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This Gynexin Reviews reveal how to get rid of man boobs fast and cost less. Find how does Gynexin really work to get rid of Gynaecomastia without surgery.
Works for 90% of Men – It's time to say goodbye to appalling man boobs forever
When browsing around the web, you will find lots of claims about Gynexin reviews that are commonly carried out.
Some say that these honest Gynexin reviews all over the web are an attempt to make a fast dollar from innocent people who are in despair.
A few customers are unhappy with the results of Gynexin complain that Gynexin does not work well.
On the other side, large populations with gynecomastia reduction have experienced preferable results after using Gynexin.
They share this information via blogs or social media/
They think if this information is helpful for people, why not share it with those who are still struggling to find a solution?
If you want to find genuine info about this product, but still have the misconception about Gynexin reviews, then this could be the most helpful review for you.
Gynexin Reviews – Breast Lift without Surgery
As you probably know, the product is 100% natural.
Leading herbalists and nutritionists are behind this product. The Gynexin alpha formula contains a variety of natural organic components which effectively reduce gynecomastia in males.
Chromium Picolinate:
Some think that Chromium is an unsafe chemical.
Nonetheless, using Chromium in small amounts can keep the body's cholesterol level low.
For that reason, fat will not be stored in the chest area.
Guggulsterone, Theobromine Cacao, and Caffeine:
These three Gynexin components that have anti-oxidant abilities.
They provide the body with necessary energy and also reduce blood pressure.
Guggulsterones have been proven in regulating the amount of cholesterol in the body, and is utilized as an anti-oxidant to burn fat.
Theobromine cacao assists in the expansion of the vessels.
Caffeine enhances metabolic activity, and in the chest area it accelerates the procedure of fat burning.
The extract of green tea, sclareolides and various components:
These are all popular for weight reduction and for enhancing resting metabolic rate.
Green tea extract reduces the risk of breast cancer cells and keeps the blood glucose at its normal size.
Green tea controls sugar levels in blood and enhances food digestion. In Gynexin, it is helpful for burning fat rapidly.
Sclareolides raise testosterone levels, and it also helps to reduce the development of feminine characteristics, such as breast tissue growth, by decreasing the impact of estrogen on the body.
Gynexin Side Effects Results
Various other reviews stated that this product is 100 % safe.
The components found in this product are safe and natural.
Though you should consult to your doctor before utilizing any supplement, particularly if you are taking prescribed medicines or you have existing health concerns.
The Underlying Truth To Get The Best and Fast Result from Gynexin
Clinical tests have shown good results for Gynexin.
Researchers found that Gynexin reduce the size of a man's breasts effectively. The authorities also declared this product is safe.
According to reviews, results vary for different users. Some users have seen results in a matter of weeks while others needed at least three months to see any difference.
Experts say, it is because people have different biochemistries and different causes to attribute the problem to.
There is a quick way that works for most users. Gynexin's manufacturers advise users to do the following.
1. Identify the cause
Users who know what is causing their boob enlargement woes are more likely to be successful than those who don't.
Check your family history to see if the problem can be traced genetically.
If the origin is genetic, you probably need to manipulate hormonal presence and levels in your body.
In medicine, this breast enlargement condition is called gynecomastia.
The cause is unknown in twenty-five percent of medical cases.
Other causes that have been identified are :
- medications,
- neonatal breast development,
- malnutrition,
- starvation,
- liver failure,
- kidney failure,
- hyperthyroidism,
- aging,
- hypogonadism, and
- tumors in the endocrine system.
2. Follow to the letter the guide set by the Gynexin manufacturers
This boob-busting product has been designed to melt unwanted fats underneath the breast.
Make sure that you carefully follow instructions. Other users of the product might tell you to do it differently or do it their way.
Stick to the instructions given by the makers of the product.
3. The manufacturers have developed a diet program and a workout regimen designed to eliminate this problem
The easy exercises are meant to strip the fat underneath the breast and the diet program is composed of different combinations of dishes that can cover weeks of meals.
You can plan your meals and your exercises and customize them to fit your kind of life.
Please read carefully the explanation below.
Gynaecomastia : How do you know if you have Gynecomastia
Gynecomastia simply means there is enlargement of the breasts of someone who is a member of the male human species.
The common causes have already been mentioned above.
Specifically, it is possible that your body is not producing enough of the male hormone testosterone.
Low testosterone levels lead to too much growth of the glandular tissues of the breast.
Drugs and alcohol can also alter the production of testosterone.
Gynecomastia can be mistaken for its smaller sister called pseudogynecomastia. The "pseudo" prefix doesn't mean that the latter is less important. Both sisters are risky to health.
Pseudogynecomastia looks like true gynecomastia, but they vary in regards to the underlying cause.
Pseudogynecomastia is a consequence of fatty deposits in the breast, and it causes weight problems or chubbiness.
On the other side, the excessive growth of the breast glandular tissue in the real gynecomastia, and the condition causes augmentation of the breast in men.
Gynecomastia relates to an imbalance between hormones, testosterone and estrogen.
If you suffer from true gynecomastia, the company acknowledges the pills will work for you easily.
How to tell if you have gynecomastia or pseudogynecomastia?
The difference lies in the kind of lump underneath the nipple.
Touch the part under your nipple. If the lump is soft, it is a case of the pseudo sister.
A lump that is hard can mean that you are suffering from gynecomastia.
Gynecomastia is usually what is acquired by bodybuilders while the pseudo type is the average case for obese or overweight people.
However, to ascertain the cause of your large breast, see a doctor is the most expedient way.
How to get rid of gynecomastia?
People will say that you do surgery to get rid of your big breasts.
Don't easily get trapped by uninformed advice, even if the advice is coming from the people you trust.
There are so many disadvantages that go along with the surgery option.
First, how would you feel thinking that a part of you has been separated from your body just to augment your physical appearance?
Many of those who went through the knife feel like they are less human or less of a man.
Secondly, there can be complications like feeling itchy on the part where surgery has been done, especially during cold and chilly weathers.
There is also the very uncomfortable time for recovery. If you are lucky, the surgery wound will completely heal within fourteen days.
You will not be allowed to lift heavy objects or do strenuous activities while healing.
Lastly, the cost of surgery is high.
The gynecomastia surgery cost about $6000 on the average. More advanced surgeries cost about $9000.
Try solving the problem the Gynexin way. It is easier to do and painless. It costs less and it can teach you how to solve health problems in a natural way.
How Gynexin Supposedly Reduces Male Breast
As per manufacturers guidelines, Gynexin pills need to be taken 3 times daily.
In addition to this, sufficient water should be taken throughout the day.
Every two hours, it's recommended to drink a minimum of one glass of water.
Some Gynexin reviews reveal that they began noticing considerable outcomes after 3 to 6 months of regular usage of this product.
Outcomes can differ from person to person depending on if the user has a moderate case of gynecomastia or a more severe problem.
Unfortunately, there are some impatient customers who stop of using Gynexin after only a few weeks.
The final thing to do on how to get rid of man boobs fast is do the right exercises to reduce breast size.
One very easy exercise to lose man boobs included in the regimen is walking half an hour at night time three times a week. You can easily deal with that kind of exercises.
Other man boob exercises of the product are a little harder than that, but they are to be employed later in the program.
Gynexin manufacturers said that they have the best type of diet to get rid of man breast.
You will have to reduce your sugar intake and take extra caution of "sugary" names such as glucose, fructose, maltose, dextrose and sucrose.
Carb foods like white rice, white bread, potatoes and pasta should be avoided as well.
You will need to replace the bad old meal with healthy foods like beans, whole grain pasta, whole grain breads, fruits and vegetables.
Why Gynexin doesn't work ?
It always depends if people do a lifestyle change.
If they are, for example, overweight take Gynexin but keep on eating more and more and don't do exercise, so it won't work.
In spite of all the above discussed, various other reasons are responsible for lack of male breast reduction after taking Gynexin:
- Users not following the guidelines properly.
- They either took unacceptable amount of pills or not consuming the quantity of water recommended.
- They did not exercise.
- They did not change their lifestyle.
- To Get rid of man boos fast or slow can differ from person to person depending on if the user has a moderate case of gynecomastia or a more severe problem
- Do not follow some impatient customers who stop of using Gynexin after only a few weeks.
Consider THIS !
People all over the world is making an outright fortune using Gynexin, but before you use it, you need to have peace of mind and total confidence.
If you have a burning desire to get rid of your male breast, then why don't you give this a try?
This is a much better option than breast reduction surgery.
Additionally, if it does not work as guaranteed in their advertisement, you can return it for a full refund.
If you desire to purchase this product, I suggest you to get your Gynexin from the official Gynexin website instead of buying at Amazon or eBay.
They have lots of appealing offers for their customers, such as:
- Gynexin discount codes
- 60 days money back guarantee
- Complimentary bottles on purchasing a supply for 3 months
- A free Korexin supplement to boost the results
- Included discounted price on purchasing more than 2 bottles, and many other advantages.
- Moreover, their customer services are great, and they will help if you have a problem.
Different Gynexin reviews have varying opinions about buying this product.
Some of them suggest buying a supply of one month to see how it goes in the beginning.
Other Gynexin reviews recommend you to buy a supply of 3 months to start your treatment of gynecomastia, to lock in a much cheaper price than purchasing bottles one by one and preventing the treatment from being interrupted halfway.
What Do Real Customers State In Their Gynexin Reviews?
It is shocking to see that there are a large number of reviews about this product online, because it is not something that the majority of men wish to discuss.
They do not normally like to be open about using Gynexin, even if they find the product to be truly helpful.
What you will read is that this pill has changed their feelings about their bodies and in some circumstances the way people perceive them.
By getting rid of their male breasts, they undoubtedly have more confidence.
Honestly, there are people who have found their way out without having to spend large sums of money.
Many who have experienced using Gynexin said this product has ended their misery.
These are the customers reviews :
Will Gynexin Be a Helpful Treatment for You?
There are numerous various reasons why men suffer with their male breast; however, you must believe you can correct this body's function flaw as has been proven in many cases.
Here's Gynexin Infographic to conclude how does Gynexin work
>> CLICK HERE to Purchase through their Official Website <<
"We can conclude that Gynexin is a helpful treatment, use those three successfull ways above and let your man boobs gone fast!"
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he touched my bonkis said the niggerpotamus
Beküldő: PlayDohMan 2005. március 2.
Trending Now
Can you define these popular missing words?
Top Definition
a sarcastic way of relating to breasts or a penis
"Wanna pet my wenis while I play with your bonki?"
**low demonic voice** BOOOONKKIIIII!!
**low demonic voice** BOOOONKKIIIII!!
Beküldő: AuDioFreaK39 2005. december 17.
Is a girl with some Sass. Her name is Julie and she lives in a tree. i think she stole my grandmothers underwear saying it'll be more supportive for her own body.
Hi Julie
Hi Julie
Yo that Bonki is WHACK!
Beküldő: danny 2005. április 11.


