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Tuesday, September 17, 2013
Karen Fuller, 46, of Summerville didn't start out to be a special ed/resource teacher but her students and colleagues at Alston Middle School are glad she ended up as one.
A graduate of USC, Fuller began her career in Union where she taught fifth grade for six years and second grade for one year. Her husband got transferred to Myrtle Beach and she didn't teach at all for two years.
Instead she spent the two years being a stay-at-home mom to her children. Eventually, however, she needed to go back to work and she wanted to teach in the same area where her children were enrolled.
"The only opening was a resource job," she says. So she went and spoke with the principal who told her he couldn't find anyone to take the position because it was part-time. She took it. To entice her, the district offered to cover the cost of the special education classes she needed to get certified in special ed.
By her second semester in the position, it turned into a full time job.
"I don't regret changing to special ed," she says, "I just wish I had more background in it. If I ever get a master's it will be in special ed."
Then her husband got transferred again to this area and Sam Clark hired her at Alston.
"I have certain students that I help," she says, "and I co-teach in an inclusion model in 7th and 8th grades. I go to various classes and help my students…sometimes I will teach a whole class.
She helps reach all learners at all ability levels, she says.
"My specialty is teaching to a variety of learning styles."
She is also the department head for special ed and oversees the needs of all the students at Alston. She is on the PBIS – Positive Behaviors Interventions and Supports – committee that helps create a positive school climate rewarding good behavior instead of disciplining poor behavior.
She manages Tiger Pride and her job is to choose the student of the month and the teacher of the month.
Her best moments are her students' successes, she says.
For example, she says, "a child who has struggled in, say, math and then their test scores come and they have met the standard after years of not [meeting it]."
"Or I see a student I had years ago and they ask me if I 'remember when' I helped them with…."
Fuller says she recently had a parent – of a child she had years ago – contact her and ask for help with something.
Fuller says that Alston is a great school and its community is special. "The people in the community have a lot of pride in this school," she says. "This school has served generations. I love coming to work – it is such a welcoming environment."
Fuller's mother was a teacher but she never imagined being her, she says.
"I always admired teachers but never thought I would be one…I wanted to do something different from mom. I was going to major in business, but then I took some business classes and didn't like it at all."
"The classes (and my grades) were much better in the education courses…and I used to play school as a child and liked it…and realized I liked teaching a lot."
Fuller is married to Phillip Fuller who is with Grainger Industrial Supplies. They have two children – Coleman, 22, a senior at Coastal Carolina and Anna, 16, a junior at Summerville High.
When not in school Fuller enjoys reading and working in the yard, especially flower gardening. She is a USC football fan, a co-director of the Summerville Presbyterian Church Bible School and she and her husband enjoy kayaking together.
"My daughter cheers at SHS so we go to lots of high school football games."
She least enjoys cooking.
She tells a funny story about buying a cookbook of slow cooker recipes and discovering her daughter thought the book was meant for cooks who were slow.
Her long-term educational goal is to get her Master's in Special Education. Her goal as a teacher is to develop relationships with children to better reach them in order to help them.
And her life goal is to have raised her own children to be successful and happy in their relationships and old age.
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2001 Annual Report: Executive Summary
The Integrated Waste Management Board started its journey in 1990 following passage of the Integrated Waste Management Act (AB 939, Sher, Chapter 1095, Statutes of 1989). This legislation set a lofty stage for a series of statewide reforms in waste management: establishing the 50 percent diversion goal for local government, based on an integrated waste management hierarchy that prioritized waste reduction and recycling over all other options; inspiring the reduce, reuse, recycle ethic; enhancing public outreach programs and environmental curricula in schools; and improving landfill safety requirements.
The following summaries provide a brief overview of this year's key accomplishments. Use the menu items to the left to access the full report.
Strategic Planning
A new strategic plan adopted by the Board in November 2001 describes a significant shift from the Integrated Waste Management Act diversion goals to a broader, more systematic approach to managing the materials used and created in manufacturing. It identifies key areas such as sustainability, zero waste, product stewardship, and manufacturer responsibility that the Board will address over the next three to five years; and includes a strong commitment to environmental justice.
Waste Diversion
Using the Board's most recent estimates, California diverted over 42 percent of its waste from landfills in 2001. While short of the 50 percent goal, the statewide diversion rate is still increasing, a tribute to the Board's strategic targeting of organics and construction and demolition materials in the waste stream.
Local Agency Progress Towards 50 Percent
Local jurisdictions reported their year 2000 diversion rates in the fall of 2001. The Board will begin its consideration of local progress towards the 50 percent diversion required by Public Resources Code (PRC) section 41780 in early 2002. Of 439 reporting jurisdictions, 140 (32 percent) claimed diversion rates in excess of 50 percent, and another 60 (14 percent) reported diversion rates of 45 percent or more. Many others are updating their overall analysis of waste generation and diversion, and will submit updated diversion estimates to the Board. Most other jurisdictions are continuing to make progress towards the 50 percent level, and the Board anticipates that most of them will request a time extension, which is allowed by PRC section 41820.
School District Diversion
The Board developed a model materials-and-solid-waste management program for school districts and other institutions in 2001. This project selected six pilot districts, evaluated each district's materials management and solid waste practices, and provided program recommendations to all.
In the fall of 2001, the Board helped school districts implement proposed recommendations from the school district diversion project. The effort targeted school district administrators and department managers through their professional associations and organizations. The outreach plan promoted the value and benefits of implementing districtwide waste reduction and green procurement policies. A Web-based resource guide for school district waste reduction program implementation will follow in early 2002.
State Agency Diversion
Assembly Bill 75 (Strom-Martin, Chapter 764, Statutes of 1999) required State agencies to develop and prepare integrated waste management plans and to submit them to the Board by July 15, 2000, for review and approval. These plans identify State agency programs to achieve a 25 percent diversion level by January 1, 2002, and 50 percent by January 1, 2004. Over 450 State agency plans have been submitted to the Board and are under final review.
The Board put on a series of six workshops in 2001 to train State agencies on the annual reporting requirements of the diversion program. These workshops focused on the electronic submittal system the Board developed to make compliance with the law easier and more efficient.
State Agency Buy Recycled
The State Agency Buy Recycled Campaign (SABRC) is a joint effort between the Board and the Department of General Services (DGS) to implement California law requiring State agencies and the Legislature to purchase recycled-content products (RCP). Each year agencies report their recycled-content purchases to the Board. Reports for fiscal year 2000–01 show $260.3 million in total reportable purchases, of which $216.7 million was spent on RCPs. This is a dramatic improvement over the fiscal year 1999–2000, when $210.8 million in total reportable purchases and $167.2 million in RCP purchases were reported. That increase in total RCP purchases, accomplished over a one-year period, indicates that State agencies are embracing recycled-content product procurement practices with good success.
Environmental Education
Chapter 926, Statutes of 2001 (SB 373, Torlakson) codified the new Office of Integrated Education created in early 2001 by the Board. The bill requires the office to undertake a variety of activities to institute environmental education concepts in California schools.
- In concert with the State Board of Education, establish environmental concepts in the science frameworks through the California Education Code.
- Establish an environmental ambassador pilot program that promotes sustainable school programs, coordinated instruction with on-site action programs, service learning partnerships, and assessment of the impact of these programs on student achievement and resources conservation.
- Develop and implement a unified education strategy on the environment for elementary and secondary schools.
- Develop a teacher-training plan for the unified education strategy and accompanying materials.
- Develop models and school waste reduction tools.
- Evaluate implementation of school waste reduction and recycling programs in California schools.
- Create a grant program for schools and school districts to implement integrated environmental education and integrated waste management practices.
To achieve the unified education strategy contained in SB 373, the Office of Integrated Education will align the education efforts of other CalEPA boards, departments, and offices into an integrated, cohesive education program. The program will provide maximum resource efficiency and begin looking at a "systems approach" to our educational services and products.
Electronics Waste
Widely regarded as the fastest growing component of the municipal waste stream, discarded electronic products—e-wastes—are presenting both challenges and opportunities to government and industry. Increasing e-waste generation is due to advances in technology, reductions in price, and the general pervasiveness of electronic products in modern life. An estimated half-billion computers in the U.S. may become obsolete and require disposal options within the next five years.
While regulatory issues associated with hazardous materials used in the manufacture of computers, monitors, and other gadgets are being revisited by the California Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC), the Board has established an electronics Web site to provide up-to-date information to local governments and California residents on how to safely manage these materials.
In 2001, the Board commissioned a baseline study to assess the scope of the issue and the development of procurement and end-of-life management guidelines. The baseline study estimated that more than six million potentially hazardous old computer monitors and televisions are now being stored in California homes, and identified a gap between the current processing capacity for these products and the projected volume of their diversion in 2006.
In 2001, the Board focused on three major areas to address e-waste:
- Participating in the National Electronic Product Stewardship Initiative (NEPSI).
- Collaborating with DTSC on regulations and outreach to affected groups.
- Developing information on reuse, recycling, and disposal options for e-waste to address local government needs and presenting that information on the electronics Web site.
Recycling Business Loans
Financial barriers stymie full market development for salvageable goods in California and deeply concern the Board. Funding worthwhile projects is a goal that continues to attract Board attention. During 2001, the Board funded recycling market development loans to seven recycling businesses totaling $4.2 million. Approximately $8 million remains available in the Board's fiscal year 2001–02 budget for new loans.
Best Management Practices for Compostable Materials
Composting activities are an important step in the Board's goal to get California to reduce and recycle organics in the waste stream. Staff continues efforts to coordinate with industry, local enforcement agencies (LEA), and local and State government agencies in developing best management practices (BMP) and odor mitigation measures to satisfy the requirements of SB 675 (Costa, Chapter 778, Statutes of 1997). Odor-based BMPs integrate feedstock handling with composting methods to promote a greater degree of aerobic activity. Operators have contributed valuable insights with their varied operations.
Waste Tires Five-Year Plan
In March 2001 the Board approved the five-year plan for its waste tire recycling management program required by SB 876 (Escutia, Chapter 838, Statues of 1999). The plan includes the following elements, with funding allocations and performance criteria for each:
- Enforcement and regulations on waste and used tires storage.
- Cleanup, abatement, or other remedial actions of tire stockpiles.
- Research on alternatives to the landfill disposal of tires.
- Market development and new technology for used and waste tires.
- The waste and used tires hauler program and manifest system.
The main focus of the waste tire program in 2002 is to implement provisions of the five-year plan addressing staffing needs, managing various contracts, implementing priorities for cleanup set in the plan, and awarding and administering grants under the six grant programs.
