text: Say Hello to Falsetto! Girlfriend Teaser #3 by jbz 5/11/2012 | 9:38 42 Posted in News Here is the last of the teasers before the full fragrance commercial comes out Wednesday during THE VOICE. Wake me up? #GIRLFRIEND Tags:girlfriends, teaser Related Bieber News Justin Bieber 'What Do You Mean?' – Music Video Teaser Justin Bieber Teases 11 New Songs in New Album Justin Bieber Releases Teaser for Emotional New Song: "It's Working" Barbara Palvin Strokes Justin Bieber's Face Gently at Cannes Yacht Party -VIDEO Comments Newer Comments » :) 5/11/2012 | 9:40 1 Santhny 5/11/2012 | 9:42 Wow :) 5/11/2012 | 9:43 Wow what? :( 5/11/2012 | 9:42 2 :( 5/11/2012 | 9:44 Wow? daughterofLordRauhl 8/11/2012 | 2:09 What? Melissa bieber 5/11/2012 | 9:48 I love u Justin Bieber. So HOTT <3 olivia ellis 5/11/2012 | 9:52 i love justin bieber and if i was to wake him up i wouldnt hit him to get him up i would have kissed him he looks so cute imagine when he sleeps he looks like a angel Miriam Bieber 5/11/2012 | 11:07 I know he'd look like I can't explain! JaylaBieber 5/11/2012 | 11:26 Justin Bieber better sing Boyfriend JUST like that next time he sings this live because it's amazing! #Believe In Biebah 6/11/2012 | 1:37 Agreed! And your comment seemed weird to me, because Beliebers usually calm him Justin or J or JuJu, and you come and call him Justin Bieber. LOL xD JaylaBieber 6/11/2012 | 6:53 I was listening to an interview and I have a weird habit of sometimes typing what I hear. As soon as I hit sumbit I was just like f*ck. BiebersGirl18 6/11/2012 | 1:05 OMB! Imagine that the girl in this commercial is Selena!!:0 cuz they haven't showed her face once! Maybe it's gonna be a surprise:D that would be the cutest thing EVER if it was Selena!! But I doubt it is cuz some fans don't like jelena and Justin doesn't wanna rub it in their faces or anything…but anyways, I was just taking a guess:p cassie 6/11/2012 | 11:46 they won't show her, its on purpose so you can imagine yourself as his girlfriend silly #Believe In Biebah 6/11/2012 | 1:42 I can`t really imagine myself as the girl, because I wouldn`t hit Justin like that to wake him up. He was sleeping so peacefully like an angel, until the girl woke him up. I can almost hear her voice like, "Wake up b*tch, and watch the sh*tty movie! And get your a** out of your head, n*gga." And Justin`s like, "Okay, baby, sorry. ;)" LOL BiebersGirl18 7/11/2012 | 12:49 Ooh, my bad:p I thought maybe it was Selena:p thanks for telling me that though:) Jsha bieber 6/11/2012 | 3:43 Amazin. kapua 6/11/2012 | 10:54 i know right AMAZING. Alisha 6/11/2012 | 4:59 Omb! He was looking soooo cute, while sleeping like an beautiful angel. Cutest guy in the universe. Luv u justin <3 essie j 6/11/2012 | 6:44 i can't wait for the whole thing Kidrauhl 6/11/2012 | 6:48 LOL,at first it looked like he was getting a blow job.LOL it's like he falls asleep & then that bitch is like nigga wake yo ass up & watch the movie then Justin's like ok sweetie *smiles* lol.but he sexy when he's sleeping eating popcorn tho. Jay 6/11/2012 | 7:16 Wow cute, hot n words cant describe,,,lov u baby belieber forever 6/11/2012 | 7:35 hey justin u r looking soooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo cyte my love i am your girlfriend i am here i will wake u up plz come to me i wanna meet u justin plz i request u Original justin bieber 6/11/2012 | 7:56 Thanks for all coments:D:)love you all i love beliebersss i love my fans fayzatul miss biebeR 7/11/2012 | 8:31 <3 Original justin bieber 6/11/2012 | 7:57 Answers questions berry love justin bieber 6/11/2012 | 10:19 iiiiiiiiiiiii loooooooooooooooove justin bieber 4 lifee!!!!!!!!!!!! Original justin bieber 6/11/2012 | 10:20 Thank u:) JBiebs 6/11/2012 | 12:15 YOU R NOT THE REAL JUSTIN BIEBER AmberSimmons 6/11/2012 | 1:57 OMFB JUSTIN YOU LOOK SO DAMN CUTE WHEN YOU SLEEP <3 Miriam Bieber 6/11/2012 | 3:04 I know oxBelieberxo 6/11/2012 | 3:55 Great teaser. Can't wait till the full vid. comes out.. It's gonna be epic. Love u Justin 😉 daughterofLordRauhl 6/11/2012 | 3:57 This was amazing. I loved how sweet it looked when he was sleeping. But then the girl hits him like "Wake up and watch the damn movie!". Why would you do that? But I still can't wait for the commercial. I love The Voice, perfect show for the commercial to air during. I don't know about you, but I'm on Team Adam. Anyway, not important. Get ready for it! #girlfriend iambieberpokemongirl1326 6/11/2012 | 4:14 amazing Susie 6/11/2012 | 5:09 😀 Cutiiieee! ALICE 6/11/2012 | 5:27 i love it!!!!!! sadie 6/11/2012 | 5:55 justin you look soo cute in this video <3 beliber for life tedi 7/11/2012 | 5:59 i love you justin bieber fayzatul miss biebeR 7/11/2012 | 8:24 iMiss juStiN biebeR , ILY <3 ! Original justin bieber 7/11/2012 | 2:44 I miss u too:( Newer Comments »


