text:
Biomaterials (v.32, #8)
Editorial board (IFC).
Fabrication of self-assembling d-form peptide nanofiber scaffold d-EAK16 for rapid hemostasis by Zhongli Luo; Shunkang Wang; Shuguang Zhang (2013-2020).
We previously reported a class of designer self-assembling peptides that form 3-dimensional nanofiber scaffolds using only l-amino acids. Here we report that using d-amino acids, the chiral self-assembling peptide d-EAK16 also forms 3-dimensional nanofiber scaffold that is indistinguishable from its counterpart l-EAK16. These chiral peptides containing all d-amino acids, d-EAK16, self-assemble into well-ordered nanofibers. However with alternating d- and l-amino acids, EA∗K16 and E∗AK∗16, showed poor self-assembling properties. To fully understand individual molecular building blocks and their structures, assembly properties and dynamic behaviors for rapid hemostasis, we used circular dichroism, atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to study in detail the peptides. We also used rheological measurement to study the hydrogel gelation property. Furthermore, we used an erythrocyte-agglutination test and a rabbit liver wound healing model, particularly in the transverse rabbit liver experiments, to examine rapid hemostasis. We showed that 1% d-EAK16 for the liver wound hemostasis took ∼20 s, but using 1% of E∗A∗K16 and EA∗K16 that have alternating chiral d- and l-amino acids took ∼70 and ∼80 s, respectively. We here propose a plausible model not only to provide insights in understanding the chiral assembly properties for rapid hemostasis, but also to aid in further design of self-assembling d-form peptide scaffolds for clinical applications.Display Omitted
Keywords: Chirality; Circular dichroism; d-form amino acids; Molecular self-assembly; Scaffold hydrogel;
The interactions of astrocytes and fibroblasts with defined pore structures in static and perfusion cultures by Tao Sun; Peter S. Donoghue; Jennifer R. Higginson; Nikolaj Gadegaard; Susan C. Barnett; Mathis O. Riehle (2021-2031).
Open pores to maintain nutrient diffusion and waste removal after cell colonization are crucial for the successful application of constructs based on assembled membranes, in our case tubular scaffolds made of ɛ-polycaprolactone (PCL), for use in tissue engineering. Due to the complex three-dimensional structure and large size of such scaffolds needed for transplantable tissues, it is difficult to investigate the cell–pore interactions in situ. Therefore miniaturized bioreactors inside Petri dishes (30 mm in diameter), containing porous PCL or poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes, were developed to allow the interactions of different cells with defined pores to be investigated in situ during both static and perfusion cultures. Investigation of two different cell types (fibroblasts and cortical astrocytes) and how they interact with a range of pores (100–350 μm in diameter) for up to 50 days indicated that the cells either 'covered' or 'bridged' the pores. Three distinct behaviors were observed in the way cortical astrocytes interacted with pores, while fibroblasts were able to quickly bridge the pores based on consistent "joint efforts". Our studies demonstrate that the distinct pore sealing behaviors of both cell types were influenced by pore size, initial cell density and culture period, but not by medium perfusion within the range of shear forces investigated. These findings form important basic data about the usability of pores within scaffolds that could inform the design and fabrication of suitable scaffolds for various applications in tissue engineering.
Keywords: Scaffold porosity; Fibroblast; Astrocyte; Static culture; Perfusion culture; Tissue engineering;
The effect of recombinant E-cadherin substratum on the differentiation of endoderm-derived hepatocyte-like cells from embryonic stem cells by Amranul Haque; Bayar Hexig; Qingyuan Meng; Sharif Hossain; Masato Nagaoka; Toshihiro Akaike (2032-2042).
Generation of specific lineages of cells from embryonic stem (ES) cells is pre-requisite to use these cells in pre-clinical applications. Here, we developed a recombinant E-cadherin substratum for generation of hepatic progenitor populations at single cell level. This artificial acellular feeder layer supports the stepwise differentiation of ES cells to cells with characteristics of definitive endoderm, hepatic progenitor cells, and finally cells with phenotypic and functional characteristics of hepatocytes. The efficient differentiation of hepatic endoderm cells (approximately 55%) together with the absence of neuroectoderm and mesoderm markers suggests the selective induction of endoderm differentiation. The co-expression of E-cahderin and alpha-fetoprotein (approximately 98%) suggests the important role of E-cadherin as a surface marker for the enrichment of hepatic progenitor cells. With extensive expansion, approximately 92% albumin expressing cells can be achieved without any enzymatic stress and cell sorting. Furthermore, these mouse ES cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells showed higher morphological similarities to primary hepatocytes. In conclusion, we demonstrated that E-cadherin substratum can guide differentiation of ES cells into endoderm-derived hepatocyte-like cells. This recombinant extracellular matrix could be effectively used as an in vitro model for studying the mechanisms of early stages of liver development even at single cell level.
Keywords: Embryonic stem cells; E-cadherin; Endoderm; Hepatocyte differentiation;
The regulation of traction force in relation to cell shape and focal adhesions by Andrew D. Rape; Wei-hui Guo; Yu-li Wang (2043-2051).
Mechanical forces provide critical inputs for proper cellular functions. The interplay between the generation of, and response to, mechanical forces regulate such cellular processes as differentiation, proliferation, and migration. We postulate that adherent cells respond to a number of physical and topographical factors, including cell size and shape, by detecting the magnitude and/or distribution of traction forces under different conditions. To address this possibility we introduce a new simple method for precise micropatterning of hydrogels, and then apply the technique to systematically investigate the relationship between cell geometry, focal adhesions, and traction forces in cells with a series of spread areas and aspect ratios. Contrary to previous findings, we find that traction force is not determined primarily by the cell spreading area but by the distance from cell center to the perimeter. This distance in turn controls traction forces by regulating the size of focal adhesions, such that constraining the size of focal adhesions by micropatterning can override the effect of geometry. We propose that the responses of traction forces to center-periphery distance, possibly through a positive feedback mechanism that regulates focal adhesions, provide the cell with the information on its own shape and size. A similar positive feedback control may allow cells to respond to a variety of physical or topographical signals via a unified mechanism.
Keywords: Microcontact printing; Polyacrylamide; Traction force; Cell shape;
Maturational growth of self-assembled, functional menisci as a result of TGF-β1 and enzymatic chondroitinase-ABC stimulation by Daniel J. Huey; Kyriacos A. Athanasiou (2052-2058).
Replacement of the knee meniscus requires a material possessing adequate geometrical and biomechanical properties. Meniscal tissue engineering attempts have been unable to produce tissue with collagen content and biomechanical properties, particularly tensile properties, mimicking native menisci. In an effort to obtain the geometric properties and the maturational growth necessary for the recapitulation of biochemical and, thus, biomechanical properties, a scaffoldless cell-based system, the self-assembly process, was used in conjunction with the catabolic enzyme chondroitinase-ABC and TGF-β1. We show that combinations of these agents resulted in maturational growth as evidenced by synergistic enhancement of the radial tensile modulus by 5-fold and the compressive relaxation modulus by 68%, and additive increases of the compressive instantaneous modulus by 136% and Col/WW by 196%. This study shows that tissue engineering can produce a biomaterial that is on par with the biochemical and biomechanical properties of native menisci.
Keywords: Cartilage tissue engineering; Knee meniscus; TGF (transforming growth factor); C-ABC (chondroitinase-ABC); ECM; Mechanical properties;
The enhancement of VEGF-mediated angiogenesis by polycaprolactone scaffolds with surface cross-linked heparin by Shivani Singh; Benjamin M. Wu; James C.Y. Dunn (2059-2069).
This study investigates the effect of surface cross-linked heparin on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated angiogenesis in porous polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds in vivo. We tested the hypothesis that VEGF delivered by scaffolds coated with a sub-micron thick layer of immobilized heparin would accelerate angiogenesis. The bioactivity of retained VEGF was confirmed by its phosphorylation of VEGF receptor-2. After 7 and 14 days of subcutaneous implantation in mice, the heparin-PCL scaffolds loaded with VEGF displayed significantly higher infiltration of blood vessels which traversed the entire scaffold thickness (2 mm). The stability and function of the newly formed vessels were confirmed by smooth muscle cell coverage and vessel perfusability, respectively. The contribution of individual components was assessed by varying the VEGF dose and heparin thickness. Prolonging the cross-linking reaction on PCL scaffolds resulted in higher heparin content, thicker heparin layer, and higher VEGF retention. While a dose dependent angiogenic response was observed with VEGF, higher amount of cross-linked heparin did not translate into additional improvement in angiogenesis for a given dose of VEGF. The synergism of immobilized heparin and VEGF in stimulating angiogenesis was observed in vivo.
Keywords: Scaffold; Polycaprolactone; Surface modification; Heparin; Cross-linking; Angiogenesis;
Axon guidance of rat cortical neurons by microcontact printed gradients by Rita Fricke; Peter D. Zentis; Lionel T. Rajappa; Boris Hofmann; Marko Banzet; Andreas Offenhäusser; Simone H. Meffert (2070-2076).
Substrate-bound gradients expressed in numerous spatio-temporal patterns play a crucial role during the development of complex neural circuits. A deeper understanding of the axon guidance mechanism is provided by studying the effect of a defined substrate-bound cue on a confined neural network. In this study, we constructed a discontinuous substrate-bound gradient to control neuronal cell position, the path of neurite growth, and axon directionality. A variety of gradient patterns, with slight changes in slope, width, and length were designed and fabricated by microcontact printing using laminin/poly-l-lysine (PLL) or PLL alone. The gradients were tested for neurite growth and their impact on axon guidance of embryonic rat cortical neurons. The neurite length was determined and the axon was evaluated by Tau-1 immunostaining. We found that the microgradients of laminin/PLL and PLL directed neurons' adhesion, differentially controlled the neurite growth, and guided up to 84% of the axons. The effect of the protein micropattern on axon guidance and neurite growth depended on the protein and geometric parameters used. Our approach proved to be very successful in guiding axons of single multipolar neurons with very high efficiency. It could thereby be useful to engineer defined neural networks for analyzing signal processing of functional circuits, as well as to unravel fundamental questions of the axon guidance mechanism.
Keywords: Axon guidance; Microcontact printing; Substrate-bound gradient; Rat cortical neurons; Directed neurite growth;
Chimeric fibronectin matrix mimetic as a functional growth- and migration-promoting adhesive substrate by Daniel C. Roy; Susan J. Wilke-Mounts; Denise C. Hocking (2077-2087).
Therapeutic protein engineering combines genetic, biochemical, and functional information to improve existing proteins or invent new protein technologies. Using these principles, we developed an approach to deliver extracellular matrix (ECM) fibronectin-specific signals to cells. Fibronectin matrix assembly is a cell-dependent process that converts the inactive, soluble form of fibronectin into biologically-active ECM fibrils. ECM fibronectin stimulates cell functions required for normal tissue regeneration, including cell growth, spreading, migration, and collagen reorganization. We have developed recombinant fibronectin fragments that mimic the effects of ECM fibronectin on cell function by coupling the cryptic heparin-binding fragment of fibronectin's first type III repeat (FNIII1H) to the integrin-binding domain (FNIII8–10). GST/III1H,8–10 supports cell adhesion and spreading and stimulates cell proliferation to a greater extent than plasma fibronectin. Deletion and site-specific mutant constructs were generated to identify the active regions in GST/III1H,8–10 and reduce construct size. A chimeric construct in which the integrin-binding, RGDS loop was inserted into the analogous site in FNIII8 (GST/III1H,8RGD), supported cell adhesion and migration, and enhanced cell proliferation and collagen gel contraction. GST/III1H,8RGD was expressed in bacteria and purified from soluble lysate fractions by affinity chromatography. Fibronectin matrix assembly is normally up-regulated in response to tissue injury. Decreased levels of ECM fibronectin are associated with non-healing wounds. Engineering fibronectin matrix mimetics that bypass the need for cell-dependent fibronectin matrix assembly in chronic wounds is a novel approach to stimulating cellular activities critical for tissue repair.
Keywords: Fibronectin; Recombinant protein; Extracellular matrix; Cell proliferation; Cell adhesion;
Micropatterning neural cell cultures in 3D with a multi-layered scaffold by Anja Kunze; Michele Giugliano; Ana Valero; Philippe Renaud (2088-2098).