Household Hazardous Waste Grants
In June 2001 the Board awarded $3 million in fiscal year 2000-01 household hazardous waste grants to 16 local governments. This funding helps local agencies deal with the proper management of household hazardous wastes. Priority was given to grantees proposing permanent collection facilities. Three million dollars also will be available as competitive grants to local governments in 2002.
Used Oil Opportunity Grants
In October 2001, the Board approved the used oil opportunity grants scoring criteria and evaluation process for fiscal year 2001–02. The scoring criteria examine local governments' need for a project, proposed methodology, evidence of a recycled-content purchasing policy, and a detailed budget proposal. Preference will be given to grantees that did not receive funding in the last opportunity grant cycle (fiscal year 1999–2000); and to those planning to establish or expand collection programs for used oil and/or filters from curbside, boaters, or agricultural sources, or establish oil collection/education programs for non-English speaking and/or underserved populations. Approximately $5.8 million will be available; the Board expects to award the grants in April 2002.
Used Oil Block Grants
The Board awarded $11.4 million to local jurisdictions in 2001 to implement used oil collection and recycling programs. These noncompetitive grants are based on population and available to all California cities and counties.
Enforcement Assistance Grants
In 2001 the Board provided $1.5 million in enforcement assistance grants to help LEAs implement enforcement programs. This is an annual allocation intended to assist the LEAs in procuring the needed training, tools and resources to fulfill their certified enforcement responsibilities to the Board.
Local Enforcement Agency Training
More than 200 participants attended the 5th Annual LEA/CIWMB Partnership Conference in August 2001. Discussion focused on a variety of topics including coordinated enforcement strategies, the future of e-waste management, regulation of conversion technologies, and permitting tools available to LEAs to deal with solid waste handling issues.
The Board also provided basic compost training to interested Board and LEA staff in July (Riverside and San Diego counties), August (south San Francisco Bay counties), and November 2001 (southern San Joaquin Valley counties).
LEA Evaluations
The Board completed 13 LEA evaluations in 2001 for the City of Los Angeles and the counties of Alameda, Calaveras, Contra Costa, Glenn, Madera, Mariposa, Marin, Napa, Nevada, San Luis Obispo, Tulare, and Sutter/Yuba. The Board will monitor LEA compliance with work plans that address performance issues identified in evaluations for the following jurisdictions: Alameda County, Imperial County, San Benito County, Tulare County, and San Luis Obispo.
LEA Outreach and Issue Research
Outreach efforts by the Board to benefit LEAs continue in 2002. Board staff is working with sister CalEPA agencies, the California Department of Food and Agriculture and university contacts on various issues, including examining potential bio-aerosols in composting, sudden oak death, and avian and animal product composting.
Next Section>>>
Archived CIWMB Annual Reportshttp://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/Archive/IWMBAR/
Office of Public Affairs: firstname.lastname@example.com (916) 341-6300

subset: commoncrawl


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Oh actually, i wonder about that too... cause I get told that heat is bad... but then i keep see recipes that says, throw some in!
Oh actually, i wonder about that too... cause I get told that heat is bad... but then i keep see recipes that says, throw some in!
I use GNC brand, which I imagine most people on here will scoff at.
NO you can't cook with it. I tried to make hot chocolate out of it a couple months ago and it was rather comical. Try it and see. lol
I use a local store brand (Wegman's) and I LOVE it.
What's wrong with real protein (meat)?
I can't understand why anyone who subscribes to PB thinking would even consider consuming protein powder???
The "Seven Deadly Sins"
Grains (wheat/rice/oats etc) . . . . . Dairy (milk/yogurt/butter/cheese etc) . . . . . Nightshades (peppers/tomato/eggplant etc)
Tubers (potato/arrowroot etc) . . . Modernly palatable (cashews/olives etc) . . . Refined foods (salt/sugars etc )
Legumes (soy/beans/peas etc)
Because I'm lazy. =D
I've heard good things about Designer Whey. Most kinds are ok under heat (I've baked with it before).
I used to bring powder to classes for convienince. Then I went primal and realized meat was way more satisfying
I'm with Tarlach on this one, why on earth would you go out and eat something so highly processed?!
Wouldn't that be against the idea behind the primal blueprint? (I know Marc endorses whey powder, but still I don't agree with him on this one... I think it waters down the idea behind all of the primal blueprint!)
eat real food! :-)
Good and Cheap stuff: Trueprotein.com


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Thank you all for the birthday wishes. I'm following in Maryse's footsteps and celebrating all week. Today my sweet husband picked me up at work and drove me home. All of this in BOSTON TRAFFIC. "Luv trub luv" (As only the priest in Princess Bride could say.)
I'm also glad to hear that you all seem to love the Birthday, both half and otherwise. You guys made my day and it's not even here yet!
Rob and I took lots of pictures of fun knitting. One of the things my birthday inspires me to do is give gifts to others! My server isn't letting me upload anything right now. Hopefully tomorrow.
In the meantime go check out Cara's lovely description of her time here in Boston. Be sure to read the comments to get the REAL story. I was able to spend a good part of Friday torturing her with treks through the cold-ass streets of Boston. We were in search of fiber and man did we ever find it. My stamina was like no other. That is, until the hunger coma hit. The last leg of the trip is always the hardest. Lucky for us this leg ended at the restaurant.
For those of you who have yet to meet a fellow blogger in person let's all attempt to offer some pointers and/or insights. I'll list a few here and we'll see where it goes:
1) First and foremost….you can never be too careful. Each time I've left the house to go meet these "strangers" Robby has carefully requested and written down their phone numbers. That way when I don't show up he can give them a ring and ask them where they've hidden my body parts. While we don't have much experience with this scenario we both imagine the information would be forthcoming upon the inquiry. Cara's beloved advised her not to get in the car with any bloggers she just met. Cars lead to evil things.
2) When meeting the "stranger" be sure to give a description of yourself. Pictures are not always accurate. Note: Jokes about, "Being the person weilding the long knife" are typically not very well received. I'm not sure why. I'll write it off to the lack of tone in the printed word.
3) It is best to always carry a sharpie pen in your knitting bag. Blogging knitters are like magnets, they attrack others. The pen is useful for autographs and the like. You haven't lived until a knitting blogger has signed your chest and vice/versa.
4) When a well known blogger is spotted in a yarn store it is best to surround them and bombard them from all sides. We are all a bit embarassed. It's the life we have choosen to lead….a cross we must all bear. Fame and fortune have drawbacks, I know I hate it when bloggers interupt my private time in yarn stores. All 7 of my readers are such a pain in the arse. Always lurking behind that stack of Noro, pretending to finger that Jo Sharp. They, like me, know that in the end if I get that ball band signed I've got a free ticket to Maryland Sheep and Wool from the ebay auction proceeds. (Sorry Alison andJohanna, I don't get out much)
5) Lastly, be prepared to be amazed. If you have connected with this person online, if you "get" their sense of humor, you will feel comfortable with this person and your craft will provide the common ground. I will never cease to be amazed at how well I have gotten along with each of the knit bloggers that I have met in the past few months. They're like me! Only better. (Scary guys, I know…) However, this sense of comfort is no excuse for blabbering on and on about your scary third grade teacher and the last time you saw your favorite pair of jeans, and how horrible your Valentine's Day was. Leave that for your blog…where they have the power to "click-off".
Any other advice out there?
***UPDATE*** Okay, cursingmama's comment freaked me a bit. You guys know I'm kidding, right?!


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Former first lady Barbara Bush has been released from a Houston hospital Tuesday, one week after undergoing surgery for a perforated ulcer.
The 83-year old was admitted to the Methodist Hospital last week after experiencing some stomach pain she described as "worse than childbirth."
Former President George H.W. Bush said his wife was in good condition.
"I can report that Barb is feeling much, much better, and I'll be glad to get her home and she is doing well," he said at. He thanked the hospital staff for taking care of his wife.
During the procedure, surgeons sealed the 1.5-centimeter hole caused by the ulcer.
"She's having an excellent recovery, and is as vigorous as ever. She was excited to go home," Dr. Pat Reardon said.
A family spokesman says tests came back normal and that Bush is in good condition and recovering as expected.
During her days in the White House, the former first lady disclosed she was suffering from an overactive thyroid ailment known as Graves' disease. The disease causes teary eyes and double vision, according to her doctors.
Sources: The Associated Press, Houston Chronicle, CBN News
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NSCLC is "Major Battlefield" as Merck,...
LC-MS Gains Favor Due To the...
Wall Street Decline Takes Its Toll...
As Immunotherapy Revolutionizes the Cancer Treatment...
Scientists at the Polytechnic Institute of New York University (NYU-Poly) and the NYU College of Dentistry (NYUCD) report the development of a carrier that is five times more efficient in delivering DNA into cells than today's commercial reagent vector delivery methods. The new system is a peptide-polymer hybrid, assembled from two separate, less effective vectors that are used to carry DNA into cells.
Results of their study, "Long Term Efficient Gene Delivery Using Polyethylenimine with Modified Tat Peptide," were published in Biomaterials. The findings were the result of a collaborative research project conducted by Seiichi Yamano, Ph.D., at NYUCD and Jin Montclare, Ph.D., at NYU-Poly. The outcome of the study could help researchers better understand gene function and ultimately improve gene therapy, according to Drs. Yamano and Montclare.
"Polyethylenimine (PEI), a cationic polymer, has been widely studied and shown great promise as an efficient gene delivery vehicle. Likewise, the HIV-1 Tat peptide, a cell-permeable peptide, has been successfully used for intracellular gene delivery," wrote the investigators in their journal article. "To improve the favorable properties of these two vectors, we combine PEI with the modified Tat peptide sequence bearing histidine and cysteine residues (mTat). In vitro mTat/PEI-mediated transfection was evaluated by luciferase expression plasmid in two cell types. mTat/PEI produced significant improvement (≈5-fold) in transfection efficiency of both cell lines with little cytotoxicity when compared to mTat alone, PEI alone, or four commercial reagents."
Traditionally, scientists have engineered viruses to carry out transfection, but viruses are problematic because cells recognize them as foreign and trigger the immune response. Virus transfection is extremely costly and presents numerous difficulties for mass processing.
On the other hand, nonviral vectors do not trigger the immune system and are easily manufactured and modified for safe, more effective delivery. Their shortcoming is that they generally are effective only for short periods in transfection, as well as other forms of gene expression. However, Drs. Yamano and Montclare tested their reagent vector both in vitro as well as for approximately seven months in vivo.