text:
Enter your Email address:
Wolters Kluwer Health may email you for journal alerts and information, but is committed
to maintaining your privacy and will not share your personal information without
your express consent. For more information, please refer to our Privacy Policy.
Hildebrand, Frank*; Andruszkow, Hagen*; Huber-Lang, Markus†; Pape, Hans-Christoph*; van Griensven, Martijn‡
*Department of Orthopedic Trauma, and Harald Tscherne Research Laboratory for Orthopedic Trauma, University of Aachen, Aachen; †Department of Orthopedic Trauma, Hand-, Plastic- and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm; and ‡Department of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
Received 20 May 2013; first review completed 10 Jun 2013; accepted in final form 5 Jul 2013
Address reprint requests to Frank Hildebrand, MD, Department of Orthopedic Trauma, University of Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52075 Aachen, Germany. E-mail: email@example.com.
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
ABSTRACT: The majority of injury combinations in multiply injured patients entail the chest, abdomen, and extremities. Numerous pig models focus on the investigation of posttraumatic pathophysiology, organ performance monitoring and on potential treatment options. Depending on the experimental question, previous authors have included isolated insults (controlled or uncontrolled hemorrhage, chest trauma) or a combination of these injuries (hemorrhage with abdominal trauma, chest trauma, traumatic brain injury, and/or long-bone fractures). Combined trauma models in pigs can provide a high level of clinical relevance, when they are properly designed and mimicking the clinical situation. Most of these models focus on the first hours after trauma, to assess the acute sequel of traumatic hemorrhage. However, hemorrhagic shock and the associated mass transfusion are also major causes for organ failure and mortality in the later clinical course. Thus, most models lack information on the pathomechanisms during the late posttraumatic phase. Studying new therapies only during the early phase is also not reflective of the clinical situation. Therefore, a longer observation period is required to study the effects of therapeutic approaches during intensive care treatment when using animal models. These long-term studies of combined trauma models will allow the development of valuable therapeutic approaches relevant for the later posttraumatic course. This review summarizes the existing porcine models and outlines the need for long-term models to provide real effective novel therapeutics for multiply injured patients to improve organ function and clinical outcome.
According to epidemiologic data of different trauma databases, most injury distributions in multiply injured patients affect the head, the abdomen, the chest, and long bones (1, 2). For each injury, certain mortality rates have been shown. In this context, traumatic brain injury (TBI) and abdominal trauma represent the leading causes for early mortality (<24 h) after multiple trauma. The probability of having concomitant intra-abdominal lesions is increased by the factor 7.6 when associated chest trauma is present. Likewise, it has been reported that in about 66% of the cases, abdominal trauma is accompanied by an additional chest trauma (3). Severe chest trauma with subsequent lung contusions is associated with enhanced incidence of respiratory insufficiency and hemodynamic failure. This leads to increased mortality of up to 30%, which is higher when no severe chest trauma is present (4). Besides the direct consequences of lung contusions on pulmonary function, the lung represents a primary target organ for secondary damage due to the systemic inflammatory response after hemorrhagic shock and multiple trauma (5). Therefore, there seems to be a further important relationship between severe bleeding related to abdominal trauma and pulmonary function.
Besides their impact on early mortality, chest and abdominal trauma also represent significant risk factors for the development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (6, 7). Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome still represents the major cause of late deaths after severe trauma, having an incidence of 15% and a subsequent mortality of 24% in the overall trauma population (8).
Because of the clinical relevance of the trauma entities described above and the associated hemorrhagic shock for early and late complications, multiple large animal models have been developed to address this issue. The majority of experiments were performed in pig models because of their similarity to humans (9–14). The physiologic response to TBI, hemorrhage, and lung contusion simulates the human physiologic response more closely than any other nonprimate. Immature swine were shown to have cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, hematologic, and electrolyte profiles that are almost identical to those in young humans (15). Furthermore, ventilation parameters and the immunological system exert significant similarities to the human situation. However, the coagulation system, as an important entity during the posttraumatic period, shows significant differences. Extensive research has been performed in hemorrhagic shock models over the last decades. An additional focus on posttraumatic changes of pulmonary function can be observed since 25 years. The studies focused either on the investigation of pathophysiologic mechanisms of trauma or on the potential benefits of a wide spectrum of treatment options. Depending on the experimental question, the study focused either on isolated insults (e.g., controlled or uncontrolled hemorrhage, chest trauma) or on a combination of these injuries (hemorrhage with abdominal trauma [liver and/or spleen laceration] and/or chest trauma).
In general, diverse criteria for a relevant trauma model have been summarized by Cho et al. (16) and by the recommendations of the 2000 Military Medicine Workshop on Animals Models in Hemorrhage and Resuscitation Research (16, 17). Key points are as follows: (a) the need for models that have the potential for uncontrolled bleeding, (b) surgical manipulation coinciding with hemorrhage seen clinically, (c) significant soft-tissue injury to better approximate the postinjury inflammatory state, and (d) the severity of trauma with lethality that closely mimics clinical situations. Finally, the duration of hypotension before resuscitation should be comparable to the clinical scenario. Majde et al. (17) underlined these findings by indicating that the induction of a defined and reproducible trauma with sufficient hemorrhage is a key factor in the development of a relevant animal trauma model. Furthermore, it is important to adapt the duration of hypotension before resuscitation to the clinical scenario (17). Furthermore, despite the similarities between humans and pigs in the response to hemorrhagic shock, the species-specific differences (coagulation system, different receptor status for drugs, etc.) require further studies. In this context, an impaired oxygenation has been observed in the nonphysiologic supine position because of increased edema formation and higher ventilation/perfusion heterogeneity (18–20).
In this review, the authors aim to provide an overview of isolated or combined trauma models in swine characterized over the last two decades. A special focus was set on long-term models suitable to investigate therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of late posttraumatic complications (multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, sepsis). In this review, a focus was set on a critical analysis and a comparison of the methodological background (controlled vs. uncontrolled vs. combined trauma model) rather than an assessment of the importance or relevance of every single study. The authors feel that this approach might be more feasible as the conditions of every study are a little different, because in every case, the purpose of the study or the experimental question is a little different. Therefore, it seems that every model has strengths and weaknesses and that there is no intrinsic value to a model, per se. The same model could either be good or bad, depending on the experimental question (e.g., focusing either on fundamental pathophysiologic mechanisms or therapeutic interventions).
One has to differentiate between controlled and uncontrolled hemorrhage. The former can be divided in pressure-controlled and volume-controlled hemorrhage. Regardless of a controlled or uncontrolled approach, some studies performed a splenectomy before induction of trauma hemorrhage to prevent autotransfusions from pooled blood in the spleen that is well known in pigs (21).
The pathophysiology following hemorrhagic shock includes endocrine, cardiovascular, coagulatory, and immune responses. Therefore, the induction of a well-defined and reproducible trauma that includes significant hemorrhage is a significant factor in the establishment of a relevant trauma model. There are also some studies that to some extent combine pressure and volume control by choosing either a primary volume-controlled setup (e.g., withdrawal of 35% of the total blood volume), which will be stopped when a specific mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) falls below a specific limit (22), or vice versa (23).
Most porcine models use a volume-controlled shock and withdraw a defined blood volume over a set period after anesthesia (Table 1). The advantage of a volume-controlled model is the ability to assess compensatory hemodynamic mechanisms. However, as the degree of hypotension is not well defined, it also offers some disadvantages (14, 24). In most studies, a 30% to 50% reduction in total blood volume has been induced, resulting in mortality rates up to 20% (22, 25–28). However, depending on the study design as lethal models, mortality rates of up to 100% have been described (10, 12, 29, 30). Some volume-controlled hemorrhage models focused on the effects of resuscitation fluids (12, 22, 31); others observed the effects of hypothermia on outcome (10, 26, 29, 32).
However, Gomez et al. (33) proposed that a defined level of hypotension driven by blood pressure measurements might be clinically more relevant than volume-controlled hemorrhage. The degree and duration of hypotension can be better controlled as blood pressure can be reliably measured, and the blood volume is an estimation, and the remaining volume cannot be measured online. The majority of the studies had a target MAP between 30 and 45 mmHg, which was generally maintained for 30 to 45 min (33–35). Only in a study by Roch et al. (36) the time to resuscitation was 120 min, which is clinically less relevant.
Pressure-controlled hemorrhage has been used to investigate physiologic mechanisms and organ dysfunction depending on the intensity of hypotension. However, variable outcomes are possible despite constant hypotension. This may be due to interindividual differences in cardiovascular reserves. Gomez et al. (33) also stated that pressure-controlled models might be advantageous, as the MAP rather than the volume of blood loss is available clinically. However, the use of pressure-controlled hemorrhage also has some negative side effects. To keep the artificial pressure point at the set level, decompensation of the individual animal might occur at different time points. This might result in more blood withdrawal when the animal compensates or various amounts of resuscitation in case of decompensation. Furthermore, despite a set pressure, these models might also exert various effects on the physiologic and immunologic response. An additional disadvantage is the artificial nature of pressure control, as the animals are bled to a predetermined fixed pressure and are maintained at that pressure for a fixed time period. This does not resemble the clinical situation of traumatized patients.
Independently of the use of volume- or pressure-controlled models, there is usually minimal decompensation if no exsanguination of the animal is performed. Furthermore, decompensation from isolated hemorrhage might in general be recoverable without many consequences when resuscitation is performed with shed blood or fresh whole blood. The observed disturbances in the models are significantly influenced by the method and content of resuscitation (e.g., crystalloids or artificial colloids). The absence of uncontrolled sources of bleeding (e.g., solid organ injuries) has been identified as a further limitation of studies with controlled hemorrhagic shock as no ongoing bleeding is observed, which is in contrast to the clinical setting with uncontrolled sources of bleeding at the time of resuscitation. Furthermore, the long-term coagulopathic effects of hemodilution or hypothermia may complicate the management of uncontrolled bleeding from sources such as the liver (37–39). Accordingly, Skarda et al. (34) recommended to perform studies in uncontrolled hemorrhage models before the results of resuscitation strategies obtained in controlled hemorrhage studies can be implemented in the clinical setting.
Although volume- and pressure-controlled models of hemorrhagic shock offer a controlled induction of blood loss, the model of uncontrolled hemorrhage has been suggested to closely mimic the clinical situation of traumatized patients, particularly in regard to therapeutic options. Furthermore, the possible combination with a soft-tissue trauma seems to be a major advantage of uncontrolled hemorrhage models, as the absence of solid organ or tissue injuries has been identified as a major limitation for clinical relevance of a study (38, 39).
Numerous methods have been used to induce uncontrolled hemorrhage, such as injuries to the liver, spleen, aortic lesions, or other vessel injuries (Table 2). To generate uncontrolled hemorrhage as reproducible as possible, the authors aimed to standardize their traumatic insults. In this context, Grottke et al. (9) developed a model that allows for the induction of reproducible liver injuries with different degrees of severity resulting in comparable parenchymal damage. A standardized spleen injury used by Avaro et al. (40) has been shown to induce uncontrolled hemorrhage with severe hypovolemic shock (Table 2).
In uncontrolled models of hemorrhage, a focus has been put on the timing, volume, and nature of resuscitation fluid given after shock (41–43). Furthermore, the effectiveness of different inotropic substances has been compared with each other or with isolated fluid resuscitation (44, 45). In these studies, the time period until resuscitation was between 30 and 60 min (mortality up to 100%) (Table 2). Uncontrolled hemorrhage models are also frequently used for the effectiveness of locally applied hemostatic dressings. In most of these studies, severe hepatic injuries were induced, and the observation time was between 1 and 3 h (34). The mortality rate (0%–100%) was significantly influenced by the type of the applied dressing (46–50). Further studies of uncontrolled hemorrhage focused on the effects either of different coagulation factors or of induced hypothermia on blood loss, resuscitation requirements, and outcome (9, 38, 51, 52).
Achieving a state of coagulopathy in pigs is known to be rather difficult and is therefore not reflecting the clinical situation in humans (13, 53). Therefore, some studies performed some hemodilution before the induction of injury to induce and standardize coagulopathy, which does not fully reflect the clinical situation (9, 13, 51, 54).
However, despite the frequent use of uncontrolled hemorrhage, these models are also believed to exert some clear disadvantages in terms of standardization and reproducibility, as they introduce a degree of physiologic variability in addition to the biological variability.
Taken together, it seems to be important to establish a balance between clinical relevance and the need to optimize experimental standardization and reliability. As animal models are used to investigate either pathogenetic mechanisms or preclinical assessment of therapies, Majde et al. (17) proposed that studies have to focus on standardization and reproducibility in case of pathophysiologic questions. Therefore, pressure- and volume-controlled models should be preferred to uncontrolled hemorrhage. Furthermore, it is probably important to allow the animals to fully recover in pathogenesis models (17). In preclinical models assessing therapeutic strategies, the use of uncontrolled hemorrhage seems to be of major importance.
However, a model of hemorrhage without significant additional tissue trauma is unlikely to predict the response to therapy in any clinical setting, as tissue injury alters the response to hemorrhage. Therefore, combined trauma models might be most valuable to the clinical setting of traumatized patients.
The implementation of a combined trauma model in large animals is challenging. On the one hand, the severity of different insults has to be adapted, as an extensive burden of trauma is too severe. On the other hand, the severity of the single insult as well as of the combined trauma has to be severe enough to measure any potential benefit of therapeutic approaches. In this context, Davis and Kaups (55) failed to detect a therapeutic benefit in a pulmonary contusion model if the inciting injury is not severe enough.
Indeed, a variety of large animal models combine different aspects of severe trauma. Because of the high clinical incidence and impact of chest trauma as well as the role of the lungs as a crucial shock organ, diverse studies have combined a blunt chest trauma with controlled hemorrhage (21, 37, 56–60). In these models, blunt chest trauma was combined with either pressure-controlled hemorrhage (with a MAP between 20 and 30 mmHg) (23, 37, 56) or a volume-controlled hemorrhage (with blood withdrawals between 10 and 45 mL/kg body weight [BW]) (57–61) (Table 3). The duration of the shock period was between 30 and 90 min. Depending on these variables and the therapeutic approach, a mortality rate between 0% and 65% was observed. It can be assumed that a significant tissue trauma is included, and the induction of controlled hemorrhage results in a high extent of standardization in these models.
Comparable to chest trauma, also TBI has been combined with controlled and/or uncontrolled hemorrhage (15, 62–68). In these studies, TBI was induced by either a fluid percussion or a cryogenic impact (Table 4). The severity (pressure-controlled models with MAP between 20 and 50 mmHg; volume-controlled models with 30%–45% of total blood volume) and the duration of shock (period, 15–120 min) differed among the studies according to the study aim. Overall, a mortality rate between 0% and 100% was observed.
However, the absence of solid organ injuries in the previously mentioned studies represents a potential limitation, as posttraumatic coagulopathy has the potential to complicate bleeding control from nonvascular sources such as the liver. In a study by Feinstein et al. (37), chest trauma was combined with an abdominal trauma with hepatic injury for induction of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock. This injury is also prone to bleeding in the further study period. This setup might closely reflect the clinical situation of traumatized patients and incorporate the high clinical coincidence of abdominal and chest trauma (37) (Table 3). However, in terms of standardization and reproducibility, there seem to be some weaknesses. This is of special importance as it is assumed that a combined trauma model itself is more difficult to reproduce because of the variances of each separate entity (9).
Because of these weaknesses, other studies have added a controlled hemorrhage as an additional insult to an abdominal trauma or to a combined chest/abdominal trauma. This might result in an improved reproducibility in combined trauma models. In general, a MAP between 35 and 50 mmHg was targeted. The duration of the shock period was between 30 and 90 min with a mortality rate between 0% and 30%, depending on the chosen variables and the therapeutic approaches (21, 23, 69, 70) (Table 3). In summary, abdominal trauma with hepatic injury can serve as a source of uncontrolled bleeding and as an indicator for potential coagulation disorders with secondary bleeding in these multisystem injury models. However, the induced insults have to be analyzed carefully in the combined trauma models. In a recently published pig model, a combination of a single rib fracture with abdominal trauma and hemorrhagic shock has been established (70). However, the rib fracture was mainly used to create a soft-tissue trauma in absence of a hypoxia period and not to induce a significant chest trauma. Therefore, this model can only partly be regarded as a combined chest and abdominal trauma model.
Because of the high incidence of fractures of the extremities in multiple-trauma patients (>60%), some combined trauma models also include a long-bone fracture (tibia or femur) (16, 70–74) (Table 3). Because of the significance of an additional tissue injury for a clinically relevant response to a combined traumatic insult, the implementation of fractures seems to be reasonable. Furthermore, these models might be used for the evaluation of individualized treatment strategies (e.g., timing of definitive fracture stabilization).
In conclusion, combined trauma models are clinically relevant to investigate pathophysiologic changes of organ and immune function after multiple traumas. However, the insults themselves as well as their severity have to be thoroughly selected to create a valid and reliable model. Furthermore, possible limitations have to be considered before transferring results from these models to the clinical setting.
Translating the results of experimental studies to the clinical application has been challenging, indicating the need for a better understanding of the models being used and their potential limitations. In general, the source of the animals, the availability and experience of personnel, the environmental parameters of the laboratory (e.g., humidity, temperature, light intensity), the conduct of experiments (sample size), and the variability in equipment and laboratory testing have been identified as potential reasons for variability in developing animal models (13, 16, 51, 75, 76). Furthermore, specific animal differences, such as sex and age, have to be considered as significant influencing factors for the results of experimental studies. Age has been shown to have a significant impact on the posttraumatic response after different types of injuries. Sheehy et al. (77) were able to show that juvenile pigs demonstrated a significantly different immunological response compared with older animals. Furthermore, TBI resulted in an increased cerebral blood flow in young animals, whereas it was decreased in older pigs (78). In further studies, female sex was associated with protective effects on the posttraumatic course after diverse traumatic impacts (79, 80). In addition, also 17β-estradiol exerted beneficial effects after severe trauma, such as hemorrhage and lung injury, in diverse experimental models (81–84).
Furthermore, the complexity of experimental models, although providing clinical reality, adds many variables that might significantly influence the results. Despite the similarities between humans and pigs in the response to hemorrhagic shock, the species-specific differences and impairments due to experimental necessities need further attention. Among these are coagulation, responses to vasopressors, and immunologic differences. Coagulation disorders in multiple-trauma patients are part of the lethal triad and therefore are investigated by many researchers. However, it is well known that it is difficult to achieve a state of coagulopathy in pigs. Therefore, data about posttraumatic coagulation disorders and the transferability to the human situation have to be interpreted carefully (13, 26, 53, 74, 85). Some studies therefore induced hemodilution before the injury to generate a standardized coagulopathy, which clearly neither mimics the clinical situation (9). In addition, different vasopressin receptors exist in pigs and humans that may result in a different hemodynamic response to exogenously administered vasopressin (37, 44). Porcine granulocytes should not be considered representative for the human setting because of differences of elastase release and activity. Furthermore, the reticuloendothelial system in swine is located in the pulmonary region, which is in contrast to the situation in humans. This might have significant effects, e.g., on the pulmonary artery pressure in specific situations (86).
Besides the differences between pigs and humans, there are also necessities due to the experimental setup that need further attention. The use of anesthesia and mechanical ventilation before, during, and immediately after the insults due to ethical reasons as well as the performance of laparotomy before the splenic or hepatic injury are different from the clinical situation. Anesthesia can mask many features of the stress responses to hemorrhage and resuscitation by its effects on sensorimotor and cardiovascular function and metabolic demands (9, 54, 56). Early mechanical ventilation with administration of positive pressure ventilation might ameliorate the progression of pulmonary failure especially in models with experimental chest trauma. Furthermore, adjustment of the ventilation parameters to maintain normocapnea to mimic the intensive care unit (ICU) situation might complicate the interpretation of oxygenation, work of breathing, and peak inspiratory pressure. Pastore et al. (20) were able to show that the nonphysiologic supine position results in a significant formation of lung edema, which has clearly been related to an increase in pulmonary arterial pressure. Furthermore, an impaired oxygenation has been described because of increased ventilation/perfusion heterogeneity. In this context, impaired ventilation and increased perfusion of dorsal regions have been described (18, 19). Another potential flaw in the design of experimental studies might be obtaining of multiple bronchoalveolar lavages with a repetitive disconnection from the ventilator. In this context, frequent saline lavage has been reported to induce lung injury (55). The application of diverse drugs and infusions might have the potential to modulate cellular injury and influence survival. Anesthetic and analgesic drugs are of course required because of the nature of the invasive procedures; however, they might exert significant depressive effects on cardiovascular function (87). In addition, interactions of these substances with the inflammatory response have been demonstrated (88). Ketamine has been shown to reduce the inflammatory response with decreased systemic levels of proinflammatory cytokines (89–95). Locally, it interferes with the determinants of primary immunity preventing the exacerbation and extension of local inflammation (88).
Other confounders might be the use of heparin, which influences blood viscosity, the release of vasoactive agents, the synthesis of cytokines, endothelial cell interactions, the coagulation as well as the complement cascade, and the transfusion need of autologous blood (24). Clinically, the effects of donated blood that has been separated into packed red blood cells and then stored for a prolonged period have been demonstrated to alter significantly the posttraumatic response (96).
Besides the aforementioned limitations, many authors stated that real long-term trauma models are missing that accurately simulate the natural clinical trajectory of trauma. In most experimental studies, time frames were selected that closely reflect the clinical setting resulting in a focus on the first hours after trauma (Tables 1–3). In this context, the posttraumatic observation period of multiple studies was between 2 and 6 h, whereas the hospital course of a patient who faced similar injuries regularly lasted for days and weeks (56). Accordingly, it has been shown in a pig model of pulmonary contusion that it takes more than 8 h to observe involvement of the noncontused lung (97), whereas experimental pulmonary contusion did not result in hypoxemia during a shorter experimental period of 4 h (59). It therefore has to be assumed that long-term consequences (e.g., susceptibility to pneumonia or development of adult respiratory distress syndrome of isolated or combined trauma) are missed by a majority of the published models (37).
Only a very limited number of studies included an observation period of up to 24 h in intubated animals (21–23, 34, 57, 69). In some other experiments, animals were extubated after up to 24 h and then observed for several days in an awake state (21, 22, 28, 44, 47, 69, 98, 99). However, this does not really mimic the clinical situation of most of the multiply injured patients who are intubated and treated on the ICU for several days. Thus, the need of further studies with a longer observation period under intensive care conditions has been pointed out by many authors (48, 50, 71). De Castro et al. (48) stated that the survival and the success of their therapeutic approach for bleeding control in hepatic injury have to be investigated for a significantly longer period (up to 96 h). Various other studies agree and state that—due to the limited experimental and observation time—no valid and reliable assessments on kinetics of functional recovery or deterioration of endothelial or organ function, kinetics of the immune response, long-term treatment effects, or compensation mechanisms are possible (54, 76, 100). For example, posttraumatic apoptosis has been described to occur relatively late following tissue challenge, and it was shown that the process continues for up to 3 days. Hypothermia seems to affect this apoptotic process including the inhibition of activation of caspase enzymes and the preservation of mitochondrial function (101). To investigate the apoptotic cascade as a therapeutic target after multiple trauma (e.g., by modulation of the body temperature), long-term models seem to be of major importance. Furthermore, severe trauma has been associated with immune dysfunction not only in the early posttraumatic course but also in later stages. In this context, little is known about the long-term effects of the activation of the complement system. It has been described that the early excessive activation of the complement system results in a complementopathy, which is associated with an immunosuppression. However, the long-term effects of this complementopathy on organ function are also unknown (102). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a key role in the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns and are found on diverse cells of the innate immune system (e.g., monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, polymorphonuclear granulocytes). Trauma and infections result in an activation of the TLRs and their coreceptor CD14, which recruit the adaptor molecule MyD88 for intracellular signal transduction with activation of transcription factors. This finally results in a humeral and cellular inflammatory response (103). Long-term effects of this early TLR activation as well as therapeutic strategies for modulation of the early posttraumatic immune response (e.g., blockade of C5a and/or CD14) are not well described.
The performance of extended experiments comprises significant challenges and possible limitations. These include logistic necessities and the associated costs. In this context, both personnel with clinical and scientific experience in intensive care medicine and trauma surgery and adequately equipped facilities are needed to ensure that the observed pathologies are not iatrogenic. It also has to be taken in account that growth might be an important issue in swine when observing long-term outcomes with observation periods of several weeks. However, this aspect might be of minor importance in models with a study period of several days.
In conclusion, diverse combined trauma models in pigs exist indicative of high clinical relevance. The majority of these animal models have been designed to focus on the first hours after trauma. It is well known that a significant number of deaths associated with hemorrhage occur in this period. Only a very limited number of studies have a longer observation period of up to 24 h. This might be not enough to resemble the clinical situation with a mean duration of mechanical ventilation of 5.6 ± 10.4 days and a stay on the ICU of 9.7 ± 12.9 days (104). Consequently, there is a strong demand for long-term studies in combined trauma models with a high degree of validity and reliability. Despite the high costs and the significant logistic challenges of long-term experiments, sample sizes should not be compromised to detect differences between study and control groups (51, 75, 76). Only then that real effective novel therapeutics can be provided for multiply injured patients to improve organ function and clinical outcome.
The authors thank Fritz Seidl, MA, Interpreting and Translating, for copy editing our manuscript.
Hemorrhage; chest trauma; abdominal trauma; long-bone fracture; pigs
© 2013 by the Shock Society
Colleague's E-mail is Invalid
Your Name: (optional)
Your Email:
Colleague's Email:
Separate multiple e-mails with a (;).
Thought you might appreciate this item(s) I saw at Shock.
Send a copy to your email
Your message has been successfully sent to your colleague.
Some error has occurred while processing your request. Please try after some time.
An Existing Folder
A New Folder
Folder Name:
The item(s) has been successfully added to "".
Login with your LWW Journals username and password.
Username or Email:
Forgot Password?
Enter and submit the email address you registered with. An email with instructions to reset your password will be sent to that address.
Link to reset your password has been sent to specified email address.
What does "Remember me" mean?
By checking this box, you'll stay logged in until you logout. You'll get easier access to your articles, collections,
media, and all your other content, even if you close your browser or shut down your
To protect your most sensitive data and activities (like changing your password),
we'll ask you to re-enter your password when you access these services.
What if I'm on a computer that I share with others?
If you're using a public computer or you share this computer with others, we recommend
that you uncheck the "Remember me" box.
Save my selection
Article Level Metrics
Keyword Highlighting
Highlight selected keywords in the article text.
Search for Similar Articles
You may search for similar articles that contain these same keywords or you may
modify the keyword list to augment your search.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|Little Buddha
4321 West Flamingo Road - Las Vegas,NV 89103
Phone: (702) 9427778
Fax: -
Enjoy a tantalizing dinner prepared by the award-winning culinary team and be pampered by their staff. Little Buddha, located inside the Palms, is the hippest place to dine in Las Vegas.
Paris' award - winning and most successful restaurant-the Buddha Bar - makes its American debut at the Palms Casino Resort with the Little Buddha. The restaurant is owned by the George V Entertainment Group, a privately held French company founded by Raymond Visan and designed by the Rockwell Group. Offering Asian-Fusion cuisine along with traditional Chinese dishes with a dash of French influence, guests can dine at the impressive sushi bar or in one of two dining areas. Each decorated in opulent, Asian-inspired themes , the domed main dining room and back room are adorned with two massive Buddha statues from floor to ceiling. The restaurant also includes eclectic international music and sound.
Cuisine : Asian,Sushi
Price : -
Amenities : Private Party Room,Wi-fi
Atmosphere : Bar Scene,Family / Children,Gay Friendly,Live Music,Outdoor Dining,Resort/Country Club,Romantic,Scenic View
Attire : Casual
Banquet Facilities : 10 - 20 People,20 - 50 People,50 - 100 People,Over 100 People
Bar : Beer,Full Bar,Wines
Meals : Dinner,Happy Hour
Reservations : Not Required,Suggested
Parking : Parking on Site,Street,Valet
Please call 702-942-7778 to inquire about private parties/banquets and special events.
Special Features
Sit Down,Booster/High Chairs,BYOB,Carry Out,Children's Menu,Gluten-Free Items,Non Smoking Area,Wheelchair Access
Payment Methods
Map & Directions
Promo code valid from January 1st, 1970 12:00:00 AM to January 1st, 1970 12:00:00 AM (Central Standard Time).