Cortical neurons, in their native state, are organized in six different cell layers; and the thickness of the cell layer ranges from 0.12 mm to 0.4 mm. The structure of cell layers plays an important role in neurodegenerative diseases or corticogenesis. We developed a 3D microfluidic device for creating physiologically realistic, micrometer scaled neural cell layers. Using this device, we demonstrated that (1) agarose–alginate mixture can be gelled thermally, thus an excellent candidate for forming multi-layered scaffolds for micropatterning embedded cells; (2) primary cortical neurons were cultured successfully for up to three weeks in the micropatterned multi-layered scaffold; (3) B27 concentration gradient enhanced neurite outgrowth. In addition, this device is compatible with optical microscopy, the dynamic process of neural growth can be imaged, and density and number of neurites can be quantified. This device can potentially be used for drug development, as well as research in basic neural biology.
Keywords: Micropatterning; Agarose-alginate hydrogel; Multi-layered scaffold; Primary neural cell culture; Neurite outgrowth;
Role of material-driven fibronectin fibrillogenesis in cell differentiation by Manuel Salmerón-Sánchez; Patricia Rico; David Moratal; Ted T. Lee; Jean E. Schwarzbauer; Andrés J. García (2099-2105).
Fibronectin (FN) is a ubiquitous extracellular matrix protein (ECM) protein that is organized into fibrillar networks by cells through an integrin-mediated process that involves contractile forces. This assembly allows for the unfolding of the FN molecule, exposing cryptic domains that are not available in the native globular FN structure and activating intracellular signalling complexes. However, organization of FN into a physiological fibrillar network upon adsorption on a material surface has not been observed. Here we demonstrate cell-free, material-induced FN fibrillogenesis into a biological matrix with enhanced cellular activities. We found that simple FN adsorption onto poly(ethyl acrylate) surfaces, but not control polymers, triggered FN organization into a fibrillar network via interactions in the amino-terminal 70 kDa fragment, which is involved in the formation of cell-mediated FN fibrils. Moreover, the material-driven FN fibrils exhibited enhanced biological activities in terms of myogenic differentiation compared to individual FN molecules and even type I collagen. Our results demonstrate that molecular assembly of FN can take place at the material interface, giving rise to a physiological protein network similar to fibrillar matrices assembled by cells. This research identifies material surfaces that trigger the organization of extracellular matrix proteins into biological active fibrils and establishes a new paradigm to engineer ECM-mimetic biomaterials.
Keywords: Fibronectin; Cell adhesion; Integrin; Interface;
The potential of combinations of drug-loaded nanoparticle systems and adult stem cells for glioma therapy by Mathilde Roger; Anne Clavreul; Marie-Claire Venier-Julienne; Catherine Passirani; Claudia Montero-Menei; Philippe Menei (2106-2116).
The prognosis of patients with malignant glioma remains extremely poor, despite surgery and improvements in radio- and chemo-therapies. Nanotechnologies hold great promise in glioma therapy as they protect the therapeutic agent and allow its sustained release. However, new paradigms permitting tumor-specific targeting and extensive intratumoral distribution must be developed to efficiently deliver nanoparticles. Modifications and functionalizations of nanoparticles have been developed to specifically track tumor cells. However, these nanoparticles have yielded few clinical results due to intra-patient heterogeneity and inter-patient variability. Stem cells with a specific tropism for brain tumors could be used as delivery vehicles for nanoparticles. Indeed, these cells have a natural tendency to migrate and distribute within the tumor mass and they can also incorporate nanoparticles. Stem cell therapy combined with nanotechnology could be a promising tool to efficiently deliver drugs to brain tumors.
Keywords: Glioma; Nanoparticles; Adult stem cells; Targeting;
Ultrasensitive electrochemical immunoassay for BRCA1 using BMIM·BF4-coated SBA-15 as labels and functionalized graphene as enhancer by Yanyan Cai; He Li; Bin Du; Minghui Yang; Yan Li; Dan Wu; Yanfang Zhao; Yuxue Dai; Qin Wei (2117-2123).
BRCAl is an anti-oncogene in women, who are genetically predisposed to breast and ovary cancer. The detection of BRCA1 can offer an opportunity to characterize the function of genetic features in breast and ovarian cancer and to screen breast or ovarian cancer patients. In this study, we designed a new label and fabricated a novel sandwich-type electrochemical immunoassay for the ultrasensitive detection of BRCAl. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was entrapped in the pores of amino-group functionalized SBA-15 and the secondary antibody (Ab2) combined with SBA-15 by covalent bond. Ionic liquid (IL) was added into the mixed solution of SBA-15/HRP/Ab2 and application of IL increased the electrochemical activity of HRP and promoted electron transport. The synergistic effect between IL, SBA-15, Ab2 and HRP could retain the bioactivity of HRP and Ab2. The sensitivity of the sandwich-type immunosensor using SBA-15/HRP/Ab2/BMIM·BF4 as labels for BRCA1 detection was much higher than that using either SBA-15/HRP/Ab2 or SBA-15/Ab2 as labels. Under optimal conditions, the electrochemical immunoassay exhibited a wide working range from 0.01 to 15 ng/mL with a detection limit of 4.86 pg/mL BRCA1. The precision, reproducibility, and stability of the immunoassay were acceptable.
Keywords: SBA-15; Horseradish peroxidase; Amperometric immunosensor; Ionic liquid; Graphene nanocomposites; Breast cancer susceptibility gene;
Dual-aptamer-based delivery vehicle of doxorubicin to both PSMA (+) and PSMA (−) prostate cancers by Kyoungin Min; Hunho Jo; Kyungmi Song; Minseon Cho; Yang-Sook Chun; Sangyong Jon; Won Jong Kim; Changill Ban (2124-2132).
We have designed a dual-aptamer complex specific to both prostate-specific membrane antigens (PSMA) (+) and (−) prostate cancer cells. In the complex, an A10 RNA aptamer targeting PSMA (+) cells and a DUP-1 peptide aptamer specific to PSMA (−) cells were conjugated through streptavidin. Doxorubicin-loaded onto the stem region of the A10 aptamer was delivered not only to PSMA (+) cells but to PSMA (−) cells, and eventually induced apoptosis in both types of prostate cancer cells. Cell death was monitored by measuring guanine concentration in cells using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), a simple and rapid electrochemical method, and was further confirmed by directly observing cell morphologies cultured on the transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) glass electrode and checking their viabilities using a trypan blue assay. To investigate the in vivo application of the dual-aptamer system, both A10 and DUP-1 aptamers were immobilized on the surface of thermally cross-linked superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (TCL-SPION). Selective cell uptakes and effective drug delivery action of these probes were verified by Prussian blue staining and trypan blue staining, respectively.
Keywords: Drug delivery; PSMA (+) and PSMA (−) prostate cancer cells; A10 RNA aptamer; DUP-1 peptide aptamer; Differential pulse voltammetry; Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle;
Ultra-photostable, non-cytotoxic, and highly fluorescent quantum nanospheres for long-term, high-specificity cell imaging by Yao He; Haoting Lu; Yuanyuan Su; Liman Sai; Mei Hu; Chunhai Fan; Lianhui Wang (2133-2140).
A new class of fluorescent quantum nanospheres (QNs) is directly achieved in aqueous phase through a facile one-pot microwave irradiation (MWI) strategy. Multi-color QNs with maximum emission wavelengths ranging from 525 to 610 nm and PLQY of 30–60% are facilely prepared through this new MWI strategy. In addition to strong fluorescence, these QNs possess excellent photostability, preserving ∼90% of the original intensity after 70 min high-power UV irradiation (100 W Xeon lamp). In sharp contrast, the fluorescence of CdTe/CdS/ZnS core-shell-shell quantum dots (QDs), recognized as established fluorescent probes with robust photostability, decrease to ∼50% under the same conditions. Besides, cytotoxicity assessment demonstrates that the prepared QNs exhibit favorable cytocompatibility to K562 cells with high concentration (3 μmol) and long-time incubation (24 h). Furthermore, cellular imaging results demonstrate that the as-prepared QNs are remarkably efficacious for long-term and high-specificity immunofluorescent cellular labeling, and multi-color cell imaging. Our systematical investigation clearly shows that these high-performance QNs may serve as practical and powerful tools for various biological researches, such as in vivo and in vitro imaging.
Keywords: Quantum nanospheres; Biocompatibility; Cell imaging; Biological probes;
Affibody-based nanoprobes for HER2-expressing cell and tumor imaging by Jinhao Gao; Kai Chen; Zheng Miao; Gang Ren; Xiaoyuan Chen; Sanjiv S. Gambhir; Zhen Cheng (2141-2148).
This article reports the affibody-based nanoprobes specifically target and image human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2)-expressing cells and tumors. The affibody molecules are a promising class of targeting ligands with simple, robust, and precise structure and high affinity. Using near-infrared (NIR) quantum dots (QDs) and iron oxide (IO) nanoparticles as two representative nanomaterials, we designed anti–HER2 affibody molecules with a N-terminus cysteine residue (Cysteine-ZHER2:342) and precisely conjugated with maleimide-functionalized nanoparticles to make nanoparticle-affibody conjugates. The in vitro and in vivo study showed the conjugates are highly specific to target and image HER2-expressing cells and tumors. This work indicated the nanoparticle-affibody conjugates may be excellent candidates as targeting probes for molecular imaging and diagnosis.
Keywords: Affibody; Bioconjugation; Nanoprobes; HER2; Molecular imaging;
Engineered silk fibroin protein 3D matrices for in vitro tumor model by Sarmistha Talukdar; Mahitosh Mandal; Dietmar W. Hutmacher; Pamela J. Russell; Carolina Soekmadji; Subhas C. Kundu (2149-2159).
3D in vitro model systems that are able to mimic the in vivo microenvironment are now highly sought after in cancer research. Antheraea mylitta silk fibroin protein matrices were investigated as potential biomaterial for in vitro tumor modeling. We compared the characteristics of MDA-MB-231 cells on A. mylitta, Bombyx mori silk matrices, Matrigel, and tissue culture plates. The attachment and morphology of the MDA-MB-231 cell line on A. mylitta silk matrices was found to be better than on B. mori matrices and comparable to Matrigel and tissue culture plates. The cells grown in all 3D cultures showed more MMP-9 activity, indicating a more invasive potential. In comparison to B. mori fibroin, A. mylitta fibroin not only provided better cell adhesion, but also improved cell viability and proliferation. Yield coefficient of glucose consumed to lactate produced by cells on 3D A. mylitta fibroin was found to be similar to that of cancer cells in vivo. LNCaP prostate cancer cells were also cultured on 3D A. mylitta fibroin and they grew as clumps in long term culture. The results indicate that A. mylitta fibroin scaffold can provide an easily manipulated microenvironment system to investigate individual factors such as growth factors and signaling peptides, as well as evaluation of anticancer drugs.
Keywords: Silk; Fibroin; 3D; Cell culture; Tumour;
A small MRI contrast agent library of gadolinium(III)-encapsulated supramolecular nanoparticles for improved relaxivity and sensitivity by Kuan-Ju Chen; Stephanie M. Wolahan; Hao Wang; Chao-Hsiung Hsu; Hsing-Wei Chang; Armando Durazo; Lian-Pin Hwang; Mitch A. Garcia; Ziyue K. Jiang; Lily Wu; Yung-Ya Lin; Hsian-Rong Tseng (2160-2165).
We introduce a new category of nanoparticle-based T 1 MRI contrast agents (CAs) by encapsulating paramagnetic chelated gadolinium(III), i.e., Gd3+·DOTA, through supramolecular assembly of molecular building blocks that carry complementary molecular recognition motifs, including adamantane (Ad) and β-cyclodextrin (CD). A small library of Gd3+·DOTA-encapsulated supramolecular nanoparticles (Gd3+·DOTA⊂SNPs) was produced by systematically altering the molecular building block mixing ratios. A broad spectrum of relaxation rates was correlated to the resulting Gd3+·DOTA⊂SNP library. Consequently, an optimal synthetic formulation of Gd3+·DOTA⊂SNPs with an r 1 of 17.3 s−1 mM−1 (ca. 4-fold higher than clinical Gd3+ chelated complexes at high field strengths) was identified. T 1-weighted imaging of Gd3+·DOTA⊂SNPs exhibits an enhanced sensitivity with a contrast-to-noise ratio (C/N ratio) ca. 3.6 times greater than that observed for free Gd3+·DTPA. A Gd3+·DOTA⊂SNPs solution was injected into foot pads of mice, and MRI was employed to monitor dynamic lymphatic drainage of the Gd3+·DOTA⊂SNPs-based CA. We observe an increase in signal intensity of the brachial lymph node in T 1-weighted imaging after injecting Gd3+·DOTA⊂SNPs but not after injecting Gd3+·DTPA. The MRI results are supported by ICP-MS analysis ex vivo. These results show that Gd3+·DOTA⊂SNPs not only exhibits enhanced relaxivity and high sensitivity but also can serve as a potential tool for diagnosis of cancer metastasis.
Keywords: Supramolecular Chemistry; Cyclodextrin; T1-weighted Contrast Agent; MRI; Gadolinium; Dynamic imaging;
Multifunctional polyglycerol-grafted Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles for targeting ovarian cancer cells by Liang Wang; Koon Gee Neoh; En-Tang Kang; Borys Shuter (2166-2173).
