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List of birds of Panama
This is a list of the bird species recorded in Panama. The avifauna of Panama include a total of 978 species (Angehr & Dean), of which twelve are endemic, six have been introduced by humans and 120 are rare or accidental. Twenty species are globally threatened. The total figure includes a number of species whose occurrence in the country is considered hypothetical; no specimen or photograph has been taken in the country and they are known only from sight records.
This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) mainly follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 5th edition although a few species have been split or lumped to correspond with the Panama Audubon Society checklist.[1] The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account. Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts for Panama.
The following tags have been used to highlight several categories, but not all species fall into one of these categories. Those that do not are commonly occurring native species.
- (A) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Panama
- (E) Endemic - a species endemic to Panama
- (I) Introduced - a species introduced to Panama as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions
Order: Tinamiformes Family: Tinamidae
The tinamous are one of the most ancient groups of bird. Although they look similar to other ground-dwelling birds like quail and grouse, they have no close relatives and are classified as a single family, Tinamidae, within their own order, the Tinamiformes. They are distantly related to the ratites (order Struthioniformes), that includes the rheas, emu and kiwis.
- Great tinamou, Tinamus major
- Highland tinamou, Nothocercus bonapartei
- Little tinamou, Crypturellus soui
- Choco tinamou, Crypturellus kerriae
Order: Sphenisciformes Family: Spheniscidae
The penguins are a group of aquatic, flightless birds living almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere. Most penguins feed on krill, fish, squid and other forms of sealife caught while swimming underwater.
- Galapagos penguin, Spheniscus mendiculus (A)
Order: Podicipediformes Family: Podicipedidae
Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land.
- Least grebe, Tachybaptus dominicus
- Pied-billed grebe, Podilymbus podiceps
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Diomedeidae
The albatrosses are among the largest of flying birds, and the great albatrosses from the genus Diomedea have the largest wingspans of any extant birds. There are 21 species worldwide and 3 species which occur in Panama.
- Wandering albatross, Diomedea exulans (A)
- Waved albatross, Phoebastria irrorata (A)
- Gray-headed albatross, Thalassarche chrysostoma (A)
Shearwaters and petrels[edit]
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Procellariidae
The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterized by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.
- Galapagos petrel, Pterodroma phaeopygia (A)
- Parkinson's petrel, Procellaria parkinsoni (A)
- Cory's shearwater, Calonectris diomedea (A)
- Wedge-tailed shearwater, Ardenna pacificus (A)
- Sooty shearwater, Ardenna griseus
- Christmas shearwater, Puffinus navitatis (A)
- Manx shearwater, Puffinus puffinus (A)
- Townsend's shearwater, Puffinus auricularis (A)
- Audubon's shearwater, Puffinus lherminieri
- Galapagos shearwater, Puffinus subalaris
Storm petrels[edit]
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Hydrobatidae
The storm petrels are relatives of the petrels and are the smallest seabirds. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like. There are 21 species worldwide and 6 species which occur in Panama.
- Wilson's storm petrel, Oceanites oceanicus (A)
- White-vented storm petrel, Oceanites gracilis (A)
- Least storm petrel, Oceanodroma microsoma
- Wedge-rumped storm petrel, Oceanodroma tethys
- Markham's storm petrel, Oceanodroma markhami (A)
- Black storm petrel, Oceanodroma melania
Order: Phaethontiformes Family: Phaethontidae
Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings.
- Red-billed tropicbird, Phaethon aethereus
- White-tailed tropicbird, Phaethon lepturus (A)
Order: Suliformes Family: Sulidae
The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.
- Blue-footed booby, Sula nebouxii
- Peruvian booby, Sula variegata
- Masked booby, Sula dactylatra
- Nazca booby, Sula granti
- Red-footed booby, Sula sula
- Brown booby, Sula leucogaster
Order: Suliformes Family: Phalacrocoracidae
Phalacrocoracidae is a family of medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage coloration varies, with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black-and-white and a few being colorful.
- Neotropic cormorant, Phalacrocorax brasilianus
- Guanay cormorant, Phalacrocorax bougainvillii (A)
Order: Suliformes Family: Anhingidae
Darters are often called "snake-birds" because of their long thin neck, which gives a snake-like appearance when they swim with their bodies submerged. The males have black and dark-brown plumage, an erectile crest on the nape and a larger bill than the female. The females have much paler plumage especially on the neck and underparts. The darters have completely webbed feet and their legs are short and set far back on the body. Their plumage is somewhat permeable, like that of cormorants, and they spread their wings to dry after diving.
- Anhinga, Anhinga anhinga
Order: Suliformes Family: Fregatidae
Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black-and-white or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have colored inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.
- Magnificent frigatebird, Fregata magnificens
- Great frigatebird Fregata minor (A)
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Pelecanidae
Pelicans are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have webbed feet with four toes.
- American white pelican, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos (A)
- Brown pelican, Pelecanus occidentalis
Bitterns, herons and egrets[edit]
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Ardeidae
The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills.
- Capped heron, Pilherodius pileatus
- Great blue heron, Ardea herodias
- Cocoi heron, Ardea cocoi
- Great egret, Ardea alba
- Reddish egret, Egretta rufescens (A)
- Tricolored heron, Egretta tricolor
- Little blue heron, Egretta caerulea
- Snowy egret, Egretta thula
- Cattle egret, Bubulcus ibis
- Striated heron, Butorides striata
- Green heron, Butorides virescens
- Agami heron, Agamia agami
- Black-crowned night heron, Nycticorax nycticorax
- Yellow-crowned night heron, Nyctanassa violacea
- Boat-billed heron, Cochlearius cochlearius
- Bare-throated tiger heron, Tigrisoma mexicanum
- Fasciated tiger heron, Tigrisoma fasciatum
- Rufescent tiger heron, Tigrisoma lineatum
- Least bittern, Ixobrychus exilis
- American bittern, Botaurus lentiginosus (A)
Ibises and spoonbills[edit]
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Threskiornithidae
Threskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary feathers. They are strong fliers and despite their size and weight, very capable soarers.
- Buff-necked ibis, Theristicus caudatus (A)
- Green ibis, Mesembrinibis cayennensis
- White ibis, Eudocimus albus
- Scarlet ibis, Eudocimus ruber (A)
- Glossy ibis, Plegadis falcinellus (A)
- Roseate spoonbill, Platalea ajaja
Order: Ciconiiformes Family: Ciconiidae
Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory.
- Wood stork, Mycteria americana
- Jabiru, Jabiru mycteria (A)
Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae
Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating.
- Fulvous whistling duck, Dendrocygna bicolor (A)
- White-faced whistling duck, Dendrocygna viduata (A)
- Black-bellied whistling duck, Dendrocygna autumnalis
- Muscovy duck, Cairina moschata
- Comb duck, Sarkidiornis melanotos
- American wigeon, Anas americana
- Green-winged teal, Anas crecca (A)
- Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos (A)
- Northern pintail, Anas acuta (A)
- White-cheeked pintail, Anas bahamensis (A)
- Blue-winged teal, Anas discors
- Cinnamon teal, Anas cyanoptera (A)
- Northern shoveler, Anas clypeata (A)
- Ring-necked duck, Aythya collaris
- Lesser scaup, Aythya affinis
- Masked duck, Nomonyx dominica
New World vultures[edit]
Order: Cathartiformes Family: Cathartidae
The New World vultures are not closely related to Old World vultures, but superficially resemble them because of convergent evolution. Like the Old World vultures, they are scavengers. However, unlike Old World vultures, which find carcasses by sight, New World vultures have a good sense of smell with which they locate carrion.
- Black vulture, Coragyps atratus
- Turkey vulture, Cathartes aura
- Lesser yellow-headed vulture, Cathartes burrovianus
- King vulture, Sarcoramphus papa
Order: Accipitriformes Family: Pandionidae
The Pandionidae family contains only one species, the osprey. The osprey is a medium-large raptor which is a specialist fish-eater with a worldwide distribution.
- Osprey, Pandion haliaetus
Hawks, kites and eagles[edit]
Order: Accipitriformes Family: Accipitridae
Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight.
- Gray-headed kite, Leptodon cayanensis
- Hook-billed kite, Chondrohierax uncinatus
- Swallow-tailed kite, Elanoides forficatus
- Pearl kite, Gampsonyx swainsonii
- White-tailed kite, Elanus leucurus
- Snail kite, Rostrhamus sociabilis
- Slender-billed kite, Rostrhamus hamatus (A)
- Double-toothed kite, Harpagus bidentatus
- Mississippi kite, Ictinia mississippiensis
- Plumbeous kite, Ictinia plumbea
- Long-winged harrier, Circus buffoni (A)
- Northern harrier, Circus cyaneus
- Tiny hawk, Accipiter superciliosus
- Sharp-shinned hawk, Accipiter striatus
- Cooper's hawk, Accipiter cooperii (A)
- Bicolored hawk, Accipiter bicolor
- Crane hawk, Geranospiza caerulescens
- Plumbeous hawk, Leucopternis plumbeus
- Barred hawk, Leucopternis princeps
- Semiplumbeous hawk, Leucopternis semiplumbeus
- White hawk, Leucopternis albicollis
- Common black-hawk, Buteogallus anthracinus
- Mangrove black-hawk, Buteogallus anthracinus subtilis
- Great black-hawk, Buteogallus urubitinga
- Savanna hawk, Buteogallus meridionalis
- Harris's hawk, Parabuteo unicinctus
- Black-collared hawk, Busarellus nigricollis
- Solitary eagle, Harpyhaliaetus solitarius
- Gray-lined hawk, Buteo nitidus
- Roadside hawk, Buteo magnirostris
- Broad-winged hawk, Buteo platypterus
- Short-tailed hawk, Buteo brachyurus
- Swainson's hawk, Buteo swainsoni
- White-tailed hawk, Buteo albicaudatus
- Zone-tailed hawk, Buteo albonotatus
- Red-tailed hawk, Buteo jamaicensis
- Crested eagle, Morphnus guianensis
- Harpy eagle, Harpia harpyja
- Black-and-white hawk-eagle, Spizaetus melanoleucus
- Black hawk-eagle, Spizaetus tyrannus
- Ornate hawk-eagle, Spizaetus ornatus
Caracaras and falcons[edit]
Order: Falconiformes Family: Falconidae
Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.
- Red-throated caracara, Ibycter americanus
- Northern caracara, Caracara cheriway
- Yellow-headed caracara, Milvago chimachima
- Laughing falcon, Herpetotheres cachinnans
- Barred forest falcon, Micrastur ruficollis
- Slaty-backed forest falcon, Micrastur mirandollei
- Collared forest falcon, Micrastur semitorquatus
- American kestrel, Falco sparverius
- Aplomado falcon, Falco femoralis
- Merlin, Falco columbarius
- Bat falcon, Falco rufigularis
- Orange-breasted falcon, Falco deiroleucus (A)
- Peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus
Guans, chachalacas and allies[edit]
Order: Galliformes Family: Cracidae
The Cracidae are large birds, similar in general appearance to turkeys. The guans and curassows live in trees, but the smaller chachalacas are found in more open scrubby habitats. They are generally dull-plumaged, but the curassows and some guans have colorful facial ornaments.
