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Learning from the Lessons of the 2008 Mumbai Terrorist Attacks
By Tom Monahan, Lieutenant, Las Vegas, Nevada, Metropolitan Police Department; and Mark Stainbrook, Lieutenant, Los Angeles, California, Police Department
y now, every law enforcement leader in the country is familiar with the November 26, 2008, attacks on Mumbai, India. The New York City Police Department; the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI); and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) have all provided comprehensive briefings to assist state and local law enforcement.
In December 2009, a joint team representing the Las Vegas, Nevada, Metropolitan Police Department and the Los Angeles, California, Police Department visited Mumbai to gain a municipal law enforcement perspective of the 2008 attacks against that city. Collectively, the group represented several specialized functions including command, counterterrorism, intelligence, fusion center, and special weapons and tactics (SWAT) staff. The objective was to complement and enhance the understanding of the attack from a local government perspective, not to duplicate or interfere with the role of the FBI to investigate and prosecute the case. The team wanted to gain firsthand knowledge by walking the ground, interviewing the first responders and commanders, and seeing what changes the Indian security forces had made in the year following the assault. Furthermore, the hope was to provide information and stimulate discussion that would allow U.S. state and local governments to better prepare for the possibility of a "Mumbai-style" attack in their respective jurisdictions.
The U.S. Department of State–Mumbai Regional Security Office provided invaluable previsit planning and extensive on-site logistical support and secured invitations from the Indian government and the Indian Police Services. This support proved to be absolutely critical to the success of the trip.
The Political and Cultural Context
Mumbai is no stranger to massive acts of terrorism. Since 2000, there have been numerous bombings, including the largest postmillennium bombing occurring on July 11, 2006, when more than 200 people were killed and 700 injured when several bomb blasts ripped through railroad trains. As a tribute to Indian resilience and perseverance, the rail lines were cleared and service reopened before midnight that same day.1
It would be easy to dismiss the success of the terrorists as a result of the fact that the Indian police are poorly armed. While this was and to a lesser degree is still true today, there are a number of political, cultural, and procedural challenges that contributed to the challenges faced by the police. With a population density 10 times that of New York City, Mumbai is a city of contrasts. The center of Indian commerce and entertainment, more than half of the population lives in the slums, which constitute only 6 percent of the land mass. According to the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority, almost 22,000 people are compressed into one square kilometer.2
The first thing a U.S. law enforcement officer notices when working with Indian police officers is the British influence on the organization and policing culture. The majority of Indian police are lightly armed—most carry a four-foot long bamboo lathi baton as their only weapon. Very few carry portable radios or even handcuffs. Even fewer Indian police officers carry firearms—only those being reserved for specialized or military units assigned to internal security do. While American law enforcement officers deal with violent crime routinely, most Indian police officers will never have occasion to make such an arrest in the entirety of their careers. As a consequence, responding to a "shots fired" call is extraordinarily rare for an Indian police officer, yet these officers responded valiantly during the attacks, engaging the enemy with older model pistols and bolt-action rifles.
There were organizational challenges as well. The patrol ranks of the Mumbai police are staffed by employees of the city of Mumbai. The command and executive ranks, however, are staffed by officers of the Indian National Police, headquartered in New Delhi, almost 700 miles away. This challenge was further amplified by the cultural constraint of strict obedience to orders. With a bifurcated chain of command and an unwillingness to act independently and without direct approval from superiors, the Mumbai police appeared to be debilitated by the swift-moving and heavily armed attackers.
Some of these challenges are also shared by American law enforcement, and we should not so easily associate the success of the terrorists with the inadequacies of the Mumbai police. Most American law enforcement agencies have no experience in dealing with multiple teams of militarily trained offenders armed with automatic weapons, hand grenades, and homemade bombs. Nor are they equipped to handle an influx of 1,300 emergency calls in a three-hour period, as occurred in Mumbai. Similar to India, the United States has several layers of government (federal, state, and local), in addition to international authorities, which would have to coordinate. It is very likely that U.S. law enforcement would have to overcome similar confusion and miscommunication during the first hours of such an attack.
