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Swimming Lessons
• To enable pupils to acquire basic swimming skills while they are at St.Brigid's Primary School.
• To comply with the requirements of the Revised Curriculum in aquatics (See PE programme for strand details).
Each pupil will attend a 6 week session in a swimming pool annually from 2nd – 6th class. The lesson is of one hour's duration and comprises both water play and instruction.
The swimming pool currently used for lessons is Energie Fitness (formerly Jackie Skelly's) on Shelbourne Road; it has been reserved for the months of Sept-Nov. and Feb-June, on Thursdays from 11.00-12.00am. The swimming instructors are provided by the pool management; our instructors are Fiona and Lolo.
Costs incurred by hiring of pool and payment of instructors necessitate a charge being imposed on each pupil. 50% of the costs are paid by the school from grants provided by the DES. Inability to pay will not preclude a pupil from participating fully in swimming classes.
Parents / guardians will receive a standard letter providing information on school swimming before their child starts their swimming term. In the best interest of the child it is the duty of parents / guardians to inform the class teacher and/ or Principal with regard to any health condition that may affect the child in the pool. It is the policy of this school that all pupils attend swimming lessons, unless exempted by a doctor.
Health and Safety issues:
The children walk to and from the swimming pool with their teacher and one other supervising adult. They are supervised at all times. Pupils are required to behave at all times in a manner that ensures the safety of all involved, while walking, crossing at traffic lights, in the changing rooms and while swimming.
Deodorants etc. must not be brought to pool as the dressing rooms are confined spaces.
The Health and Safety Guidelines outlined by the pool authorities will be strictly adhered to.
Best practice in relation to the supervision, instruction and child protection procedures as outlined by the Irish Sports Council, Swim Ireland and the National Safety Council will be adhered to at all times.
Policy is revised annually or at other times if deemed necessary.
April 2011


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Former Dallas council member Ron Natinsky to run for Dallas County Judge
Former Dallas City council member Ron Natinsky announced today that he's running next year for Dallas County Judge.
"There is broad agreement that Dallas County government has veered dangerously off the right track," Natinsky said. "That's is very costly to the nearly two and a half million people who live or work here. My goal is to help bring Dallas County back on course."
If Natinsky wins the GOP nomination for county judge, he'll likely face incumbent Democrat Clay Jenkins in the 2014 general election.
Jenkins, D-Highland Park, is serving his first term as county judge.
Natinksy is the only major GOP candidate in the race.
The Dallas Republican served six years on the City Council. In 2011 Natinsky lost a Dallas mayoral race to Mike Rawlings.

subset: commoncrawl


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This wood slice cutting board is so rustic and masculine, it might even be a little sexy. Via Man Made Read more »
Hand-dye some hardware store finds to create an ombre layered necklace with the help of Refinery 29. Read more »
Learn crucial crocheting basics and tips from our very own Haley Pierson-Cox in this week's Threadbanger video! Read more »
Loving this cool modern cube pendant light by Vintage Revivals. Read more »
Create an ombre wooden block mosaic piece of wall art with the help of A Beautiful Mess. Read more »
These DIY floral letters were designed for Valentine's Day, but they would be a loving touch any time of year. Via Honestly WTF Read more »
Design Love Fest shows a super-simple wall hanging project that is channeling some 70's vibes in a modern way. I'm into it, are you? Read more »


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This week in WMUR's Mom Testers series, our moms test out the Gyro Bowl.
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ORCHARD PARK, N.Y.—Buffalo Bills running back Fred Jackson suffered a potentially serious knee injury in the fourth quarter of his team's 15-12 loss to the St. Louis Rams on Sunday at Ralph Wilson Stadium.
Jackson was hurt with about 5 minutes to go in the game when his right knee was sandwiched between two Rams defenders. He limped off the field with help from trainers.
Bills coach Chan Gailey did not have an update on Jackson's condition, only to say the injury did not look good.
It's the third time this season Jackson has been hurt, following a knee injury in the season opener that caused him to miss two games and a concussion that sidelined him for another. With Jackson out, the Bills will rely on C.J. Spiller as their feature back, with Tashard Choice seeing spot duty.
Spiller was limited to just eight touches against the Rams, a season-long story line with the team. Gailey has insisted on using a rotation at the position when both Jackson and Spiller have been healthy.
Jackson had 14 touches Sunday before the injury. He produced just 30 yards on them, though, compared to Spiller's 52 on seven carries and one catch.
Jackson's absence won't make the Bills better, but it will force Gailey to use his best offensive weapon—Spiller—more.


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Web posted Thursday, April 16, 1998 6:04 a.m. CT
HPISD trustees discuss bonds
By MELANIE YEAGER
Globe-News Education Writer
Highland Park Independent School District trustee Glen Phillips said he was first in line on Wednesday to vote early on the district's $2.5 million bond issue.
Superintendent Jerry Wright told Phillips and the rest of the board Wednesday night that parents and community members are invited to a presentation on the bond issue at 7 p.m. Tuesday in the high school auditorium.
The board is asking voters in a May 2 election to approve district plans to borrow $2.5 million that will be used to boost district technology and complete renovation projects. Plans include at least 275 new computers, a student technology lab and a new elementary gym floor, he said.
Phillips said, "It costs our taxpayers zero. What (the state) is allowing us to do is borrow our own money."
Because Highland Park is a property-wealthy district, it must send about 62 cents of every tax dollar raised back to the state, school officials said.
"We've been driven to be as poor as all the other districts," Phillips said. The state redistributes the excess taxes around the state.
The 38 cents of each tax dollar that remains with Highland Park funds the district's $4.6 million budget, Wright said.
"It's certainly hard for us to explain this to the average taxpayer out there," Phillips said. Highland Park has to adopt a tax rate as high as $1.44 per $100 of property value just to maintain its programs after the state's portion is subtracted, he said.
If voters approve the bond issue, the district will be able to keep 9.2 cents more of each taxpayer dollar, Wright said. That money will be used to pay back the $2.5 million over five years, he said.
We'd love to hear your feedback. © 1998 Amarillo Globe-NewsWebmaster
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San Giulio Island
Set in the mountain-rimmed Lake Orta, this is a fairytale island. It rises from the placid waters like a Renaissance inspired ship. Villas and beautiful buildings stand tall and make it look magical. The peaceful isle is reached by boat from the town of Orta San Giulio.
There are only two streets on the tiny island, leading among the palaces that packed in there. The church is dedicated to St. Julius, who died here in the 5th century. It contains some remarkable artwork. There is still an active Benedictine monastery to keep the island populated; the other "residents" come for vacations and day trips. With its charming atmosphere and quiet setting, it's a popular spot for weddings. There is a restaurant on the island set inside the 17th century Villa Tallone, to make a memorable day of your trip to the miniscule island.
You might also be interested in reading about the following topics...
Tourist Attractions in Orta San Giulio, Orta San Giulio
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The ProMark 3000 lb Trail Series ATV winch is now on sale for only $99! The Trail Series features a power-packed 1.2 hp motor and all metal gears for long life and rugged use. This 3000 lb winch comes with a full package of accessories: 45 feet of aircraft-grade steel cable, a sealed quick-connect contactor, handlebar thumb switch, roller fairlead, spring hook and pull strap, all necessary wiring, and a rubber line stopper. The motor is waterproof for all-weather riding.
Want to know what other customers think of the 3000 lb Trail winch? Here's a review by a customer who uses his winch while hunting:
"I had to winch myself out of trouble four times today while moving tree stands. The winch worked perfectly even while being submerged in water three of the four times. (Last year I broke a different company's winch in the same place.) The winch is very easy to install and I have no complaints."
To learn more, visit the 3000 lb Trail Series ATV winch product page.


