text:
Unforgettable Christmases don't always fit in a box
Plan to put off shopping until Christmas Eve because your mind's blank, wallet thin? How about an empty box? Well, not empty. Let's say "reconsidered."
First, forget the sweaters, CDs, gift cards and garden gnomes.
Then, fill the "box" instead with memories yet to be forged.
Beth Garrison, 35, mother of two children, 8 and 6, has a pretty big family experience in mind this year (Think M-I-C-K-E-Y ...) in lieu of material gifts.
"The stuff we can buy them will break or no longer interest them, but the memories we make by creating experiences together will last forever," Garrison said.
"I love experiencing things with my children. Having opportunities to do so brings our family much closer together than any toy or gadget ever could."
Trip of a lifetime
There might never have been a family experience secret so well kept as the one Judy Mumau, 72, was involved with at Christmas 2012, when three generations of her family, seven in all, piled into a motor home on Christmas Day and headed for a weeklong trip to Nags Head in North Carolina.
First the kids opened their gifts: Each received a suitcase and a letter explaining that he or she had two hours to pack for a mystery destination.
"It was so much fun," Mumau said. "I knew what was coming when they were opening the gifts."
She said no one told the kids where they were going, even as they left the driveway. "The ride down was hilarious," she said. "They couldn't figure out where we were going."
Finally her youngest granddaughter looked at the GPS and figured it out.
Mumau said it was a trip they'll all remember, with more meaning than anything that might have fit under a tree.
"I just think so much more thought goes into it," Mumau said. "There's a completely different reaction."
Keep it local
It doesn't take a week at the beach to give kids a thrill on Christmas, especially 7-year-old musical buffs like Bronwyn (now 8), daughter of Ginessa Rainbow, 33.
"Sharing musicals is a way for Bronwyn and I to bond and spend some quality time together," Rainbow said. "Bronwyn and I are cut from the same cloth emotionally, and musicals speak to both of us."
She said the movie version of "Les Miserables" opened in theaters Christmas Day in 2012. As a new tradition in their family, Bronwyn gets a few special gifts from her father rather than Santa. Last year, one of those turned out to be tickets to the movie.
"We don't have much money, so we couldn't afford to go to NYC to see it live or anything, but this was sort of the next best thing," Rainbow said.
It went over pretty well.
"She had no idea and was just thrilled beyond words when she opened the tickets and was told we were going that day," Rainbow said. "It's not a Christmas she's likely to forget."
It's about time
Robin Myers Oakes said her children each received an inspired example of the gift experience.
"Our children's godparents gave them each a card ... to go out for 'dessert and a shirt,'" Oakes said. "They went for ice cream and shopping for a new shirt and spent time together.
"I think it is one of the best gifts they have ever received. Not only because they were able to pick out their own shirt and will then actually wear it, but more importantly because my friend gave them the gift of her time, love and energy."
What's in the box?
One family jokester likes to box up experiences in her own way.
Kimberly Livingston, 50, first decides who will get a material gift, and wraps it and labels it with the recipient's name. Then she puts that in a larger box with someone else's name. Several boxes later, the biggest box goes to the person on the outside label. Then the family has to pass it around one at a time to see if the gift is theirs or someone else's.
"The last person, most likely the youngest, gets the actual present which is usually a family thing," she said. "I've done it with something as large as a (video game console) Wii to as small as a hundred dollar bill.
"I like the enjoyment on the kids' faces and the family involvement. Opening the gift is the experience."
She said the final gift doesn't have to be expensive, that it's the fun that makes it special.
"Sometimes it's just silly things," Livingston said. "I did a harmonica for my husband one year."
Another time, her goddaughters in Virginia had told her they missed CoCo Wheats cereal.
"Those were in a great big box under the tree. They loved it. They got their CoCo Wheats and smiles and the fun time."
JENNIE GEISLER can be reached at 870-1885 or by e-mail. Visit her food blog at GoErie.com/blogs/loaves. Follow her on Twitter at twitter.com/ETNgeisler.


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Not one in 100 Americans has a clue about what the scientific method entails--how it is we know what we know.
Americans are obsessed with science.
I'd like to take a moment to point out that science is a religion in the USA. We encounter it every day in these long discussions on the internet. People will shout out "you have no proof, show me the science!". Let's bring out the witchdoctor to settle it, they exclaim! Human intuition, instinct and common sense are subordinate to science in the Western hierarchy of values. That's not to say people are consciously aware of this, values are instilled from a young age, and every sane person in the USA values science.
Science however, is now the puppet of industry.
Thus I'd suggest giving thought to a few things:
A) You aren't going to be able to make sense of anything now, not using science as a guide. "Science" is now a form of propaganda. It influences the attitude and behavior of the masses by selectively presenting the results of some myopic study as "science", thus being thought impartial and indisputable. Americans worship science, so if you control science, you control their behavior.
B) Science is a tool to cause confusion and thus paralysis. This is somewhat the same as point (A) in that it can be used to control behavior. The "science" will always contradict itself depending on who funded it. It will then be parroted on the internet by pseudo-intellectuals who have no idea what it means, if it means anything, which is probably doesn't. The masses, being rightly confused by all the contradictory findings, will give up trying to figure out what's up, thus continuing with what they were doing, thus preserving industry profits.
C) If you think you are going to bring about industry change thru "the truth being revealed thru science", which is funded by industry, that's absurd.
D) The grand wizards of science are the ones who brought you margarine, the genetically modified soy bean, and modern farming techniques. Thus even if "science" were actual science, and even if science were not the dog of industry, and even if science were not the main propaganda tool of the government/corporations...perhaps it just isn't that great. [idea]
Just some early morning thoughts while sucking down my "artery clogging saturated fat" heavy cream latte...cheers.
Not one in 100 Americans has a clue about what the scientific method entails--how it is we know what we know.
Your criticisms are extremely valid. But it's not science that you're criticizing, it's the bastardization and misuse. The only method of determining the way the universe works remains formulating and testing hypotheses by manipulating a single variable at a time.
But it's a sad state right now. I have high hopes for organizations like NuSi though. Maybe the people can take science back.
At its base you're really criticizing capitalism but some of the points are valid...i didnt start primal bc of science, i started it bc of common sense.
I wish Americans were obsessed with Science. Science education in this country is embarrassing compared to the rest of the developed world and only 40% of Americans believing in Evolution is a national disgrace.
The bottom line is there is good science and bad science. People "do science" so it will never be perfect. The Scientific Method is designed to act as a fail safe. If you want to criticize and critique science you have to have at least a basic grasp on the fundamentals though.
The OP is quite confused between what is science and what people claim to be science. These are very different things, usually. There's also junk science which is also quite popular.
In any case, I'm not quite sure what the alternative to science is. My "intuition, instinct and common sense", for example, all tell me that the Earth is flat.
More interestingly though, I would suggest the worship of real science is a problem too. In my travels around the world people often comment how Americans are obsessed with science. It's a bit odd to be so obsessed with something, in my view.
...just some morning thoughts while drinking my heavy cream latte.
People who think Americans are obsessed with science don't know much about Americans. Most Americans I know think science is nonsense that can be overcome with enough wishful thinking.
^ That's because people in Portland smoke a LOT of pot.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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text:
Veasey says he supports a path to citizenship for those in U.S. unlawfully
FORT WORTH–Congressional candidate Marc Veasey made it clear tonight that he supports a path to citizenship for the Latinos without lawful immigration status in the newly created 33rd District of Texas.
"A road for people to lead their lives legally has to be part of the deal," Veasey said in a chat with reporters at a Fort Worth barbecue restaurant aptly named Smokey's.
"We need immigration reform today. It needs to be a priority."
An overhaul of the nation's immigration laws has been a polemical issue in many regions of the nation. Veasey made it clear where he stood–as though he's already expecting a faceoff with a certain Latino rival from Dallas. Domingo Garcia, a former state representative, holds second place in early voting.
Former Rep. Martin Frost is here tonight, too, telling why he hired Veasey 14 years ago. "Seriousness," Frost said.
Frost, who is white, said Veasey, who is black, is running at a defining time in U.S. history. "We are at a point where anyone can be elected to higher office, regardless of race, if they apply themselves and work hard.
Garcia is Mexican-Anerican in a state that became "minority-majority" midway
through the last decade.
Jobs and education spending are top issues for some in this Fort Worth crowd–echoing many polls, including those canvassing Latinos.
Union leader Romeo Muñoz said Veasey has a "proven" record. "He supports the middle class," the union man said.
Union billboards line a back wall of this restaurant near fragrant platters
of ribs. One read: "Texas AFL-CIO Supports Veasey."