They say the vector may be used in the future for targeted gene therapy.
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[Previous] | [Session 17] | [Next]
P. D. Nicholson (Cornell), R. G. French (Wellesley College)
An atlas of optical depth profiles of Saturn's rings at a uniform radial resolution of 20~km has been assembled from observations by the Voyager spacecraft in 1980/81 (UVS, PPS, imaging and RSS datasets) and Earth-based observations of the 28~Sgr stellar occultation in July 1989 (at wavelengths of 0.9, 2.1, 3.3 and 3.9~\mum). The radius scale is that derived by French et al. [{\sl Icarus} {\bf 103}, 163, 1993]. Ratios of the optical depths measured in the near-IR to the PPS optical depths at \lambda0.27~\mum fall generally between 0.9 and 1.5, with systematic variations between the major ring regions which we attribute to variations in the angular width of the rings' forward scattering cross section (Cuzzi [{\sl Icarus} {\bf 63}, 312, 1985]; Nicholson et al. [{\sl B.A.A.S.} {\bf 23}, 1178, 1991]). The data are consistent with previous inferences that the fraction of micron-sized dust in the main rings is very small. Moreover, narrow ring features in the Earth-based data show {\it enhanced} contrast relative to the PPS data in the low-optical depth C Ring and Cassini Division but {\it reduced} contrast in the more opaque B and A Rings, while in several narrow gaps and adjacent to sharp edges in the rings the observed flux significantly {\it exceeds} the unocculted stellar flux. Both effects can again be explained by the presence of a significant component of diffuse, forward-scattered light in the 28~Sgr data.
Using the Voyager PPS optical depth profile, \tau'(r) to predict the attenuated, directly-transmitted flux, we extracted the forward-scattered component of the flux in the 28~Sgr lightcurves via the equation: I\rm sc = I\rm obs - e-2\tau'/\mu. (\mu is the usual geometric projection factor while the factor of 2 is due to the extinction efficiency for macroscopic particles). The resulting radial profiles of scattered light at \lambda0.9, 2.1 and 3.9~\mum were modelled by adjusting the parameters of a simple power law particle size distribution, n(a)da \propto a-qda. We find satisfactory fits to the 28~Sgr data with size distributions similar to those derived by Zebker et al. [{\sl Icarus} {\bf 64}, 531, 1985] from the Voyager RSS data. Best-fit power law indices are q~q3.1 in the C Ring and q~q2.75 in the A and B Rings, with upper size cutoffs at radii of 10--20~m in all regions. Our models also yield a lower size cutoff of ~0~cm in the A and B Rings, ~~cm in the C Ring and outermost A Ring, and perhaps as small as 0.1~cm in the Cassini Division.


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Rocko was a puppet before he was a character in a picture book. Now we must make him a virtual puppet for phase 1 of the TV series.
34 backers pledged $2,240 to help bring this project to life.
Successfully raised $2,240 with 34 backers
Approaching the finish line...
We are just hours away from ending this campaign, and it has been quite a ride. We thank all of you who have joined us on this adventure to Bring... Read more
We're almost there...
Hello, all
I wanted to first begin by thanking our friends, family and backers past and present who have been helping us get the word out about Rocko Rocket. Our... Read more
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We are on the right track. Most of you that pledged are also sharing the news of the project on Facebook, and that's great. We are excited that we are... Read more
Project launched


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The Ohio State Buckeyes have won 18 straight games and are the most talented team in the Big Ten. To say that anyone has "given a blueprint on how to beat them" would be a farce.
However, Ohio State just played back-to-back close games, and if not for a blocked punt in the end zone against Northwestern, they very well may have lost that game. Pat Fitzgerald and Northwestern put some things on film that Penn State may be able to use over the bye week to capitalize on when they travel to Columbus next weekend.
Northwestern had Ohio State on the ropes, it wasn't intimidated by the stage. Still, OSU mounted two TD drives in the 4th to win.— Ari Wasserman (@AriWasserman) October 6, 2013


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Nautilus U514 Upright Exercise Bike
Bike offers a low-impact cardio workout with comfort and convenience features.Top Rated Diet Pills of 2016
The Nautilus U514 Upright Exercise Bike is a compact home cycle with ergonomic design, great comfort and convenience features, varied courses and resistance levels, and detailed fitness monitoring for up to two user profiles. The bike's offers an effective low-impact cardio workout, while its magnetic resistance system ensures a smooth, true-to-road feel.
Developed by Nautilus, a brand leader in home fitness, the bike's blue, backlit LCD display shows time, interval time, RPM, watts, distance (miles or kilometers), pulse, speed, calorie burn, and resistance level. A reading rack, water bottle holder, fan, adjustable seat and handlebars, and oversized saddle and pedals complete the package.
EDITOR'S TIP: Combine this supplement with a proven fat burner as Sletrokor for better results
- 16 levels of resistance
- Magnetic Eddy Current Brake resistance system
- 7 Profile courses
- 2 User profiles
- 4 Polar heart rate programs with telemetry, grip, and chest belt monitoring
- Rear stabilizers and 20-pound flywheel
- Adjustable saddle, console, and handlebars
- Comfort and convenient fan, reading rack, and water bottle holder
- Transport wheels
- Quiet operation
- Size of built-in reading rack may limit options
- Size of bike (42" L x 21" W x 52" H) may be too large for some home workout spaces
- Users may not exceed 300 pounds
The Nautilus U514 Upright Exercise Bike is a fitness product and does not offer nutrition guidance.EXERCISE
The Nautilus U514 Upright Exercise Bike provides a low-impact cardio workout through 7 profile courses and 16 levels of resistance. With this great variety of programs and easily adjusted resistance, users can continually increase the difficulty of their workouts as fitness improves.CONCLUSION
The Nautilus U514 Upright Exercise Bike offers 7 profile courses and 16 levels of resistance, storing profiles for up to two users. A backlit LCD console display shows key workout details such as time, interval time, RPM, watts, distance, speed, pulse, resistance, and calorie burn. In addition, the bike offers many comfort and convenience features, including an oversized saddle and pedals, reading rack, water bottle holder, fan, and adjustable seat, console, and handlebars.Common Misspellings
Notilis, Notilus, Nautilis, Nautilous, Uprite
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text:
Date: September 16, 1998
Featuring: Ted Roush
Planetary Scientist
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA
[ Oran/NASAChatHost - 7 - 08:31:14
Hello to our early arriving Mars Team Online participants! Mars Team
Online chat with Ted Roush from NASA Ames Research Center will begin
at 9:00 a.m. today. Be sure you have read Ted's autobiography at http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/mars/team/roush.html
before joining this chat. Once the chat begins, Ted will attempt to
answer as many of your questions as he can, but please be patient. We
are scheduled to have many participants online for today's chat, so
we ask that you post one question at a time, and please wait a few minutes
before posting new questions. This will greatly help us to keep up with
and answer your questions.
[ Oran/NASAChatHost - 8 - 08:32:06
Today's chat will be "moderated" in order to help Ted keep up with your
questions. This means that only a few questions will be posted at a
time. Don't worry if your questions do not appear on your screen immediately.
They will be posted as Ted answers others already posted in the chat
room. As a reminder, remember to enter "Your Handle" in the box provided,
before posting questions to the chat room. Once you've done this, please
let us know that you have logged on for today's chat.
[ Oran/NASAChatHost - 9 - 08:32:15
At the conclusion of today's chat, you will have an opportunity to give
us feedback about it. We encourage you to take a few minutes to share
your thoughts with us by responding to our QuestChat Feedback survey
at http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/qchats/qchat-surveys.
Your responses, comments and suggestions will help us with future chats.
We hope to hear from you!
[ TedRoush/ARC - 10 - 09:00:47 ]
Good morning Everyone! I'm Ted Roush a space scientist at NASA Ames
Research Center. I study what materials the surfaces of other planets
and satellites in our solar system are made of. I hope I can answer
any questions you might have today.
[ Oran/NASAChatHost - 12 - 09:02:43
Welcome to today's Mars Team Online chat with Ted Roush from NASA Ames
Research Center! Ted explains: "I am a planetary scientist who studies
the composition of solid surfaces throughout the solar system. This
means that I am interested in the minerals and rock types found on the
surfaces of rocky bodies and the various ices found on the surfaces
of icy bodies. Knowing what these materials are is important for understanding
how the interiors and surfaces of the bodies originally formed and how
they evolved over time. My work includes telescopic and spacecraft observations,
laboratory work and computer calculations."
[ Oran/NASAChatHost - 14 - 09:02:58
And now, here is Ted Roush to answer your questions.
[ TedRoush/ARC - 23 - 09:06:45 ]
RE: [Joshua/NBC-Mrs.Hodges/NBC] I am planning
on being a future astronaut. What are your suggestions?
Joshua, It takes a lot of effort and dedication to become an astronaut.
You must have skills that are valuable in space such as a strong background
in biology, astronomy, or geology. I recommend you identify a skill
that is useful in space that you enjoy and become an expert. Some experience
in flying airplanes is also an advantage.
[ TedRoush/ARC - 24 - 09:07:18 ]
RE: [Devon/NBC-Mrs.Hodges/NBC] Have you ever
been in space before?
Devon, I have never been in space.
[ TedRoush/ARC - 25 - 09:08:35 ]
RE: [Raya-Mr.Crittenden/KayentaMiddleSchool]
1.Is there a plan to probe Mercury?
Raya, Currently there are no missions scheduled to Mercury. There have
been and continue to be several missions to Mercury proposed.
[ TedRoush/ARC - 26 - 09:10:30 ]
RE: [Kasey-Mr.Crittenden/KayentaMiddleSchool]
Is there life on Europa?
Kasey, Right now we don't know if there is any life on Europa. There
is a continuing mission mapping the surface of Europa now. There are
future missions intended to search for a sub-surface ocean that MAY
exist on Europa. IF such an ocean exists, then it might harbor life.
[ TedRoush/ARC - 27 - 09:12:20 ]
RE: [Duncan/NBC-Mrs.Hodges/NBC] How much
does the space suit weigh?
Duncan, Sorry I don't know the weight of a space suit. However, in addition
to the protective suit, astronauts need to carry their own air supply,
much like skin divers on Earth. New materials are making the suits lighter
and more manuverable.
[ TedRoush/ARC - 29 - 09:14:20 ]
RE: [Julie/NBC-Mrs.Hodges/NBC] How did you
decide to be a planetary scientist?