Target Selection
In the years following 9/11, many terrorist attacks have been launched against tourism destinations and the hospitality industry, notably Sharm al-Sheikh, Egypt; Bali and Jakarta, Indonesia; Islamabad, Pakistan; and Mumbai. While attacks against the hardened targets of the aviation industry have generally failed, attacks against the soft targets of hotels and tourist landmarks have often exceeded our enemy's wildest expectations. Security is, after all, antagonistic to hospitality.
The Taj Mahal and the Trident-Oberoi hotels typify Western influence in the Indian subcontinent. Both are five-star hotels that cater to Western business travelers, as well as the wealthy in their leisure pursuits; both groups being highly prized targets of the enemy. Osama bin Laden has been vocal in his desire to destroy Western economies, and crippling business travel and the tourism industry would certainly accomplish this objective. The Leopold Café, a well-known haven for Western travelers—primarily European visitors and expatriates—was also likely chosen for this reason and to minimize the collateral casualties of fellow Muslims.
It was originally thought that Cama Hospital was selected as a target because it is where the wounded were taken for treatment. After our visit, we agreed that it was likely a target of opportunity rather than a target by design. The Cama Hospital (see figure 2) is a modest maternity hospital, and not a busy trauma or emergency center. As the attackers fled from the CST, they ran across a pedestrian bridge that exits directly in front of the hospital. Seizing this opportunity, they opened fire, but few casualties resulted.
Another attack site, the Chabad (formerly Nariman) House, was specially selected as a target due to the intense hatred of all things Jewish or Israeli by the Lashkar-e-Taiba, which is ideologically aligned with Osama bin Laden and al Qaeda.
There were other nontargeted locations of violence during this particular series of terrorist attacks. The attackers fired randomly as they fled from location to location, from the CST and from the Leopold Café to the Taj Mahal. More importantly, at least two of the attack teams left backpacks containing improvised explosive devices (IEDs) in taxis as they disembarked at their particular attack site. As the taxis drove off, the IEDs, set to detonate by mechanical timers, exploded at different parts of the city. An unprecedented 1,365 calls were received to the Mumbai Central Police Operations between 9:30 p.m. and 2:00 a.m.4 The wide dispersion of the violence caused by the taxi explosions, six separate targets, and the carnage caused by the moving gunmen caused police officials to believe that the city was under attack by a much larger terrorist group. In fact, it was just 10 young men with a bold plan.
Lessons Learned
Preoperational Terrorist Activities
Prior to 9/11, the U.S. state and local law enforcement had little understanding of what activities terrorists engaged in while planning a terrorist attack. Law enforcement professionals knew a lot about how burglars, thieves, and robbers "cased" a location and how violent predators identified and selected their victims. But their only understanding of how terrorists operated came from Hollywood. In the years following 9/11, state and local law enforcement has learned a lot about terrorism—the information gained from interrogations and other documentary evidence passed from the intelligence community to the cops on the street. The very comprehensive investigation conducted by the Indian law enforcement authorities assisted by the FBI provides some important facts relevant to state and local law enforcement.
The attackers had never been to Mumbai, yet they were able to confidently move about on foot and by stolen car as if they knew the area well. This is possible, but only with significant preoperational planning. The FBI investigation and prosecution revealed that David Headley, a U.S. citizen, engaged in extensive surveillance of the potential targets in Mumbai.6
The need for extensive preoperational planning by terrorists provides state and local law enforcement with a rare opportunity to detect them each time they engage in surveillance or reconnaissance. This way, they are exposed to observation and detection by observant citizens or police officers on the beat. If this information is reported to those who can analyze patterns of suspicious behavior, prevention and interdiction activities can result.
Taking Hostages
If a goal of all terrorists groups is to gain worldwide attention to their efforts—after all "terrorism is theatre"7—the surest way to accomplish this is to take hostages. If one is an Islamic terrorist, the hostages are generally either Israeli or Jewish. If these terrorists want to guarantee 24-hour media coverage, they take children as their hostages. The Mumbai attackers took Jewish children as hostages with their parents and demanded to speak with the media in exchange for the release of the hostages. By doing so, they achieved exactly what every terrorist wants: nonstop global news coverage.