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Author Bio
This will be year three of NaNoWriMo and, fates willing, my second "win."
I'm an endurance runner/ultramarathoner, a teacher, a book addict, and a coffee junkie.
Years Done/Won
Lifetime Achievement: Total NaNo Word Count
Fact Sheet
- Location:
- Bellefontaine, OH
- Hobbies:
- Teaching, endurance running, hiking, rock climbing, backpacking, reading, writing.
- Favorite noveling music:
- Ambient, Classical, Electronic: no lyrics or vocals, please.
- Website:
- Occupation:
- Teacher
- Favorite books or authors:
- Finnegans Wake, American Gods, Snow Crash, A Fire Upon the Deep, The Sirens of Titan, James Joyce, Neil Gaiman, Kurt Vonnegut


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I was there because I was lucky enough to have been invited to a bloggers' tour of the Penguins' new arena. As I parked the car and headed over to the gate to meet up with everyone else, a million things were going through my mind, not the least of which that it felt somewhat strange heading to a Pens function at the arena but not looking up at that giant silver dome. When we were all called into the building a few minutes later and I stepped through the doors for the first time, all those thoughts went from "asdfhfjkahsfiqweurhfjsfj" and quickly settled on one word.
That was it.
"Finally" was the reality of more than a decade of waiting actually starting to set in and manifest itself in the form of this giant new building. It was the reality of everything we'd anticipated as a fan base since Monday, March 12, 2007.
March 12, 2007 was probably just another nondescript Monday in the middle of March in Pittsburgh. Long day at work. Crappy weather, probably. There was no Pens game that night for you to watch. The team was off until the following night, a home game against the Buffalo Sabres. Maybe this wasn't a bad thing. Maybe we needed the night off, too.
I'd say that being a Pens fan during that 2006-07 season was a rollercoaster of emotions, but that doesn't really do it justice. It was more like seeing your fandom made the subject of an episode of "Will It Blend".
There was plenty to be excited about. For the first time since 2000-01, the Pens were almost certainly playoff-bound. A 3-2 overtime win over the Rangers on March 10 had the Pens at 84 points with almost a month left to play in the season. Just minutes before Sidney Crosby's 28th goal and 100th point of the season tied the game, we were watching the new kid – Evgeni Malkin – score his 30th goal of the year. 2006 first-round pick Jordan Staal not only made the team but was also sitting with 24 goals on the year. And if you paid attention, you started to see random "WWGRD?" signs popping up around the arena; new GM Ray Shero had just acquired longtime NHL badass Gary Roberts a couple of weeks before, and Roberts had already begun to ascend to cult-like status with his warrior mentality.
The team was on a tear, the infusion of young talent energizing the fanbase. Games were selling out again. We had a new core of world-class superstars – guys who could legitimately make this team not just a playoff contender, but a Stanley Cup contender. Was this a budding dynasty? Could be.
And the harsh reality was that it was also THISCLOSE to going away.
With the existing lease on Mellon Arena expiring that summer, the 2006-07 season proved to be the final showdown in what was nearly a decade of wrangling between Penguins ownership and local and state politicians over funding for a new building. With the arena lease up that summer, the future of the Penguins in Pittsburgh was in doubt.
Talk of relocation had been flying since the summer of 2004. And every threat was met with the same response – no public money available to fund an arena. It carried all the way through the lockout, making a winter without hockey even worse.
Hockey returned in the fall of 2005 under a new economic system that made it easier for teams to retain their star talent. The arena issue seemed like a cruel bit of irony.
When the '06-07 season started and Crosby, Malkin, Fleury and Staal proved to be as good as advertised, along with a new general manager with a set plan to overhaul the franchise and build a winner, the arena issue seemed like a bad practical joke.
In December of 2006, when the Gaming Control Board bypassed the bid from Isle of Capri and the $290 million arena that they would've built, it seemed like a bad dream.
Just as everything was falling into place, the bottom was in serious danger of falling out.
We became sworn enemies with Kansas City and the Sprint Center, Las Vegas, Houston and Hamilton, Ontario. We wanted to see the NHL return to Winnipeg or Hartford, but not with our Pens as the means to that end.
And as the situations developed and we learned more about what other cities were offering, it became pretty apparent that it made the most sense for ownership to keep the team here. But there was always that chance that something would screw it up, and it was tough to not acknowledge that.
We wondered whether we'd be another Quebec or Hartford – watching another city's fans celebrate as our Pens carried the Cup around their new home ice wearing different jerseys in another town.
We rationalized the purchase of NHL Center Ice to maybe watch those Kansas City Penguins, or Hamilton Penguins. Or maybe we decided we couldn't do it because it would hurt too bad to watch. Maybe it was just easier to stop watching the game.
After all, it's just a game, right? Most of us are grown adults or close to it. Most of us have bills to pay and more important, practical things to worry about. It's silly and stupid to get this worked up over a sports team, to get this upset over what amounts to a giant convention center with an ice rink. Right?
Or is it?
What about the group of friends who get three or four seats together on a twenty-game plan not just because they're all fans of the team, but also because it's one of the only times they get to catch up with each other on a regular basis?
Or maybe some of it's about getting to the arena early, sitting down with a beer, saying hello to the same regulars or heading up during intermissions to meet up with the old D-23 crew. Maybe it's about taking two or three hours and forgetting about work or whatever other stresses that life's monotonies are causing you.
When you were standing there on the Boulevard of the Allies or Grant Street watching Sid and Fleury drive by with that Cup last summer, and you look up and down the street and see nothing but people – 300,000 to 400,000 by some counts – maybe it doesn't seem quite so impractical. Maybe it's more so an integral and valuable part of the community.
It's all of these same sorts of things that almost went away, too.
So when KDKA led their 11:00 PM newscast on March 12, 2007 with the news that the deal was done, and then Mario stepped to the ice prior to that Buffalo game on March 13 and did this…
…maybe for all of us, it means something more than just a new building.
And that brings us full circle, from what was in such a state of flux starting almost ten years ago, confirmed on March 12, 2007 and now to August of 2010 when we see the real thing.
There are a ton of things that Pens fans will love about the new arena. The sight lines are terrific. The place is spacious and comfortable. The seats are great. It's absolutely state-of-the-art. It's going to be louder than hell in there for games. There are a whole slew of amenities, conveniences and experiences that were never available or maybe even possible at Mellon Arena.
It's all pretty overwhelming at first and it'll probably take a couple of trips before you're really able to see and experience most of it, and that's to be expected.
But if you get a chance, at some point after you walk in, just stop. Take a good look around.
Remember that it allowed us to have a final night at Mellon and just move across the street the following season.
Remember that it'll give you that place to go with family and friends for at least the next thirty or so years to watch your Pittsburgh Penguins.
Our Pittsburgh Penguins.


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Sporting Kansas City and Real Salt Lake battled for 97 minutes on Saturday night at Rio Tinto Stadium in a match between the MLS' two best teams.
Sporting won the match in controversial fashion, but was it enough to boost them above RSL in the B/R MLS Power Rankings this week?
Read on to see where those two clubs and the other 17 in the league landed this week.


