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Students are strongly encouraged to apply for admission and scholarships early while scholarships are most abundant. In most cases, scholarships are stackable, but may not exceed the cost of tuition. Please see each scholarship for individual consideration deadlines.
All university scholarships require full-time enrollment. All scholarships listed below are for transfer students entering in either Spring 2017, Fall 2017 or Spring 2018.
NOTE: As of their admission date, incoming students who have attempted less than 30 credit hours after graduating high school will be considered for Freshman Merit and Freshman Departmental scholarship eligibility.
Any combination of Oklahoma City University scholarships cannot exceed the block price tuition of 12-16 hours.
Choose from our following scholarship categories to learn more:
Based on cumulative college GPA, renewable for a maximum of five consecutive semesters. Full-time enrollment of 12 or more hours per semester is required for scholarship. RN-BSN Nursing Students are not eligible for academic scholarships.
|Cumulative GPA Requirement
(per year)
|Transfer Presidential Award
|3.6 - 4.0
|Transfer University Scholarship
|3.3 - 3.59
|Transfer Achievement Scholarship
|3.0 - 3.29
Awards are renewable up to five consecutive semesters (excluding summer terms) with required minimum cumulative 3.0 unweighted GPA. These awards are for transfer students entering in either Spring 2017, Fall 2017 or Spring 2018.
Based on cumulative college GPA, renewable for a maximum of five consecutive semesters. These scholarships are for students with majors within Kramer School of Nursing (excluding RN-BSN students), Meinders School of Business and Petree College of Arts & Sciences. Full-time enrollment of 12 or more hours per semester is required for scholarship.
|Cumulative GPA Requirement
(per year)
|Departmental Award
|3.6 - 4.0
|Departmental Award
|3.3 - 3.59
|Departmental Award
|3.0 - 3.29
Awards are renewable up to five consecutive semesters (excluding summer terms) with required minimum cumulative 3.0 unweighted GPA. These awards are for transfer students entering in either Spring 2017, Fall 2017 or Spring 2018.
Fine Arts Scholarships are based upon the results of performance auditions or portfolio review. For information about auditions or portfolio review, click on the links below or contact the Office of Admissions.
*Talent Scholarships may be combined with academic scholarships; however, talent scholarships are not stackable with departmental scholarships, with the exception of Art and Film Scholarships which may be combined with both academic and departmental scholarships, not to exceed the cost of tuition.
Herman Meinders Business Transfer Scholarship
For Oklahoma City Community College & Rose State College Students Only
The Herman Meinders Business Transfer Scholarship is a $5,000 per semester award (with a maximum of $10,000 per academic year) for students transferring a minimum of 30 credit hours from the Oklahoma City Community College (OCCC) or the Rose State College system into Oklahoma City University's Meinders School of Business. To receive the award an applicant must be transferring in at least a 2.5 cumulative college GPA on the transferred 30 credit hours.
The Scholarship is renewable for up to six consecutive semesters (a maximum of three years) by maintaining a minimum 2.5 GPA and is stackable with other scholarships. There is no interview or application to complete.
Candidates must be seeking their first Bachelor's degree, an active member of their Phi Theta Kappa chapter, have 48 semester-quality hours, a minimum 3.5 GPA, and have not previously attended any other 4-year institutions. This scholarship may be combined with other Oklahoma City University institutional scholarships (excluding the Undergraduate Research Scholarship) but may not exceed the cost of block price tuition of 12-16 hours. Excludes RN-BSN Nursing Students. The scholarship is renewable for up to four consecutive semesters (a maximum of two years) by maintaining a minimum 3.0 cumulative GPA. Application deadline is August 15th for Fall admits and December 15th for Spring admits. For more information call (405) 208-5655.
The Undergraduate Research Program is open for transfer students who have proven research and academic skills from undergraduate level collegiate experiences. Depending on qualifications, students may be eligible to receive a tuition scholarship for up to 60% reduction in block price tuition of 12-16 hours. This scholarship may be combined with other Oklahoma City University institutional scholarships not to exceed 60% of the cost of block price tuition. The scholarship is renewable with a cumulative 3.0 GPA.
The Undergraduate Research Scholarship selection committee will assess multiple criteria, including but not limited to prior undergraduate research activities, collegiate grade point average, letter of recommendation from a teacher or mentor, community involvement and need. Applicants are required to complete the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). An interview will be scheduled with selected applicants. Scholarship application deadline is March 20, annually with preliminary selections made by April 3, annually.
Application not yet available »
We have a rich history of helping students achieve their dreams of pursuing an education at OCU. We offer generous scholarship support for team members, whether they participate in debate, competitive speech, performance, or a combination of events. Scholarship renewal requires a 3.0 GPA.
Deadline: February 28, 2017
(For mass communication students)
This endowed scholarships fund was created in 2005 to honor Brooke Haley, a mass communications (broadcasting) student. The scholarship is intended for students who demonstrate a commitment to the field of mass communications as well as professional. Funds are applied to tuition expenses Students must have 3.25 GPA. Current students, transfers and high school seniors may apply.
Petree College of Arts & Sciences department of Exercise and Sport Science is offering two $3,000/yr scholarships for incoming Fall 2017 freshmen and transfer students. If selected, recipients will be required to participate in three days of training per week and compete in two big meets per year with the Weightlifting/Barbell Club. For more information on this scholarship or to learn more about OCU's Weightlifting/Barbell Club, please contact Jason Miller at firstname.lastname@example.com.
For Oklahoma City Community College Students Only
If a student (beginning spring 2017), transfers to Oklahoma City University with an Oklahoma City Community College associate degree, and majors in education, he/she is eligible to receive a $9,000 (annual) teaching scholarship. The scholarship is renewable for up to six semesters by maintaining full-time enrollment of 12 hours or more per semester and a minimum 3.0 GPA.
More Information about the scholarship, click here »
Prospective students who are a spouse or dependent of an ordained, United Methodist Minister who actively serves the United Methodist Church within the Oklahoma Conference or the Oklahoma Indian Missionary Conference may be eligible for Minister's Dependent Remission.
Students are required to complete the FAFSA; and after all federal and state grants have been applied the Minister Remission will cover the remaining tuition up to the block pricing structure of 12-16 hours (fees and books are not included). Hours that exceed the block pricing structure will be the responsibility of the student and cannot be covered by the Minister Remission benefits, university gifts, or endowments.
For additional information, please contact Rita Himes in University/Church Relations at email@example.com or (405) 208-5060 or Tasha Casey-Loveless in the Office of Admissions at firstname.lastname@example.com or (405) 208-5654.
The number of awards available through this program is determined annually by the United Methodist Higher Education Foundation.
Apply online at umhef.org. Online applications are accepted from January 1 through March 1 annually.
Recipient must attend CYME Leadership Camp in Oklahoma at least 4 times during their high school years and be eligible for admission into Oklahoma City University. The scholarship covers half tuition and can be stacked with some OCU scholarships up to the cost of tuition. To check your eligibility for this scholarship, you may fill out the attached form. If you are eligible for the scholarship, your award will be posted to your BlueLink account.


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Theodore Roosevelt brings fire and brimstone to town
Darrel Draper portrays 26th president during humanities talk.
In a fiery speech directed at an audience that filled the community room, Theodore Roosevelt told much of his life story.
"I am Theodore, not Teddy," the 26th president of the United States announced in a booming voice, noting that his first wife was the only one allowed to use the nickname.
Roosevelt, portrayed by Nebraska Humanities Council speaker Darrel Draper of Omaha, visited Gothenburg Public Library on March 1. There he asked the public to vote for him in the 1912 presidential election.
"If you vote for me, you vote for women's suffrage," he said.
The strong-willed president then told of how he had asthma as a child and spent time as an semi-invalid propped in bed.
Confined to his home in New York City, Roosevelt read books instead of playing outside which "opened up a whole new world."
His father told him that three things were needed to survive—decisive judgement through intellect, action through a healthy, strong body and courage and persevervance.
Roosevelt's upstairs bedroom then became a gymnasium. He began running 25 miles a day and rowing across the East River.
Later, when he attended then Havard College, he was a successful boxer, rower and fencer. In the summer, he traveled to a timber camp in Maine where he worked, camped and climbed mountains.
Roosevelt's father died suddenly on Feb. 12—a date that would become significant. He was engaged two years later on that date.
He graduated from Columbia Law School and later became the youngest New York State assemblyman.
On Feb. 12, 1882, his wife Alice delivered a baby girl and died followed by the death of Roosevelt's mother of typhoid fever.
Roosevelt fled to the badlands of the Dakota terrorities on a bison-hunting trip where prairie grass grew tall.
Find the complete story in our print edition. Receive the entire issue of the Gothenburg Times on-line in PDF format each Wednesday for only $25 per year. Call 308-537-3636 to subscribe.
Latest Headlines
- Training for emergency preparedness
- Gothenburg FFA members compete at state fair
- Learning to adapt to change
- City Council sets tax request and levy for 2016-17
- Cornhusking contest returns to Harvest Festival after 17 year absence
- Summer evening bike ride goes wrong
- New hospital safety ratings now available to the public
- Mentees, others share value of TeamMates