- Gray-headed chachalaca, Ortalis cinereiceps
- Crested guan, Penelope purpurascens
- Black guan, Chamaepetes unicolor
- Great curassow, Crax rubra
New World quails[edit]
Order: Galliformes Family: Odontophoridae
The New World quails are small, plump terrestrial birds only distantly related to the quails of the Old World, but named for their similar appearance and habits.
- Crested bobwhite, Colinus cristatus
- Marbled wood-quail, Odontophorus gujanensis
- Black-eared wood-quail, Odontophorus melanotis
- Tacarcuna wood-quail, Odontophorus dialeucos
- Black-breasted wood-quail, Odontophorus leucolaemus
- Spotted wood-quail, Odontophorus guttatus
- Tawny-faced quail, Rhynchortyx cinctus
Order: Gruiformes Family: Aramidae
The limpkin resembles a large rail. It has drab-brown plumage and a grayer head and neck.
- Limpkin, Aramus guarauna
Rails, crakes, gallinules and coots[edit]
Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae
Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.
- Ruddy crake, Laterallus ruber (A)
- White-throated crake, Laterallus albigularis
- Gray-breasted crake, Laterallus exilis
- Black rail, Laterallus jamaicensis
- Mangrove rail, Rallus longirostris
- Rufous-necked wood rail, Aramides axillaris
- Gray-necked wood rail, Aramides cajaneus
- Uniform crake, Amaurolimnas concolor
- Sora, Porzana carolina
- Yellow-breasted crake, Porzana flaviventer
- Colombian crake, Mustelirallus colombianus
- Paint-billed crake, Mustelirallus erythrops
- Spotted rail, Pardirallus maculatus
- Purple gallinule, Porphyrio martinicus
- Common gallinule, Gallinula galeata
- American coot, Fulica americana
Order: Gruiformes Family: Heliornithidae
Heliornithidae is a small family of tropical birds with webbed lobes on their feet similar to those of grebes and coots.
- Sungrebe, Heliornis fulica
Order: Gruiformes Family: Eurypygidae
The sunbittern is a bittern-like bird of tropical regions of the Americas and the sole member of the family Eurypygidae (sometimes spelled Eurypigidae) and genus Eurypyga.
- Sunbittern, Eurypyga helias
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Jacanidae
The jacanas are a group of tropical waders in the family Jacanidae. They are found throughout the tropics. They are identifiable by their huge feet and claws which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in the shallow lakes that are their preferred habitat.
- Northern jacana, Jacana spinosa
- Wattled jacana, Jacana jacana
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Haematopodidae
The oystercatchers are large and noisy plover-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open molluscs.
- American oystercatcher, Haematopus palliatus
Avocets and stilts[edit]
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Recurvirostridae
Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills.
- Black-necked stilt, Himantopus mexicanus
- American avocet, Recurvirostra americana (A)
Plovers and lapwings[edit]
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae
The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.
- Southern lapwing, Vanellus chilensis
- American golden-plover, Pluvialis dominica
- Black-bellied plover, Pluvialis squatarola
- Semipalmated plover, Charadrius semipalmatus
- Wilson's plover, Charadrius wilsonia
- Killdeer, Charadrius vociferus
- Snowy plover, Charadrius nivosus (A)
- Collared plover, Charadrius collaris
Sandpipers and allies[edit]
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae
Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.
- Wilson's snipe, Gallinago delicata
- Short-billed dowitcher, Limnodromus griseus
- Long-billed dowitcher, Limnodromus scolopaceus
- Hudsonian godwit, Limosa haemastica (A)
- Marbled godwit, Limosa fedoa
- Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus
- Long-billed curlew, Numenius americanus (A)
- Upland sandpiper, Bartramia longicauda
- Greater yellowlegs, Tringa melanoleuca
- Lesser yellowlegs, Tringa flavipes
- Solitary sandpiper, Tringa solitaria
- Spotted sandpiper, Actitis macularia
- Willet, Tringa semipalmata
- Wandering tattler, Tringa incana (A)
- Ruddy turnstone, Arenaria interpres
- Surfbird, Calidris virgata
- Red knot, Calidris canutus
- Sanderling, Calidris alba
- Semipalmated sandpiper, Calidris pusilla
- Western sandpiper, Calidris mauri
- Least sandpiper, Calidris minutilla
- White-rumped sandpiper, Calidris fuscicollis
- Baird's sandpiper, Calidris bairdii
- Pectoral sandpiper, Calidris melanotos
- Dunlin, Calidris alpina (A)
- Stilt sandpiper, Calidris himantopus
- Buff-breasted sandpiper, Calidris subruficollis
- Ruff, Calidris pugnax (A)
- Wilson's phalarope, Phalaropus tricolor
- Red-necked phalarope, Phalaropus lobatus
Skuas and jaegers[edit]
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Stercorariidae
The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with gray or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants.
- South polar skua, Stercorarius maccormicki
- Pomarine jaeger, Stercorarius pomarinus
- Parasitic jaeger, Stercorarius parasiticus
- Long-tailed jaeger, Stercorarius longicaudus (A)
Gulls, terns and skimmers[edit]
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae
Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds and includes gulls, kittiwakes, terns and skimmers. They are typically gray or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with gray or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years. Skimmers are a small family of tropical tern-like birds. They have an elongated lower mandible which they use to feed by flying low over the water surface and skimming the water for small fish.
- Belcher's gull, Larus belcheri (A)
- Ring-billed gull, Larus delawarensis
- Kelp gull, Larus dominicanus (A)
- Lesser black-backed gull, Larus fuscus (A)
- Herring gull, Larus argentatus
- Gray-headed gull, Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus (A)
- Bonaparte's gull, Chroicocephalus philadelphia (A)
- Gray gull, Leucophaeus modestus (A)
- Laughing gull, Leucophaeus atricilla
- Franklin's gull, Leucophaeus pipixcan
- Sabine's gull, Xema sabini
- Swallow-tailed gull, Creagrus furcatus (A)
- Gull-billed tern, Gelochelidon nilotica
- Caspian tern, Hydroprogne caspia
- Elegant tern, Thalasseus elegans
- Sandwich tern, Thalasseus sandvicensis
- Royal tern, Thalasseus maxima
- Arctic tern, Sterna paradisaea (A)
- Common tern, Sterna hirundo
- Forster's tern, Sterna forsteri (A)
- Least tern, Sternula antillarum
- Yellow-billed tern, Sternula superciliaris (A)
- Bridled tern, Onychoprion anaethetus
- Sooty tern, Onychoprion fuscatus
- Black tern, Chlidonias niger
- Large-billed tern, Phaetusa simplex (A)
- Brown noddy, Anous stolidus
- Black noddy, Anous minutus (A)
- White tern, Gygis alba (A)
- Inca tern, Larosterna inca (A)
- Black skimmer, Rynchops niger (A)
Pigeons and doves[edit]
Order: Columbiformes Family: Columbidae
Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.
- Rock dove, Columba livia (I)
- White-crowned pigeon, Patagioenas leucocephala
- Scaled pigeon, Patagioenas speciosa
- Band-tailed pigeon, Patagioenas fasciata
- Pale-vented pigeon, Patagioenas cayennensis
- Plumbeous pigeon, Patagioenas plumbea
- Short-billed pigeon, Patagioenas nigrirostris
- Ruddy pigeon, Patagioenas subvinacea
- Dusky pigeon, Patagioenas goodsoni
- Mourning dove, Zenaida macroura
- Eared dove, Zenaida auriculata (A)
- White-winged dove, Zenaida asiatica
- Common ground-dove, Columbina passerina
- Plain-breasted ground-dove, Columbina minuta
- Ruddy ground-dove, Columbina talpacoti
- Blue ground-dove, Claravis pretiosa
- Maroon-chested ground-dove, Claravis mondetoura
- White-tipped dove, Leptotila verreauxi
- Gray-headed dove, Leptotila plumbeiceps
- Brown-backed dove, Leptotila battyi (E)
- Gray-chested dove, Leptotila cassinii
- Purplish-backed quail-dove, Geotrygon lawrencii
- Buff-fronted quail-dove, Geotrygon costaricensis
- Russet-crowned quail-dove, Geotrygon goldmani
- Rufous-breasted quail-dove, Geotrygon chiriquensis
- Olive-backed quail-dove, Geotrygon veraguensis
- Violaceous quail-dove, Geotrygon violacea
- Ruddy quail-dove, Geotrygon montana
Parrots, macaws and allies[edit]
Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittacidae
Parrots are small to large birds with a characteristic curved beak. Their upper mandibles have slight mobility in the joint with the skull and they have a generally erect stance. All parrots are zygodactyl, having the four toes on each foot placed two at the front and two to the back.
- Blue-and-yellow macaw, Ara ararauna
- Great green macaw, Ara ambigua
- Scarlet macaw, Ara macao
- Red-and-green macaw, Ara chloroptera
- Chestnut-fronted macaw, Ara severa
- Crimson-fronted parakeet, Aratinga finschi
- Brown-throated parakeet, Aratinga pertinax
- Olive-throated parakeet, Aratinga nana
- Azuero parakeet, Pyrrhura eisenmanni (E)
- Sulphur-winged parakeet, Pyrrhura hoffmanni
- Barred parakeet, Bolborhynchus lineola
- Spectacled parrotlet, Forpus conspicillatus
- Orange-chinned parakeet, Brotogeris jugularis
- Red-fronted parrotlet, Touit costaricensis
- Blue-fronted parrotlet, Touit dilectissima
- Brown-hooded parrot, Pionopsitta haematotis
- Saffron-headed parrot, Pionopsitta pyrilia
- Blue-headed parrot, Pionus menstruus
- White-crowned parrot, Pionus senilis
- Red-lored amazon, Amazona autumnalis
- Yellow-crowned amazon, Amazona ochrocephala
- Mealy amazon, Amazona farinosa
Cuckoos and anis[edit]
Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae
The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites.
- Dwarf cuckoo, Coccyzus pumilus (A)
- Black-billed cuckoo, Coccyzus erythropthalmus
- Yellow-billed cuckoo, Coccyzus americanus
- Mangrove cuckoo, Coccyzus minor
- Dark-billed cuckoo, Coccyzus melacoryphus (A)
- Gray-capped cuckoo, Coccyzus lansbergi (A)
- Squirrel cuckoo, Piaya cayana
- Little cuckoo, Piaya minuta
- Greater ani, Crotophaga major
- Smooth-billed ani, Crotophaga ani
- Groove-billed ani, Crotophaga sulcirostris
- Striped cuckoo, Tapera naevia
- Pheasant cuckoo, Dromococcyx phasianellus
- Rufous-vented ground-cuckoo, Neomorphus geoffroyi
Barn owls[edit]
Order: Strigiformes Family: Tytonidae
Barn owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons.