text:
to Find Us
For Reservations:
(505) 883-4966
(866) 505-4966
Individual Reservations:
Group Reservations:
you are flying into Albuquerque and need fast convenient transportation
to your hotel or Bed and Breakfast, let us know and we'll be ready
when you arrive.
Click Here for a Fare Table of the Hotels in the Albuquerque Area!!!
Calculate Your Fare
Thank you for your interest in using Sunport Shuttle for your transportation. We are pleased to offer shared-ride service at discounted prices. Fares are based on your destination's distance to/from the Sunport International Airport (see Fare Table). We also offer discounts to additional passengers in your party after the first passenger pays full fare. For example, a one-way fare to the Hyatt Regency downtown is $11 for the first person, $5 for each additional person in your party traveling on the same shuttle van. A round-trip is discounted to $20 for the first person, $10 for each additional person in your party.
Schedule Your Reservation
Departure pick-ups to the airport start as early as 4:00 am from hotels and 5:00 am from residences inside Albuquerque city limits, with service ending at 11:00 pm. Outside of Albuquerque, hotel pick-ups begin at 5:00 am and residential pick-ups begin at 6:00 am, with service ending at 11:00 pm. If you need service outside these hours, please consider calling our sister company, Albuquerque Cab Company, at 505-883-4888. We have a 15-minute pick-up window, which means that the van will normally arrive within 15 minutes of your scheduled pickup time. For example, if your pickup time is 10:00 am, the van will typically arrive between 9:55 am and 10:10 am. Please make sure that you are completely ready to go 5 minutes before your scheduled pickup time so that you will not keep other passengers waiting!
If you would like to make a reservation, please call us toll free anytime or use our online system. Arrivals into Albuquerque after 9:00pm and all residential/business pick-ups require prepayment.
Child Safety Seats are required per NM state law for children being transported in our vehicles and must be provided by passengers.
Catch Your Shuttle
At the Airport—Our counter is open 9am-11pm and is located on the ground level inside the terminal across from baggage claim #3. Our Sunport Shuttle sign is on the wall behind the counter and walk-ups are always welcome.
From Your Hotel/Residence/Business—make your reservation in advance and then be ready to go 5 minutes before your scheduled pickup time.
We look forward to assisting you with your travel arrangements!
If you would
like further information regarding us or our services, please feel
free to send us a message. We will get back to you as soon as we
compile all your information. Or call us toll-free at 1-866-505-4966.