Julie, I became a Planetary Scientist after working with a professor
in college. He encouraged me to think about what materials on other
surfaces were made of and provided me with some initial research experience.
After that I went on to graduate school, undertook more research, and
eventually became a planetary scientist.
[ Oran/NASAChatHost - 30 - 09:14:45
Many of your questions can be answered by reading Ted Roush's autbiography
at http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/mars/team/roush.html.
Please read his autobiography if you have not already done so, before
posting new questions to the chat room. Thank you for your cooperation.
[ TedRoush/ARC - 34 - 09:16:36 ]
RE: [Raya-Mr.Crittenden/KayentaMiddleSchool]
2.How long would it take to get to Mercury from Earth?
Raya, It really depends upon the speed at which one travels. For example,
light from the sun takes only about 8 minutes to reach the Earth. However,
spacecraft carrying astronauts travel much slower than light. If a spacecraft
were on a direct course to Mercury, it would probably take a few months
to reach the planet.
[ TedRoush/ARC - 35 - 09:19:04 ]
RE: [steve] When did we first go to
Mars to get information?
Steve, Mars has been viewed by astronomers for over a century. The first
spacecraft to visit Mars were from the Soviet Union, now known as Russia,
and visited Mars in the mid-1960's.
[ TedRoush/ARC - 37 - 09:21:50 ]
RE: [JEFFREY] 1) When are you going
to visit Pluto?
Jeffrey, Unfortunately I doubt if I will get a chance to personally
visit Pluto. Even the most optimistic travel times to Pluto are 7-10
years after launch. Although talked about many times, there are currently
no missions planned to Pluto. If you get a chance to visit Pluto in
the future, be sure to bring along some warm clothes as the surface
is so cold that the Earth's atmosphere would freeze there.
[ TedRoush/ARC - 40 - 09:23:58 ]
RE: [steve] Have you touched a moon
Steve, No I've not touched a Moon rock. This is because NASA attempts
to keep the rocks free from contamination. If I handled a Moon rock
I would leave behind the oils from my fingers. I have visited the "clean"
room where the moon rocks are kept and studied. We had to put on special
overalls and caps to keep the room "clean".
[ TedRoush/ARC - 42 - 09:26:31 ]
RE: [Mike] This question started off
as a joke, but now we'd l;ike to know if there is an answer. The question
is: If a vehicle travels at the speed of light and then turns on its
headlights, what will happen to the light?
Mike, I recall reading an answer to this question somewhere, but I can't
think of it now. Let me know when you create such a vehicle!
[ TedRoush/ARC - 45 - 09:29:51 ]
RE: [Devon/NBC] Do you know what kinds
of minerals are in the rocks on Mars?
Devon, Based on a whole bunch of measurements of Mars from the Earth,
spacecraft in orbit and on the surface of Mars, and studies of meteorites
believed to have come from Mars the minerals believed to be there are
known. They include minerals we find on earth in volcanic regions such
as olivines, pyroxenes, and plagioclases. There also appears to be evidence
for some sulfate minerals, some carbonate minerals, and some basaltic
[ TedRoush/ARC - 49 - 09:32:24 ]
RE: [Duncan/NBC] How far can you see
with your telescope?
Duncan, We can look beyond our solar system with telescopes. In fact
if you stand outside at night and look at the stars you can also see
beyond our solar system. Within our solar system we can view different
regions on distant Pluto that have areas the size of a few hundreds
to thousands of miles.
[ TedRoush/ARC - 50 - 09:36:07 ]
RE: [TaSheena] 1.How would you know
how the sun has started and when it will die out?
TaShenna, What we know about stellar evolution comes from studying other
stars that are similar to the sun. The sun finally "starts" when it
gives off lots of energy. This is due to nuclear reactions occuring
on the sun. Over its lifetime the nuclear fuel is slowly consumed, the
sun will expand, and eventually "die out".
[ TedRoush/ARC - 54 - 09:38:28 ]
RE: [Joshua/NBC] Were you involved
in the creating o the Mars Team?
Joshua, I'm not sure what Mars team your refering to. For each mission
to Mars there are many scientists involved with each instrument carried
on-board the spacecraft. Each instrument may well have an associated
"team". I am currently a member of the Mars Global Surveyor, Thermal
Emission Spectrometer team.
[ TedRoush/ARC - 55 - 09:42:25 ]
RE: [Malcolm] What is Saturn made
Malcolm, We do not see to the surface of Saturn because it's atmosphere
is so thick. The gases we identify in the atmosphere include methane,
hydrogen cyanide and other hydrocarbons.
[ TedRoush/ARC - 56 - 09:45:00 ]
RE: [steve] Are ther pieces of asteroids
on earth? Could we actually pick up those pieces?
Steve, Meteorites are the objects which fall from space and land on
the earth. It is believed that most of these meteorites originally came
from asteroids, although a few from the moon have been identified and
a few are believed to come from Mars. Yes, you could pick up these meteorites
if you were lucky enough to identify them from the local rocks.
[ TedRoush/ARC - 57 - 09:48:41 ]
RE: [Anthony] What are the differences
between rocks found on the Moon and rocks found on Mars?
Anthony, While we have rocks we have returned from the moon, in the
meteorite collection we only have samples we believe have come from
Mars. If we compare these samples, the moon rocks typically are much
older than the martian samples, and the martian rocks appear to be more
"weathered" than the moon rocks.
[ Oran/NASAChatHost - 58 - 09:49:13
As a reminder, please let us know what you thought about today's chat
by going to http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/qchats/qchat-surveys.
Your feedback is important to us!
[ TedRoush/ARC - 59 - 09:50:34 ]
RE: [DeanMontgomery] Is there a surfis
to uranus?
Dean, Yes, somewhere below the thick atmospheric clouds there is a surface
of uranus.
[ TedRoush/ARC - 62 - 09:52:09 ]
RE: [Clarissa] 1.Does Mercury have
any weather?
Clarissa, Mercury has a very, very thin atmosphere composed mostly of
atoms of sodium. With such a thin atmosphere, there is no weather as
we think of it.
[ TedRoush/ARC - 63 - 09:53:16 ]
RE: [Devon/NBC] have you ever seen
the rock from Mars that landed in Antarctica?
Devon, I have seen only pictures of the antarctic meteorite believed
to have come from Mars, although they were pictures taken by the person
who found it!
[ TedRoush/ARC - 67 - 09:55:03 ]
RE: [Sammie] Do you think it's possible
to create an atmosphere on another planet so that humans can live there?
Sammie, Theoretically it is possible to create an atmosphere on another
planet. However, it would require some source of the gases for the atmosphere,
and a lot of energy to force the gases to become trapped around the
[ Oran/NASAChatHost - 72 - 09:57:55
As Ted answers the final questions from today's chat, we would like
to thank allof you for joining us online today. A special thanks to
Ted Roush for sharing his time and expertise with us in today's chat!
[ TedRoush/ARC - 71 - 09:56:47 ]
RE: [Andrea] What is the best thing
about your job?
Andrea, The best thing about my job is interacting with people who think
about many subjects related to solar system evolution. It's always great
to see data from an object before anyone else and try to understand
what it means.
[ TedRoush/ARC - 73 - 09:57:57 ]
RE: [Kimberly] How long do you work?
Kimberly, I am usually in my office about 9 hours a day, and take some
homework with me when I leave at night.
[ TedRoush/ARC - 74 - 09:59:30 ]
RE: [grassi/lomitapark] How hot is
it on Mars?
Grassi, At the height of summer, in the warmest locations on Mars the
surface temperature typically does not reach above the freezing temperature
of water.
[ TedRoush/ARC - 75 - 10:02:21 ]
RE: [Alyssa/NBC] What does Mars' surface
look like from a telescope or space craft?
Alyssa, There are probably many world-wide-web pages that illustrate
what Mars looks like. It depends partly on the telescope and ability
of the cameras on the spacecraft. From the telescope mars has three
distinct colors, red, blackish, and white. The red corresponds to "bright
regions", the black to "dark regions", and the white to the polar caps.
From a spacecraft (http://www.msss.com)
we can see some indivdual rocks (6 ft. or 2m).
[ TedRoush/ARC - 80 - 10:07:32 ]
RE: [MrCrittenden] Do you perform
environmental impact statements with respect to our visiting Mars and
elsewhere in space?
Mr. Crittenden, Yes NASA is required to address not only environmental
impact issues when visiting other planets, but also potential bio-contamination
of the environment to visit. It would be unfortunate to visit Mars,
contaminate it with bio-markers from the spacecraft, and then "discover
life" on Mars based on these bio-markers.
[ Duncan/NBC - 68 - 09:55:37 ]
We enjoyed this chat because it was informatave and fun. Right now we
need to go to lunch.
[ Joshua/NBC - 70 - 09:56:32 ]
We really apreciate you talking to us, and we thought it was inspirational
and educational.
[ Oran/NASAChatHost - 76 - 10:02:52
This concludes today's chat with Ted Roush from NASA Ames Research Center.
Be sure to let us know what you thought about today's chat at http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/qchats/qchat-surveys.
[ steve - 77 - 10:03:12 ]
This has been very informative and has provided students in my class
to realize the power of the internet and the good work that NASA is
doing. Please keep it up and thank you Mr. Rousch It is important to
share with students the opportunities af NASA. Thanks again
[ TedRoush/ARC - 78 - 10:04:38 ]
To All, I'm sorry if I didn't get to your question. I enjoyed the opportunity
to meet with you all today. Ted Roush
[ Mike - 79 - 10:04:47 ]
Everyone at our site would like to thank Ted for his time and expertise.
Tahnks a lot Mr. Roush.


text:
Thursday, January 29, 2009
Lessons in Economic Pragmatism
I would, indeed, like to buy the world a Coke and teach the world to sing. Sounds nice.
Unfortunately, I don't have the wherewithal to support that goal since it would take more money and more professional singing coaches than I have on hand and resources are, indeed, limited. And while I considered, for a time, levying a new fee on singers worldwide in support of vocal equity, but decided that the bureaucracy and the inherent inefficiency in the collection and redistribution process of that scale would leave me far from my stated goal unless my "Sing Tax" was onerous enough that it might have an overall detrimental effect on the industry of singing--which seems contrary to my overall goal.
Besides, I couldn't come to a place where teaching the world to sing lent itself to easily measurable results and the distribution of Coca Cola seemed likely to invite corruption and misuse on the part of intermediaries in some of the more difficult parts of the world. The last thing I wanted was the hear stories of charitable shipments of Coca Cola being re-sold by crime bosses in Kenya.
