Larry Sanger was replaced (as planned) as editor-in-chief by an elected "Management Council" (Signpost coverage), project members voted to modify the charter by four amendments, and elected new Management Council members, among them Sanger (with 22 votes, the second-highest number).
- National Portrait Gallery remedies Wikipedia plagiarism: In March (Signpost coverage: ""Copyright irony": UK's National Portrait Gallery appears to have copied from Wikipedia without permission), Wikipedians had reported text on the website of the UK's National Portrait Gallery that was obviously copied from Wikipedia without attribution. After the matter was brought up again on Foundation-l earlier this month (NPG still violating copyright")", the NPG was contacted a second time by the WMF's "GLAM fellow" Liam Wyatt User:Witty lama, and removed the offending text. In 2009, The National Portrait Gallery started a widely publicized controversy by threatening a lawsuit in English courts against Derrick Coetzee, a Wikipedia and Commons administrator, who had used a software tool to upload photographs of out-of-copyright paintings from the gallery's website to Commons (see Signpost coverage). While such copying is legal under U.S. law according to Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp., the legal situation in the UK is unclear. The December 2010 GLAM-WIKI conference in London (Signpost coverage) saw a dialogue between Wikimedians and a representative of the NPG.
Wiki-Love was pretty cool 6 years ago when it was WP:Esperanza. Night Ranger (talk) 01:10, 28 June 2011 (UTC)
What's the meaning of the "green blob" in the language committee logo? I stared at it for 5 mins and couldn't deduce any meaning out of it. OhanaUnitedTalk page 02:19, 28 June 2011 (UTC)
- Rosetta Stone is my guess. WikiCopter 02:26, 28 June 2011 (UTC)
- Yes, the description of the image says Rosetta Stone. Sumsum2010·T·C 03:24, 28 June 2011 (UTC)
- "While the leaks so far do not appear to have revealed any particularly controversial actions of ArbCom" *blinks* Um...alright, if you say so. I understand that the Signpost probably wouldn't want to comment on the controversial actions, since that means they would be commenting badly about Arbcom and such, but still, there's more than enough stuff in there that can be deemed "controversial". SilverserenC 04:28, 28 June 2011 (UTC)
- I personally find ArbCom to be a load of horse pork. I find all administrator things boring in general, but ArbCom is a whole new level of tedium. My advice is just to backpedal away from these sorts of things. If you don't get it, horse pork is a contradiction ResMar 17:24, 28 June 2011 (UTC)
- I agree with Resident Mario that ArbCom can be a whole new level of tedium sometimes, and I'm on the darn thing. Newyorkbrad (talk) 03:25, 29 June 2011 (UTC)
- I personally find ArbCom to be a load of horse pork. I find all administrator things boring in general, but ArbCom is a whole new level of tedium. My advice is just to backpedal away from these sorts of things. If you don't get it, horse pork is a contradiction ResMar 17:24, 28 June 2011 (UTC)
I work in an area of engineering that is especially prone to industrial espionage (electronic toys) and we use the following method as an anti-leak countermeasure; every so often, we send out multiple versions of a particular email with slightly different wording. Sometimes just a few recipients get a variation, sometimes half of them do (with a different split each time). That way, if an account is compromised, the content of the leaked emails contains a hard-to-obfuscate signature identifying which account is leaky. Has anyone at Wikipedia considered using such a system? --Guy Macon (talk) 04:50, 28 June 2011 (UTC)
- That's a good system if you want to identify employees who leak stuff broadcast to them, but within one committee you have the slight awkwardness of deciding who gets to be monitor and who gets to be monitored. You also need a completely different design for the archives as everyone who has access has access to the same archive, and we don't want to shift to a broadcast system as we don't want each of these arbs having their own archive on their own kit. But as we need to shift to a different system in order to delete stuff it would be good if we could introduce something like this as well. ϢereSpielChequers 19:28, 28 June 2011 (UTC)