text:
Hi - I have a remote server with a pubic IP ddress which I would like
to connect back to the corporate LAN via an IPSec Tunnel.
I have sucessfully established a tunnel from the remote server (2003
SP2) to the LAN and I can ping devices within the LAN through the
tunnel. Good so far.
However, I would also like to use IPSec to Block other inbound traffic
coming into the remote server. I have created a Block rule for all
traffic "from Any to Me" but as soon as I enable it, the tunnel also
appears to be blocked.
I also have another more specific rule to Allow traffic for RDP and
this is working as expected and not being blocked by the general
rule. I had thought that the more general (lower weight) Block rule
would not be matched for traffic in the tunnel (higher weight rule) so
why is the tunnel being blocked by the general rule?
Any ideas gratefully received?


text:
J. Charles Delbeek |
Q. I have a 3-year-old, 135-gallon saltwater tank. Recently, one of the fluorescent tubes went out. I replaced it with a new one, but just the ends would light weakly. I found that if I rotated the fluorescent tube, it would sometimes light for a short time. How can I fix the problem?
My other fish tank problem is a mystery. The tank's first inhabitants were urchins that hitchhiked in via live rock. Recently I noticed several of their spikes on the sand. Eventually, they died. Since then, most of my invertebrates (turbo snails, chocolate chip stars, hermit crabs, peppermint and cleaner shrimps) have disappeared. Yesterday, I found my 2.5-year-old Koran angel eating a serpent star along with my hippo tangs. Are these fish behind my missing inverts? If I can't use a clean-up crew because of these fish, what do you recommend I use instead?
Mike Needham
A. There are several possibilities that could explain the behavior of your aquarium's fluorescent light. The contacts inside the sockets or the pins on the ends of the lamp may be corroded, and you are not getting good electrical contact.
Make sure the fixture is unplugged and removed from the fish tank before proceeding. Remove the fluorescent tubes and, using a piece of fine sand paper, scrape the contacts in the fixture and the lamp pins to remove any discoloration or deposits you may find. Then replace the tubes, and make sure they are properly seated. If this does not solve the problem, another possibility (if this is a double fixture) is that one of the tubes may be faulty or improperly installed; try replacing one or both of the lamps. If after trying both these solutions the lamps still won't light, there is a good possibility the ballast is faulty, and you will need to replace it.
As for the missing inverts, I doubt the fish you mentioned are the problem. The serpent star was most likely dead before they started on it. Have you checked for crabs or a mantis shrimp, especially a few hours after the lights are out?
The variety of organisms affected, however, leads me to suspect an aquarium water quality or chemistry problem. What is the water chemistry like? Things such as pH, ammonia and nitrite should all be measured. Without this information, it's hard to figure out if there is a water chemistry problem.
Check the salinity, as well — this is a major factor in the health of many invertebrates. Aquarium salinity should be close to 35 parts per thousand. Many aquarium hobbyists use hydrometers to measure specific gravity (which is another way of determining salinity), but few fishkeepers are aware that these readings are affected by temperature. Unless the temperature of the tank water is the same as the temperature the hydrometer is calibrated to, readings will not reflect the true specific gravity. This is not a problem when measuring salinity directly. Check your hydrometer: There should be some indication on it or in the documentation that accompanied it about its calibration temperature.
Want to read the full story? Pick up the August 2009 issue of Aquarium Fish International today.
Dot HAWK Junction, ON
Great article
Allen Calgary, AB
Cacey Anthony, ND
Sounds to me like a ballast gone bad!
Jan C, OH
Since the Urchins had lost spines, I would say it is the water quality versus a hitchhiker!
Hi, my tank is
Nature in a glass box.
Visit the photo gallery to cast your vote »
Your source for freshwater, reef, and saltwater aquarium keeping information, tips, and species profiles.
Sign up to get updates delivered straight to your inbox.
FishChannel takes your privacy seriously. To learn more, please read our privacy policy.