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This picture shows Brett and Naghmeh King arriving at a Spanish court in in Velez-Malaga.
A judge will decide tomorrow whether or not they will face further legal proceedings in Madrid.
The eldest of the Kings' sons, Danny, has defended his dad Brett.
Speaking to local Spanish paper Sur as he left the hostel where they were arrested with the five siblings he is now looking after, the 22-year-old said: "My parents are not kidnappers.
"They just want the best for our brother Ashya with an alternative type of treatment to the one he was receiving at the hospital in England.
"It might seem like madness what we've done coming here by car from Great Britain but it's got nothing to do with the fact we're Jehovah's Witnesses.
"When they operated on him two months ago, we agreed to them doing blood transfusions but thankfully it wasn't necessary.
"We don't know what's going to happen with my parents, we hope they let them go free soon.
"We want to see our brother in hospital, we just want what's best for him.
"Money is not important, health is the most important thing.
"My parents are ready to sell their house if they have so they've got enough money to save Ashya's life."
Mr and Mrs King have arrived with Spanish police at a court house in Velez-Malaga.
A judge will make a decision on whether the couple should be taken to Madrid for further legal proceedings tomorrow.
Ashya's older brother, Naveed, has posted a video on Youtube reiterating that his parents had ensured the ill five-year-old had everything he needed.
He shows the camera Ashya's food, a power pack used for his feeding device, syringes, and says that his dad even bought a new wheelchair - not taking one from Southampton General Hospital.
Naveed said that he had also set up a Paypal account so that those who wanted to, could donate to his brother's cause.
Ms King, 77, has urged authorities to allow Ashya to get the treatment that sparked his family's desperate journey to Spain.
Patricia, of Portsmouth, Hants, said: "If Ashya comes back to the UK he might not recover because he won't get the treatment we all want for him.
"I've seen the video - it's the best he's looked in ages and I'm relieved to see him doing so well but I just wish they hadn't been found.
"I agree with Brett - the police should call off this ridiculous chase and leave the family be to get the care for him we all want."
Medics at Malaga's Materno-Infantil Hospital, where Ashya was rushed to for treatment on Saturday after his parents were arrested at the Esperanza hostel nearby, said the boy was "stable and out of danger".
Ashya's grandmother, Patricia King, has told Sky News his hospital treatment was "disgraceful" and says she is devastated his parents have been arrested.
Patricia King said Brett, 51, and Naghmeh, 45, are "brilliant parents, both of them", and that she is "so upset" they will appear in court tomorrow accused of cruelty to a minor.
Local Spanish media report that Brett and Naghmeh King will appear in court tomorrow accused of cruelty to a minor
A petition calling for Ashya's parents to be released has attracted more than 3,000 signatures since his dad, Brett King, posted a moving YouTube clip explaining why the family felt compelled to take the sick child.
In a message posted on Facebook, he told friends: "All we know for now is that they may want to send my parents back to the UK for deeper questioning, they don't allow anyone to see or visit Ashya, not even family.
"No idea if he's under custody of the police now or if he continues to be under my parents care."
Ashya's parents are due to be hauled before a Spanish court tomorrow for an extradition hearing.
Meanwhile the youngster is being treated in hospital under police guard.
His older brother Naveed, has criticised cops for banning the five-year-old's siblings from being at his bedside.
The second doctor named by Ashya King's father Brett in a video criticising the care he received in Britain knew nothing of the international manhunt for the missing child until Saturday, she has revealed.
Doctor Ramya Ramanujachar said she had been abroad for two weeks and did not know about the saga until last night.
Dr Ramanujachar, speaking from her home in Winchester, Hants, said: "I returned from holiday last night and had no idea while I was away of what was going on.
"I have been out of the country for two weeks and had not heard anything about the search operation.
"I have been told by the hospital that I am not supposed to talk about it.
"Ashya was not directly under my care and I've been away so obviously I will have to catch up with what's gone on in my absence when I return to work tomorrow."
See the third part of Brett King's video here:
Sky News is now reporting that British police have arrived in Malaga to question parents of Ashya King after they took him from Southampton General Hospital.
The family took him from the hospital on Thursday and dad Brett gave his reasons why in a video posted to YouTube.
Here is the second part of the video.
A statement released by the University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust said they were working with medical colleagues in Malaga who are now caring for Ashya King's needs.
A spokesman for UHS said: "Our priority has always been Ashya's welfare and we are delighted that he has been found.
"We are now working closely with colleagues in Malaga to ensure he receives the essential medical support he needs.
"We are aware of the comments made online by his father. Throughout Ashya's admission we have had conversations about the treatment options available to him and we had offered the family access to a second opinion, as well as assistance with organising treatment abroad.
"We understand how distressing this situation is for everyone involved, particularly Ashya's family.
"We will continue to do what we can to support them and assist the police in providing any information they require.
Sky News are reporting that sources in Spain say Ashya King's condition is stable and there is no prospect of him being transferred to another hospital.
The news comes as Hampshire Police revealed his parents were arrested on suspicion of neglect.
Assistant Chief Constable of Hampshire Chris Shead explained that Ashya was taken to a hospital in Malaga last night and placed in a high dependency unit but was moved to a lower dependency unit today.
"My hope is that Ashya gets the medical help he deserves and needs and that he is able to become as well as he possibly can," he said.
"It is an investigation now that the police have to conduct on the circumstances of the parents taking Ashya.
"We will do that in consultation with the Crown Prosecution Service and they will apply their usual test and if there's a case to answer it will go down that route.
"Ashya's best interests now is a matter for medical experts, the medical experts from Southampton General will liaise with their counterparts in Spain and they will determine what is the best course of action for Ashya."
Hampshire Police have confirmed that extradition proceedings have begun against the parents of Ashya King after the family was found in Spain.
The constabulary has said it makes "no apology for the police being as proactive as we can to find Ashya". Assistant Chief Constable Chris Shead said the his officers were thorough in their search as medical experts expressed "grave concern" for the missing boy.
Ashya King is said to be in a stable condition and his life is not in immediate danger, according to reports.
The five-year-old was rushed to the Oncology Unit at the Children's Hospital in Malaga last night.
Citing hospital sources, Europa Press says the child remains in a stable condition. His parents Brett and Naghmeh remain in police custody at a station on the Costa del Sol.
Proton beam therapy is a highly targeted type of radiotherapy that can treat hard-to-reach cancers, such as spinal or brain tumours.
It has a lower risk of damaging the surrounding tissue and causing side effects than other treatments.
The therapy is not available in the UK so British patients often travel to the US or Europe for treatment.
From their own research, the King family believe Ashya is a suitable candidate.
The Government has now pledged £250million to build two new NHS proton beam centres.
But it is thought that only one per cent of cancer patients could be suitable for this treatment.
Like regular radiotherapy, proton beam therapy kills cancer cells. But unlike X-ray beams, proton beams stop once they hit their target instead of carrying on through the body, which cuts the chances of damaging the surrounding tissues.
Patients are often treated as outpatients, so they don't have to be admitted to hospital. The number of sessions depends on the type of the cancer.
In the video, Brett goes on to say how the family had done its own research into medical procedures that could help Ashya and had discovered proton beam treatment which is not available on the NHS.
He said: "We asked if we could please go to America, Switzerland or another country to get proton beam. It is so much better for children with brain cancer, it zones in on the area whereby normal radiation passes through his head, comes out the other side and destroys everything in his head.
"We pleaded for the treatment, they looked at me straight in the face and they said 'with his cancer it would have no benefit whatsoever'.
"I went straight back to my room and looked it up and the American sites and French sites and Swiss sites where they do have proton beam said the opposite, that it would be very beneficial for him." Brett claimed a doctor told him if he questioned him he would be banned from the ward.
Brett said: "He said he will get an emergency protection order and take him away from me, so after that I realised I can't speak to the oncologists at all because if I actually ask anything they were just going to get a protection order meaning in his deepest, darkest hour I wouldn't be there for him.
"Under that cruel system I decided to start looking at the proton beam myself. We decided to try and sort it out ourselves but now we are refugees, we can't do anything, the things we wanted to do to raise the money, they have prevented it."
The hostel in which the family was reportedly found is right on the beach of the Costa del Sol and has 35 rooms catering for 75 people.
With a swimming pool, terrace, gardens and restaurant, the Hostal Esperanza boasts it is the "ideal place" to spend time relaxing in the resort of Benajarafe.
Here is what the hostel looks like from the outside.
In a moving clip on YouTube, tearful Brett King said he knew authorities were surrounding his family's hostel there but insisted he would not return to England unless his son could get the treatment he "deserved".
Brett, 51, and wife Naghmeh, 45, sparked a manhunt after they took Ashya – who has brain cancer – out of Southampton General Hospital on Thursday and left the country on a ferry to France.
In the video, Brett said: "We had done our research and we wanted our son to have proton beam treatment, which they don't do on the NHS."


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During a visit to England, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V signs the Treaty of Windsor with Henry VIII. By the terms of this agreement, a joint invasion of France by both rulers is planned for May 1524.
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Center OverviewThe Salomon Center, directed by Alexander Ljungqvist, conducts and disseminates new research across a wide array of financial topics and conducts conferences that bring together academics, practitioners and regulators. The Center specializes in the study of financial institutions, including commercial banks, investment banks, managed funds and insurance companies.
Responding to the Financial Crisis, the Center was instrumental in organizing two NYU Stern School research projects that resulted in publication of, Restoring Financial Stability: How to Repair a Failed System (Wiley 2009) and Regulating Wall Street: The Dodd-Frank Act and the New Architecture of Global Finance (Wiley 2010). The Center has hosted various conferences as well as its popular Chats with Financiers program related to the financial crisis of 2007-2009.
Currently, the Center also helps incubate several research initiatives, each directed by an NYU Stern professor--Credit & Debt Markets directed by Edward I. Altman (past FMA President), The NASDAQ OMX Derivatives Research Project directed by Stephen Figlewski (Founding Editor, Journal of Derivatives), Financial Institutions, directed by Alexander Ljungqvist, and the Financial Policy Platform, directed by Matthew Richardson. Two earlier initiatives, still affiliated with the Center, are now on their own--Corporate Governance directed by David Yermack, in the NYU Pollack Center for Law and Business and The Volatility Institute directed by Robert F. Engle (2003 Nobel Laureate in Economics).


