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MARTINSBURG -Attorneys representing the city of Martinsburg and five police officers named in a $200 million civil rights lawsuit filed after police fatally shot a Virginia man more than 20 times last year are asking a federal judge to dismiss the case.
In a motion seeking a summary judgment filed Aug. 8, Morgantown attorney Boyd L. Warner and the Kay Casto & Chaney law firm moved the court to throw the lawsuit out, arguing there are "no disputed facts that would allow a reasonable juror to render a verdict against the defendants on the theories set forth in the complaint."
Attorneys argue that the officers are entitled to immunity, alleging that Wayne Arnold Jones, 50, of Stephens City, represented a lethal threat when he was shot and killed March 13, 2013. Attorneys representing the five officers argue that Jones remained a threat, even though he was shot while on the ground and despite deposition testimony from one of the officers involved that police continued to fire even after Jones was shot in the face.
The lawsuit was filed by attorney Sherman Lambert on behalf of the dead man's family. Jones was shot following an incident that began in the vicinity of the 100 block of South Queen Street. Jones was stopped by police and allegedly told them he had a weapon on his person, but, reportedly, wouldn't say what type of weapon he had. Jones was shot with a Taser twice after allegedly refusing police orders and later was fatally shot when police say he stabbed an officer with a knife during a scuffle with an officer on the ground.
The lawsuit accuses police of using unreasonable and excessive force, alleging officers shot Jones 15 to 25 times while he was on the ground. The five officers involved in the shooting have also been identified as Patrolman First Class Erik Herb, Patrolman First Class Daniel North, Patrolman William Staub, Patrolman Paul Lehman and Patrolman First Class Eric Neely.
In October 2013, a Berkeley County grand jury declined to return an indictment against the five officers involved in the shooting.
"Upon seeing a fellow officer being stabbed, an officer yelled 'knife' and all officers backed away, drawing their revolvers because deadly force was necessary. There is no dispute that a knife is a deadly weapon and there is no dispute that Officer Staub was stabbed or cut twice," the motion for summary judgment reads.
Transcripts of portions of April 29 deposition testimony the officers gave Lambert were filed in support of the motion for summary judgment. Lehman said after three to four shots were fired, Jones was still a threat in his mind because he said the knife was "still in play," court records show.
"He still had a knife and did not drop it. I didn't feel that the threat was eliminated at that time. I continued shooting a total of eight shots. I didn't think about individual shots," Lehman testified.
North was one of the officers who fell to the ground with Jones during the struggle. He testified that throughout the struggle, he kept hearing something about a knife.
"I heard something about a knife. At that time, I began disengaging, and officers began shouting, 'drop the knife, drop the knife.' I heard a shot. And at that time, I shot as well," North testified.
North said he didn't actually see the knife, only that someone yelled that there was one. He testified that he didn't know who shouted there was a knife. Prior to the shooting, North said officers got up and backed off but told Lambert that Jones remained a threat. He said he fired twice, but doesn't know if he shot Jones in the back.
"After you shot him the first time, was he perceived to be a threat to you then?," Lambert asked.
"I believe so," North said.
Staub said after he and North grabbed Jones, they all fell to the ground. As they were down on the ground, Staub said Jones was still struggling to get away and failed to comply with orders, so he began administering a chokehold. Staub testified he felt a scratch on his hand and, a second or two later, a sharp poke on his side. Alarmed, Staub said he released the chokehold.
"I saw the subject's right hand with a fixed blade knife in his hand, out of his hand. At that time, I shouted, I believe, at least twice, 'He's got a knife, he's got a knife,'" Staub said.
Staub said Neely then told officers to get back. Staub said they did and several of them yelled at Jones to drop the knife.
"He did not try to drop the weapon or the knife. He, basically, laid flat, but he was making an attempt to start to get up off the ground. At that time, one of the other officers fired. And with our training, I also fired," Staub testified.
Staub said that Jones was "face down, but not face down," later stating the man was on the ground on his side. During the processing of the scene, it was determined that 22 rounds were discharged by the five officers involved.
Herb testified that after officers backed off and drew their pistols, he saw that Jones had what appeared to be a kitchen knife or steak knife. Herb said the blade of the knife was about four to five inches long and was tucked in the man's right sleeve. When asked why he didn't Taser Jones while the man was on the ground, Herb said Jones was a "lethal threat," records show.
"But he was on the ground, wasn't he?," Lambert asked.
"He was also in lunging distance with the knife," Herb testified.
Neely, who said Jones was shot in the head, said the man was actively resisting arrest and threatening officers when he was shot.
"I noticed that the deceased had a weapon in his right hand side. He was actively striking Patrolman Staub in the side with that weapon," Neely said.
Neely said he dropped his Taser, pulled out his pistol, helped Staub up and then fired a round.
"As soon as Patrolman Staub had cleared my zone, I continued to fire," Neely said.
Neely said Jones was shot in the head, but alleges the man continued to swing the knife at officers.
"So it's it's your position, it's your statement today, that after you had Tasered the decedent, you had shot him in the face, that he was still a threat to you?," Lambert asked.
"Yes," Neely testified.
- Staff writer Edward Marshall can be reached at 304-263-8931, ext. 182.


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Campo di CarloVia campagna nord 62 57020 Sassetta (LI)
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SIDE-SCROLLING, MECH-SHOOTING BAD ASSERY IS BACK!! From the makers of SATAZIUS: 6 levels of retro arcade-styled mechanized chaos and addictive game play in this heartfelt homage to 16-bit mech shooters such as Cybernator / Assault Suits Valken, Metal Warriors, and Front Mission: Gun Hazard!
It is the 21st century and Earth is at war with the Ramulons – an alien race determined to stop humanity's advance into space. Mankind's war against the Ramulons has reached the planet Ramulon itself and it is now down to YOU to pilot the 'GMR-34 SALADIN' - a Manned Combat Robot - and take on the Ramulon army. Customize your arsenal of explosive, projectile and plasma weapons, and combine them with melee attacks, thrusters and shield to take the fight to the enemy and end the conflict!
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Created by ASTRO PORT: http://www.interq.or.jp/saturn/takuhama/dhc.html
Localized & published by Nyu Media: http://nyu-media.com


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We've been hearing rumors of a gesture-based interface for the Apple TV since Apple acquired PrimeSense, the company behind motion sensors for the Microsoft Kinect. We've also seen Apple applying for many patents regarding the same in the past but, we expected all of them to just disappear into the heaps of patents Apple frequently avails but never uses.
Once again an Apple patent is under the microscope, as Apple Insider caught up with an application submitted by the Cupertino engineers. Titled "Browsing Remote content using a native interface", it re-imagines how the remote app works with Apple TV.
So apparently, it wasn't enough for Apple to innovate home computing, digital music and mobile technology. Sure, Apple TV has created a stronger connection between our monitors and the vast cloud of internet data, but this latest news could forever transform how we watch and interact with content in all forms. According to our friends at Patently Apple, the tech giant now has its sights set on virtual reality. Apple was granted a patent that details a way to literally connect people straight into their computers, using a mixture of touch screens, VR gloves and next generation sensor technology.


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The Rivermen all-time leader in penalty minutes, Ryan Reaves, has signed a one-year, two-way contract with the St. Louis Blues.
The Rivermen will again face 13 different opponents this season including facing the Western Conference's newest member - Charlotte Checkers - eight times.
Jonathan Cheechoo, who took home the "Rocket" Richard Trophy as the NHL's top goal-scorer in 2005-06, has joined the St. Louis Blues on a two-way contract.
The American Hockey League has announced the new divisional alignment for the 2011-12 season as well as different playoff format. The Rivermen have been placed in the Midwest Division with Chicago, Milwaukee, Rockford and Charlotte.