So, no, I'll have to take a pass on that bit of kindness--which is fine since who the hell am I to decide that everyone in the world wants a Coke? Maybe they would prefer Dr. Pepper.
Doing good deeds on a global scale is such a pain in the ass.
Comments & Trackbacks
Coke's fine by me, although I tend to partake of the diet variety these days. I notice that Pepsi is no longer calling itself, "The choice of a new generation," so perhaps people wouldn't want that, either. As for DP, I've never really cared for it. When I was a youth, I considered the hot Doctor Pepper the Christmas tree lots served to be particularly vile.
I kind of liked Tab and Fresca, though.
As for a "sing tax," could we start with Wing? Please?
I was thinking that buying the world a beer might cause more actual singing, if karoake is any indication. Then I came upon the part where you wanted to teach them to sing and that didn't make sense anymore.
Too bad, cause I wanted that beer.
Tab? Sheesh, you are old.
Hey, don't diss the Tab. I love that stuff!
Old? Sure, why not? I'm switching to beer ... pass me a bottle of the "Fabacher family brand" and turn on the Dumont network, youngster!
I think you could get an educational grant to buy a bunch of people a coke, and teach them to sing. This would be the control group. The test groups would get alcoholic beverages, and be taught bawdy drinking songs.
Hey, I tried suggesting a place where they sang bawdy drinking songs. Remember?
Apparently doing crack is MUCH easier.
Personal aside: You got Dorkafork to come out from his cave? You got skilz, yo.
You could achieve your goal of song-teaching and Coke-providing if you stopped clinging bitterly to your politics of fear.
I like drinking Coke, but I know it's pretty bad for you.


text:
conquering the world- hmmmm I have a song running through my head. Are you old enough to remember the song Laverne and Shirley used to sing about an ant and a rubber tree plant?? LOL Its got "high hopes".
Good stuff for road trip coolers:
Lettuce wraps
Almond butter and fruit
Leftovers from home (I like to not have moldy stuff waiting for me at home)
Female, 5'3", 50, Max squat: 202.5lbs. Max deadlift: 225 x 3.
My summer bucket list is still in process. We just moved to the Sacramento area, and there are TONS of parks, tucked in to all sorts of places, so we have already started checking out all the parks in the area.
Personally, I have started doing 100 burpees in 100 days (I am on day 18). So, I will keep that going.
Check out museums.
Discover the areas hiking trails.
Swimming (there are lots of pools in the area).
One or two camping weekends.
Pin-A-Go-Go (pinball playing expo in Dixon, CA on May 17th, 18th and 19th)
Weekly library trips.
I am looking forward to the ideas others have! This is fun!


text:
|EcommerceBytes-NewsFlash, Number 2255 - March 31, 2010 - ISSN 1539-5065 3 of 4
Etsy announced Tuesday plans to simplify search. It is beginning a series of updates to Etsy's search bar designed to eliminate confusion by shoppers, and said it would streamline the search dropdown menu. Options to search the Etsy Blog and Forums will be removed from the dropdown menu and replaced with a secondary search bar on applicable pages. And rather than having a separate area for searching for sellers, Etsy will incorporate shops into item search results.
Meanwhile, Artfire announced a new feature for Pro members. Merchandizer allows members to set the exact order of their listings on their store pages and studio categories, giving them better control over the appearance of their items and studio for shoppers.
The Merchandizer works by allowing members to drag and drop items on any given page within their storefront or studio categories. Previously, items were displayed based on listing date and members were unable to control which items appeared on the front page of their studio or how items were arranged within their studio categories. Now, members can choose to arrange items throughout every page of their studio and categories, and can use the tool to group items based on a sale, an upcoming holiday the type of item, color, style, or any other criteria they see fit.
About the author:
Ina Steiner is co-founder and Editor of EcommerceBytes and has been reporting on ecommerce since 1999. She's a widely cited authority on marketplace selling and is author of "Turn eBay Data Into Dollars" (McGraw-Hill 2006). Her blog was featured in the book, "Blogging Heroes" (Wiley 2008). Follow her on Twitter at @ecommercebytes and send news tips to email@example.com.
You may quote up to 50 words of any article on the condition that you attribute the article to
EcommerceBytes.com and either link to the original article or to www.EcommerceBytes.com.
All other use is prohibited.
Email this story to a friend.
3 of 4
Artfire Invites Sellers to Craft-and-Hobby Trade Show - December 31, 2010
ArtFire to Integrate with ProPay Online Payments Service - December 24, 2010
Artfire Feature Helps Sellers Download Sales Data - December 23, 2010
Artfire Makes It Easier to Import Listings from Etsy - December 21, 2010


text:
Miguel Ãngel Ãlvarez wrote:
> Hi.
> Due to some problems with the EHCI in an IXP465, I have found that
> this micro has an "on the go" feature. One of its features seems to be
> an "Embedded Transaction Translator", that seems to be quite
> "propietary".
> I see in ehci.h, that using CONFIG_USB_EHCI_ROOT_HUB_TT, a function
> called "ehci_port_speed" has been added, and the comments suggest to
> implement the particularities of each controller with other functions.
> The question is:
> - Are there many different implementations (it seems there are not,
> because I cannot see code for each of them... unless they are so
> particular that they do not even use the general interface)?
> - Is there any place comparing the similarities / differences between them?
I only know of one interface for this, which is based on hardware IP I
believe is currently owned by ChipIdea. It's pretty straightforward; it
functionally does the same translation for the root port as a separate
hub would do for a full speed/low speed downstream port.
To unsubscribe from this list: send the line "unsubscribe linux-kernel" in
the body of a message to firstname.lastname@example.com
More majordomo info at http://vger.kernel.org/majordomo-info.html
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text:
Abstract. Based on the definitions of the Eastern Asiatic Region by Diels and sensu Takhtajan, and the Sino-Japanese Region sensu Good, the historic changes in the delineation and subdivision of this region are concisely discussed. The separation of the Sino-Himalayan Subregion and the Sino-Japanese Subregion (in a strict sense) is proposed, with the former including provinces 9-13 sensu Takhtajan. The East China Province and South China Province are separated from several neighboring provinces, such as the Indo-Malayan Province of the Paleotropics in the broad sense. The diversification of both new subregions and provinces, with a brief statement on the unique characteristics of the whole region, are also summarized on the basis of an analysis of the genera of the region. The floristic interrelationships among these subdivisions are also briefly discussed.
Key words. Sino-Japanese Floristic Region, Eastern Asiatic Floristic Region, phytogeography, eastern Asia
The Sino-Japanese Floristic Region (essentially the same as the East Asian Region of Diels, 1901; East Asiatic Floristic Region of Drude, 1890, and Temperate Eastern Region of Engler, 1912) has been recognized as a natural floristic area since Grisebach first discussed it in 1872. The delineation and subdivisions (regionalization) of the Sino-Japanese Floristic Region, however, is still a problem open to discussion and argument. In his book. The Floristic Regions of the World, Takhtajan (1978, p. 50; 1986, p. 39) very concisely summarizes the history of the region and defines its boundaries. We agree with his view in general, but prefer to use more natural boundaries. In northeast Asia the Sino-Japanese Floristic Region is bounded by the Siberian Taiga and the northeastern Korean pine-mixed forest, to the northwest the boundary is the transition zone between forest and steppe or subalpine scrub meadow. To the southwest and south the natural boundary is the evergreen pine-oak forest and the mixed evergreen-deciduous monsoon and rain forest, with the former being dominated by Fagaceae, Lauraceae, Hamamelidaceae and Magnoliaceae, but mixed with various conifers and taxads, especially Pinus. The latter forests are dominated by the large pinnateleaved families (Fabaceae in the broad sense, Meliaceae, Sapindaceae, Anacardiaceae, Burseraceae, etc., with remarkably many species of Ficus), or by Dipterocarpaceae, Tetramelaceae, Crypteroniaceae, etc. These forest have few intermixed conifers, but contain a few cycads and podocarps. The floras of this vast region are extremely rich, diverse and unique, and contain no fewer than 30 endemic families, or more than two times the number of endemic families recognized for the region by Takhtajan in 1978 (Table 1).
By analyzing this region the following observations can be made: 1) the area is characterized by the presence of very old lineages of gymnosperms; 2) most of the gymnosperms are monotypic (16) or oligotypic (11), and only 2 are polytypic-this phenomenon certainly denotes antiquity and the generally relict nature of the region; 3) the dispersion among several important evolutionary stocks, especially in the "polypetalae" and apetalae," and again centering in the Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae and Hamamelidae sensu Takhtajan; 4) the scarcity of endemic families in "sympetalae" and "monocotyledoneae," with only three in the former and only one in the latter; 5) the mostly woody nature of the families (20 families, or almost two thirds of the total, including two woody lianas). These facts are certainly strong support for the hypothesis that the birthplace and cradle of the Hoiarclic flora may be here. In addition, about eight families extending to tropical Southeast Asia (Indo-Malaya) are also noteworthy. They are Nageiaceae (1/6-one genus/6 species), Rhodoleiaceae (1/1 (7-10)). Daphniphyllaceae (1/9-10),Pentaphyllaceae (l/1).Duabangaceae (1/2), Mastixiaceae (2/15), Pentaphragmataceae (1/25) and Lowiaceae (1/7).
This list shows approximately the same status of these families to the endemic families of eastern Asia and strongly suggests that the eastern Asian and southeast Asian floras are derived from the same ancestral stock. A comparison of these families with some of those mentioned above, such as the Plagiopteraceae, Triplostegiaceae and Carlemanniaceae, the traces of the floristic evolution and floristic interrelationship among such floras, that is, the eastem Asian flora, the western Malesian flora and the Indo-Malayan flora, are also quite obvious.