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LOS ANGELES (AP) - "Power police" prowling car dealerships to make sure outdoor lights are turned off. Acres of darkened parking lots. Fines of up to $1,000 a day.
All are possible under Gov. Gray Davis' executive order last week requiring retailers to "substantially reduce" outdoor lighting during nonbusiness hours. The order becomes mandatory on March 15.
The goal is to ease California's power crunch by halving the demand for retail outdoor lighting.
"Everybody has to do their part," Davis spokesman Roger Salazar said. "We feel that Californians will respond pretty strongly to this . . . hopefully, we won't have to issue fines."
The order came amid a Stage 3 power alert that entered its 21st consecutive day Sunday and will remain in effect until at least midnight Tuesday.
Such alerts are called when energy reserves dip below 1.5 percent and set the stage for rolling blackouts. On Sunday, Lorie O'Donley, a spokeswoman for the California Independent System Operator, predicted no immediate rolling blackouts.
Davis' order exempts lighting deemed "necessary for the health and safety of the public, employees and property." But what that means in practical terms hasn't been determined.
"Is it half my lights? Is it a third? I can't answer that," said Kenneth Greene, vice president and general manager of Silver Star Motor Car Co. in Thousand Oaks.
The dealership has five acres of Oldsmobile and Lexus cars, and luxury sport utility vehicles like Land Rovers and Humvees with price tags up to $100,000.
Vandalism and thefts have occurred, so outdoor lighting is important.
"Car lots have to be big users of energy," said Henry Hansel, president of the dealers association at the Petaluma Auto Mall. "Our wares are outside, unlike a Macy's where they have their products indoors . . . We have to light it."
Hansel and Greene said they are cutting electricity use.
"I do want to do what's right," Greene said. "I know we'll try."
Nobody has precise figures on how much electricity outdoor signs and parking lot lights consume.
But Home Depot, with 140 stores in California, believes that its stores by themselves can save enough electricity each month to power 1,800 houses, spokesman Chuck Sifuentes said.
Law enforcement officials say they hope businesses voluntarily comply before fines are needed.
"Enforcing it would be the last thing that we do," said Deputy R. Bottomley of the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department.
Darkening auto dealerships and store parking lots could "be a help for the criminal element," said Lt. Jim Peery of the Police Department in Tustin, south of Los Angeles.
Peery said his department's 95 officers might have to do extra policing if businesses darken their outdoor signs and lights.
But "our jobs are complicated enough as it is with new laws," he added. "I would hope that we wouldn't add being light bulb police."
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MyHeritage Selected by Google as Featured Android App!
We're excited to announce that the MyHeritage mobile app is a featured app on Google Play!
Every week, Google selects a handful of the best new or updated Android applications and features them on Google Play. We're honored that the MyHeritage mobile app for Android was chosen to be featured among the best apps in more than 30 countries this month.
With over 4 million downloads, the MyHeritage mobile app makes it easy to share family moments and discover and preserve your family history on-the-go. Continue reading "MyHeritage Selected by Google as Featured Android App!" »
MyHeritage mobile app version 2.0 released today!
We're delighted to announce the release of MyHeritage app version 2.0, our free mobile application, packed with exciting new features. Now you can build and edit your family tree, add more information to it, and take your heritage with you anywhere you go.
Our mobile app is available for iPad, iPhone and Android smartphones and tablets, in 32 languages, and has been optimized for each platform using cutting-edge HTML5 and SVG technologies. Download the new app now, for free, from Apple's App Store or Google Play.
Continue reading "MyHeritage mobile app version 2.0 released today!" »


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Renewable Energy for the 21st Century: Policy, Law, Markets, Technology
Robert J Noun
Environmental and Natural Resources Law
Adjunct Professor
Executive Director, Communications and External Affairs, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
J.D., University of Kansas
B.S., University of Iowa
Robert J. Noun, the Executive Director, Communication and External Affairs, directs the government affairs, media relations, communications and community outreach activities for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) located in Golden, CO.
He is the chief spokesman for NREL, the nation's principal research center for renewable fuels and electricity. Mr. Noun has been involved with renewable energy for over 30 years. During his career he has made significant contributions to the advancement of renewable energy technologies.
Prior to his current position, Mr. Noun managed the NREL Wind Energy Research Program. Many of the technical improvements that appear in today's wind technology were developed during his leadership of the program. He is the author of 24 technical publications on the subjects of renewable energy law and regulation, wind energy development, and renewable energy in developing countries.
Mr. Noun has received numerous awards and recognition, including the 2005 Van Morris Award recognizing his leadership in the growth and development of NREL, the 2002 Pioneer Award for Contributions to the Development of Renewable Energy from the World Renewable Energy Network in London, and the 1996 Gold Medallion Award for the Advancement of Renewable Energy, presented by His Highness, the Emir of Bahrain. He is an adjunct professor at the University of Denver's Sturm College of Law and has been a guest lecturer in the Iowa State University Science and Technology Lecture Series. In 1973 he was awarded the Reginald Hebersmith Fellow in Law from Howard University.
Before joining NREL in 1979, Mr. Noun served as legislative director for U.S. Representative Thomas Harkin of Iowa and was Representative Harkin's counsel for science and technology policy. He has been a practicing attorney and is a member (inactive) of the Iowa and District of Columbia Bars. He is a member of the Environment, Energy and Resources Law Section and the Renewable Energy Resources Committee of the American Bar Association.


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LIKBMMGS7/H96301000000000_MEDIA_SET true
Gator Wall Mount for 22" MonitorsProduct #H96301 Gator H96301 LIKB Monitor & Speaker Brackets https://www.esnapw.com/rses/ESnapServlet?MerchantNumberSent=63655
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text:
Quality Education in the Benedictine Tradition
Fr. Rene Kollar, O.S.B., DeanSchool of Humanities and Fine ArtsPhone: 724-805-2343Fax: 724-805-2812
Associate Professor of History
Placid Hall, Room 308 724-805-2338 (on campus ext. 2338) firstname.lastname@example.com
Medieval Knighthood Late Medieval England Medieval Military History
Ph.D., Ohio University, 1997 M.A., Ohio University, 1989 B.A., Ohio State University, 1986
Dr. Bogner's CV
Blood and Roses: England in the Late Middle Ages 'Bring Out Yer Dead!': The Middle Ages on Film Mystics, Maids, and Monarchs: Women in Medieval Europe Priests, Poets, and Peasants: Medieval Thought and Culture Sword and Seige: War in Medieval Europe Western Civilization I: to 1300 Western Civilization II: 1300-1800


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Lynn Rogers "trial," Week 2, live coverage
This is live coverage of the continuing legal proceedings of Ely bear researcher Lynn Rogers.Essentially, his controversial methods are on trial.Last year, the Department of Natural Resources refused to renew his longstanding research permit. Rogers has challenged that decision, and that's why we're here. Last week, the DNR presented its side to Chief Administrative Law Judge Tammy Pust; this week, it's Rogers' turn.


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Luxury Tennis Resorts in Orlando, FL
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Enjoy the magic like never before with a vacation to Orlando personalized just for you. Couples can unwind on the links of the...
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The expansion of the Audi A5 range has been a microcosm for the expansion of the Audi range as a whole over the past few years. Ignoring the TT (technically a coupe, in practice a two-seater), Audi has been without a proper 2+2 coupe since sales of the B4 Coupe, based on the third generation Audi 80, ceased in 1996.
Then the three-door, four-seat A5 arrived 2007. Should you be seeking explanation for Audi's decision to produce the A5, consider the fact the coupe boosts BMW 3-series sales by half as much again, and when the 3-series saloon outsells the Ford Mondeo, that's a significant market, and one in which Audi is keen to delve.
The A5 name was such a success as a coupe, it was used for the A5 Cabriolet two years later. Effectively, it's an open-top version of the existing A5 coupé and, despite its numerically enhanced moniker, is a direct replacement for the previous A4 Cabriolet.
It doesn't stop there with A5s. Arriving at a similar time as the A5 cabriolet was the A5 Sportback. Audi claims that the A5 Sportback is "unique, with no direct competitors...blending coupe style with saloon practicality...a contemporary embodiment of the Grand Turismo philosophy". Audi also says the Sportback is the last model in the A5 line-up. Phew.
Before the A5, the Audi A4 scored around a quarter of sales in the compact premium class, but with this platform-and segment-sharing pair it has snared a third of the market, even if A4 sales have dropped slightly.
The A5 range is critical, partly as they're the first 'ordinary' models of which Audi talks seriously about a 'driver-oriented chassis. If there's truth in Audi's claims, it could be just the news BMW didn't want to hear.