subset: commoncrawl


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'Oh, not again': Northeast is hit by another storm
PHILADELPHIA -- Yet another storm paralyzed the Northeast with heavy snow and sleet Thursday, giving the winter-weary that oh-no-not-again feeling, while hundreds of thousands across the ice-encrusted South waited in the cold for the electricity to come back on.
"Snow has become a four-letter word," lamented Tom McGarrigle, a politician in suburban Philadelphia, where shoveling out has become a weekly -- sometimes twice-weekly -- chore.
The sloppy and treacherous mix of snow and face-stinging sleet grounded more than 6,500 flights Thursday and closed schools and businesses as it made its way up the heavily populated Interstate 95 corridor.
In its icy wake, utility crews in the South toiled to restore electricity to more than 700,000 homes and businesses, mostly in the Carolinas and Georgia. Temperatures in the hard-hit Atlanta area, with more than 200,000 outages, were expected to drop below freezing again overnight.
At least 20 deaths, mostly in traffic accidents, were blamed on the storm.
Among the dead was a pregnant woman who was struck by a mini-plow in New York City. Her baby was delivered in critical condition via cesarean section. The victims also included a man hit by a falling tree limb in North Carolina.
Baltimore awoke to 15 inches of snow. Washington, D.C., had at least 8, and federal offices and the city's two main airports were closed. The Virginia-West Virginia state line got more than a foot.
Philadelphia had nearly 9 inches, its fourth 6-inch snowstorm of the season -- the first time that has happened in the city since record-keeping began in the late 1800s. New York City received nearly 10 inches, and parts of New Jersey had over 11.
The Boston area was expecting 4 to 6, and inland areas a foot or more.


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College of the Canyons officials project the number of spring semester students could increase 9 percent to 22,860, a sign of a stagnant economy and limited enrollments at state schools.
"People return to school if they lose their jobs and they're saying 'OK, I need to get a new job, I need some new skills,'" college spokeswoman Sue Bozman said.
Other types of students include those building skill sets to give themselves an edge over other employees.
"There's a variety of reasons, but the economy is the main reason," said Joan MacGregor, college board president.
The college remains in winter session until Feb. 7 and early estimates put winter 2009 enrollment up 32 percent from winter 2008. The spring semester begins Feb. 9. Spring 2008's numbers hit 20,973, Bozman said.
College officials expect spring enrollment numbers to change in the coming weeks as students continue to register and change classes, Bozman said.
"It changes on not a daily basis, but on a by-the-minute basis," Bozman said.
The spring semester projection comes as enrollment for fall 2008 jumped 19 percent when compared to fall 2007, which had a head count of 21,300. The college maintained steady growth over the past few years, which is in line with the state's other community colleges, Bozman said.
An estimated 2,647 students are on waiting lists for high demand classes in the spring that typically include basic, general education classes such as English, math, history and science.
"Those classes just fill up right away," Bozman said.
Class sizes are growing, although officials have yet to add more sections of classes, Bozman said.
"For winter and spring, we didn't grow the size of offerings," she said.
"We're just becoming more efficient."
Another aspect of the student population connects to impacted state schools.
"We're also seeing people because Cal State universities, UC schools are raising their fees and also reducing the numbers of students that they're going to take because they are in a budget squeeze," Bozman said.
The state budget provides no funding for enrollment growth for CSUs, intensifying a trend that began in 2005-06, in which student enrollment grows faster than state funding, a university release said. In response, CSU campuses increased class sizes when possible, and opened more course sections with temporary faculty appointments. As a result, CSU campus officials plan to slow down enrollment growth by closing the freshmen application period for fall 2009 earlier in the cycle.
"Enrollment restrictions hinder the opportunities for students from all communities to obtain a college education," CSU Chancellor Charles Reed said.
Roughly 60 percent of William S. Hart Union High School District students attend COC within two years after graduating high school, said David LeBarron, director of curriculum.
Districtwide, graduates take advantage of the college's transfer opportunities.
"You can go to COC and you can transfer to UCLA and UC Davis," LeBarron said. "That, for some students, is a more efficient way to go."


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This January was the perfect way to kick of 2012! It was a fabulous month for DDD and I have all of YOU to thank for it. In case you are new around here (welcome!) or just missed a post, here is a recap of everything that happened on Design, Dining + Diapers this month.
New Recipes
1. Gluten-Free Red Velvet Cupcakes
3. Gluten-Free Chocolate Chunk Cream Cheese Coffee Cake
DIY and Crafts
1. Sweet Valentine's Day Centerpiece
2. Reader Room: Molly's Nursery
4. Board & Batten Reveal and How To
Top 10 Tuesday Inspiration
2. Football Treats for Your Super Bowl Party
4. Snowflake Projects for the Winter Months
A Peak Into my Life
February is going to be a great month, I can feel it! Don't forget, 14 Days of LOVE starts tomorrow! Come back and link up your Valentine's Day projects and check out some fabulous guest bloggers.