- Barn owl, Tyto alba
Typical owls[edit]
Order: Strigiformes Family: Strigidae
The typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.
- Tropical screech-owl, Megascops choliba
- Bare-shanked screech-owl, Megascops clarkii
- Vermiculated screech-owl, Megascops vermiculatus
- Great horned owl, Bubo virginianus (A)
- Mottled owl, Ciccaba virgata
- Black-and-white owl, Ciccaba nigrolineata
- Crested owl, Lophostrix cristata
- Spectacled owl, Pulsatrix perspicillata
- Costa Rican pygmy-owl, Glaucidium costaricanum
- Central American pygmy-owl, Glaucidium griseiceps
- Ferruginous pygmy-owl, Glaucidium brasilianum
- Burrowing owl, Athene cunicularia (A)
- Unspotted saw-whet owl, Aegolius ridgwayi (A)
- Striped owl, Pseudoscops clamator
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Steatornithidae
The oilbird is a slim, long-winged bird related to the nightjars. It is nocturnal and a specialist feeder on the fruit of the oil palm.
- Oilbird, Steatornis caripensis (A)
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Nyctibiidae
The potoos (sometimes called poor-me-ones) are large near passerine birds related to the nightjars and frogmouths. They are nocturnal insectivores which lack the bristles around the mouth found in the true nightjars.
- Great potoo, Nyctibius grandis
- Common potoo, Nyctibius griseus
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Caprimulgidae
Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves.
- Short-tailed nighthawk, Lurocalis semitorquatus
- Lesser nighthawk, Chordeiles acutipennis
- Common nighthawk, Chordeiles minor
- Pauraque, Nyctidromus albicollis
- Ocellated poorwill, Nyctiphrynus ocellatus (A)
- Chuck-will's-widow, Antrostomus carolinensis
- Rufous nightjar, Antrostomus rufus
- Eastern whip-poor-will, Antrostomus vociferus (A)
- Dusky nightjar, Antrostomus saturatus
- White-tailed nightjar, Caprimulgus cayennensis
Order: Apodiformes Family: Apodidae
Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.
- Black swift, Cypseloides niger (A)
- White-chinned swift, Cypseloides cryptus (A)
- Chestnut-collared swift, Streptoprocne rutila
- White-collared swift, Streptoprocne zonaris
- Band-rumped swift, Chaetura spinicaudus
- Gray-rumped swift, Chaetura cinereiventris
- Chimney swift, Chaetura pelagica
- Vaux's swift, Chaetura vauxi
- Chapman's swift, Chaetura chapmani (A)
- Short-tailed swift, Chaetura brachyura
- Ashy-tailed swift, Chaetura andrei (A)
- Lesser swallow-tailed swift, Panyptila cayennensis
- Costa Rican swift, Chaetura fumosa
Order: Trochiliformes Family: Trochilidae
Hummingbirds are small birds capable of hovering in mid-air due to the rapid flapping of their wings. They are the only birds that can fly backwards.
- White-tipped sicklebill, Eutoxeres aquila
- Rufous-breasted hermit, Glaucis hirsuta
- Bronzy hermit, Glaucis aenea
- Band-tailed barbthroat, Threnetes ruckeri
- White-whiskered hermit, Phaethornis yaruqui
- Green hermit, Phaethornis guy
- Western long-tailed hermit, Phaethornis longirostris
- Pale-bellied hermit, Phaethornis anthophilus
- Stripe-throated hermit, Phaethornis striigularis
- Tooth-billed hummingbird, Androdon aequatorialis
- Green-fronted lancebill, Doryfera ludovicae
- Scaly-breasted hummingbird, Phaeochroa cuvierii
- Violet sabrewing, Campylopterus hemileucurus
- White-necked jacobin, Florisuga mellivora
- Brown violetear, Colibri delphinae
- Lesser violetear, Colibri cyanotus
- Green-breasted mango, Anthracothorax prevostii
- Black-throated mango, Anthracothorax nigricollis
- Veraguan mango, Anthracothorax veraguensis (E)
- Ruby-topaz hummingbird, Chrysolampis mosquitus (A)
- Violet-headed hummingbird, Klais guimeti
- Rufous-crested coquette, Lophornis delattrei
- White-crested coquette, Lophornis adorabilis
- Green thorntail, Discosura conversii
- Garden emerald, Chlorostilbon assimilis
- Fiery-throated hummingbird, Panterpe insignis
- White-tailed emerald, Elvira chionura
- Stripe-tailed hummingbird, Eupherusa eximia
- Black-bellied hummingbird, Eupherusa nigriventris
- Rufous-cheeked hummingbird, Goethalsia bella
- Violet-capped hummingbird, Goldmania violiceps
- Violet-crowned woodnymph, Thalurania colombica
- Green-crowned woodnymph, Thalurania fannyi
- Violet-bellied hummingbird, Damophila julie
- Sapphire-throated hummingbird, Lepidopyga coeruleogularis
- Blue-throated goldentail, Hylocharis eliciae
- Humboldt's sapphire, Hylocharis humboldtii
- Rufous-tailed hummingbird, Amazilia tzacatl
- Escudo hummingbird, Amazilia tzacatl handleyi (E)
- Blue-chested hummingbird, Polyerata amabilis
- Charming hummingbird, Polyerata decora
- Snowy-bellied hummingbird, Saucerottia edward
- Snowcap, Microchera albocoronata
- White-vented plumeleteer, Chalybura buffonii
- Bronze-tailed plumeleteer, Chalybura urochrysia
- White-bellied mountain-gem, Lampornis hemileucus
- White-throated mountain-gem, Lampornis castaneoventris
- Purple-throated mountain-gem, Lampornis calolaema
- Green-crowned brilliant, Heliodoxa jacula
- Magnificent hummingbird, Eugenes fulgens
- Greenish puffleg, Haplophaedia aureliae
- Purple-crowned fairy, Heliothryx barroti
- Long-billed starthroat, Heliomaster longirostris
- Magenta-throated woodstar, Calliphlox bryantae
- Purple-throated woodstar, Calliphlox mitchellii
- Ruby-throated hummingbird, Archilochus colubris (A)
- Scintillant hummingbird, Selasphorus scintilla
- Glow-throated hummingbird, Selasphorus ardens (E)
- Volcano hummingbird, Selasphorus flammula
Trogons and quetzals[edit]
Order: Trogoniformes Family: Trogonidae
The family Trogonidae includes trogons and quetzals. Found in tropical woodlands worldwide, they feed on insects and fruit, and their broad bills and weak legs reflect their diet and arboreal habits. Although their flight is fast, they are reluctant to fly any distance. Trogons have soft, often colorful, feathers with distinctive male and female plumage.
- White-tailed trogon, Trogon viridis
- Baird's trogon, Trogon bairdii
- Gartered trogon, Trogon caligatus
- Collared trogon, Trogon collaris
- Orange-bellied trogon, Trogon aurantiiventris
- Black-throated trogon, Trogon rufus
- Black-tailed trogon, Trogon melanurus
- Slaty-tailed trogon, Trogon massena
- Lattice-tailed trogon, Trogon clathratus
- Resplendent quetzal, Pharomachrus mocinno
- Golden-headed quetzal, Pharomachrus auriceps
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Alcedinidae
Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails.
- Belted kingfisher, Megaceryle alcyon
- Ringed kingfisher, Megaceryle torquatus
- Amazon kingfisher, Chloroceryle amazona
- Green kingfisher, Chloroceryle americana
- Green-and-rufous kingfisher, Chloroceryle inda
- American pygmy kingfisher, Chloroceryle aenea
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Momotidae
The motmots have colorful plumage and long, graduated tails which they display by waggling back and forth. In most of the species, the barbs near the ends of the two longest (central) tail feathers are weak and fall off, leaving a length of bare shaft and creating a racket-shaped tail.
- Tody motmot, Hylomanes momotula
- Lesson's motmot, Momotus lessonii
- Whooping motmot, Momotus subrufescens
- Rufous motmot, Baryphthengus martii
- Broad-billed motmot, Electron platyrhynchum
Order: Piciformes Family: Galbulidae
The jacamars are near passerine birds from tropical South America, with a range that extends up to Mexico. They feed on insects caught on the wing and are glossy, elegant birds with long bills and tails. They resemble the Old World bee-eaters, although they are more closely related to woodpeckers.
- Dusky-backed jacamar, Brachygalba salmoni
- Rufous-tailed jacamar, Galbula ruficauda
- Great jacamar, Jacamerops aureus
Order: Piciformes Family: Bucconidae
The puffbirds are related to the jacamars and have the same range, but lack the iridescent colors of that family. They are mainly brown, rufous or gray, with large heads and flattened bills with hooked tips. The loose abundant plumage and short tails makes them look stout and puffy, giving rise to the English common name of the family.
- White-necked puffbird, Notharchus hyperrhynchus
- Black-breasted puffbird, Notharchus pectoralis
- Pied puffbird, Notharchus tectus
- Barred puffbird, Nystalus radiatus
- White-whiskered puffbird, Malacoptila panamensis
- Lanceolated monklet, Micromonacha lanceolata
- Gray-cheeked nunlet, Nonnula frontalis
- White-fronted nunbird, Monasa morphoeus
Order: Piciformes Family: Capitonidae
The barbets are plump birds, with short necks and large heads. They get their name from the bristles which fringe their heavy bills. Most species are brightly colored.
- Spot-crowned barbet, Capito maculicoronatus
- Red-headed barbet, Eubucco bourcierii
- Prong-billed barbet, Semnornis frantzii
Order: Piciformes Family: Ramphastidae
Toucans are near passerine birds from the Neotropics. They are brightly marked and have enormous, colorful bills which in some species amount to half their body length.
- Collared aracari, Pteroglossus torquatus
- Fiery-billed aracari, Pteroglossus frantzii
- Yellow-eared toucanet, Selenidera spectabilis
- Keel-billed toucan, Ramphastos sulfuratus
- Choco toucan, Ramphastos brevis
- Black-mandibled toucan, Ramphastos ambiguus
- Chestnut-mandibled toucan, Ramphastos ambiguous swainsonii
- Blue-throated toucanet, Aulacorhynchus caeruleogularis
- Violet-throated toucanet, Aulacorhynchus cognatus
Woodpeckers and allies[edit]
Order: Piciformes Family: Picidae
Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.