text:
Who: D.C. United (8-4-3, 27 points) at Union (2-7-2, eight points)
When: Saturday, 7 p.m.
Where: PPL Park, Chester
TV: CSN; Galavision
Outlook: The first match of the John Hackworth era is actually a rematch: The Union defeated D.C. United, 2-1, in U.S. Open Cup play two weeks ago, a physical affair that took extra time to settle in Maryland. United hasn't forgotten that game - especially midfielder Brandon McDonald, who received a red card after getting into a skirmish with Union defender Carlos Valdes, who will play in this match, but is out for the June 26 U.S. Open Cup quarterfinal game against the Harrisburg City Islanders. "We are going in with a chip on our shoulder," McDonald told his team's website. "They took away the Open Cup from us, which is something we really wanted collectively as a group. So we have to come out and prove that that was a fluke." . . . Dejan Jakovic and top goal scorer Dwayne DeRosario return from a two-week stint with the Canadian national team during a break from MLS play for FIFA World Cup qualifying. . . . The Union also got defender Porfirio Lopez (Costa Rica) and Gabriel Gomez (Panama) back from World Cup qualifying. . . . United goalkeeper Bill Hamid ranks second in the league overall with a 0.83 goals-against average and a pair of shutouts in six matches.


text:
The Albany Police Department's firearms safety course will be held on Saturday, June 23, 2012 at 8:00 a.m. at the Law Enforcement Center in the Community Room. The eight hour class, which is open to citizens 21 years of age and older, will cover basic handgun safety, legal issues, and handling skills needed to deploy a handgun for self defense.General Information
Applicants will have to sign a release and authorize the Albany Police Department to conduct a background check to obtain any information relating to a criminal history record for the purpose of making a determination of eligibility for the course.
For questions, contact Ms. Phyllis Banks at (229)483-6298.


text:
Celebrity Central / Top 25 Celebs
Megan Fox
- 2012
Oh Baby!
Almost a month after welcoming her first child, son Noah Shannon, with husband Brian Austin Green, Fox goes public with the news. In a Facebook post, she writes, "We are humbled to have the opportunity to call ourselves the parents of this beautiful soul and I am forever grateful to God for allowing me to know this kind of boundless, immaculate love."
- 2013
Another Little Arrival
Just 10 months after the birth of son Noah, Fox and Green announce they are expecting again. "They are both very happy," her rep tells PEOPLE. Son Bodhi Ransom is born on February 12, 2014.
Photo Credits
BIOGRAPHY (top to bottom): Limelight; Christopher Polk/NBC/Getty
- Name
- Megan Fox
- Date of Birth
- May 16, 1986
- Birth Place
- Oak Ridge, Tenn.
- Relationships
Brian Austin Green, husband (2004 to present)
- Children
Noah Shannon Green, son (9/27/2012)
Bodhi Ransom Green, son (2/12/2014)


text:
Featured Events
Finding Your Taikoza Tickets
Are you looking for cheap Taikoza tickets and great customer service? Look no further, thanks to Vividseats.com. A critically acclaimed theater event, Taikoza is a show guaranteed to entertain everyone. We have tickets to Taikoza in all price ranges and a wide variety of seating selections. View our inventory above for a complete listing of cheap Taikoza tickets and all other art & theater tickets we have available. Attending a local Taikoza show is sure to bring a welcome change to your normal routine, or perhaps you'd like to make a vacation out of it by purchasing tickets to Taikoza in another city. View Taikoza tour dates and choose tickets from the entire Taikoza theater schedule above. If you don't find what you're looking for, we encourage you to check back often. Our inventory is constantly changing and we would be happy to inform you when the tickets you want become available.
Quick & Secure Online Payment for Taikoza Shows
Vivid Seats accepts all major credit cards online, as well as Pay Pal payments and Cashier's Checks (when you call in to our office). We utilize a 128-bit secured server for all our transactions, so you can feel confident in your ticket purchase. If you have any questions about purchasing your theater tickets, please contact us at 1.866.848.TIXX. Thank you for choosing Vivid Seats as your trusted ticket broker.


text:
School board OKs retaining wall
October 23, 2013
After much discussion on its options for a slope in the front section of the Williamsport Area Middle School, the school board voted Tuesday to approve a change order to install a two-tier retaining......
Spend, spend, spend, they do this very well with our tax dollars. Where does it end? I feel the entire project is a gross expenditure of our money and will do nothing to improve education.
1 Agrees | 0 Disagrees | Report Abuse »
Radioactive- make due with what we have and ditch the project from the start and save our money, no degree required to figure that out. Spend your money, not mine.
1 Agrees | 0 Disagrees | Report Abuse »
Showing 2 of 2 comments
Post a Comment
You must first login before you can comment.


text:
You know the drill. $35 dollars and Six Pack – RHINO calls 'em out, and the Pabich brothers handle biz in a hidden backyard pool for a Six Pack of sugary ...WATCH
Fire up the Que and crack a few brews with Dickson, Slash, Nuge, Baca, Bobby Long, Taylor Smith, and a few other Prince Park rulers in this special Blow'n Up ...WATCH
In Honor of Peter Hewitt's heated Spitfire Wheels part that recently dropped, Grant Schubert compiled over 4:00 minutes of RAW footage from the Indy 2007 ...WATCH
Enjoy some raw skateboarding, and casual antics from the one and only, Mark Gonzales aka #Gonz during the making of his most recent Indy ad – "Need a Fuck ...WATCH
Need a Truck? The #Gonz Limited Boxset Collection is here! Mark Gonzales' work speak for itself... The Gonz collectors box includes a 14 x 10 x 4.5" printed ...WATCH
Get out the notepad... Wes Kremer brings the heat under the bridge at San Diego's WSVT, and powers through the crust. Nollie 180º Fakie Nosegrind?!... Keep it ...WATCH
The NHS crew teamed up with Skate Warehouse to take over SLO Skatepark. This is what happens when you mash up Santa Cruz Skateboards, Independent ...WATCH
Kevin continues his onslaught of footage—this time in an Austrian indoor skatepark where he takes down the roof. Watch Kevin Kowalski's "On One" Part Here: ...WATCH
The Northwest madman Kevin Kowalski terrorizes a random Euro park with his vast bag of maneuvers in this excerpt from his ThrasherMagazine.com "On One" ...WATCH
Kevin Kowalski has been on an absolute terror, and it's safe to say Kev is "On One." Here's over three minutes of RAW skateboarding for your viewing pleasure.WATCH
Kevin Kowalski charging a monster pivot fakie. IndependentTrucks.com Ride The Best and Subscribe to Independent Trucks! YouTube: ...WATCH
You may recall some of these clips, but it's great to see them all together… The NHS, INC umbrella maintains some of the most talented skateboarders in the biz, ...WATCH


text:
View Basket Checkout Recent Orders Items:
GroPanel is a new and unique vertical planting system that requires minimum maintenance whilst giving fantastic results all year round.
GroPanel is extremely versatile, can be planted with summer or winter plants and is ideal for herbs.
Contact us on 01925 406 602 to find out more about GroPanel.
Unlike other vertical planting systems, the unique design incorporating a coloured mesh panel on the face means GroPanel still looks attractive even after the plants have died back.
GroPanel is very rigid in construction and has a steel body which is Black powder coated and there is a choice of four colours for the front mesh panel.
The unique design of GroPanel features a front mesh panel with up to 64 growing pods for individual planting.
Once assembled the top lid is swivelled back and a heavy duty liner (which is provided) is inserted into the panel behind the mesh face.
The liner helps to prevent the growing medium from drying out too quickly.
GroPanel really does allow you to keep gardening all year round.
The picture on the left was taken in March when the temperature was below freezing!
The picture on the right shows GroPanel in May
Horticultural specialist Steve Williams has tried and tested GroPanel in every season, and in all gardening conditions.
For great vertical planting ideas whatever the weather, read Steve's Vertical Planting Advice blog.
GroPanel is an ideal eye-catching way to enhance the exterior of your business premises.
Our RHS Tatton displays look great outside our head office in Warrington and really brighten up the front.
Find out latest offers and promotions


text:
Royal Granite & Marble LLC is a local family owned and operated business.
We work with commercial and residential customers to design, fabricate and install the perfect piece of natural stone surface
We specialize in Granite, Marble, Quartz. We also carry All Wood Cabinets.
At Royal Granite & Marble we believe in Quality Products and Services.
By choosing RGM, you will experience professional service, quality workmanship and a level of satisfaction Second to None!
Whether your project is in the kitchen, bathroom or your back yard grill; we have the right stone for you.
Our granite counter tops are affordable for any budget.
We will work with our clients to give them the best possible price and service. We strive to provide each of our clients with personal service, ensuring the final product is exactly what you're looking for.
Tired of Cheap Counter
Then it is time for you to give our team at Royal Granite & Marble a call !!