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There are a number of additional keys. Depending upon the type of terminal or workstation you are using, there may be "special function" keys above your keyboard, with labels like "F2", special keys to the left with labels like "L1" or "STOP", and special keys to the right with various special labels. More about them later.
The most important additional key is the Control key. This is located to the left of the normal letters, and is labelled "Control" or "Ctrl". It acts like a shift key, in that you hold it down and then type something else. For example, if you hold down Control and hit a C, that's called Control-C. When characters are printed, an uparrow is normally used, so Control-C would be printed as ^C. In different documentation, you'll see it called ^C, Control-C, Ctrl-C, or even C-c. Control-C is an important character to know about, but you can use it to interrupt programs. Suppose you are testing a program and it gets into an infinite loop. If you type ^C, the program will be killed. (This assumes that the program is a fairly simple one, like most of those you will write for assignments. It is possible for programs to block ^C, or to redirect their control to someplace unexpected. It also assumes that you type ^C in the window where the program is running.)
When you're typing a command, nothing will happen until you hit the "return" key. That gives you a chance to fix typos and look carefully at the command before you hit "return".
Unix is "case sensitive". That is, there's a difference between upper and lower case characters. The command "ls" will list all files in your directory. If you try to type it as "LS", you'll get an error message. Some commands use upper-case letters in the name, e.g. "Mosaic". In this case, you must use the upper-case letter exactly as shown. More commonly, some command options use upper case. For example, the "ls" command has an option called "-R". It must be typed in upper case. If a sentence begins with a command name, we'll violate the rules of English, and give you the command name as it really is: "ls" is the most common Unix command. However a lot of manuals will stick with English rules: "Ls" is the most common Unix command. The command is still "ls". It won't work if you type it as "Ls".
The same thing is true with file names. If you use both upper and lower case letters in a file name, you'll always have to type it that way. Some people use VeRy OdD CaPiTaLiZaTiOn in their file names. That's fine, but they'll have to remember to type the names that way all the time.
The most common key for fixing typos is "delete". This key deletes
the most recent character you typed, and in most cases removes it from
the screen. Unfortunately this key is the most complex, because there
is confusion about which key and ASCII code should be used.
Our computers are configured to use the ASCII DEL character (decimal 127) to delete. Most keyboards now are set up with a key called "Backspace", which generates a different code (ASCII BS, which is the same as ^H, decimal 8). Some of our software will recognize either key, but not all of it. Thus you will either want to adjust our software to accept a backspace, or make sure that your keyboard generates a delete. Here's some advice, depending upon the type of keyboard you use:
xmodmap -e "keysym BackSpace = Delete"
If for some reason you prefer using a backspace rather than a delete, you'll need to tell Unix to treat the backspace character as delete. To do this, put the following command into the file .cshrc in your home directory:
stty erase "^h"The disadvantage of this is that the editor emacs does not work well with this setting. So we only recommend this if you use a different editor (e.g. vi).
Summary of special characters
^C and delete are the most important special characters. Here's a
summary of all the ones you'll want to use as a beginner:
There is one more character that we'll talk about later: ^Z. You should not use this unless you know about job control. It can get you into states that you won't know about to get out of.
^D is the end of file character. It's not used very often. However sometimes a program will open the terminal as if it were a file. In this case, what you type will become input to the program. There needs to be some way to tell the program when you're finished giving it input. ^D is it. (It corresponds to ^Z in MS/DOS.)
Setting things up
In order to help you to tell Unix about yourself, we have
created a command called "newuser". The first time you log in,
this will be run for you.
It does 3 things:
Terminal type:when you log in. It's looking for a terminal model name. These days the name "vt100" will work most of the time. (Don't type the quotes.)
This program creates some files for you, e.g. .cshrc and .login.
You may want to adjust these files yourself. For help in doing so,
see the handout "Tailoring Your Setup: .cshrc".
Files and Commands that Deal with Files
Most programs and data you use will be stored in "files". A file is
an area of storage to which you assign a name. You can put anything
you want into a file: a program, a set of data, or a paper you are
writing. You usually decide what you want to call a file when you
first create it and start putting data into it. However you can
change the name later if you want to (with "mv").
Each file has a name. Normally the person who creates the file chooses the name. Names are from 1 to 255 characters, normally letters, digits, and some special characters such as "." and "_". There is a naming convention that you will do well to follow. Although it is not strictly necessary, it will help the system programs to figure out what you are doing. Under this convention, file names have at most one "." in them. The part of the name after the "." is called the "extension". It is used to describe what sort of thing is in the file. For example, "prog.p" is probably a Pascal source program, since ".p" is the extension normally used for Pascal. Similarly "prog.o" is probably a relocatable binary file, produced by compiling prog.p. Normally executable programs are given names without dots at all.
A collection of files belonging to a particular user, is called a "directory". The login procedure puts you in your own directory. When you refer to file names with no special qualification, you will get a file by that name in your directory. In order to refer to a file in another directory, you must specify the directory name in front of the file name. Directory names normally have "/"'s around them. For example, the file name "project.p" would be a file in your own directory. "/bin/rm" is a file in the directory "/bin". "/usr/ucb/mail" is a file in the directory "/usr/ucb". Normally you will be using files only in your own directory, except for systems programs that you run.
Most commands let you specify more than one file at a time. For example, to remove files "x" and "y", you could say "rm x y". ("rm" is the "remove" command.) There is also a shorthand that makes it easier for you to specify several files. The characters "*" and "?" in a filename act as "wildcards". A filename that includes one of them is actually a pattern. It expands to include a list of all files that match the pattern. For example, "rm *.s" would remove all files whose name ends in ".s". That's because * matches any character or sequence of characters. There can be more than one * in a name. E.g. "*pro*" will match all files with "pro" somewhere in their name. Since * will match the null string, this includes names that begin or end with "pro". The character "?" is used less often. It match any one character. So "rm ?.s" matches only files whose names have exactly 3 characters, the last of which are ".s"
In Unix, everything on the system is considered to be a file. The things that aren't really files are typically allocated pseudo-filenames in the directory "/dev". Thus your terminal is "/dev/tty", and the tape drive "/dev/mt0".
Common Commands Dealing with Files
Here are the most common commands that deal with files. Note that
the following list does not show how to create or edit a file. This
is done with an editor, which is the subject of a separate section.
If you just type "ls", it will list all of the files in your directory.
The first option you have is to give it a filename to look for. "ls *.p" will show you all files than end in ".p". "ls /bin/a*" will show you all files starting with "a" in directory /bin.
So far all you will have seen are lists of filenames. It is also possible to ask "ls" to give you more information about a file. That's where the options come in. Options give extra details about how you want the command to be executed. Normally the options come right after the name of the command, with a hyphen in front of it. For example, "ls -l" will give you a "long-form" directory listing. For each file, this will show its size, creation date, owner, etc. If you wanted to see this information for all files ending in ".p", you would put the option before the file names, i.e. "ls -l *.p". If you want to specify more than one option, put all of the letters after the hyphen, e.g. "ls -lt" will give you a long-form listing, sorted by creation time. This is useful for reviewing the files you have created recently, since those will show up first. Here are the most common options for ls:
In order to print a file on a printer, you need to know two things:
the name
of the printer, and what kind of file you're printing.
There are so many printers that we're not going
to list them here. In general, you should find a printer near
where you're working, and ask the staff what its name is.
However you can only print if the printer is attached to the
network and will accept printouts from Unix. The RUCS public
facilities all have such printers. So do many departments.
On our Suns, the command "printers" will list printers that
are valid on your machine.
Now for file type: Most files you deal with will be plain text files. These are files that you create or edit in a text editor such as emacs. You can print files like this without any special precautions. However when your file comes out of a program, you need to be a bit careful. If you want to see whether a file is printable, look at it using "more" or "emacs". If it looks normal in more, you can print it. You can also print Postscript files. They start with a line like this:
Many files can't be printed on a printer at all. For example, the output of a compiler is a binary executable file. It makes no sense to print it. It would come out as junk. In other cases, the file can be printed, but it requires a special program. The most common examples are the output of TeX or LaTeX, and graphics files such as .GIF files or files produced by the Island tools.
In these cases, you need a program that understands the file and can convert it into printable output. At Rutgers, you normally want the printable output in a format called "Postscript". Postscript is a special language that can be used to describe graphics, special effects such as boldface or italics, etc. There are "filters" to convert just about everything conceivable into Postscript format.
It used to be that we tried to do file conversion automatically as part of the print program. This has turned out to be a bad idea. If you look at the printer documentation, you'll find that options to do this are still around. However they don't always work well, and we will probably be removing some of them in the future. Now if you want to print something that needs conversion, we recommend that you run the converter program yourself. In many cases, the converter program can print the file automatically. The most command case is TeX and LaTeX (languages used for document processing). They produce output in a special format called DVI. We use a converter called "dvips" to convert this into Postscript.
Once you know the printer name, and any conversions needed, you can issue the print command. If the file is plain text or it's already been converted to Postscript, you can issue a simple print command, e.g.
lpr -P printer filename
If your file needs conversion, there are two possibilities. Some of the converter programs will issue the print command for you. dvips is an example of this. So to print a DVI file you could use the command
dvips -P printer filenameIn other cases, the converter is a "filter". This means that it puts the converted output to "standard out". Filters are designed to be stuck together with the print command using "|" (the "pipe" character). For example, "ras2ps" is a converter that takes a Sun rasterfile (which is produced by certain programs that make a copy of your screen) and produces Postscript on standard output. So to print a raster file, you would use
ras2ps filename | lp -d printer
The man page should tell you whether the program sends the file to the printer itself, puts the output into a file, or puts it to standard output. If the program sends the file to the printer itself, that's all you need. If it puts the output into a file, then you'll need to use lp or lpr to print the file. If it puts the output to standard output, then you'll need to use "| lp" or "| lpr" after the program.
lp and lpr have many options. You should look at the man page to see what they are.
Disk quotas
In order to prevent one user from using hogging all the space, we have
disk quotas on many of our systems. You are not allowed to use more
space on a given file system than your. To find out what your quota is, type the command
"quota -v". (Quota with no argument only prints something if you
are over quota. It's suitable for use in .login.)
Here is an example of what you will see:
Disk quotas for hedrick (uid 103): Filesystem usage quota limit timeleft files quota limit /ug/u1 69 1 3500 7.0 days 0 0 0 /ug/u2 0 1000 5000 0 0 0
In order to keep people honest, we have to make sure that you don't stay over your quota too much. The idea is that you are supposed to get your usage down to the quota when you log out. In login, this is checked. If you are over quota when you log in, you will get a warning message. It will say something like "Over disk quota on /ug/u1, remove 1K within 7.0 days". If you use the quota command, you will now see 7.0 days in the timeleft column. If you do not get within quota by that time, the system will conclude that you are a hopeless pig, and prevent you from creating any more files until you fix the problem. At that point, you will have to delete enough files to bring your usage down to the quota. You will then have to log out and log in again.
There is a possible problem with quotas. Current usage refers to all files that you own. That is, all files that show your name in the owner column when you do "ls -l". You own every file that you created. You also own your own mail file. So if someone sends you a lot of mail, this can put you over your quota. Also, if you copy a file into someone else's directory, you still own it, and it is still counted against your quota. If you want to give someone else a file, you should let them copy it. Note that current usage also counts files that have not yet been closed. If a program is still running, it may be using disk space that does not show in an "ls -l" command.
The following sections give more details about files and about using commands. On your first reading, you may want to skip to Using the Documentation and Help Facilities.
More about Directories and "cd"
Every user has a "home directory". This is a directory that is
associated with the user name. Normally it has the same name as the
user name, although there may be another directory or two above it.
For example, the user hedrick might have a home directory
Most users end up with so many files that it is hard to keep track of them all. They end up wanting to create more directories. For example, they may have separate directories for each course they are working on. Normally these additional directories are put within the user's home directory. Thus if hedrick is taking courses 431 and 435, he might create directories /u2/hedrick/cs431 and /u2/hedrick/cs435.
To create a directory, use the command "mkdir". For example, "mkdir /u2/hedrick/cs435". As with file names, you often will not bother to type out the entire directory name. If you are currently in /u2/hedrick, it would be easier to type just "mkdir cs435".
At any moment you are always in some directory. In various documentation this is called your "current directory" or your "working directory". (To my embarrassment, some of our documentation calls it your "connected directory". This terminology is from TOPS-20, our previous operating system. It does not apply to Unix.) If you mention a file name but don't specify a directory, it refers to this current directory. That is, if you in "/u2/hedrick", then the filename "prog.p" means "/u2/hedrick/prog.p". You change current directories using the command "cd". The full form would involve naming the whole directory, e.g. "cd /u2/hedrick/cs431". As usual, you will often not bother to do this. For example, if you were already in /u2/hedrick, then "cd cs431" would change your directory to "/u2/hedrick/cs431".
The "pwd" command prints the current directory, in case you have forgotten. (pwd stands for Print Working Directory.)
Be sure you know where you are before you do mkdir. Otherwise you can have unintended effects. For example, suppose you were in /u2/hedrick/cs435 and you did "mkdir cs431". You would end up with /u2/hedrick/cs435/cs431. That's probably not what you intended. Of course if you want to be safe, you can use the full form: "mkdir /u2/hedrick/cs431".
The abbreviation ".." means the directory above the current one. This can be handy for getting back up to your home directory. If you were in /u2/hedrick/cs431, then "cd .." would get you to /u2/hedrick. You can use .. with other things, e.g. "cd ../cs435" would take you up to /u2/hedrick and then back down to /u2/hedrick/cs435.
The abbreviation "." means the current directory. This isn't normally needed, since this is the default. However a few commands require you to specify a directory names, and "." can be useful then.
More About Specifying Other Files Belonging to Other Users
It would be nice if the way to access Smith's files was always to give
a file name starting with /smith. Unfortunately, things are not so
pleasant. For efficiency reasons, Unix system managers do not
generally put everything on the same file system. Thus you are likely
to find two more levels of directory than you would expect. Typically
users' directories have names like /ug/u1/smith and /grad/u2/jones.
The top level directories represent separate file systems. These may
be separate disk drives, or at least separate at least separate
physical parts of the same disk drive. On most large Unix systems,
there are at least 3 file systems: /, /usr, and at least one more file
system for user directories. None of this matters particularly to
you, except that it makes it harder for you to figure out where to
look for a given user's files. For this reason, there is a special
syntax: ~user. ~jones means the home directory for the user named
"jones". It expands to /ug/u1/jones, /ug/u2/jones, or whereever jones may
happen to be. So to refer to the file prog.p on hedrick's directory,
you would type "~hedrick/prog.p".
Some Useful Details: Ownership and Privacy
Unix allows you to control who can access your files. If you don't do
anything special, anyone on the system can read or execute any of your
files. However you can do things to exercize more control over file
You can control access at two levels: the individual file, or the whole directory. In order to get to one of your files, someone else must have the authorization to look in your directory. If he can't look in your directory, then nothing else matters. Once he can look into your directory, then each individual file has its own code to say what he can do. So you can lock out users from individual files by changing the file permissions. Or you can lock them out from the whole directory by changing the directory's permissions. (In some of our documentation, the term "protection" is used rather than "permission". The proper Unix term is "permission.")
Some aspects of file protection depend upon "groups". A group is a set of users. It has a group id, which is a number, and a group name. The groups are set up by the system administrator. Normally they represent classes and research projects. So there is a group "cs431-a", which contains all students in Computer Science 431, section A. There is also a group "vlsi-design", which contains all users in the VLSI design project. One of the things you can do is to say that everyone in a certain group can access your files. If you find that you need a group that is not already defined, you should contact your system administrator, by sending email to the pseudo-user "help". The groups are listed in the file /etc/group.
In order to provide you with maximum flexibility, Unix allows each file to have three attributes that affect who can access it.
The commands "chown", "chgrp", and "chmod" are used to change the owner, group, and mode of a file. (However only a superuser can use chown.)
Although the mode is actually a number, you normally look at it by using the "ls -l" command. It displays the mode in a form that looks like the first line below.
-rwxr-x--- xxx owner xxx group xxx others r read w write x execute (search for directory)There are three groups of three letters. The first group applies to the owner, the second to the group, and the third to all others. The letters mean read, write, and execute. So the code "-rwxr-x---" means that the owner can do anything; others in his group can read or execute the program, but not change it; and others can't do anything with it at all.
As mentioned above, in order to be able to access one of your files, a user must have the appropriate permission in the file mode, but he must also have access to the directory itself. The protection bits have a slightly different meaning for directories. Read allows the user to read the directory as a file. In practice, this controls whether he can do wildcard operations such as listing all the files in the directory. Write controls whether he can do operations that involve changing the directory, i.e. create or remove files. Execute controls whether he can open existing files. If execute is missing, the user cannot open any file in the directory, even if the files themselves have permissions that would allow him to do so. If the execute bit is on, then the user can do operations on individual files according to their permissions.
Typically directories are set up to have modes "-rwxr-xr-x", which means that the owner can do anything, and everyone else can access files according to their individual modes. The "r-x" allows other users to look into the directory and at the files in the directory. Because "w" is missing, the other users can't create new files in the directory. If you wanted to have a totally private directory, you would use "-rwx------". In this case, no one else could look at anything in it. If you wanted members of your group to be able to create files in your directory, you might use "-rwxrwxr-x".