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Dont Call It Extreme
Almost everyone has an immediate negative reaction to the name Extreme Programming. First impressions can have a very strong tendency to 'stick', even though we've been told over and over in school
. This has repeatedly been cited as one of the major short-comings to getting XP accepted initially.
Never say the word 'extreme'. Call it anything else. XP, light-weight, agile, anything, but
extreme. Once you've got people interested in the idea, then you can finally give them the book
Better yet, don't call it anything. If asked what you've been doing just say "I've been writing better software faster than I ever have before and delighting the customer every two weeks. How about you?"
I still think the name
is a dead chipmunk around the neck of the paradigm. When people here the word "Extreme N" these days, they think of the bad advertising campaigns of the '90s, where "Extreme" was usually said "Extreeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeemmmme!!!!" by someone who sounded like a monster truck rally announcer. Think of body mutiliation, incompetent trick bikers, esoteric stunts, endless skateboarding videos, and repetative punk music. Alternately, think of MountainDewCommercials
, the ExtremeBeachVolleyball
videogame, and MTV.
To the average person - coder or otherwise - extreme programming simultaneously conjurs images of coding a quicksort implementation in
while being suspended by back-piercings cabled to a hot-air balloon, and the Simpsons ComicBookGuy
with a bad Trogdor tattoo and a NineInchNails
Not a good name. --
for a note about word baggage and process names.
If the first word you say is enough to turn them off, should you harbor any illusions as to your chances of changing their minds with a thousand ? CallItExtreme
if you need a quick qualification test.
This is naive. What if they 'fail' the test? Will you quit and find another job? How many companies will you join and quit in search of an open mind? You need to eat, and some of us have to feed our families. Why can't we use an improved software process without playing the name game with our management? Insisting on calling it 'Extreme' feels like falling on your sword for the 'principle' to me. Be pragmatic and call it something more reasonable. Personally, I like
I like the falling on your sword bit. Touché. On the other hand, I don't want to live in fear of the day they tell me, "Heck, we're supposed to be Agile. Skip the testing for a few days so we can ship this on time."
As one of the people who was having big problems with the name "extreme", I now have to change my comments. I've changed the way I introduce XP and now I'm not having any of the trouble that I'd previously been experiencing. Amazing what a few words at the right time can do :-)
Now I do call it extreme but I immediately explain that what that means is starting with existing best practices and taking them to "extreme" levels. --
On the other hand, the term has certainly kept a bunch of know-nothing methodologists off of the bandwagon.
Bingo, we win
I personally don't mind the phrase
but here in Toronto where a lot of corporations are a bit old fashioned or strict, the term does cause fear. Almost like the witch hunts! When I go into a company I give them the names of the practices (unit testing, standards, etc.) but I don't tell them the XP word until the very end. That way they have experienced it before putting a label to it.
said that if the term
(his martial art) ever became a hazard to the art (para-phrasing) then you should not call it JKD anymore. The principles and concepts are more important than the name. --
Although I do agree that the term extreme has outlived the initial attention getting buzz that it created, if using the word "extreme" has any bearing on your ability to sell the benefits of using the practices of
, then you lost the sale before you began.
Opening people's minds to new ideas starts with understanding their problems and constraints and then working with them to solve them.
If using the word extreme is getting in your way, it's probably because you don't understand the problem that your "customer" is trying to solve. I've been selling and promoting skill development services for teams using XP for well over a year and have never had the word extreme get in the way.
So, don't hesitate to use the word Extreme, just know what problem you are trying to solve before you advocate any solution under any banner. --
I read an article a few months ago (wish I could remember where) where the author was discussing XP, but did not once say
. He only used the term XP everywhere. --
Problem: I have found that referring to XP causes confusion because folks assume you're talking about
. --
One idea: The phrase
is being tossed about. You might try that one.
Or call it
I tend to use XP over Extreme Programming as well. My main point here is that it is naive to believe that avoiding the word Extreme is going to have any impact on your ability to influence people in the use of XP. In the scenario that Mike described (and I believe it is a common one), it doesn't sound to me like the person believed that they had a problem that needed solving. The reaction to the word extreme tells me that they are not connecting the practices that Mike is describing to pain that they are feeling in their development practices. I've had people tell me that they have rejected Extreme Programming because of Pair Programming. I can't resort to Don't Call It Pairing. I have to understand what their problem is, assess whether the practices of XP can help them solve that problem, and then discuss from there. I have had the same issue with 40 Hour Week. If helps you to use XP over Extreme, then by all means use XP. But to recommend it as a pattern or rule runs the risk of masking the real challenge which is the understand the problem before you advocate a solution. Hope that helps... -- Lowell
There already is a pattern called
that addresses this issue. The problem with the name 'Extreme' is that it's not under your control; you might convince Joe that XP is the way to go, and then Joe tells Alice about this great idea called Extreme Programming (but not very convincingly), and Alice has the conditioned anti-Extreme response. Really, people
have prejudices. If it was called PieceOfCrapProgramming
, nobody would take it seriously at first glance. --
We'll have to agree to diagree, Rob. I am not denying prejudices, but window dressing does not solve that problem.
is still about advocating before understanding the problem. The mailboxes are already there, you just have to find where they are. It makes sense that that statement came from a marketer, not a salesman. There is a difference between Marketing XP and Selling XP, but that's for another page perhaps... Lowell
A business analyst colleague of mine has taken the other tack of calling anything good "extreme." We were eating at a local Pita shop and he remarked on how the service was in the "extreme" style: fast and good quality. I pointed out that's just GoodBusinessPractice
, not necessarily extreme. Isn't it sad that today we have to put a label on what everyone used to recognize and expect as quality service in order to get people to do it? --
Were you perhaps in the one of the Extreme Pita franchises? (
On the XP 2000 conference in Sardinia, someone (I can't remember who) suggested to just call it 'Normal Programming'. --
XP could be called Moderate Programming since it's between the extremes of
and hacking. So the main principle is moderate even though the individual practices are taken to the extreme. And that's only a moderate paradox.
That's only a way of thinking about it. Just consider the possibility that "moderate" might seem at least as natural a description to the uninitiated as "extreme". --
What about 'eXperience based Programming'? IMHO it describes the process even better than 'Extreme', and peoples association to the word 'experience' is usually a positive one. You can use the XP abbreviation in both cases, and to top it off, people who have heard about XP before, associate with XP early on when I talk to them about experienced programming. --
'Extreme' made the 2003 List of Banished Words, and 'X' made the 2004 List (
). --
In a non-business context, I feel that calling it
smacks of nerds trying to make computer programming more exciting. After all, it's not like we're wrestling aligators, or walking the wings of bi-planes! -- LeonGierat
What are you talking about, computer programming is already exciting, have you ever had a more fun job?
Hey, just yesterday I tracked down an elusive null pointer error. The air tingled with excitement as I lay my trap. I added logging statements to slowly tighten the noose until finally it was exposed to the light of day. Then, with a few deft keystrokes, I slew the demon that had haunted us for months. Sadly, the truth is I really did feel pretty stoked about finding the problem.
On the other hand, calling it "extreme" can be an advantage. We're replacing a
. I proposed
by harnessing the new system to the old. That way we can integrate new features into the new design, touching the legacy code as little as possible. My manager thought that sounded like a lot of work. He commented, "Isn't that a bit extreme?" to which I replied, "So, what's wrong with that?"
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July 8, 2005
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Author Affiliations: Center for Reproductive Health Research and Policy, University of California, San Francisco (Dr Lehrer); Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, Harvard School of Public Health (Drs Buka and Gortmaker) and Harvard Medical School (Dr Shrier) and Division of Adolescent Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (Dr Shrier), Boston, Mass.
To examine whether depressive symptomatology is predictive of subsequent intimate partner violence victimization among a national prospective sample of female adolescents and young adults.
Home interview data from 2 waves of the school-based National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were used to examine whether baseline depressive symptomatology was associated with increased risk of past-year exposure to physical abuse by a current partner at 5-year follow-up, controlling for age, race/ethnicity, parental education, retrospective childhood physical and sexual abuse, and baseline dating violence and forced sex.
A stratified random sample of 80 US high schools and 52 middle schools.
All young women (n = 1659) were in a current opposite-sex relationship at follow-up.
Main Exposure
Baseline past-week depressive symptomatology, measured as both a dichotomous and continuous variable.
Main Outcome Measures
Past-year exposure to mild and moderate to severe physical abuse by a current intimate partner.
In adjusted models with dichotomous depressive symptoms, high baseline symptom levels were associated with 1.86 times the odds of subsequent exposure to moderate to severe partner violence (95% confidence interval, 1.05-3.29). In adjusted models with continuous depressive symptoms, an increase of 1 SD in baseline symptom levels was associated with a 24% increase in odds of exposure to mild partner violence and a 24% increase in the odds of exposure to moderate to severe partner violence.
The findings of this study suggest that depressive symptomatology among girls during adolescence is associated with increased risk of subsequent exposure to physical partner violence. Prevention, identification, and treatment of depressive symptomatology among adolescent girls may help to reduce the likelihood of subsequent victimization.
While depression is understood to be a common outcome of exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) among female adolescents and young adults,1 little research has examined the reverse relationship—the extent to which depressive symptomatology in adolescence may be associated with risk of exposure to future abuse by an intimate partner, independent of factors such as prior dating violence or childhood abuse. Increased understanding of the depression-IPV relationship may contribute to prevention efforts by helping to identify girls at risk of future IPV exposure.
Lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder and minor depression among girls aged 15 to 24 years have been estimated to be 21% and 10%, respectively.2 The time of transition from adolescence to adulthood is a time of peak depression onset.3 At the same time, 8.8% of female high school students in the national 2003 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System survey reported past-year experience of physical abuse by a dating partner.4 Estimates of dating violence victimization among girls in smaller studies range from 8% to 57%; studies vary in the period assessed.5 Nationally, 22% of women 18 years and older report experiencing physical IPV at some point in their lifetime.6
Depressive symptomatology, dysthymia, and major depression during adolescence have been found to be associated with a broad range of functional impairments and adverse outcomes in later adolescence and young adulthood, including diminished self-esteem, self-mastery and life satisfaction, internalizing behavior problems, interpersonal difficulties, increased need for social support, career dissatisfaction,7 divorce,8- 11 impaired work and social functioning, lower social class, increased work absence, unemployment,12 diminished educational attainment,9,11,12 female teenage childbearing,10 and decreased likelihood of on-time marriage.13 In addition to predicting adverse social outcomes, diagnosed depression in adolescence is associated with subsequent substance abuse14 and is a strong and specific predictor of depression in early adulthood7,12,15- 18 as well as suicide and suicide attempts.12,19 One study found that depression at age 18 years was associated with impaired psychological and social functioning at age 21 years regardless of depression status at age 21 years, suggesting that depression during the time of transition to adulthood is associated with continued psychosocial vulnerability and poorer functioning in young adulthood regardless of depression status in young adulthood19; other studies support the finding of vulnerability beyond the duration of the depressive episode.14
Few prospective studies have examined IPV exposure as a potential outcome related to adolescent depressive symptomatology, and findings among these studies have been mixed. A 3-year study of a high-risk sample found that women's baseline depressive symptomatology was predictive of their male partners' subsequent perpetration of psychological but not physical abuse.20 A 6-year study of male and female high school students found that depressive symptomatology in adolescence was not associated with subsequent physical aggression in dating relationships or marriage (perpetration and victimization were not distinguished).21 A retrospective national study of married or cohabiting adults found that premarital depression was not associated with subsequent IPV victimization among women.22 A 5-year study of female high school students found that the proportion of days spent in depressive episodes was positively associated with psychological and physical abuse by boyfriends over the follow-up period; temporal order of depressive episodes and abuse could not be ascertained.16
Given the high prevalence of depressive symptomatology and IPV exposure among female youth in the United States, as well as research demonstrating many adverse psychosocial outcomes for adolescents with depressive symptomatology, this study examined whether depressive symptomatology among adolescent girls is predictive of subsequent IPV exposure in late adolescence and young adulthood. Analyses were conducted with prospective, population-based data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health).23
The Add Health study is a longitudinal study of the determinants and contexts of youth health and risk behaviors. In summary, a stratified random sample of 80 US high schools and 52 middle schools was selected with probability of selection proportional to school size. Stratification was with respect to region of country, urbanicity, school size, school type, and race/ethnic composition. Wave 1 structured, closed-ended home interviews were conducted with youth in grades 7 through 12 in 1995; 82% of wave 1 home interview subjects with sampling weights had a parental figure who participated in a wave 1 parent interview. Wave 2 home interview data were collected in 1996 (n with sampling weights = 13 570) and wave 3 data were collected in 2001 and 2002 (n with sampling weights = 10 828). Written informed consent was provided by youth participants as well as a parental figure at waves 1 and 2 and by youth participants at wave 3. Approval for the full Add Health study was granted by the institutional review board of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health; approval for the present data analysis was granted by the Human Subjects Committee of the Harvard School of Public Health (Boston, Mass).
The study sample was restricted to the 1659 girls in the contractual use data set24 who participated in home interviews at waves 1, 2, and 3; had sample weights; and were selected for the couples sample of the Add Health study. One half of all wave 3–eligible subjects were randomly selected to be considered for the wave 3 couples sample. By design, the couples sample includes one-third dating couples, one-third cohabiting couples, and one-third married couples. Criteria for inclusion in the couples sample were (1) involvement in a current relationship; (2) relationship duration of 3 months or more; (3) opposite-sex relationship; and (4) partner 18 years or older. The sample for the present study was also restricted to subjects who had nonmissing data regarding IPV outcomes and who had 3 or fewer missing items on the wave 2 depressive symptoms scale. Three subjects who reported that their partner had physically abused them more than 1 year prior to the wave 3 interview, but not within the past year, were also excluded so as to maintain temporal clarity between wave 2 depressive symptoms and IPV exposure (Figure).