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here we go again tinkering with post statuses etc. woot. what a great time.
check it out kyleSeptember 20th, 2012
Pink Motorcycle HelmetsApril 11th, 2011
While women have long loved to ride motorcycles, most of the helmets and protective clothing manufactured in the past was geared toward men. The arrival of pink motorcycle helmets means that women can now ride in style. With several different types of helmets to choose from, the female rider can now find a fashionable, functional motorcycle helmet.
Motorcycle Gear
Motorcycling has long been considered a man's hobby. Despite this, there have always been many female riders. Many women love to own and ride their motorcycles as much as men. In the past, if they wanted to ride in a safe manner using a helmet, these ladies unfortunately had very few options to choose from. Almost all protective helmets and gear were designed for a male clientele. With the development of pink motorcycle helmets, women are no longer subjected to wearing male oriented gear, and can now proudly present the female motorcyclist's presence on the road.
Types of Pink Motorcycle Helmets
Those looking for a pink motorcycle helmet will find that there are several options from which to choose. Pink full face motorcycle helmets are available for those who want ultimate protection while riding. These helmets offer full protection by covering the back base of the skull and wrapping around to cover the front of the chin. This style is the safest among motorcycle helmets. Those who want minimal protection should choose pink half motorcycle helmets. These helmets sit on top of the head and therefore only cover the top of the skull, providing much less protection than other types of helmets.
Buying A Helmet
Those who want to buy cheap pink motorcycle helmets should ensure the helmet fits properly in order to provide the best protection. Before buying, the helmet shopper should take a measuring tape and measure around the head, an inch over the eyebrows and just above the ears. This is the largest part of the head and will give the most accurate reading. Motorcycles are sized according to that measurement. Find the appropriate helmet and test it to be sure it fits snugly before purchasing. A good-fitting helmet shouldn't be painful to wear, but also won't be so loose that it easily shifts around while on the head.
Pink motorcycle helmets are a bold style statement for the female rider who wants to make her mark. Choosing an appropriate fitting helmet in one of several styles will allow any female to ride her motorcycle in style.
Retro Motorcycle HelmetsApril 11th, 2011
Motorcycle riders who are looking for a way to ride in safety and style may prefer retro motorcycle helmets. Reminiscent of days past, many of these helmets make a fashion statement while still being road worthy. Available in a wide variety of types and styles, these helmets will please any biker looking to add a retro feel to riding.
Retro Helmet Safety
Although they may be old-fashioned, many retro style motorcycle helmets are safe enough for use on the roads today. Most are manufactured in the United States and must live up to safety standards. Before buying a retro helmet, be sure to confirm that the helmet is certified by the DOT. This will mean that it has passed safety standards and will provide adequate coverage to a rider. However, shoppers should be aware that there are some retro helmets not intended for riding. Novelty retro helmets are available and are meant for show rather than use.
Retro Helmet Styles
There are many styles of retro helmets available for those interested in their use. Some of the most popular types are the retro open face motorcycle helmets. These helmets cover the top and back of the head and the ears and sides of the face, but fail to provide protection to the chin or front of the face. Most come with the option of a snap on visor to protect the eyes while riding. Retro full face motorcycle helmets, while providing the best protection, are a bit harder to find. Full face helmets did not come into popularity until the end of the twentieth century, although some riders may be able to find full face helmets from the 1970s. There are many styles of retro helmets, covering all eras. Some of the more popular time periods include World War II style helmets, German style helmets and classic Harley Davidson helmets.
Buying Retro Motorcycle Helmets
Those looking to purchase a retro motorcycle helmet will find there are many retailers that carry these items. Motorcycle shops and online motorcycle retailers will commonly have them, as will specialty retailers that can often be found online. Another good place to find retro helmets is on auction sites such as Ebay.
Although they may present a style from another era, most retro motorcycle helmets are compatible with today's safety standards, and their many styles can be found at most motorcycle retailers. These helmets provide a way for today's motorcyclists to ride with yesterday's style.
Vintage Motorcycle HelmetsApril 11th, 2011
Vintage motorcycle helmets are essential items for any motorcycle enthusiast who loves to collect classic memorabilia. Hailing from any number of historical periods, these old-style helmets generally are for show and aren't safe for riding today, making them a great collector's item.
Types of Vintage Helmets
Those interested in collecting motorcycle gear will find that there are many types of vintage motorcycle helmets available. Vintage leather motorcycle helmets are one of the most popular styles. Period piece helmets are also favored. Some of the most popular time periods for motorcycle helmet collectibles are World War II and the 1960s. These helmets often present a very distinct look, and are perfect for those who wish to present a display of historical motorcycle gear.
True Vintage Helmets
Collectors know that there is a difference between a true vintage motorcycle helmet and a vintage style motorcycle helmet. A true vintage helmet is definitely a collector's piece. It is an authentic item that hails from its time period. Vintage style helmets are replicas. These helmets are made today and are often outfitted according to modern safety standards, but they have the style and design of a vintage piece. Replicas are often road ready and are made for riding, while few true vintage helmets are suitable for use and are better just for show. Sometimes the untrained eye cannot distinguish between a true vintage and a vintage style helmet, so it is important for the collector to confirm the authenticity of a helmet before making a purchase.
Where To Find Vintage Helmets
Those looking to acquire a vintage motorcycle helmet have several places to look. These helmets can sometimes be found in motorcycle specialty shops or certain online retailers. A shopper would probably have better luck looking at online auction sites such as Ebay. Occasionally, a vintage helmet may turn up at a local second hand store or pawn shop. The key for the prospective buyer is to always be looking, because vintage helmets can turn up anywhere. The value of these helmets varies greatly, so proper research should always be done in advance to ensure the helmet is being purchased for an appropriate price.
Vintage motorcycle helmets are great collectible pieces for motorcycle enthusiasts or hobbyists interested in classic memorabilia. These helmets range in value, price and style, according to their respective time periods. When found, the vintage motorcycle helmet can prove to be a real gem for its owner.
Carbon Fiber HelmetsApril 11th, 2011
Those looking for a strong and durable helmet for motorcycling, skateboarding, biking, or any other sport should consider a carbon fiber helmet. These helmets are the strongest available and can provide ultimate protection to the head – the most important part of the body. Although a bit expensive, they are extremely popular for their comfort and strength.
Advantages of Carbon Fiber Helmets
Carbon fiber helmets come with many advantages. The carbon fiber material is extremely lightweight, meaning it won't be burdensome to wear. Despite its weight, it is one of the strongest materials available, and is even more durable than steel. Because the head is so important to protect, carbon fiber helmets are an excellent choice. These helmets are crucial in protecting against concussion, injury or even death should a serious accident occur. They provide much better protection and are much safer than traditional plastic helmets.
Types of Carbon Fiber Helmets
Carbon fiber helmets come in a variety of types to fit different sports. Carbon fiber half helmets for motorcyclists are among the most popular types. Bicyclists can also find a variety of carbon fiber bike helmets. These are an especially good option for those who do a lot of road riding as there is always a risk when sharing the road with cars. Carbon fiber full face helmets are available for those riders who want an extra safeguard against injury. They are a good choice for dirt bike riders who need the extra level of protection for the front of the face and the chin. Skateboarders and scooter riders also have their pick of carbon fiber helmets for protection.
Carbon Fiber Cost
The main disadvantage of buying a carbon fiber helmet is the cost. These helmets are often much more expensive than other types. Some people may attempt to cut costs by buying a second hand helmet, but this is never a good idea. There is no telling if a used helmet has been in an accident or is damaged in some way. Those who are buying a helmet for occasional use may find that the expense isn't worth it, however many people feel that carbon fiber helmets offer such great protection that they are well worth the investment.
Those needing ultimate protection while riding or skating should consider carbon fiber helmets. The quality and durability offered by these helmets is a huge step above plastic helmets. Although expensive, these helmets provide the best protection possible for any rider.
Vespa For SaleApril 11th, 2011
Those looking for an easy, fuel efficient and trendy way to travel should look for a Vespa for sale. These iconic, bright colored scooters have long been known for their fun style and the ease with which they allow people to travel. Created in Italy, the Vespa scooter can now be found in countries around the world. Long an international favorite, the Vespa is an excellent form of transportation
Advantages of the Vespa
Vespas are a great choice for transportation, especially in today's world because they are very fuel-efficient and economically friendly. Some Vespas can get as many as 100 miles to the gallon. These scooters are road-worthy and are excellent options for those who live in a big city or attend classes at a large University. The Vespa's small size means it can conveniently fit in parking spaces that cars can't.
Buying A Vespa
There are many varieties of Vespas for sale, so the prospective buyer needs to do a little research before going shopping. If you are looking for a Vespa, first ask yourself how often you will be needing your scooter. Will it be for everyday commuting or occasional or weekend use? This can help determine the type of Vespa to buy. Also know that those looking at a classic Vespa for sale will likely have to put some care and maintenance into it, although it can be a valuable piece. Modern Vespas will often be more fuel efficient and environmentally friendly. An old Vespa scooter for sale can be nice for those hobbyists looking for a fixer-upper. Considering the use of the scooter will help determine the type of Vespa to buy.
Finding A Vespa For Sale
Those looking for a Vespa for sale have several options in finding one of these popular scooters. Vespa dealers are available throughout the United States, however they aren't in all areas. Because these dealers may not be in convenient locations for all, online sites such as Ebay can also be good places to find a Vespa. The Vespa company has an international presence, and many varieties of Vespas can be found worldwide.
A Vespa scooter is an extremely fuel-efficient and fun way to get around. Whether it is a classic Vespa or a more modern model, these scooters are well-known for their functionality. Those looking to ride in style can find Vespas for sale all over the world.
Used Mobility ScootersApril 8th, 2011
Those who need the convenience of easy transport but can't afford its price tag of an expensive mobility scooter may want to find a used mobility scooter. These scooters are available in a variety of shapes and sizes and offer an affordable option for those who need the assistance of an electric mobility scooter.
Used mobility scooters come in every type, shape and size. If you are looking for an easier way to get around the house, you may benefit from a used 3 wheel mobility scooter. If you need a scooter designed for outdoor use, you may prefer a used 4 wheel mobility scooter. There are a number of advantages to each type – 3 wheel scooters generally fold up for easy transport, while 4 wheel scooters enable a person to travel in and out of the home.
Quality Used Scooters
Just because one is buying a used scooter, does not mean that quality should be sacrificed. Many used scooters are in very good condition. Buying from a reputable retailer or medical supplier will mean a better chance of getting a quality scooter. Many used scooters can also be purchased through personal owners via websites such as Ebay and Craigslist. When looking for a used mobility scooter, remember that after-market items can be purchased to accessorize the vehicle. These include things like baskets, cane holders, and cup holders and can help transform a mediocre used scooter into a customized, functional vehicle.
What To Look For In A Used Scooter
When buying used mobility scooters, it is important to check out some key features in order to ensure the scooter is a quality purchase. Check to see if the battery is working and how long it will hold a charge. Make sure all the controls are working and the scooter is able to move in all directions. Check the condition of the tires, seat and frame. Finally, comfort is an extremely important feature and shouldn't be overlooked. Because mobility scooters play such an integral role in many people's daily lives, it is important that you find a scooter that you feel comfortable riding.
A used mobility scooter is a great option for the person who can't afford a brand new scooter. Quality machines are available in many types and can be found at various retailers and websites. With accessories available to customize even the most boring machines, almost everyone can find a used mobility scooter to fit their needs.
Honda XR50 ReviewApril 8th, 2011
The Honda XR50, also called the "Fiddy", is a popular mini dirt bike that is used all over the world in competitions and for casual use. Mini dirt bikes were originally meant for kids, but they have taken the dirt bike industry by storm and have become massively popular amongst adults.
A Small But Powerful Bike
Whether you are a freestyle rider or MX competitor, the Honda XR50 is an enjoyable bike to drive. This bike is fairly cheap, so you can do crazy stunts without having to worry about paying hundreds of dollars-worth of damage. The bike is small enough to be ridden by kids, but powerful enough to provide great fun for adults.
To date, the XR50 has been modified into a popular adult motocross vehicle. It is common to see professional riders use this bike to perform ramp tricks, rail grinds, wheelies, and back flips. Recent XR50 mini bikes for sale feature special modification to handle the extra weight and speed requirements. Honda XR50 mini dirt bikes only cost $1200 to buy brand new, making them more than a bargain. Often, a dirt bike enthusiast will spend the times that much simply upgrading and modifying the bike.
XR50 Offers a Customizable Engine as Well as Heavy Suspension and Brakes
The XR50 includes everything that a casual dirt biker will need, including engine hop kits, heavy suspension, massive brakes, and engine tweaking tool. There is a growing demand for customization for this bike, so XR50 upgrades are constantly being introduced to the market.
The "Fiddy" customization ships like Powroll and Fast50s have make the components in the US, while other stores get kits and parts from Japan. Sano Systems and BBR Motorsports are the two most recognizable brands for XR50 customization. These companies are known for engines, wheels, forks, brakes, frames, mounts, graphics, bars, and just about anything else you may need. If you have a few extra bucks to spend, you can have a bike that is several times faster and stronger.
50cc Dirt BikesApril 4th, 2011
For many dirt bike enthusiasts, the passion for riding began when they were very young. 50cc dirt bikes are designed just for children, enabling them to learn to ride in a safe manner. Finding a cheap 50cc dirt bike is a great way to expose your child to the world of dirt bikes.
Ideal For Children
50cc dirt bikes, also known as mini dirt bikes, are ideal because they are designed specifically with children in mind. Most are suitable for 6 – 12 year olds. Many bikes come with removable training wheels for the young beginner. The engine speed will vary depending on the design of the bike and the weight of the driver, but most top out at around 40mph.
Cheap 50cc Dirt Bikes
For those starting out, it is often not necessary to spend a lot of money on a bike. A cheap 50cc dirt bike is a great way to get acclimated to the sport without making a big investment. There are many places to find cheap bikes. Online retailers often have great sales or clearance specials. Garage sales and auctions are also good places to find a quality used bike for very cheap. Sometimes retailers will have closeout specials or discounted items. There are plenty of places to find a cheap dirt bike, so be sure to do a little shopping around before buying one.
Things To Look For
When buying cheap 50cc mini dirt bikes, it is important to make sure you are making a quality purchase. To do that, examine a few things before buying. Safety is key, so be sure to check out the brakes first, as they need to be in good working order. The bike also needs to be a good fit for the rider, so make sure the child is able to comfortably reach the pedals and handlebars. It is also a good idea to buy a bike that is EPA approved, since this means it won't pollute the environment as much as some other bikes. Finally, always check the warranty of a bike before purchasing. Look into any warranty and make sure you know its exact specifications and stipulations before buying.
A good-quality 50cc dirt bike is a great way for a child to learn the fun sport of dirt bike racing. 50cc dirt bikes for cheap are inexpensive, giving your family lots of fun while saving your wallet.
Mini Bike KitsApril 4th, 2011
Mini bikes, also known as mini motorcycles, are fun toys that people young and old like to enjoy. Those who want to be able to ride a bike at their convenience and also take pride in its creation should look at purchasing a mini bike kit. Mini bike kits are great ways to allow hobbyists and enthusiasts alike to create their own bike and customize it to their desire.
What's Included
While some may be able to find mini bike kits with engine included, most will see that the majority of kits come without an engine and clutch. Many people actually prefer this as it allows them to make the bike their own and add an engine with the power they desire. Aside from the engine and clutch, people will find complete mini bike kits with everything needed for assembly. This includes frame, wheels, seat, throttle, axles, and other necessary components. This complete set of materials in one place eases the process of having to shop around for all the necessary parts, and it reduces the risk that one won't be able to find something or will forget a piece.
Creating A Custom Bike
The type of mini bike kit purchased will determine how creative a user can be when building their bike. Some companies will allow the user to custom-build their own kit, meaning they can choose the type and size of the tires, frame, and so on. This is a great option for the person who is familiar with the mini bike and knows what they want. Most bikes also need to be painted after they are assembled, giving the owner another way that they can customize their creation.
Assembling A Mini Bike
Most mini bike kits come with complete instructions which make the bikes easy to assemble. The vast majority come with complete frames, which means that no welding is required. Most also come with all the parts needed, meaning you won't have to worry about finding the nuts and bolts needed to put together your creation. This makes the kit a great choice for those who are looking for a fun weekend project.
Using a mini bike kit is a great way to build a bike that can yield to hours of fun. The complete materials, easy assembly and customization options mean that those looking to create something that will look and feel like their own will truly loving using mini bike kits.