- This would require some back-end programming of the archive system, so it might not be feasible - if I was in charge of making it happen it I would ask the developers and follow their advice. As for who does the monitoring, in the toy industry we usually choose someone with good analytical and technical skills who doesn't know the members of the mailing list or care about the issues they deal with. Using that as a guideline, everyone on the arbcom mailing list - including Jimbo - would be monitored. Another thing that we find to be helpful is to do penetration testing; while some might assume that a mailing list leak implies malfeasance or carelessness on the part of a list member, it could just as easily be true that someone used a brute-force password guessing program with a large dictionary or installed a keylogger on their PC. A good security consultant will identify any weak passwords and find any malware. All this is a bit of a pain, but less so than having confidential information leak out. Guy Macon (talk) 15:19, 29 June 2011 (UTC)
- Citizendium is not Wikipedia. I fail to see why the Signpost insists on reporting on it. Sven Manguard Wha? 04:55, 28 June 2011 (UTC)
- Seriously, I don't know why anyone still talks about them. That project has been dead in the water for years. - Burpelson AFB ✈ 17:29, 28 June 2011 (UTC)
- I can understand why Citizendium gets attention on The Signpost: Sanger was a founder of Wikipedia, & C. is his current project. However, it is becoming ever more clear that C. is a failed project, & despite his continuing efforts to show he is still relevant Sanger is becoming ever more marginalized. I agree with everyone else that The Signpost would benefit from dropping its coverage of both unless something undeniably newsworthy happens. Such as either Sanger or someone associated with C. wins an award -- or is indicted for committing a felony. -- llywrch (talk) 02:50, 29 June 2011 (UTC)
- Citizendium is family. It's the most famous fork of Wikipedia, even if it's done nothing of wide note in a long time. Marginal, though (and I'm saying that as the person who suggested this news item). Their previously raised funds run out in September, we'll see if they have sufficient interest amongst themselves (if the common "let's fund our hobby" model is sufficient) or the lights go out - David Gerard (talk) 08:01, 29 June 2011 (UTC)
- OK, to explain what made me write up David's suggestion for this Signpost issue: There is, or have been, various aspects of Citizendium that make its development newsworthy for Wikipedians/Signpost readers. One is the competitor aspect, which was dominant in 2006/07 (OMG Wikipedia is doomed because its co-founder used his supreme insights about online communities to create a superior project), but it has become quite clear that Citizendium is unlikely to draw many readers or writers away from Wikipedia. Another one is the "family" aspect (what is our former chief organizer doing now?). A third aspect, which I advocated in a talk about Citizendium at Wikimania 2009 and consider the most relevant, is the unique value that Citizendium has as a testing ground for various perennial proposals that have been suggested countless times for Wikipedia, but are considered too disruptive to test out here. These include enforcing real names, special authority for "expert" editors, approved (stable) article version, and since last year, the charter, which is another interesting departure from Wikipedia "any policy is editable"/IAR culture. I believe that Citizendium's successes or, so far mostly, failures with these hold valuable insights for Wikipedians that are difficult to come by elsewhere, and that's why it is worth following them as a Wikipedian.
- The present news is an update on how one of these innovations, the attempt to base the project on a stable "constitution", is turning out in practice (btw: diff of the changes), and also interesting in light of the expectations last year that it would enable the project to continue without its founder. The number of votes mentioned gives an idea of the size of the active community. I realize that not all readers are aware of the same amount of context, and that not all goings-on at Citizendium are worth reporting here.
- Regards, HaeB (talk) 12:58, 30 June 2011 (UTC)
- I understand your point. However, as the notice currently reads it sounds like episode 245 of a soap opera which has been repeating its material for some time. Or even less favorably, like a paragraph on one of the countless Trotskyite splinter groups which spend more time arguing over political purity than actually doing anything. A more in-depth article & discussion on events which support HaeB's justification might prevent the criticism I & others raised. (And if an event doesn't deserve that much attention, then Signpost is probably better off without it.)