text:
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JERUSALEM, Israel -- U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry will return to Israel Thursday hoping to arrange a meeting between Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas.
Abbas has refused to meet with Netanyahu without preconditions. Among those conditions are a full construction freeze outside the 1948 armistice lines, including Jewish neighborhoods in Jerusalem, and freeing Arab prisoners sentenced prior to the Oslo Accords.
Last week, the central committee of Abbas' Fatah faction reportedly rejected returning to negotiations without preconditions. Some Israeli media sources said Abbas is considering meeting with Netanyahu.
P.A. chief negotiator Saeb Erekat echoed the Fatah committee pronouncement Tuesday, saying Abbas would not resume negotiations without Israeli agreement on the 1948 armistice lines, a construction freeze, and prisoner release. He added that they're doing everything to make Kerry's visit successful, the Palestine Liberation Organization's official Wafa news agency reported.
According to the Israeli daily Ma'ariv, Netanyahu agreed to release an unspecified number of pre-Oslo prisoners as a goodwill gesture for the Muslim month of Ramadan, which begins on July 7.
The paper also speculates that Netanyahu would consider asking his cabinet to formally freeze construction in Judea and Samaria.
Meanwhile, the prime minister recently took part in the dedication of a new school in Barkan, a Jewish town east of Rosh HaAyin, which is about 12.5 miles from Tel Aviv. The P.A. wants these Shomron communities uprooted as part of a two-state agreement.
Residents named the school after Netanyahu's late father, Prof. Ben-Tzion Netanyahu.
Last year, the Israeli Ministry of Education awarded top honors to Shomron (Samarian) area schools.
At the ceremony, Shomron Regional Council Director Gershon Mesika encouraged Netanyahu to resist pressure from abroad.
"Do not allow yourself to be pressured," Mesika said from the podium. "Look at the pioneering work this wonderful generation has accomplished."
"And remember peace does not mean withdrawal; peace does not mean stealing the home and childhood of a child," he continued. "Real peace, as you have often said, means recognition of the rights of each side, willingness to live together side by side -- not in the uprooting of communities."
Palestinians: 'No Jews Allowed'
New Elementary School in Barkan, Shomron Named in Honor of Prime Minister's Father
New Palestinian PM Resigns over 'Dispute over His Powers'
Is a Third Intifada Brewing in Israel?
Study Whitewashing P.A. Textbook's Anti-Israel Bias?
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The Terrorists Funded by the WestBassam Tawil
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Op-Ed: There is no 'radical Islam' and there is no 'moderate Islam'Dr. Mordechai Kedar
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text:
I haven't posted any baby animals in a while.
Via Jezebel.com,via Zooborns.com, the artfully filmed baby sloths in a sloth orphanage.
Click to buy Why Is My Mother Getting a Tattoo? And Other Questions I Wish I Never Had to Ask: Amazon|
Indiebound.com |
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Click to Buy Don't You Forget About Me from Amazon
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In her early forties, Jancee Dunn began to wonder why she still felt like a 13-year-old around her family. Talking to her friends, she found the same was true for them—despite successful jobs, marriages, and families of their own. Do we ever really grow up, she wonders? Why is the slow, sticky process of prying ourselves free from our parents and childhoods so difficult? In Why Is My Mother Getting a Tattoo?, Dunn examines the phenomenon, with scenes ranging from a "haunted Savannah" tour gone wrong to a visit to a tattoo parlor with her sixty-ish mother, who is dying to get a raven inked on her wrist. Finally, Dunn and her sisters arrange a visit to the house where they grew up, a bittersweet but comic experience that answers her questions and puts her at peace with her parents—until the next tattoo parlor visit, at least.
"I want Jancee Dunn to make me a pie. Actually, I want to sit around and listen to her entire family argue about what type of pie. Such is the extreme charm of her world. No matter the subject, Dunn's gimlet eye for all of life's minor infractions and daily quirks is superbly addictive."
—Sloane Crosley, I Was Told There'd Be Cake
The hysterical debut novel from former Rolling Stone writer Jancee Dunn features the humor of Laurie Notaro or Merrill Markoe combined with the music-induced nostalgia of Rob Sheffield's Love Is a Mix Tape.
Lillian Curtis, a 30-something New York City television producer, finds her past and present colliding when she moves back in with her parents, where time seems frozen in 1988 – in her room, there's a Rick Springfield tape on her dresser and Duran Duran posters hanging on the wall. Back in New Jersey after twenty years, she is forced to confront not only her 80's nostalgia, but also all the people she thought she'd left behind – including her high school boyfriend.
"Steeped in 80s-era references (Rick Springfield cassettes, Duran Duran posters, and Anais Anais perfume, anyone?), the flashback elements of Lily's life are breezy, reliably tacky fun. But unexpected moments of tenderness...give the story heart."
"Dunn's deft sense of pacing and her old-fashioned niceness make "Don't You Forget About Me" a breezy, entertaining summer read that never insults the reader's intelligence. This is a seemingly modest achievement that should not be underestimated."
—The Los Angeles Times
"In addition to being an impressive treasure trove of cultural references both high and (frequently) low, Jancee Dunn is also a tenderhearted novelist. DON'T YOU FORGET ABOUT ME is wistful, graceful, and seriously funny.
—Meg Wolitzer, The Ten-Year Nap
One of the "top upcoming summer reads..."
—Daily Candy
When the girl next door lands a dream job interviewing celebrities and rock stars at Rolling Stone, the result is Almost Famous meets Working Girl: A hip and funny true story of the pleasures and perils of the red carpet.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
"I loved this book from start to finish ... Jancee Dunn is a wonderful storyteller."
Curtis Sittenfield, author of Prep
"Jancee has "dunn" (pun intended) a spectacular job ... I am so proud to be a part of it.."
Dolly Parton
"Hilarious -- you won't be able to keep from reading the whole thing." Matthew Klam, author of Sam the Cat
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« June's Real Simple | Main | Yes, I'm back on the air »
I am in the middle of your book, Don't You Forget About Me, and I am really enjoying it so much! However, I noticed that in chapter fifteen, on page 132, you have written Siouxsee and the Banshees, and it should be Siouxsie and the Banshees. If you have already been advised of this, then I apologize for wasting your time! I know that this has nothing to do with your "It's time" post (so I will not be offended in any way if you do not want to approve this comment for others to view), but I was not sure of any other way to get in touch with you...
Kind regards,
The comments to this entry are closed.
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Talk:Wikinews Shorts: January 27, 2012
From Wikinews, the free news source you can write!
Partial review[edit]
Section Jagger tells World Economic Forum, "can't always get what you want" is publishable as of revision timestamped 20:22, 26 January 2012. --Pi zero (talk) 20:27, 26 January 2012 (UTC)
Review of revision 1383919 [Passed][edit]
|Revision 1383919 of this article has been reviewed by Brian McNeil (talk · contribs) and has passed its review at 23:53, 26 January 2012 (UTC).
Comments by reviewer: None added.
The reviewed revision should automatically have been edited by removing {{Review}} and adding {{Publish}} at the bottom, and the edit sighted; if this did not happen, it may be done manually by a reviewer.


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text:
But I was just wondering if any of you purchased what made you happy this year!
I did, and have NO regrets about it!
I got mine back TODAY & it's all earmarked for my registry completion. I have 3 showers coming up in the next couple weeks: friends this weekend, family next weekend, & a little work shower at the end of next month. It's going to be so hard to wait & keep my hands off of this money!!!
I still haven't gotten mine yet due to the irs not starting to look at ones with school credits to the 14th and mine stil hasn't finished processing.
Please go buy some Popcorn from my Cub Scout!
We paid off my car, 1 credit card, and half of another. We're saving the rest to put into savings, it was quite a large refund.
Joseph Robert IV - 18 Feb 2011
Jacob Lee - Angel baby 20 Feb 2012
Daniel James Ryan - 19 April 2013
R+R= R3 (09) em c/s & EDD May 3rd, 2012 !*Soon to be MOMMY of 2*!
It's a boy!!!
Baby #1, Ethan Vaughn, due 4/15/13
Dana, wife to JJ, mom to Dominic and Juliana
We haven't done our taxes yet because we are horrible procrastinators but when we do get them back all of it will go to paying off our credit card debt. And honestly I don't think we will get enough of our refund to even touch half of it. :( But it will help us a lot. Oh and we will pay off our Kay jewelers bill just to get it out of the way. But in a way we already bought the stuff that made us happy, it's just that we are finally able to pay most of it off.


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Best route map between Ames, IA and Morgantown, WV. This route take about 862 Miles.
The distance and estimated time is placed on the right depending on the status of the road.
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Star Tracks: Monday, May 16, 2016
42 years, 2,191 covers and 55,436 stories from PEOPLE magazine's history for you to enjoy
Dec 07, 2007
December 07, 2007
Cover Story
Pg. 38
Read It
On the Scene
From New York City to Hollywood, The Stars Embrace Cross-Country Fun
Pg. 6
Pg. 9
Star Style
Pg. 19
How Carrie Got Glam
She's Gone from Farm Girl to Red Carpet Superstar. Carrie Underwood Shares Her Seven Secrets for Spectacular Style
Pg. 22
Download This!
Go to People.com/countrydownloads for Free Mp3s from Some of Nashville's Hottest New Stars
Pg. 25
Song for His Father
A Parent's Life—and Final Days—inspired Alan Jackson's Latest Hit, "Small Town Southern Man"
Pg. 30
What's Your Favorite Country Song?
Pg. 32
Idols Down Home
Carrie Gets the Glory, but She's Not the Only Idol in Town. Eleven Other Contestants Call Nashville Home
Pg. 34
Sara Evans: Her Living Room
Pg. 50
Taylor Swift: Her Bedroom
The country superstar takes PEOPLE into her bedroom
Pg. 52
Cowboy Chic
Singer Jewel and Rodeo Star Ty Murray Give a Guided Tour of Their Sprawling Texas Ranch
Pg. 54
Inside Brooks & Dunn's Tour Buses
The country duo invite PEOPLE into their homes away from home while on the road
Pg. 58
Star Rides
How Celebs Get Their Motors Running—On Roads, Trails and Water
Pg. 60
Troy's Boys
Cowboy Troy Coleman and Wife Laura Welcome Their Very Own Country Trio
Pg. 64
We Won't Go on the Road Without...
Rascal Flatts' Joe Don Rooney Reveals the Must-Haves He and His Bandmates Bring on Tour
Pg. 66
Reba's Aspen
For More Than 15 Years, the Mountain Town Has Held a Key to the Singer's Heart
Pg. 69
Gretchen Wilson's Fish Fry
It's a Sometimes Boisterous Family Affair When the Singer Hosts a Dinner at Her Tennessee Hilltop Home
Pg. 72
Miranda Lambert's Barbecue Sauce
When This Texas Girl Fires Up the Grill, the Star Attraction Is Grandpa's Special Recipe
Pg. 73
Blue Ribbon Pies
Make It a First-Rate Holiday Season with These Scrumptious Desserts—The Reigning Champs from 2007 State Fairs
Pg. 74
Sparkle & Twang
In a New Exhibit, Marty Stuart Unveils Over 50 Years of Country Music Treasures. We Had a Little Fun with It: Can You Spot the 12 Differences Between the Two Photos?
Pg. 78
When Country Wasn't Cool
Even Today's Most Polished Performers Have Some Style Moments They'd Rather Forget
Pg. 80
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text:
Hi All
This is a post really more for an opinion of you guys rather than anything concrete (for now).
For a long time I have had the idea of opening a training centre for MS FS addicts, particularly for the PMDG addons. As you will see from my flag I am based in Argentina (Buenos Aires) so initially, if the idea ever took off the market here would be the target....
What do you guys think?
Do PMDG currently run anything like this - I mean certify training centres?
IMHO I think that FS Pilots (based on my thoughts) could go for this as although there are so many great tutorials out there, there is nothing better than human interaction, especially with things like the FMC etc etc.
My idea would extend to general lectures from real life pilots on the particular equipment the course would cover through the practical lessons and 'line tests'.
I just guess it could help a few of those how take their hobby seriously.
Note that the idea here isnt just to install 20 machines and let people come and play with them. I would love the backing of PMDG (or PSS etc etc) to hold formal courses and lessons...
What are your thoughts? Stupid idea?
Thanks as always for the feedback.
Cheers / saludos