Rivermen goaltender Ben Bishop has signed a new one-year, two-way contract with the St. Louis Blues for the 2011-12 season.
The St. Louis Blues have signed three-time AHL All-Star Brett Sterling for the 2011-12 season. In 319 career games, Sterling has 171 goals and 145 assists at the AHL level including a league-high 55 goals in 2005-06.
Adam Cracknell has re-signed for a third season with the St. Louis Blues organization. Last year, Cracknell had 38 points for the Rivermen and also made his NHL debut with the Blues on Dec. 15.
The St. Louis Blues have signed goaltender Brian Elliott to a two-way, one-year contract. Elliot played 55 games in the NHL last season between Ottawa and Colorado.


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01/11/2013 | Press release
distributed by noodls on 01/11/2013 19:57
News Release
Brookings, S.D. - Januar y 11, 2013 - Daktro nics, Inc. ( NASDAQ: DAKT ) has entered into an agreement to purchase OPEN Out -of-Ho me Solutio ns (OPEN), a B elgium co mp any. OPEN is a E uropean industr y leader in providing light bo xes and scroller s, ad vertising sig ns and billboard ad vertising displays to third party ad vertising (T PA) co mpanies. OPEN has been in business over 2 0 year s, and it is privately o wned.
Daktronics and OPEN have been cooperating to manufacture and deliver digital displays in Europe using OPEN's proprietar y cabinetr y system and Daktronics' designed and manufactured electro nics for the past few year s. With the addition o f this co mb ined digital product and OPEN's product line to Daktronics' existing display systems offerings, Daktronics posi tio ns itself in the E uropean mar ketplace with a co mplete product line fo r TPA co mpanies.
Under the agreement, Daktronics will acq uir e a modern 40,000 square foot facility with o ffice and manufactur ing space. Having a manufacturing facility in E urope wi l l allo w Daktro nics to better ser ve the E urope/ E urasia T PA mar ket with co mpetitive pr icing and deliver y.
Daktronics will be wor king with OPEN over the next few mo nths to co mp lete the acquisitio n and integrate OPEN into Daktronics. T he clo sing is expecte d to occur in May 2013, at which point OPEN will operate as part of Daktronics. Under the agreement, Daktro nics will acquire all of the stock of OPEN. T erms o f the agreement are confidential.
Daktronics has stro ng lead ership positio ns in, and is the world 's lar gest supplier of, lar ge screen video displays, electro nic scoreboards, LE D text and grap hics displays, and related co ntrol systems. T he co mpany excels in the
control o f display systems, including those that req uire integration o f multiple co mplex displays sho win g real - time infor matio n, graphics, animation, and video. Daktronics designs, manufactures, mar kets and services
display systems for custo mer s around the world in four do mestic b usiness units: Live Events, Co mmercial, Schools and T heatres and T ransportatio n, and one I nternatio nal b usiness unit. For more infor matio n, visit the co mpany's World Wide Web site at: http :// www.daktro nics.co m, e -mail the co mp any at
investor @daktronics.co m, call (605) 692 -0200 or toll-free (800) 8 43-5843 in the United States or write to the
co mpany at 201 Daktro nics Dr., PO Box 5128, Brookings, S.D. 57006 -5128.
Cautio nar y Notice: I n ad dition to statements o f historical fact, this news r elease co ntains for ward -looking
statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigatio n Refor m Act of 1995 and is intended to enjo y the protectio n o f that Act. T hese for ward -looking statements reflect the Co mpany's expectations or beliefs concer ning future events. T he Co mpany cautio n s that these and similar statements involve risk and uncertainties which could cause actual r esults to differ materially fro m our expectatio ns, including, but not limited to, changes in eco no mic and market conditio ns, management of gro wth, timing and magni tude o f future co ntracts, fluctuatio ns in mar gins, the introductio n of new products and technolo gy, the impact of adverse weather conditions and other risks noted in the co mpany's SE C filings, including its Annual Report on For m 10 -K for its
2012 fiscal ye ar. For ward -loo king statements are made in the co ntext o f info r mation availab le as of the date stated. T he Co mpany undertakes no obligatio n to up date or revise such statements to reflect ne w circumstances or unanticipated events as they occur.
Sheila M. Anderso n, Chief Financial Officer
T el (605) 692 -0200
Investor@daktro nics.co m


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I've written about Google Glass before...never figured California had the brains to enact a truly positive statute like this one.
Well, that lady just received a citation in part for distracted driving....
She might just beat it:
"California state law pertaining to the incident, V C Section 27602 Television, states that a person "shall not drive a motor vehicle if a television receiver, a video monitor, or a television or video screen, or any other similar means of visually displaying a television broadcast or video signal that produces entertainment or business applications, is operating and is located in the motor vehicle at a point forward of the back of the driver's seat, or is operating and the monitor, screen, or display is visible to the driver while driving the motor vehicle."
That portion of the law seems pretty cut and dry, but...points out that there is a list of exceptions to the law, one of which could applicable to the device: "a visual display used to enhance or supplement the driver's view forward, behind, or to the sides of a motor vehicle for the purpose of maneuvering the vehicle."
"California state law pertaining to the incident, V C Section 27602 Television, states that a person "shall not drive a motor vehicle if a television receiver, a video monitor, or a television or video screen, or any other similar means of visually displaying a television broadcast or video signal that produces entertainment or business applications, is operating and is located in the motor vehicle at a point forward of the back of the driver's seat, or is operating and the monitor, screen, or display is visible to the driver while driving the motor vehicle."
That portion of the law seems pretty cut and dry, but...points out that there is a list of exceptions to the law, one of which could applicable to the device: "a visual display used to enhance or supplement the driver's view forward, behind, or to the sides of a motor vehicle for the purpose of maneuvering the vehicle."
I think it's more a distraction, and shouldn't be considered in the same way as cams enhancing the rear view in SUVs.
In fact, the solid part of the unit does obscure the right visual field of the driver. It does not 'enhance' anything but one's chances of getting in an accident and hurting, maiming or killing ones self and/or others.
Good! We don't need more drivers being distracted thus making them stupider than they already are. I cannot believe what I see drivers doing on the road nowadays!
As a professional driver I hope she doesn't get away with it and hope there is a rewrite to fix that hole. Distracted drivers are by the far the worst on the road. Even drunks are safer. Proven scientifically as well.
↑ x2
That won't save her.
It's intended to cover the use of reversing cameras/rear view cameras ...
In America you would be surprised by what can happen with our laws.
I guess that once again, the people enforcing these laws will be exempted from them
Nine crashes a day caused by police - ExclusiveShocking figures reveal how careless police driving is putting public at risk
Met police has twelve traffic accidents EVERY DAY - killing five pedestrians and a cyclist in last three yearshttp://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1342723/Met-police-traffic-accidents-day-Six-people-killed-years.html#ixzz2jJQah88n
And it's not the only case. The I-Team found 155 major accidents where Houston police were at fault between 2008 and 2012. The reasons include running red lights, stop signs, speeding, and just failing to use common caution.
But how many times did an officer get ticketed? Absolutely zero.
And it's not the only case. The I-Team found 155 major accidents where Houston police were at fault between 2008 and 2012. The reasons include running red lights, stop signs, speeding, and just failing to use common caution.
But how many times did an officer get ticketed? Absolutely zero.
When it comes to the bottom line, at the end of the day, society will always need to protect some of it's people from themselves. Just the way it is, been that way since the beginning of time.
Unfortunately no laws, rules or such that anyone can come up with will be able to fix STUPID.
Society should never protect people from themselves. The problem is when you're some dumb broad in a ton of metal flying around at 60mph, it's not a matter of protecting you from yourself.