As for the "testing ground for various perennial proposals" argument, why not offer some updates about Wikinfo, which is perhaps the oldest fork of Wikipedia still in existence? (IIRC, it was created back in 2004.) I had a peak at it a few months back, & was surprised not only to find it still in existence, but with a determined handful of members working away. And with far more articles than Citizendium ever produced. -- llywrch (talk) 03:25, 1 July 2011 (UTC)
- I understand your point. However, as the notice currently reads it sounds like episode 245 of a soap opera which has been repeating its material for some time. Or even less favorably, like a paragraph on one of the countless Trotskyite splinter groups which spend more time arguing over political purity than actually doing anything. A more in-depth article & discussion on events which support HaeB's justification might prevent the criticism I & others raised. (And if an event doesn't deserve that much attention, then Signpost is probably better off without it.)
It may have been worth mentioning the relatively high amount of media attention that the WikiLove extension received, e.g. [1], [2], [3], [4]. Reagrds, HaeB (talk) 06:02, 28 June 2011 (UTC)
- Regarding orthography of American Sign Language, see one person's proposal. No such orthography has gained widespread adoption, but I think it's an intriguing concept. Dcoetzee 11:02, 28 June 2011 (UTC)
- If Wikimedia had better video software, you could have a video-only sign language Wiki, perhaps? At least it could function like spoken articles, but perhaps you could set up a set of standard video of sin language words and string them together to get the equivalent of computer voice-rendered text. Rmhermen (talk) 16:21, 29 June 2011 (UTC)
- Please disambiguate Copyright Act... --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| talk 16:01, 28 June 2011 (UTC)
- What are you talking about with WikiLove being on the prototype wiki? It is on the english wiki and is as a script. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 22.214.171.124 (talk) 16:16, 28 June 2011 (UTC)
- This probably isn't the right place for to make this comment, but 'Wikilove' is an awful and highly unprofessional name for a permanent feature. What's the matter with something like 'compliment'? Nick-D (talk) 05:54, 3 July 2011 (UTC)
- It's not brilliant, but I quite like it. The Cavalry (Message me) 10:52, 3 July 2011 (UTC)


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If you're interested in baking your own bread, this is a great recipe for beginners.
It's a 'no-knead' loaf, which means you simply mix up the dough and let it rest overnight. No stand mixer, no bread machine, no kneading- just 2 minutes of prep time. The bread is baked in a dutch oven and the result is to die for; golden, crusty bread with a soft & chewy interior.
Buckle up people- this is a loooooong tutorial…
1.) Make the dough- Clear away all kitchen clutter and find yourself a nice workspace. In a large bowl, add the dry ingredients and mix with water to combine. It will look something like this…
As it becomes difficult to stir, get in there with your hands and mush everything together. It will be wet and sticky, with a shaggy appearance…
2.) Let it rise- Transfer your dough to a lightly oiled container and cover loosely with plastic wrap. Let the dough rest at room temperature (70 degrees) for 14 hours- overnight (Zzzz…Zzzz…)
Your dough is ready when it has puffed up in volume, about 1 1/2- 2 x the original size. You will also see lots of bubbles…
*Note: if your dough isn't puffed and bubbly after the initial rise, place it in the microwave with the light on (keeping the door ajar). The warmth from the light will give the yeast a boost. My friend Celia gave me this tip and it works like a charm, especially in chilly kitchens!
3.) Shape the dough & let it rise again- Flour a sheet of parchment paper. Remove the dough from its container and place it on top. Fold it in half (like a book) and then fold it in half again. Don't worry about the direction. You are doing this to release some air inside of the dough. Sorry, no photo for this one- my hands were too sticky!
When you are finished folding, add more flour to the parchment paper (be generous so that it doesn't stick). Shape the dough into a ball by gently tucking the sides underneath itself. Place onto the paper (seam side down), like so…
Cover loosely with oiled plastic wrap…
And let it rest again until puffy. It will start to spread out slightly as it rises- this is ok. The 2nd rise will not take as long as the first, but expect to wait about 30 minutes- 2 hours depending how warm your kitchen is (Zzzz…Zzzz). If you're impatient like me, now is a good time to use that microwave tip!