In Unix, file names and files are conceptually separate. It is perfectly possible to have two different names for the same file. In that case, there are simply two different directory entries that point to the same file. In order to avoid confusion, the term "i-node" is used to refer to the file as a physical entity. So we would say that a file with two names is an "i-node" having two directory entries that point to it. We refer to the connection between a directory entry and an i-node as a "link".
The "ln" command can be used to link a new name to an i-node. The format is "ln old-name new-name". Note that it is perfectly possible for the two names to be in different directories. So you and your friend could share a file by using the "ln" command to create a second link to it. Note that the ownership information is part of the i-node. So the one that created the file initially would still own it. But it would appear identically in both of your directories. The file will continue to exist until both of you delete it. That is, the "rm" command really only removes the link from a name to an i-node. The i-node goes away when there are no more links to it.
There is an additional kind of link, a "symbolic link". This is a link from one name to another name, instead of from a name directly to an i-node. Suppose you wanted to make "myprog" in your directory point to your friend's version: "~smith/myprog". You could of course say "ln ~smith/myprog myprog". However if your friend ever deleted myprog and created a new one, your link would continue to point to the same i-node, namely the old file. So you might prefer to use a symbolic link: "ln -s ~smith/myprog myprog". This says that myprog in your directory is linked to ~smith/myprog, whatever it may happen to be at the moment. That is, instead of being linked to a particular physical file, it is linked to the name. Most people do not use symbolic links. A normal link (technically called a "hard link") will normally do the right thing. There are special provisions in the editors so that when you edit a file that has more than one link, all of the links are maintained. But there are some situations where a symbolic link may make sense.
Unless you are a super-user, you can't create a hard link between two directories. So one of the more common uses of symbolic links is for directories. Suppose you have a friend who is working with you on files in the directory /ug/u2/smith/cs431/source. You may not want to type all of that every time you want to access one of his files. So you might do "ln -s /ug/u2/smith/cs431/source smith". Then if you refer to "smith/foo" you will really get "/u2/smith/cs431/source/foo".
The Shell
The commands that you type to the system are processed by a program
called the "shell". The shell reads your command, and then calls a
program to execute it. The shell can't do very much on its own. But
it is an expert at coordinating other programs. There are several
different shells used on Unix. They all understand the same basic
commands, but they have different additional features. The shell that
we use at Rutgers is an extended version of the C Shell, called tcsh.
Users from Bell Labs or ATT may be used to the Bourne shell, or an
extended version called ksh. If you want to use that, you can use the
command "chsh yourname /bin/sh". chsh changes your default shell.
You will normally be talking to the "top-level" shell, that is the shell that is created when you log in. However some programs have commands that create another shell. You would normally use one of these commands if you are in the middle of something and suddenly need to do an "ls" or some other command. When you are in one of these subsidiary shells, the "exit" command will get you back to the program that called the shell. If you have not set ignoreeof, ^D will also exit from a shell.
Normally what you type to the shell is the name of a program followed by arguments. For example, when you type the command "rm *.p" (which deletes all files ending in .p), this is really a request to run the program "rm". Normally, the shell looks on your own directory first to see whether you have a program called "rm". If not, it then looks on a set of system directories where commands are normally kept. That allows you to create your own version of commands, which you will get instead of the normal ones. If you want to execute a program from someone else's directory, you can give a name that specifies the directory, e.g. "/fac/u1/hedrick/rm *.p" would run a program from the directory "/fac/u1/hedrick". The exact list of directories where the shell looks is defined by a variable called your "path". To change it, you can use a command such as
set path = (. /usr/local/bin /usr/ucb /usr/bin /bin /etc)"." means the current directory.
The shell processes the wildcards, * and ?. So if you type a command such as "rm *.p", the shell looks in your directory for all files ending in ".p". It then run the program "rm", passing it an actual list of files, such as "lastprog.p prog1.p prog2.p". Thus means that individual programs don't have to have special provisions to deal with wildcards.
You can tell the shell to direct a program's primary input and output to something other than the terminal. This can be useful in case you want to put output in a file. For example, suppose you want to put a list of your files into "filelist". You could use the command
ls >filelistThe ">filelist" tells the shell to redirect the output from the "ls" program to the file "filelist". You can also redirect input, by using <.
You can direct one program's primary output directly into another program's primary input. (The device used for doing this is called a "pipe".) For example, suppose you have so many files that the "ls" command fills up your screen 3 times. You might do the following:
ls | moreThis directs the output from "ls" into the program "more". More is a program that prints its input, stopping every N lines (where N is the length of your terminal screen). You can construct long chains of programs in this way, e.g.
ls | sort | morewhich passes output from "ls" through "sort", and then to "more".
Many commands let you specify options. Normally options begin with a "-". For example, the "ls" command has options "-l" (long form listing) and "-t" (sort in order of creation time). You normally put options before any other arguments. Thus the following commands would be legal:
ls -l ls -l *.pThere are two different ways of specifying more than one option. Either you can specify the options separately, e.g. "-l -t", or you can combine them into a single option "-lt". Many commands accept either one. However you may run into occasional commands that require one or the other syntax. The documentation for each command describes the exact syntax that it is prepared to accept.
The following sections describe some more sophisticated features of the C shell. You may not want to read them the first time through. If not, skip to the next chapter.
Job control
The C shell allows you to run and keep track of more than one process
at a time. For reasons known only to the folks at Berkeley, the
processes running under control of the shell are known as "jobs".
This terminology is potentially confusing, since the term job is more
commonly used to refer to an entire session, i.e. to everything that
you are doing.
When you type a normal command, the shell starts the program you have requested, and waits until it is finished. If this were the only tool available to you, you could only do one thing at a time. You can interrupt a process by typing ^C, but this kills the process. So this still doesn't let you do more than one thing at a time.
The first, and most common, way to do more than one thing is to put a "&" at the end of a command. E.g. suppose you want to get a list of all the files on your directories, and you don't want to wait for this to finish. You might type
ls -R >files &The & specifies that the shell should start the command but not wait for it to finish. You can now issue more commands, and forget that the "ls" is still happening. A program that is running this way is "in the background". That is, it does not interfere with anything else you might be doing.
There is some question about what should happen to the terminal when a background job is running. In the example I just showed, the "ls" command sent its output to a file. But suppose you did "ls -R &". This command would still run in the background, and you could still proceed to do other things, but all the output from the command would come to the terminal. Since "ls" produces output continuously, it wouldn't be very practical for you to try to do anything else while it was running. The situation is even more interesting if the program reads from the terminal. Suppose a background program tries to read from the terminal at the same time that the shell is waiting for a command. You would have no way to know where your input is going to go. For this reason, the system will normally stop a background program when it tries to read from the terminal. The assumption is that you will eventually notice that the program is waiting for input, and will continue it as a normal "foreground" program.
The other way to get more than one thing happening at a time is the ^Z command. This stops the currently running job. But unlike ^C, it leaves the job around. You will be able to continue it later. Suppose you are typing a mail message and realize that you have to look something up in order to include it in the message. You can type ^Z. This will stop the mail program, but leave it around. You then look at whatever you need. You can come back to the mail program by typing "%mail". You can also continue a job in the background by doing "%name &". In the case of mail that wouldn't be too useful, since mail is going to need input from the terminal. But some programs ask a few questions and then go off and compute. In that case, you might run the program, answer the questions, and then type ^Z followed by "%name &" to get it into the background.
Before you can really use all of these commands, you need to know how to refer to a job. To get the terminology straight, let's start by looking at the output of the command "jobs":
geneva> jobs [1] Running ls -R / [2] - Stopped mail hedrick [3] + Stopped emacsHere we see a situation where there are 2 jobs stopped by ^Z and one running in the background. (It must be in the background, since otherwise I couldn't ever have typed the "jobs" command.) There are four different ways to refer to one of these jobs:
There are actually two different ways to continue a job. You can simply use the job name as a command, e.g. "%3" or "%emacs". Or you can use the "fg" or "bg" commands, which continue a specified job in the foreground or the background. "fg" and "bg" default to the current job. If you have just stopped a job, "fg" is probably the most convenient way to continue it, since you don't have to think about what to call it. But if you want to continue some previous job, it is probably easier to type a command like "%emacs", rather than "fg %emacs".
Two other useful commands commands that deal with processes are "kill" and "stop". Both of these allow either %name or %number. Kill also allows a system-wide pid. In general, kill is equivalent to ^C. That is, it gets rid of a job permanently. You would normally use it to kill a job that is stopped or running in the background. (If the job is running normally, you would just type ^C.) Some programs will trap the kill command. If you want to get rid of them, you have to use "kill -9", e.g. "kill -9 %emacs". This can be slightly dangerous. Normally processes trap a kill because they want to be able to clean up after themselves. If you use kill -9, they may leave temporary files lying around, etc.
The stop command is equivalent to ^Z. You would normally use it for a job that is running in the background. (It wouldn't make any sense for a job that is already stopped, and for a normal job, you would just type ^Z.)
Using the Documentation and Help Facilities
Man Pages
Unix has fairly complete documentation online. That is, for
each command or program, there is supposed to be a "manual page"
that describes it. To access these manual pages, you use the
"man" command. For example, "man ls" prints the manual page
describing the "ls" command.
In order to use the man command, there are some things you should know. First, for substantial programs, the manual pages are not complete. The intent is that they should tell you how to run things, but they should be short enough to read on your terminal. So "man pascal" will tell you how to run the Pascal compiler, and list all of the options. But it will not print out a complete Pascal language reference manual. There are separate manuals for the languages, the mail system, the document processors, and certain other complex pieces of software. Generally the manual page will refer to this separate documentation if it exists. Larger documents are normally put in the directory /usr/doc.
Second, the manual pages are organized into chapters. It is sometimes helpful to know what the chapters mean. For example if you ask "apropos" what documentation there is on "unlink" it will offer you man pages from sections 2 and 3. It is useful to know that section 2 is system calls and section 3 is subroutines. So if you were looking for the Fortran subroutine, you would want the one in section 3. Here are the chapters:
Note that Berkeley and System V used different numbering conventions, and this difference has carried over to Solaris. Solaris has additional suffixes for sections 1, 3, 4, 7, and 9. For example, section 1 has the following subsections under Solaris:
Section 3 has many subsections. Here are some of the more useful:
If you want to get an overview of what is in a given section, you can use a command like "man 3 intro", which will print the introduction to chapter 3.
You can get an overview of one of these subsections by typing a command like "man 3f intro".
The "man" command is useful for finding a description when you know what something is called. But suppose you want to remove a file, but you can't remember the name of the command that does that. The "man" command can't help you, because you don't know what to look up. "apropos" is designed for these situations. apropos searches an index containing the titles of all the man pages. It prints all title lines containing its argument. So "apropos remove" would print all title lines that contain the word "remove". Generally the title lines are written so that they contain most of the keywords people would use for looking them up. Of course you do still need to know something about Unix terminology. (E.g. you have to know to look for "remove" instead of "delete".)
By a judicious combination of "apropos" and "man", you should be able to find anything you want to about the system. What these will not do is give you overall system conventions, and the context you need to make sense out of these pages. (That is what this document is for.)
Full Documentation
The man pages are intended to be fairly brief documents, that can be
read on a terminal. There are also full-scale reference manuals
describing the system and most of its software.
Many people it helpful to buy books about Unix or some Unix programs. Several local bookstores now carry a good collection of computer books (e.g. Borders). The publisher O'Reilly is particularly known for producing good books about Unix and Unix-related topics. If you want to learn how to write programs for X, their books are almost essential. They also publish detailed manuals about many topics related to system administration. However we don't know of anything that's good for just teaching you how to use Unix and debug programs. (That's why I've spent the time to write these handouts.) This set of online documents, plus the man pages, may be all you need as a general introduction. For complete novices, we sometimes recommend "Unix for Dummies". However it spends much of its time describing files and other basic concepts. People who have gone through the first semester computer science course shouldn't need it.
Editors: Creating and Changing Files
When you want to create a new program or change an existing one,
you will use an editor. An editor is a program that reads in a file,
lets you modify it, and then writes out an updated copy of it.
The editors that we use are "full-screen" editors. This means
that they display a piece of your file on the screen. In order to
change or add to the file, you move the cursor around the screen until
it is pointing to the place where you want to make the change. Then you
use editor commands to delete and/or insert things. The changes that
you make show up immediately on the screen. Of course it is also
possible to move the "window", i.e. to change which portion of the
file is showing on your screen.
When you are in an editor, you are actually working with a copy of the file. That is, the changes that you make do not show up in the file itself, but rather in a copy of that file that the editor maintains in memory. When you are satisfied with your changes, you instruct the editor to make the changes in the permanent copy of the file. Sometimes something horrible will happen while you are editing. If you want to forget all of your changes, you can exit from the editor without writing the changes back into the file. In this case, the file will not be changed at all.
Editors are very different in their commands from the rest of Unix. In most programs, commands are words or abbreviations. They are designed to be easy to remember and read. However in an editor, commands are usually single characters. Initially, this makes most editors look somewhat cryptic. However there is a good reason. You will be using the editor so much that you would quickly become tired of long commands. For example, if you want to move the cursor down 4 lines, it is very easy to hit the downarrow key 4 times. How would you like to have to type the word "down" 4 times? Normally commands are typed "in the dark". That is, you don't see the command on the screen as you are typing. Instead, you see its effect. For example, when you type a delete command, the character you are deleting disappears from the screen. You don't see the delete command itself.
Most of our users will use the editor EMACS. So the following section describes it in more detail. There are several other text editors available on the system. You can use any of them that you prefer. One advantage of EMACS is that it is available on almost every system at the University. It is also available for most common PC operating systems.
To edit a file using EMACS, just type "emacs filename". This works
whether the file exists or not. If the file does not exist, it
will be created the first time you use a command that updates the
You may get an error message "emacs: terminal "xxx" isn't powerful enough to run Emacs." Normally this means that the system does not know what kind of terminal you are using, or the type you have specified is not known. This probably means that you specified the wrong thing when you logged in. Try the command "echo $TERM" to see what the system thinks your terminal type is. You can change it to another type by using "set term", e.g. "set term = vt100".
The best introduction to EMACS is the EMACS tutorial program, "teach-emacs". To enter the tutorial, type the command "teach-emacs" from Unix command level. The following sections will give you a quick introduction, which should be enough to let you do some useful work.
In EMACS, there is no distinction between "command mode" and "insert mode", as there is in most editors. Whenever you type a normal printable character, it is inserted in the file immediately. The commands are all control characters or something equally unusual. Since you normally don't want to put control characters into your text, it is easy enough to tell what things are commands and what are text that you want to go into your file. So in EMACS, to add some new text, you just get to the right place and start typing. To execute a command, just type it.
As it turns out, there weren't enough different control characters to satisfy the designers of EMACS. They wanted more commands. So there are also some prefix characters that are used to make up 2-character commands. The most common ones are "escape" and "^x". "escape" following by anything is a command. So is "^x" followed by anything. (Escape is a special key, normally labelled "ESCAPE" or "ESC". On some older terminals it is labelled "ALTMODE" or "ALT".) Actually escape has one other use: escape followed by a number sets up a count for the next command. For example, "^d" deletes the next character. "escape 5 ^d" deletes the next 5 characters. [It's hard to write these key sequences. "escape 5 ^d" represents three keypresses: escape, 5, and control-d.]
The most common commands are put on a separate "keypad". This is a special set of keys to the right of the normal keyboard. On most of our terminals, the keys are labelled with the digits, and look like the keyboard of a desk calculator. When you use them in EMACS, you should ignore the labels. The most important keys are used to move the cursor around the screen.
what they do how they are labelled up 8 left right 4 6 down 2
Here are enough other commands to get you started doing useful work.
It is probably useful to give some additional information about some of these commands. There are two reasonable ways to add a new line. One is to go to the end of the line before the place where you want to put it and hit the carriage return to create the new line. The other is to go to the beginning of the line after it and hit "^o". In either case, the cursor will be left on the new line, ready for you to type in new text.
^k has a somewhat odd but useful definition. If you are in the middle of a line, it deletes the rest of the line. If you are at the end of the line, it deletes the newline at the end. That is, it joins the next line to the end of the current one. If you want to kill the whole line, this means that you should get to the beginning of it and do "^k" twice. The first time clears the line. The second time gets rid of the newline at the end.
^k can be used with ^y to move text around. When you kill lines with ^k, they are remembered in a "kill buffer". You can then to somewhere else and do ^y. This will cause the lines that you killed to be resurrected at the current location. You can put the same lines several places by doing ^y in several places. NB: If you do a few ^k's, then move the cursor, then do a few more ^k's, only the last set of lines killed will be in the kill buffer. Of course if you know how many lines you want to move, it is easier to do "escape 5 ^k" than ^k 10 times. (10 times because you have to type ^k twice to kill a single line.)
To exit from EMACS, first write out the updated version of the file by typing "^x^s", and then leave by typing "^x^c".
EMACS protects you against various kinds of disaster by keeping backup copies of your file. These have the same name as the original file, with .BCK or .CKP added to the end. If may find it a good idea to do "rm *.BCK *.CKP" now and then.
Related documents
This document includes general-purpose commands. There are several
related documents that you will probably want to look at --