Sample selection flowchart. IPV indicates intimate partner violence.
Self-reported past-week depressive symptomatology was assessed both as a dichotomous and continuous variable at wave 2, with a 19-item, modified Center for Epidemiologic Studies Scale (CES-D) used in the Add Health survey.25 The original 20-item scale has been widely used as a measure of depressive symptomatology in epidemiologic research and as an initial screening tool for clinical depression in community-based samples. In the modified Add Health scale, 2 original CES-D items were removed ("I had crying spells" and "My sleep was restless") and 1 item was added ("I felt that life was not worth living"). Two additional items were rephrased. Item scores in the modified scale correspond to symptom frequency and range from 0 ("never or rarely") to 3 ("most or all of the time"); scale scores range from 0 to 56. Internal consistency reliability in the present sample was 0.89, similar to that found for the CES-D in other adolescent samples.26- 28
A CES-D cutoff score of 24 has been found to maximize sensitivity (0.84) and specificity (0.75) for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition29 major depressive disorder or dysthymia for adolescent girls.27 Proportionally adapted to the 19-item scale, the cutoff score used in this study for above-threshold or "high" depressive symptomatology was 23.30,31 Secondary analyses were also performed with the continuous scale for greater statistical power.
Age. This was a continuous variable for age at wave 2.
Race/Ethnicity. Four categories were used: non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, and other. Youth reporting more than 1 race/ethnicity were assigned to the category with which they indicated they most identify.
Wave 1 Parental Education. This was a dichotomous variable indicating whether the highest educational attainment among resident parental figures at wave 1 was less than high school. Data were obtained from the parent interview.
Childhood Experience of Physical and/or Sexual Abuse. At wave 3, subjects were asked 2 self-administered questions regarding the time before they entered the sixth grade: (1) "How often had your parents or other adult caregivers slapped, hit, or kicked you?" and (2) "How often had one of your parents or other adult caregivers touched you in a sexual way, forced you to touch him or her in a sexual way, or forced you to have sexual relations?" A dichotomous variable was created reflecting subject report of being slapped, hit, or kicked more than 5 times and/or report of any occurrence of sexual abuse.
Dating Violence and/or Forced Sex Between Waves 1 and 2. At wave 2, subjects were asked whether any partner they had had since wave 1 ever threatened them with violence, pushed or shoved them, or thrown something at them that could hurt. Subjects who indicated at wave 2 that they had ever had sexual intercourse were also asked whether they were ever physically forced to have sexual intercourse against their will since the wave 1 interview. These data were collected with audio computer-assisted self-interview.32,33 A dichotomous variable was created reflecting 1 or more affirmative responses to these items.
Mild Violence. At wave 3, subjects were asked 1 self-administered question regarding how often in the past year their current partner had threatened them with violence, pushed or shoved them, or thrown something at them that could hurt. A dichotomous variable was created reflecting any past-year experience of this outcome.
Moderate to Severe Physical Violence. At wave 3, subjects were asked 1 self-administered question regarding how often in the past year their current partner had slapped, hit, or kicked them and another question regarding how often in the past year they had had an "injury, such as a sprain, bruise, or cut" because of a fight with their current partner. A dichotomous variable was created reflecting experience of either or both of these outcomes.
All analyses were conducted with SAS version 8 (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC). Logistic regression models were estimated using the 2 dichotomous violence variables as dependent variables. The SAS proc GENMOD function (generalized estimating equations) was used for all regressions, with specification of an independent working correlation structure. The use of generalized estimating equations accounts for data clustering to provide robust standard error estimation.
Multivariate models first adjusted for control variables of age, race/ethnicity, and parental education (model 1) and then additionally adjusted for covariates of childhood physical/sexual abuse and dating violence/forced sex (model 2). All baseline data for these analyses were collected at wave 2, except for wave 1 parental education and wave 3 retrospective childhood abuse.
Potential interactions between depressive symptomatology and each of the 2 prior abuse covariates were examined separately in unadjusted and adjusted models predicting mild and moderate to severe abuse outcomes, with both the dichotomous and continuous depressive symptoms variables. These interaction terms were insignificant in all model specifications and were not included in final models.
In addition, 2 variables reflecting wave 2 alcohol abuse comorbidity (frequent drinking and heavy drinking) were considered for inclusion as covariates; neither variable was included in final models because they were not associated in bivariate or multivariate models with either IPV outcome, and their addition to the adjusted models did not alter the effect size or significance of depressive symptoms. This may have been owing to insufficient statistical power.
Variables reflecting subjects' relationship status were also not included in final models because relationship status was viewed as a potential mediator between depressive symptoms and IPV exposure. Inclusion of relationship status variables in preliminary analyses, however, produced no difference in the effect size or significance level of depressive symptomatology with regard to either IPV outcome.
All analyses used adjusted grand sample weights to account for wave 3 nonresponse and subgroup oversampling. For analyses examining the outcome of mild IPV, a subsample of 1632 subjects was used; 27 subjects who reported exposure to moderate to severe but not mild violence at wave 3 were excluded. For analyses examining moderate to severe IPV, a subsample of 1525 subjects was used; 134 subjects who experienced mild but not moderate to severe violence were excluded. For the 15 subjects who were missing 3 or fewer items on the wave 2 depressive symptoms scale, the mean of the remaining items was imputed for each missing item.
The sample of girls was 68.5% non-Hispanic white, 15.6% non-Hispanic black, 10.6% Hispanic, and 5.3% other race/ethnicities (Table 1). The mean ages at baseline and follow-up were 15.9 years and 21.3 years, respectively; the wave 3 age range was 18 to 27 years. Ten percent of subjects came from homes where the highest parental education level was less than 12th grade. The mean baseline depressive symptoms scale score was 11.4, and 10.2% of subjects had above-threshold symptom scores. At wave 3, 25.7% of subjects were married, 24.9% were cohabiting, and 49.4% were considered to be dating. The mean number of years between wave 2 and 3 interviews was 5.4. One percent of subjects were married at both waves 2 and 3.
Twenty-eight percent of subjects with high depressive symptom levels at baseline reported any IPV or injury at follow-up as compared with 17.5% of subjects with lower symptom levels (odds ratio [OR], 1.84 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.20-2.84]) (Table 2).
In bivariate analyses with the dichotomous depressive symptoms variable, girls with high baseline symptom levels had 1.66 times the odds of subsequent exposure to mild IPV and 2.46 times the odds of exposure to moderate to severe IPV as compared with girls with lower baseline symptom levels (results not shown). In fully adjusted analyses, high depressive symptomatology was not significantly associated with likelihood of exposure to mild IPV (P = .11) (Table 3); girls with high depressive symptoms had 1.86 times the odds of subsequent exposure to moderate to severe IPV (95% CI, 1.05-3.29) (Table 4).
In bivariate analyses with continuous depressive symptomatology, a 1-point increase in baseline symptoms was associated with a 3% increase in the odds of subsequent exposure to mild IPV (95% CI, 1.01-1.05) and a 4% increase in the odds of exposure to moderate to severe IPV (95% CI, 1.02-1.06). In fully adjusted analyses, each 1-point increase in depressive symptomatology was associated with a 3% increase in the odds of exposure to mild IPV (95% CI, 1.01-1.05) and a 3% increase in the odds of exposure to moderate to severe IPV (95% CI, 1.01-1.05) (tables available on request).
Regarding covariates and controls, adjusted analyses demonstrated that childhood physical/sexual abuse and baseline dating violence/forced sex were each associated with approximately 2 times the odds of exposure to moderate to severe IPV (Table 4). Additional analyses found that the lack of association observed between the abuse covariates and mild IPV in the fully adjusted model did not seem to be due to a mediating effect of depressive symptomatology.34
Findings from this prospective study suggest that depressive symptomatology among adolescent girls is associated with increased risk of subsequent physical abuse by an intimate partner in late adolescence and young adulthood, independent of childhood physical or sexual abuse as well as prior experience of dating violence or forced sex. Twenty-eight percent of girls with high levels of baseline depressive symptomatology, corresponding to an elevated likelihood of mood disorder, reported some form of past-year physical IPV victimization 5 years later. Girls with high baseline depressive symptoms had 1.86 times the odds of girls with lower symptom levels of subsequent exposure to moderate to severe IPV, and victimization risk was also found to increase with increasing levels of continuous depressive symptomatology. The finding that childhood abuse and dating violence/forced sex were associated with subsequent IPV risk also provides prospective evidence that prior abuse is predictive of revictimization among young women.
The time of transition from adolescence to adulthood is one of increasing independence from parents, strengthening self-concept, and critical decision making regarding education, occupation, and intimate relationships, all of which have a salient impact on the long-term social trajectory of the individual.16,19 Depression that occurs during this time of transition may have a particularly significant impact on maturational processes and choices made, generating a trajectory of risk for continued psychosocial impairment and psychopathology.11,15,16,35,36
Regarding social pathways that may be affected by depression in adolescence, studies of peer group homophily and assortative mating have found that adolescents and adults with depressive symptoms or disorders often associate, in friendship,37,38 dating,20 and marriage,39 with others who have similar levels of symptomatology. In turn, depressive symptoms and disorders among men have been found to be positively associated with subsequent psychological20 and/or physical22 aggression toward an intimate partner.
Depressive symptomatology is also associated with a range of adolescent risk behaviors including substance use and abuse,40- 42 and depressed youth are more likely to associate with deviant or risky peer groups18 from which partner selection is likely to occur. Alcohol and drug use, in turn, have been associated in some studies with males' physical abuse perpetration toward their dating partners,43 cohabiting partners, and wives.44 Depressive symptomatology has also been associated with antisocial behavior among young men20,45; delinquency46 and antisocial behavior20,21 among male adolescents are associated with increased likelihood of physical IPV perpetration. In sum, depressive symptomatology may elevate girls' risk of future IPV exposure by way of its contribution to risky peer group affiliations and assortative partnering with high-risk mates.
In addition to differential selection into abusive relationships, young women with a history of depressive symptomatology may be less likely to leave abusive relationships (or take a longer time to leave) for various reasons. First, insofar as depression in adolescence is predictive of outcomes such as teenage childbearing, diminished educational attainment, and unemployment, it may be associated with increased economic dependency on future partners and thus decreased likelihood of relationship exit.47,48 Second, increasing social isolation of the woman from family and friends is a common feature of abusive relationships, and diminished social support is another obstacle to relationship exit.49,50 Depressed youth often have impaired social relationships and diminished support from family members and peers,11,35,51 such that young women with former or current depression may enter intimate relationships from a starting point of greater isolation than those with no former or current depression. This diminished potential pool of external support may contribute to an increased likelihood of not leaving, or returning to, an abusive partner. Girls with a history of depression and diminished social support may also place an elevated premium on intimacy and maintenance of a relationship with a romantic partner and be more willing to tolerate acts of violence from an otherwise seemingly secure partner.48
Third, depression is a primary psychological response to abuse, and Barnett48 notes that depression or other mental health difficulties due to IPV may impair women's ability to mobilize to exit their relationships. Women who have a history of vulnerability to depression may have an increased likelihood of responding to the stressor of IPV with depression or other debilitation, contributing to a decreased likelihood of relationship exit. Further research should examine these and other potential mechanisms.
This study has several limitations. First, the adapted CES-D scale is not a diagnostic instrument. The wave 2 measurement of past-week depressive symptomatology may also not fully reflect the severity, chronicity, or recurrence of symptomatology over the period between waves 2 and 3, which may be relevant to likelihood of future IPV exposure. However, depressive symptoms and disorders in adolescence are predictive of subsequent disorder in young adulthood, and a number of studies have noted the stability of depressed mood among adolescents, although a consistent pattern of findings has not yet emerged for girls.11,52- 54 Second, incomplete measurement of confounding factors may have contributed to the observation of an association between depressive symptomatology and IPV exposure. The childhood abuse, dating violence, and sexual coercion covariates do not account for all relevant time in respondents' lives, and the wave 2 sexual coercion item focuses only on forced intercourse. The Add Health study also does not include a measure of exposure to interparental violence, which has been found to be predictive of women's subsequent depressive symptomatology55 and abuse by an intimate partner.56 Third, IPV is frequently underreported by survivors,57,58 which may have led to bias in results. Fourth, this study did not address perpetration; this relationship should be examined with surveys that distinguish between violence committed in self-defense or retaliation and self-initiated acts.59 Finally, the generalizability of the study findings is limited, given the specific nature of the sample.
Overall, this study provides evidence that elevated levels of depressive symptomatology among adolescent girls are associated with an increased vulnerability to subsequent IPV exposure in late adolescence and young adulthood. However, the question of whether depressive symptomatology plays an independent role in shaping the trajectory toward future IPV exposure among young women, or whether it is simply a marker for IPV risk, is not fully resolved with the present study and warrants further investigation. If depressive symptomatology among adolescent girls becomes recognized as an independent predictor of subsequent IPV exposure, this will be one more reason to increase efforts in the prevention, identification, and treatment of depressive symptomatology among adolescent girls. If depressive symptomatology comes to be understood as a marker for risk of IPV exposure, it may be helpful in identifying high-risk girls for targeted intervention efforts.
Correspondence: Jocelyn A. Lehrer, ScD, 4601 25th St, 7, San Francisco, CA 94114 (email@example.com).
Accepted for Publication: September 21, 2005.
Funding/Support: This research uses data from Add Health, a program project designed by J. Richard Udry, PhD, Peter S. Bearman, PhD, and Kathleen Mullan Harris, PhD, and funded by grant P01-HD31921 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Rockville, Md, with cooperative funding from 17 other agencies. Partial funding for research came from the National Institute of Mental Health Academic Fellowship on Mental Health and Developmental Disorders.
Role of the Sponsor: The funders were not involved in the design, conduct, analysis, or interpretation of the data or in preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript.
Additional Information: Persons interested in obtaining data files from Add Health should contact Add Health, Carolina Population Center, 123 W Franklin St, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-2524 (email@example.com).
Acknowledgment: Special acknowledgment is due Ronald R. Rindfuss, PhD, and Barbara Entwisle, PhD, for assistance in the Add Health Study original design.
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text:
I have 2 questions here. I tried to locate information from knowledge base
but find nothing.
1) Anybody has any idea if RPC over HTTP is supported by Enterprise Vault?
2) What about Form based authentication for OWA? I tried on version EV5.0
SP3, the system will always prompt to re-enter credential info when access
archived email in OWA. Has this be resolved in latest version?