When you kill yourself being stupid, you probably involved someone else in your suicide. Every now and then we get lucky and some moron wastes themselves on a light post or a tree when they were doing something really stupid while driving, even the odd brick wall. Most of the time, the fatalities involve pedestrians, or other vehicles.
The world's most incurable disease.
That's why we have the 'Darwin Awards'...
So Johnny is stupid so that means I can be stupid to. Just because a cop does not follow the rules does not mean we can get on the road and put every one else in danger because we want to prove a point. That does not even make any since. Cops are just like everyone else there are a few bad apples in every bunch. No one needs to be reminded of that.
Back to the story. The woman needs a big fine. It seems some people just do not care about putting others in danger. All they think about is them self's
racist, sexist and other 19th century behaviour is discouraged
Police have their own rules to follow, obviously. When situations arise they are fully entitled to exceed speed limits etc and exceed/break other civil traffic laws - but are still typically held accountable. Whether or not their 'advanced driver training' is sufficient is of course debatable.
I remember endangering myself on a 4-lane freeway removing boxes strewn accross the road - a particularly dangerous potential hazard [ one semi almost jack-knifed avoiding them...and a taxi hit one] while calling triple zero [911] for police response. When he turned up we'd cleared the boxes...and I told him it's OK...we're racing officials...used to being in high-speed traffic...and he simply replied 'oh yes....and all these drivers THINK they are as good as Schumacher too'.
They aren't, btw...
In Ammurrika, intent has little (if anything) to do with the application of laws. Or the avoidance thereof. We have special people here to see to it - lawyers. Or, as they say in Ireland, liars.
Google's lawyers will be lining up for this one. This is as much bad publicity as it is reduced utility of their product. There needs to be a forced off-switch while driving, although how can they possibly implement that?
The story refers to a woman. If it had been some asshole shaving his beard, I'd have specified it similarly in countering the idea that this is somehow protecting people from themselves, or that anyone should have the right to do such a thing as protect people from themselves.
GG on the spammer having to try three times to get a post right...
First there was alcohol, then there was the mobile phone, then there was the google glass... just imagine what would happen if some woman has consumed alcohol on a party and is driving home, is wearing google glass because the trip is so boring, and her phone rings and it's her favorite boyfriend ... I think even a female would fail at multitasking at that point.
Unfortunately, the same would apply to "some dumb guy".
The word "broad" does makes your reply sexist. It is considered a derogatory word when applied to a female as it objectified the width of the female pelvis...without which we wouldn't be around to argue the point.
You are also correct. The person cited is a female, who simple didn't know that law existed.
The OP was about distracted driving, not about the gender of the driver and you should accept that your response could be offensive to others.
A reasonable step would be to edit your response and ask others to edit theirs as well.
A reasonable step would be to not get offended over something someone said on the internet. Political correctness gone amok holds no interest for me.
I'm with the psycho.
It isn't a matter of PC. It is a matter of the ToS.
Do the T's of S say that posting anything that might offend someone, in whoever's opinion (in this case, Mod's, presumably), is grounds for threat of some 'action'? Does it really say that 'sexism' as defined by the Mod's mood on a particular day is a violation? I'm not arguing in favor of gratuitously insulting a person or group of people, just curious. I would find it surprising that a word used in such an off-hand fashion would constitute such a violation. I understand someone objecting, however justified the objection may or may not be, but a ToS violation?
If you have questions about what's allowed and what's not, PM a mod. They can get a bit stingy sometimes with their implementation, and trying to discuss it in public never helps.
From the ToS:
Stardock does not control the Content posted via the Service and, as such, does not guarantee the accuracy, integrity or quality of such Content. You understand that by using the Service, you may be exposed to Content that is offensive, indecent or objectionable.
You agree to not use the Service to:
(j) make malicious personal attacks, statements of libel, or other behavior deemed unacceptable by administrators.
(j) make malicious personal attacks, statements of libel, or other behavior deemed unacceptable by administrators.
I'll just leave it at that.
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Asiana House to open today in Montpelier
MONTPELIER The Burlington-based Asiana House is opening its Montpelier location today.
Gary Ma and his wife, Sandra Tan, are launching the 50-plus-seat restaurant, which includes a sushi bar, after months of modifying a State Street space once occupied by Chittenden Bank and more recently Capitol Grounds.
The restaurant will be open from 11:30 a.m. to 9 p.m. Mondays through Thursdays, and 11:30 a.m. to 9:30 p.m. Fridays and Saturdays.
The property is managed by Jesse Jacobs through Montpelier Property Management and owned by Overlake Park LLC, also part of the family real estate company. Jacobs said that in trying to encourage the restaurant owners to open a new location, he had about half of the restaurant space renovated.
Ma said he began construction in November, adding kitchen equipment. He said that once the restaurant opens, hell work six days a week in Montpelier.
The restaurants Montpelier location on the corner of Elm Street will share the same name and a nearly identical menu as the Burlington flagship.MORE IN This Just InMONTPELIER The League of Women Voters of Vermont will be taking part in National Voter... Full StoryMONTPELIER In his weekly report, City Manager William Fraser wrote that the Division of... Full StoryMONTPELIER The board of directors of the Central Vermont Humane Society recently named a new... Full Story
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Why Should You Attend:
You as an HR leader play a major role in shaping your company's strategy as well as ensuring that the strategy is carried out as planned. While there is much written about the creation of strategy, there is little written about implementation.
In this 90-minute webinar training, we will talk about strategic and effective management and implementation of programs and ways in which you, as an HR professional, can facilitate both in your company. More specifically, this session will focus on how project management is becoming a critical success factor in the overall HR organizational strategy.


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Darksiders Review
Darksiders deserves attention. It's a highly entertaining adventure, with some gorgeous visuals, devilish puzzles and exciting action. Fingers crossed the sequel will build on this impressive debut.
It's Zelda meets God of War meets Tomb Raider meets Soul Reaver. Darksiders appeared to be another hack 'n' slash clone, developed in an attempt to appeal to the God of War fan base, but it's actually an action adventure game far more diverse, offering combat, platforming, puzzles, exploration and a whole heap of collectable items. While this huge variety makes Darksiders something of a rare breed these days, it does come at a slight cost to the quality of certain areas. Still, as a fairly old-fashioned romp through a large world, Vigil Games' post-apocalyptic adventure is something of an unexpected treat. And it's now finally available for PC gamers, albeit in a fairly by the numbers port.
War might be said to be good for absolutely nothing, but as the lead character in Darksiders he's good for an awful lot of things. As one of the four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, War is responsible for sorting out any squabbles between the armies of Heaven and Hell, working for a kind of intermediate group known as The Charred Council. When seven sacred seals are broken it signifies an apocalyptic war has broken out on Earth, and that the Horsemen must be summoned to fight the opposing soldiers.
As it turns out, an epic battle broke out, War appeared, but the seals were not broken. Upon his death in battle, War is returned to The Charred Council, where he is accused of causing the Apocalypse and sentenced to death. Pleading his innocence and pledging to find who prematurely started the apocalypse, it is decided that the warrior be sent back to Earth to prove his innocence. He's not sent alone, though, with one of the Council's keepers assigned to make sure War doesn't stray from his mission. The Watcher, voiced superbly by Mark Hamill, appears from time to time and will offer advice if you're clueless over what to do next.
Years have passed on Earth while War resided with The Charred Council, so on his return the humans have been wiped off the planet and zombie-like mutants roam the land. These creatures, alongside the various soldiers of the afterlife, pose a great threat to War as he wanders the scorched earth, so it's good that he's more than able to hold his own during a fight. While he has been stripped of most his powers by The Charred Council, in typical video game fashion his abilities and skills improve as you work through the game. Still, to begin with you're not exactly useless.