text:
Man gets 8 months for cocaine possession
WARREN - A local man being held in Ashtabula County Jail in connection with two bank robberies there was sentenced Wednesday to eight months in prison on a charge of possession of cocaine.
Adam Carson, 30, son of a former Warren councilman and former Trumbull County administrator Anthony Carson, had pleaded guilty to the charge earlier in the courtroom of Judge W. Wyatt McKay.
He was arrested May 8 in Youngstown at a drug treatment center after authorities surrounded the building for two hours.
Carson also served two years in prison for robbing a bank in Warren in 2006.
Former inmate drops lawsuit
YOUNGSTOWN - A federal lawsuit was dropped last week by a former inmate at the Mahoning County Jail who claimed the Sheriff's Office was responsible for another inmate slipping out of handcuffs in the holding cell in the Mahoning County Courthouse and attacking him.
Andrew J. Kocak's attorney, Michael D. Harlan asked U.S. Northern District Judge Benita Y. Pearson to dismiss the case and she agreed last week.
Kocak was seeking $75,000. The lawsuit said he was scheduled to appear at a hearing Dec. 16, 2009, on charges of theft and possessing criminal tools and was in the Courthouse holding cell with James Feltner. Feltner, records show, was appearing on charges of robbery and assaulting a police officer.
Kocak claimed Feltner slipped out of his handcuffs and attacked him. The suit alleges it was the third time in two days that inmates slipped out of their handcuffs.
Donation to fund mobile dental clinic
YOUNGSTOWN - The board of directors of Ronald McDonald House Charities of Mahoning Valley and Western Pennsylvania is scheduled this morning to donate a $15,000 check to help fund operations of Humility of Mary Health Partners' mobile dental clinic.
The $15,000 grant will be used to purchase medical supplies and to offset costs of educational materials associated with the Smile Station II, which provides dental care to underserved children and adults.
Herb Washington, a local owner / operator of McDonald's restaurants and a board member of Ronald McDonald House Charities said, ''The Smile Station II will benefit our neighborhoods, our communities and, most important of all, make an enormous positive impact in the lives of our children."
Tribune planning anniversary festival
WARREN - The Tribune Chronicle, a direct offspring of the first newspaper published 200 years ago, is celebrating the bicentennial anniversary, in part, with a founders celebration June 8 and 9 in Warren's Courthouse Square Park.
The event will exhibit dress, food, entertainment and daily life of early settlers of our region. It will include demonstrations, entertainment, children's games and more.
Any group or entertainer representing the 200-year time period who would like to participate can contact Tribune Chronicle events coordinator Sue Shafer at 330-841-1696, or email@example.com.


text:
World Bank President Zoellick Presents New Climate Investment Funds at G8 Finance Ministers Meeting
June 2008: Speaking on the sidelines of the meeting of finance ministers for
the Group of Eight (G8), held in Osaka, Japan, World
Bank President Robert B.
Zoellick presented two new climate investment funds built to support the
UNFCCC's efforts to address the effects of, and mitigate, climate change.
climate investment funds have been established through a very inclusive and
consultative process that's been in support of the Bali Action Plan. In designing
these funds, we have taken great care to recognize the primacy of the UNFCCC in
the climate negotiations, and to make sure that we support those negotiations,"
said Zoellick. The Strategic Climate Fund and the Pilot Programme on Climate Resilience
are expected to provide critical additional resources to test new approaches
and to create new knowledge for effective adaptation. At the same time, the
Clean Technology Fund will provide additional funds for programmes in
developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emission levels through increased
energy efficiency, and the deployment of new technology and approaches. [Read more]


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Longtime businessman, volunteer dies at age 92
By Becky Barclay
Published in News on August 13, 2013 1:46 PM
James Crone Jr.
Former Goldsboro accountant James C. Crone Jr. died Monday at an assisted living facility in Chapel Hill. Crone was not only an astute businessman, who began his firm, James. C. Crone CPA, in the 1950s. He also was active in...
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Manny and Haffa filmed a couple of tricks at the new Granite skate park in Nashua, New Hampshire. Watch and enjoy while the rain clears up outside today. – S.M.
Park Hype: M.S.A. X Granite Skate Park
Posted by Spanish Mike | June 12, 2011 | Hype | No Comments


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Saturday's Results
Article Photos
Gabby Ratte sets the ball for Seabury Hall I teammate Shayla Hoeft during Saturday's Seabury Hall Preseason Classic at Erdman Athletic Center in Olinda. Seabury won the tournament, taking all four of its single-set pool-play matches and then defeating Baldwin 25-17, 25-15 in the final.
KIANA SMITH photo
At Erdman Athletic Center
Pool play
Seabury Hall I def. Seabury Hall II, 25-23
Baldwin def Seabury Hall II, 25-22
Baldwin def. Lahainaluna, 25-12
Seabury Hall I def. Maui Prep, 25-3
Baldwin def. Maui Prep, 25-5
Seabury Hall II def. Lahainaluna, 25-7
Seabury Hall II def. Maui Prep, 25-3
Lahainaluna def. Maui Prep, 25-15
Seabury Hall I def. Lahainaluna, 25-7
Seabury Hall I def. Baldwin, 25-21
Third-place match
Seabury Hall II def. Lahainaluna, 25-9, 25-11
Championship Match
Seabury Hall def. Baldwin, 25-17, 25-15
* * *
Saturday's Results
At "The Barn" at Hoolehua
Roosevelt Red def. Molokai 25-10, 25-17
Kaiser def. Waialua 25-18, 25-10
Kaiser split with Roosevelt Gold 25-17, 21-25
Molokai def. Waialua 25-16, 25-19
Roosevelt Red def, Waialua 25-19, 25-17
Molokai def. Roosevelt Gold 25-16, 26-24
Kaiser def. Molokai 25-7, 25-18
Roosevelt Gold def. Roosevelt Red 25-16 25-0
Roosevelt Gold def. Waialua 25-15, 25-7
Kaiser def. Roosevelt Red 25-18 25-20


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Top Definition
A rolled Marijuana joint
Thats the biggest dooby I ever seen man, where did you get it?
Ur looking at it through a telescope
O...my bad
Ur looking at it through a telescope
O...my bad
Beküldő: Spyke 2003. március 20.
Trending Now
Can you define these popular missing words?
A word which can be used referring to cannabis or a joint/spliff. Commonly used in Yorkshire, England.
"Hey, we going to buy some Dooby."
"Jonny, roll me a Dooby."
"Jonny, roll me a Dooby."
Beküldő: Scott Heleniak 2009. február 1.
A hand-rolled, irregularly large blunt. Has a musical tone to it, so the term is mostly used in that scooby doo song, while looking for it, if it rolled under the couch or something.
Dooby dooby doo, where are you? I want to get high todaaaaayaaaay...
Beküldő: Fatasspseudo 2011. június 26.
A word to express a bad situation. Similar to "shit" or "this sucks." Can be shortened to "doobs."
Friend 1: Sorry man, I can't hang out tonight.
Friend 2: Doobies. Maybe another time.
Friend 2: Doobies. Maybe another time.
Beküldő: frotacular 2011. december 12.
Dooby, was a term first coined at gold coast ocian fest 2011. It gives reference to a large number of things. But mainly is a term used for 'weed'. It has also been used to indicate going to the toilet or farting and has also been used in relation to sexual acts.
I just did dooby in that girl!
Beküldő: dooby smoker 5000 2011. június 20.
1)Noun,(Doo-bee)One who puffs Mad cheeba, 2)the stoke 3)a perfect name for a dog 4)a person who lives in jamaca, eats Ganja cakes, smokes Weed then drinks bong water while listening to Rastafirean Regge music
I named my dog Dooby cuz he smokes mad weed.
Beküldő: Kavander X 2003. május 6.
A female dog's mammaries.
Dude, check out the doobies on that bitch!
Beküldő: tenaciousbibi 2010. február 21.