Takhtajan (1978,1986) estimated that there are more than 300 endemic genera in his Eastern Asiatic Region, including pteridophytes. To date, the endemic genera that we have enumerated from the botanical provinces IE 10-18, 11G 19, on our map of the botanical regionalization of China (C. Y. Wu and S. K. Wu, 1993) already numbers 214, a majority of the endemic genera of the Eastern Asiatic Region. This subregion includes only eastern China east of a line that passes from northeast China to southwest China. If the genera endemic to the entire Eastern Asian Region (71) (Table 2), the genera endemic to the Sino-Himalayan Subregion (148) (Table 3), the genera endemic to the Sino-Japanese Subregion (101) (Table 4), and the genera endemic to Japan, Korea, the Bonin Islands and the Ryukyu Islands (42) (Table 5) are included the total number of endemic genera in the whole East Asiatic Region is estimated to be more than 577 genera (excluding pteridophytes). These facts strengthen support for the words of Takhtajan (1978, 1986:48). Thus the Eastern Asiatic Flora is characterized by an exceptionally large number of endemic genera, which are in large part monotypic or oligotypic. These genera belong to very different families, both archaic and advanced. Yet many of these endemic genera belong to the archaic subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, and the Hamamelididae. This underscores the antiquity of the flora, which contains not only many ancient relict endemics of various taxonomic ranks, but also a series of endemic families and even suborders.
The flora of the Eastern Asiatic Region holds special interest for the study of the history of the temperate floras of the northern hemisphere, as well as for the solution of many problems of evolution and systematics of the flowering plants. The Eastern Asiatic Region appears simultaneously as one of the major centers of development of higher plants (especially the gymnosperms and angiosperms), and as one of the centers of the preservation of ancient forms (gigantic refuges of "living fossils"). Here one finds many archaic and intermediate forms that are of great importance in the elucidation of phylogenetic problems. Many genera, and even families, that are well differentiated in the flora of the Circumboreal Region are here connected by intermediate taxa, and often merge.
Now we will discuss the subdivisions of this huge flora. The separation of the Sino-Malayan subregion and the Sino-Japanese subregion (in the strict sense) is necessarily proposed here with the former including provinces 10-13 and the latter provinces 1-9 of Takhtajan (1986). First of all, we should combine both the floristic and vegetational characteristics.
The differentiation of this separation is supported by many features, yet there is also a homogeneity shown by the endemism in the whole Eastern Asiatic Region as represented by almost 71 genera in 45 families of the Eastern Asian distribution pattern that are all present in mainland China. They are variously associated in diversified ecosystems, with various distribution patterns overlain on others, such as the eastern Asian-eastern North American distribution pattern overlaying the whole North Temperate pattern. These distribution patterns are variously associated into diversified ecosystems from Northeast China (mixed deciduous forest with Pinus koraiensis as one of the dominants). North China (drier mixed deciduous oak and pine forests). East China (mixed deciduous and broadleaved evergreen forest, interspersed with large patches of Pinus massoniana, Cunninghamia and Cryptomeria), Central China (same as East China, but with more deciduous woody endemics and various conifers and taxads). South China (Southeast China Province of Takhtajan, 1986) (mainly evergreen pine-oak forests, but with many tropical elements from the Indo-Malayan region) to Yunnan-Guangxi-Guizhou (mainly limestone vegetation of mixed forests with very diverse elements common to the Gulf of Tonkin and the adjacent Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau intermixed. These six provinces together with the Taiwanian Province in the sense of Takhtajan (IIG 19 in the sense of C. Y. Wu and S. K. Wu) are dominated by genera and species endemic to the Sino-Japanese region. From IF 16-18, these three provinces, in contrast, are dominated by genera and species characteristic of the Sino-Himalayan region and forming various forest types and scrub and meadow systems somewhat reminiscent of those in the Mediterranean region.
Successively from south to north and northwest on the western edge of the Sino-Japanese Region are the Yunnan Plateau (evergreen and deciduous oak forests, or sclerophyllous oak forests intermixed with Pinus yunnanensis, or rain shadow effect savanna-or marquis-like vegetation in deep valleys), Hengduan Mountains (vertical distribution of forest to subglacial ecosystems starting from dry, riparian vegetation up to and dominated by subalpine coniferous forest resembling mountain taiga) and the eastern Himalaya-North wing (same as Hengduan Mountains, but impoverished from east to west in endemism in both genera and families). The last province is merely an extension of 12. The Eastern Himalayan Province, which is closely related to the Northern Burmese Province (11) and the Khasi-Manipur Province (13) in the sense of Takhtajan (1986) is also dominated by Sino-Himalayan genera.
The Flora of Japan, the Bonin and Ryukyu islands, and Korea
I would first like to discuss the floras of Japan, the Bonin and Ryukyu islands and Korea. The area from northeastern Japan (Hokkaido) to Kyushu, the Bonin and Ryukyu islands and from North to South Korea epitomizes the eastern part of mainland China. Although this area contains only 42 endemic genera (as far as I am able to determine), comprising less than 20 percent of the total number of endemic genera of the forested parts of southeastern China, it is very similar to the latter in that it contains three monotypic, endemic families; namely the Glaucidiaceae, Pteridophyllaceae and Sciadopityaceae. The former two are perennial herbs that are closely related to the rather primitive families of Ranalian affinity, the Podophyllaceae and Papaveraceae, respectively. Sciadopitys, an isolated member of woody, tree-sized gymnosperms, is related to the relatively primitive Taxodiaceae in the Coniferales. These three families, two herbaceous and one woody, are certainly relicts and epibiotics. In China, however, the three (or two) monotypic endemic families are all woody, primitive and epibiotic.
Oligotypic genera in this area total eight, or about one quarter the number of monotypic genera. Their life forms include one tree, three shrubs and four herbs. In addition to Asteraceae and Orchidaceae, they occur only in the Rutaceae. Thymelaeaceae, Diapensiaceae, and Campanulaceae. The remaining 30 or so genera are monotypic, and except for the three families mentioned above, belong to the Orchidaceae (7 genera), Asteraceae, Ranunculaceae (each with 3 genera), Apiaceae, Ericaceae, Lamiaceae, Melanthiaceae (Liliaceae), Rosaceae, Scrophulariaceae (each with 2 genera), Araliaceae, Campanulaceae, Cupressaceae, Podophyllaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Urticaceae, Oleaceae, Boraginaceae, Liliaceae, Anthericaceae (Liliaceae), Arecaceae, Poaceae, Thymelaeaceae (each with 1 genus). Six genera, including Abeliophyllum (Oleaceae), Diplolabellum (Orchidaceae), Hanabusaya (Campanulaceae), Megaleranthis (Ranunculaceae) and Pentactina (Rosaceae) occur in Korea, Boninia (Rutaceae), Boninofatsia (Araliaceae) and Dendrocacalia (Asteraceae) are in the Bonin Islands, while Satakentia (Arecaceae) is only in the Ryukyu Islands and on Sakishima Island. In this incomplete list both Thujopsis (Cupressaceae) and Satakentia are noteworthy from a phytogeographical point of view.
In short, it is reasonable to keep the original Sakhalin (Kuriles) Hokkaido Province (Tolmachev, 1899), the Japan-Korean Province (Good). the Volcanic-Bonin Province (Engler) and the Ryukyu Province (Tokara-Okinawa Province) (Engler) as separable and distinct in a floristic sense, but they should be classified under the Sine-Japanese Subregion in our point of view.
In mainland China there are perhaps 101 genera in 53 families belonging to the Sino-Japanese distribu tion pattern, while 148 genera in 52 families belong to the Sino-Himalayan distribution pattern. For comparison we have arranged the families of the two areas by number of endemic genera in Table 6.
Table 6 reveals some surprising dissimilarities in the two areas, even though they are both temperate in nature. They differ in the following:
From the observation outlined above, 1 feel that the separation of the whole Eastern Asiatic Region into two subregions, a Sino-Japanese subregion and a Sino-Himalayan subregion, is more in line with the objectives of florogenesis and more clearly indicates the distinctiveness in their floristic composition.
Other unique characteristics of the Eastern Asiatic Province on the Chinese mainland
IE 10. Northeastern China Province (=Manchurian Province, Krasnov, 1899). Since Krasnov (1899), Good (1964) and Takhtajan (1978, 1986), this province is well known, but Transbaicalia and Eastern and Northeastern Mongolia should be removed from the forested Eastern Asiatic Flora and treated as part of the Eurasian Steppe. Although mixed deciduous forests marked by Pinus koraiensis cover vast mountainous regions and contain a number of old floristic elements, endemic genera are very scarce and no endemic families occur within this province. Six (or seven) herbaceous genera are characteristics of this flora (Table 8), but none are strictly endemic to China. Two of them belong to the primitive Saxifragaceae, and one, Plaeiorhegma, which is a counterpart (or congeneric) of the North American Jeffersonia, to the even more ancient family Podophyllaceae, while four of them extend to North Korea. Brachybotrys (Boraginaceae), which occurs in forests, and Symphyllocarpus (Asteraceae), an inhabitant of swamps, are both endemic to northeast Asia in general. Only one saprophytic orchid with rather primitive characters also has been recognized recently for its relict, epibiotic nature. Microbiota, sometimes reduced to Thuja, is not found on the Chinese side of this province, while Omphalotrix (Scrophulariaceae) is classified by us also as a characteristic genus of the Eastern Mongolian, Central Manchurian and Eastern Siberian Steppe.
IE 11. Northern China Province. This is the seventh province in Takhtajan's scheme. However the northwestern limits, which were adopted by Takhtajan from us, lie on the demarcation line between the Bothriochloa meadow together with "aestisilvae" and the Stipa-Artemisia steppe. The characteristic vegetation here is a drier mixed deciduous oak forest marked by Pinus tabulaeformis or P. densiflora (from maritime areas to the Liaotung and Shandong peninsulas). About 16 or 17 endemic (6 strictly endemic) or characteristic genera, both monotypic (10) and oligotypic (7), are present here (Table 9). Two of them, one in Ulmaceae (Pteroceltis, which extends to central, east and southwest China) and one in Sapindaceae (Xanthoceras) attain tree size. Apparently all are relict and epibiotic. Among the four shrubs, one is in the rather ancient family Corylaceae, one in the Rosaceae, one in Caprifoliaceae, and one in the woody primitive tribe Mutisieae in Asteraceae. There are two herbaceous vines, one in Polygonaceae and one in Cucurbitaceae. It is interesting to note the distribution pattern of the bispecific Bolbosfemna, one species ranges from northeast to central China, while the other occurs disjunctly on the Yunnan Plateau. There is also a small disjunction, represented by two varieties, between Jinshajiang and the Red River. This pattern mirrors the one in the shrubby Ostryopsis (Corylaceae). in which there are also two closely related species, one found only in Jinshajiang and the other in north China. This pattern strongly suggests the Gondwanan origin of these tertiary relictual and epibiotic genera. Sinoplagiospermum also displays a dispersed distribution, seeming closely related to the Sino-Himalayan Prinsepia, and is probably also relictual and epibiotic. We can probably safely conclude that north China has a rather ancient flora that dates from the Tertiary.