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According to a June 2010 survey by Investor Protection Trust, more than 7.3 million senior citizens—roughly 20 percent of Americans aged 65 or older--already have "been taken advantage of financially in terms of an inappropriate investment, unreasonably high fees for financial services, or outright fraud."
"Having a serious conversation with your elderly parents about how they are managing their money is not easy, but it is extremely important in order to help protect them from unscrupulous crooks," said Alison Southwick, BBB spokesperson. "It's extremely important to keep the lines of communication open so that you can identify suspicious spending habits, as well as educate your elder family members on recognizing the red flags of common cons."
BBB warns against the following three scams that commonly target senior citizens:
Sweepstakes and Lottery Scams –Typically, the victim receives a letter in the mail stating they have won a lottery or sweepstakes; it might even claim to be from Publisher's Clearing House or Reader's Digest. The letter instructs the victim to deposit an enclosed check and then wire a portion back to the company to cover taxes or administration fees. While the funds will initially show up in the bank account, the money will be removed when the bank determines the check is fake. The victim is out whatever they wired back to the scammers—often amounting to thousands of dollars.
Medicare Scams – Navigating the Medicare system isn't easy and some scammers will look for any opportunity to take advantage of the confusion. Commonly, a scammer will claim to be with Medicare and ask for personal information such as Medicare, Medicaid, social security, credit card or bank account numbers. The victim might be given any number of excuses to provide this information including that an error needs to be fixed, that he or she is part of a survey or eligible to receive free products or can sign up for a new prescription drug plan.
Bereavement Scams – Scammers will often try to take advantage of the increased vulnerability of senior citizens who have recently lost a loved one, such as a spouse. In one recent example, a mother and daughter team in Ohio would find targets by scouring the obituaries. They would then call the widow or widower and claim that their spouse had outstanding debts that needed to be paid immediately. Victims would then provide a blank check or credit card.
Deceptive Professionals – While many scams targeting senior citizens might not have a face, some scammers will be invited in the front door including technicians, contractors, chimney sweeps, air duct cleaners and other services. Some professionals will lie about the extent of the problem or claim safety issues and then inflate prices for unsuspecting senior customers.
Investment and Work at Home Opportunities - Promises of easy money often target older adults because they may be looking to supplement their income. The pitch might come in the form of an investment opportunity that promises big returns, or as a way to make money at home for an upfront cost. Regardless of the specifics, the victim is offered what sounds like a great opportunity but the extra income never materializes.
For more advice on avoiding scams and fraud visit: www.bbb.org/us/consumer-tips-scams/