text:
"Ferraro more recently expressed a desire to shed all the layers. "You can contrive it to a point where it gets too heady," he told Dazed a few months ago. "I'm not always trying to be hyper-conceptual. That's inherently who I am, but I enjoy making music for people to listen to. He's followed through on that sentiment with Sushi, which is truly his most accessible album to date. Though smartly crafted and often referential to other music, it's relatively concept-free, with little in the way of ironic jabs or culture-jamming commentary. Perhaps there are jokes happening here that I'm not catching (and titles like "SO N2U" and "Condom" aren't exactly serious). But to me Sushi sounds mostly like well-made, engaging electronic instrumental music, the best of which rivals that of any current producer. What makes it engaging is its playfulness. Ferraro's loops often feel cartoonish-- not in the sense of caricature, but in the way snippets of voices and smatterings of sound effects add unpredictable humor. At best, like the whirring "Jump Shot Earth" or the chirping "Flamboyant", he conjures a smoother, more soulful version of Black Dice." (Pitchfork)
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text:
"Police responded to a call for an intoxicated male," a source confirms to PEOPLE. Sheen, 45, was taken to the hospital "in the company of a female, unharmed." He was removed from the scene for "for alcohol abuse and psychological evaluation" and considered an "aided case," meaning no arrest was made.
According to Sheen's rep, "What we are able to determine is that Charlie had an adverse allergic reaction to some medication and was taken to the hospital, where is expected to be released tomorrow."
A police source tells PEOPLE, "I believe he was irrational and intoxicated." Sheen was taken voluntarily to New York Columbia Presbyterian Hospital by ambulance.
Police were sent to The Plaza Hotel in midtown New York after a call from hotel security, according to the New York Post. The room was trashed when police responded, including damage to a chandelier and hotel furniture.
Sheen, in addition to being recently rehabbed, less than a month ago walked his daughter down the aisle. The Two and a Half Men star is visiting the city with ex-wife Denise Richards, 39, who accompanied him to the hospital, and their two daughters.
Reporting by LIZ MCNEIL and ANNE MARIE CRUZ
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text:
Value Of Patterns
Aside from any
, could we ask what is the
? How do they contribute and what do they contribute? Is that they express Truth, or how / why are they Useful? etc. Include, if you will, the value of a
as well as a solitary pattern or group of patterns.
: I think it is really just the name that is valuable.
: I give Alistair's reason 9 out of 10 (but I'm open to lobbying).
: Well, the name has to be attached to something though doesn't it? I think that the something is valuable.
recently related his use of a Money pattern on the
. Every reification of the pattern yielded something different. A union of all of the Money classes he's ever written would not be a useful software artifact. But the pattern for Money
useful and I have a list of reasons for that: it has a name that can be used as a shorthand for the whole pattern (which is what I think Alistair was referring to), it describes common problems in implementing representations of Money, it expresses what has been found to be the commonalities and variabilities among implementations of Money representations, it addresses a common problem and it is flexible enough to be of some use in all instances of the problem.
The most I've got out of software patterns (be it GoF/Fowler/PLoP) is that they have led me to the thoughts of
and by this shown that it is
all right
to think about software in these
terms. I see (software) patterns as a way to reaffirm that when we build software we are humans engaged in a human activity for the benefit of other humans. --
: I see several ways that patterns bring value to project teams, but they seem so basic that I'm worried I'm missing the point of the question. Primarily it is that they put "flesh" on otherwise abstract ideas. They give us a common language, verbal shortcuts, really, that accelerate our ability to leverage previous experience. This common language applies across company and development project boundaries, so that the ideas can spread more quickly. They help us communicate "truths" about design, process, or organizations. They almost seem to let us share these truths in the form of stories - at their best, they are close to being proverbs or parables.
: I tend to think that patterns describe abstract structure, you can't say that situation
is the same as situation
but you can point to a similar constellation of relationships.
When studying perception and knowledge, you find that patterns are fundamental. There is no spoon... only a particular perceptual pattern with which you have associated the notion of 'spoon'. Patterns discovered in the spatial dimension constitute various sorts of physical objects. Patterns discovered in the temporal patterns constitute various sorts of verbs. Words, themselves, reference patterns and are used to communicate them... you may truthfully state that a 'dog' exists when you recognize a certain composite of features and traits... and by communicating that a 'dog' exists, you communicate that this pattern has been identified. Numbers, shapes, and colors are all patterns that exist within the observer. Either the natural state of a pattern is 'reified' or nothing we observe should be 'reified' because there is no inherent or provable distinction between identified patterns and identified objects. Patterns only ever exist within the observer for there is an infinite, entirely arbitrary set of paradigms... there is no
reason to separate the dirty sock, the middle level of the bookshelf, and the muffler attached to that Hyundai as three 'separate' patterns; such
can exist only within an observer. For us, the reason to recognize one pattern and not others is based in its utility in predictions... thus, for spatial-patterns, we tend to identify amalgamations of sensory data as being 'physical objects' when the perceptual pattern moves or reacts in certain manners... e.g. move one part of the spoon, and the rest moves. It is a basic yet valuable prediction. We identify as 'dancing' the rhythmic motion of the body to 'music'. Every single pattern that we recognize, we recognize because it proves useful in predictions. This holds just as true for
as it does for nouns and verbs. 'Good'
are those we learn to recognize as leading towards success or flexibility, whilst 'Bad'
) are those we learn to recognize as leading towards failure or fragility. They are not, inherently, any less 'real' than my spoon; they just aren't physical.
: Well, my
friends claim that patterns are just OO workarounds for useful features that LISP has intrinsically (ex. map() vs. Visitor).
I try to be a bit less dogmatic than that, but I've come to believe that what people often mean when they talk about patterns are a range of "things" from the very specific structural constructs (ex.
, etc.) to very broad conceptual notions (ex.
). They are, for lack of a better word, "patterns" - that is to say meta-structures discernible in the structure of a piece of work. In that context, patterns as a "thing" are valuable as a way to help us 1) recognize and 2) communicate (i.e. "give a name to") these higher-level observables. With a name, we can talk about them and come to conclusions about whether a particular pattern is good, bad, or "just a thing".
See also:
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July 9, 2010
with title or text search