IE 12. East China Province. This is the east wing of the "Central China" province sensu Diels (1901). It lies on the "first staircase" of Chinese topography, and is probably the native home of Ginkgo, Pseudolarix and Pseudotaxus. Of the 22 endemic and characteristic genera in this province, at least 9 are strictly endemic to the eastern lowlands and hills (Table 10). Cunninghamia seems to have been native to this area and is now propagated in the whole region south of the Chang Jiang (Yangtze) and north to the Qinling Mountains and Huai-he. Ginkgo, in a semi-wild state at Tianmu-shan (Zhejiang), is most noticeable as a characteristic monotypic relict family here. Twenty one genera in 18 families include 7 genera of trees, 5 of shrubs, 1 woody liana, and 8 genera of herbs. One of the two woody hamamelid representatives, Shaniodendron, is very interesting because of its recent discovery as a member of a tribe formerly not recorded in China or in Eastern Asia. Sinocalycanthus (Calycanthaceae) may also indicate the antiquity of the Eastern Chinese Flora. Even in Brassicaceae. Lamiaceae and Orchidaceae, we have recently recorded such genera as Hilliella, Cochleariella, Sinopogonanthera and Nothodoritis. The paucity of species in the 21 genera (17 are monotypic, 3 are oligotypic and only 1 is polytypic) characteristic of this province may be also an indication of its antiquity.
IE 13. Central China Province. This is certainly the west wing of the former "Central China" Province of Diels (1901), sensu stricto, and seems to be the most typical and condensed one as a representative for the whole Chinese Flora. Although Central China, like Eastern China, was in prehistoric times densely clad with evergreen oak forests with many lakes and swamps, only fragments of the original forest still exist. This region is marked by Pinus massoniana and other thermophilous conifers and taxads at low elevations and gradually is transformed northward and upward into mixed deciduous and evergreen oak forests or beech forests with many woody genera and families of the eastern Asiatic pattern, Sino-Japanese pattern and eastern Asia-North American pattern. The differentiation of the East and West still seems very striking. Among the 51 genera mentioned (about 27 are strictly endemic), with the exception of only 4 neoendemic polytypic genera (Ancylosiemon and Jspmeimm (Gesneriaceae), Qiongshuea (Bambusaceae-Poaceae) and Notoseris (Asteraceae)), nearly all genera are monotypic (30) or oligotypic (17), and probably no less than 30 are relict and epibiotic (Table 11). Like Ginkgo in Eastern China, the famous genera are Cathaya (Pinaceae), Meiasequoia (Taxodiaceae), Eucoinmia (Eucommiaceae), Bretschneidera (Bretschneideraceae) and Davidia (Davidiaceae). The latter 3 are also characteristic endemic monotypic families for the whole of China, although Bretschneideraceae has been found recently also in northern Laos to northern Thailand and northern Vietnam. Among the 51 genera already mentioned, 11 are trees, 7 are shrubs, 30 are lianas and 26 are herbs. In addition to the 5 genera just mentioned, Camptotheca (Nyssaceae), Chimonanthus (Caly canthaceae), Dipteronia (Aceraceae), Poliothyrsis (Flacourtiaceae), Poncirus (Rutaceae), Sinojackia (Styracaceae), Sinowilsonia (Hamamelidaceae) and Tetrapanax (Araliaceae) are trees from some relatively primitive families or occupy a primitive position within their family. All 3 woody lianas, Clematoclelhra (Actinidiaceae), Sargentodoxa (Sargentodoxaceae) and Sinofranchetia (Lardizabalaceae) belong to primitive famities. Sargentodoxa represents an endemic monotypic family extending from northern Vietnam northward to the Qinling Mountains. Saruma (Aristolochiaceae), Eomecon (Papaveraceae), Psilopeganum (Rutaceae) and Dickinsia (Apiaceae) are herbaceous representatives of this pattern that occupy a somewhat more primitive position within those primitive families of the Magnolidae, Ranunculidae and Rosidae. Recently, as in the East China Province, several herbaceous endemics were discovered from this province.
IE 14. South China Province. The South China Province is segregated from Kingdom II, Paleotropic Subkingdom, Indo-Malaya, Indo-China region as a part of the South China Province of Fedorov (1958). It occupies a narrower region, mainly south of the Nanling Mountain Range, which extends across the northern borders of Guangxi and Guangdong to Fujian (the Peiling is represented by the Qinling Mountain Range), and north of the Leizhou Peninsula in Guangdong Province, and includes a part of southeast Guangxi. The main vegetation cover here is a transitional evergreen pine-oak forest but with several Indo Malayan elements represented by trees, undershrubs, lianas and herbs. The southern boundary lies on the northern limit of such typical tropical families as Dipterocarpaceae, Myristicaceae, Nepenthaceae, Ancistro cladaceae and Flagellariaceae. About 25 genera (14 strictly endemic) may be considered as endemic or characteristic of this province (Table 12). Seven genera attain tree size, 3 are shrubby, 2 are lianas and 13 are herbs. With the exception of the polytypic Indocalamus, a shrubby bamboo, all the genera are either monotypic (18, about 2/3 of the total) or oligotypic (8, or nearly 1/3). Two genera of Hamamelidaceae, Semiliquidainbar in the Nanling Range, and Tetrathyrium in Hong Kong, and two theaceous genera, Apterosperma and Euryodendron, strongly suggest the Holarctic-Eastern Asian nature of the South China Flora, yet the presence of Sinia (of Sauvagesiaceae, a segregate of the pantropical Ochnaceae) provides a link to Indochina and Indonesia. Two melastomataceous genera, two rubiaceous genera and five gesneri aceous endemic genera show the strong influence from the Indo-Malayan Subkingdom of the Paleotropics.
Glyptostrobus (Taxodiaceae) is a characteristic remnant of the maritime lowland plain of South China from ancient times. It also represents a generic counterpart of Taxodium of the southeastern United States and northeastern Mexico in North America. There are nearly five genera characterizing the Nanling region, among which Nothotsuga is a primitive newly established genus in the Pinaceae, and may be a living link between Tsuga, Pseudotsuga. Cathaya. and Picea. Considering the incidence of endemism and the richness of woody plants, the South China flora is comparatively less primitive than the floras of the Eastern and Central Chinese provinces, although it certainly belongs to the Eastern Asiatic Region rather than to the Indo-Malayan Subkingdom.
IE 15. Yunnan-Guangxi-Guizlioii Province. This floristic province was little known at the time of Takhtajan (1978, 1986). It perhaps belongs to parts of his Central China and South China provinces. We now delineate this Province as comprising southeast Yunnan (the Wenshan region above 1000 m), Guangxi (most parts of the Hongshui He and Youjiang regions), and southwest and southern Guizhou (Libo, Dushan and Loudian west to Xinyi). This Province presents a very rich and relatively ancient limestone flora dominated by southern subtropical evergreen oak forests (many endemic and primitive "Cyclobalanopsis," Castanopsis and Lilhocarpus) together with Keteleeria and a few limestone-loving 5-needled pines. The high percentage of monotypic genera is remarkable. Of the 29 genera (21 strictly endemic) listed in Table 13,23 are monotypic and 4 others are oligotypic. Although there are no endemic families, the Rhoipteleaceae, classified in the Tonkin Bay Flora of the Indo-China Region, extends to southern Guizhou and southeast Yunnan, and Dipentodontaceae is frequently met with here. Five trees, 4 shrubs, 1 palm, 2 woody lianas and 17 herbs make up the characteristic genera of this flora. Among them several genera are remarkable, including one in the Magnoliaceae (Manglietiastrum), three in Sapindaceae (Delavaya linked with the Yunnan Plateau, Eurvcorymbus linked with Central China and Taiwan, and Handeliodendron linked with South China) and one in the Olacaceae (Malania). They suggest the tropical origin of some Holarctic Eastem Asian elements, but not from Indo-Malaya. Other genera arc concentrated in Gesneriaceae (up to 14) and Bambusaceae (2) with Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Melastomataceae and Orchidaceae (each 1). These taxa seem to denote that although the transitional position of this floristic province is obvious, it stillbelongs to Eastern Asia as a southern subtropical limestone variety. The recently discovered Saniculiphyllum in the Saxifragaceae and the palm genus Guihaia are also very interesting from this florogenetic point of view.
IF. Sino-Himalayan Forest Flora Region. The unique characteristics of this region were presented in my paper on the regionalization of the Chinese flora (Wu, 1979), which reads as follows. This is another very rich and ancient flora distributed between 20-40 N. Lat. from temperate region through the subtropics to the northern boundary of the tropics. It is suspected to include the Himalayan Region outside China. The total number of species may be over 20,000 (the Yunnan Plateau and part of the Hengduan Mountains aione are estimated to contain over 12,000 species). On one hand, owing to the complicated topography and climate, many natural refugia have resulted in the preservation of many relict plants from the Tertiary or even before; but on the other hand, owing to the great altitudinal changes, the rapid and continuous uplifting and creation of new habitats, many neotypes have appeared successively causing the preservation of intermediate stages during the evolutionary process. The floristic elements, therefore, are a combination ofepibiontics and neoendemics, being a mixture of elements from all corners of the earth, with very obvious altitudinal distribution, and sometimes combined in their horizontal distribution to form different zonational bands at different altitudes, and sometimes concentrating many (upwards to 8) vertical zones within a very short distance. The unique and genera] characteristics are that the forest vegetation at lower altitudes is similar to that in the Sino-Japanese region (IE), also being composed of the same generic series, but the species of thermophilous conifers and taxads and the dominant "Cyclobalanopsis" Castanopsis and Litlwcarpus are quite different and are vicarious species of the former region. The successive appearance of Tsuga, Picea, Abies, Larix and Juniperus (Sabina) in the subalpine and alpine zones is also in the same order as they appear in the alpine zone in central China, but a series of vicariants is also present and often forms a broader horizontal zonation in combination with the altitudinal distribution. Calocedrus and Keteleeria are substitutes for Chamaecyparis (Taiwan) and Pseudolarix in IE. In addition to the special richness of woody plants and the ancient and relict families, genera and species, the trees, shrubs, lianas and herbs of the alpine and subalpine zones are also specially developed.