Ligand-mediated magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agents would be highly desirable for cancer diagnosis. In the present study, nanoparticles of Fe3O4 core with fluorescent SiO2 shell were synthesized and grafted with hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG-grafted Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles). These nanoparticles have a hydrodynamic diameter of 47.0 ± 4.0 nm, and are very stable in aqueous solution as well as in cell culture medium. Numerous surface hydroxyl groups of these nanoparticles were conjugated with folic acid by a thiol 'click' reaction. The successful covalent attachment of folic acid on the nanoparticles was confirmed by FTIR and XPS analyses. Both MR imaging and fluorescence microscopy show significant preferential uptake of the folic acid-conjugated polyglycerol-grafted Fe3O4@SiO2 (FA-HPG-grafted Fe3O4@SiO2) nanoparticles by human ovarian carcinoma cells (SKOV-3) as compared to macrophages and fibroblasts. Such nanoparticles can potentially be used to provide real-time imaging in ovarian cancer resection.
Keywords: Polyglycerol; Iron oxide nanoparticles; Silica shell; Folic acid; fluorescence; MRI;
Alginate-folic acid-modified chitosan nanoparticles for photodynamic detection of intestinal neoplasms by Shu-Jyuan Yang; Feng-Huei Lin; Han-Min Tsai; Chia-Fu Lin; Han-Chiang Chin; Jau-Min Wong; Ming-Jium Shieh (2174-2182).
Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death and often goes undetected with current colonoscopy practices. Improved methods of detecting dysplasia and tumors during colonoscopy could significantly improve mortality. Herein, we report a high-performance nanoparticle for photodynamic detection of colorectal cancer, where alginate is physically complexed with folic acid-modified chitosan to form nanoparticles with improved drug release in the cellular lysosome. The incorporated alginate molecules could complex stably with chitosan via electrostatic attraction, and the z-average diameter and zeta-potential of the prepared nanoparticles (fCAN) was 115 nm and 22 mV, respectively, enough to keep the nanoparticles stable in aqueous suspension without aggregation. When loaded with 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA; 27% loading efficiency), the nanoparticles (fCANA) displayed no differences in particle size or zeta-potential compared to fCAN. Moreover, the fCANA nanoparticles were readily taken up by colorectal cancer cells via folate receptor-mediated endocytosis. Subsequently, the loaded 5-ALA was release in the lysosome, and this was promoted by the reduced attraction intensity between chitosan and 5-ALA via the deprotonated alginate, resulting in a higher intracellular PpIX accumulation for the photodynamic detection. These studies demonstrate that the alginate incorporated and folic acid-conjugated chitosan nanoparticles are excellent vectors for colorectal-specific delivery of 5-ALA for fluorescent endoscopic detection.
Keywords: Chitosan; Alginate; Colorectal cancer; 5-Aminolevulinic acid; Nanoparticle;
Polyethylene glycol modified, cross-linked starch-coated iron oxide nanoparticles for enhanced magnetic tumor targeting by Adam J. Cole; Allan E. David; Jianxin Wang; Craig J. Galbán; Hannah L. Hill; Victor C. Yang (2183-2193).
While successful magnetic tumor targeting of iron oxide nanoparticles has been achieved in a number of models, the rapid blood clearance of magnetically suitable particles by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) limits their availability for targeting. This work aimed to develop a long-circulating magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (MNP) platform capable of sustained tumor exposure via the circulation and, thus, potentially enhanced magnetic tumor targeting. Aminated, cross-linked starch (DN) and aminosilane (A) coated MNPs were successfully modified with 5 kDa (A5, D5) or 20 kDa (A20, D20) polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains using simple N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) chemistry and characterized. Identical PEG-weight analogues between platforms (A5 & D5, A20 & D20) were similar in size (140–190 nm) and relative PEG labeling (1.5% of surface amines – A5/D5, 0.4% – A20/D20), with all PEG–MNPs possessing magnetization properties suitable for magnetic targeting. Candidate PEG–MNPs were studied in RES simulations in vitro to predict long-circulating character. D5 and D20 performed best showing sustained size stability in cell culture medium at 37 °C and 7 (D20) to 10 (D5) fold less uptake in RAW264.7 macrophages when compared to previously targeted, unmodified starch MNPs (D). Observations in vitro were validated in vivo, with D5 (7.29 h) and D20 (11.75 h) showing much longer half-lives than D (0.12 h). Improved plasma stability enhanced tumor MNP exposure 100 (D5) to 150 (D20) fold as measured by plasma AUC0–∞. Sustained tumor exposure over 24 h was visually confirmed in a 9L-glioma rat model (12 mg Fe/kg) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Findings indicate that a polyethylene glycol modified, cross-linked starch-coated MNP is a promising platform for enhanced magnetic tumor targeting, warranting further study in tumor models.
Keywords: Iron oxide nanoparticles; Magnetic nanoparticles; Magnetic targeting; Polyethylene glycol (PEG); Pharmacokinetics; Reticuloendothelial system (RES);
Engineering complement activation on polypropylene sulfide vaccine nanoparticles by Susan N. Thomas; André J. van der Vlies; Conlin P. O'Neil; Sai T. Reddy; Shann S. Yu; Todd D. Giorgio; Melody A. Swartz; Jeffrey A. Hubbell (2194-2203).
The complement system is an important regulator of both adaptive and innate immunity, implicating complement as a potential target for immunotherapeutics. We have recently presented lymph node-targeting, complement-activating nanoparticles (NPs) as a vaccine platform. Here we explore modulation of surface chemistry as a means to control complement deposition, in active or inactive forms, on polypropylene sulfide core, block copolymer Pluronic corona NPs. We found that nucleophile-containing NP surfaces activated complement and became functionalized in situ with C3 upon serum exposure via the alternative pathway. Carboxylated NPs displayed a higher degree of C3b deposition and retention relative to hydroxylated NPs, upon which deposited C3b was more substantially inactivated to iC3b. This in situ functionalization correlated with in vivo antigen-specific immune responses, including antibody production as well as T cell proliferation and IFN-γ cytokine production upon antigen restimulation. Interestingly, inactivation of C3b to iC3b on the NP surface did not correlate with NP affinity to factor H, a cofactor for protease factor I that degrades C3b into iC3b, indicating that control of complement protein C3 stability depends on architectural details in addition to factor H affinity. These data show that design of NP surface chemistry can be used to control biomaterials-associated complement activation for immunotherapeutic materials.
Keywords: Complement; Nanoparticle; Immunomodulation; Protein adsorption;
Synthetic cationic amphiphilic α-helical peptides as antimicrobial agents by Nikken Wiradharma; Ulung Khoe; Charlotte A.E. Hauser; See Voon Seow; Shuguang Zhang; Yi-Yan Yang (2204-2212).
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) secreted by the innate immune system are prevalent as the effective first-line of defense to overcome recurring microbial invasions. They have been widely accepted as the blueprints for the development of new antimicrobial agents for the treatment of drug resistant infections. However, there is also a growing concern that AMPs with a sequence that is too close to the host organism's AMP may inevitably compromise its own natural defense. In this study, we design a series of synthetic (non-natural) short α-helical AMPs to expand the arsenal of the AMP families and to gain further insights on their antimicrobial activities. These cationic and amphiphilic peptides have a general sequence of (XXYY)n (X: hydrophobic residue, Y: cationic residue, and n: the number of repeat units), and are designed to mimic the folding behavior of the naturally-occurring α-helical AMPs. The synthetic α-helical AMPs with 3 repeat units, (FFRR)3, (LLRR)3, and (LLKK)3, are found to be more selective towards microbial cells than rat red blood cells, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values that are more than 10 times lower than their 50% hemolytic concentrations (HC50). They are effective against Gram-positive B. subtilis and yeast C. albicans; and the studies using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have elucidated that these peptides possess membrane-lytic activities against microbial cells. Furthermore, non-specific immune stimulation assays of a typical peptide shows negligible IFN-α, IFN-γ, and TNF-α inductions in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, which implies additional safety aspects of the peptide for both systemic and topical use. Therefore, the peptides designed in this study can be promising antimicrobial agents against the frequently-encountered Gram-positive bacteria- or yeast-induced infections.
Keywords: Antimicrobial peptides (AMP); α-Helix; Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC); Membrane lysis; Hemolysis;
Multifunctional hollow nanoparticles based on graft-diblock copolymers for doxorubicin delivery by Pei-Lin Lu; Yi-Chun Chen; Ta-Wei Ou; Hung-Hao Chen; Hsieh-Chih Tsai; Chih-Jen Wen; Chun-Liang Lo; Shiaw-Pyng Wey; Kun-Ju Lin; Tzu-Chen Yen; Ging-Ho Hsiue (2213-2221).
This article reports a flexible hollow nanoparticles, self-assembling from poly(N-vinylimidazole-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone)-g-poly(d,l-lactide) graft copolymers and methoxyl/functionalized-PEG-PLA diblock copolymers, as an anticancer drug doxorubicin (Dox) carrier for cancer targeting, imaging, and cancer therapy. This multifunctional hollow nanoparticle exhibited a specific on-off switch drug release behavior, owning to the pH-sensitive structure of imidazole, to release Dox in acidic surroundings (intracellular endosomes) and to capsulate Dox in neutral surroundings (blood circulation or extracellular matrix). Imaging by SPECT/CT shows that nanoparticle conjugated with folic acids ensures a high intratumoral accumulation due to the folate-binding protein (FBP)-binding effect. In vivo tumor growth inhibition shows that nanoparticles exhibited excellent antitumor activity and a high rate of apoptosis in cancer cells. After 80-day treatment course of nanoparticles, it did not appreciably cause heart, liver and kidney damage by inactive Dox or polymeric materials. The results indicate that the flexible carriers with an on-off switched drug release may be allowed to accurately deliver to targeted tumors for cancer therapy.
Keywords: Multifunctional hollow nanoparticles; Intracellular drug delivery; Cancer targeting; SPECT/CT imaging; Cancer therapy;
The synergistic effect of hierarchical assemblies of siRNA and chemotherapeutic drugs co-delivered into hepatic cancer cells by Nuo Cao; Du Cheng; Seyin Zou; Hua Ai; Jinming Gao; Xintao Shuai (2222-2232).
Diblock copolymers (PEI-PCL) of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and linear poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) were synthesized and assembled to biodegradable nano-carriers for co-delivery of BCL-2 siRNA and doxorubicin (DOX). Folic acid as a tumor-targeting ligand was conjugated to the polyanion, poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(glutamic acid) (FA-PEG-PGA). Driven by the electrostatic interaction, FA-PEG-PGA was coated onto the surface of the cationic PEI-PCL nanoparticles pre-loaded with siRNA and DOX, potentiating a ligand-directed delivery to human hepatic cancer cells Bel-7402. At certain N/P and C/N ratios (N/P: PEI-PCL nitrogen to siRNA phosphate; C/N: FA-PEG-PGA carboxyl to PEI-PCL amine), the nanoparticles exhibited not only high transfection efficiency but also ideally controlled release of drug. Compared to non-specific delivery, the folate-targeted delivery of BCL-2 siRNA resulted in more significant gene suppression at both the BCL-2 mRNA and protein expression levels, inducing cancer cell apoptosis and improving the therapeutic efficacy of the co-administered DOX. Herein we demonstrated that co-loading siRNA and small molecular drug in a multifunctional hierarchical nano-assembly enabled simultaneously delivering siRNA and drug into the same cancer cells, yielding synergistic effect of RNA interference and chemotherapy in cancer.
Keywords: Co-delivery of siRNA and drug; tumor-targeting; Electrostatic assembly; Gene silencing; Apoptosis; Chemotherapy;
Recombinant spider silk particles as drug delivery vehicles by Andreas Lammel; Martin Schwab; Markus Hofer; Gerhard Winter; Thomas Scheibel (2233-2240).
Spider silk has been in the focus of research mainly due to the superior mechanical characteristics of silk fibers. However, it has been previously shown that spider silk proteins can also adopt other morphologies such as submicroparticles. This study examines the applicability of such particles as drug carriers. Particle characterization revealed that particles made of the engineered spider silk protein eADF4(C16) are colloidally stable in solution. Here, it is shown that small molecules with positive net-charge can diffuse into the negatively charged spider silk protein matrix driven by electrostatic interactions. The loading efficiencies correlate with the distribution coefficient (logD) of small molecules of weak alkaline nature. Interestingly, constant release rates can be realized for a period of two weeks at physiological conditions in vitro, with accelerated release rates within acidic environments. Enzymatic degradation studies of eADF4(C16) particles indicated that the silk proteins degrade slowly and the particles decrease in size. Along with their all-aqueous and easy preparation, drug loaded eADF4(C16) particles provide a high potential for diverse applications in which controlled release from biodegradable carriers is desired.
Keywords: Biomimetics; Biodegradation; Controlled release; Drug loading; Protein;