4.) Get ready to bake- About 1/2 hour before your dough is ready, preheat your oven to 500 F. Place a dutch oven (with lid) inside for 20 minutes to heat up. *Don't have a dutch oven? See recipe below for additional bakeware options. When it's nice and hot, carefully slide your hand underneath the parchment paper and invert the dough into the pot. The seam will now be facing up. It will look a little messy, but the top will be beautifully cracked after it's baked. Take a look…
Place your bread into the oven, and immediately reduce the temperature from 500 to 400 F. Bake with the lid on for 40 minutes (this will trap the steam inside making the bread moist). Remove the lid, and bake for an additional 15-20 minutes or until the crust is a deep, golden brown.
*Note: To be sure that your bread is fully cooked, I highly recommend taking its temperature. Flip the bread on its side, and insert a thermometer into the bottom. It should read between 200-205 F. If not, leave it in a little longer (extra time in bread baking is a good thing). If you're worried that the top will get too brown, put the lid back on. Better safe than sorry!
5.) Let it cool- When your bread is done, remove it from the oven and transfer to a wire rack. It should feel light and sound hollow when you knock on the bottom. You'll also notice a wonderful crackling sound as it cools. Let it rest for at least 1 hour. Cutting it too soon might ruin the texture of the bread, resulting in a gummy crumb! Trust me, I speak from experience…
And there you have it- fabulous, no-knead artisan bread!
Are you still with me? Good! I'm almost done…
10 loaves ago (and 1 battle wound later), I had absolutely no clue how to bake bread. With practice, I've found that the 'no-knead' approach is great for beginners and has given me the confidence to take on more challenging recipes. To me, it's truly a rewarding experience. Bake 1 loaf in your lifetime and you'll see what I mean. And with the rising cost of bread, it is a great skill to have. This loaf cost less than $1 to make!
- 3 c. bread flour (not all-purpose) + more for dusting
- ¼ teaspoon instant yeast
- 1¼ teaspoons sea salt
- 1½ c. water
- 6 quart dutch oven
- In a large bowl combine flour, yeast and salt. Add the water, and stir until combined; dough will be wet and sticky, with a shaggy appearance.
- Transfer to an oiled container and cover loosely with plastic wrap. Let dough rest for 14 hours- overnight, at room temperature (about 70 degrees). Your dough is ready when it has puffed up in volume, about 1½ -2x its original size. The surface will be dotted with bubbles. *See note below.
- Lightly flour a sheet of parchment paper and place the dough on top. Fold dough in half (like a book) and then fold it again (like a book). The direction doesn't matter. You're doing this to release some of the air inside.
- Add more flour to the parchment paper (be generous so that it doesn't stick). Shape the dough into a ball by tucking the sides underneath itself, and place (seam side down) onto the paper. Cover loosely with oiled plastic wrap and let rest again until puffy in shape. This will take 30 minutes- 2 hours depending on how warm your kitchen is.
- At least a half-hour before the dough is ready, preheat your oven to 500 F. Put a (6 quart) dutch oven pot inside for 20 minutes. When the dough is ready, carefully remove pot from the oven. Slide your hand underneath the parchment paper and invert the dough into the pot. The seam will be facing up. It will look messy, but the top will be beautifully cracked when baked. Shake pan once or twice if dough is unevenly distributed.
- Place your bread into the oven, and immediately reduce the temperature from 500 to 400 F.Cover with the lid and bake for 40 minutes. Remove the lid and bake for an additional 15 to 20 minutes, until golden brown.
- To make sure that the bread is completely cooked through, take its temperature. Carefully tip the bread onto its side and insert a thermometer into the bottom. It should read 200-205 F. If not, place it back into the oven until it is ready (extra time in bread baking is a good thing). If you're worried about the top getting too brown, put the lid back on.
- When your bread is ready, transfer to a wire rack to cool. It should feel light and make a hollow sound when you give it a knock underneath. Let it cool for at least 1 hour. Cutting it too soon might ruin the texture resulting in a gummy crumb!