As you'd expect, War has a primary attack weapon (a massive sword) and a secondary weapon (changeable on the fly), each coming with their own range of attack moves. Combat is certainly more button mashing friendly than the hack 'n' slash genre's most revered titles, but it's not a walk in the park, either. Before too long you'll have an abundance of moves at your disposal, blocking and countering to contend with, a speedy sliding dash to evade enemies, a beast-like Chaos form to unleash and Wrath abilities (essentially magic). Although not up to the standard of something like Devil May Cry, Darksiders' combat is certainly more accessible to the masses, and more depth is revealed as tougher enemies come into play.
If there's one single aspect of the combat system that lets the side down, it's War's dodge move. The slide War performs simply isn't very good, and doesn't gel well within the fast, almost balletic combat. Where possible it's far preferable to use the block and counter attacks, although the timing of this doesn't feel as instinctive as it does in the genre heavyweights.
In terms of how the combat is handled on the PC, where keyboard and mouse is still the main way to play games, it should be no surprise that you're better off with a controller. You can play with the traditional setup, but to me it feels wrong playing a game like this by hammering down mouse buttons and moving with WASD. An Xbox 360 controller is your best option, with the game automatically adjusting in-game button icons accordingly. Played this way, it plays nigh on identically to the 360 game released at the start of the year.
The way Vigil introduces new weapons and their uses is one of Darksiders' most impressive achievements. You're never far from getting something new to play with, and the many environmental puzzles require clever use of these new items. The Crossblade, bearing more than a slight gameplay resemblance to the boomerang in Zelda and the Glave in Dark Sector, doubles as a handy projectile weapon and a way to trigger distant switches. It can also be imbued with the properties of other objects, such as flaming torches, opening up other puzzle elements.


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RUPTURES of the diaphragm from blunt trauma to the abdomen or chest are unusual, but not rare injuries and are increasing in frequency. Highway accidents still head the list of causative factors, but rupture of the diaphragm may occur whenever there is a significant blow to the trunk or a sudden increase in intra-abdominal pressure transmitted toward the thorax. Ninety-five percent of diaphragmatic ruptures occur on the left side, apparently because the right hemidiaphragm is more protected by the liver. On rare occasions, both may be ruptured.
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Martin, Thomas C.S.a; Martin, Natasha K.b,c; Hickman, Matthewb; Vickerman, Peterc; Page, Emma E.a; Everett, Rhiannona; Gazzard, Brian G.a; Nelson, Marka
aHIV Department, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London
bSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol
cSocial and Mathematical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
Correspondence to Thomas C.S. Martin. Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Received 9 March, 2013
Revised 21 May, 2013
Accepted 21 May, 2013
Objective: Liver disease secondary to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in the context of HIV infection is one of the leading non-AIDS causes of death. Sexual transmission of HCV infection among HIV-positive MSM appears to be leading to increased reports of acute HCV infection. Reinfection after successful treatment or spontaneous clearance is reported among HIV-positive MSM but the scale of reinfection is unknown. We calculate and compare HCV reinfection rates among HIV-positive MSM after spontaneous clearance and successful medical treatment of infection.
Design: Retrospective analysis of HIV-positive MSM with sexually acquired HCV who subsequently spontaneously cleared or underwent successful HCV treatment between 2004 and 2012.
Results: Among 191 individuals infected with HCV, 44 were reinfected over 562 person-years (py) of follow-up with an overall reinfection rate of 7.8/100 py [95% confidence interval (CI) 5.8–10.5]. Eight individuals were subsequently reinfected a second time at a rate of 15.5/100 py (95% CI 7.7–31.0). Combining all reinfections, 20% resulted in spontaneous clearance and treatment sustained viral response rates were 73% (16/22) for genotypes one and four and 100% (2/2) for genotypes two and three. Among 145 individuals with a documented primary infection, the reinfection rate was 8.0 per 100 py (95% CI 5.7–11.3) overall, 9.6/100 py (95% CI 6.6–14.1) among those successfully treated and 4.2/100 py (95% CI 1.7–10.0) among those who spontaneously cleared. The secondary reinfection rate was 23.2/100 py (95% CI 11.6–46.4).
Conclusion: Despite efforts at reducing risk behaviour, HIV-positive MSM who clear HCV infection remain at high risk of reinfection. This emphasizes the need for increased sexual education, surveillance and preventive intervention work.
Following the introduction of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), liver disease has become the leading non-AIDS cause of death among HIV-positive individuals in the resource rich world [1]. The majority of liver disease in HIV-positive patients is caused by coinfection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) [1–3]. Coinfection with HIV and HCV is associated with accelerated liver fibrosis and shorter time to progression to cirrhosis and hepatic decompensation when compared with those with HCV monoinfection [4–8].
Over the past decade, an epidemic of sexually transmitted HCV among HIV-positive MSM in Europe, the USA and Australia has been reported [9–17]. Phylogenetic analyses of circulating HCV strains in European countries suggest sexual transmission occurring since the mid-1990s [10,18]. The incidence of HCV infection among HIV-positive MSM is increasing with recent reports of rates as high as 2–5 per 100 person-years (py) [18–21]. Identified risk factors for transmission include ulcerating genital infections, unprotected anal intercourse and high-risk sexual activity such as toy use, group sex, fisting and recreational drug use [9,17,21–23].
Reinfection with HCV following either treatment or spontaneous clearance has been demonstrated in animal models, people who inject drugs (PWID) and, more recently, HIV-positive MSM [24–27]. Among PWID, weak evidence exists to suggest that individuals who spontaneously clear HCV monoinfection are at lower risk of developing chronic reinfections. This lower risk may in part be explained by the development of partial immunity leading to a higher probability of spontaneous clearance of reinfection. However, study results are highly heterogeneous and conflicting results may in part be explained by variable testing intervals during follow-up [24,28]. One retrospective study in the Netherlands revealed an alarmingly high HCV reinfection rate of 15.2 per 100 py among HIV-positive MSM who had previously been treated for acute HCV infection [29]. No studies to date have investigated the rate of reinfection among HIV-positive MSM in the United Kingdom, and whether there are differing reinfection rates among those who spontaneously clear their infections and those who are successfully treated.
We, therefore, calculated and compared the HCV reinfection rate among individuals who had either been treated for acute or chronic HCV infection, or who had spontaneously cleared their HCV infection within a cohort of over 8000 HIV-infected individuals attending clinic at Chelsea and Westminster Hospital in London, United Kingdom.
All HIV-positive MSM who had a positive HCV antibody result between January 2004 and April 2012 who attended the dedicated HIV clinic at Chelsea and Westminster Hospital were identified. Individuals were excluded if their primary documented mode of transmission was via contaminated blood products or injecting drug use. The following subgroups were extracted for inclusion within the study.
1. Successfully treated HCV infection with results indicating a sustained viral response (SVR) defined as undetectable viral replication 24 weeks following end of treatment and at least one subsequent HCV PCR measurement.
2. Spontaneously cleared HCV infection with evidence for undetectable HCV PCR for at least 24 weeks following infection and at least one subsequent HCV PCR measurement.
3. Spontaneously cleared or treated HCV infection who were subsequently reinfected with a different HCV genotype from their previous infection but within the 24-week period required to formally reach SVR.
All HCV PCR results subsequent to the first identified HCV infection were recorded. Basic HIV infection and patient characteristics were collected from medical files including age, HIV viral load, CD4+ lymphocyte subset count, ART details, HCV genotype and peak alanine transaminase (ALT) levels. Behavioural data was not routinely collected at the centre and was, therefore, unavailable for our study.
HCV reinfections were defined as any newly detectable HCV PCR following SVR for treated infections or 24 weeks after spontaneous clearance. In addition, cases were defined as reinfection if patients had detectable HCV viraemia within 24 weeks of end of treatment or spontaneous clearance if there was an HCV genotype switch.