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Spyder Fire Hat
Manufacturer's Description
Retailers' Descriptions
Here's what other sites are saying:
The boys' Spyder Fire hat will help keep young powderhounds warm and happy while they're playing in the snow or hanging out on a cold winter day. Soft, thick acrylic fabric provides warmth and easy care. Itch-free microfleece lining wicks away moisture and enhances comfort.
Think of your new favorite beanie like your best friend. You want to take it everywhere and shred the fastest lines out there. So why are you waiting to call? Spyder's Fire Hat is waiting to be your new best friend. PRODUCT FEATURES: Soft, thick acrylic fabric provides superior warmth and dries quickly Itch-free microfleece lining wicks away moisture and enhances comfort
- Appalachian Outdoors
Little shredders will burn up the mountain in style with the Spyder Boy's Fire Hat. He will love wearing this soft, warm hat, with its cool flame and spider graphics and cozy micro fleece lining.100% soft acrylic cashmere construction.2-sided brushed micro fleece lining with anti-pill finish.Custom Spyder embroidered logo.5 yrs and up.Import.
- Campmor
For hanging out or serious winter play, don the Boy's Fire Hat from Spyder.
- Altrec Outdoors
Spyder Fire Hat
previously retailed for:
$10.56 - $25.00
$10.56 - $25.00
The Spyder Fire Hat is not available from the stores we monitor. It was last seen February 18, 2013 at REI.
If you're looking for a new winter hat, check out the best reviewed current models.


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Protecta Pest Monitor is a reusable, plastic monitoring box used with Protecta MC Glue boards (sold separately) to monitor for both mice and insects. Basically the monitor gives you a tamper-resistant glue board station that will catch anything from mice to spiders and other creepy crawlies. Just place the glue board in the Pest Monitor's base and use the clips to hold the glue board firmly in place. Insects can access Protecta Pest Monitor from holes on all four sides. Mice enter through the two larger holes that are close to the wall. To block mice from entering the monitor, you may simply rotate Pest Monitor's top, covering the two larger holes and preventing entry. One protecta key is included to open the stations.
For monitoring insects and mice, place a TRAPPER MC Glue Trap in the base, using the clips to hold the glue trap firmly in place. Insects can access Pest Monitor from holes on all four sides. Mice enter through the two larger holes that are adjacent to the wall. To prevent mice from accessing Pest Monitor, rotate the top, covering the two larger holes.
Mounting holes on the bottom of TRAPPER Pest Monitor make servicing easy when the Monitor is secured. Pest Monitor opens with Bell's unique 2-prong key. With its low profile, TRAPPER Pest Monitor fits under objects or can be used on its side in a narrow opening.
|Average Customer Review: Not yet rated
Write an online review and share your thoughts with others.
To Open
1.)Unlock Top From Base With TRAPPER 2- Prong Key
To Monitor For Mice And Insects
1.)Place TRAPPER MC Glue Trap Under Tab On Base
2.)Position Glue Trap So That Glue Free Edge Is Along Mouse Runway.
To close
1.)Reattach Lid By Inserting Tabs From Top Into Slots On The Base. Snap Shut.
To Use As Insect Monitor Only
1.)Rotate Top 180 Degrees So That Mouse Entry Holes Are Blocked.
Place TRAPPER Pest Monitors Wherever Insects And Mice Travel:
Indoor, Under Pallets, And Shelves, Inside Cupboards and Along Walls;
Or Outdoors Along The Perimeter Of Buildings.


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Success with white pine: planting under an overstory
Although planting under an overstory sounds befuddled, it's true, best results happen when you plant white pine under an existing canopy of trees. Unlike red pine or jack pine, white pine can easily tolerate growing in the shade of other trees. Aspen, birch, oak and other hardwoods are good choices for the overstory. Look for and choose the sites: where aspen ( or birch) is mature and the stand is breaking up, where a hardwood stand just underwent thinning or where a stand was partially harvested. Heavy or continuous shade can be detrimental to white pine growth, so, as a goal, maintain approximately 40 to 60 percent shade. By the way, most unmanaged stands have a natural shading of 70 to 80 percent. You can tell if you're on the right track with the correct amount of shading if the white pine seedlings grow about two feet in height per year after being established for three years.
Over and above this, planting under an overstory has two major benefits, namely, reduced risk of attack by white pine weevil and protection from white pine blister rust infection.
White pine weevil larvae cause the wilting and death of the tree's leader (or terminal) which is a loss in height growth ( up to three years' growth) and may cause forking of the stem. The risk of attack is reduced by growing white pines in the shade of overstory trees. The cooler daytime temperatures and thinner diameter terminals grown in the shade discourage attacks by the weevil.
White pine blister rust causes branch death, topkill, stem cankers and can be fatal. To successfully infect a white pine, blister rust spores need 48 hours of temperatures less than 68 F and a film of water on the needles in late summer. White pines growing under an overstory are warmer and drier than trees growing in an open field or small opening in the forest canopy. The infection process can be halted as temperatures exceed 68 F and /or as the film of water dries up.
Night time temperatures in northern Minnesota are usually in the 60's and cool day time temperatures aren't rare. Pine foliage rapidly looses its heat as the sun goes down and the moisture laden air condenses on the foliage producing a film of water during cool nights. Cool, still nights followed by cool, cloudy days produce ideal conditions and enough time for infection. A simple analogy can be taken from a common experience, camping out (if you disregard the presence of mosquitos). Where would you rather set out your sleeping bag, in an open field or under the forest canopy? You'll be soaked by dew and cold if you sleep out in the open field, but fairly warm and dry under the forest canopy. The same holds true for pine foliage. So, the presence of a forest canopy protects white pine foliage from infection by maintaining warmer temperatures through the normally cool nights and by reducing moisture formation on the needles.
One of the worst places to attempt managing white pine is in a "small opening" in the forest canopy. Small opening means the diameter of the opening in the canopy is less than the height of the surrounding trees. White pine needles in small openings remains wet all day and all night, and cool air collects and remains there. And, as you now know, conditions like this are ideal for blister rust infections.


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- Home
- About
- Marketing Services
- Our Thoughts
- Internet Marketing Blog
- Contact
At DNA, we believe search marketing is the lifeblood of your business online. There are many ways to achieve your goals, but very few partners can actually deliver the results you're looking for. Furthermore, how many partners are willing to put their "skin in the game." We are the best at what we do and we are willing to prove it. Our process enables you to fuel your growth while minimizing your potential risk.
It is often said without a path, you will most likely end up in a place other than where you initially intended. Although you may have an idea of where you want to go, we will help you define a vision for your business with absolute clarity. Once we establish a compelling vision, we will perform a comprehensive analysis of where your business is currently at. This will include, but is not limited to, an audit of your search and media accounts, analytics platforms, sales data, industry trends and a competitive analysis. We will then work with you to build a set of measurable goals to provide a road map to guide us towards your vision.
We will begin to build our massive action plan that includes defining key performance indicators and revenue forecasting. During this process, we set specific timelines and determine the resources and support systems needed. Our plan will also provide a system for accountability and benchmarking performance.
Determining the right investment models is the easy part. We provide a structure to minimize risk for our partners while creating a plan to metrically align our partnership. We will invest our expertise, time, energy and capital into your business to fuel your growth through search.
By leveraging our unique approach to managing your search programs, you will achieve the results you have always dreamed of. We don't pretend that our relationship will be effortless, but we guarantee it will be rewarding.


text: Round Two By Sam Holako Feb 21, 2009 I need help Only the Denver game that "cost" Smitch his job was by a larger margin. At what point will the rhetoric and idiocy about the playoffs stop? Sure they are 5.5 games out of 8th spot, but what has happened this season that has certain idiots suggesting the playoffs? 21-36 seem like a… Read more »


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Jeanette BennonDate of Death: 07/25/2012
Ms. Jeanette Bennon, age 40, of 100 Burdine Road, Apartment #17 Greenville died Wednesday, July 25, 2012 in the St. Francis Hospital, Greenville. She is the daughter of Ojetta Bennon Brooks and the late Richard gene Bennon. She was a member of the Pilgrim Rest Baptist Church and a former employee of Kash & Karry. She is survived by her mother, Ojetta Brooks of Greenville; two sons, Laman Lee Bennon and Jerry Lee Walker Jr., both of Greenville; two daughters, Cassandra Latasha Walker and Johnnie Shaqeyla Bennon both of Greenville; one brother, Jerome Pressley of Greenville; one sister, molly Bennon of Greenville. Funeral service will be held 2 p.m., Friday, August 3, 2012 at the Beasley Funeral Home Chapel, Fountain Inn with Rev. Bobby Water officiating. Burial will be in the Pinedale Memorial Park, Piedmont. The family is at the home of her mother, 100 Burdine Road, Apartment # 20.
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Get FREE SHIPPING with your purchase of twelve bottles or more.
A Social entrepreneurs who want to change society for the better, but turn a profit at the same time are on a mission to solve problems plaguing society. Doing Good To Others With ArKay And Making Money..ArKay Team.
Great The W.A.R.M molecule, when mixed with a liquid, in this case with ArKay flavored drink, usually fools the brain and makes the brain believe that you are drinking the real liquor, then after some couple of seconds the brain realizes that what you are drinking is not liquor and immediately tells you that you can keep drinking without any ill effects. ARKAY IS NOT A MEDICINE. Arkay Laboratory Team .
We guarantee a 100% secured transaction thanks to our payments gateway such as PayPal.