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We now know who will be calling the shots at the arena in Allentown.
Global Spectrum was announced Thursday as the PPL Center's official booking agent and manager.
The company falls under the umbrella of Comcast-Spectator, which owns the Philadelphia Flyers.
Global Spectrum markets and operates arenas, convention centers, stadiums and more.


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All Posts In » 2009 » May » 10
Washis – Online Game of the Week
Simply swap them from one side to the other. You may hop over or move forward, but you may not hop or move back… How many tries will it take you? FollowRead more →By dawn in Casual Gaming No comments yet


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Top Definition
A guy that takes a girl's virginity.
Dude, you're such a clamburglar... Last night, you got hammered and took Lizzie's virginity.
dodane przez Anonymousssss913 wrzesień 21, 2008
Trending Now
Can you define these popular missing words?
a man trying to rob me of my vagina.
gosh billy bob is such a clam burglar, always trying to get at my vagina
dodane przez sallanie kwiecień 03, 2009


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Read an Excerpt
Silver Falls, Georgia
February 19, 1839
Sue Ann Eston clutched her doll tightly. The six-year-old sat alone beneath her house. No one else knew where her secret hiding place was, not even her friend, which was the only reason It had not found her yet. She was wrapped in a dirty blue blanket and sitting fearfully still, trying hard not to even tremble from the blistering cold. She wanted so badly to scream, but if she made any sound at all It would hear her, and kill her like It was killing everyone else. Her town was dying; the number of gunshots and screams waned with each passing minute. Through a knothole in the base of her house she glimpsed the massacre taking place, a spectacle that inspired as much awe as fear. She saw people she had known all her life running up, down, and across the street, only to be hunted down and slaughtered. It moved incredibly fast, seeming to be everywhere at once. No one escaped; everyone was doomed to die. All she could do was remain hidden and hope she would not be found. The child slipped into a daze, recalling the strange events of the past hour.
Sue Ann's fortune could be attributed to the dream she had the previous night. She had dreamt that yesterday's events had not taken place, that her friend was still alive, that everything in that quiet little town was just as normal as it had always been. But then her dream changed, and she recollected the Edmund brothers, Roy and Danny, killing her friend. She viewed it as though she were floating in the sky, watching the world from above. She saw the Edmunds' horse Thunderpulling the cart down the street, the wide dirt path that was the center of town, with the two boys on it and her friend's battered body dragging behind. She remembered how the letters appeared in the dirt, scribed by the blood of her friend as he passed over it. That word! What was that word, and what did it mean? She remembered the crimson bursting into bright orange flames, and the sinister laugh that bellowed from all above, beneath, and around her, which caused her to wake up screaming. That nightmare had prompted the child to go to her hiding place.
When she stepped outside to hide, she saw that the horses were all dead. Not just her family's horse, but everybody's. The day was breaking, and the sun's first light presented a horrifying scene. They had all been cut badly along their necks and bellies. The animals were still tied to their posts, but lay lifeless on the ground, their reins keeping their heads suspended and pointing upwards. She had not understood then why the horses were dead, but now it made sense: no one was getting away. She was so terrified that she was about to run back into the house and wake her parents, but something caught her eye that stopped her cold. She saw that word. It was etched into the street in huge letters, not with blood as in her dream, but by someone's hand. An overwhelming feeling of dread engulfed her, and a voice in her head screamed, 'Hide, now!' And no sooner than she had forced herself into the little hole at the far end of the house, she heard the roar. It was the same thunderous voice she had heard in her dream. It was a signal, a call to draw out the townsfolk and begin the panic. Surely enough, the first screams occurred only seconds later. Then the gunshots. Then more screams. And more gunshots. And more screams.