text:
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text:
Top Definition
an adjective to describe something cool. note: this is a made up word that is only to be used in the presence of someone who likes to take your trendy slang and use it as his own. so when he uses it in front of you or other other people, you can just laugh at him.
I can't believe how calingus this shirt is!
by Karl Hungas May 26, 2003
Trending Now
Can you define these popular missing words?


text:
All 17 Pixar Movies, Ranked From Worst to Best
Sorry in advance, Cars 2.By Tim Grierson and Will Leitch
Sorry in advance, Cars 2.By Tim Grierson and Will Leitch
Why 'Bad Teacher' was a hit but 'The Change-Up' wasn't, why Marvel's superhero scored but DC's didn't, and more.By Claude Brodesser-Akner
Of course.By Mike Vilensky
A Happy July 4th for Michael Bay.By Claude Brodesser-Akner
'Larry Crowne' fizzles.By Mike Vilensky
Who needs critics when you have kids?By Chadwick Matlin
It's like giving Jar-Jar Binks his own movie.By Logan Hill
"You know, the iPad changed my life!"By Kyle Buchanan
"I'm just happy to be a film where for once I don't have to worry about my hair, because my managers are always complaining about my hair ... "By Jada Yuan
Huh.By Amanda Dobbins
All we're sure of: Michael Caine does purr like a sports car.By Willa Paskin
Mortimer: "You had a girl who was in love with you." Deschanel: "I could barely hear what she was saying. She was wearing bunny ears."By Kyle Buchanan
It's got everything, except for Pixar's newfound Best Picture compatibility.By Kyle Buchanan
But will it make you cry as much as 'Toy Story 3'?By Brian Raftery