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Spend - it's your patriotic duty
I'm no economist, but it doesn't take a Ph.D. to see that there is a lot of nonsense being peddled to assure the people of the U.S. that the recession we've been in since April or May will go away quickly.
Coping with holiday depression
The holiday season is a time of joy, happiness and celebration for most of us. Yet many people find depression a more common feeling than joy during this season.
Local police will be used for new repression
The police in Portland, Ore. and other Oregon cities, as well as several in northern California, stated they will not cooperate with a federal request to round up hundreds of Middle Eastern immigrants to grill them about their political views and associations, as Oregon law forbids detaining people not suspected of a crime.
Drug czar assures repeat of past failures
While the national drug movement and voter reform efforts move toward humane, effective strategies, John Walters, President Bush's choice for drug czar is a giant step backwards.
To clone or not
Despite pressure from President Bush to ban human cloning, either for reproduction or research, the Senate refused last week to take up a Republican measure to impose a six-month moratorium on the technology.
Bush not first president to demonize newcomers
Talk of war from Washington? People afraid to communicate through the mail? Writers and editors threatened? Dissenters harassed? Foreigners attacked? We are not talking 2001 here – each of these things happened in the early days of our country.
James Jackson: Fighter for equality, democracy, peace, socialism
NEW YORK – James E. Jackson Jr., a leader of the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) for many years, celebrated his 87th birthday Nov. 29.
WTO anniversary celebrated in Seattle
SEATTLE – On Nov. 30, around 400 people gathered at Seattle Central Community College to mark the anniversary of the day when 70,000 activists shut down the WTO in 1999.
Protests mark 20 years of Mumia in jail
Mumia Abu-Jamal has been the victim of a frame-up for 20 years. A weekend of demonstrations is planned with coordinated student-led walkouts on college campuses throughout the U.S. Dec. 7. A demonstration will be held at Philadelphia City Hall Dec. 8.
Illinois labor leaders address jobs forum
CHICAGO – A public forum was held at the UNITE here Nov. 26 to discuss "Alternatives to the Terror Economy," the economy being promoted by the Bush administration. The forum was organized by the Committee for New Priorities of Chicago Jobs with Justice.


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Top Definition
The left over dick flap when a man or boy gets circumcised.
"Yum. Some people eat the placenta after a child's birth, but Conan O'Brien swears by the calamari."
CockFlapJohnsonによって 2013年09月05日(木)
Trending Now
Can you define these popular missing words?
squid or octopus, beaten until soft enough, and eaten as a delicacy. I've never eaten it. Many people I've talked with agree that its taste is not bad, but its texture is rubbery and slimy.
Waiter: "I recommend that you don't order the calamari."
James M.によって 2003年05月02日(金)
The improper plural form of the word calamari. This is used primary by the French-Lebanese man unfamiliar with the English language.
Improper - Calamaris are yummy!
Proper - Calamari is yummy!
Proper - Calamari is yummy!
The fat that squishes out of the bottom of a really tight, short dress creating an Ursula (sea witch from The Little Mermaid) effect on the bottom half.
A person wears a tight mini-dress (think 2 sizes too small) and it pushes the leg fat out around the bottom of the dress and it makes you think of a squid (or calamari).
Daisy27によって 2012年06月14日(木)
Used as the plural for calamari. It is used while a person is enjoying more then one calamari at one time. it is widely used overseas by Lebanese French men.
Marcie is enjoying her calamaris.
The prural form of calamari. this word is used when eating more then one calamari. Clamaris is widly used overseas by french-lebanese men.
Marcie enjoys her calamaris.
An inexpeirianced motorcyclist, with no protection from contact dermetitus.
A squid without a helmet; squid bits.
A squid without a helmet; squid bits.
Motorcycle rider - helmet = calamari
schimschoneによって 2005年03月11日(金)


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Rich Ramm Scholarship applications being accepted
Applications are now being accepted for the Rich Ramm Memorial Scholarship until May 3rd. A scholarship in the amount of $1,200 will be given to a graduating senior from any Clinton County School or Jersey Shore Area School District (must be a Clinton County Resident). The scholarship is also available for present full-time college students. The student must be entered in or have been accepted into an accredited program in the field of agriculture. The scholarship will be awarded in whole, or in the event of a tie, the amount will be split between the winners.
Primary consideration will be given to those students who have continued to successfully challenge themselves throughout their academic years as indicated by course choice, grades, leadership, outside extracurricular activities and work experience. The essay required for the application will carry high importance in determining the recipient of this scholarship. Activities, awards and recognitions listed on the application also will be considered.
This scholarship fund has been established in memory of a local farmer, Rich Ramm, who died in 1992. Ramm was an agronomy graduate and a strong supporter of conservation. His friends have donated money for this perpetual fund, administered through the Clinton County Conservation District and the Clinton County Community Foundation.
Applications are available from the Clinton County Conservation District and from school guidance counselors. Deadline for applications is May 3. The award will be announced the first week of June.
Completed applications must be submitted to: Clinton County Conservation District, 45 Cooperation Lane, Mill Hall, PA 17751.
For more information, contact Mary Ann Bower at 726-3798.
West Branch School to hold open house
West Branch School will host a series of open houses in which the public is invited to tour the school and to talk to parents, teachers, and students.
The dates for the events are April 13th from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. and April 17th from 9 a.m. to noon. Registration is not necessary for any of the open house dates.
"From the flexible curriculum that bends to each student's needs, to the field trips and community outreach programs, West Branch truly is about developing the whole child. More than anything, as an involved parent, I sincerely appreciate being able to approach any of the teachers for any reason, any time," said Beth McKelvey, parent.
West Branch School is a private, state-licensed, non-sectarian school serving grades K-6, located in Newberry at 755 Moore Ave. The school maintains a low student-teacher ratio to ensure success in academic, social and emotional development. High standards, multiple and varied settings and parental involvement are hallmarks of a West Branch education. Children are challenged and succeed at their skill level, regardless of age. Come discover why West Branch School is right for your family.
For more information, call 323-5498 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
Mansfield to Hold 'Visit Day'
MANSFIELD - Prospective students and their parents are invited to Mansfield University for "Visit Day" on Friday.
Participants also will be able to tour campus, including the North Hall Library and the new residence halls.
Admissions counselors, faculty members and current students will be available to talk about MU's undergraduate programs, financial aid, club activities and campus life.
For more information, or to register, visit admis sions.mansfield.edu, call 800-577-6826 or 662-4243 or email email@example.com
Lycoming College education students participate in science fair
Lycoming College education students recently participated in a Title I science fair at Central Elementary School in South Williamsport.
The students were Esther Brennan, Williamsport; Caitlin DeAngelo, Reading; Sara Griggs, Downey, Calif.; Breann Grzankowski, Lebanon, N.J.; Olivia Hanner, Montoursville; Jennifer Harbora, Cherry Hill, N.J.; Kat Hennessy, Sussex, N.J.; Taylor Kendra, Sellersville; Jessy Lepper, Canton; Katie Lord, Kingston; Casey Maguire, Egg Harbor, N.J.; Erin McKernan, Williamsport; Alexis Naugle, Selinsgrove; Melanie Shepheard, Williamsport; Karissa Stoops, Orangeburg, N.Y.; Audrey Thomas, Curwensville; Kasey Uppling, Montoursville; Jessika Van Sciver, Riverside, N.J.
Together, the students came up with science experiments to help the elementary school students and their families see and explore science in new and exciting ways.
"The night proved to be an enjoyable and mind-opening experience," Stoops said.
Kelchner Fitness Center hosting yoga instructor classes
MANSFIELD - The Kelchner Fitness Center (KFC) at Mansfield University will host yoga instructor certification classes April 19, 20 and 21.
The April 19 class is for YogaFit level one certification.
Classes on April 20 and 21 are for YogaFit level two certification.
For more information and to register, email email@example.com or call 888-786-3111.
For more information on the KFC, go to mans field.edu/kfc.


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|One-Minute Madness
Birmingham News columnist Kevin Scarbinsky welcomes a special guest this week to One-Minute Madness -- ABC 33/40 sports director Mike Raita.
In today's discussion, see what they think about the state of coaching in the Southeastern Conference. Has Nick Saban gotten under everybody's skin?
How lucky can Les Miles be, what about Tennessee's Derek Dooley and where does Gene Chizik stand in the fraternity?


text:
A Community of Exceptional Nurses
Back to AACN News Home
Among the 1999 fellows inducted into the American Academy of Nursing were (from left) Margaret L. Campbell, Kathleen Puntillo, Marilyn S. Sommers, Patricia Gonce Morton, Anna Gawlinski and Kathleen King.
In addition to the seven AACN members who were announced in the January 2000 issue of AACN News as 1999 inductees into the American Academy of Nursing are two other members, Kathleen King, RN, PhD, FAAN, and Marilyn S. Sommers, RN, PhD, CCRN, FAAN.
King is an associate professor at the University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y., and Sommers is a professor, in the College of Nursing at the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.
They joined fellow AACN members Margaret L. Campbell, RN, MSN, CS, Anna Gawlinski, RN, DNSc, CS, ACNP, Divina Grossman, RN, PhD, ARNP, CS, Ann R. Knebel, RN, DNSc, Patricia G. Morton, RN, PhD, ACNP, Kathleen Puntillo, RN, DNSc, and Kathleen R. Simpson, RNC, PhD, as 1999 inductees, who were recognized for outstanding contributions to the nursing profession.
Learn more about what we have to offer based on your role in the industry.
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text:
Another round of heavy snow smacked Mount Alyeska and the Turnagain Pass area early Thursday morning, putting recreational users on their heels.
Some two feet fell on Mount Alyeska, leaving the top of Chair 6 with 62 inches total. Some 20 inches fell midway up the mountain. The fresh snow prompted Alyeska officials to close the top of the mountain to skiing and riding on Thursday.
Farther south at Turnagain Pass, the avalanche danger remained high and Graham Predeger of the Chugach National Forest Avalanche Information Center wrote that field work showed that the "snowpack is proving very unstable right now and an avalanche triggered today in steep terrain will likely be unmanageable for a skier or snowmachiner."
He advised recreational users to stay out of the mountains for at least 24 hours.
Predeger reported "human triggered avalanches and some downright spooky test results from our snow pits yesterday, all from below tree line. As we have watched our seasonal snowpack more than double in a few short days, the weak layers we've been talking about for the last month finally have a 2-5 foot slab sitting on top of them.
"The new slab sits on several different weak layers, any of which may fail with the weight of a person causing an avalanche that will prove unmanageable in steep terrain."