Mama, Sue Ann thought painfully. Pa. She was so cold, and so alone. Her parents were dead; she had heard them die. It had stormed into the house through the front door. It killed her mother first, in the master bedroom, directly above where the child was hiding. She heard Mama beg for her life, then scream a scream that barely seemed human. Then she heard Pa run into the room screaming profanities as he fired off two rounds from his hunting rifle. She heard It's thunderous footsteps rush toward Pa, another shot, and then a loud thump on the floor. Then It dashed outside to kill some more. It would have killed her as well, had she still been in the house. It was not partial to anyone, not man, woman, or child.
Only yesterday the thing that was destroying Silver Falls was Sue Ann's best friend, her favorite person in the world. Yesterday It did not have the frightening shape, size, or form that It did now. It was a person, just like she was, just like everybody else was, even if some did not feel that way. For years, It had worked in the fields beside Pa, had helped Mama cook and clean, had run errands for most everyone in town. It used to read Sue Ann fairy tales of beautiful princesses and brave knights and fearsome dragons, which caused her to lull off to sleep and dream so many fantastic things. But no more. The Edmund brothers, in their hatred and ignorance, took an innocent life. No one had tried to save Sue Ann's friend, and now, in a bloody twist of fate, it was the one who would not spare the many.
At least Roy and Danny are dead, too, thought Sue Ann. They deserve it.
That spiteful thought brought Sue Ann out of her daze. Her reflecting had been so deep that she had actually grown deaf to the carnage taking place outside her haven. But now she was cognizant again, and what she heard was the most frightful thing of all: nothing. Dead silence.
The massacre was over. There was no one left to scream, no one left to die. No one but Sue Ann. She trembled violently, because she understood what the silence meant. The screams, the shots. . .those were sounds of struggle, but where there was struggle, there was life, and if anyone was still alive, then the child was not completely alone. But now she was the only one alive. . .she and It. Would It look for her? What if It had known all along where she was, and was saving her for last? What would she do? What could she do, but die like all the others? From amid the feelings of futility arose an impulse. That word. She needed to write it down. Even if she did not live to tell what had transpired on this day, that word would be her message to whatever poor soul found this massacre. It would be the story of this town's end. That word.
She lay down her doll and grabbed a short board that lay on the ground beside her. Then she picked up a red crayon. She would write that word in red, just as it had been written in blood in her dream. Her hands were stiff with cold and shaking with fear, but her resolve overcame even that. Squeezing the crayon with all her might, she etched out the first letter.
The child heard a noise above her. A loud thumping. Footsteps. It was in the house again.
"Sue Ann?"
The girl's blood ran icy cold, colder than the air under the house, at the sound of Itcalling her name. This was not the bellowing voice she had heard in the dream, but a calm hiss. Calm, but very loud. It was looking for her. That new burst of terror strengthened her resolve, however. She clutched the crayon more tightly.
"Sue Ann, where are you?"
It was moving about the house, turning over tables and chairs and anything else It thought It might find her under.
"Sue Ann. . ."
Copyright © 2003 by Kevin Callis


text:
Nebraska Center for Writers
|Fiction writer MICHELLE HERMAN is the author of the collection of novellas, A New and Glorious Life (1998). She wrote her first book, Missing (1990), while living in Omaha. The book was awarded the Harold U. Ribalow Prize for "best Jewish fiction" and was selected as one of the 25 Best Books of the Year by VLS, the literary supplement of The Village Voice. Her most recent book is The Middle of Everything: Memoirs of Motherhood (U of Nebraska P, 2005). A novella, Dog, is due out from Macadam/Cage Publishing later in 2005. Her many awards and honors include a National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship, a James Michener Fellowship, the Greater Columbus Arts Council grant, and three Individual Artist's Fellowships from the Ohio Arts Council, in both fiction and nonfiction. Her stories, novellas, and essays have appeared in many literary journals and have been anthologized in such collections as Twenty Under Thirty: Best Stories by America's New Young Writers and Jewish-American Fiction: A Century of Stories. She is co-editor, with Kathy Fagan, of The Journal, OSU's literary magazine. Educated at Brooklyn College and the University of Iowa's Writers' Workshop, she has taught at Ohio State University, where she was one of the creators of the MFA program in Creative Writing and the former director of the program. She lives in Clintonville with her husband, still life painter Glen Holland, and their ten-year-old daughter, Grace.