text:
Top Definition
A perfectly legitimate attempt by innocent people, often oppressed white middle class individuals and families, to exercise their civil rights to choose which neighbors they want to live with and what lifestyle they wish to pass on to their children, by peacefully leaving neighborhoods that no longer meet their very reasonable standards of safety and decency. This phenomenon is often misrepresented as racist by those who resent the freedom to move that these hard-working people have earned, without dependence on government support.
Detroit, Michigan displays the results of white flight. Neighborhoods that once thrived, filled with wage-earners who took good care of their properties and maintained acceptable behavior standards for safety, are now nearly empty. Those who remain are sometimes recorded as complaining to the government, demanding that should step in with taxpayer's money and fill the increasingly wide gaps left behind.
by Eleanor Sinclair February 11, 2008
Trending Now
Can you define these popular missing words?
A term used to describe white hard working, non-welfare using, people with morals and values that flee a particular area because it is overrun by the blight and crime often associated with minorties. A community that may have once thrived and prospered with business, good economics, and safety and now is the equivalent of a third world country because minorities came in and drove all business away. White Flight could be compared to a cancer that has been diagnosed early, the diagnosis could be the equivalent of vacating the area immediately rather than waiting for the disease(minorities) to come in and completely destroy that community.
Man, this apartment complex was quiet and clean when the white couple lived across the hallway. The second night the blacks moved in the cops were here. The cops said they could hear the bass all they way down in the parking lot. I guess it's time to take the "White Flight" before I end up dead.
by kanas sucks March 16, 2010
When rich white people move to the suburbs so they can be as far away from the blacks and the homeless as possible and spend the rest of their dull, meaningless lives living in cookie-cutter houses with their lawnmowers and their gas guzzling minivans in the driveway. This phenomenon began in the 1950s with Levittown, a whites-only community that offered cheap and affordable suburban homes to white families - blacks and other minorities were strictly prohibited from buying homes there, thus they were not able to buy into the burgeoning real estate market and be entitled to the massive amounts of potential wealth therein like white people were, further solidifying their status as second-class citizens. Since then, white people have flocked to the suburbs, where millions of acres of land are reserved for growing lawns and billions of gallons of gasoline are used to commute from these suburban areas to the city where the jobs are, resulting in a massive waste of resources and extremely congested highways. As they are located far away from the cities, life in these suburbs is excruciatingly boring and the younger members of the white families often commit suicide because of it. White flight is a blight on American society and many people, including white people who choose to remain in the inner cities, are heavily burdened by it.
Thanks to white flight, America has turned into a bland, ugly, and boring Wal-Mart dystopia.
by asdfdshfshfdsahfdahfda October 20, 2015
flight away from Mexicans or chicanos in all parts of California ( people east of I5 pray that governator will stop all immegrunts )
white flight started in 1950's in LA now we have black flight ( to south east ) white flight still ongoing now from ( Brown attack chicanos ) ( to washington state and along Canada border )in downtown LA yellow skins pushing chicanos west toward beaches. Red man still puff peace pipe outside of big city. ( BC bud gud canadian shit ) All is well in the Holy City of the Angles.
by itichie_nocanpo June 24, 2006
An Asian girl with a white boyfriend is said to have white flight. This is an attempt to counter those who claim white men with Asian girlfriends have yellow fever.
Question: Is she going out with a white guy or an Asian guy? Answer: She has white flight.
by Ladiesmatt September 30, 2013
A well known bay area, California Rapper hailing from Concord.Birth name Brad Barroso JR. Also known as the orginal boss dipped in Sauce.
Mayne did you cop that new White Flight record that shit is stupid dumb n hyphy.
by Elena Carroll August 04, 2006
secret fear of minorities
Tyrone: Whenever a black or latino moves into a neighborhood, them crackers leave the city to the suburbs. They call it white flight.
Jammal: Yeah, they don't wanna be around us.
Jammal: Yeah, they don't wanna be around us.
by JammalBro May 06, 2007


text:
The next time you feel like griping about working conditions, you might want to pull out this list of some of the office rules for the Mount Cory Carriage and Wagon Works in 1872, sent along by L.R. Stahl:
Each clerk will bring in a bucket of water and a scuttle of coal for the day's business.
Office employees will daily sweep the floors, dust the furniture, shelves and showcases.
This office will open at 7 a.m. and close at 8 p.m. daily, except on the Sabbath, on which day it will remain closed.
Men employees will be given an evening off each week for courting purposes, or two evenings a week if they go regularly to church.
Every employee should lay aside from each pay a goodly sum of his earnings for his benefits during his declining years, so that he will not become a burden upon the charity of his betters.
Any employee who smokes Spanish cigars, uses liquor in any form, gets shaved at a barber shop, or frequents pool or public halls will give me good reason to suspect his worth, intentions, integrity and honesty.
The employee who has performed his labors faithfully and without fault for a period of five years in my service, and who has been thrifty and attentive to his religious duties, is looked upon by his fellowmen as a substantial and law abiding citizen, will be given an increase of five cents per day in his pay, providing a just return in profits from the business permits it.
Almanac: On this day in 1957, the Everly Brothers sang "Wake Up, Little Susie" on the Ed Sullivan Show.
Cathy Martindale
Executive Editor
© 2016. All Rights Reserved. | Contact Us


text:
New subscription
Renew my subscription
Give a gift
Pay my bill
Change my address
Posted: April 11, 2007, 5 a.m. EST
Key witnesses and pet industry experts are expected to testify before a Senate appropriations subcommittee tomorrow on the recent pet food recall that, so far, has affected nearly 100 brands.
The pet food recall hearing was called by Sen. Dick Durbin (D-IL), a member of the Senate Agriculture Appropriations Subcommittee, to probe the effectiveness of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's role in the recall as well as other concerns surrounding the investigation.
"The FDA's response to this situation has been tragically slow. I want to learn exactly when the FDA knew about the contamination, who is inspecting pet food manufacturing plants and whether we need to force the FDA to update their regulations to protect our pets," Durbin said.
The public hearing takes place at 2 p.m. April 12 in room 192 of the Dirksen Senate Office Building. Requested witnesses include Stephen Sundlof, DVM, director of the FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine; Duane Ekedahl, director of the Pet Food Institute and Eric Nelson, president of the American Association of Feed Control Officers.
As of April 10, Sen. Durbin's office said it was working with C-SPAN to consider broadcasting the hearing. A webcast also was being considered.
Elsewhere on Capitol Hill, presidential hopeful and Ohio Congressman Dennis Kucinich wrote Sundlof requesting answers to a list of questions about the FDA's investigation into the pet food recall.
"We must also find out when the FDA officials first learned that our nation's pets were in danger of being poisoned by their own pet food," he said. As chairman of the House's Subcommittee on Domestic Policy of the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Kucinich said the committee "has broad oversight jurisdiction covering many agencies, including the FDA."
For more CatChannel articles on the pet food recall, click here.
Larry Frederick, MD
When Menu Foods continued to sell their products weeks after their deadly nature was known, this changed from a matter of accidental contamination into the criminal matter of animal cruelty. Executives who had the authority and obligation to removed these products from the market place sooner must be prosecuted under state animal cruelty laws. I hope cat owners will contact their State's Attorney and demand criminal prosecution of these corporate executives for animal cruelty under existing laws.
Sheryl Casa Grande, AZ
After these tragic events of the past several weeks, it is hoped that the regulations governing the manufacturing of pet food will be changed to help prevent such an event like this happening again.
Hi, my name is
Angel Bailey (9/7/02 - 12/20/14).
Visit the photo gallery to cast your vote »
Get quick tips for happy cats, food recall info, news alerts and best behavior advice.
Sign up to get updates delivered straight to your inbox.
CatChannel takes your privacy seriously. To learn more, please read our privacy policy.


text:
Burgers, Dogs, and Fries: A Hot New Lunch Spot
Posted on 12. Nov, 2010 by admin in Features, Multimedia, Slideshows
By Elizabeth Tzagournis and Cassie Lowery
14 Responses to "Burgers, Dogs, and Fries: A Hot New Lunch Spot"
Elise Waltzer
14. Nov, 2010
Some of the interviews were a little hard to hear, and the captions went really fast. I think the content was good though. You provided a lot of information that would appeal to students like how busy it was during lunch, and what the most popular choices are. Good job overall!
Katie Hosket
15. Nov, 2010
I really enjoyed this. I think that your background/ambient sounds were excellent and they really added to the slideshow. You definitely provided plenty of information, informing about the new restaurant. One thing you could improve were the interviews. They were a little difficult to hear. Other than that, nice work!
Carly Tovell
15. Nov, 2010
I really liked watching the video, it made me want to go eat there! I didn't know a lot about it before watching so i liked how you compared it to other burger places like five guys. I though everything was really great but the one interview that was a little muffled. I thought you did a great job! Good work!
Olivia Miltner
15. Nov, 2010
I loved your slideshow! I thought that you had a wide variety in your audio and pictures, but some of the interviews were a little hard to hear. I also think that you introduced your topic and wrapped it up clearly and connected everything together. Overall I thought it was really good!!!
Daniel Kington
16. Nov, 2010
The natural and ambient sounds along with the captions really helped to tie the story together. The pictures also really complimented the audio. The interviews were a little hard to hear, though.
Abby Godard
16. Nov, 2010
Elizabeth and Cassie did an awesome job with their audio slideshow! Although some interviews were hard to hear, you guys provided a variety of different opinions regarding the restaurant ranging from workers to customers. The pictures really made me feel like I was in the restaurant and made me hungry for one of their burgers/dogs/fries! I thought the story was well developed and provided interesting facts/background information as well.
kylie Diemer
16. Nov, 2010
Great work! The interviews were a little difficult to hear due to some background music. The interviews were great though, because you had so many different people. The pictures worked well with the sound though, so cudos on that(:
Corey Hayes
16. Nov, 2010
I have now been to Burgers, Dogs, and Fries three times, and I feel you give a perfect depiction of the restaraunt through pictures and audio (ambient, natural, and consumer interviews). I felt like I was at dinner with my family and could truly connect with your perspective of the restaraunt. Everything complemented each other which made the slideshow flow and easy to follow chronologically. Personally, I think the variety of interviews from the consumers to the hard-working employees trumped the quiet sound of the interview. I want to go get a coney dog and chocalate malt now. It is easy to tell how much work you put into this!
Nicole Carothers
16. Nov, 2010
I thought your introduction did a good job introducing your topic. And yu asked the questions that I would want the know the aswer to. I thought that your ambient and natural sounds really helped the story along. You had great interviews with a variety of people and I thought that it really helped the story, but I felt that at times it was a little hard to hear them. Overall great job!
Carrington Tosino
17. Nov, 2010
You had a good introduction and conclusion to your slideshow. In addition your pictures and interviews were really good. Overall your pictures and audio complimented each other well. I also think your pictures were really good and your ambient and natural sounds added a nice effect to your slideshow.
Anna Hörter
17. Nov, 2010
You had a great pictures and a clear introduction and conclusion. The natural sounds were an important support for the pictures. The interviews though were sometimes hard to understand because of the background music. The voiceovers complement each other well . All in All a well done slideshow.
Bo Brunton
30. Sep, 2011
too bad it closed down….. 🙁 i love that place
Lewie Hughes
03. Mar, 2012
BDF, best place ever
Jill Ann Bixel
10. May, 2012
I would love to see an article on Healthy School Lunches featuring the capstone project of Laurel Freidenberg. It would be nice to encourage REAL change in the caferteria.