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on September 8, 2012 - 10:53 PM
, updated September 8, 2012 at 11:36 PM
Steve Ginsburg is a tennis professional at Miller Tennis Center. His passion for tennis is well recognized at the club. He has a great following and is well liked and respected for his dedication and expertise to the teaching of tennis.
Nick Marcezin is a good friend of Ginsburg's and has taken lessons from him for the past three years. "Steve started teaching me three years ago when I was a 3.0 player and is a great teacher," Marcezin said. "Recently, I was evaluated by the USTA and my present rating is a 4.0. I owe all of my improved play to Steve. He is not only a great tennis pro. He makes learning to play fun."
Although Ginsburg is a good tennis player and teaching pro, his best sport in high school was baseball. Originally from Syracuse he was All-Central New York at Nottingham High School in baseball, and received a scholarship for the sport to Syracuse University. During his sophomore year he was injured on a play at second base and tore his cartilage. Even though he tried to play through the injury his baseball career was over.
Shortly after, he transferred to the University at Buffalo where he graduated with a teaching degree. After teaching for a few years at Sweet Home High School he realized how much he missed competitive sports. At the age of 33, he took a tennis lesson at the Buffalo Tennis Center from Joe Di Carlo. "I was hooked on the game from that point on," Ginsburg said.
At Sweet Home he became an administrator and varsity baseball and basketball coach and played tennis recreationally. He improved at a rapid rate and started playing in USTA leagues. Russ Crispell, who was the men's tennis coach at UB, greatly helped Ginsburg.
"Russ was a great help to me," Ginsburg said. "He let me work with some of the UB players and was instrumental in helping me learn the game from a technical stand point." Ginsburg got his Professional Tennis Registry from Crispell and became Sweet Home's head tennis coach from 1981-1985 and 1995-2000. He had some great teams and great players during those years.
In 1994, due to his growing reputation as a coach and organizer he formed a high school summer tennis camp in 1994 that continued for many years. The camp would become one of the largest tennis camps ever held in our area. He had over 300 students in the program each summer and would have upwards of 25 tennis pros helping him. "I was fortunate in having a great tennis staff with players from UB and other great area pros," Ginsburg said.
What is the secret to Ginsburg's teaching success? "When I was at Sweet Home, sports was a high priority," Ginsburg said. "I would look for kids who were athletic, big, and strong. "I would teach them the basics and would then team with super tennis players on our team. Fortunately, this strategy worked."
When Ginsburg first took over at Sweet Home, the Panthers had lost 36 straight matches. Three years later his team defeated Williamsville East, handing them their first loss after winning a record 146 consecutive matches in league play. Sweet Home also tied with Williamsville East for the conference title.
A few years ago he was approached by the Buffalo Tennis & Squash club to be an assistant tennis pro; he moved on to teach at the Miller Tennis Center. Since being at the club he has developed one of the largest high school tennis programs in Western New York. "In addition to developing the players' tennis skills we also stress the social part of the game and the camaraderie that the game entails," Ginsburg said.
In addition, Ginsburg also runs a Wednesday and Saturday Adult League for players at the 3.5-5.0 level in both singles, doubles, and mixed doubles. One of the unique aspects of the league play is that players don't have to contact a sub if they can't make it. Ginsburg has set up a mass emailing system that involves getting subs whenever they are needed. Along with teaching, Ginsburg is involved with tennistalkonline.com. The program allows people to try as many demo racquets as they'd like and then order online. Players can demo the racquets at the Miller Tennis Center.
"We are a national company with satellite stores in Buffalo and Tampa," Ginsburg said. In November, we will be opening a store in Dallas, and one in Montreal by New Years."
Tennis Express is the largest mail order tennis company in the United States. "The big difference between us and Tennis Express is that we don't charge to use demos," Ginsburg said.
Ginsburg's expertise, tenacity and enthusiasm is something to behold. He says, "I enjoy everything that I do in tennis, love the people that I work with, seeing my students improve, and feel very fortunate to have the opportunities that are presented to me at Miller Tennis Center."
In the last column of racket sports it was stated that Russ Tringali was the head pro at Amherst Hills Tennis Club, (Now Miller Tennis Center). Todd Miller was the head pro and Tringali was the assistant pro.
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by Hanna
May 20, 2011
I am unsure if i should get these or Shiny stirrup tight to wear with Long leg warmer, any ideas? thnx
1 out of 13 people
found this review helpful.
by Gaby
April 18, 2011
Honeslty, I really like these pantyhose, but I've worn them twice and they already have a hole.... I got them in Patriot and it truly is a nice colour. I have to admit that I wasn't expecting these pantyhose to last very long because they are SHEEEER, just be extremely careful when you put them on and they fit very nicely (5'0"), I had to pull on them for a while, but it's no that bad!
8 out of 9 people
found this review helpful.
by Meghan
March 24, 2010
Had been wanting this stirrup style for a while, and they looked awesome on me, but they ran like the second time I wore them. So disappointing!
by JML
October 27, 2009
these look amazing, but ran the first second time i wore em. a little pricey, but very sexy.
7 out of 8 people
found this review helpful.
by Jen
June 23, 2009
Please make these colors in the full-footed version!
1 out of 7 people
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by JL
May 17, 2009
Yummy yummy yummy!
6 out of 8 people
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In his opening address, the Director-General reviewed the history of
the MOST Programme, highligthing the fact that it is the first international
scientific programme within UNESCO to foster co-operation between Member
States governments and their social science communities, with the objective
of helping to address today´s social challenges.
The IGC continued to stress the importance of social science research
for policy-making and to advocate research-based policy advice. It emphasized
that research results and project activity outcomes help to further understanding
of the links between research and policy. The Netherlands offerred to
host an International Symposium in 1999 on the relationship between social
science research and social policy. The plenary session panel (30 July
1997) organized by the MOST Secretariat during the 1998 World Congress
of Sociology (Montreal) will serve as partial background for the Symposium.
The Council requested that the programme develop a viable strategy for
increasing its capacity to attract extrabudgetary funds. It also reaffirmed
the vital role of national support through National Liaison Committees,
the UNESCO National Commissions, National Social Science Research Councils
and Ministries dealing with research and social policies.
The Council reaffirmed their commitment to the mid-term evaluation of
the MOST Programme (completion date 30 December 1998) which should measure
the progress made over the last four years. It affirmed that the Programme
must increase its training and capacity-building activities, particularly
for developing countries, and its pro-active approach in translating research
results into concrete field activities. NA
Algeria, Germany, Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon,
Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Russian Federation, France,
Ghana, Guinea, India, Italy, Japan, Madagascar, Mexico, Pakistan, Netherlands,
Philippines, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Togo, Tunisia, Yemen,
Zambia, Zimbabwe.
Angola, Germany, Australia, Austria, Benin, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon,
Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Côte d´Ivoire,
France, Hungary, India, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Jamaica, Japan, Madagascar,
Malaysia, Morocco, Mexico, Netherlands, Philippines, Poland, Czech Republic,
Switzerland, Thailand, Tunisia, Togo, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
To MOST Clearing House Homepage