text:
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What appears to be pushing both dry-bulk shipping companies higher is the huge rally in the Baltic Dry Index since early August. The latest reading of 2,277 is up nearly 130% in just shy of five months and would portend that higher daily charter rates could be in the offing. Navios Maritime and especially DryShips have been gun-shy about locking in long-term leasing rates at historically low BDI levels, so this new surge in the index could allow these companies to secure longer contracts at better dayrates.
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text: Hey guys, as you may or may not know I am bisexual. I have been open about it here but the truth is that I haven't told anyone I know personaly. I was just curious how long you guys were in the closet, if you still are and who you told first? Thanks.


text:
In your OpenSSL distribution, you should have gotten a script called
either CA.pl or CA.sh. They automate the steps necessary to create a
CA and to sign certificates with that CA. (It should be noted that it
is NOT intended to do everything an actual CA needs to do, it is quite
possibly the most minimal CA software in existence.)
I should point out that you really do not want to use the same
'world.png' file to seed the random number generator. If security is
a financial concern, you should have your clients themselves generate
the keys, and submit the CSRs. The way to do this depends on the
browser, unfortunately, and it might be that it's not something that
you can support. Alternatively, you can try using /dev/random or
/dev/urandom (semantics being that one blocks when the estimated
amount of entropy is low, the other continues generating low-entropy
pseudorandom numbers even in that case and never blocks) if your
platform supports them.
-Kyle H
On Mon, Jul 14, 2008 at 11:45 PM, rameshj
> Hi,
> I am new to Open SSL. I need to configure my application server with client
> authentication(user based certificate authentication). To achieve this, I
> have configured my tomcat server.xml with clientAuth="true". Currently I
> have created a client certificate and added it into both in my application
> as well as browser.
> I have used the following commands to create certificates,
> *openssl genrsa -rand world.png -out ./output/ClientKey.key 1024
> * openssl req -new -key ./output/ClientKey.key -out
> ./output/ClientCsr.csr -config openssl.cnf
> * openssl x509 -req -days 999999 -in ./output/ClientCsr.csr -signkey
> ./output/ClientKey.key -out ./output/ClientCer.cer [ I have imported the
> generated ClientCer.cer into my application server trustore ].
> * openssl pkcs12 -export -clcerts -in ./output/ClientCer.cer -inkey
> ./output/ClientKey.key -out ./output/rameshj.p12 -name "rameshj" [ I have
> imported the generated rameshj.p12 into my browser ].
> It is working perfectly. But here I require to import all the user specific
> (common name) in the server as well as browsers. In other words, if my
> application supports 1000 users, then I need to import all the 1000
> certificates to my server application trustore file. Due to scalability
> point of view, here I am planning to import just only one root certificate
> into my server application and 1000 users certificates will be imported into
> 1000 different user m/c browsers. But I don't know how to generate root
> certificate and other 1000 user certificates using openssl command. Can you
> please help me to generate root certificate as well as user certificate ?
> Thanks in advance for your help.
> Regards,
> Ramesh
> --
> View this message in context: http://www.nabble.com/Help-on-creati...p18458611.html
> Sent from the OpenSSL - User mailing list archive at Nabble.com.
> __________________________________________________ ____________________
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text:
Syracuse man was charged with felony assault Saturday night after police accused him of striking a 13-year-old boy in the head with a gun.Luis Parrilla, 21, of 215 Kellogg St., also was charged with a misdemeanor count of criminal possession of a weapon.
He was ordered held on $2,500 cash bail or bond at his arraignment in Syracuse City Court Sunday morning before Judge James H. Cecile.
According to police reports, Julio Rondo, 13, of Putnam Street, was visiting friends on Kellogg Street when Parrilla struck the boy in the head several times with some sort of gun, causing a bloody lump to his head. Police found a paint ball gun when they arrested Parrilla, acording to the report.
Rondo was treated by paramedics, but refused to go to the hospital, the reports said.