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|Here are some details about my project:
|Home Decor
|Hipster, Retro / Vintage, Funky, Casual
What was your source for this knitting project?
Online Photo or Website
Name of website or photo Entrelac Pillow
What materials did you use? The sample shown was made entirely with Scraplet Skeins, but you can also make just the entrelac pillow top with Scraplet Skeins (about 200 yds.), then make the overlapping back panels with coordinating yarn (about 350-380 yds. will be needed for the 2 back panels and crocheted edging). Needles: U.S. 9-10; G-H crochet hook.
What advice would you give someone starting this project? If you've never worked entrelac before, my best advice is to trust the directions. It will look weird, bizarre, just plain WRONG on the needles (especially early on), so if you feel like you're messing up, don't! That most likely means you're actually doing it correctly. Also, the pattern includes a schematic to give you a visual sense of the direction you should be knitting at any point. At the end of the knitting day, it really is just stockinette stitch! Oh, one more thing: again, if you've never done entrelac at all, I'd say it would be easier to start this project with something other than Scraplet Skeins; all the varying textures can make it difficult to see what you're doing, especially when picking up stitches. The gauge of this pattern is perfect for yarns like Noro's "Kureyon" and "Silk Garden" (about 110 yds./50 g); I like my pillow covers to be fairly tightly knitted.
Beautiful pillow! I like the texture from the different yarns. I think this would be the perfect introduction to entrelac.


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Computational Art, also known as Algorithmic Art, is a kind of Generative Art, where the masterpieces, usually images or movies, are generated by algorithms: an example is Fractal Art.
This is an area I'd like to experiment with: I always wanted to do something "creative" but I've always been stopped by my bad sense aesthetics. But maybe I would be able to have an algorithm help me generating some cool randomness or simulation.
The programming language will be Processing, also mentioned a month ago by Jeff Atwood in one of his posts, which is a kind of domain-specific language on top of...
This is the blog of Simone Chiaretta, an Italian .NET developer, architect, Microsoft MVP, ASPInsider, Subtext core member, ASP.NET MVC lover with a passion for mountain climbing.
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I also wrote a book about ASP.NET MVC and a news feed reader for Windows Phone 7
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The commissioners of one North Carolina county have voted to appeal a prayer case to the U.S. Supreme Court. Some of the residents of Forsyth County sued the board of commissioners in 2007 after they opened one of their meetings with a prayer in the name of Jesus Christ. On July 29, a three-judge panel of the 4th District Court of Appeals upheld a lower court judge's decision that declared the use of sectarian prayer to open the board of commissioners meetings to be unconstitutional.
The appeals court ruled the reference to Jesus violated the Constitution by "advancing and endorsing Christianity to the exclusion of other faiths." The commissioners voted Monday take the case before the high court. They say that praying in the name of Jesus Christ reflects the county's religious makeup.
Winston-Salem television station WXII reported that the Alliance Defense Fund represented Forsyth County in the case and disagreed with the 2-1 ruling.
The ADF argued that the decision is in "conflict with other federal court decisions and out of step with the history of invocations in America."
Judge Paul V. Niemeyer dissented on the ruling, arguing that those who offer prayers at such meetings should be allowed to speak in the voice of their own religion.
Alliance Defense Fund
Texas Governor Sued over Prayer MeetingR.I. School Board to ACLU: 'Prayer Banner Stays'
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Find peace with God, discover more about God or send us your prayer request.
Call The 700 Club Prayer Center at 1 (800) 823-6053, 24 hours a day.
A caring friend will be there to pray with you in your time of need.
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Inside those sacks, the webworm feasts on trapped leaves. Enclosing additional branches as the food supply wanes, the nests grow larger and fuller as the months go on.
Here are some stories to tell you more about the nasty looking insects.
Invasion of the web worm (MAIL TRIBUNE)
Around the Rogue Valley, web clusters looking like Halloween decorations gone awry are filling trees and jamming the Grange Co-op phone lines with requests for advice and remedies.
The creepy-looking fall web worm nests, generally found in outlying areas and madrone and oak stands, have shown up en masse in urban trees, even vineyards, this summer. The worms feed off the host trees, destroying foliage and branches.
"The last 10 days to two weeks, we're getting at least 50 to 75 calls per day and that tells me there is an issue," said Steve Soderlund, Grange Co-op store manager on South Pacific Highway. "We've sold out of Thuricide, which has an active ingredient called Bacillus Thuringiensis -- a 24-hour concentrate."
Fall webworm tents don't really hurt trees (OSU)
CORVALLIS – You may have noticed those cobwebby caterpillar nests in deciduous trees this fall and summer. Most likely, these gauzy-looking tents at the end of tree branches are the work of fall webworm caterpillars (Hyphantria cunea).
Fall webworms are known to infest more than 100 species of deciduous trees and shrubs, but are most commonly seen in black walnuts, willows, orchard trees and cottonwood, explained Lynn Royce, entomologist with the Oregon State University Extension Service. They spin a silk "tent" near the end of branches of leafy trees and shrubs and feed on the leaves they have enclosed.
Webworm caterpillars are yellowish brown with black and orange bumps and have long tufts of whitish hairs. They grow to about 1.5 inches long, then overwinter as pupae in a dark brown cocoon in protected places, such as in bark crevices or on the ground in litter or duff. In the spring, they emerge as large silky white tiger moths with black spots. These adults lay yellow or white eggs in the early summer on the undersides of leaves.
Webbed tends in trees are the work of the fall webworm
Drive through any neighborhood in the metropolitan area in autumn and you'll probably see the fall webworm's unsightly webbed homes, or tents, in the trees. Webworms, officially known as Hyphantria cunea, even strike fruit orchards with abandon.
Webworm caterpillars begin emerging from their eggs in summer, doing most of their dirty work in late summer and early fall. A fully developed caterpillar is about 1 1/2 inches long with tufts of spiky white hairs protruding from brown bumps and yellowish or tan skin. They're found in groups and feed on tree foliage.
--The Oregonian


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A couple that boxes together, stays together?
At least, according to True Blood's Stephen Moyer – the brooding Brit who plays Southern vampire Bill Compton and throws punches with costar and real-life love Anna Paquin.
"When I was a boy I loved boxing," he tells Access DirecTV magazine in its July issue of his off-screen pastime. "And I've got Anna into it."
Of their love for the brutal hobby, Moyer adds, "I like the sport and she likes the blood. I'm like, 'Stop the fight, people are getting hurt, I can't bear it!' and she's going, 'Go on, hit 'em!' She loves it. She boxes too."
But can chivalrous vampire Bill beat telepathic cutie Sookie in the ring?
"No way!" he says. "She won't stop until she's gnawed your stumps off. I tell you, my girl is hardcore."
True Blood's Stephen Moyer on Anna Paquin: 'My Girl is Hardcore!'
Matt Sayles/AP


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The scene outside the hospital in Pretoria where Mandela is being treated has been particularly joyous, as children danced and held balloons and flowers in front of giant, colorful get-well-soon cards.
Mandela's birthday, July 18, is a kind of global holiday, known as International Mandela Day, which honors the former South Africa president's legacy by encouraging people to volunteer, do community service and offer small acts of kindness.
Mandela Day events were in full swing all across South Africa on Thursday, with adults and children chipping in on beautification projects and feeding the hungry at soup kitchens. Participants are asked to start with 67 minutes of volunteering to honor Mandela's 67 years of service.
Among those promoting Mandela Day are the actor Morgan Freeman, who portrayed Mandela in the 2009 film Invictus and says in a new video: "We encourage everyone around the world to pledge 67 minutes. Join us to honor this great man."
Mandela, an anti-apartheid revolutionary and one of great social and humanitarian figures of the 20th century, has been critically ill in recent weeks but is said to have been improving over the past several days.