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David Weiner is a guest blogger for JewishJournal.com. He is currently in Geneva attending the Durban Review Conference (also referred to as Durban 2) as... More.
When Worlds Collide: Hollywood, Meet Hunger
April 21, 2009 | 6:57 pm
Ruth Messinger was telling me how 1.1 million people in Darfur are at
risk for cholera when Matt McConaughey interrupted her.
The actor didn't really... More.


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Hudson >
Academics >
Academic Programs >
School of Education >
TESOL and Bilingual Education Programs >
M.S.Ed. in TESOL (All grades)
M. S. Ed in TESOL (Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages) (all grades) (37 credits)
This master's degree program leads to New York State teacher certification in ESOL. Graduates will be eligible for positions as ESOL teachers for grades K-12.
© 2013 Long Island University | University Policies | Terms of Use | Working at LIU | Faculty/Staff E-Mail LoginRockland 70 Route 340, Orangeburg, NY 10962 | Telephone: 845-359-7200Westchester 735 Anderson Hill Road, Purchase, NY 10577 | Telephone: 914-831-2700


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Items Tagged with 'Milan's Miracle Fund'
Grant funds children's cancer research
Ada couple sees results from their donations to DeVos Children's Hospital.
Milan's Miracle Fund presented a check for $52,219 to Spectrum Health's Helen DeVos Children's Hospital Foundation in October to support research for children with cancer. Read More