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Luxury fibres and fabrics: Challenges and opportunities
By MJ Deschamps | 1 November 2012
Clothing labels worldwide are usually a standard read, with fibre names such as 'cotton,' 'nylon' and 'polyester' remaining constant from season to season. But when it comes to luxury textiles, there seem to be more evolving trends in terms of fibres used - along with more dynamic changes in supply and demand.
Richard Gough, managing director at Australia's St Albans Textiles - a major manufacturer of products made from natural fibres such as mohair and alpaca - said that currently, consumers are very much looking for "purity" in the fibres they purchase.
"They want to know the chain in manufacturing, [and] they are happy to pay for luxury with the story," he said.
Presently, said Mr Gough, alpaca and cashmere are two of the most sought after luxury fabrics.
However, he said, there has been a slight shift when it comes to actual cashmere production: "Cashmere [spun and knitted in] Europe is the best - but most product comes now from cashmere yarn spun in China," said Mr Gough.
He added there is an overall trend in terms of sourcing high-end textiles: "With yarn - not so much with fibre - China is a dominant force, and many top European houses have moved their skills to China for the price."
Regional setbacks
Looking at luxury fibres that have lost prominence in recent years, Gough said that wool in particular "has really taken a beating," suggesting this may be accredited to a combination of factors.
Part of this is technical and about cost - with an increasing trend of 'mixing' fibres. But environmentalist campaigns have also had an effect in dampening wool demand - with campaigns by global animal rights organisation PETA against sheep shearing and wool production having an impact.
Overall, said Gough, the global sourcing of luxury fibres has been affected in recent years by both environmental and economic climate. For example, he said, Australia's long drought (which ended this year) "has played a major role, as has the dollar worldwide...mills are closing and processors are struggling."
Gough added that consistency of supply can also be an issue as, "depending on the animal and country, food over fibre has taken its toll."
Luxury demand holding up
Despite some regional setbacks however, Peruvian luxury fashion designer and consultant José Miguel Valdivia said that demand for luxury fibres in general remains strong.
"Luxury items from all over the world have had an incredible boost over the last few years - despite the big international financial crisis," he said. "People are looking for something more sure and safe in clothing."
Anne Pastré, owner and founder of Muriée, a Germany-based brand specialising in organic luxury cashmere knits agreed: "Luxury fibres have seen a renaissance during the years of [economic] crises - the consumer has become aware of the benefits of purchasing quality."
In fact, she said, her company has been seeing a rapidly increasing demand in recent years for its very high-quality cashmere.
"In economically challenging times, people are seeking warranties when buying an investment piece - cashmere is seen as a quality seal in itself; a fibre everybody connects with exclusivity and traditional luxury," said Pastré, adding that Muriée uses only the finest and longest cashmere fibres it can find, sourced from Inner Mongolia; spun by a specialised, family-run company in the south of Italy; and dyed in Austria with natural products including flowers, leaves and heartwood infusions.
She noted that silk is one fibre that has been disappearing from the luxury world for some years, mainly because of fashion requiring "more structured, polished and stable materials."
However, added Pastré, for about two to three fashion seasons now, there has been evidence of a revival of silk, "especially printed, and very fluid qualities thanks to designers like Phoebe Philo at Céline and Stella McCartney."
Raising the profile of Peru
In Peru, Valdivia, who works to promote the country's alpaca and vicuña fibre industries, said that throughout the global economic crisis, fine garments made of cashmere, vicuña and camel hair have been gaining popularity.
According to Valdivia, the Peruvian government and private companies in the country have been doing much promotional work, too, to help bring attention to these luxury fibres.
In terms of total global production, said Valdivia, approximately 90% of alpaca and 95% of vicuña originates from Peru.
And since the mid-1900s, Peru has been selling these fibres primarily to Italy, where luxury fashion brands have been transforming them into fine garments. "Many of the big companies in Peru have an Italian partner," Valdivia added.
Three years ago for example, he said, Louis Vuitton put out a collection made up mostly of knits fabricated from alpaca fibres.
He argued vicuña is a fibre even more coveted than cashmere, adding that one metre of vicuña fabric can run anywhere between US$1,800 and US$3,000. "It is a very rare and fine fibre, and brands like Armani and Loro Piana are using it very exclusively," he said. "Italy is purchasing fibres that come from Peru and making the yarn."
But with alpaca and vicuña gaining popularity, Valdivia said that companies are now looking to manufacture in Peru.
"In the past, certain countries in South America were not known for quality or security [in terms of manufacturing]...but we are now at a very good level of production, security and delivery - we can sell good products now from Peru on the luxury or high end market."
Lower cost concerns
With some production in China as of late producing mixes - for example, 5% cashmere blends - and more cost-efficient manufacturing, there has been some concern that people might seek out lower cost alternatives to luxury.
However, said Valdivia, "the 'real' cashmere people continue to look for real cashmere."
And when it comes to luxury brands, themselves, Pastré said that most remain loyal to their high-quality fibre and yarn suppliers - despite economic pressures. For Muriée's cashmere yarn, for instance, she said the brand sources from just one Italian company that specialises in that one fibre.
"A personal and lasting relationship with suppliers is fundamental in order to be able to guarantee the highest level of quality in every step - from fibre to finished yarn," said Pastré.
Sectors: Apparel, Fibres & fabrics, Manufacturing, Sourcing
Companies: Gucci Group
An interactive databank with intelligence on the major apparel sourcing countries
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DAHLIA OSMAN had a dream - to leave corporate life and open a small cafe. Two-and-a-half years ago, that dream became a reality in Mazag Cafe, on 10th Street in the Italian Market.
The Egyptian native was formerly an account manager in fiber communications, an experience she says prepared her to own a restaurant by teaching her financial skills and the ability to deal with unexpected problems.
Osman says mazag means "good mood" in Arabic. In general that's what you'll find here. Recently, she revamped the menu to make Mazag more of a cafe than a restaurant.