In the post-Columbine United States, once an active shooter makes contact with authorities and begins the negotiation process, nearly all American law enforcement agencies will cease the active shooter tactical engagement and fall back to the contain and negotiate strategy. In Mumbai, this served to further delay the government's counterattack, while allowing the terrorists to continue with their media strategy. Taking foreign citizens as hostages adds to the complexity and the delicacy of the situation by involving diplomats and other foreign services. Negotiating with terrorists is particularly troublesome. The cornerstone of successful hostage negotiation is the compelling desire on the part of the hostage taker to live. If the hostage taker is committed to dying rather than surrendering alive, the negotiator is distinctly disadvantaged.
A corollary benefit to the terrorists of the nonstop news media coverage is the use of the media as intelligence sources. In the 2008 Mumbai attacks, the terrorists inside of the Chabad house were receiving information from their handlers in real time as they watched television coverage of Indian commandos rappelling onto the roof, allowing them to prepare for the counterassault.
Fire as a Weapon, High Ground for Tactical Advantage
The most provocative and enduring image of the Mumbai attacks is one of smoke and flames pouring out of the historic and iconic Taj Mahal hotel with the Gate of India in the foreground. These striking images, as well as the video footage, were used by the press to fuel the nonstop media coverage of the event. Knowing that persons were trapped inside of the burning building while public safety stood helplessly outside amplified the tragedy and contributed to the perception that the Indian government was failing to protect those inside. Since one of the strategic goals of all terrorists is to garner as large an audience as possible, law enforcement should assume that terrorists will continue to employ the use of fire as a means of achieving this strategic goal.
The Taj is a dominating structure: 11 stories tall with 570 rooms. The interior of the original section is architecturally open and the room doors lead to walkways around an enclosed inner courtyard. The center dome contains a floating circular staircase. For the attackers, this layout allowed them to retreat upwards from security forces that were moving to engage them and easily fire automatic weapons and throw grenades down upon them.
Each time the security forces were able to gain ground, the attackers merely retreated up, setting fires in their wake. This tactic created distance and separation from the pursuing security forces. American firefighters and emergency medical personnel are not equipped or trained to fight fires in combat conditions. The Mumbai Fire Brigade did the best they could from the exterior, but, ultimately, lives were lost as the result. Since as many lives were lost due to fire and fire-related injuries in the Taj Mahal hotel as from firearms (the manager of the Taj Mahal lost his entire family due to fire and smoke inhalation), the terrorists could possibly conclude that fire is an effective and efficient weapon.
More Questions than Answers
The intent of the LAPD/LVMPD contingent was not to reexamine the attack on Mumbai from an investigative/prosecutorial viewpoint or an intelligence collection perspective, fully recognizing the primary role of the FBI and the U.S. intelligence community in this regard. The objective was to look at the event from a uniquely local perspective and ask questions of their Indian counterparts as these American officers seek to better prepare U.S. communities for the possibility of a similar type of attack. Members of the contingent asked questions that a state or local cop would. They talked to firefighters before they left so they could ask questions that were relevant to firefighters. They spoke to representatives of the private sector, particularly the hospitality industry: the one sector most frequently targeted by terrorists. As they sought to find answers, what they found were more questions. To effectively learn from the lessons of Mumbai, police leaders must ask themselves these questions:
In the years following 1999, law enforcement leaders were forced to reevaluate the prevailing doctrine of "contain and call SWAT." Subsequent to the tragedy at Columbine High School,8 police have responded to several similar "active shooter" events and applied the new doctrine of immediate engagement and neutralization of the attacker.