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Based on a true story - and a brutal one, like so many to emerge from the Jim Crow South - Jeb Stuart's Blood Done Sign My Name is set in Oxford, N.C., a seemingly sleepy burg where, as late as 1970, desegregation hadn't happened: Blacks couldn't get haircuts in white-owned barbershops, or get jobs that weren't along the lines of janitor or maid.
The schools, and even the hospitals, were still separate - for white folks, for black folks, no intermingling. The churches, too.
Enter the Rev. Vernon Tyson (Rick Schroder), a white Methodist pastor with a wife (Susan Walters) and four kids in tow, who settles into his new parish - and proceeds to unsettle the town with his talk of integration and equality.


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TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) plays a major role in the pathogenesis of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Although a pathological continuity between FTLD and ALS has been suggested, the neuropathological changes of the lower motor neuron (LMN) systems have not been assessed in TDP-43–associated FTLD (FTLD-TDP), to our knowledge.
To investigate a pathological continuity between FTLD-TDP and ALS by comparing their respective neuropathological changes in the motor neuron system.
Design and Setting
A retrospective clinical medical record review and a semiquantitative neuropathological evaluation of the cranial motor nerve nuclei and spinal cord were conducted at autopsy. We included 43 patients with sporadic FTLD-TDP, type A, B, or C, from 269 consecutively autopsied patients with TDP-43 proteinopathy. Patients were categorized as having FTLD without ALS, FTLD-ALS (onset of FTLD symptoms/signs preceded those of ALS), or ALS-FTLD (onset of ALS symptoms/signs preceded those of FTLD).
Main Outcomes and Measures
Neuronal TDP-43 pathological changes and neuronal loss.
Forty-three patients were included in the clinical analysis, and 29 from whom spinal cords were obtained were included in the neuropathological analysis. Survival time was significantly shorter in the FTLD-ALS and ALS-FTLD groups than in the FTLD without ALS group (P < .001). At neuropathological examination, 89% of patients in the FTLD without ALS group showed aggregations of TDP-43 in the spinal motor neurons. The LMN loss was most severe in ALS-FTLD, followed by FTLD-ALS and FTLD without ALS. All the patients with type A or C FTLD-TDP were included in the FTLD without ALS group, and all those with type B pathological changes were in the FTLD-ALS or the ALS-FTLD group. Lower motor neuron loss and TDP-43–positive skeinlike inclusions were observed in all pathological subtypes.
Conclusions and Relevance
The LMN systems of FTLD-TDP frequently exhibit neuropathological changes corresponding to ALS. Thus, a pathological continuity between FTLD-TDP and ALS is supported at the level of the LMN system.
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a sporadic or familial neurodegenerative disease that clinically encompasses frontotemporal dementia, language disorder, and motor symptoms.1 Immunohistochemical profiles show that approximately half of patients with FTLD present with tau-positive disease, but the other half primarily exhibit an accumulation of TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43), referred to as FTLD-TDP.2- 5 Currently, the cortical TDP-43 pathological changes in sporadic FTLD-TDP are classified into 3 subtypes: A, B, and C.6- 8
TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa is also a major disease protein in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which is characterized by upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron (LMN) involvement.9 The pathological features of LMN involvement in ALS include neuronal loss, gliosis, TDP-43–positive neuronal inclusions with skeinlike or round shapes and glial inclusions, and Bunina bodies.10
Some patients exhibit symptoms of both ALS and FTLD, and the cerebral cortices of patients with FTLD and ALS almost always show type B TDP-43 changes.7,11- 13 Thus, a pathological continuity between FTLD and ALS has been proposed based on brain TDP-43 pathological findings. Studies of the cerebral cortex, including the motor cortex, and subcortical gray matter have shown common TDP-43 pathological findings in FTLD, FTLD with ALS, and ALS.12,14- 17 However, the neuropathological features of LMN systems in FTLD-TDP have not been investigated comprehensively, particularly in the spinal cord, although characterization of these features is necessary to confirm the pathological relationship between FTLD and ALS.
In this study, we investigated LMN pathological findings in patients with sporadic FTLD-TDP who clinically demonstrated FTLD, FTLD with ALS, or ALS. We also investigated the correlation between TDP-43 pathological subtypes (type A, B, and C) and LMN involvement to further elucidate the continuity of FTLD and ALS.
We enrolled 269 consecutively autopsied patients with sporadic and adult-onset FTLD, FTLD with ALS, or ALS in which pathological aggregation of TDP-43 was confirmed at the Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, from 1988 to 2012. All patients had been clinically evaluated by neurological experts in the affiliated hospitals of Nagoya University School of Medicine or Aichi Medical University. Permission to perform an autopsy and archive the nervous system tissues for research purposes was obtained from family members after death. The clinical data on the included patients were obtained from case notes made at diagnosis and at an advanced stage of illness. We initially excluded 216 of the 269 patients because they did not present clinical FTLD symptoms. In 53 patients, FTLD or FTLD with ALS was diagnosed according to the diagnostic criteria of FTLD and ALS.1,18 Moreover, we subclassified FTLD with ALS into FTLD-ALS (onset of FTLD symptoms/signs preceded those of ALS) and ALS-FTLD (onset of ALS symptoms/signs preceded those of FTLD) groups.
The enrolled patients were categorized into 3 groups: FTLD without ALS, FTLD-ALS, and ALS-FTLD. The FTLD symptoms were categorized into 2 groups: behavior-variant frontotemporal dementia and language impairments.14 The LMN symptoms/signs were defined by progressive muscular weakness, muscular atrophy, fasciculation, or electromyographic findings. We excluded patients with Alzheimer disease–associated neurofibrillary pathological abnormalities that were more advanced than Braak stage IV,19 those with argyrophilic grain disease, and those with invalid clinical data. Finally, 43 patients were included in the clinical analysis (11 with FTLD without ALS, 9 with FTLD-ALS, and 23 with ALS-FTLD). For comparison, we prepared 13 age-matched controls (mean [SD] age at death, 68.2 [6.9] years) who had no diagnosis of any neurodegenerative disease, dementia, or cerebrovascular disease.
The information regarding sex, age at onset, disease duration, and duration between onset of FTLD and ALS was collected from clinical notes. Causes of death were classified as respiratory failure due to respiratory muscle weakness, pneumonia, or other. The last category comprised systemic diseases other than respiratory failure or pneumonia, including cancer, ileus, infections, and renal failure. Information on the subtypes of dementia, clinical data on motor symptoms, and electromyographic results were also collected.
For the neuropathological analysis, we excluded patients who had received a respirator/tracheotomy (n = 11) or whose spinal cord was not available (n = 3). In total, 29 patients were included in the neuropathological analysis and divided into 3 groups: FTLD without ALS (n = 9), FTLD-ALS (n = 8), and ALS-FTLD (n = 12). The tissues were fixed in 20% neutral-buffered formalin. The paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were cut at a thickness of 4.5 μm. We evaluated sections from the spinal cord and whole brain. The whole spinal cord was examined at each segmental level, but only the cervical cord was available in 3 patients and the sacral cord was not available in another 3.
For routine neuropathological examinations, the sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Klüver-Barrera. Immunohistochemical studies were performed using a standard polymer-based method with the EnVision Kit or anti-goat immunoglobulin (Dako). As primary antibodies, we used antibodies to the following: anti-ubiquitin (ubiquitin, monoclonal mouse, 1:250; Millipore), anti–TDP-43 (TARDBP, polyclonal rabbit, 1:2500; ProteinTech), anti–phosphorylated TDP-43 (pTDP-43 ser409/410, polyclonal rabbit, 1:2500; CosmoBio), anti–phosphorylated tau (AT-8, monoclonal mouse, 1:4000; Innogenetics), anti–β-amyloid (β-amyloid 6F/3D, monoclonal mouse, 1:100; Dako), anti-CD68 (CD68, monoclonal mouse, 1:200; Dako), anti–cystatin C (cystatin C, polyclonal rabbit, 1:200; Dako), p62 N-terminal (p62N, polyclonal guinea pig, 1:100; Progen), anti–ubiquilin 2 (UBQLN-2 5F5, monoclonal mouse, 1:5000; Abnova), and anti–choline acetyltransferase (ChAT, polyclonal goat, 1:100; Millipore). Diaminobenzidine (Wako) was used as the chromogen.
Antigens were retrieved with trypsin for anti-CD68 immunohistochemistry and with 95°C 3 mmol/L citrate buffer at 95°C for 20 minutes, followed by 5-minute incubation in 98% formic acid for anti-p62N, anti–TDP-43, anti–pTDP-43, and anti-ChAT immunohistochemistry. To confirm the presence of TDP-43–positive inclusions within the cholinergic motor neurons, we performed double immunohistochemistry using anti–pTDP-43 and anti-ChAT antibodies. Spinal cord specimens were prepared from 3 patients with type A, 3 with type B, and 2 with type C. Initially, the specimens were immunostained with the anti-ChAT and anti-goat immunoglobulin antibodies and diaminobenzidine. The anti-ChAT antibody was inactivated in distilled water at 100°C for 20 minutes, followed by immunohistochemistry with pTDP-43 and violet pigmentation using a VIP Peroxidase Substrate Kit (SK-4600; Vector).