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Mikhail, Isis S MD, MPH, DRPH*†; DiClemente, Ralph PHD*; Person, Sharina PHD‡; Davies, Susan PHD§; Elliott, Elizabeth MSN, PHD†; Wingood, Gina SCD, MPH*; Jolly, Pauline E PHD, MPH†
From the *Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA; †Department of Epidemiology and International Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; ‡Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; and §Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.
Received for publication July 25, 2003;
accepted April 20, 2004.
Supported by a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health (1R01 MH55726) and an Association of Teachers of Preventative Medicine (ATPM)/Centers for Disease Control Preventive Medicine and Public Health Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention Fellowship (T-16/16-STP02-0010).
Reprints: Pauline Jolly, Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, 1665 University Boulevard, Ryals Building, Room 217, Birmingham, AL 35294–0022 (e-mail: email@example.com).
To assess the association between the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and HIV clinical disease indicators, CD4+ T-cell counts, viral load, number of HIV-related infections, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention categories, and Karnofsky scores. Data were collected from 391 HIV-positive women aged 18 to 50 years in Alabama and Georgia. A survey examining CAM use and other sociodemographic variables was used. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to identify predictors of CAM use. Approximately 60% of study participants used 1 or more type of CAM. Predictors of CAM use included higher educational level (odds ratio [OR] = 2.4; P = 0.0008), absence of health insurance (OR = 0.49; P = 0.0055), longer disease duration (OR = 2.21; P = 0.0006), and higher number of infections (OR = 0.58; P = 0.017). Vitamins were the most commonly used CAM (∼36%). Sociodemographic variables associated with vitamin use included higher educational level (OR = 2.34; P = 0.0055), longer disease duration (OR = 1.87; P = 0.026), and higher use among white women than among African-American women (OR = 0.41; P = 0.017). The use of CAM is prevalent among HIV-positive women, and vitamins are the most commonly used CAM among our study population. Several sociodemographic and clinical factors predicted CAM use. These findings have implications for improvement of care for HIV-positive women.
In 2002, it was estimated that women accounted for 19.2 million (∼50%) of the 38.6 million adults who were living with HIV infection or the AIDS. Women also accounted for 1.2 million of the 3.1 million deaths attributable to AIDS worldwide.1 In the United States, the fastest growing population at risk for HIV/AIDS is minority women, particularly African-American and Hispanic women.2 During the past decade, the proportion of AIDS cases in adult and adolescent females aged 13 to 49 years has tripled, increasing from 7% to 25%. Once diagnosed, a critical component in prolonging the life of HIV/AIDS patients is appropriate treatment. The typical treatment, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), involves combination antiretroviral therapies that include protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors.3 In addition to conventional medical treatment, there are a considerable number of individuals who use complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) such as herbs, vitamins, and dietary supplements.4,5
There is wide use of CAM among people with various chronic illnesses and for preventive purposes in the United States,4,6 and CAM has gained increasing interest from patients, clinicians, and researchers.7–10 CAM use among people with HIV has been estimated to range from 29%11 to 76%.12 Many HIV patients who use CAM believe that these medicines boost their immunity and help them to cope with the side effects of their medications.12,13
Review of published studies on CAM use among HIV-infected persons suggests that CAM use is disproportionately high among whites, males, men who have sex with men (MSM), persons with a high school (HS) education or higher, and those with higher incomes.11,14–19 Few surveys have investigated CAM use among women, and we could find no report on CAM use among African-American women in particular. Meneilly et al20 reported that HIV-positive white women were more likely to use a wide variety of herbal remedies compared with a group of men with similar demographic characteristics. A study by Smith et al21 found that African Americans were less likely to use nonprescription drugs and herbs compared with non-Hispanic whites. The sample was predominantly male, however, and the data were not analyzed according to gender. We determined the extent of CAM use by a cohort of predominantly African-American HIV-positive women and investigated associations between the use of CAM, both as an aggregate and individually, and indicators of HIV clinical disease status such as CD4+ T-cell count and viral load.22,23 We assessed additional indicators of clinical disease status such as Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) categorization, Karnofsky performance score, and number of opportunistic infections.
Data were collected as part of the "Women Involved in Life Learning from Other Women" (WiLLOW) Study. The WiLLOW Study is a National Institutes of Health (NIH)–funded longitudinal behavior intervention conducted in Alabama (The University of Alabama at Birmingham [UAB] School of Public Health) and Georgia (Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health). It was designed to investigate the impact of an educational intervention program on reducing stress, depression, and high-risk sexual behavior among HIV-positive women. The major goal was to reduce the risk of transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). As a part of the WiLLOW protocol, data were collected at enrollment regarding the use of CAM as part of the baseline assessment. Baseline data collected included socioeconomic and demographic variables (ie, age, race, marital status, education level, household income, health insurance status, number of children), disease data (disease duration and HIV medications), and types of CAM used. The clinical HIV disease markers included CD4+ T-cell count, viral load, CDC categories, Karnofsky score, and number of infections. These data were abstracted from the patients' medical records.
Study participants were recruited from sites in Alabama and Georgia. The Alabama participants were recruited from clinics in 3 cities: Birmingham, Montgomery, and Anniston. The Birmingham participants were women seeking health care at the 1917 AIDS Clinic at the UAB, St. George's Clinic at the Cooper Green Hospital, and the Family Clinic at Children's Hospital. The Montgomery participants included women who sought treatment at the Montgomery AIDS Outreach Clinic (MAO) and the Family Clinic at the UAB Montgomery Clinic. Some participants were also recruited from women visiting the AIDS Services Center in Anniston. All participants from Georgia were recruited from 2 locations in Atlanta, namely, the Ponce DeLeon Clinic affiliated with Grady Hospital and the Fulton County Health Department HIV Clinic.
The study population for this work involved 391 HIV-positive women ranging in age from 18 to 50 years old. They were recruited and enrolled in the study between September 1997 and December 2000. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Boards at both the UAB and Emory University in Atlanta.
Assessment of the use of CAM was performed using data from the CAM section of the WiLLOW Study baseline questionnaire. The CAM questions asked whether or not the women ever used (1) herbal and natural medicines, (2) vitamins, (3) dietary and nutritional regimens, (4) religious healing, (5) body work such as massage and acupuncture, and (6) psychic healing. In this article, CAM refers to both complementary and alternative medicines and therapies.
The major clinical outcome measures used to assess HIV disease status in study participants were the CD4+ T-cell count, viral load counts, CDC categories, Karnofsky scores, and number of infections experienced at baseline or up to 3 months before enrollment into the study.
CD4+ T-cell data for this work were abstracted from the medical records and used as a measure of clinical disease among study participants. The CD4+ T-cells counts were categorized as follows: category 1: ≥500 cells/mm3, category 2: 200 to 499 cells/mm3, and category 3: <200 cells/mm3.
HIV viral load is an important predictor of HIV progression.24 The viral load data for participants in this study were abstracted from their clinic medical records. These were divided into 3 categories: <1000 copies/mL, 1000 to 9999 copies/mL, and ≥10,000 copies/mL.25 An "undetectable" level (<1000 copies/mL) of the virus in the blood may occur in some patients, particularly those on protease inhibitors or HAART. The Roche HIV test (Roche Diagnostics, Branchburg, NJ) was conducted by all the laboratories used by all the clinics in the study, except for an "in-house" polymerase chain reaction (PCR) similar to the Roche test that was used by a single laboratory.
The revised CDC classification system that was implemented in January 1993 and replaced the previous 1986 classification was used in the study. This newer classification is closer to a staging system but is still not defined as such.26 It categorizes adolescents and adults as asymptomatic (A), symptomatic with conditions attributable to HIV (B), and true AIDS (C). CDC categories were obtained by abstraction from patient medical records.
The Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) is a tool used to describe how well a patient can function in his/her daily activities.27,28 It ranges from 100%, which is the best score and describes a normal healthy adult, to 0%, which indicates death.27 In this study, the KPS score was determined from the clinical records. Some physicians do not include the KPS score in their patient assessment. Therefore, the analysis of this indicator was conducted in a subset of patients for whom these data were available.
The number of HIV-related opportunistic infections has been reported to be a more accurate predictor of HIV disease than CD4+ T-cell count.29 For this reason, data on all infections and other clinical conditions experienced by study participants were retrieved from the clinical database and from patients' medical records. Infections were classified according to the organ system affected (www.aegis.com/topics/oi).
Descriptive statistical analyses were performed to summarize the data, including types of CAM used, clinical disease variables (ie, CD4 count, viral load, CDC categories, Karnofsky score, number of infections), sociodemographic variables (age, race, marital status, income, health insurance, and number of children), and disease-related variables (duration since disease onset and antiretroviral therapies).
To determine the relation between CAM use and the aforementioned clinical disease as well as sociodemographic and disease-related variables, we conducted a series of bivariate analyses using χ2 test statistics. The prevalence ratio (PR) was used to examine the strength of the bivariate relations between a predictor (CAM use) and the correlates at a 95% confidence interval (CI), and P was set at 0.05. To further examine the relation between CAM use and previously mentioned variables, we conducted a stepwise multivariable logistic regression with the significance level to enter and stay set at 0.10. Analyses were conducted using SAS version 8.0.
Three hundred ninety-one women aged 18 to 50 years old and living with HIV/AIDS participated in this study. Eighty-four percent of these women are African American (n = 327), 15% are white (n = 58), and 1% are of other races (Hispanic and mixed races; n = 6) (Table 1). Most study participants (both users and nonusers of CAM) were single (86%). Approximately 70% of women had a household income of less than $10,000 per year, had completed a HS education or less, had health insurance coverage (predominantly Medicaid), and had 2 or fewer children (see Table 1).
Use of CAM was prevalent among our study population. About 60% of women reported using at least 1 CAM (Table 2). About 16% reported using herbs, 22% used dietary supplements, 27% practiced religious healing, 10% used bodywork (eg, message, yoga), and 1% practiced some type of psychic healing. Vitamins were the most commonly used CAM and were used by 36% of women in the study (see Table 2).
Women reporting CAM use tended to be older (>35 years, CI: 0.98–1.52; P = 0.059), were better educated (>HS, CI: 1.12–1.55; P = 0.002), and had no insurance coverage (CI: 0.76–0.99; P = 0.04) compared with those who did not report CAM use (Table 3). On assessing disease duration, women who were living with HIV for a longer period (≥4 years, CI: 1.10–1.68) used significantly more CAM than those with shorter disease duration (<4 years; P = 0.002).
When the association between CAM use and clinical disease indicators was investigated, a higher number of infections (3 or more) were found to be associated with CAM use (CI: 1.02–1.49; P = 0.028). No significant association was found with other clinical indicators such as CD4+ T cells, viral load, CDC categories, and Karnofsky score, however (Table 4).
Vitamins were identified as the most commonly used CAM among this population (∼36%). Similar to CAM users, vitamin users were women who had significantly higher education levels (CI: 1.09–2.09; P = 0.012), higher income (CI: 1.18–2.16; P = 0.002), and longer disease duration (CI: 1.00–1.46; P = 0.044) (Table 5). A trend toward more vitamin use was noted among white women compared with African-American women (CI: 0.83–1.01; P = 0.09). When examining the association between vitamin use and clinical disease indicators, women who use vitamins had lower viral load levels (P = 0.011) and a higher number of infections (P = 0.003) than those who did not use vitamins.
We conducted multivariate logistic regression analysis to control for any potential confounders. Odds ratios (OR) at 95% CI for correlates of CAM use are presented in Table 6. None of the significant associations with CAM users were eliminated during the regression analysis. Women who used CAM were found to be more educated (OR = 2.4; P = 0.0008) than those who did not use CAM. Regarding health insurance coverage, CAM users were about twice as unlikely to have insurance coverage than non-CAM users (OR = 0.49; P = 0.0055). Women who chose to use CAM were found to be more than twice as likely to have longer disease duration (≥4 years) than non-CAM users (OR = 2.21; P = 0.0006). Regarding clinical disease indicators, women who used CAM were approximately twice as likely to have a higher number of infections than non-CAM users (OR = 0.58; P = 0.0173).
ORs at 95% CI for correlates of vitamin use are presented in Table 7. Vitamin users were approximately 2.5 times more likely to have a higher education level (>HS) than those who did not use vitamins (OR = 2.34; P = 0.0055). White women were almost twice as likely to use vitamins than African-American women. HIV-positive women with longer disease duration (≥4 years) were almost twice as likely to use vitamin supplements than women positive for HIV for <4 years (OR = 1.87; P = 0.027).
Most studies conducted on CAM to date have not focused on CAM use among women living with HIV/AIDS, particularly African-American women. We have been successful in including a substantial number of African-American women (n = 327 [84%]) in our study in addition to 15% white women (n = 58). Because Hispanic women and women of mixed racial background comprised only 1% (n = 6) of our study participants, this group was excluded from the analyses. The sociodemographic characteristics of our study population are an important consideration as we discuss our results. This is particularly so because the socioeconomic status of the women (ie, education, income, availability of insurance) is likely to influence choices regarding the use of CAM.4 Most WiLLOW Study participants were single (86%). Most of them (70%) had a household income of less than $10,000 per year, had a HS education or less, had health insurance coverage (primarily Medicaid), and had 2 children or fewer.
Fifty-nine percent of study participants used at least 1 CAM (n = 229). CAM use among HIV/AIDS patients had been found to range between 27% and 100%.12,30–34 These studies included either men only or men and women who were predominantly white.4 An important distinction regarding our study is that it focused solely on women, most of whom are African American. Our results are consistent with those of some of these studies. The lower frequency of CAM use in our study may be a result of the higher number of African Americans in the study. CAM use among African Americans has been shown to be lower than among whites.21 Another reason could be that a large number of women (∼72%) in our study population have a lower level of education and CAM use has been found to be more common among individuals with a college level education.7,35 Conversely, the frequency of CAM use among our population is higher than that in some other reported studies. This may be explained by the fact that our population consists solely of women. Use of CAM was found to be higher among women than among men.4,36
In this study, women reporting CAM use tended to be older (≥35 years), were more highly educated (>HS), and had no insurance coverage (P = 0.04) compared with those who did not report CAM use. These results are consistent with those of a study by Astin,7 who found that older individuals (aged 35–49 years) use more CAM than other age groups.
When we examined the association between CAM use and time since disease onset, we found that women with longer disease duration (≥4 years) use more CAM than women with shorter duration of disease (P = 0.0022). This may be a result of the fact that the longer patients live with HIV/AIDS, the greater is the number of health problems that arise; this may lead patients to seek alternatives such as CAM. Such an association needs to be further investigated, however. The finding that a higher proportion of women with a higher number of infections used CAM compared with women with fewer infections could also be a result of the fact that women with more infections seek CAM to resolve the problems and cope with HIV/AIDS.
The types of CAM that have been shown to have an effect on CD4 count and viral load levels are predominantly vitamins, dietary supplements, and herbs.22,37,38 Contrary to such studies, no significant association was found between CAM use and CD4+ T cells or viral load in this study. Similarly, other studies have not shown any significant change in viral load or immune measures using dietary supplements in HIV-infected individuals.39 The negative finding in our study could be explained by the fact that the combined CAM consisted of different types of therapies, including psychic healing and bodywork. Psychic healing has not been shown to have an effect on CD4 count and viral load levels and may have obscured our results. A few studies that have been conducted on bodywork have shown beneficial results, however. Scafidi and Field40 conducted a study on the effect of massage therapy on 28 HIV-positive babies and found higher daily weight gain and Brazelton performance scores among the therapy group. Another study by Standish et al41 has shown massage therapy to be the most commonly used CAM among a large population of HIV-positive individuals from the Bastyr University AIDS Research Center of Alternative Medicine Care Outcomes in AIDS (AMCOA).
We noted that when vitamin use was examined independently of other types of CAM in our study population, and despite the smaller sample size compared with combined CAM, a significant association was found between vitamin use and decreased viral load (P = 0.01). Of all the different types of CAM, vitamin use has been shown in many studies to be the CAM of choice by HIV-infected patients.41,42 Vitamin intake represents a self-promoting behavior that contributes to general good health and well-being. Studies have shown that individuals who practice self-promoting behaviors take more vitamins in addition to eating a healthy diet, getting adequate amounts of sleep, and engaging in regular exercise.43 Vitamins were the CAM most commonly chosen by our participants: 36% of participants reported using vitamins. Similar findings were reported by Nokes et al42; they surveyed 145 HIV-positive patients and found that among 55 different CAMs used, vitamins were most commonly used. Likewise, Fairfield et al12 conducted a survey of 289 HIV-positive gay men and found that vitamins and dietary supplements were most commonly used.
Vitamin use has also been shown to be associated with socioeconomic factors. Smith et al21 have shown that African Americans were less likely to use vitamins than whites but that HIV patients from both racial groups with a college education were more likely to use vitamins. Similarly, in our study population, vitamin users were women who had significantly higher education (P = 0.01) and income levels (P = 0.004).
Despite the small sample size of white women, a tendency toward greater use of vitamins was found for white women compared with African-American women (P = 0.09). These results are also consistent with the findings of other studies discussed earlier.4,21
One limitation of this study is that it is a cross-sectional design, which impedes the determination of causality between CAM use and clinical disease status. Follow-up longitudinal studies and randomized clinical trials are needed to confirm these results.44 Despite this limitation, this project provides significant information toward our understanding of patterns of CAM use among women, especially African-American women living with HIV/AIDS. Trends of CAM use among women in general and African-American women in particular had not been sufficiently investigated previously.
These data have important implications for improvement in the care of HIV-positive women with involvement of their health care providers. Physicians and health care professionals need to develop greater awareness of the prevalence of CAM use among their patients and to learn more about these therapies, their effectiveness, and potential side effects. Patients should be encouraged to inform their physicians of their use of CAM so that the physicians can monitor and regulate CAM use for the ultimate well-being of the patients.
The authors extend special thanks to study interviewers and health educators and all WiLLOW study staff who went beyond the call of duty to recruit and interview this special population and accomplish this distinctive work. Special gratitude goes to all the women living with HIV/AIDS for their participation in this study and for sharing their unique and personal experiences.
This article has been cited 1 time(s).
complementary and alternative medicine; HIV; women; African-American women
© 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
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Sanford Police said two cocaine traffickers were hiding some of their drugs in a fake Coca-Cola can.
Officers said they pulled over Jeremy Nixon and Shelby Allen for a minor traffic violation around 4 p.m. Wednesday. When police got to the vehicle it allegedly smelled like marijuana, prompting the officers to search the vehicle.
Top video: Prisoner sends woman map to help her find guitar he stole
Police said they found 3 ounces of cocaine hydrochloride hidden in the false bottom of a starch aerosol bottle, 8 grams of cocaine hydrochloride in the false top of a can of Coca-Cola, several plastic containers containing cannabis, drug paraphernalia and $1,864.
Nixon and Allen were charged with cocaine trafficking, marijuana possession and possession of drug equipment.
Both are being held at the John E. Polk Correctional Facility.