- Olivaceous piculet, Picumnus olivaceus
- Acorn woodpecker, Melanerpes formicivorus
- Golden-naped woodpecker, Melanerpes chrysauchen
- Black-cheeked woodpecker, Melanerpes pucherani
- Red-crowned woodpecker, Melanerpes rubricapillus
- Yellow-bellied sapsucker, Sphyrapicus varius
- Hairy woodpecker, Picoides villosus
- Smoky-brown woodpecker, Veniliornis fumigatus
- Red-rumped woodpecker, Veniliornis kirkii
- Rufous-winged woodpecker, Piculus simplex
- Stripe-cheeked woodpecker, Piculus callopterus (E)
- Golden-green woodpecker, Piculus chrysochloros
- Golden-olive woodpecker, Piculus rubiginosus
- Spot-breasted woodpecker, Colaptes punctigula
- Cinnamon woodpecker, Celeus loricatus
- Chestnut-colored woodpecker, Celeus castaneus
- Lineated woodpecker, Dryocopus lineatus
- Crimson-bellied woodpecker, Campephilus haematogaster
- Crimson-crested woodpecker, Campephilus melanoleucos
- Pale-billed woodpecker, Campephilus guatemalensis
Ovenbirds and woodcreepers[edit]
Order: Passeriformes Family: Furnariidae
Ovenbirds comprise a large family of small sub-oscine passerine bird species found in Central and South America. They are a diverse group of insectivores which gets its name from the elaborate "oven-like" clay nests built by some species, although others build stick nests or nest in tunnels or clefts in rock. The woodcreepers are brownish birds which maintain an upright vertical posture, supported by their stiff tail vanes. They feed mainly on insects taken from tree trunks.
- Pale-breasted spinetail, Synallaxis albescens
- Slaty spinetail, Synallaxis brachyura
- Red-faced spinetail, Cranioleuca erythrops
- Coiba spinetail, Cranioleuca dissita (E)
- Double-banded graytail, Xenerpestes minlosi
- Spotted barbtail, Premnoplex brunnescens
- Ruddy treerunner, Margarornis rubiginosus
- Beautiful treerunner, Margarornis bellulus (E)
- Plain xenops, Xenops minutus
- Streaked xenops, Xenops rutilans
- Scaly-throated foliage-gleaner, Anabacerthia variegaticeps
- Buffy tuftedcheek, Pseudocolaptes lawrencii
- Streak-breasted treehunter, Thripadectes rufobrunneus
- Lineated foliage-gleaner, Syndactyla subalaris
- Striped woodhaunter, Hyloctistes subulatus
- Buff-fronted foliage-gleaner, Philydor rufus
- Slaty-winged foliage-gleaner, Philydor fuscipennis
- Buff-throated foliage-gleaner, Automolus ochrolaemus
- Ruddy foliage-gleaner, Clibanornis rubiginosus
- Tawny-throated leaftosser, Sclerurus mexicanus
- Gray-throated leaftosser, Sclerurus albigularis
- Scaly-throated leaftosser, Sclerurus guatemalensis
- Sharp-tailed streamcreeper, Lochmias nematura
- Tawny-winged woodcreeper, Dendrocincla anabatina
- Plain-brown woodcreeper, Dendrocincla fuliginosa
- Ruddy woodcreeper, Dendrocincla homochroa
- Long-tailed woodcreeper, Deconychura longicauda
- Olivaceous woodcreeper, Sittasomus griseicapillus
- Wedge-billed woodcreeper, Glyphorynchus spirurus
- Strong-billed woodcreeper, Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus
- Northern barred-woodcreeper, Dendrocolaptes sanctithomae
- Black-banded woodcreeper, Dendrocolaptes picumnus
- Cocoa woodcreeper, Xiphorhynchus susurrans
- Black-striped woodcreeper, Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus
- Spotted woodcreeper, Xiphorhynchus erythropygius
- Straight-billed woodcreeper, Dendroplex picus
- Streak-headed woodcreeper, Lepidocolaptes souleyetii
- Spot-crowned woodcreeper, Lepidocolaptes affinis
- Red-billed scythebill, Campylorhamphus trochilirostris
- Brown-billed scythebill, Campylorhamphus pusillus
Typical antbirds[edit]
Order: Passeriformes Family: Thamnophilidae
The antbirds are a large family of small passerine birds of subtropical and tropical Central and South America. They are forest birds which tend to feed on insects at or near the ground. A sizable minority of them specialize in following columns of army ants to eat small invertebrates that leave their hiding places to flee from the ants. Many species lack bright color; brown, black and white being the dominant tones.
- Fasciated antshrike, Cymbilaimus lineatus
- Great antshrike, Taraba major
- Barred antshrike, Thamnophilus doliatus
- Black-hooded antshrike, Thamnophilus bridgesi
- Black antshrike, Thamnophilus nigriceps
- Black-crowned antshrike, Thamnophilus atrinucha
- Speckled antshrike, Xenornis setifrons
- Russet antshrike, Thamnistes anabatinus
- Plain antvireo, Dysithamnus mentalis
- Spot-crowned antvireo, Dysithamnus puncticeps
- Moustached antwren, Myrmotherula ignota
- Pacific antwren, Myrmotherula pacifica
- Checker-throated antwren, Myrmotherula fulviventris
- White-flanked antwren, Myrmotherula axillaris
- Slaty antwren, Myrmotherula schisticolor
- Rufous-winged antwren, Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus
- Dot-winged antwren, Microrhopias quixensis
- White-fringed antwren, Formicivora grisea
- Rufous-rumped antwren, Terenura callinota
- Dusky antbird, Cercomacroides tyrannina
- Jet antbird, Cercomacra nigricans
- Bare-crowned antbird, Gymnocichla nudiceps
- White-bellied antbird, Myrmeciza longipes
- Chestnut-backed antbird, Myrmeciza exsul
- Dull-mantled antbird, Myrmeciza laemosticta
- Immaculate antbird, Myrmeciza immaculata
- Bicolored antbird, Gymnopithys leucaspis
- Wing-banded antbird, Myrmornis torquata
- Spotted antbird, Hylophylax naevioides
- Ocellated antbird, Phaenostictus mcleannani
Order: Passeriformes Family: Formicariidae
Antthrushes resemble small rails with strong, longish legs, very short tails and stout bills.
- Black-headed antthrush, Formicarius nigricapillus
- Black-faced antthrush, Formicarius analis
- Rufous-breasted antthrush, Formicarius rufipectus
Order: Passeriformes Family: Conopophagidae
- Black-crowned antpitta, Pittasoma michleri
Order: Passeriformes Family: Grallariidae
- Scaled antpitta, Grallaria guatimalensis
- Streak-chested antpitta, Hylopezus perspicillatus
- Fulvous-bellied antpitta, Hylopezus dives
- Ochre-breasted antpitta, Grallaricula flavirostris
Order: Passeriformes Family: Rhinocryptidae
The tapaculos are small suboscine passeriform birds with numerous species in South and Central America. They are terrestrial species that fly only poorly on their short wings. They have strong legs, well-suited to their habitat of grassland or forest undergrowth. The tail is cocked and pointed towards the head.
- Pale-throated tapaculo, Scytalopus panamensis
- Silvery-fronted tapaculo, Scytalopus argentifrons
- Choco tapaculo, Scytalopus chocoensis
Order: Passeriformes Family: Cotingidae
The cotingas are birds of forests or forest edges in tropical South America. Comparatively little is known about this diverse group, although all have broad bills with hooked tips, rounded wings and strong legs. The males of many of the species are brightly colored or decorated with plumes or wattles.
- Rufous piha, Lipaugus unirufus
- Lovely cotinga, Cotinga amabilis (A)
- Turquoise cotinga, Cotinga ridgwayi
- Blue cotinga, Cotinga nattererii
- Black-tipped cotinga, Carpodectes hopkei
- Yellow-billed cotinga, Carpodectes antoniae
- Snowy cotinga, Carpodectes nitidus
- Purple-throated fruitcrow, Querula purpurata
- Bare-necked umbrellabird, Cephalopterus glabricollis
- Three-wattled bellbird, Procnias tricarunculata
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pipridae
The manakins are a family of subtropical and tropical mainland Central and South America, and Trinidad and Tobago. They are compact forest birds, the males typically being brightly colored, although the females of most species are duller and usually green-plumaged. Manakins feed on small fruits, berries and insects.
- Green manakin, Cryptopipo holochlora
- White-collared manakin, Manacus candei
- Orange-collared manakin, Manacus aurantiacus
- Golden-collared manakin, Manacus vitellinus
- White-ruffed manakin, Corapipo altera
- Lance-tailed manakin, Chiroxiphia lanceolata
- White-crowned manakin, Dixiphia pipra
- Blue-crowned manakin, Lepidothrix coronata
- Golden-headed manakin, Ceratopipra erythrocephala
- Red-capped manakin, Ceratopipra mentalis
- Gray-headed piprites, Pipirites griseiceps
Order: Passeriformes Family: Sapayoidae
- Sapayoa, Sapayoa aenigma
Tyrant flycatchers[edit]
Order: Passeriformes Family: Tyrannidae
Tyrant flycatchers are passerine birds which occur throughout North and South America. They superficially resemble the Old World flycatchers, but are more robust and have stronger bills. They do not have the sophisticated vocal capabilities of the songbirds. Most, but not all, have plain coloring. As the name implies, most are insectivorous.