Patients were subdivided depending on whether it was possible to determine that the initial infection was their primary infection (shown by a negative HCV antibody within a year prior to positive HCV antibody detection), or that the nature of the initial infection was uncertain (no previous antibody result available or previously HCV antibody positive).
For those individuals who underwent HCV antiviral treatment, the commencement of follow-up was taken from the end-of-treatment date. For those who spontaneously cleared their HCV infection, start of follow-up was the midpoint between the last positive and first negative HCV PCR. The date of reinfection for all patients was taken as the midpoint between the last undetectable HCV PCR and the first positive HCV PCR.
Reinfection rates were calculated by dividing the number of reinfections by the total number of patient-years of follow-up. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were created to assess the proportion reinfected over time. Comparisons of median testing intervals, age and peak ALT levels were performed using Kruskal–Wallis rank test. Analysis of proportion of patients on ART was performed using Fisher's exact test. Equality of variances was assessed using Bartlett's test. All statistical calculations were performed using Stata 10.0 (Stata Corp, College Station, Texas, USA).
Eight hundred and fifty-eight individuals were identified with a positive HIV and HCV antibody result. Of these, 191 HIV-positive MSM with HCV who fulfilled our inclusion criteria were identified, representing 562 patient-years of follow-up. Among these patients, 145 had a documented primary infection and 46 had uncertain initial infection details. The stratification of patients is summarized in Fig. 1.
Among the 145 who had either spontaneously cleared or had been successfully treated for a primary HCV infection, there were 400 py of follow-up with a median follow-up time of 2.1 years. The median testing intervals during follow-up were 105 and 173 days among those successfully treated and those who spontaneously cleared their primary infection, respectively. The difference in testing interval was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). The median age of patients included was 41 years. Group characteristics and follow-up details are summarized in Table 1.
Of the 145 patients with documented primary infection, 32 reinfections occurred yielding a HCV reinfection rate of 8.0/100 py [95% confidence interval (CI) 5.7–11.3]. Among the 114 who had been successfully treated for their primary HCV infection, 27 reinfections occurred at a reinfection rate of 9.6/100 py (95% CI 6.6–14.1). Twenty-five percent of patients treated for HCV virus infection became reinfected within 2 years of follow-up. Among the 31 individuals who spontaneously cleared their primary HCV infection, five reinfections occurred yielding a reinfection rate of 4.2/100 py (95% CI 1.7–10.0). The difference in reinfection rate between those treated successfully and those who spontaneously cleared their primary infections did not reach significance (P = 0.15). The Kaplan–Meier curve giving proportion of patients free from reinfection is shown in Fig. 2 for the two groups. Seventeen of the 32 reinfected patients spontaneously cleared or were successfully treated of which eight had a subsequent second reinfection over 34 py of follow-up yielding a second reinfection rate of 23.2/100 py (11.6–46.4). Median follow-up time per patient following second reinfection was 1.5 years.
There was no evidence of a difference in CD4+ cell count, age, use of ART or peak ALT during primary infection between patients who underwent reinfection and those who did not or between those who were treated and those who spontaneously cleared their primary HCV infection. Use of ART during follow-up was high (89%) and did not differ between groups (P = 0.11). Peak ALT levels did not significantly differ between primary infection and primary reinfection. However, peak ALT among patients who were reinfected was significantly higher than peak ALT during follow-up of patients who had no reinfection (median 253 vs. 41 U/l, P < 0.0001).
When including those with uncertain incident infection details, the overall reinfection rate was similar at 7.8/100 py (95% CI 5.8–10.5). Among the 191 patients there were 44 reinfections of whom seven (16%) spontaneously cleared their infection. Seventeen were successfully treated and the remainder failed therapy (n = 6) opted out of treatment (n = 1) or are pending final SVR results (n = 13).
Twenty-four patients had available HCV PCR results following successful treatment or spontaneous clearance of their first reinfection. Among these patients there were eight second reinfections yielding a second-reinfection rate of 15.5/100 py (95% CI 7.7–31.0). From these eight, four (50%) spontaneously cleared their infection, one opted out of treatment developing chronic infection and three were treated with results pending. From the four patients who spontaneously cleared their second reinfection, two patients underwent a third reinfection: one was successfully treated and the other is pending SVR. A summary of the eight patients who were reinfected more than once is shown in Fig. 3.
Combining first, second and third reinfections, there were 54 reinfections in total. Thirty-two (59%), one (2%), two (4%), seven (13%) and twelve (22%) were genotype 1, 2, 3, 4 and unknown genotype, respectively. From the 54 reinfections, 11 patients (20%) spontaneously cleared HCV. Among patients who spontaneously cleared their reinfections, the median time to achieve undetectable viraemia was 43 days [interquartile range (IQR) 28–76.5] and the median number of positive HCV PCRs per infection was one (IQR 1–3). A total of 76% (41 of 54) of those with reinfection underwent treatment. Following reinfection, the median period until treatment was initiated was 57 days (IQR 38–112). The SVR rate among reinfections was 73% (16 of 22) for genotypes one and four and 100% (2 of 2) for genotypes two and three. Ten patients are pending SVR results.
Our results demonstrate a high risk of HCV reinfection among HIV-positive MSM who are either treated for or who spontaneously clear their initial HCV infection. As many as 25% of individuals treated for HCV will become reinfected within 2 years. These results emphasize the need for effective sexual education for HIV-positive MSM presenting with primary HCV infection and the implementation of preventive interventions to reduce the risk of reinfection. Given their high risk, we recommend enhanced surveillance of previously infected individuals to enable the early detection and treatment of any reinfections. New UK guidelines have been updated to reflect this by recommending HCV PCR testing every 3–6 months among individuals who remain at risk following incident infection clearance [30].
Our rate of reinfection among spontaneous clearers was lower than treated individuals (4.2/100 py vs. 9.6/100 py); however, the evidence for a difference lacked power (P = 0.15) and may have been influenced by different median testing intervals in the two groups (173 vs. 105 days, P < 0.0001), therefore providing only weak evidence for protective immunity [24,28]. The rate of reinfection among spontaneous clearers was high overall and this group should, therefore, be followed up with regular HCV PCR testing as for individuals who have been previously treated for their HCV infection.
SVR rates for individuals treated for their HCV reinfection were generally high (73% for genotype 1 and 4 and 100% for genotype 2 and 3). The majority of reinfections were treated in the acute phase of the infection (median time to treatment following first positive HCV PCR was 57 days) and SVR rates were consistent with studies treating acute HCV infections in HIV-positive MSMs [31].
Our spontaneous clearance rate of reinfection (11 of 54 reinfections, 20%) is consistent with spontaneous clearance rates of primary HCV infection in HIV-positive MSM (5–40%) [32–36]. The true spontaneous clearance rate of reinfection is likely to be higher, although, as spontaneously cleared infections may have been missed due to variable testing intervals (median 112 days, IQR 62–224). This study provides the first large cohort estimates of spontaneous clearance of HCV reinfection among HIV-infected individuals and supports monitoring for spontaneous clearance of reinfection before initiating treatment as for primary infection with HCV.
Our reinfection rate following treatment for HCV infection (9.6/100 py 95% CI 6.6–14.1) is comparable to that found by Lambers et al. (15.2/100 py 95% CI 8.0–26.5) [29]. Strengths of our study in comparison to Lambers et al. are the considerably larger sample size (191 patients and 562 py follow-up vs. 56 patients and 72 py follow-up), the inclusion of spontaneous clearers in the analysis and the analysis of individuals who subsequently had multiple reinfections. The higher incidence of reinfection found by Lambers et al. may be explained by their inclusion of patients who underwent reinfection with the same genotype but different phylogeny within the 24 weeks required for definitive SVR and also shorter testing intervals during follow-up (median 91 days, IQR 58–130 vs. 112 days, IQR 62–224) [28].