For the semiquantitative neuropathological analysis, 2 investigators (Y.R. and M.Y.) observed the specimens containing the facial and hypoglossal nuclei and the anterior horn of the spinal cord. They evaluated the severity of LMN neuropathological changes that are indicative of ALS (neuronal loss, gliosis, aggregation of macrophages, TDP-43–immunopositive neuronal inclusions, and Bunina bodies) and graded neuronal loss and gliosis using Klüver-Barrera and hematoxylin-eosin staining. The investigators also evaluated the aggregations of macrophages rather than rod-shaped microglia using anti-CD68 immunohistochemistry and identified Bunina bodies using hematoxylin-eosin staining and anti–cystatin C immunohistochemistry. They scored the severity of neuronal loss and gliosis as grade 0 (none), 1 (mild), 2 (moderate), or 3 (severe) (eFigure 1 in Supplement. The appearance of TDP-43–positive inclusions was scored as grade 0 (none), grade 1 (1-5 neuronal inclusions per 5 fields; ×20 objective), grade 2 (6-10 inclusions), or grade 3 (≥11 inclusions) using anti–pTDP-43 immunohistochemistry.
Pathological cortical TDP-43 subtypes were identified according to current neuropathological criteria, using specimens from the frontal lobes, temporal lobes, and hippocampus.5 For FTLD-TDP, type A was defined as the presence of neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions predominantly in the neocortex layer 2 and short dystrophic neurites; type B, as a predominance of neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions in all cortical layers; and type C, as a predominance of long dystrophic neurites in layer 2 and cytoplasmic inclusions in the dentate granular cells of the hippocampus. Our patient series did not include type D, which is characterized by numerous short dystrophic neurites and neuronal intranuclear inclusions in association with valosin-containing protein gene mutations. We also evaluated pathological changes in the upper motor neuron systems that include the primary motor cortex and corticospinal tract (CST). We evaluated the presence or absence of neuronal loss and gliosis in the primary motor cortex and myelin pallor, as well as the aggregation of macrophages in the CST.
Our study focused on sporadic FTLD-TDP, and patients with familial histories of FTLD or ALS, dementia, or other neurodegenerative diseases were excluded. However, FTLD or ALS associated with chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9ORF72) hexanucleotide expansion exhibits pathological aggregation of TDP-43 and, in some cases, low penetration,20,21 although these mutations are extremely rare in Japan.22 It was recently reported that the pattern of ubiquilin abnormalities in ALS and FTLD corresponds well with the presence of C9ORF72 hexanucleotide expansion.23 The UBQLN-2–positive, p62-positive, but TDP-43–negative thick dystrophic neurites are abundantly present in patients with C9ORF72 hexanucleotide expansion, predominantly in the hippocampus and cerebellum. Because the materials for a genetic study were not available for a large proportion of our patients, we histologically screened C9ORF72 hexanucleotide expansion with the absence of UBQLN-2 and p62N-positive thick dystrophic neurites in the temporal lobes and cerebella of all patients.
The Mann-Whitney test was applied to continuous variables between 2 groups, and the Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to the analysis of continuous variables among 3 groups. The χ2 test was used for categorized variables among 3 groups. Spearman rank correlation coefficient analyses were applied to univariate correlations between the clinical groups and severity of pathological changes. Survival curves were constructed using the Kaplan-Meier method. The end point of clinical course was defined as death or the introduction of a respirator or tracheotomy. The significance level for all comparisons was set atP < .05. All statistical tests were 2 sided and were conducted using the PASW 18.0 program (IBM SPSS).
Patient characteristics are summarized in the Table. The mean (SD) time from symptom onset to death or respirator or tracheotomy administration was 50.5 (58.4) months across all patients. The survival time from symptom onset did not differ significantly between the FTLD-ALS and ALS-FTLD groups but was significantly shorter for the FTLD without ALS group than for the FTLD-ALS or ALS-FTLD group (Figure 1 and Table; P < .001). The most common cause of death for the ALS-FTLD and FTLD-ALS groups was respiratory failure, but patients with FTLD without ALS commonly died of other systemic diseases (P < .001). Frequencies of dementia subtypes did not significantly differ between the clinical groups.
Kaplan-Meier plot showing the survival rates of patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) without amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (solid line; n = 11), those in whom the onset of FTLD symptoms/signs preceded those of ALS (FTLD-ALS) (dashed line; n = 9), and those in whom the onset of ALS symptoms/signs preceded those of FTLD (ALS-FTLD) (dotted line; n = 23). Survival times were significantly shorter in patients with FTLD without ALS than in those with FTLD-ALS or ALS-FTLD (P < .001).
With regard to motor symptoms/signs, 3 patients in the FTLD without ALS group had hyperreflexia, 1 had the Babinski sign, and 1 had spasticity, but none had a clinical diagnosis of progressive lateral sclerosis (PLS) according to the published diagnostic criteria of PLS.24 Patients with FTLD-ALS or ALS-FTLD generally exhibited both upper motor neuron and LMN symptoms/signs except for 3 who exhibited only LMN symptoms/signs. Based on the electromyographic data, active denervation potentials (positive sharp waves and fibrillation potentials18) were identified in 3 patients with FTLD-ALS and 12 with ALS-FTLD but not in any of those with FTLD without ALS.
The results of semiquantitative pathological evaluations of the 3 clinical groups are summarized in Figure 2. In the FTLD without ALS group, 8 of 9 patients (89%) showed pTDP-43–positive neuronal inclusions. In addition, neuronal loss and gliosis in the spinal anterior horns were observed in 5 of 11 patients (45%) and Bunina bodies were present in 4 (36%). The pathological changes in LMN systems were most severe in the ALS-FTLD group, followed by the FTLD-ALS group, and were rather mild in the FTLD without ALS group. Among control patients, 1 had a pTDP-43–positive glial inclusion in the lumbar anterior horn, but this patient did not show neuronal loss, gliosis, or Bunina bodies (eFigure 2 in Supplement).
Findings shown include the severity of neuronal loss, gliosis, phosphorylated TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (pTDP-43) pathological changes, and aggregations of macrophages and the presence of Bunina bodies in the lower motor neuron systems. The severity of each pathological change was graded as 0 (none [−, not colored]), 1 (mild [+, green]), 2 (moderate [++, yellow]), or 3 (severe [+++, red]). Neuropathological changes became increasingly severe in those in whom amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) symptoms/signs preceded those of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD; ALS-FTLD), as well as the FTLD-ALS (FTLD symptoms/signs preceding those of ALS) and FTLD without ALS groups (Spearman rank order). Cx indicates cervical cord; Lx, lumbar cord; NA, not assessed; Sx, sacral cord; TDP-43, TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa; and Tx, thoracic cord.
According to cortical TDP-43 pathological findings,5 29 patients were classified into 3 subtypes: A (n = 6), B (n = 20), or C (n = 3). Patients with FTLD without ALS showed type A or C disease, whereas those with FTLD-ALS or ALS-FTLD all showed type B disease (Figure 2 and Figure 3). For all the subtypes, the LMN system showed neuropathological changes that were indicative of ALS, including pTDP-43–positive neuronal and glial inclusions, neuronal loss, and gliosis. In patients with type A disease (Figure 4A-H), the severity of neuronal loss and gliosis in LMN systems ranged from none to moderate. Five patients (83%) in this group had pTDP-43–positive, skeinlike cytoplasmic and/or nuclear inclusions (Figure 4B and C), and 4 (67%) had Bunina bodies (Figure 4E and F) in the LMNs.
Findings in patients with type A (A-D) , B (E-H), and C (I-L) pathological changes. In a patient with type A pathological change, cerebral coronal sections showed cortical atrophy of the parasylvian region (A). Transverse section of the cervical cord showed marked myelin pallor in the corticospinal tract (B). Microscopically, the frontal cortices showed marked neuronal loss (C) and phosphorylated TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (pTDP-43)–positive neuronal inclusions and short dystrophic neurites (D). In a patient with type B pathological change, the cerebral cortex showed severe temporal atrophy (E), neuronal loss (G), and pTDP-43–positive neuronal inclusions (H). The corticospinal tract showed mild myelin pallor (F). In a patient with type C patholgoical change, the frontal and temporal cortices showed severe atrophy (I), marked neuronal loss (K), and pTDP-43–positive long dystrophic neurites (L). The corticospinal tract showed marked myelin pallor (J). Klüver-Barrera staining (A, B, E, F, I, and J), hematoxylin-eosin staining (C, G, and K), and pTDP-43 immunohistochemistry (D, H, and L) were performed. Scale bars represent 1 cm (A, E, and I), 3 mm (B, F, and J), 100 μm (C, G, and K), and 20 μm (D, H, and L). Original magnifications are ×1 (A, B, E, F, I, and J), ×200 (C, G, and K), and ×400 (D, H, and L).
Patients with type A (A-H), type B (I-L), and type C (M-P) pathological changes. A patient with type A pathological change showed mild neuronal loss (A), phosphorylated TDP-43 (pTDP-43)–positive skeinlike cytoplasmic inclusions (B), nuclear inclusions (C), and glial inclusions (D), Bunina bodies (E [arrow] and F) in the spinal anterior horn, and dystrophic neurites (G). In a patient with type B pathological change, neuronal loss (I), pTDP-43–positive skeinlike cytoplasmic inclusions (J), and Bunina bodies (K) were markedly observed. In a patient with type C pathological change, the spinal anterior horn showed mild neuronal loss (M), pTDP-43–positive skeinlike cytoplasmic inclusions (N), and dystrophic neurites (O). Double immunohistochemistry for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and pTDP-43 revealed cytoplasmic inclusions (violet [arrows]) present within the cytoplasm of a ChAT-positive spinal motor neuron (brown [asterisks]) of patients with type A (H), B (L), or C (P) pathological change. Hematoxylin-eosin staining (A, E, I, K, and M), pTDP-43 immunohistochemistry (B, C, D, G, J, N, and O), cystatin-C (F), and double immunohistochemical analysis for pTDP-43 and ChAT (H, L, and P) were performed. Scale bars represent 100 (A, I, and M), 20 (G, L, and O), and 10 (B-F, H, J, K, N, and P) μm. Original magnifications are ×100 (A, I, and M), ×400 (G, L, and O), and ×1000 (B-F, H, J, K, N, and P).