- Yellow-bellied tyrannulet, Ornithion semiflavum
- Brown-capped tyrannulet, Ornithion brunneicapillus
- Southern beardless-tyrannulet, Camptostoma obsoletum
- Mouse-colored tyrannulet, Phaeomyias murina
- Yellow tyrannulet, Capsiempis flaveola
- Yellow-crowned tyrannulet, Tyrannulus elatus
- Forest elaenia, Myiopagis gaimardii
- Gray elaenia, Myiopagis caniceps
- Greenish elaenia, Myiopagis viridicata
- Yellow-bellied elaenia, Elaenia flavogaster
- Lesser elaenia, Elaenia chiriquensis
- Mountain elaenia, Elaenia frantzii
- Torrent tyrannulet, Serpophaga cinerea
- Ochre-bellied flycatcher, Mionectes oleagineus
- Olive-striped flycatcher, Mionectes olivaceus
- Sepia-capped flycatcher, Leptopogon amaurocephalus
- Slaty-capped flycatcher, Leptopogon superciliaris
- Bronze-olive pygmy-tyrant, Pseudotriccus pelzelni
- Yellow-green tyrannulet, Phylloscartes flavovirens (E)
- Rufous-browed tyrannulet, Phylloscartes superciliaris
- White-fronted tyrannulet, Phyllomyias zeledoni
- Sooty-headed tyrannulet, Phyllomyias griseiceps
- Paltry tyrannulet, Zimmerius vilissimus
- Northern scrub-flycatcher, Sublegatus arenarum
- Black-capped pygmy-tyrant, Myiornis atricapillus
- Scale-crested pygmy-tyrant, Lophotriccus pileatus
- Pale-eyed pygmy-tyrant, Atalotriccus pilaris
- Northern bentbill, Oncostoma cinereigulare
- Southern bentbill, Oncostoma olivaceum
- Slate-headed tody-tyrant, Poecilotriccus sylvia
- Common tody-flycatcher, Todirostrum cinereum
- Black-headed tody-flycatcher, Todirostrum nigriceps
- Brownish twistwing, Cnipodectes subbrunneus
- Eye-ringed flatbill, Rhynchocyclus brevirostris
- Olivaceous flatbill, Rhynchocyclus olivaceus
- Yellow-olive flycatcher, Tolmomyias sulphurescens
- Yellow-margined flycatcher, Tolmomyias assimilis
- Yellow-breasted flycatcher, Tolmomyias flaviventris
- Stub-tailed spadebill, Platyrinchus cancrominus
- Golden-crowned spadebill, Platyrinchus coronatus
- White-throated spadebill, Platyrinchus mystaceus
- Northern royal-flycatcher, Onychorhynchus mexicanus
- Bran-colored flycatcher, Myiophobus fasciatus
- Ruddy-tailed flycatcher, Terenotriccus erythrurus
- Tawny-breasted flycatcher, Myiobius villosus
- Sulphur-rumped flycatcher, Myiobius sulphureipygius
- Black-tailed flycatcher, Myiobius atricaudus
- Black-billed flycatcher, Aphanotriccus audax
- Tufted flycatcher, Mitrephanes phaeocercus
- Olive-sided flycatcher, Contopus cooperi
- Dark pewee, Contopus lugubris
- Ochraceous pewee, Contopus ochraceus
- Western wood-pewee, Contopus sordidulus
- Eastern wood-pewee, Contopus virens
- Tropical pewee, Contopus cinereus
- Yellow-bellied flycatcher, Empidonax flaviventris
- Acadian flycatcher, Empidonax virescens
- Alder flycatcher, Empidonax alnorum
- Willow flycatcher, Empidonax traillii
- White-throated flycatcher, Empidonax albigularis
- Least flycatcher, Empidonax minimus (A)
- Hammond's flycatcher, Empidonax hammondi (A)
- Yellowish flycatcher, Empidonax flavescens
- Black-capped flycatcher, Empidonax atriceps
- Black phoebe, Sayornis nigricans
- Vermilion flycatcher, Pyrocephalus rubinus (A)
- Pied water-tyrant, Fluvicola pica
- Long-tailed tyrant, Colonia colonus
- Cattle tyrant, Machetornis rixosus (A)
- Bright-rumped attila, Attila spadiceus
- Western sirystes, Sirystes albogriseus
- Rufous mourner, Rhytipterna holerythra
- Dusky-capped flycatcher, Myiarchus tuberculifer
- Panama flycatcher, Myiarchus panamensis
- Great crested flycatcher, Myiarchus crinitus
- Lesser kiskadee, Philohydor lictor
- Great kiskadee, Pitangus sulphuratus
- Boat-billed flycatcher, Megarynchus pitangua
- Rusty-margined flycatcher, Myiozetetes cayanensis
- Social flycatcher, Myiozetetes similis
- Gray-capped flycatcher, Myiozetetes granadensis
- White-ringed flycatcher, Conopias albovittata
- Golden-bellied flycatcher, Myiodynastes hemichrysus
- Golden-crowned flycatcher, Myiodynastes chrysocephalus
- Streaked flycatcher, Myiodynastes maculatus
- Sulphur-bellied flycatcher, Myiodynastes luteiventris
- Piratic flycatcher, Legatus leucophaius
- Tropical kingbird, Tyrannus melancholicus
- Western kingbird, Tyrannus verticalis (A)
- Eastern kingbird, Tyrannus tyrannus
- Gray kingbird, Tyrannus dominicensis
- Scissor-tailed flycatcher, Tyrannus forficatus
- Fork-tailed flycatcher, Tyrannus savana
Tityras and becards[edit]
Order: Passeriformes Family: Tityridae
- Speckled mourner, Laniocera rufescens
- Thrush-like schiffornis, Schiffornis turdinus
- Barred becard, Pachyramphus versicolor
- Cinnamon becard, Pachyramphus cinnamomeus
- White-winged becard, Pachyramphus polychopterus
- Black-and-white becard, Pachyramphus albogriseus
- Cinereous becard, Pachyramphus rufus
- Rose-throated becard, Pachyramphus aglaiae
- One-colored becard, Pachyramphus homochrous
- Masked tityra, Tityra semifasciata
- Black-crowned tityra, Tityra inquisitor
Order: Passeriformes Family: Oxyruncidae
- Sharpbill, Oxyruncus cristatus
Swallows and martins[edit]
Order: Passeriformes Family: Hirundinidae
The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.
- Brown-chested martin, Progne tapera
- Purple martin, Progne subis
- Gray-breasted martin, Progne chalybea
- Southern martin, Progne elegans (A)
- Tree swallow, Tachycineta bicolor (A)
- Mangrove swallow, Tachycineta albilinea
- White-winged swallow, Tachycineta albiventer (A)
- Violet-green swallow, Tachycineta thalassina (A)
- Blue-and-white swallow, Notiochelidon cyanoleuca
- White-thighed swallow, Neochelidon tibialis
- Northern rough-winged swallow, Stelgidopteryx serripennis
- Southern rough-winged swallow, Stelgidopteryx ruficollis
- Bank swallow, Riparia riparia
- Cliff swallow, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota
- Cave swallow, Petrochelidon fulva (A)
- Barn swallow, Hirundo rustica
Order: Passeriformes Family: Motacillidae
Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender, ground feeding insectivores of open country.
- Yellowish pipit, Anthus lutescens
Order: Passeriformes Family: Ptiliogonatidae
The silky-flycatchers are a small family of passerine birds which occur mainly in Central America, although the range of one species extends to central California. They are related to waxwings and like that group, have soft silky plumage, usually gray or pale-yellow. They have small crests.
- Black-and-yellow silky-flycatcher, Phainoptila melanoxantha
- Long-tailed silky-flycatcher, Ptiliogonys caudatus
Order: Passeriformes Family: Bombycillidae
The waxwings are a group of birds with soft silky plumage and unique red tips to some of the wing feathers. In the Bohemian and cedar waxwings, these tips look like sealing wax and give the group its name. These are arboreal birds of northern forests. They live on insects in summer and berries in winter.
- Cedar waxwing, Bombycilla cedrorum (A)
Order: Passeriformes Family: Cinclidae
Dippers are a group of perching birds whose habitat includes aquatic environments in the Americas, Europe and Asia. They are named for their bobbing or dipping movements.
- American dipper, Cinclus mexicanus
Order: Passeriformes Family: Troglodytidae
The wrens are mainly small and inconspicuous except for their loud songs. These birds have short wings and thin down-turned bills. Several species often hold their tails upright. All are insectivorous.
- White-headed wren, Campylorhynchus albobrunneus
- Band-backed wren, Campylorhynchus zonatus
- Black-throated wren, Pheugopedius atrogularis
- Sooty-headed wren, Pheugopedius spadix
- Black-bellied wren, Pheugopedius fasciatoventris
- Rufous-breasted wren, Pheugopedius rutilus
- Riverside wren, Cantorchilus semibadius
- Bay wren, Cantorchilus nigricapillus
- Stripe-breasted wren, Cantorchilus thoracicus
- Stripe-throated wren, Cantorchilus leucopogon
- Rufous-and-white wren, Thryophilus rufalbus
- Isthmian wren, Cantorchilus elutus
- Canebrake wren, Cantorchilus zeledoni
- Buff-breasted wren, Cantorchilus leucotis
- House wren, Troglodytes aedon
- Ochraceous wren, Troglodytes ochraceus
- Sedge wren, Cistothorus platensis
- Timberline wren, Thryorchilus browni
- White-breasted wood wren, Henicorhina leucosticta
- Gray-breasted wood wren, Henicorhina leucophrys
- Scaly-breasted wren, Microcerculus marginatus
- Song wren, Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus
Mockingbirds and allies[edit]
Order: Passeriformes Family: Mimidae
The mimids are a family of passerine birds that includes thrashers, mockingbirds, tremblers and the New World catbirds. These birds are notable for their vocalizations, especially their ability to mimic a wide variety of birds and other sounds heard outdoors. Their coloring tends towards dull-grays and browns.
- Gray catbird, Dumetella carolinensis
- Tropical mockingbird, Mimus gilvus (I)
Order: Passeriformes Family: Donacobiidae
- Black-capped donacobius, Donacobius atricapilla
Thrushes and allies[edit]
Order: Passeriformes Family: Turdidae
The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs. There are 335 species worldwide and 16 species which occur in Panama.
- Black-faced solitaire, Myadestes melanops
- Varied solitaire, Myadestes coloratus
- Orange-billed nightingale-thrush, Catharus aurantiirostris
- Slaty-backed nightingale-thrush, Catharus fuscater
- Black-billed nightingale-thrush, Catharus gracilirostris
- Ruddy-capped nightingale-thrush, Catharus frantzii
- Black-headed nightingale-thrush, Catharus mexicanus
- Veery, Catharus fuscescens
- Gray-cheeked thrush, Catharus minimus
- Swainson's thrush, Catharus ustulatus
- Wood thrush, Hylocichla mustelina
- Sooty robin, Turdus nigrescens
- Mountain robin, Turdus plebejus
- Pale-vented thrush, Turdus obsoletus
- Clay-colored thrush, Turdus grayi
- White-throated thrush, Turdus assimilis
Order: Passeriformes Family: Polioptilidae
These dainty birds resemble Old World warblers in their build and habits, moving restlessly through the foliage seeking insects. The gnatcatchers and gnatwrens are mainly soft bluish gray in color and have the typical insectivore's long sharp bill. They are birds of fairly open woodland or scrub, which nest in bushes or trees.
- Tawny-faced gnatwren, Microbates cinereiventris
- Long-billed gnatwren, Ramphocaenus melanurus
- Tropical gnatcatcher, Polioptila plumbea
- Slate-throated gnatcatcher, Polioptila schistaceigula
Crows and jays[edit]
Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae
The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.
- Black-chested jay, Cyanocorax affinis
- Brown jay, Psilorhinus morio
- Azure-hooded jay, Cyanolyca cucullata
- Silvery-throated jay, Cyanolyca argentigula
- Common raven, Corvus corax (A)
Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae
Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen.
- European starling, Sturnus vulgaris (A)
Order: Passeriformes Family: Vireonidae
The vireos are a group of small to medium-sized passerine birds restricted to the New World. They are typically greenish in color and resemble wood warblers apart from their heavier bills.
- White-eyed vireo, Vireo griseus (A)
- Yellow-throated vireo, Vireo flavifrons
- Blue-headed vireo, Vireo solitarius (A)
- Yellow-winged vireo, Vireo carmioli
- Warbling vireo, Vireo gilvus (A)
- Brown-capped vireo, Vireo leucophrys
- Philadelphia vireo, Vireo philadelphicus
- Red-eyed vireo, Vireo olivaceus
- Yellow-green vireo, Vireo flavoviridis
- Black-whiskered vireo, Vireo altiloquus (A)
- Scrub greenlet, Hylophilus flavipes
- Tawny-crowned greenlet, Hylophilus ochraceiceps
- Golden-fronted greenlet, Hylophilus aurantiifrons
- Lesser greenlet, Hylophilus decurtatus
- Green shrike-vireo, Vireolanius pulchellus
- Yellow-browed shrike-vireo, Vireolanius eximius
- Rufous-browed peppershrike, Cyclarhis gujanensis
New World warblers[edit]
Order: Passeriformes Family: Parulidae
The New World warblers are a group of small, often colorful, passerine birds restricted to the New World. Most are arboreal, but some are terrestrial. Most members of this family are insectivores.