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Top Definition
A bubbly, insane long haired girly, horror movie-loving girl.
"Oh my gawd it's a Dollie! She just caught a bat!"
"With her Guinya Pigg adventure buddy!"
"With her Guinya Pigg adventure buddy!"
লিখেছেন- BABYBABYBBABYY 8 de মার্চ de 2009
Trending Now
Can you define these popular missing words?
a cross between doll and hottie
Woah hey dollie you look great!
লিখেছেন- DollieKD 31 de মার্চ de 2006
a female who contracts every female disease known to mankind. Knows all the symptoms from doing internet research. Will go so far as to go the hospital to convince friends, family and even strangers that she is, was or is close to dying. Cures very easily and quickly by ignoring questions concerning that weeks particular disease. Usually married to Pastor Pete.
Mary pulled a dollie by going to the hospital. She is such a dollie that she went to the ER, again.
লিখেছেন- will b good 23 de অক্টোবার de 2011


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Mary W. Lauman, a 1937 graduate of Cornell University, served in the United States Marine Corps from March 1944 through December 1945. During her 10 months of active duty, Mary wrote numerous letters to her mother detailing her everyday life from boot camp in Lejeune, North Carolina, to her work with the United States Army Personnel Department. These letters contain interesting insights into the life of a woman Marine during World War II, including behavior, dress, and social interactions.
The collection is open for research.
Mary W. Lauman was born circa 1915 and grew up in the city of Ithaca, New York. Her father, George N. Lauman, taught rural sociology at Cornell University for many years, and with many other relatives associated with the University, Mary naturally followed when she came of age, entering with the class of 1937.
During the Second World War, Mary enlisted in the Marine Corps, serving from March 1944 through December 1945. A hard worker, she earned the title of company "Honor Girl" during boot camp at Camp Lejeune, N.C., and during ten months of service, she worked for the Army Personnel Department in Arlington, Va. Maze, as she was known to her close friends and family, appears to have been a caring, fun-loving young woman, always willing to lend a hand or join a game of bridge. After the war, she married John Progue Wheeler. She died in 2003.
The Lauman collection contains twenty-three letters written by Mary W. Lauman to her mother Frances, while serving in the Marine Corps. The letters range in date from March to September 1944, and from October to December 1945. The collection also contains a single letter written by Mary's cousin, Hilda Berry, to Frances Lauman.
The early letters in the collection (March-May 1944) detail Mary's basic training at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, and the later letters (June 1944-December 1945) discuss her daily life as a woman Marine working at the U.S. Army Personnel Department in Arlington, Virginia. The former group of letters offers insight into how women marines were expected to behave and interact with male Marines while on base, while the second group describes the actions and behavior of women serving in a less restrictive office environment. Throughout her letters, Mary refers to various, traditional roles of women in the 1940s: hostess, date, girlfriend, and even mother. Taken as a whole, her letters offer an interesting first-hand glimpse into the world of women serving in the military during World War II.
Donated by Robert S. Cox in December 2007.
Processed by Rachael Avery, February 2008.
For other personal accounts of service during World War II in the Special Collections and University Archives, see:
Cite as: Mary W. Lauman Papers (MS 534). Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries.
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you are not a back, you don`t even have a spine.
Ass, get down from there..
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text: PHOTOSHOP EXPO: Mario Lemieux Statue Ideas Posted by TPB Staff on Jul 26, 2010 01:53 ShareTweet Time to christen the new site the only way we know how. A photoshop expo. A few days ago it was announced that the Penguins would honor 66 with a statue outside CEC. So that got us thinking, with a little help from reader Mike M., that a Mario Lemieux statue photoshop expo would be in order. So send in whatever. Some guidelines: 1. Send the photoshop of what you think the Mario statue should be of to firstname.lastname@example.com 2. In the email subject line put: "Mario Photoshop" 3. Use our new calendar feature to find the deadline or just wait till someone else does. 4. Winner gets a free tshirt from storeblog. 5. Just incase you didn't know, you don't have to have the "photoshop" program to make a photoshop. Something that we use is called GIMP. And its free. go Pens. ShareTweetPenguins Tickets About TPB Staff View all posts by TPB Staff →


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One of the gang's alleged leaders, Bernard Green, was charged with three killings.
"The indictment in this case represents countless hours of investigation by all of the law enforcement agencies here today," said Mercer County Prosecutor Joseph Bocchini. "These investigators and prosecutors left no stone unturned."
Green, 28, was arrested on July 13. In addition to racketeering and murder, he is charged with gun trafficking, leading an organized criminal organization and various drug and weapons offenses.
Four other alleged gang members were also charged with murder: Anthony Coleman, 25, Curtis Hawkins, 23, Keith Parker, 29, and Richard Jenkins, 25.
One of the homicide victims was Sharee Voorhees, 22, who was hit by stray gunfire while on her porch in Trenton.
"Sharee Voorhees tragic death in August 2005 brought home to Trenton residents the senselessness of the gang violence that was enveloping the city and the danger it posed to everyone, not just gang members," Attorney General Paula Dow said. "We are determined to see that justice is done for her."
The indictment focus on violence between three rival Bloods factions in 2005, when the Gangster Killers faced off with the Nine Trey Gangsters and Sex Money Murder.
Trenton, county and state authorities worked with the Drug Enforcement Administration during the investigation.
A fifteenth person, Robert Christie, 24, of Trenton, was also named in the indictment. An alleged leader in the Nine Trey Gangsters, he's charged with aggravated assault for firing shots at the home of a rival gang member.