Presently, public safety leaders are challenged with a new, more complex dynamic. The typical active shooter is a lone offender or part of a small group, poorly trained and poorly disciplined. The enemy that state and local law enforcement must prepare for now is militarily trained, highly disciplined, and unyieldingly determined. While communities seek to remediate weaknesses, terrorists are plotting to replicate their successes. As terrorists seek to assemble small teams of well-armed attackers and prepare to conduct coordinated attacks against communities, law enforcement officers must ask themselves: Are they prepared to transition from crime fighters to war fighters?■
1"Mumbai Bombers 'Will Never Win,'" BBC News, July 12, 2006.2Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority, http://www.mmrdamumbai.org (accessed December 27, 2010).3For more information about the Mumbai terrorist attacks in 2008, see "Wave of Terror Attacks Strikes India's Mumbai, Killing at Least 82," FoxNews.com, Wednesday, November 26, 2008, http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,457885,00.html (accessed December 20, 2010).4V. Balachandran, "Dealing with the Aftermath of Attacks" (paper presented at the Pluscarden Programme Conference on 'The Future of International Cooperation in Countering Violent Extremism' at Oxford University in October 2010), n. 10, reprinted in The Sunday Guardian, December 16, 2010, http://sunday-guardian.com/a/1368 (accessed December 20, 2010).5Gavin Cameron, "Nuclear Terrorism: Weapons for Sale or Theft?" eJournal USA (March 2005), http://www.america.gov/st/peacesec-english/2005/March/20080815122156XJyrreP0.8970606.html (accessed December 20, 2010).6Carrie Johnson, "U.S. Citizen David Coleman Headley Admits Role in Mumbai Attacks," Washington Post, March 19, 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/18/AR2010031805407.html (accessed December 20, 2010).7Brian Michael Jenkins, "International Terrorism: A New Mode of Conflict," in International Terrorism and World Security, ed. David Carlton and Carlo Schaerf (London: Croom Helm, 1975), 16.8For more information about the shootings at Columbine High School, see Tom Kenworthy and Joel Achenbach, "Terror and Tears: Inside Columbine High," Washington Post, April 21, 1999, A1, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/daily/april99/scene21.htm (accessed December 20, 2010). Photographs by members of the Las Vegas, Nevada, Police Department and the Los Angeles, California, Police DepartmentPlease cite as: Tom Monahan and Mark Stainbrook, "Learning from the Lessons of the 2008 Mumbai Terrorists Attacks," The Police Chief 78 (February 2011): 24–32.Top
Please cite as:
Tom Monahan and Mark Stainbrook, "Learning from the Lessons of the 2008 Mumbai Terrorists Attacks," The Police Chief 78 (February 2011): 24–32.
From The Police Chief, vol. LXXVIII, no. 2, February 2011. Copyright held by the International Association of Chiefs of Police, 515 North Washington Street, Alexandria, VA 22314 USA.


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In Reply Drs Dharmarajan and Norkus raise the question of how to define vitamin B12 deficiency. We share this concern; thus, we performed sensitivity analyses including both a broader definition (which included International Classification of Diseases coding) and a narrower definition (which included only patients who had both a low vitamin B12 level and who were prescribed vitamin B12 supplementation). An association between long-term use of acid-suppressing medications and vitamin B12 deficiency was found with different definitions; thus, there was no evidence that the main finding was explained only by the case definition. However, we did not have dietary data for the patients.
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Teaching ideas home
These resources support the collaborative teaching and learning partnership of teacher-librarians and teachers. They offer
- opportunities to extend and enhance the educational and curriculum development role of teacher-librarians
- collaborative activities and possibilities for action research and evidence based practice
Links4Learning, Raps and book raps, work samples, information literacy units, Book Week ideas are included.
Scan features articles which provide helpful ideas for supporting literacy, literature, and information literacy in a digital world. Here are some sample articles for you to enjoy. Subscribe to Scan for these and other articles which offer current support and practical ideas for teacher librarians working with teachers in the digital age.
CALLOW, J. (2008) New literacies, New York & Web 2.0: a little knowledge is a helpful thing! in Scan 27 (4) November, pp. 13-16. Ideas on how new literacies and new technologies enable students to share information and knowledge.
Programming, planning and resourcing Connected Outcomes Groups
Making connections – more about the Curriculum Planning and Programming materials is a PowerPoint designed to provide background information about the materials available. Activities throughout the PowerPoint focus on the implementation of these materials within your local school context, providing opportunities for teacher-librarians to collaborate with classroom teachers.
Margaret Porter, Principal Tregeagle PS, talks about the benefits of involving the Teacher Librarian when working with COGs
MAUGLE, G. (2008) A snapshot of interactivity at Wiley Park Public School library, in Scan 27 (3) August, pp. 4-9, highlights the use of IWBs as engaging teaching and learning tools, with examples of K-6 students interacting with technology in the library.