text:
Assos glasses certainly made a splash last year when they were launched and the range has further expanded with the Exploit.
Still with the same lightweight construction the lens really is the centrepiece. Made by Zeiss I've found nothing better. This version uses a solid brown tint, rather than a graduated version and I've got to say I prefer it.
After just a couple of minutes you quickly forget you're wearing them, they're that light and unobtrusive and I really like the lack of frame, but then that's not unique to Assos.
When it comes to durability I've been astounded that there isn't even a light scratch on them; they appear to be super durable. As for the cost, well, it's probably best to gloss over that one because they're not cheap, but for me it's their only downside.


text:
Meet hot La Corey lesbian personals at matchmaker personals. Our site has thousands of lesbian, gay women, bisexual, transgender and transsexual members. Looking for a same sex relationships and looking for women seeking women in La Corey then create a free profile today, it's easy!
La CoreyJoin Now Free!
La Corey | La Corey Girls | La Corey Men | La Corey Gay
Black Singles | Asian Singles | Latin Dating
Matchmaker is a free La Corey lesbian personals site for your local area. We have the hottest, attractive and available La Corey lesbian women on the Internet If you are a single lesbian women in La Corey and are looking for friendship, casual encounters or a serious relationship, create your free profile today!


text:
Last Played on City Radio Satu Mare
Enjoy the comfort of radio.net for free and listen to City Radio Satu Mare easily on internet radio. You can find an extensive selection of internet radio stations and live streams from the whole world and play them with the radioplayer of radio.net. In addition to City Radio Satu Mare, you can discover plenty of other favorite stations.


text:
The latest version of Adobe Flash Player is required to watch this video.
Please click on the link below to download the latest version. Thanks!
Another arctic blast is freezing residents in almost half of the United States. The polar vortex, a system of winds that normally circulates around the North Pole, has pushed much further south, clear to the Gulf Coast.
It's creating havoc for students, parents, motorists, and just about everyone.
In northern states such as North Dakota, drifting snow combined with wind chills as low as 60 degrees below zero to make life miserable.
What's behind all the cold weather? TV Meteorologist Joe Bastardi talks about this and more following the latest forecast, on CBN Newstwatch, Jan. 27.
"You were lucky if you could see 10 to 15 feet in front of your car," one trucker said.
Another driver made it through white-out conditions, which persuaded him to head indoors.
"There was a Jeep Cherokee parked in the middle of the travel portion of the road because they got scared of the white-out," he said.
Near Warren, Mich., snow and ice caused a major multi-car pileup.
This time of year in coastal Virginia, residents can usually expect a day or two of temperatures in the 70s. But as of Monday, the snow hadn't even completely disappeared from last week's storm before forecasters warned of more snow accumulations and plunging temperatures for the early part of the week.
Meteorologists have also posted winter storm alerts for the Deep South, extending all the way from Houston, Texas, to Raleigh, N.C.
Wave after wave of arctic air has not only taxed people's patience, it has depleted resources that are supposed to last all winter.
Waukesha Town Chairman John Marek, in Wisconsin, said his city has used its entire allocation of road-treating salt for the 2013-2014 season.
Energy experts estimate the average U.S. household will pay nearly $1,000 in heating costs this winter, 10 percent above a normal year.
If the polar weather persists, those numbers could go higher.
Still, not everyone is complaining. In Columbus, Ohio, neighbors were helping each other with snow removal, and some children fought cabin fever by grabbing a shovel.
And conditions weren't ideal for the Downeast Musher's Bowl, a two-day dog-sled event in Bridgton, Maine. But the dogs seemed to enjoy it anyway. Twenty-four teams from the Northeast and Canada competed in bright sunshine and bitter cold.
Some races were still canceled due to ice and lack of snow. The race is a tradition that goes back to the 1940s.
Winter Weather Threatens to Put Super Bowl on Ice
Deadly Cold Continues to Grip Midwest, Northeast
Bone-Chilling Cold Creates Havoc on East Coast
Log in or create an account to post a comment.
Are you seeking answers in life? Are you hurting? Are you facing a difficult situation?
Find peace with God, discover more about God or send us your prayer request.
Call The 700 Club Prayer Center at 1 (800) 823-6053, 24 hours a day.
A caring friend will be there to pray with you in your time of need.
CBN News Sr. Editor
John Waage has covered politics and analyzed elections for CBN News since 1980, including primaries, conventions, and general elections.
He also analyzes the convulsive politics of the Middle East.
More Info


text:
The General Pattern -
Getting 'overwhelmed' within reactions and backchat and self-talk.
Not writing out the point.
Not taking the point 'back to self' and thus blaming my environment for my experience.
Not remaining consistent with self-writing and self-forgiveness.
Not supporting myself with a practical solution to the problem(s).
Allowing the backchat and the emotional energies to build up.
Repeat the pattern.
Main Point -
Slowing down and doing things in detail, consistently and with self-integrity – with writing specifically.
Thoughts/Backchat -
"I can't fucking do this right now. I'm too tired." (This point has been walked in the previous posts)
"I will do it later on, after some rest. For now I will entertain myself and 'relax'" (This point has been walked in the previous posts)
"How is slowing down and looking at every little thing one at a time going to help me with my problems now?" (This is tonight's topic)
"What's the point? I'm not going to get anywhere with writing."
"My problems/issues/conflicts are bigger than what I can work through by writing and slowing down."
Here I am continuing with more on the backchat of "How is slowing down and looking at every little thing one at a time going to help me with my problems now?"
I forgive myself that I have accepted and allowed myself to believe that certain things are not worth my attention and that I would be better off if I focused on the 'bigger things' or if I only did the things that I can get done quickly and easily – so that by the sheer number of small things that I am able to get done or by the amount of 'large' points that I am able to walk through – I then can justify and be able to say that I was being 'productive' – without actually considering what it is that I am REALLY PRODUCING.
I forgive myself that I have accepted and allowed myself to, when and as I see that there is a point that is bothering me or when I see I am constantly and continuously not facing or directing a point because it is 'minor' and I have 'other things to do', to NOT see that this is a direct manipulation of myself and a direct undermining of my commitment to take responsibility for my thoughts, words, and deeds – because how could I actually say in self honesty that I am self-responsible if I continue to make excuses and justifications each time I allow something to influence and direct me or if I allow myself to give in to a point of self-interest?
I forgive myself that I have accepted and allowed myself to NOT slow myself down and correct myself when I see that I am rushing and allowing myself to become fixated on a certain point, or allowing a point of responsibility to continuously be ignored and thus accumulate into something that I convince myself is 'bigger than me' or 'beyond my ability', something that will not instantly satisfy my desire or bring me closer to what I have separated myself from and formed a relationship to – and thus to justify not directing the point or continuing to postpone it – telling myself that if it is not bringing me instant results and immediately giving me the kind of life that I desire to have, then it is not worth my 'time' and can be 'dealt with' later.
I forgive myself that I have accepted and allowed myself to, within the very resistance to slowing down and looking at things in detail and specificity, to rather place my trust within knowledge and information and my own ego instead of allowing myself to see things clearly and directly – and to NOT consider that just because I am apparently able to do a certain task quickly and repeatedly does not imply that I have 'mastered' that point or that I have actually taken into consideration all and everything that may result as an outflow of what I am producing.
I forgive myself that I have accepted and allowed myself to believe that in order for me to work through my problems and challenges, I have to rely on 'what I know' and to not push myself beyond that threshold so that I expand who I am, and see a bigger picture and perspective on the issue, and remove my personal contexts of self-interest and opinions – which can only happen within discipline, patience, slowing myself down, and trusting myself in being HERE and moving with what is HERE instead of trying to get to where I think I need to be in order to deal with the problems I THINK I'm having lol.
Thus to support myself within this point I commit myself to not give in the the rush rush rush of the mind in trying to figure things out based only on the information that I have accumulated so far – which of course cannot be trusted because all of the information that I have allowed myself to accumulate and define myself by has NOT been in alignment with what is actually HERE in this practical and physical reality – that the information that I have been exposed to and educated within, has always been within the starting point of the mind – because we have never actually developed the ability as humans to see things DIRECTLY.
I commit myself to learn, develop, and perfect my ability to see directly and work directly with what is here instead of allowing myself to trust the mind – where I am constantly speeding from one point to another, trying to piece together a puzzle using pieces of information that are in and of themselves incomplete.
I commit myself to UNLEARN what I have learned in my life that has become a point of separation where my knowledge and information and everything that I think I know about reality is actually preventing me from standing here one and equal with reality itself – and to miss the point that in all things we are reflected – that in every single detail – in every single molecule of this existence is in a way 'written' the entire history of existence – and all of this information is already HERE, and has ALWAYS BEEN HERE – thus to trust the mind in trying to figure out solutions for my own life, let alone for existence, is foolish.
I commit myself to develop my ability to see directly and to NOT listen to my mind when I experience resistance to slowing down and looking at something in detail – which requires that I stop the mind and let go of wanting to 'know' everything or being 'in control' just because I think I know something about myself or this reality.
I commit myself to investigate, explore, and let go of any knowledge or information that I am holding on to or fearing to lose because I have defined myself by it so that I can in fact see myself and this reality directly instead of trusting my mind's interpretations and reasoning and conclusions.
When and as I see/notice that there is a problem or conflict within myself or within my world that has not been directed and I find myself constantly postponing and not looking directly at the points involved because I tell myself these points are 'too small' or will be a 'waste of time', I stop and look directly at those points – I forgive myself any resistance or desire to hide the truth from myself – I dare to let go of what I think I know or what I want to believe so that I can feel better about the situation and be able to deal with 'other things'.