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Published on July 6th, 2010 | by Chris0
The Battle of Okinawa (1971)
Toho Studio's 1971 epic The Battle of Okinawa is definitely an, um, interesting piece of film. A telling of the last major "battle" (if you want to call it that) of the Pacific War, the invasion of Okinawa in 1945, from the Japanese perspective.
Now, I'm going to go out on a limb and try to detach myself from 65 years of my own US-centric perspective and try and see this from the Japanese POV. In that respect, I think that the end result is a fine, fine picture. A tribute to all those who were called on to defend Japan at her "last stand" or dare I even go there, her "Alamo." The intent seems pretty clear that's the portrait we are meant to see here.
In that respect also, it paints a different picture than what we on this side of the Pacific might be used to seeing. That the defeat at Okinawa wasn't so much dealt by a crushing invasion force, by land and by sea, but rather a failure by high command to allocate the proper resources and make the right decisions. Since I have no earthly idea whether or not this could actually be the case, I'll give them the benefit of the doubt. In fact, the first part of the film starts almost a year before the invasion, exploring the preparation of the island, the airfields, etc. and how those command decisions may have been the deciding factor. Like I said, I don't have a clue, but its interesting.
Then as the real invasion starts, the civilian population's dire straits are portrayed quite well, to a point (more on this later) and again, it seems to be a failure by command to provide adequate means for evacuation, to the point they're forced to recruit local students and women into the fight. OK, I might give you that one as well.
But throughout there is definitely a feel that this is, as I said, a tribute of sorts to those who fought and died, both military and civilian on that bloody island. That might offend some of you, but I'd wager that its their right to do so, just as we would, and have done.
And they had me on board with most of it. Right up until the last, oh, twenty minutes or so. Then things take a decidedly sour turn in the viewpoint toward the encroaching US forces. The portrayal turns to a (IMO, quite nasty) characterization of us intentionally and mercilessly murdering the civilian population, shooting soldiers plainly attempting to surrender, even to the point of using chemical weapons on nurses and wounded in the caves. True or not? I can't say. I don't know. There are few who probably do know the truth. I'd like to think not, but it sure is a "whoa, hey, wtf!" kind of moment. On the other hand, there are a few scenes where the US troops quite peacefully accept surrenders....
So while I don't think there's a total indictment going on here, one of the final scenes with the old woman and the tank implies a great deal. I think its part of a larger picture of how the war is (was?) viewed in Japan, as a dark point in history, where the country did what it did at the time, to the point of crushing defeat, yet really doesn't offer any apology for it.
Overall I think the tone and pacing of the Battle of Okinawa somewhat feels a lot like the previous year's "Tora! Tora! Tora!" With the jumping around to various desks and commanders making all these key and fateful decisions. The combat scenes are done well for the time, if maybe a bit cliched and riddled with stock sound effects, but they're better than some of the same period. The pacing involved during the combat works quite well, so you're not just left with a boring drone of shelf-reel richocets, but rather cutting between the various plots going on.
On a somewhat humorous note, was the DVD subtitle that appeared at the intermission point of the movie. "Take a break, stretch your legs and make yourself a nice drink. Or just skip to the next chapter." Ha!
If you're easily offended by a countering viewpoint on the war, and some pointed accusations therein, I would suggest you just steer clear of The Battle of Okinawa. You'll just end up pissed off in the end. However, if you can take a step back and see things from the Japanese point of view here, I think you'll be pleased with the overall results of the film. That is, a fitting tribute to their own soldiers and civilians who did what they had to do, and paid the price for it.
Also of note is the translation of the Japanese title: 激怒の昭和史:沖縄決戦, which amounts to "indignation of the history of the Showa era: the decisive battle of Okinawa".... And I think that probably is a fitting title.
IMDB: Gekido no showashi: Okinawa kessen
Amazon: Battle of Okinawa
Battle of Okinawa
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With the country on the brink of disaster and defeat imminent, Japan fortifies its last defensive stronghold, the island of Okinawa. This final stand against the Allied attack soon becomes the bloodiest battle of the Pacific Theater and takes the horrors of war to a level never before seen, as the desperate Japanese forces try to demonstrate to the Americans what they should expect when they assault the Japanese mainland.
DVD InformationBinding: DVD
Aspect Ratio: 2.35:1
Audience Rating: Unrated (Not Rated)
Brand: Koch International
Manufacturer: Animeigo
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- Keiju Kobayashi
- Yûzô Kayama
- Tetsurô Tanba
- Tatsuya Nakadai
- Mayumi Ôzora
- Beverly Hills hasn't been the same since the Clampetts moved to town! Now you can own 20ic episodes of this hit show, which remained in the top ten for nine straight seasons. These hilarious hillbillies will keep you laughing hours with their backwoods antics. And you thought your family was crazy! Format: DVD MOVIE Genre: DOCUMENTARIES Rating: NR Age: 737187011504 UP
29 of 31 people found the following review helpful
Saw this great Epic as a Kid at Toyo Cinema!,
asugar2 (Seattle USA) - See all my reviews
This review is from: Battle of Okinawa (DVD)Saw this as a kid at the Japanese Toyo Cinema here in South Seattle back in the mid 70's.
Pretty intense movie showing the Okinawan civilians being killed or committing suicide because they refused to surrender due to fear of the US Marines which had the reputation of being Inhuman and committing Atrocities plus American mutilation of Japanese war dead. News that President Roosevelt had been given a bone letter opener by a congressman were widely reported in Japan. The Americans were portrayed as "deranged, primitive, racist and inhuman". This reporting was compounded by the previous May 22, 1944 Life Magazine picture of the week publication of a young woman with a skull trophy. Edwin P. Hoyt in "Japan's war: the great Pacific conflict" argues that two U.S. media reports of Japanese skulls and bones being sent home were exploited by Japanese propaganda very effectively, and this coupled to the Shinto religion which places much higher emotional value on the treatment of human... Read more
13 of 14 people found the following review helpful
not perfect disc or movie but I laud the effort,
Michael A. Martinez (Fairbanks, AK USA) - See all my reviews
This review is from: Battle of Okinawa (DVD)Since the 1950's, the Japanese have steadily cranked out numerous large-scale big-budget war films, of which almost none have been released in America! Such fine works as RENGO KANTAI, STORM OVER THE PACIFIC, THE SIEGE OF FORT BISMARK, etc have barely even touched the western hemisphere. Finally one comes to DVD in the form of this highly depressing mood piece, though with a typically Japanese comprehensiveness to its detail and coverage of all the major highlights.
The acting is excellent by all and the directing taught and superb. There's plenty of action scenes and largely correct use of period tanks, guns, uniforms, planes, etc. Toho effects wiz (and Eiji Tsuburaya's next-in-line) Teruyoshi Nakanao supplies a generous dose of pyrotechnic effects, though unfortunately they're not given center stage or slow motion treatment like his brilliant work in THE SUBMERSION OF JAPAN around the same time.
No, this one focuses more on drama and really shines in the... Read more
41 of 53 people found the following review helpful
Rubbish Revisionism, no wonder the Japanese will not apologize for their actions in WWII,
K. Patton (Houston, Texas USA) - See all my reviews
Verified Purchase(What's this?)
This review is from: Battle of Okinawa (DVD)First, let me say I purchased this piece of crap on the recommendations of the 5 star reviewers. I am somewhat of a historian, I lived on Okinawa in the 60's a mere 20 years after the war and I own almost every book, study, or article published on the Battle. Based on those things and my personal experiences living on Okinawa while most of the people over 20 had lived throught it, I can say that this movie is the worst kind of drivel. The movie was not just bad, it was insulting. It was insulting to the combatants and their memory and it was an insult to the civilians who suffered and died at the hands of both sides, an insult to the forced sexual slaves and an insult to anyone who fought to defeat the Japanese, who lest we forget, were the aggressors in the war.
The movie would have you think that the Japanese defense of Okinawa was some noble undertaking. Far from it. The Japanese willing sacrificed the Okinawan people in their last stand gambit. The movie tries to... Read more
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Between rocks isn't a hard place to grow a garden
October 7, 2011
It is not very often a true innovation in gardening techniques comes along. In fact, the last one I remember was upside down tomato plants several years ago....
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From Mirror reports
The honors continue to pour in for Bishop Guilfoyle Catholic High School junior guard Kayla Bates and Altoona Area junior center Kayla Grimme.
Bates and Grimme, the top two vote getters in the Altoona Mirror All-Star Basketball Team, were each named third-team all-state on Wednesday. Bates, the Mirror's player of the year, was honored in Class A, and Grimme was recognized in Class AAAA.
"I was a little surprised by it,'' Bates said. "But it feels good. I would think it's probably due to all the hard work I put in this year and stepping up for us.''
Bates, a 5-foot-8 point guard, averaged 12.7 points, 2.6 assists and 3.2 rebounds per game for the 24-3 Lady Marauders. She also shot 80.9 percent from the foul line and nearly 45 percent from 3-point range.
She turned the ball over less than 40 times as the Lady Marauders won the District 6 title for the sixth year in a row, despite missing 2011 first-team all-stater Halee Adams for more than half of the season with a knee injury. Bates raised her scoring average 5 points per game and was a force defensively.
"I would say defense is just as important as offense,'' Bates said. "It's something I've really worked on.''
Grimme, a 6-foot-1 center, averaged 10.5 points and 10.2 rebounds for a team that went 19-5 and forced eventual PIAA finalist Oakland Catholic to overtime in the opening round of the state playoffs.
"I feel very honored to be in this position as a junior,'' Grimme said. "I'm really proud - it makes you feel that everything you do pays off. But I don't think about this stuff - I completely focus on the season.''
Grimme made 57 percent of her shots. She also blocked 54 shots, including eight in one game and seven in another.
"I know Coach [Jill] Helsel is strong about me getting stronger on offense,'' Grimme said. "Defense is actually my favorite part of the game. I take a lot of pride in my defense.''