PERICLES, K. (2008) Happily blogging @ Belmore South, in Scan 27 (2) May, pp. 4-6, explores the use of blogs, avatars, vokis and wikis to engage students in creative, purposeful learning with meaningful audiences.
School library websites virtually extending learning support (2008) in Scan 27 (4) November, pp. 17-27. Suite of articles from teacher librarians with ideas for websites supporting connected learning in their schools.
SNEDDON, L. (2009) e-mates@ Kempsey High School, in Scan 28 (2) May, pp. 4-7. Wonderfull experiences with students engaged in reading and sharing reading journeys with online mates.
UNSWORTH, Len (2007) Using e-literature and online literary resources in the primary and secondary school. Part 1 Scan 26 (1) February, pp. 13-18. This article explores familiar and new forms of literary narratives.
UNSWORTH, Len (2007) Using e-literature and online literary resources in the primary and secondary school. Part 2: practical approaches Scan 26 (2) May, pp. 10-17. This article explores familiar and new forms of literary narratives.
WALL, J. (2009) Teaching power searching, in Scan 28 (1) February, pp. 12-16. Resources and strategies for teaching searching.
Windows Movie Maker watch the movie, read the Scan article


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But even though she may have seemed like a girly-girl, she loved camping outdoors.
The Hartford Township woman cherished the camping trips because it was time spent with her husband, James, and their two young sons, Jared and Jonah.
On Friday, James Henslee remembered Amy, 30, as a devoted mother and wife who wanted to return to school so she could become a registered nurse at a hospital and help people.
She studied at both Southwest Michigan College and Lake Michigan College, but wasn't enrolled in class now because of financial issues, he said.
He said he plans to start a scholarship fund in her memory to help others become nurses.
Amy Henslee, who graduated in 1999 from Hartford High School, just had a knack for helping people, like when she took care of her two sons, who were both born premature.
"She was put on this Earth to help people," James Henslee said.
As of Friday afternoon, more than 8,300 people on Facebook were following a page dedicated to Amy Henslee, "In Loving Memory: Amy Henslee."
Hundreds of people posted comments to the page Friday, including Amanda Palmer, who wrote: "I was so blessed to have you as a friend.... I will truly miss talking to you during the boys' practices.... God bless your family!"


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where to look
Community Service Bulletin
November 22, 2011
Thank a high school teacher who inspired you!
Nominate your favorite high school teacher for the MIT Inspirational Teacher Award. Help your teacher get recognition as an inspiration — and get access to some great MIT resources.
Submit your nomination now! The opportunity closes on December 16.
Questions? Ask us at firstname.lastname@example.com
One-Time Opportunities
- The 2011 MIT Giving Tree is here!
- Looking for something fun to do this Thanksgiving weekend? (11/25)
- Want to make an impact? (11/28)
- Vote for your favorite FSILG&D service photo(s)! (deadline 11/29)
Ongoing Opportunities
- Public Service Grants submission preferred deadline (11/28)
- 2012 Google Roots in Science & Engineering (RISE) Awards! (deadline 11/30)
- Global Challenge Opportunity: Harness the Value of Solid Waste in India by Developing a Biodigester
- Help Develop an Exciting and High Impact Disaster Relief Tool!
- MIT/Wellesley Upward Bound Program
Fellowship/Internship Opportunities
- Fellowship Announcement: Asia Pacific Leadership Program at East-West Center in Hawaii (deadline 12/1)
- Develop a proposal for a Davis Projects for Peace $10,000 fellowship! (deadline 2/2)
One-Time Opportunities
The 2011 MIT Giving Tree is here!
Brighten the holidays for a local child! Please join your fellow MIT community members in supporting this great MIT holiday tradition. Through the Giving Tree, you can donate gifts to children in the Boston and Cambridge area. Each year, over 300 MIT faculty, staff, students, and partners provide gifts to over 600 children affiliated with 12 local service agencies. Co-sponsored by the Priscilla King Gray Public Service Center and the Panhellenic Association and currently in its 20th year, the Giving Tree allows participants to choose specific gifts for specific children, making the gift-giving process a more personalized one for all.