text:
Sacramento High and Florin High girls basketball teams came into this game with just two losses this year. In the end, the Sac High Lady Dragons outlasted the Florin Panthers 63-54.
No email address was supplied by
To complete your registration on this site, please supply an address.
Please confirm or modify the email address to which you will have subscription offers sent.
For a more personalized experience, please supply the following optional information.


text: The Placerville Aquatic Center is located at 3071 Benham Street in downtown Placerville. The facility includes a six-lane competitive swimming pool, diving board area, water slide, shallow teaching pool and a separate activity pool with water play features. For pool hours and more information on all our aquatics programs please contact the Recreation and Parks Department at (530) 642-5232 or click here to view our current Activity Guide.


text:
GEF's IWRM Releases Progress Snapshots on Fiji, Majuro Atoll, Samoa, Niue and Palau
April 2013: The Global Environmental Facility (GEF) Pacific "Implementing Sustainable Water Resources and Wastewater Management in Pacific Island Countries" project has issued progress snapshots for Fiji, Majuro Atoll (Marshall Islands), Niue, Palau and Samoa.
The Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC), together with 14 Pacific Island countries, executes the project, which aims to improve water resources and management through policy and legislative reform, and implementation of applicable and effective Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) and Water Use Efficiency (WUE) plans.
In Fiji, the project titled 'Integrated Flood Risk Management in the Nadi River Basin' is helping to reduce flood risks and vulnerability related to floods by rehabilitating degraded areas, promoting sustainable land and forest management practices with landowners. Approximately 80 hectares have been planted with trees, and the project has established a warning system, as well as created a community-based disaster management committee (CDMC).
In Niue, the project titled 'Using Integrated Land Use, Water Supply and Wastewater Management as a Protection Model for the Alofi Town Groundwater Supply and Nearshore Reef Fishery' shows progress in strengthening legal frameworks for water resource management and enhancing drinking water availability. Key actions involve the enactment of the Niue Water Act, which protects water resources, the establishment and implementation of National and Village Drinking Water Safety Plans, and reduction of water loss and increase of water storage.
In Palau, the project titled 'Ngerikiil Watershed Restoration for Improved Water Quality' has strengthened national and watershed level coordination of water resource management. The Presidential endorsement of Palau's First Water and Sanitation Policy is highlighted as the key outcome. In addition, buffer zones were established, land rehabilitated, and extra funds for watershed conservation were secured.
In the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), comprised of 29 atolls and 5 islands, the IWRM Demonstration Project titled 'Integrated Water and Land Management for the Sustainable use of the Laura Water Lens, Majuro Atoll' reports improved levels of groundwater pollution. Through the National IWRM Task Force, a National Water and Sanitation Policy was developed, which significantly helped to reduce pollution discharges into the Laura groundwater, particularly from pig waste.
In Samoa, the project titled 'Rehabilitation and Sustainable Management of the Apia Catchment' reports progress through strengthening legal frameworks for water resource management and securing access to safe drinking water. Key outcomes include: increase of land reserve by purchasing specific areas capable of reducing water stress; finalization of three Watershed Management Plans that elect buffer zones and natural reserves; development of the Watershed Conservation Policy to guide legislation to reserve upland areas for water resource conservation; and work on water quality. [IWRM Website and Progress Snapshots]


text:
Browse Items (67 total)
Chicopee Weekly Journal, October 6, 1855
Tags: Abner B. Abbey, African Americans, Albro Clark, Austin Chapin, Cabot House, Chicopee Vital Statistics Record, Death Notices, Ephrain E. Nute Jr., Historic Newspapers, Jona C. Bowker, Know-Nothing Party, Legal Notices, P. Driscoll, Phineas Stedman, Police Reports, Republican Party, Rev C.H. Webster, Sebastopol, Slavery, Thomas Price, Western Immigration, Western Territories, Whig Party
Chicopee Weekly Journal, September 1, 1855
Tags: African Americans, B.H. Bailey, Birth Notices, Chicopee Fire Department, Chicopee High School, Death Notices, Historic Newspapers, Horace Greeley, Jonathan Priestly, Know-Nothing Party, Legal Notices, MA Liquor Law, Nuptuals, Poetry, Rufus Mosher, Slavery, Temperance, Troy & Deerfield Railroad, W.W. Johnson, Western Territories
Chicopee Weekly Journal, September 15, 1855
Tags: Adolphus G. Parker, African Americans, Armory Doolittle, B.B. Belcher, Chicopee Manufacturing Company, Chicopee Mills, Chicopee Paper Mill, Death Notices, Dwight Mills & Manufacturing Co., Erastus Stebbins, Franklin Pierce, H.H. Phetteplace, Historic Newspapers, James C. Pratt, John H. Smith, John Valentine, Jonathan R. Childs Esq., Know-Nothing Party, L.H. Brigham, Mortimer (Mason) D. Whittaker, P.L.B. Stickney MD, Poetry, Police Reports, Republican Party, Rev C.H. Webster, Rev. George A Oviatt, Rev. Warren Lincoln, S.B. Lankton, Sebastopol, Silas Mosman, Slavery, Sylvanus Adams Esq., Temperance, Timothy W. Carter, Whig Party
Chicopee Weekly Journal, September 22, 1855
Tags: African Americans, Ames Manufacturing Company, Atlantic Hall, Cabot Hall, Charles Sherman Esq., Chicopee Fire Department, Chicopee Mills, Chicopee Paper Mill, D.F. Randall, Ezikiel Blake, George Arms, Historic Newspapers, Horace Greeley, John Valentine, Jonathan R. Childs Esq., L.H. Brigham, Michael Conner, Patrick Hall, Poetry, Republican Party, Rev C.H. Webster, Rev Rufus K. Bellamy, S.G. Southworth, Slavery, US Territories, Western Territories
Chicopee Weekly Journal, September 29, 1855
Tags: African Americans, Alonzo Wait, Birth Notices, Cabot Hall, Charles Sherman Esq., Chicopee Fire Department, Death Notices, Fusion Party, Grace Episcopalian Church, H.C. Chapin, Historic Newspapers, John H. Smith, Jonathan Jones, Legal Notices, Mortimer (Mason) D. Whittaker, Mr. & Mrs. Dexter Snow, Nuptuals, P.L.B. Stickney MD, Poetry, Republican Party, Rev. George A Oviatt, Ripley R. Swift, S. Pendelton, Sebastopol, Slavery, Titus Chapin Sr. Esq., US Territories, Western Territories
Chicopee Weekly Journal, September 8, 1855
Tags: African Americans, Atlantic Hall, Benning Leavitt, Cabot Hall, Cabot House, Chicopee Factory Girls, Chicopee Fire Department, Chicopee Public Schools, Democratic Party, E.F. Brown, Frederick Douglass, Free People of Color, Historic Newspapers, Lane's Hall, MA Liquor Law, Madison Kendall Esq., Martin J. Severance Esq., Mr. & Mrs. J.A. Martin, Nuptuals, Poetry, Republican Party, Rev C.H. Webster, Rev. Blinkinsop, Rev. Warren Lincoln, Samuel Frost, Sebastopol, Slavery, Sullivan Dickinson, US Territories, W.W. Johnson, Western Territories
Olive Leaf, April 25, 1843
Tags: Abigail S. Bartlett, Astronomy, Benjamin F. Brown, Bereavement & Grief, Biographical Essays, Chicopee Factory Girls, Death & Dying, Death Notices, Family, Fiction, Friendship, Harriet Newell, Historic Newspapers, Idioms & Proverbs, Illness, Irville Irwin Leslie Editor, Lost Love, Love & Romance, Marriage, Memories, Native Americans, Nuptuals, Poetry, Religious Sentiments, Short Stories, Slavery, Subscription Information, Temperance, The Olive Leaf Propectus, Thomas D. Blossom Printer, Women & Gender


text:
1716 briefings from 411 companies
Tax Efficient Vehicles briefings
Tax Efficient Vehicles
In the continuing economic turmoil, trustees and foundation councils have to be more mindful than ever of the manner in which they invest assets. Collas Crill outline why it is so essential for trustees and foundations councils to understand their investment powers, duties, and investment policies.
Company:Collas Crill
Published:15 May 2012
Business Area:Risk
In this article, Mourant Ozannes's Neil Lomax provides answers to 10 key questions on the challanges and opportunities facing the hedge fund industry in the wake of the global recession. Topics discussed include regulation; M&A activity; trends; new products; recruitment; and more.
Company:Mourant Ozannes
Published:20 March 2012
Business Area:Frontier Markets
Trusts are created when assets are placed under the control of a trustee for beneficiaries or a specific purpose. This guide provides a general overview of Cayman trusts including the types of trust and their practical uses.
Published:27 October 2011
Business Area:Frontier Markets
Singapore is a financial hub with a reputation for attracting international business as a result of a highly-regarded and transparent regulatory regime, tax incentive schemes, and innovative investment structures such as the business trust. This briefing by Norton Rose examines the business trust.
Company:Norton Rose
Published:02 September 2010
Business Area:Emerging Markets
Find briefings
Categories related to Tax Efficient Vehicles