- Blue-winged warbler, Vermivora cyanoptera
- Golden-winged warbler, Vermivora chrysoptera
- Tennessee warbler, Oreothlypis peregrina
- Nashville warbler, Oreothlypis ruficapilla (A)
- Virginia's warbler, Oreothlypis virginiae (A)
- Flame-throated warbler, Oreothlypis gutturalis
- Northern parula, Setophaga americana (A)
- Tropical parula, Setophaga pitiayumi
- Yellow warbler, Setophaga petechia
- Chestnut-sided warbler, Setophaga pensylvanica
- Magnolia warbler, Setophaga magnolia
- Cape May warbler, Setophaga tigrina
- Black-throated blue warbler, Setophaga caerulescens (A)
- Yellow-rumped warbler, Setophaga coronata
- Golden-cheeked warbler, Setophaga chrysoparia (A)
- Black-throated green warbler, Setophaga virens
- Townsend's warbler, Setophaga townsendi (A)
- Hermit warbler, Setophaga occidentalis (A)
- Blackburnian warbler, Setophaga fusca
- Yellow-throated warbler, Setophaga dominica (A)
- Prairie warbler, Setophaga discolor (A)
- Palm warbler, Setophaga palmarum
- Bay-breasted warbler, Setophaga castanea
- Blackpoll warbler, Setophaga striata (A)
- Cerulean warbler, Setophaga cerulea
- Hooded warbler, Setophaga citrina
- American redstart, Setophaga ruticilla
- Black-and-white warbler, Mniotilta varia
- Prothonotary warbler, Protonotaria citrea
- Worm-eating warbler, Helmitheros vermivorus
- Swainson's warbler, Lymnothlypis swainsonii (A)
- Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapilla
- Northern waterthrush, Parkesia noveboracensis
- Louisiana waterthrush, Parkesia motacilla
- Connecticut warbler, Oporornis agilis (A)
- Kentucky warbler, Geothlypis formosa
- Mourning warbler, Geothlypis philadelphia
- MacGillivray's warbler, Geothlypis tolmiei (A)
- Common yellowthroat, Geothlypis trichas (A)
- Olive-crowned yellowthroat, Geothlypis semiflava
- Masked yellowthroat, Geothlypis aequinoctialis
- Gray-crowned yellowthroat, Geothlypis poliocephala
- Wilson's warbler, Cardellina pusilla
- Canada warbler, Cardellina canadensis
- Slate-throated redstart, Myioborus miniatus
- Collared redstart, Myioborus torquatus
- Golden-crowned warbler, Basileuterus culicivorus
- Rufous-capped warbler, Basileuterus rufifrons
- Black-cheeked warbler, Basileuterus melanogenys
- Pirre warbler, Basileuterus ignotus
- Black-eared warbler, Basileuterus melanotis
- Tacarcuna warbler, Basileuterus tacarcunae
- Buff-rumped warbler, Myiothlypis fulvicauda
- Wrenthrush, Zeledonia coronata
- Yellow-breasted chat, Icteria virens
Order: Passeriformes Family: Coerebidae
The bananaquit is a small passerine bird. It has a slender, curved bill, adapted to taking nectar from flowers. It is the only member of the genus Coereba and is normally placed within the family Coerebidae, although there is uncertainty whether that placement is correct.
- Bananaquit, Coereba flaveola
Order: Passeriformes Family: Thraupidae
The tanagers are a large group of small to medium-sized passerine birds restricted to the New World, mainly in the tropics. Many species are brightly colored. They are seed eaters, but their preference tends towards fruit and nectar. Most have short, rounded wings.
- Peg-billed finch, Acanthidops bairdi
- White-eared conebill, Conirostrum leucogenys
- Yellow-backed tanager, Hemithraupis flavicollis
- Nicaraguan seed finch, Oryzoborus nuttingi
- Thick-billed seed finch, Oryzoborus funereus
- Black-and-yellow tanager, Chrysothlypis chrysomelaena
- Rosy thrush-tanager, Rhodinocichla rosea
- Dusky-faced tanager, Mitrospingus cassinii
- Gray-headed tanager, Eucometis penicillata
- White-throated shrike-tanager, Lanio leucothorax
- Sulphur-rumped tanager, Heterospingus rubrifrons
- Scarlet-browed tanager, Heterospingus xanthopygius
- White-shouldered tanager, Tachyphonus luctuosus
- Tawny-crested tanager, Tachyphonus delatrii
- White-lined tanager, Tachyphonus rufus
- Crimson-collared tanager, Ramphocelus sanguinolentus
- Crimson-backed tanager, Ramphocelus dimidiatus
- Passerini's tanager, Ramphocelus passerinii
- Cherrie's tanager, Ramphocelus costaricensis
- Flame-rumped tanager, Ramphocelus flammigerus
- Blue-gray tanager, Thraupis episcopus
- Palm tanager, Thraupis palmarum
- Blue-and-gold tanager, Bangsia arcaei
- Plain-colored tanager, Tangara inornata
- Gray-and-gold tanager, Tangara palmeri
- Emerald tanager, Tangara florida
- Silver-throated tanager, Tangara icterocephala
- Speckled tanager, Tangara guttata
- Bay-headed tanager, Tangara gyrola
- Rufous-winged tanager, Tangara lavinia
- Golden-hooded tanager, Tangara larvata
- Spangle-cheeked tanager, Tangara dowii
- Green-naped tanager, Tangara fucosa (E)
- Scarlet-thighed dacnis, Dacnis venusta
- Blue dacnis, Dacnis cayana
- Viridian dacnis, Dacnis viguieri
- Green honeycreeper, Chlorophanes spiza
- Shining honeycreeper, Cyanerpes lucidus
- Purple honeycreeper, Cyanerpes caeruleus
- Red-legged honeycreeper, Cyanerpes cyaneus
- Swallow-tanager, Tersina viridis
Buntings, sparrows, seedeaters and allies[edit]
Order: Passeriformes Family: Emberizidae
The emberizids are a large family of passerine birds. They are seed-eating birds with distinctively shaped bills. In Europe, most species are called buntings. In North America, most of the species in this family are known as sparrows, but these birds are not closely related to the Old World sparrows which are in the family Passeridae. Many emberizid species have distinctive head patterns.
- Common bush tanager, Chlorospingus flavopectus
- Tacarcuna bush tanager, Chlorospingus tacarcunae
- Pirre bush tanager, Chlorospingus inornatus (E)
- Sooty-capped bush tanager, Chlorospingus pileatus
- Yellow-throated bush tanager, Chlorospingus flavigularis
- Ashy-throated bush tanager, Chlorospingus canigularis
- Blue-black grassquit, Volatinia jacarina
- Slate-colored seedeater, Sporophila schistacea
- Variable seedeater, Sporophila corvina
- White-collared seedeater, Sporophila torqueola
- Lesson's seedeater, Sporophila bouvronides (A)
- Lined seedeater, Sporophila lineola (A)
- Yellow-bellied seedeater, Sporophila nigricollis
- Ruddy-breasted seedeater, Sporophila minuta
- Yellow-faced grassquit, Tiaris olivacea
- Slaty finch, Haplospiza rustica
- Slaty flowerpiercer, Diglossa plumbea
- Saffron finch, Sicalis flaveola (I)
- Grassland yellow-finch, Sicalis luteola
- Wedge-tailed grass-finch, Emberizoides herbicola
- Sooty-faced finch, Lysurus crassirostris
- Yellow-thighed finch, Pselliophorus tibialis
- Yellow-green finch, Pselliophorus luteoviridis (E)
- Large-footed finch, Pezopetes capitalis
- White-naped brush-finch, Atlapetes albinucha
- Chestnut-capped brush finch, Arremon brunneinucha
- Black-headed brush finch, Arremon atricapillus
- Costa Rican brush finch, Arremon costaricensis
- Orange-billed sparrow, Arremon aurantiirostris
- Black-striped sparrow, Arremonops conirostris
- Lark sparrow, Chondestes grammacus (A)
- Savannah sparrow, Passerculus sandwichensis (A)
- Grasshopper sparrow, Ammodramus savannarum
- Lincoln's sparrow, Melospiza lincolnii (A)
- White-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys (A)
- Rufous-collared sparrow, Zonotrichia capensis
- Dark-eyed junco, Junco hyemalis (A)
- Volcano junco, Junco vulcani
Saltators, cardinals and allies[edit]
Order: Passeriformes Family: Cardinalidae
The cardinals are a family of robust, seed-eating birds with strong bills. They are typically associated with open woodland. The sexes usually have distinct plumages.
- Olive tanager, Chlorothraupis carmioli
- Lemon-spectacled tanager, Chlorothraupis olivacea
- Red-crowned ant tanager, Habia rubica
- Red-throated ant tanager, Habia fuscicauda
- Hepatic tanager, Piranga flava
- Scarlet tanager, Piranga olivacea
- Summer tanager, Piranga rubra
- Western tanager, Piranga ludoviciana
- Flame-colored tanager, Piranga bidentata
- White-winged tanager, Piranga leucoptera
- Streaked saltator, Saltator striatipectus
- Grayish saltator, Saltator coerulescens
- Buff-throated saltator, Saltator maximus
- Black-headed saltator, Saltator atriceps
- Slate-colored grosbeak, Saltator grossus
- Black-faced grosbeak, Caryothraustes poliogaster
- Yellow-green grosbeak, Caryothraustes canadensis
- Black-thighed grosbeak, Pheucticus tibialis
- Rose-breasted grosbeak, Pheucticus ludovicianus
- Blue-black grosbeak, Cyanocompsa cyanoides
- Blue grosbeak, Passerina caerulea
- Indigo bunting, Passerina cyanea
- Painted bunting, Passerina ciris
- Dickcissel, Spiza americana
- Blue seedeater, Amaurospiza concolor
Troupials and allies[edit]
Order: Passeriformes Family: Icteridae
The icterids are a group of small to medium-sized, often colorful, passerine birds restricted to the New World and include the grackles, New World blackbirds and New World orioles. Most species have black as the predominant plumage color, often enlivened by yellow, orange or red.