All 20 patients in the type B group (Figure 4I-L) showed neuronal loss, gliosis, and pTDP-43–positive skeinlike cytoplasmic inclusions in the LMN systems, and 18 (90%) had Bunina bodies. Among the 3 patients with type C disease (Figure 4M-P), 1 (33%) had mild loss of the LMNs (Figure 4M), and all 3 (100%) had pTDP-43–positive skeinlike cytoplasmic inclusions in the LMNs (Figure 4N). Unlike patients with the other subtypes, those with type C disease lacked Bunina bodies. Moreover, thick dystrophic neurites were prominent in the spinal anterior horn in patients with type A or C disease but rarely present in those with type B disease (Figure 4G and O). These dystrophic neurites were larger in diameter (8-12 μm) than those found in the cortices. In a double immunohistochemical analysis, pTDP-43–positive inclusions were found within the cytoplasm of ChAT-positive neurons in patients with type A, B, and C disease (Figure 4H, L, and P).
In the primary motor cortex, neuronal loss and gliosis were evident in 5 patients with FTLD without ALS (56%), 2 with FTLD-ALS (25%), and 3 with ALS-FTLD (25%). Myelin pallor in the CST was evident in 6 patients with FTLD without ALS (67%), 1 with FTLD-ALS (12%), and 2 with ALS-FTLD (17%). Aggregations of macrophages in the CST were evident in 4 patients with FTLD without ALS (44%), 5 with FTLD-ALS (62%), and 6 with ALS-FTLD (50%).
No patients showed any cerebellar UBQLN-2–positive or p62N-positive structures. In the temporal lobes, UBQLN-2–positive structures were occasionally observed in 8 patients, but abundant, thick, and aggregatelike structures, which are found in patients with C9ORF72 expansions, were not observed (eFigure 3 in Supplement). We presumed that our patients did not have C9ORF72 expansions.
Our study demonstrated that pTDP-43–associated pathological changes were common in the spinal anterior horns of the FTLD without ALS, FTLD-ALS, and ALS-FTLD groups. Neuronal loss and gliosis were most severe among the ALS-FTLD group, followed by the FTLD-ALS and then the FTLD without ALS groups. Our results clearly demonstrated the pathological continuum among TDP-43–associated FTLD and ALS, even at the LMN level.
Although the FTLD without ALS group that lacked LMN symptoms showed a loss of LMNs, the degree of neuronal loss and TDP-43 disease were generally mild in this group. Experiment data using ALS mouse models revealed that symptoms developed when approximately 29% of spinal motor neurons were lost.25 Further investigation will be needed to clarify whether LMN involvement occurs in a later stage of illness or progresses very slowly compared with cerebral involvement in FTLD without ALS.
Our results revealed that the FTLD-TDP types A, B, and C were associated with neuropathological changes corresponding to ALS in the spinal motor neurons. The severity of neuronal loss and pTDP-43 disease in the spinal motor neurons may differ quantitatively among these neuropathological subtypes. Based on cortical TDP-43 pathological findings, patients in the type B group had severe neuronal loss and diffuse pTDP-43–positive neuronal inclusions, which were entirely identical to ALS, whereas these changes were mild in the type C group. In type A, LMN pathological findings were diverse regardless of clinical duration; their severity and extension may be heterogeneous among patients with type A disease, unlike those with type B or C disease. Indeed, type A disease has also been identified in the FTLD with ALS phenotype in sporadic or familial (C9ORF72 expansion or progranulin gene mutations) form.2,5,21,26 Dystrophic neurites were prominent in the spinal anterior horn of patients with type A or C disease. In our patient series, Bunina bodies were observed in most patients with type A or B disease but were absent in those with type C disease, findings consistent with those of previous studies.3,17
Several studies have demonstrated that some patients with FTLD-TDP, particularly type C, showed marked CST degeneration.3,11,17,27 We also observed a marked myelin pallor in the CST in 67% of patients with FTLD without ALS, 12% with FTLD-ALS, and 16% with ALS-FTLD (50% for type A, 15% for type B, and 100% for type C). Some patients showed neuronal loss or gliosis in the primary motor cortex to varying extents. Furthermore, patients with FTLD without ALS often exhibited severe degenerative changes in broad areas of the frontal cortices. The broad involvement of the frontal lobes might also contribute to the CST degeneration because CST fibers arise not only from the primary motor cortex but also from the premotor cortex and supplementary motor areas.28
Two limitations of our study is that the evaluation of slight or very mild muscle weakness was not completed and that there were few patients with electromyographic data in the FTLD without ALS group. However, our clinical data demonstrated that patients with FTLD without ALS had significantly longer survival times than those with FTLD-ALS or ALS-FTLD. These prognostic data correspond well to previous results.29,30 In addition, the causes of death differed considerably between the FTLD without ALS group and the FTLD-ALS and ALS-FTLD groups. Respiratory failure was observed in patients with FTLD-ALS or ALS-FTLD but not in those with FTLD without ALS, and respiratory failure was strongly associated with severity of LMN loss. These results support the view that classification of FTLD based on the presence of LMN involvement was applicable in this study.
In conclusion, the LMN systems of FTLD-TDP generally show neuropathological changes that are indicative of ALS, although the severity of pathological changes differs among clinical phenotypes or subtypes of cortical TDP-43 disease. A pathological continuity between FTLD-TDP and ALS is supported by evidence of LMN involvement.
Accepted for Publication: October 16, 2013.
Corresponding Author: Gen Sobue, MD, Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsurumai 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan (email@example.com).
Published Online: December 30, 2013. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.5489.
Author Contributions: Drs Sobue and Yoshida had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Study concept and design: Riku, Watanabe, Yoshida, Sobue.
Acquisition of data: Riku, Watanabe, Yoshida, Masuda, Senda, Sobue.
Analysis and interpretation of data: Riku, Watanabe, Yoshida, Tatsumi, Mimuro, Iwasaki, Katsuno, Iguchi, Ishigaki, Udagawa, Sobue.
Drafting of the manuscript: Riku, Watanabe, Yoshida, Sobue.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Tatsumi, Mimuro, Iwasaki, Katsuno, Iguchi, Masuda, Senda, Ishigaki, Udagawa, Sobue.
Statistical analysis: Riku, Watanabe, Masuda, Senda.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Riku, Yoshida, Tatsumi, Mimuro, Iwasaki, Iguchi, Udagawa.
Study supervision: Watanabe, Yoshida, Katsuno, Senda, Sobue.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported.
Funding/Support: This work was supported by grants-in-aid from the Research Committee of Central Nervous System Degenerative Diseases by Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare and from Integrated Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, carried out under the Strategic Research for Brain Sciences by Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan.
Role of the Sponsor: The funding agencies had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Additional Contributions: We thank all the patients, their families, and the staff in the affiliated hospitals for providing autopsy materials and clinical data.
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eFigure 1. Grading of Neuropathological Changes in the Spinal Anterior Horns.
eFigure 2. A TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43)–positive inclusion in a control material.
eFigure 3. Ubiquilin 2–positive structures in patients enrolled in the present study.
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on July 7, 2013 - 12:01 AM
On any given weekday, an army of volunteers delivers about 350 meals all over the Town of Tonawanda to residents who have difficulty grocery shopping or cooking for themselves – many of them senior citizens.
New at the helm of this operation is Dan Wiles, who took over in May as executive director of Ken-Ton Meals on Wheels after retiring in January as director of the town's Youth, Parks and Recreation Department.
Wiles took it easy for a while, playing golf with family in California and basketball at the Knights of Columbus, but soon found himself ready for a new challenge.
"I'd say I'm in my honeymoon period," said Wiles, 57, from his office in the Parkside Village Community Center. "I'm very impressed with the staff and the volunteers."
One in nine town residents – 8,380 – is age 75 or older, according to a draft report by the Mobile Safety-Net Team, which was created in 2009 by the John R. Oishei Foundation. It is one of the highest proportions in Erie County. And about 500 residents receive the hand-delivered meals throughout the year.
Residents pay $6.50 for one hot and one cold meal but it costs the program $12.97 to produce them when expenses are factored in. The difference is made up through donations and grants.
"You want to be careful about what you charge the clients because money's tight for them, too," he said. "It's a balancing act."
Two interns from Buffalo State College's nutrition program recently completed a menu review with the kitchen staff to lower sodium and calories while providing one-third of the daily recommended intake for vitamins in each meal, Wiles said.
When Wiles started, he noticed a need for a new refrigerator and new coolers and hot bags for deliveries to ensure that the meals remain at an appropriate temperature.
"There's probably about a $10,000 investment that we've got to make in those things soon," he said. "Any support from the community is greatly appreciated."
A more immediate need, however, is for servers and drivers to deliver meals each late morning along the program's 17 routes. Many of its current volunteers are retired teachers who weren't ready to kick back and do nothing.
The group's website is kentonmealsonwheels.org and prospective volunteers can call 874-3595. It is also on Facebook as "Kenton Meals on Wheels."
"You don't have to volunteer any more than you can afford to give," Wiles said. "We'll be willing to work with everybody."
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