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Get ready for the first information on FIFA 14, with EA Sports confirming on Twitter than the game will be officially revealed today.
A Tweet posted yesterday afternoon read: "RETWEET if you're ready for #FIFA14 news tomorrow!"
Accompanying the teasing message was a picture of FC Messi and the number 14.
RETWEET if you're ready for #FIFA14 news tomorrow! twitter.com/EASPORTSFIFA/s…— EA SPORTS FIFA (@EASPORTSFIFA) April 16, 2013
VideoGamer.com Analysis
Are you ready for a new FIFA and what do you want to see in this year's game? There's also the expectation of next-gen, so would you consider double-dipping if a PS4/next Xbox version arrives a month or so after the current generation edition?
Source: Twitter


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Six North Sea sites, including Coquet to St Mary's and Farnes East, have been included in a second tranche of Marine Conservation Zones announced by the Government. The news was welcomed by Northumberland Wildlife Trust.
Marine Conservation Zones are vital to protect and restore the marine environment. Such areas are one of the best tools to protect marine wildlife effectively and restore our seas to their full potential following decades of neglect and decline. They are also needed for mobile species, such as whales, dolphins, basking sharks and seabirds, in order to create a network that is truly ecologically coherent.
Steve Lowe, head of conservation at Northumberland Wildlife Trust said: "We are pleased by the Government's commitment, to a second tranche of Marine Conservation Zones.
"I am delighted that there are six North Sea sites on the list - Coquet to St Marys, Farnes East, Runswick Bay, Compass Rose, Holderness Inshore and Cromer Shoal Chalk Beds and that the 27 areas designated at the end of last year were the first step towards an ecologically coherent network. We are buoyed by progress being made towards the next step in its creation.
"There is huge public support for greater protection of our seas using Marine Protected Areas. They are one of the best tools to protect marine wildlife effectively and restore our seas to their full potential, following decades of neglect and decline."
In November 2013, The Wildlife Trusts welcomed Defra's immediate designation of 27 Marine Conservation Zones, the first step towards the creation of an ecologically coherent network.
At that time, Marine Environment Minister George Eustice also announced plans to designate two more phases of MCZs over the next three years to complete the Government's contribution.


text: All faculty, students, and staff at the University of Arizona are assigned an official UA email account (email.arizona.edu). This is the address to which official university correspondence is directed by default. Members of PTYS/LPL also receive an LPL email account (lpl.arizona.edu). Be advised that you will either have to check both accounts, or forward/merge accounts. John Pursch can assist you in setting up your email account and providing instruction regarding access.


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The Brief: Texas Political News for Sept. 27, 2013
The Big Conversation
The same day state Sen. Wendy Davis made her gubernatorial bid all but official, another 2014 race showed new signs of life.
Davis, D-Fort Worth, announced on Thursday that she would unveil her political plans on Oct. 3 in the auditorium where she received her high school diploma, the Wiley G. Thomas Coliseum in Haltom City, a Fort Worth suburb. The announcement, as well as a Politico report on Thursday claiming that she has told several Democrats of her plans, confirmed speculation that has been building for weeks.
"Next week join your friends and neighbors ...


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its called a mega max backpack not sling
i got a backpack for my wii on launch night at toys r us. did anyone else buy one because i cant figure out how to put all the wii stuff into it
its called a mega max backpack not sling
Sweet that will be handy for when I take it to college.
Trading my Wii again! Come on home 360!
Games: Metroid Prime 3, Super Paper Mario, Ghost Squad, Link's Crossbow Training + Wii Zapper, Geometry Wars, Battalion Wars 2


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How do you write about that which seems impossible?
That's the thought that has entered my mind an infinite number of times over the last few months.
One more time, the impossible has happened - Joe Paterno has died.
Article Photos
AP file photo
Former Penn State football coach Joe Paterno stands with his team before they take the field against Wisconsin on Oct. 13, 2007, in University Park.
"He died as he lived," Paterno's family said in a statement shortly after his passing Sunday morning. "He fought hard until the end, stayed positive, thought only of others and constantly reminded everyone how blessed his life had been."
Joe always was a fighter. Whether it was critics saying he was too old and needed to retire, university officials trying to push him out the door after a few losing seasons, or an unthinkable child sexual abuse scandal involving his longtime, former defensive coordinator Jerry Sandusky, the wily old coach from Brooklyn was going to battle to the end.
I think back to my not-so-distant past, when I was a high school student trying to make that life-altering choice on where to continue my education. I didn't come from a "Penn State family" - my parents both attended West Chester University; my older sister went to a small college in New Jersey.
I grew up watching Penn State football on TV most fall Saturdays, but I would also watch teams like Florida, Texas, and, dare I say it, Notre Dame. I didn't have that connection to Happy Valley so many others did, so I had never felt that undying passion to one day call myself a Penn Stater.
But I also knew that I wanted to be part of something special, so without much wavering, I decided to come to Penn State.
That's the influence Joe had. Whether it was a five-star football recruit or just some dumb kid from the Philadelphia suburbs who had no clue what he wanted to do with his life, you knew that if you went to Penn State, Joe would somehow, in some way, steer you in the right direction.
Joe always coached his players to be good men above all else. He preached the importance of an education first, football second - a policy that seems almost unheard of in college athletics these days.
With a Joe Paterno team, you always knew what to expect - a steady running game, a concrete defense and a fight-to-the-end spirit. Despite calls for him to change his coaching style, he never did, and it always seemed to work out.
Joe led Penn State to two national titles and sent more than 350 players on to the professional level.
But Joe was much more than just a football coach to this university. He was more like a father, a grandfather, a friend and a mentor. He loved all those who loved Penn State, and we loved Penn State because of Joe.
Joe never made the top coaching salary in college football, although had he asked, he could have. But that just wasn't his style.
"What would I do with all that money?" he would say.
Instead, he gave a majority of his salary over the years back to the university in one way or another. He donated the money to build and expand the massive library on campus that I studied in. The school's Catholic Student Faith Center, another Paterno-funded project, bears the name of his wife, Sue. Joe and Sue have a scholarship in their name. And the list goes on and on.
The impact he had on this university will never be duplicated. No one can dispute that.
But along with all the good he has done, his name will forever be tied to the scandal that rocked Happy Valley this past fall and ultimately cost Joe his job. His name, cursed by some, will hopefully be restored to its righteous level when the dust settles.
Joe should not, and will not, be remembered for the black eye this university has recently suffered. I know that's not how I will remember him.
I'll remember the short, grey-haired man I ran out of shop class to see my senior year of high school when he was on a recruiting visit for my classmate, Pat Devlin.
I'll remember the feeling I had as a young journalist, sitting in a press conference just a few feet away from him for the first time. When he walked into that room, it might as well have been Jesus himself stepping up to the podium.
Most of all, I'll remember the excitement standing on the Penn State sideline that snowy, late-October evening as the Nittany Lions roared back to beat Illinois and give Joe his 409th, and final, win.
If you loved life, loved Penn State and had a good heart, you loved Joe Paterno. And he loved us all back.
"They ask me what I'd like written about me when I'm gone. I hope they write I made Penn State a better place, not just that I was a good football coach."
Here's to you, Joe.
Chris McFarland is news editor of The Sentinel. Contact him at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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This series chronicles my journey to hand-write 100 letters to McDonald's requesting Monopoly Game Pieces for their annual Monopoly Game sweepstakes. The game rules state that McDonald's will mail back 2 game pieces if a participant sends a self-addressed, stamped envelope (SASE) to McDonald's. There is no mention of a limit on the number of requests a participant can send, so I'm sending in 100 letters to see if 1) I can make back the money I spent on stamps and envelopes (around $117), 2) to see if McDonald's will live up to their claim and honor my 100 letters and 3) see if I win any cool stuff! For more details on how my journey began, read part 1 [3].
In part 1 of My Journey [3], I figured out my supplies, made a few stops at the office supply store, and made sure I had the right McDonald's address. Now it's writin' time.
Step 5: Let the writing begin!
So now I have everything laid out and I'm ready to write, write, write (and write). I start with the request envelopes, so I'm writing the McDonald's address in the center and my return address in the top left. As you can see, my handwriting is pretty much a modern form of hieroglyphics, so I have to make sure to be as legible as possible and not allow my legibility to taper off as I progress.
Step 6: Re-writing letters (Fail #2)
The downfall of speed-writing. I end up writing a few of the addresses upside down. This isn't a huge deal, but like I said in part 1, I want to make this as dead-simple as possible for the poor sap who has to send all these back. So I'll rewrite 10 or so envelopes.
Step 7: Stamping
I have 100 request letters written, and It's time to start stamping these bad boys.
A few minutes and later and…
This was actually one of the easier steps thanks to the stamps coming in roll form. This would have been 10 times more arduous having to peel off from a sheet, I think.
Step 8: Writing the return SASE envelopes
Writing the SASE envelopes is pretty easy, since I don't have to write any other information besides my own address.
Whew. Got that knocked out fairly easy. Now it's time to stamp these suckers.
Done. I'm getting close now 🙂
Step 9: Envelope stuffing
I can see the finish line ahead. This is one of the last steps and I'm burning through it quickly.
One last oogle at my conquest before the next step 😛
Step 10: Mailing time!
Time to chuck'em in the mail box.
Good riddance! The annoying part is that I have no idea when to expect McDonald's to send my return envelopes back with my pieces inside. Who knows how long it will take for them to send 100 return envelopes with 400 total Monopoly game stamps. I'm wondering if I'm going to get them back in bulk, or a few return envelopes every couple days. We'll see. The contest is scheduled to run for a few more weeks, so look out for part 3 whenever I start getting envelopes back!
Here's Part 3! [4]
Additional Photography provided by Offain Gunasekara