- Bobolink, Dolichonyx oryzivorus
- Red-breasted meadowlark, Sturnella militaris
- Eastern meadowlark, Sturnella magna
- Yellow-headed blackbird, Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (A)
- Great-tailed grackle, Quiscalus mexicanus
- Shiny cowbird, Molothrus bonariensis
- Bronzed cowbird, Molothrus aeneus
- Giant cowbird, Molothrus oryzivorus
- Yellow-backed oriole, Icterus chrysater
- Yellow-tailed oriole, Icterus mesomelas
- Orange-crowned oriole, Icterus auricapillus
- Baltimore oriole, Icterus galbula
- Orchard oriole, Icterus spurius
- Black-cowled oriole, Icterus prosthemelas
- Yellow-billed cacique, Amblycercus holosericeus
- Yellow-rumped cacique, Cacicus cela
- Scarlet-rumped cacique, Cacicus uropygialis
- Crested oropendola, Psarocolius decumanus
- Chestnut-headed oropendola, Psarocolius wagleri
- Black oropendola, Psarocolius guatimozinus
- Montezuma oropendola, Gymnostinops montezuma
Siskins and goldfinches[edit]
Order: Passeriformes Family: Fringillidae
Finches are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well.
- Yellow-crowned euphonia, Euphonia luteicapilla
- Thick-billed euphonia, Euphonia laniirostris
- Yellow-throated euphonia, Euphonia hirundinacea (A)
- Elegant euphonia, Euphonia elegantissima
- Spot-crowned euphonia, Euphonia imitans
- Fulvous-vented euphonia, Euphonia fulvicrissa
- Olive-backed euphonia, Euphonia gouldi
- White-vented euphonia, Euphonia minuta
- Tawny-capped euphonia, Euphonia anneae
- Orange-bellied euphonia, Euphonia xanthogaster
- Yellow-collared chlorophonia, Chlorophonia flavirostris (A)
- Golden-browed chlorophonia, Chlorophonia callophrys
- Yellow-bellied siskin, Spinus xanthogastra
- Lesser goldfinch, Spinus psaltria
- American goldfinch, Spinus tristis (A)
Old World sparrows[edit]
Order: Passeriformes Family: Passeridae
Sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or gray birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects.
- House sparrow, Passer domesticus (I)
Waxbills and allies[edit]
Order: Passeriformes Family: Estrildidae
The estrildid finches are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colors and patterns.
- Nutmeg mannikin, Lonchura punctulata (I)
- Black-headed munia, Lonchura malacca (I)
See also[edit]
- ^ Montañez, Darién (2007). The Birds of Panama: a printable checklist including 972 species. Retrieved on November 7, 2007.
- Clements, James F. (2000). Birds of the World: a Checklist. Cornell University Press. p. 880. ISBN 0-934797-16-1.
- Lepage, Denis. "Checklist of birds of Panama". Bird Checklists of the World. Avibase. Retrieved 26 April 2007.
- Montañez, Darién (1997–2007). Xenornis. Retrieved on November 7, 2007.
- Panama Audubon Society. Checklist of the birds of Panama. Retrieved on November 7, 2007.
- Ridgely, Robert S. & Gwynne, John A., Jr. (1989). A Guide to the Birds of Panama with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Honduras, 2nd edition. Princeton University Press, Oxford.
External links[edit]
- Birds of Panama - World Institute for Conservation and Environment


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For most people, New Years marks a clear point for making a lifestyle change that is intended to last a lifetime. Lent on the other hand, for the religious, is a time of temporary self denial or restriction to increase focus. There are several reasons that a greater percentage of people are successful with Lenten fasts than New Years habit changes. Even if you do not celebrate Lent, these ideas may help you be more successful with your own behavior change.
The first reason many are more successful with habit change during Lent (even if it is temporary) is that they are striving to sacrifice for something that has personal meaning to him or her. Religion is one outlet for existential energy for many people. Existential energy is about those things that give your life meaning, becoming a better person, and those things about which you are passionate. When we strive after these things, we often feel more energized and more motivated to meet the goals we have set for ourselves.

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Rajendra Chola Promoted Saivism, Buddhism in Lanka, Says Scholar
By P K Balachandran
Published: 27th July 2014 08:22 AM
Last Updated: 27th July 2014 08:22 AM
COLOMBO : It was during the reign of Rajendra Chola (1014 to 1044 AD) that Chola power in Sri Lanka was "at its height", says S Pathmanathan, noted Lankan historian.
Speaking to Express in the context of the celebration of the millennial year of Rajendra Chola's coronation, Pathmanathan said that the Tamil monarch ruled over Lanka's Northern, Eastern and North Central provinces and raided the southeast and southwest. In 1017 AD, Mahinda V, the king of the South Eastern region of Ruhuna, was taken prisoner and lodged in Tamil Nadu for 12 years.
Chola hegemony over Lanka, established by Rajaraja Chola (Rajendra's father) in 993 AD, lasted till 1077 AD, a good eight decades. "But it was during Rajendra's reign that Chola power in Lanka got consolidated and reached its height," he said.
"In Chola records, Lanka figures as Mummudicholamandalam. It was administered by officials from India. Rajendra began the practice of appointing Chola governors for Lanka and the title they bore was Chozha Ilankeeswara Theevar. Polonnaruwa, in the North Central Province, which the Chola's called Jananathamangalam, was the seat of power. Other Cholan centres of power were Mantai (North West); Padaviya and Trincomalee (East) and Medirigiriya (North Central)," he added.
The administration was in the hands of Tamils. Tamil merchant groups like the 'Thisai Ayiratthi Ainooravar' (also known as Nanadesi) and 'Nagaraththaar' were powerful. The Thisai Ayiraththi Ainooravar also supplied troops which were divided into two units — Perumpadai and Angakkaarar.
The Cholas gave a boost to Saivism. Siva temples were built at Mantai (Rajaraja Iswaram), Padaviya (Ravikula Manikeswaram), Atakada (Uttama Chozha Iswaram), and at Medirigirya (Panditha Chozha Iswaram). The oldest is a Siva temple at Polonnaruwa. Buddhism was not neglected. "Buddhist officials and soldiers in the service of the Cholas contributed to Buddhist institutions," Pathmanathan said.
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West Virginia faces enormous challenges to our efforts to provide efficient and high-quality education across a rural landscape with almost universal declining enrollment. As the world becomes more complex, so does the need to provide access to the most current and relevant classes, whether those students live in Weirton or Welch, Martinsburg or Matewan.
The key to making this happen is computer technology. We MUST extend access to technology to every corner of our state. Then and only then will we be able to fulfill our obligation to provide fair and equitable education to ALL of West Virginia's children.
Before The Broadband Technology Opportunities Program, that was a pipe dream. Extending the fiber optic cables and equipment to much of our state is not commercially feasible. State funding for such an enormous project is not available. The BTOP program opened the door to an opportunity to get modern high speed Internet to every school in West Virginia, paid for by federal dollars. West Virginia was ahead of all other states in recognizing an opportunity and jumping on it. Indeed, West Virginia won one of the most comprehensive and complex BTOP grants from the National Telecommunications & Information Administration.
The application process was very complex. Was every single detail of this proposal perfect? Probably not; especially with the benefit of 20-20 hindsight. Before submitting it, the prestigious engineering firm, R.L. Kimball & Assoc., signed off on this end. And then NTIA hired Booz Allen Hamilton, recognized as one of the most esteemed technology consulting firms in the world, to review it on their end. It must have been pretty good, or the NTIA wouldn't have funded it.
Let's take a look at what is being accomplished under BTOP from the public education perspective:
There are 745 public schools in West Virginia serving 280,000 students. Before BTOP, hundreds of those schools had little or no Internet connectivity. This restricted students from learning opportunities available to schools in cities and towns near the interstates where the Internet is abundant. Now all schools will have it. And that includes 471 schools serving 180,000 students receiving upgrades and/or being connected for the very first time.
In terms of what is becoming possible for all students in West Virginia no matter how far off the beaten path, they are within mere months of having access to the same computer-based tools as any other student in the country, or even the world. And that's a game-changer for West Virginia, plain and simple.
All West Virginia public school students are merely months away from having access to the best of the best in terms of variety of classes through the West Virginia Virtual Schools Program. The days of missing out on high-level or specialized classes due to declining enrollment or the lack of certain teachers in their schools are over. West Virginia students, like their peers nationally, are currently taking courses online that are not offered in their local schools.
Many schools use WVVS courses when it is impossible to find highly qualified teachers to teach the courses in the local school, or when scheduling conflicts exist. More than 250 core and elective courses are available, including many different Advanced Placement Program (AP) courses.
The powerful combination of West Virginia Virtual Schools and the broadband connectivity afforded by the BTOP project make this a reality - not science fiction. The technology is already in place in all but 43 schools, and these schools will be online by next March when the BTOP grant is complete.
Much has been written about the size of the routing equipment included in the planning of this massive expansion of Internet connectivity across the state under BTOP. This is quite simply Monday morning quarterbacking.
I have been in the technology business since 1979. That was two years before the IBM PC was invented. We all thought it was great. We could balance our check books or play Space Invaders on the same machine. The capacity in those computers was very small. Over the next few decades, the power and capabilities on such machines expanded massively. At each evolution they expanded beyond imagination. From 1981 until today, you have needed to throw out your 'old' computer and buy a new one every two years or so to keep pace. The same goes for the Internet. The Internet became practical around 1995 when we started sending email over dial-up modems. In less than 20 years, the speed of Internet traffic has exploded beyond Al Gore's wildest dreams. Nobody could have predicted it. I've seen generation after generation of network routing equipment relegated to the dumpster as they became obsolete and had to be replaced to keep up with higher and higher bandwidth speeds. So it is within that context, with the massive expansion of fiber Internet cabling throughout the entire state; in a world where Internet speeds and volumes continue to expand rapidly, that large routing equipment was spec'd out and bought for the BTOP project. Too big? Maybe. But given the rate of growth in bandwidth usage, combined with the expansion of the fiber network across the state, maybe not. Should we equip our big-time fiber network with a thousand routers that will be obsolete and need replacing in a couple of years? Where would the money come from to do that? Do we really think more stimulus money will fall from the sky for new routers?
While the tremendous impact of having all 745 schools connected together and to the Internet via high-speed fiber optic cables is a great accomplishment unto itself, the good news does not end there. By running all those high-tech lifelines to the schools, they also pass through hundreds of rural communities. This will inevitably lead to high-speed internet connections in homes and businesses that might never have had it. They say the most important three things are location, location and location. In the high-tech world of the information superhighway, every address is equal-as long as you have an on ramp. Thanks to BTOP, there will be on ramps in every corner of the state.
There will always be critics of big ideas and big projects. And there will always be ways to Monday morning quarterback the decisions that were made by those who were in the game under pressure and deadlines. But on this one, I hope we will stay focused on the big picture and the tremendous good BTOP is doing for current and future generations of West Virginians. As an advocate of game-changing reforms, I can't imagine anything better than this.
Wade Linger is the president of TMC Technologies and president of the West Virginia Board of Education.


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Welcome to the Quiet Corner
Northeastern Connecticut, also known as the Quiet Corner, has been noted as a great place to visit by numerous travel writers...The Town of Putnam was "Named one of New England's Top 15 Small Towns to Visit," Boston Magazine.Continue
Getting Here
Northeastern Connecticut is beautiful all year long, but it is most popular during fall foliage season when blazing autumn colors draw leaf peepers from all over the world...