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NOTE: This stroller includes Maclaren enclosed circular pivoting hinges and are fully compliant with recently enhanced safety requirements.
Material: Stroller
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Origin: Imported


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Refinement of neuronal networks in the rodent prefrontal cortex and hippocampus : critical impact of early and late social experiences
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Reena Prity Murmu
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OvGU Magdeburg, Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften
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The process of weaning programmes the physiological and neurobehavioural development of various animal species and is thus a critical formative period for adult behaviour. The neural substrates which may underlie these behavioural changes are largely unknown. This study for the first time show that the timing as well as the amount of social contact with family members significantly interferes with the refinement of prefrontal cortical and hippocampal synaptic networks. Studies have quite intensively investigated the critical importance of emotional experience (for instance, time of weaning) at behavioural level. In addition, studies have provided compelling evidence that during development environmental factors (such as social or isolated environment) dynamically modify animal's behaviour and brain development. Nevertheless, the impact of these two different developmental time windows of emotional experience have never been systematically studied and the neural mechanism remains unknown. In this study, I tested our working hypothesis that during late childhood the neuronal networks in various limbic areas such as the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus are reorganized in response to the timing and the extent of social interaction with the mother and the siblings. This was done by investigating the impact of time point of weaning (21 vs. 30), of social environments (social vs. isolation) and in addition, by investigating the interactions between these two factors on the neuronal morphology in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. The prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus are part of the limbic system which are involved in emotional self-regulation and the expression of emotional behaviours. Since, the time of weaning appears to be a major emotional challenge during late childhood it can be assumed that this transition to independence should involve major structural changes in limbic areas such as the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, which are involved in emotional behaviours. The findings of this study demonstrate that emotional experience (i.e. the extent of social experience with mother and the siblings) induces dendritic and synaptic reorganization, which occurs in a highly temporal, regional and dendrite-specific manner. The development of spine density was particularly sensitive to the amount of preweaning social experience, as the animals that spent less time with their mother i.e. early weaned demonstrated elevated spine densities in their dendrites of anterior cingulate cortex (ACd) and hippocampus. The dendritic length and complexity of apical dendrites in the prefrontal area, anterior cingulate cortex (ACd) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and in the CA3 area of hippocampus displayed only the interactions between the factors time of weaning x postweaning social environment and not the effect of time of weaning and social conditions alone. In the anterior cingulate cortex and in CA3 area, the most socially deprived group (early weaning and isolated postweaning i.e. EWI) displayed longer and more complex apical dendrites compared to other animals. In contrary, in orbitofrontal cortex these animals displayed reduction in apical dendritic length and complexity. In all these regions, the length and the complexity of basal dendrites remained unaffected by either treatment. In dentate gyrus, the dendritic length and complexity of granular neurons, mainly in the infra pyramidal layer of dentate gyrus displayed not only interactions between time of weaning x postweaning social environment but also the influence of time of weaning per se, and of social conditions alone. Similar to that in ACd and CA3, in dentate gyrus the animals with fewest social experience or EWI demonstrated longer and more complex infra and supra granular dendrites compared to other animals. Taken together, the findings demonstrate that the timing as well as the amount of social contact with family members significantly affects the refinement of prefrontal cortical and hippocampal synaptic networks which as an integral part of the limbic system are essential for emotional and cognitive behaviour. In summary, the findings of this study may provide the neurobiological substrate for the behavioural changes induced by different emotional experiences.
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weaning, social environment, dendrites, dendritic spines, limbic system
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What did you do to the Bronco Today?
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Elder User
Join Date: Nov 2007
Location: Middleburg FL
Posts: 835
What did you do to the Bronco Today?
I searched all over but couldn't find a thread like this on the Bronco side. If there is one that I didn't find just have one of the mods delete this one please.
With all that said, post up here and let us know what you did to, or with, your Bronco today. Anything from completing an axle swap to starting it to move it over in the driveway. There are lots of build threads to keep up with so feel free to keep it a short update here as a reminder for the rest of us to check your build thread for the complete update.
Today I started cleaning off the firewall to weld some reinforcement plate on due to my hydraulic clutch conversion. No pics yet as the camera is acting up but I will post them.
Let the fun begin.
2001 Excursion V10 4x4 Auto 156,000 miles 285/75/16 BFG AT's, stock rims
2nd trans cooler and spin on filter, converted to electric fan (increased MPG by 1.1mpg towing) Trans temp gauge, Volt gauge, and Vacuum gauge in 3 gauge driver pillar pod, Custom Safari Rack, Full size spare on the rack, Mag light at driver door, LED interior/running board lights.
1978 Bronco 460, T19, NP205, Dana 44HD/ Dana 60, 40's "project"
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BERGEN COUNTY — An independent candidate running for Bergen County freeholder had his slogan, "Stop Pay-to-Play," rejected from the ballot Tuesday after the county clerk informed him it contained too many words, according to a report on NorthJersey.com.
Robert Gulack contested that his slogan was only two words, thanks to the hyphenated construction, the report said. But the clerk argued that if they allow the slogan to pass, it will open the door for candidates in the future to hyphenate even longer phrases. Gulack settled for "End Freeholder Corruption."
More coverage:
• N.J. watchdog group recommends stricter pay-to-play laws, disclosure of public contracts
• Joan Whitlow; Newark's pay-to-play ban: Gaps linger in enforcement of campaign contribution rules
• Pay to play alive and well in New Jersey


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Underwriting and
Client Focus Come First
Axiom Insurance Management, Ltd. is a professional underwriting
management company founded in 1997 and headquartered in Atlanta, GA. It is
committed to sound and consistent
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value of specialty underwriting and
production. As expertise allows, we develop successful
strategies in line with the needs of the industry and our
company partners.


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From Outdoor JournalMore on this episode »
Orienteering is the sport of using nothing but a compass and map to locate points on a course that has been laid out in the woods. Competitors race the clock to locate the checkpoints, and then return to the starting point. It can be competitive or just a nice walk in the woods. It's a sport that is popular throughout the world. Host Marianne Eaton joins members of the Green Mountain Orienteering Club on one of their outings and navigates her way through the wilderness.


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Congratulations to the award winners, who will be honored at the 2013 Homecoming Luncheon in McClelland Park.
EMERGING PROFESSIONAL Read more »
FSHD Graduate Student Poster Session: Previewing NCFR
Friday, November 1, 20133:30pm-5:00pm, McClelland Park RM 402 Read more »
Oct. 23 - Compassion Training as a Path to Genuine Happiness with Dr. Charles Raison, Department of Psychiatry and the Norton School of Family and Consumer Sciences Read more »
Psychiatrist Charles Raison says he has it easy. Read more »
The University of Arizona's College of Agriculture and Life Sciences has been chosen for Agriculture Future of America's University Growth Initiative. Read more »
Running makes you happy. The ability of running to act as an anti-depressant in humans has already been proven. Read more »
Congratulations to Dr Read more »
At the University of Arizona, research into human parenting approaches the question from different directions. Read more »
New book by Norton School faculty Andrea Romero: Preventing Adolescent Depression and Suicide Among Latinas: Resilience Research and Theory, by Romero, A.J., Edwards, L.M., Bauman, S., Ritter, M.K. Read more »
In the most general sense, the Raison Lab conducts studies aimed at understanding how social and sensory pathways may be targeted as novel treatments of mood and anxiety disorders. Read more »


text: George Allan Exhibit: 'Glimpses of Maui' Celebrated artist George Allan will take viewers on a tour of Maui through paintings during this annual exhibit. An opening reception will be from 6 to 9 p.m. at Village Galleries, 120 Dickenson St. in Lahaina. The exhibit will run through April 11. For details, call 661-4402. Photo of Allan's oil painting titled "Secret Beach II" courtesy Village Galleries.


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"It seems to me that my mother was the most splendid woman I ever knew....I have met a lot of people knocking around the world since, but I have never met a more thoroughly refined woman than my mother. If I have amounted to anything, it will be due to her." - Charles Chaplin
Check out these books dealing with mother-child relationships.


text: Corvallis' Sydney Wolsky recently made the trip to Las Vegas for a chance to become the top Mutton Buster in the nation. The five year old daughter of Dan and Karen Wolsky qualified with a top five at Spokane at the Inland Empire Fair last summer. She finished in the top ten at the world championships.