Limitations of our study include its retrospective nature, the absence of behavioural data and the lack of phylogenetic analysis to prove reinfection in cases where reinfection was with the same genotype. The true reinfection rate in our cohort is likely to be higher for the following reasons: the testing interval postprimary infection was variable and long in comparison to the duration of possibly missed spontaneous clearances; and we excluded patients who developed recurrent viraemia within the 24 weeks required for SVR, whereas previous phylogenetic studies have shown a proportion of these 'relapses' to, in fact, be true reinfections.
Unfortunately, it remains difficult, as in previous studies, to definitively say that the reappearance of viraemia following treatment is not the emergence of a nondominant quasispecies or superinfection after treatment of a dominant HCV strain [32,37]. However, we believe the reemergence of viraemia is most likely to represent reinfection in our study, supported by the long duration to reinfection in most cases with multiple negative HCV PCR results between infections and the excellent response of reinfection to treatment. Finally, the patients included in our study were all from a single HIV clinic and as such our results may not be representative of other areas in London, the United Kingdom or Europe.
In conclusion, our results show high HCV reinfection rates for HIV-positive MSM who have previously cleared the infection either spontaneously or through treatment. We recommend enhanced surveillance of patients who have cleared HCV infection to allow the early detection and treatment of any reinfection. In addition, we recommend directed education and prevention interventions to HIV-positive MSMs with HCV infection. Future work will include evaluation of interventions and prospective studies to evaluate further protective immunity in this population.
T.C.S.M. designed the study, collected and analysed the data and wrote the article. N.K.M. contributed to the study design, statistical analysis and article editing. MH and PV contributed to study design, analysis and paper editing. E.E.P. contributed to data analysis and article editing. R.E. assisted with data collection. B.G.G. and M.N. contributed to study design, data analysis and article editing.
T.C.S.M acknowledges funding to attend conferences from St Stephens AIDS Trust. N.K.M.: This work is produced by N.K.M. under the terms of the postdoctoral research training fellowship issued by the NIHR. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, The National Institute for Health Research or the Department of Health. P.V.: Medical Research Council New Investigator Award G0801627. M.H.: NIHR School of Public Health, Nationally Integrated Quantitative Understanding of Addiction Harm (NIQUAD) MRC addiction research cluster, and support of The Centre for the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health Improvement (DECIPHer), a UKCRC Public Health Research: Centre of Excellence. Funding from the British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, Economic and Social Research Council (RES-590-28-0005), Medical Research Council, the Welsh Assembly Government and the Wellcome Trust (WT087640MA), under the auspices of the UK Clinical Research Collaboration, is gratefully acknowledged. E.E.P., R.E., B.G.G. and M.N. received no direct funding for the study.
T.C.S.M., P.V., M.H. and R.E. declare no conflicts of interest. N.K.M. has received honoraria to speak at educational events sponsered by Janssen. E.E.P.: Received speaker fees from Boehringer Ingelheim and IAPAC as well as travel and accommodation support from Gilead. B.G.G.: Acknowledges consultancy fees from Gilead Sciences and grants from Bristol-Myers-Squibb unrelated to this work. M.N.: Acknowledges grants, consulting fees, speakers fees and support for travel from the following companies: MSD, Janssen, Gilead, Abbott, Roche, BMS and ViiV.
coinfection; hepatitis C virus; HIV; reinfection
© 2013 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
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BEREA - There are some things no one should do to Browns cornerback Sheldon Brown.
Receivers shouldn't think that the 11-year veteran can no longer react quick enough to close on a square out and break up a pass. Big mistake.
Reporters shouldn't question whether he's thinking about retirement at 33, which is considered old for a player at his position.
Article Photos
The Associated Press
Cleveland Browns cornerback Sheldon Brown (24) intercepts a pass from Oakland Raiders quarterback Carson Palmer in front of wide receiver Juron Criner (84) during the fourth quarter of their game on Sunday in Oakland, Calif. Brown, 33, isn't slowing down late in his career.
Brown might be on the back nine of his career, but he hasn't booked any tee times for next fall when the 2013 football season begins. He figures someone will give him another chance, whether it's with the Browns or elsewhere.
"I've been too old for the last five years, if you know what I mean," Brown said. "Ronde Barber must be ancient because he's still playing and it's like his 17th season. You're talking about me at year 11, and you have a guy like that and he's still making plays, so what are you comparing it to?"
Barber, 37, is actually in his 16th season with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He played cornerback the first 15 seasons before switching to free safety this year.
There was media conjecture prior to this season that Brown might be ready to make the move to safety, where quick, nimble feet aren't quite as important as they are at cornerback. Brown never bought into that thinking, and coach Pat Shurmur was there with him.
If Brown's performance in the 20-17 win over the Oakland Raiders is an indication, he might indeed have a few more years remaining at cornerback. Being targeted by Raiders quarterback Carson Palmer throughout, Brown broke up four passes and had an interception in the fourth quarter that proved crucial in the win.
Brown challenges the belief that cornerbacks can't be effective beyond 30. When it was mentioned that former Browns cornerbacks Hanford Dixon and Frank Minnifield didn't play much beyond 30, Brown was quick to point out the era in which they played the 1980s.
"Technology, medicines and the way of training; all that stuff has changed," Brown said. "We don't have two-a-days anymore. You're not comparing apples to apples when you're making these assumptions."
The changes in practice rules have had a big impact on player longevity. Two-a-day practices in training camp have been curtailed to a precious few. Teams are allowed to practice in full pads just 14 times during the season.
"If you asked me today, 'Sheldon if there were two padded practices a days, would you still be playing?' I would say, 'Absolutely I'd still be playing, but it would get to play only eight games a season.' "
Brown often relies on guile to win assignments. He's not going to finish first in many foot races, but he knows that proper technique and intelligence are a winning combination.
In a win over the Bengals earlier this season, Brown returned a fourth-quarter interception for a touchdown that sealed the outcome. Brown read the slot receiver running to the flat, which tipped him to a curl or slant by the number one receiver. Brown jumped the slant and had an easy pick.
"He's made impact plays for us," Shurmur said. "I think he gets opportunities. He's had three interceptions, all of which ended with points for us. He's kind of a steady guy. They know what their strengths and limitations are, and they learn to play within the scheme. Behind all that, Sheldon's a pro."
With a possible changing of the guard at coach and general manager, Brown knows he might be able to find another home next season.
"I think if (general manager) Tom Heckert goes somewhere, he might give me a call," Brown said.


text:
Welcome to the Story: Reading, Loving, and Living God's Word
By: Stephen Nichols
Crossway / 2011 / Paperback
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Product Description
Has your Bible reading become more perfunctory than passionate? Welcome to the Story by Stephen Nichols will help you experience the beauty and truth of the Bible in a fresh way. Rediscover the characters, the grand scheme of redemption, heartache, toil and love that make up the dynamic Word of God.
Product Information
|Format: Paperback
Number of Pages: 176
Vendor: Crossway
Publication Date: 2011
|Dimensions: 8.50 X 5.50 (inches)
Availability: In Stock
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Publisher's Description
This examination of the biblical narrative teaches Christians to read the Bible in a way that deepens their love for God and fuels their desire to see his Word lived out in their daily lives.
Author Bio
Stephen J. Nichols (PhD, Westminster Theological Seminary) is president of Reformation Bible College and chief academic officer of Ligonier Ministries. Previously, he served as research professor of Christianity and culture at Lancaster Bible College. He is an editor (with Justin Taylor) of the Theologians on the Christian Life series and is the author of several books, including The Reformation, For Us and for Our Salvation, The Church History ABCs, and Bonhoeffer on the Christian Life.