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CrankDouble click on any word to get a popup explanation of the word and sample sentences Dictionary | Wikipedia | Synonyms | Quotation | News
Crank Meaning and Definition in Dictionary
Definitions from Wordnet 2.0
- a hand tool consisting of a rotating shaft with parallel handle
- amphetamine used in the form of a crystalline hydrochloride; used as a stimulant to the nervous system and as an appetite suppressant
- a whimsically eccentric person
- a bad-tempered person
- bend into the shape of a crank
- fasten with a crank
- rotate with a crank
- start by cranking; "crank up the engine"
- travel along a zigzag path; "The river zigzags through the countryside"
- (used of boats) inclined to heel over easily under sail
Definitions from Wiktionary
- a bad-tempered person ,
- a whimsically eccentric person ,
- an amphetamine derivative (trade name Methedrine) used in the form of a crystalline hydrochloride; used as a stimulant to the nervous system and as an appetite suppressant ,
- a hand tool consisting of a rotating shaft with parallel handle
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Wikipedia Meaning and Definition on 'Crank'
- Crank: Crank may refer to: Crank (mechanism), in mechanical engineering, a bent portion of an axle or shaft, or an arm keyed at right angles to the end of
- Crank (film): Crank is a 2006 American action black comedy film written and directed by Mark Neveldine and Brian Taylor and starring Jason Statham, Amy Smart and Jose
- Crank! A Record Company: crank! A Record Company is an independent record label which was started by Jeff Matlow in September 1994. The label's first release was a 7" by Vitreous
- Crank (mechanism): See also: Slider and crank mechanism A crank is an arm attached at right angles to a rotating shaft by which reciprocating motion is imparted to or received
- Crank That (Soulja Boy): "Crank That (Soulja Boy)" is the debut single by American rapper Soulja Boy Tellem. It served as the lead single from his debut studio album, souljaboytellem
- Crank: High Voltage: Crank: High Voltage (promoted as Crank 2: High Voltage in some regions and on DVD) is a 2009 American action black comedy film and the sequel to Crank
- Crank conjecture: In mathematics, the crank conjecture was a conjecture about the existence of the crank of a partition that separates partitions of a number congruent to
- Crank (person): "Crank" is a pejorative term used for a person who holds an unshakable belief that most of his or her contemporaries consider to be false. A crank belief
- Crank–Nicolson method: In numerical analysis, the Crank–Nicolson method is a finite difference method used for numerically solving the heat equation and similar partial differential
Words and phrases related to 'Crank'
'Crank' example sentence in quotations
* A man with a new idea is a crank -- until the idea succeeds. - Mark Twain
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The Tennessee Academy of Physician Assistants (TAPA) is the only statewide association representing the educational and professional interests of Tennessee's PAs. Our mission is to promote accessible, quality healthcare, and to advance the education, profession and practice of physician assistants in Tennessee.
Monday, October 10 to Friday, October 14
Gatlinburg, TN