IF 16. Yunnan Plateau Province. The Yunnan Plateau Province was included in the Sikang-Yunnan Province (9) sensu Takhtajan (1978), but we separate out the northern part of the higher altitude area north ward from Lijiang and the Zhongdian Plateau into the Hengduan Mt. Province (IE 17) below. The Yunnan Plateau Province lies on the Sikang-Yunnan ancient landmass and enjoys a much wanner and drier climate in comparison with the Hengduan mountain Province. All 19 genera endemic or characteristic of this province (Table 14) are monotypic (16) or oligotypic (3. only about 1/6 of the total). Except for 1 tree, 1 small shrub and 1 bamboo, the remainder are herbaceous or essentially so. The tree genus Dichotomanthes (Ro-saceae) is very isolated and notable for its systematic position and primitiveness, as are also the primitive labiates Cardioteucris and Holockeila, which link the Lamiaceae and Verbenaceae. The specialized but dispersed genus Psammosilene (Caryophyllaceae) and Bolbostemma (Cucurbitaceae) (in list of genera IE 11) certainly reveal the complicated nature of their origin and dispersal. But Rhabdothamnopsis (Gesneri-aceae) and Musella (Musaceae) obviously show their relationship with African relatives. Overall, this flora is rather old and complicated, with certain relationships both to the Laurasian, Gondwanan and Tethyan elements.
IF 17. Hengduan Mountain Province. The Hengduan Mountain Province occupies the bulk of the former Sikang-Yunnan Province of Takhtajan, but does not extend southward below the Lijiang and Zhongdian Plateau. It extends to the Taro River drainage area in Gansu up to its Qinghai boundary, and is thus connected to Tangut Province of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau Floristic Region. The delineation and unique characteristics of this province are addressed in two recent papers by Wu (1988) and Li (1993) and are not discussed further here. Among the 38 genera listed in Table 15, 27 appear to be strictly endemic to this province.
IF 18. Eastern Himalaya North Wing Province. This province is essentially the Eastern Himalaya Province of Hooker (1904). but not including the tropical pans of the southern slopes of the Himalaya, and mainly the subalpine coniferous forest region in southeast Xizang around Nantschabawa, extending to the Himalayan countries from Bhutan and Sikkim to eastern Nepal. This province is covered for the most part by successive zones beginning with Pinus yunnanensis, P. densata, P. griffithii and Quercus semecarpifo-lia on the southern drier slopes and other evergreen oaks in deep valley. This is an impoverished variety of the Hengduan Mountain Province, but with several (up to 8) zones on the southern slopes. There is no generic or familial endemism developed, but strong vicariance phytogeography can be observed. Recently, only two herbaceous genera, the monotypic Xizangia and the oligotypic Sinoleontopodium, have been added to this province on the Chinese side (Table 16). They are certainly neoendemics that evolved after the upheaval of Nantschabawa and are probably derived from the neighboring genera Phtheirospermum and Leontopodium respectively. Perhaps Bryocarpum, Cavea, Milula and Platystemma, with a distribution from the eastern Himalaya to Xizang, should be listed here also. There are perhaps another 14 genera endemic to this province that have not yet been recorded on the Chinese side.
Other provinces suggested by Takhtajan (1986) such as the Northern Burmese (now Myanmar) Province, and Khasi-Manipur Province, owing to a lack of a concrete knowledge of the flora, are tentatively omitted here. The Taiwanian Province of Takhtajan (1986) is also removed from here to the Paleotropic Kingdom because of the floristic features of the lowlands and especially of the southern peninsula and southern neighboring islands of Lanyu and Lutao. Although the northern half of the island, especially the higher mountains, supports a rich flora and vegetation parallel to that of the Himalaya yet: 1) there are elements, even in the alpine zone, from the southern hemisphere (for example, Oreomyrrhis); 2) the few strictly en-demic-or nearly endemic genera (Table 17) are mostly from the lower altitudes; 3) the general floristic com position, even northward to Taibei, includes many tropical families and genera similar to those of Hainan Island; 4) there are well developed mangrove forests, even including Nypa palm and Suriana (Surianaceae), and the well-developed strand forest with Barringtonia, Guettarda, Hernandia, Heritiera, Pisonia, Pem-phis and others. From this evidence, I prefer to treat Taiwan as a whole as belonging to the northernmost part of the Paleotropics, like IIG 23 Eastern Himalaya South Wing in our scheme.


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Funeral director faces more charges
Ben Siar charged earlier this year with abuse of a corpse
Published 8:09 PM EDT Jul 18, 2013
More charges were filed against the Lancaster County funeral director already accused of abuse of a corpse.
Ben Siar now faces eight more charges, including theft by deception.
This stems from the remains of three people who were found in the Gundel Funeral Home. Investigators say Siar presented their families with what he said were their loved ones remains.
Siar was charged earlier this year with abuse of a corpse after police found decomposing bodies at the funeral home Feb. 1.
Siar is in Lancaster County prison.
Copyright 2013 by WGAL All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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MAALAEA - Federal and state agencies are ending a decadeslong project that would have expanded Maalaea Small Boat Harbor, citing costs as well as opposition from community groups that maintained that the proposals would fail to protect the harbor from surges while destroying acres of coral and affecting the "Freight Train" surf break.
The decision to terminate the project was announced Friday by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the state Department of Land and Natural Resources Division of Boating and Ocean Recreation.
"Based on stakeholder input, we are choosing not to move forward on this project at this time," DLNR Chairman William Aila Jr. said in a statement. "We thank the community for their input and will continue to work with residents to identify priority projects in Maui County."
Article Video
view of Maalaea Harbor
Lucienne de Naie, who has helped direct the effort against the project since the 1990s, said, "I think this is a triumph of common sense."
De Naie is a board member of the Maui chapters of the Surfrider Foundation and Sierra Club. Those two organizations and Save Our Surf, with the late Kevin Johns, have been the main groups involved in the grass-roots initiative that evolved with changing participants over the years, de Naie said.
"So many people contributed their ideas to this," she said. "Probably 15 different organizations were part of it in some way or another."
Article Photos
Kahului resident Orlando Ferrer, 20, bails out from his longboard while surfing last month outside Maalaea Small Boat Harbor. The University of Hawaii Maui College nursing student said the surf was "pretty solid." He said the southern swell generated wave faces of 6 to 7 feet. State and federal agencies have ended a project to expand the boat harbor, which surfers have said would affect the harbor's "Freight Train" surf break.
shootsphotoservices.com / CHARLES HUARD photo
Wailuku resident Ken Saito watches his 8-year-old son, Kelvyn, fish Saturday at the Maalaea Small Boat Harbor. The Wailuku Elementary School 2nd-grader had already landed at least one fish. Officials have shelved plans to expand the harbor that had drawn opposition from environmentalists and surfers.
The Maui News / BRIAN PERRY photo
Charter boats and sailboats line up at moorings Saturday at the Maalaea Small Boat Harbor.
The Maui News / BRIAN PERRY photo
"It was our major campaign," said Tim Lara, chairman of the Surfrider Foundation's Maui chapter. "It's a major victory."
Originally authorized in 1968, the project has gone through a variety of proposed designs to address navigational safety and surge-related problems at the harbor.
State and federal officials reinitiated the project in 2009, with a focus on using stakeholder input and updated technical information in the planning process, officials said.
"This has had so many twists and turns," de Naie said, noting that the original plan was developed at Army Corps headquarters in Vicksburg, Miss. "It gives a little hope that sometimes common sense prevails and you realize there can be a better plan that's not the 'one size fits all.' "
She said the decision shows that officials listened to the community.
"It's gratifying to see that they are more earth-solution oriented than concrete-solution oriented," she said.
De Naie said at one point, the Army Corps of Engineers plan would have doubled the number of slips and created a new entrance to the harbor, paving over a small beach and adding 620 feet to the south breakwall.
Dynamite would have been used on 4.8 acres of coral in what had been a vibrant, healthy reef, she said. That would have destroyed habitat, including that of the threatened green sea turtle, de Naie said.
Surfers said the addition to the breakwall could have affected the surf break. Another effect would have been the disappearance of a small beach used by canoe clubs to train for races.
Retired engineer Jack Mueller and others used data from a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration buoy to determine the biggest impact - that most of the time, the direction of waves was aimed at the proposed new entrance to the harbor, de Naie said. Instead of making it safer, she said, the proposed design would have made it more dangerous for boats leaving the harbor.
"It was a plan that had something for everyone to hate," de Naie said. "You got to keep telling the truth as you see it. What was being proposed was not based on any real data. At essence, citizen research showed what was being proposed really wasn't going to solve the problem."
At one time, de Naie said, the proposed harbor expansion was packaged with other harbor improvements, including more pump-out stations, better bathrooms and a better launch ramp, that fishermen and others supported.
Ed Underwood, administrator of the DLNR Division of Boating and Ocean Recreation, said the terminated navigation improvement project is separate from $16 million in new harbor improvements that are under way at Maalaea Small Boat Harbor, including building infrastructure for interisland ferries.
State officials said the high cost of coral mitigation weighed heavily in the decision not to proceed with the navigation improvement project.
Underwood said there were "a lot of unknowns" in what that cost would have been.
"We looked at the feasibility of continuing on with the new federal regulations regarding coral mitigation," Underwood said. "We took into account the community concerns with the surf break in the area. We worked closely with the federal partners. We decided that, at this time, we didn't want to continue on with this study."
As for the surges at the harbor, "it's been going on since 1968, so it can't be that big of a concern," Underwood said.
"It does affect the boats and the way you moor your boats," he said. "But they have been able to deal with it up till this point.
"We're not saying in the future we can't go back and decide to do some improvements. But it's just at this time we don't want to continue on. We worked closely with the Army Corps. We mutually agreed to not continue at this time with the study."
* Lila Fujimoto can be reached at email@example.com.


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JACKSON – Frigid temperatures and wind chills are causing the cancellation of school in and around Jackson County.
Here's a list of those that are calling off classes. We'll update this as more schools report closings. And feel free to add cancellations you know about in the comment section below.
Addison Community Schools
Albion Public Schools
Columbia School District
da Vinci Institute
Grass Lake Community Schools, daycare is open
Hanover-Horton School District
Hillsdale Community Schools
Hillsdale Preparatory School
Homer Community Schools
Jackson Catholic Schools, half-day for Lumen Christi High School
Jackson Christian Schools
Jackson Learning Lab
Jackson Public Schools
Jonesville Community Schools
Leslie Public Schools
Lyle Torrant/Kit Young centers
Michigan Center School District
Napoleon Community Schools
Northwest School District
Onsted Community Schools
Paragon Charter Academy
Springport Public Schools
Stockbridge Community Schools
Trinity Lutheran Schools, child care open
Vandercook Lake Public Schools, daycare open
White Pine Academy