Product Reviews
of customers would recommend this product to a friend.
Dave JenkinsCaldwell, IdahoAge: 25-34Gender: male5 Stars Out Of 5Helpful and practical book on ScriptureSeptember 26, 2011Dave JenkinsCaldwell, IdahoAge: 25-34Gender: maleQuality: 5Value: 5Meets Expectations: 5Welcome to the Story: Reading, Loving, and Living God's Word is written by Dr. Stephen J. Nichols research professor of Christianity and culture at Lancaster Bible College and Graduate School. In this book, Dr. Nichols outlines the story of the Bible in four words: creation, fall, redemption and restoration. This book isn't about just how creation, fall, redemption and restoration fit the storyline of the Bible, but rather goes beyond that to show why this story is fundamental to making sense of our own story. Everyone has a story full of different life experiences, but ultimately there is One story that supersedes all stories, and that is the story of the redemptive work of Christ.
Welcome to the Story does not stop at just explaining biblical or theological concepts, but rather teaches how one can read the Bible and understand the redemptive story of God reconciling people to Himself. Personally, I found Dr. Nichols book to be helpful as he proposes how the storyline of Scripture (creation, fall, redemption and restoration) ought to affect how we read the Bible, and love and live God's Word. I appreciated the fact that even when the author gets practical he keeps the storyline of the Scriptures before his readers and applies that storyline to what God's story does to us, and how it affects the way we live for Him.
The most helpful chapter in the book is chapter ten. In chapter ten the author gives helpful counsel on how to get started reading, loving and living the Scriptures. The most important points the author makes in this chapter are that it's important to pay attention to the big picture, context, to one's life, as well as to how to dig deeper into the Scriptures. I recommend you read Welcome to the Story to learn the storyline of Scripture and how the Story of God intersects with your own story.
Disclosure of Material Connection: I received this book free from Crossway as part of their Blogger Review Program. I was not required to write a positive review. The opinions I have expressed are my own. I am disclosing this in accordance with the Federal Trade Commission's 16 CFR, Part 255: "Guides Concerning the Use of Endorsements and Testimonials in Advertising."
KaraBSt. Louis, MOAge: 35-44Gender: female5 Stars Out Of 5Great Introduction to the BibleSeptember 24, 2011KaraBSt. Louis, MOAge: 35-44Gender: femaleQuality: 5Value: 5Meets Expectations: 5Welcome to the Story by Stephen J. Nichols is the perfect title for this introduction to reading the Bible. He offers an invitation to all to learn how to read, love, and live God's Word in a deeper, more meaningful way. Yet he makes it so simple and refreshingly understandable for someone who is reading the Bible for the first time or for someone like me who has read bits and pieces here and there over many years but is finally beginning to understand how it all fits together.
Nichols puts the pieces of the puzzle together by explaining the biblical framework of Creation, Fall, Redemption, and Restoration. He weaves personal narratives and makes interesting references to history and contemporary culture so that each chapter even reads like a story. He helps the reader to understand how the individual stories in the Bible with unique characters and plots work together to tell one Grand Story of what God has been doing from the beginning of time until the end of time. Better yet, he points to how God is not only the author but the main character throughout the Bible and how to understand where we fit into this true Story.
My favorite parts were near the end of the book. He suggests how we can see ourselves in the diverse characters throughout scripture. He highlights how God is the main character and His glory is paramount. Throughout the book he also promotes the value of reading the Bible in community. He offers helpful questions to ask yourself while you are reading any passage of scripture. Finally, he focuses on loving and living the truth of God in such a winsome way that you leave really wanting to start digging into scripture out of a genuine love for God and not out of guilt or duty.
This book is perfect for new believers. It is perfect for teenagers and young adults. And it is a perfect refresher course for any Christian who wants to learn how to simply articulate a Christian worldview and gain a better understanding of the big picture of scripture.
Disclaimer: Crossway provided me a free copy of this delightful book in return for my honest opinion.
Katie OrrAge: 25-34Gender: female4 Stars Out Of 5Easy read on how to better understand the Bible.September 18, 2011Katie OrrAge: 25-34Gender: femaleQuality: 5Value: 5Meets Expectations: 5When you read the Bible do you wonder how all the pieces of scripture are related to one another?
Do you struggle with understanding how the whole of God's Word can apply to your life?
Are you a bit intimidated by theology? Do the words soteriology and eschatology make your head spin?
If so, this is the book for you!
Welcome to the Story: Reading, Loving and Living God's Word is an easy-to-read, enjoyable book which hits on the big picture of what the Bible is all about.
Creation. Fall. Redemption. Restoration.
"These four pieces to the plotline pop up all over the pages of Scripture. Getting the big picture of this biblical narrative helps make sense of all the various details in Scripture, as well as all the details of theology."
If you are unfamiliar with these major themes and how they are weaved throughout all of the Bible, this will be a helpful read for you. As we understand better how all of Scripture fits into these themes it affects our reading, studying and applying of the Bible.
In Welcome to the Story, Nichols also hits on important doctrines such as "already/not yet," the cultural mandate, incarnational ministry and more. If these are foreign concepts to you, this book will be a great introduction for you.
After giving us a bird's-eye-view, Nichols then gives us helpful tips on how to read and apply God's story to our lives.
Included are tips on how to learn to love the Word of God, steps towards a transformed mind, and a "cheat sheet" for reading the Bible.
ToddOklahoma City, OKAge: 25-34Gender: male5 Stars Out Of 5Learn To Love God's WordAugust 29, 2011ToddOklahoma City, OKAge: 25-34Gender: maleQuality: 5Value: 5Meets Expectations: 5This is an excellent book about the nature of scripture. Learning to love and understand God's word so that is makes a lasting impact that changes your life requires more than just simply saying you will read it. You need to learn how to read the different parts, learn how the various types of writing and the different books relate to one another and the overall picture of God's redemption of mankind. Then you need to learn how to apply all of this to your life. These are the issues discussed in this book by Stephen J. Nichols. He takes you beyond your eyes moving across pages of scripture to a point of absorbing the information in context, to loving the Word of God, to applying it to life.
Nichols informs the reader that the Bible is a story, but it is not a story ultimately about us. Yes, it is about our creation, our sin, and our redemption, but all of that is just a bit of the greater story about God and His Heart and His plan. Knowing this changes the way we read the Bible, and it changes how we apply the Bible to our lives. Learning to read the Bible as more than just isolated teachings and stories, and coming to see it as an entire story about God changes our lives entirely, and increases our love for the scripture. That is the point of this book and it is why you should go and read it.
Pastor DanWichita, KSAge: 55-65Gender: male4 Stars Out Of 5Good introductory book on how to Read the BibleAugust 16, 2011Pastor DanWichita, KSAge: 55-65Gender: maleQuality: 5Value: 5Meets Expectations: 5There have been many books written regarding how to read the Bible, how to understand what you read and how to learn to love the Word of God. This short work by Stephen Nichols is along that line and is a good tool for new Christians as well as those who have known Christ for a long time. I think also that it will be a good resource tool for those who teach Sunday School or lead a small group Bible study.
There is nothing new nor profound in what Stephen writes, but he does bring it in a very refreshing way as he walks us through the totality of scripture and describes the best way to understand the Bible. He starts by pointing out that any good book has a beginning, a middle and an ending, as well as a consistent plot line. Well then he points out that the Holy Bible is consistent with that concept. It falls under the outline of A. Creation, B. The Fall, C. Redemption and D. Restoration.