Annual Events
There is always something fun to do in Northeastern Connecticut. The Quiet Corner is home to two of the country's oldest agricultural fairs (the Woodstock Fair & the Brooklyn Fair) plus numerous other events for all ages offered year-round.Continue
Antiques, Shops & Art Galleries
The Quiet Corner features antiques, art galleries, gift shops, boutiques, and specialty shops...Continue
Find a place to stay that is right for you. In the Quiet Corner you will discover small hotels, intimate B&B's, luxurious inns, and a few private cottages and homes to rent...
Where to Eat
Northeastern Connecticut offers a wide range of dining options, from family restaurants to award-winning fine dining establishments...
What To Do
Connecticut's Quiet Corner offers something for everyone...from boutique shopping and antiquing to visiting farms and enjoying farm-fresh products at restaurants and farm stands. Enjoy outdoor activities, workshops & classes, performing arts and so much more...Continue
With a locations convenient to 3 international airports and a gorgeous country setting, Northeastern Connecticut is becoming known for destination weddings...Continue
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Full CoverageBreaking News
Olympic medal winner inspires child patientsUPDATED 9:17 AM CDT Aug 17, 2012
Olympic swimmer Haley Anderson had a chance to visit a hospital to inspire kids.
CommentsThe views expressed are not those of this site, this station or its affiliated companies. By posting your comments you agree to accept our terms of use.blog comments powered by Disqus


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Karen J. Alter Professor and Director of Graduate Studies (also Law, Legal Studies and African Studies)
Research Interest(s): Multilateralism; International Law; International Courts; Politics of Human Rights, Law and Politics
Program Area(s): Comparative Politics; Law and Politics; International Relations
Regional Specialization(s): Africa; Europe; Latin America
Department Strength(s): Law and Politics; Comparative Historical Analysis; International Organizations and International Law; International Theory
Karen Alter's research investigates the judicialization of international relations, focusing on Europe, Africa, Latin America and economic, human rights and mass atrocities and environmental issues. Fluent in French, Italian and German, she has authored four books, co-edited the Oxford Handbook on International Adjudication, and published over forty articles and book chapters. Winner of the John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship and the Berlin Prize from the American Academy in Berlin, Professor Alter is member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Executive Committee of the American Society of International Law, and serves on the editorial boards of International Organization, American Journal of International Law, International Studies Review and Law and Social Inquiry. Her recent book, The New Terrain of International Law, has won the Certificate of Merit for a Preeminent Contribution to Creative Scholarship from the American Society of International Law, the best book award of the ILaw section of the International Studies Association, and an honorable mention for the Chadwick F. Alger Prize from the International Studies Association. Alter is a Permanent Visiting Professor at the iCourts Center of Excellence, at the University of Copenhagen Faculty of Law, and the chair of the advisory board of Pluricourts at the University of Oslo.
- The New Terrain of International Law: Courts, Politics, Rights (Princeton University Press, 2014)
- Oxford Handbook on International Adjudication (Oxford University Press, 2014) (co-editor with Cesare Romano and Yuval Shany)
- International Legal Transplants: Law and Politics of the Andean Tribunal of Justice (Oxford University Press, forthcoming 2015, with Laurence Helfer).
- The European Court's Political Power (Oxford University Press, 2009)
- Establishing the Supremacy of European Law (Oxford University Press, 2001)
Select Publications
- "A New International Human Rights Court for West Africa: The Court of Justice for the Economic Community of West African States." With Laurence Helfer and Jacqueline McAllister. American Journal of International Law. 107 (4): 737-779. 2013.
- "The Global Spread of European Style International Courts." West European Politics 35 (1): 135-154. 2012.
- "Nature or Nurture: Judicial Lawmaking in the European Court of Justice and the Andean Tribunal of Justice." With Laurence Helfer. International Organization 64 (4) 563-92. 2010.
- "Islands of Effective International Adjudication: Constructing an Intellectual Property Rule of Law in the Andean Community." With Laurence Helfer and Maria Florencia Guerzovich. American Journal of International Law 103 (1) 2009: 1-43.
- "The Politics of International Regime Complexity." With Sophie Meunier Perspective on Politics 7 (1) 13-24. 2009.
Courses taught
Undergraduate level
- PS 101: The International Politics of Human Rights
- PS 343: The Politics of International Law
- PS 347: Ethics and International Affairs
- PS 395: International Organizations and National Policy
- PS 398: Honors Thesis Seminar
Graduate level
- PS 440: International Relations Theory
- PS 442: International Organization
- PS 443: International Law and International Politics
Law School
- International Courts and Tribunals
- Certificate of Merit for a Preeminent Contribution to Creative Scholarship, American Society of International Law, 2015.
- Best Book, ILAW Section of the International Studies Association, 2014.
- Honorable Mention Chadwick F. Alger Prize for the best book published on the subject of international organization and multilateralism. International Studies Association, 2014.
- American Academy Berlin Prize, 2012.
- John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship, awarded in the field of law, 2011.


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Roger Dewhurst wrote:
> I have an unwanted file ktfkvew.exe in the Windows System folder.
> Norton cannot delete it and nor can I. The message says that it is
> being used by Windows. How can I get rid of it?
Start in failsafe mode then delete it inthe normal way.


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Top Definition
The neccesary means, often the financial means.
Fry- I'm pretty sure I didn't do it; I just don't have the wherewithall to defend myself.
από Grant P 6 Μάρτιος 2007
Trending Now
Can you define these popular missing words?
See wherewithal (in any standard dictionary)
I didn't have the wherewithall (sic) to pay for dinner.
από b0mbrman 4 Νοέμβριος 2007
A word used to describe everything and anything. (See Pafoofnik) If you don't know Who, What, When, Where, Why, or what for, use a wherewithall.
"John's description of that color as gloopy was a wherewithall."
από Stan Klecha 3 Οκτώβριος 2005


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Walker: No number in mind for voucher expansion
MIDDLETON, Wis. (AP) _ Gov. Scott Walker says he doesn't have a number in mind for how much he wants to grow the private-school voucher program, should he be elected to a second term.
Walker said Wednesday after touring a sensor manufacturer in Middleton that he wants to grow the program in stages, so there is capacity for all the students who wish to participate.
The program allows for students to use a taxpayer subsidy to attend a private school. The program currently has a statewide enrollment cap of 1,000 students outside of Milwaukee and Racine.
Walker's opponent for re-election Democrat Mary Burke opposes the statewide voucher program.
Burke says she would eliminate the statewide voucher program if elected, but allow it to continue in Milwaukee and Racine.


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People who know me know that I am a very positive person. My life has had it's ups and downs, easier than many certainly, harder than others, perhaps, but finding joy in simple things has always helped me stay positive. There is a male cardinal eating red berries in the hedge outside my window this morning. The red of the bird and the berries is striking against the snow.
Since I have joined the Internet world, I have many other simple pleasures. I have met extraordinary people and I look forward each day to logging on and finding out what is new in their lives, what thoughts or achievements they have to share.
I have recently met an extraordinary young woman named Taylor Lynn. She has a blog called Perfectly Sensible Nonsense. In the first post that I read she describes how she feels compelled to change the world, to make a difference. Do you remember that feeling at 16 or 17? The intense desire to say, "This has to stop!" ? Teenagers have an unparalleled ability to see injustice around them. They are different from adults for two reasons. They experience the sadness and frustration of injustice for the first time while we, as adults, have been aware of it for so long and, they are unfettered by adult logic. Whereas it is easier for us to enumerate all the reasons why "nothing can be done to change the world," they believe fearlessly that they can.
With all of the social problems around her, Taylor Lynn rightly wondered where and how to start. She made a fantastic choice, helping girls and women feel beautiful without make-up, not a small task! Good for you, Taylor Lynn! You can read about it and encourage her here!
Taylor Lynn still says that she hopes to make a difference some day. I have assured her that she already has. If you have read about knit-a-square and the KasCare Foundation, you know that the smallest gesture, not can, but does make a difference! Your response to my Knit-a-Squillion challenge has been overwhelming! I can't tell you how wonderful it feels to see us all making a difference!
Today, I want to thank four more people who have added the Knit-a-Squillion button to their blogs. Please visit their blogs. They are all lovely and inspiring!
Valerie at Everyday Inspired
Isobel at Coldham Cuddlies Calling
Taylor Lynn at Perfectly Sensible Nonsense
Melinda at Inspiration Earth who also blogged about the challenge and has crocheted some beautiful squares with her daughters, one of whom is Taylor Lynn!
I also want to thank all the wonderful people who have joined us to knit, crochet or otherwise spread the word. You are all making a difference!
Sonya, Norway
Simone, USA
Mariette, South Wales
Sarah, Texas
Belinda, Texas
Stephanie, Georgia
Donna, California
Carolyn, New Hampshire
Shelly, Ontario
Lynne, Hawaii
Jordan, Ontario
Sharon, Florida
Karen, Colorado
Casey, California
Lisa, Tennessee
Rebecca, Ontario
Samantha, Ontario
Tiana, Illinois
Jessica, South Carolina
Candy, New York
Dayle, British Colombia
Amanda, Georgia
Elaina, USA
Sarah, Belgium
Tami, Texas
Kristal, USA
Lynette, Illinois
Julia, California
Cathy, Quebec
Sophie, Quebec
Geneviève, Quebec
Marie-Eve, Quebec
Isn't this incredible?! I think that 500 mark by June, is very do-able, don't you? There is another very, very simple way that you and your friends can help. I just received the the new KAS newsletter, KasNEWS. The KAS Facebook page has 3,016 fans they would love to reach 4,000. So please, head over there and LIKE!
Maybe these aren't simple pleasures after all, but they certainly help brighten my day! What simple pleasures do you cherish in your day?


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Comments Thread For: Quade Cooper Plans To Continue His Boxing Career
Wallabies playmaker Quade Cooper is looking forward to a return to the boxing ring after an impressive professional debut in Brisbane on Friday night.
Being a Wallabies playmaker may sound like a dream occupation - but Quade Cooper reckons it pales in comparison to being a professional boxer.
In the strongest sign yet that he will follow the lead of great mate Sonny Bill Williams, Cooper said he had savoured his professional boxing debut in Brisbane on Friday night - and did not rule out throwing on the gloves again this year.
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Province of the Holy Cross
Visit us at our new website at
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is non-dogmatic in nature, traditional yet relevant for today, and is open to the insights of all faiths and philosophies. This openness means that the LCAC has a unique spiritual character and appeal, and that its mission reaches beyond conventional boundaries to embrace a genuine universality.
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of Jesus Christ that His church strive to attain unity in the face of its differences and thus conceive the LCAC as primarily an ecumenical mission church.
The LCAC derives its Apostolic Succession from the historic Churches of the East and West and can trace those successions through multiple lines. The LCAC has significant ties with the historic Liberal Catholic movement and is
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is a worldwide church and has a small but significant presence on every continent.
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Many of its members are part of the
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