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Millcreek parents, students voice concerns over potential school closings
Ridgefield Elementary School student Madison Deegan stood on West 26th Street on Monday night holding a sign she made that read "Hear Us Roar."
Many drivers on the busy road acknowledged the 11-year-old's mess-age and honked vehicle horns.
Madison was one of a dozen Ridgefield students who stood outside the Millcreek Education Center, 3740 W. 26th St., minutes before the Millcreek School Board's School Community Relations Committee Meeting.
The fifth-grader later became one of more than 100 people who crammed inside a boardroom to attend the standing-room-only meeting -- concerned parents and their children mobilizing to save the potential closing of their school.
"It's a third home," Madison said of Ridgefield. Her 10-year-old brother also is a student at the school.
"We all have Ridgefield pride. We're here to stick together."
Ridgefield, along with Vernondale Elementary School, is one of two schools the district is considering closing as it works to chip away at a projected $8.8 million budget deficit for 2013-14.
Most of the Millcreek residents at Monday night's meeting had hoped to hear members of the School Community Relations Committee detail more information about potential school closings.
That didn't happen.
Rebecca Mancini, the committee's chairwoman and a member of the School Board, said the committee would not address any questions about closings, adding those questions would be answered at a state-mandated public hearing in early May.
"No decisions have yet been made on whether schools will be closed," Mancini told the crowd. "We know it's a very important decision, and a very emotional decision. Tonight's venue will not be to address any schools closing."
Ridgefield or Vernondale elementary schools would be the choices if the board opted to close schools, Assistant Superintendent William Hall said last week.
The schools are the district's smallest. Closing one school could save the district $1.4 million, where closing both could save $2.4 million.
"It's not fair that we elect officials who make errors and it's the kids who have to suffer," said Theresa Fullerton, mother of Madison Deegan. "I want all these children in the Ridgefield neighborhood to stay there. Ridgefield School is a family. We're very close-knit."
Dawn Teresi, mother of a 7-year-old Ridgefield student and another daughter who graduated from the school in 2012, said the issue is "extremely frustrating."
"Closing Ridgefield seems to be a rush to make this a quick fix, when it has taken years for the district to get into this deficit," Teresi said Monday night.
Leigh Ann Gigliotti started the Facebook page "Ridgefield Supporters and Concerned Millcreek Taxpayers" on April 5, two days after parents first heard school officials publicly address the deficit and possible school closures.
Her son, Joseph, 8, is a second-grader at Ridgefield.
"I talk to a lot of parents, and we're all worried," Gigliotti said Monday. "The rug has been pulled out from under us."
Gigliotti said "no one school" is more important than others in the district.
"Why our school?" she asked about Ridgefield. "If they have to make cuts, why can't they just make equal cuts?"
GERRY WEISS can be reached at 870-1884 or by e-mail. Follow him on Twitter at twitter.com/ETNweiss.