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So you might wonder who is Maria?
I met this girl during the time I spent a vacation for myself. She has a son named Juan.. we really had gotten along well together. She is a Latina who came from Mexico. The only thing that made our friendship difficult is communication. She speaks only very little of English, so we talk word by word, or open a book, dictionary or a school text book. I've learned Spanish by being with her though =). We love eating together, cooking, and doing crafts. I also helped her in reading and pronouncing English words. It was so fun and a cherished moment having her as my friend.
My spot during my vacation.
Maria & Juan
Maria & Juan - after the make-over
Before I left the place, I had Maria some make-over.
I cut her hair and styled it,
then I also applied some make-up on her.
Gave her some cosmetics and polished her nails.
I enjoyed doing it and made her happy.
♀ ♥ ♀


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Health group's funding raises concerns
HONOLULU - A group being formed to handle health care reform in Hawaii is raising concerns that its funding has come exclusively from insurers and hospitals.
The Hawaii Healthcare Project is a public-private partnership aimed at controlling rising medical costs and improving overall health.
Hawaii Medical Service Association contributed $200,000, Ohana Health provided $100,000 and Kaiser Permanente Hawaii donated $80,000. Hawaii Pacific Health and Queen's Health Systems kicked in $80,000 each.
Larry Geller, president of Kokua Council, which advocates for good government, says it's troublesome that insurers are dominating the effort.
Similar conflict-of-interest concerns were raised this year with the appointment of three health insurers to the 15-member board of Hawaii's first health insurance exchange.
WestJet to offer Alberta-Hawaii flights
HONOLULU - Canadian carrier WestJet plans to offer seasonal flights between Alberta and Hawaii.
WestJet announced Thursday that it had leased two Boeing 757-200 aircraft from Thomas Cook Airlines to offer more nonstop service between Calgary and Honolulu and Maui, and between Edmonton and Maui.
Pending regulatory approval, the flights are scheduled to begin Dec. 13 and continue through April 21.
The Honolulu flights will be twice a week. Flights between Calgary and Maui will be four times a week. Flights between Edmonton and Maui will be three times a week.
WestJet flight attendants will be on the flights, while Thomas Cook will provide the aircraft and pilots.
Visitors from Canada have been strong contributors to Hawaii's tourism economy.


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Top Definition
Advice reserved solely for uncomfortable social situations, for which there is no just solution. These predicaments often leave people desperately seeking advice from good friends, leaving them on an island of solitude, with only this one single syllable to grab onto.
P1: "Man, I just met this cute girl three days ago and took her to this bar to meet all my friends. We hit it off really well, but now she's getting mugged at the jukebox by Quayle"
P2: "Yease".
P2: "Yease".
by Loom Daddy August 09, 2006
Trending Now
Can you define these popular missing words?
A portmanteau of "yes" and "please." Used as a quicker, informal way of saying "yes, please."
Marcus: "Can I get you a beer?"
Todd: "Yease!"
Todd: "Yease!"
by Phoood Dude January 07, 2012


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Last weekend the beta version wich is supported of phpbbhs came out. Ik am running this script on forum (under construction) and i think it would be great if there would be a version of the modrewrite/zerodupe/optimaltitles for this hosting script. This would mean without admin options and i think it wuold be best if it can be done without database changes.
There are quite a few people who bought this script and i think it also has a LOT of backlink potential for you when you make this mod. Google see's subdomains as diffirent websites, so a lot of links from a lot of websites.
I know that you are really busy, and you recently got a new family member, but i think it would be great to have this mod.


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Who you gonna call?!
You already knew the answer was "Ghostbusters." But did you expect stop-motion, violence-prone ghostbusters?
We didn't either, until claymation master Lee Hardcastle decided to mash up Ghostbusters, clay, and the directing tactics of Quentin Tarantino -- just in time for the film's 30th anniversary.
Beware, though. Tarantino's love of gore is just as prominent in Hardcastle's claymation as it is in real life. Clay heads are rolling.
Also on HuffPost:
Lego Ghostbusters
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• The posttransplantation courses of 28 consecutive patients (age range, 0.8 to 16 years) who received cadaveric renal allografts and combined cyclosporinelow-dose prednisone immunosuppression were analyzed. The mean follow-up time was 16.5 months (range, four to 42 months). There was one death and the actuarial one-year graft survival was 59%. At follow-up, the group mean (±SD) serum creatinine concentration in 14 patients with functioning grafts was nearly double the expected mean value for normal children of similar age and sex (1.13± 0.38 vs 0.61 ± 0.07 mg/dL), and the mean ±SD glomerular filtration rate was 76.5±20.0 mL/min/1.73 sq m (range, 40 to 115.5 mL/min/1.73 sq m). Although rejection accounted for 11 (79%) of 14 graft losses, failure of immunosuppression could be implicated in only four of these patients. Among eight preadolescent patients with good renal function for one year posttransplantation, somatic growth was poor in four and suboptimal in three patients; catch-up growth occurred in one patient. In such patients, the weight-for-height index increased, reflecting the development of obesity after transplantation. We conclude that cyclosporine—low-dose prednisone offers little or no advantage in terms of cadaveric renal allograft survival or stimulation of somatic growth when compared with conventional therapy.
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Civilization Revolution for Xbox 360On: Xbox 360, PS3, Wii, DS, PSP
The Civ franchise is coming to next-gen and handheld platforms in a unique way.
Review Verdict Read Review
8Out of 10
Stuck on Civilization Revolution? We've got you covered!
Don't panic! Our cheats will see you through.
This month's Games With Gold are Civ Rev and Dungeon Defenders
March gets a double dip of free strategy games.
Civilization MMO in the works
Civilization is being developed into an MMO by asian developer XLGames after the studio partnered with Take-Two Interactive recently.
Mario Galaxy claims Best Game BAFTA
CoD4, Boom Blox, Dead Space, LittleBigPlanet, Spore, GRID, L4D and more also win.
Xbox 360 sales lower than expected in North America
Contrary to pre-NPD figures, it's the PS3 which wins the battle.
UK Top Spin 3, Civ Rev and Prizefighter dates confirmed
2K confirms Civ Rev and Prizefighter on 13 June, Top Spin 3 on 20 June.
Civilization Revolution Preview
Fancy playing Civilization online against Sid Meier? You can with Civ Rev.


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World Cup 2010: Five Ads We Won't Miss
Once you've watched 10 days of the FIFA World Cup 2010 on ESPN in India, you don't just become familiar with the players, the referees, the commentators and the vuvuzelas, you also have seen the same advertisements dozens of times. A lighthearted look at some we won't miss.
The ad: A young man canoodling on a bench with his girlfriend distracts her, substitutes a stuffed dummy to sit with her, she doesn't notice the difference while he nips off to watch the football with his pals.
What we saw: "Women are easily fooled and not at all interested in football," was my wife's reaction when I asked what the ad said to her. The ad portrays the girlfriend as being so stupid that whatever it is that her boyfriend points out to her, you can actually read her lips saying, "Amazing." Oh yes, she is also too stupid to notice that her boyfriend has been replaced by a scarecrow. Or perhaps it says more about the boy: My boyfriend is so dull that I can't tell the difference between him and a shirt stuffed with straw. Either way, it falls flat.
Out of five: two


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The dynasty continues for Jefferson High School's wrestling team which achieved its 12th consecutive Duals Championship. The Dragons owned the Macon Coliseum where they defeated Calhoun and Monticello and went on to defeat Bremen High School 47-16 for the Duals title.
While the score against Bremen may look like an easy defeat, the Dragons were up against a few wrestlers with some bragging rights of their own.
"They had four state champions coming back," said Head Coach Doug Thurmond. "We put ourselves in the finals [and they] did well with that."
The demand for Jefferson to win another state title was definitely something they could not run away from.
"We talked about that with them. They want to keep the streak going. There's a lot of pressure there," Thurmond said.
The preparation leading up to the duals was business as usual but the Dragons had more of an edge after competing against some of the best teams in the country.
"We pretty much stayed on course. They were pretty much ready. A lot of that preparation came with the matches we did out of state, [such as when we went] to Minnesota and Pigeon Forge," said Thurmond.
"I'm extremely proud. That was a tough dual and they did a great job. They really stepped up to the challenge," said Thurmond.


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Amateur Girls Masterbating Videos
Watch more Amateur Girls Masterbating Videos, share videos and find the latest funny videos at Viduu.
- This amateur teen babe strips down to show us her hot body. Enjoy.
- This hotty gets her more than ample chest out on her cam. (Nudity Warning)
- Here we have a nice amateur blonde chick stripping down and showing off her big boobs for us. Enjoy.
- This chick has a great set of natural boobs and decides she wants to flash us them while she's out in public.
- This is Timi, from a reality TV show from Hungary for models. In this video she is totally naked in a see-through box in the middle of the more..By: nearlygood l Tags: timi, reality tv, hungary, hungarian
- This girl is pretty hot and she does a nice strip where she gets totally naked. But, probably best to watch with the sound off.
- This girl is cute, very cute. She strips for us on her webcam. No teasing here, she gets completely naked.By: nearlygood l Tags: cam girl, strip, strip tease, amateur
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- This amateur hotty has an amazing body which she shows off on her webcam. She even plays the guitar at the end.
- This blonde amateur chick is smokin hot, and she dances around topless in stockings for the camera.By: nearlygood l Tags: blonde, chick. amateur, dances, topless