Nichols points out that the Bible begins with Creation. God created a perfect environment for man to live in and to have fellowship with him. But very quickly after the creation we have The Fall of man into sin. That happens just three chapters into the book, literally just a couple of pages into the story. The Fall is the problem that occurs and the rest of the Bible is the story to tell us how God is going to redeem for Himself a people whom He can call his own and then provide them with the restoration of the sweet fellowship He desires with them.
On page 44 Nichols gives us a definition of 'sin' that helps us to see what the problem of the story is and what has occurred that causes the story to have to take a certain path. Nichols goes on to point out on page 46, that "we live in a culture that seems rather content to ignore our true condition." What does he mean by that? He means that we have fallen into sin and that we love to wallow in it and not really work very hard to correct our life's course and return to the fellowship with God that God intended at the Beginning of Creation. He further explains on page 64 that, "Americans have a problem, they read the Bible through the lens of their culture -- not as the Lord intended!" He then goes on to explain how best to read the word to help gain a firm understanding of what God is doing in His Story.
To help with that several of the chapters have a list of "Questions to ask" while reading the different styles of writing in the Bible. These questions are really good and will help anyone wanting to understand their Bible better how to ask good questions, do good research and understand the flow of the story through the Bible.
I think my favorite chapter in the book is Chapter Six, The Story within the Story. The reason is that in this chapter Nichols points out about finding ourselves in the lives of the different Characters who are written about in the Bible. He uses Peter, Paul and Mary (the mother of Jesus) as examples of characters who are human just like us and faced many of the same issues that we faced in life but yet God spoke to them and used them in a mighty way. This was a great chapter for helping to think through how to read about the different characters and using their life circumstances to help us better grapple with our life circumstances.
This is a very quick, short read, but will give you many profound ideas on how to read and understand God's Word.
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This is a list of names in which the gender is feminine; and the usage is Welsh.
There are 141 names matching your criteria.
AERON (1) m & f Welsh
Either derived from Welsh aeron meaning "berry" or else from the name of a river in Wales.
AFANEN f Welsh (Rare)
Means "raspberry" in Welsh. This is a modern Welsh name.
ANGHARAD f Welsh, Welsh Mythology
Means "more love" in Welsh... [more]
ARANRHOD f Welsh, Welsh Mythology
Variant of ARIANRHOD.
ARIANRHOD f Welsh, Welsh Mythology
Possibly means "silver wheel" or "round wheel" in Welsh... [more]
BLODEUWEDD f Welsh, Welsh Mythology
Means "face of flowers" in Welsh... [more]
BLODWEN f Welsh
Means "white flowers" from Welsh blodau "flowers" combined with gwen "white, fair, blessed".
BRANWEN f Welsh, Welsh Mythology
Means "beautiful raven" from Welsh bran "raven" and gwen "fair, white, blessed"... [more]
CERIDWEN f Welsh
Possibly from Welsh cyrrid "bent" or cerdd "poetry" combined with ven "woman" or gwen "white, fair, blessed"... [more]
ENID f Welsh, Welsh Mythology, Arthurian Romance
Derived from Welsh enaid meaning "soul" or "life"... [more]
GLADYS f Welsh, English
From the old Welsh name Gwladus, possibly derived from gwlad "country"... [more]
GLENDA f Welsh, English
A name created in the 20th century from the Welsh elements glân "pure, clean" and da "good".
GWEN f Welsh, English
From Welsh gwen, the feminine form of gwyn meaning "white, fair, blessed"... [more]
GWENDA f Welsh, English
Derived from the Welsh elements gwen "white, fair, blessed" and da "good"... [more]
GWENDOLEN f Welsh
Means "white ring", derived from the Welsh elements gwen "white, fair, blessed" and dolen "ring"... [more]
GWENDOLINE f Welsh, English (British), French
Variant of GWENDOLEN.
GWENFREWI f Welsh
Derived from the Welsh elements gwen "white, fair, blessed" and frewi "reconciliation, peace"... [more]
GWENLLIAN f Welsh
Derived from the Welsh elements gwen "white, fair, blessed" and llian "flaxen"... [more]
GWENNETH f Welsh (Rare)
Variant of GWYNETH.
GWYNEDD f & m Welsh
From the name of a region in Wales, named after an ancient kingdom, which may be derived from the old Welsh given name Cunedda.
GWYNEIRA f Welsh
Means "white snow" from the Welsh element gwyn "white, fair, blessed" combined with eira "snow".
GWYNETH f Welsh, English (Modern)
Possibly a variant of GWYNEDD or a form of Welsh gwyn meaning "white, fair, blessed"... [more]
LUNED f Welsh, Welsh Mythology, Arthurian Romance
Variant of ELUNED... [more]
MARI (1) f Welsh, Breton, Estonian, Finnish, Hungarian, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish
Welsh, Breton, Estonian and Finnish form of MARIA, as well as a Hungarian diminutive of MÁRIA... [more]
MEREDITH m & f Welsh, English
From the Welsh name Maredudd or Meredydd, possibly meaning "great lord" or "sea lord"... [more]
MORGAN (1) m & f Welsh, English, French
From the Old Welsh masculine name Morcant, which was possibly derived from Welsh mor "sea" and cant "circle"... [more]
OLWEN f Welsh
Means "white footprint" from Welsh ol "footprint, track" and gwen "white, fair, blessed"... [more]
RHIANNON f Welsh, English, Welsh Mythology
Probably derived from the old Celtic name Rigantona meaning "great queen"... [more]
RHOSYN f Welsh (Rare)
Means "rose" in Welsh. This is a modern Welsh name.
WINIFRED f Welsh, English
Anglicized form of GWENFREWI, the spelling altered by association with WINFRED... [more]


text:
Sunday, February 24, 2013
Rena Ellis and I both live on Ridge Cliff Court, in The Summit subdivision just off West Martintown Road, and have worked to turn the neighborhood street into a symbol of American pride and patriotism. Ellis and I combined ideas and minimal financial resources in an effort to restore American pride and patriotism to at least our neighbor street of Ridge Cliff Court in celebration of the 2013 President's Day on Feb. 18.
We have forgotten how, what and who has given us the freedoms and liberties that we enjoy. Nationwide, there seems to be a growing perception that there is no difference between good and evil, right or wrong any more
America was founded, built and has existed for almost 237 years because of God-given "inherent and inalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness." God gave America what she has; not the government. America's federal government was developed and orchestrated to fear "We the People"; not for "We the People" to fear America's federal government. It has been made crystal clear in Isaiah 5:20; "Woe to those who call evil good and good evil; who put darkness for light, and light for darkness; who put bitter for sweet and sweet for bitter!" And again in Galatians 6: 7; "Do not be deceived, for God is not mocked; whatsoever a man sows, that will he also reap."
So, in honor of President's Day, 14 neighborhood residents on Ridge Cliff Court were offered the opportunity to join us by mounting an American flag on their neighborhood mailbox. The point was to take positive action by visibly displaying support for our nation and promoting that "We the People" need to restore God and patriotism to its rightful and prominent place in our neighborhoods, our communities, our state and ultimately, our country. All Ridge Cliff Court residents have chosen to participate.
Yes, this is just a small step; but we must start somewhere if it is to expand and grow. The mailbox flag is representative of our neighborhood's belief in America, in the patriotic spirit of "We the People" and, to paraphrase Astronaut Neil Armstrong's famous words, in the power of taking "one small step" with the hope, dream and vision that it will lead to "one giant leap" for the country we all love - America.
The next patriotic observance will be Memorial Day on May 27. Ridge Cliff Court will again be at 'full force' with American flags. We hope and pray that your neighborhood street, your subdivision or the entire North Augusta community will join us with displays of patriotism and the American flag. We strongly encourage you to 'catch the vision', visibly demonstrate your patriotic spirit, display an American flag and show your pride and patriotism in America.
God bless "We the People" and God bless America.
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