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TEST is finally available nationwide!
Hello Supporters of TEST!
After a long and rewarding year of festivals worldwide (see the full list here) TEST finally makes it to wide U.S. distribution today! The press on the... Read more
Festival Run & Reward!
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I've been traveling to festivals with TEST and it's been a lovely trip. We've been warmly received by smart audiences, had thought-provoking Q & A's and gotten some... Read more
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Dear Backers,
There's a lot of good news for TEST since my last update two months ago, and those of you in NY will finally get a chance to see... Read more
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A quick alert to let you know all your names are on the TEST website now (this is the Reward for the $10 level or higher).... Read more
Dear TEST Backers,
Here at last is a long overdue Update!
After our successful Kickstarter campaign I began the long and difficult process of finishing TEST. This involved not only... Read more
We did it!
Thanks to all of you, we did it! We hit our $35,000 goal and still have two and a half days to go before our deadline. Maybe we will even... Read more
In Memory Of
Thank you all so much!
We are almost at 25,000 now with 7 days to go! We are very close!
I thought I'd take this opportunity to bring up something... Read more
Over half way there!
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We're entering the home stretch with just a week and a half left, and thanks to your support we've now raised over 50%... Read more
Over 100 Backers! Plus a Video Treat
Hello TEST Backers on Kickstarter!
We now have over 100 Backers (103) and over 10K in Donations ($11,035). Thank you all so much! To commemorate the milestone, a video treat... Read more
Close to 100 Backers!
Dear TEST supporters,
Thanks to all of you who've joined our campaign in the last few days. We are getting close to one hundred backers. And we're closing in on $10,000... Read more
Thank you! We're off to a great start!
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Thank you for your support! Because of you, we've had a great start to our campaign, hitting $5K in only a few days. We also made Filmmaker... Read more


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1. More is better. Practice until it hurts. You need repetition and drills to really get the piece into your system.
Consider this thought: There are many ways of learning, including listening, visualization from a first-person or a third person perspective, improvising in the chord/rhythm/style of the passage, and alternating activities or passages, as well as repetition of the same passage in the same way again and again.
2. If it gets really bad you should stop altogether and lose all work on your instrument. Complete rest is the only alternative.
See #1 above.
3. Playing should feel hard for you to know you're getting something done.
Consider this thought: The body communicates through feelings. If you don't listen to your child as they say, "I'm having fun", "I'm hungry", "I'm upset", or "My stomach hurts, I'm so hungry", they will start screaming for your attention.
Your body communicates different messages in different degrees, too, but if you aren't listening to it, it needs to resort to "screaming" in pain! There could be a lot of helpful messages for you buried underneath the pain.
4. Go it alone. If you have pain, that's something to keep to yourself because it just means that you need to practice harder to get stronger. Only see a doctor if the pain gets so bad that you can no longer play two weeks before a huge concert.
Athletes have doctors, therapists, trainers, and psychologists on their teams in order to play their best. They don't expect their bodies to magically feel perfect all the time and then berate themselves for consulting experts when necessary.
You use your body just as finely and constantly as a musician! Have a team of experts in place to keep you at your best and get you back on track before things get out of hand.
5. Pain is a sign of weakness and should be ignored until it goes away.
See #3 above. Also consider that most musicians do not lack the strength to play their instruments. In fact, they are overusing the areas in pain, and the last thing they need is to strength train muscles that are overcompensating for other areas or for poor body mechanics!
Strength may be needed in the large areas of the body for overall body stability and endurance, but the small muscles of the fingers and forearms usually do not need any more work than they already get!


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Iran has test-fired a long-range missile, signaling nuclear capability for an atomic bomb that could one day strike Israel, The Jerusalem Posts reports.
Maj. Gen. Amos Yadlin, the chief of Israel's military intelligence, said at a Cabinet meeting that Iran has now "crossed the technological threshold" and warns that Iran is continuing to amass low-enriched uranium.
A week ago, U.S. military chief, Adm. Mike Mullen also said Iran has enough fissile material to build a nuclear bomb.
Israeli officials consider a nuclear Iran as the most serious threat to the Jewish state.
Iran's president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, has repeatedly called for destruction of Israel.
But the country insists its nuclear program is a peaceful way to generate electricity in order to export its gas and crude.
Sources: The Jerusalem Post, Fox News
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Hi! My name is Tana
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My favorite tricks and treats are: I do one trick, I roll over to have my belly rubbed! and I love catnip and tartar control treats.
Where I hang out: In the sun and on the bed!
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