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There may be a shortage of sweet and sour cherry pies this year.
Ken Dries, owner of Dries Orchard in Sunbury, said the winter has hit his cherry trees hard.
"Crops that were really hurt were sweet cherries and sour cherries. There was a lot of bud damage. It froze before the blossoms opened up. That either happened during the winter when it went below zero or this spring when it was down in the low- to mid-20s a few weeks ago," Dries said.
Article Photos
JESSICA WELSHANS/Sun-Gazette Correspondent
Blossoms decorate an apple tree.
Snow and ice won't really hurt any fruit trees, but the temperatures is what really will affect a crop.
Cherries may not have made out well, but Dries is optimistic for the apple crop.
"They came through in good shape. Pears, too. They are hardier and take the cold temps," he said.
Dries said the peaches and nectarines at his orchard only experienced a little spot damage but came through OK.
Jacob Winter, owner of Winter's Orchard in Muncy, said the cold season wasn't hard on his orchard.
"Every thing looks normal right now. The cold didn't bother my apples. My biggest problem was the deer damage," Winter said.
About 100 of his delicious apple trees' buds were consumed by the deer.
"Pretty well cleaned out, but that is the way it goes," Winter said.
He said he hasn't talked to many others in the business yet, but it seemed like a normal winter for him.
"A lot of snow and cold. It was I seen flashback from the 80s when it was 20-25 below zero, but we didn't seen anything like that this year," Winter said.
He recently took cuttings from his trees and brought them into his home to force them to bloom and check for damage. He grows eight to nine varieties of apples.
"They were all full with buds," he said. "Right now, it's snow white up here with blooms."
As spring progresses, Pennsylvania orchards should be looking at a good crop of apples - provided that the area doesn't experience any hard frosts.
"Until Memorial Day, I worry all the time. It takes one good morning (of frost) at the right stage (of growth)," Winter said.
Dries uses a wind machine for frost protection at his orchard. This year he put in a second device.
A wind machine is a large and tall tower with a blade on top. He said it stands 30 feet high and has blades that are 23 feet in diameter.
"It is driven by a motor and it spins, drawing warm air from above and mixing it with cold air below, and (that) raises the temperature," Dries said.
Wind machines commonly are used in the industry, he said, most often in Florida and Washington state.
"We've not had to use it yet, and I don't see it in the near future," he said, but being in the fruit-growing business can be a gamble.
"We do not need a frost or hail, and (we need) enough rain, but not too much," Dries said with a laugh.
As for the cherries, Dries said, they probably will be very scarce.


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Was Tyler Perry Trying To Seduce Athlete?2
Via GossipJacker.net:
A former big name retired professional football player gave the following account:
In working with some nonprofit efforts with a certain movie mogul, the mogul visited the athletes home with some of his representatives. Once in the main area, he asked for a tour of the athlete's home. In hindsight, the athlete remembers the rest of the people sort of smirking and/or giggling to themselves. He didn't really put much stock in this until after what happened had happened.
The athlete took the mogul through his home and once on the second level, the mogul began closing the door behind him when they entered each room. The athlete thought it was a bit strange, but said nothing and continued on the tour. Finally, when they entered another room, the mogul once again closed the door behind him and just stood at the door this time. The athlete looked at him confused and said, "What's up with that?" The mogul said, "You know what's up…" and just stood there looking at him knowingly. They had a brief stand off and then the athlete, who is otherwise a very happy go lucky and non-confrontational person said, "N*gga what?!"
It all clicked and he was becoming enraged. Noticing the athlete had genuinely been totally clueless until this point and was not having it, the mogul awkwardly said, "I'm just playing with you" and opened the door flustered. Upon returning to the main area where the rest of the mogul's representatives were the athlete immediately told them he was cutting the visit short and would be in touch about the nonprofit plans.
On the athlete's part, there's no doubt in hindsight what exactly the mogul was trying to accomplish.
This isn't a shocking revelation to most, but I posted it because this first-hand source is VERY reliable and although it's not an over the top story, it's a very credible and solid one which I thought I should share.


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Enhancing Libido With Clary Sage
WARNING: Because oils are so strong, studies have NOT been done on the effects of this oil on a condom or other contraceptive products that may be used at the same time. It is safe to assume that it will cause the condom to weaken; therefore caution should be greatly exercised when Clary Sage is used if you are worried about a pregnancy.
IS CLARY SAGE SAFE? On the scientific side, Clary Sage contains over 250 constituents. Monoterpenes, camphene, myrcene, limonene; sesquiterpenes, monoterpenols (15%): linalol (6-16%) terpinene; sesquiterpenols; diterpenols: sclareol; Terpene esters (75%); linalyle acetate (62-76%); Ethers; oxides: 1,8 cineol, linalol oxide; Ketones; Aldehydes: Coumarins. Utah Clary Sage distilled contains 5-7% sclareol. "Many people mistakenly assume that the sclareol in Clary Sage acts like estrogen, even though it does not. Sclareol is not an estrogen, although it can mimic estrogen if there is an estrogen deficiency. If there is not an estrogen deficiency, sclareol will not create more estrogen in the body. As a rule, essential oils bring balance to the human body." People's Desk Reference for Essential Oils, p.64, Essential Science Publishing.
In layman terms, Clary Sage has been used in an effort to try to reduce high cholesterol, estrogen support (though it is NOT estrogen), supporting the hormones for a woman's menopause and PMS challenges. It is very relaxing and anti-fungal. Clary Sage is not a drug and is considered to safe when used as recommended. But with all things, moderation and wisdom are always the first rule.
As with the use of all Young Living Essential Oils, the persons using the oil becomes ultimately responsible for the reasonable use of the oil. Young Living oils are the finest in purity. NO PETRO-CHEMICALS are used. Great advice is to ALWAYS use THE PUREST, when applying to the sensitive areas of a person. THIS IS IMPORTANT!
COMPANION OILS TO CLARY SAGE: Cypress, Bergamot, Cedarwood, Geranium, Citrus oils, Juniper, Lavender, and Sandalwood.
PURCHASING CLARY SAGE: If you would like to purchase CLARY
SAGE or receive more information about becoming a distributor so you can purchase
it wholesale and sell it to others, please send an email to
Chris Anderson
NOTE: This page is the representation of the opinions of the Independent Distributor and not that of Young Living Essential Oils. The statements in this article have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent disease. Always consult your health care provider before using any essential oils you may have questions about.


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