Here's how to participate:
- Stop by the Priscilla King Gray Public Service Center (PKG Center) at 4-104 between November 21 and December 12 (Mon-Fri, 9am-4pm).
- Pick up a gift label for a child--or choose more than one!
- Purchase, wrap, and place the gift label on your gift, and return it to the PKG Center in 4-104 NO LATER than 10AM on Tuesday, December 13.
We will also gladly accept your monetary donation if you are unable to purchase a gift, but want to participate.
Questions? Email firstname.lastname@example.com. More info can be found at: http://web.mit.edu/mitpsc/programs/givingtree/
Looking for something fun to do this Thanksgiving weekend? (11/25)
Join the MIT Museum for the Friday After Thanksgiving (FAT) chain reaction event on November 25 from 1:00 – 4:00 pm in the Rockwell Cage Gymnasium.
Here's how it works: Teams build their own chain reaction machines out of everyday objects (mousetraps, jars, beach balls, whatever you have lying around) and then bring their finished product to the Rockwell Cage to join it together with other teams' contraptions into one continuous mega Rube Goldberg-type machine.
Get Involved:
- Form a team and design and build a machine for the event. (Register at http://museum.mit.edu/forms/fat-team.)
- Volunteer at the event (sell tickets, help with set up/clean up, run hands-on activities, etc. – shifts available from 10:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m.). Contact Erika at email@example.com.
- Cheer on the participants! Doors open at 1:00 pm and the giant machine launches at 3:30 pm (Admission: $5 for MIT ID holders)
For more information visit http://web.mit.edu/museum/programs/fat2011.html We hope you can join us on the 25th!
Want to make an impact? (11/28)
How does 1 billion people sound to you? If you're up for the challenge, join us to meet like-minded people for the SEID + MIT $100K Accelerate Emerging Markets Mixer.
This is a great opportunity to find your teammates or a team to join in!People with and without ideas are welcome! Interest in Emerging Markets a MUST.
Location: MIT Stata Center (Bldg. 32) 4th floor, R&D Commons. Date and Time: Nov. 28, 2011, 6-9 pm. RSVP: http://bit.ly/SEID_100K
Vote for your favorite FSILG&D service photo(s)! (deadline 11/29)
Five groups submitted photos to the FSILG&D Community Service Challenge Photo Contest. Vote for your favorite picture(s) by "liking" them here: http://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.276423252401336.65233.152162144827448&type=1&l=4efb4a66fb . The winning team will be able to choose a charity to receive $50 in their name. Vote by Tuesday, November 29, and tell your friends!
For more information about FSILG&D Community Service Challenge check out http://web.mit.edu/fsilgdchallenge or contact email@example.com.
Ongoing Opportunities
Public Service Grants submission preferred deadline (11/28)
Are you working on a sustainable public service project over IAP? Are you looking for funding? The PKG Center offers grants that can help cover individual or group work in areas such as travel to the community in need, materials and food that helps facilitate the service. We also have funding available for training, such as workshops and conferences in the public service arena. Projects can range from exploratory to the implementation of a sustainable solution. To meet the preferred deadline submit your proposal by 11/28, 5pm.
For more information and to apply, please visit http://web.mit.edu/mitpsc/whatwedo/grants/apply/index.html or contact firstname.lastname@example.com.
2012 Google Roots in Science & Engineering (RISE) Awards! (deadline 11/30)
Google's RISE Awards exist to promote and support STEM education initiatives at both the K-12 and university levels. Google believes that technology will continue to play an important role in shaping our future and that an investment in the youth of today will drive innovation and technology for years to come. To that end, the Google RISE Awards seek to provide funding to innovative organizations that are making waves, sparking interest and excitement, while improving education and creating opportunities for hands-on learning in the fields of science, technology, engineering and math.
We funded some great organizations<http://www.google.com/diversity/rise/recipients.html> in 2011 and we are looking forward to seeing what 2012 applicants will come up with! This year, we hope to make a larger and more lasting impact on STEM communities by providing increased funding to groups with a big vision. We anticipate submissions will have proposals befitting $10,000 to $25,000 award amounts, however requests of $5,000 or more will also be considered.
The application portal <http://www.google.com/diversity/rise/application.html> opens November 1st and will close November 30th. Please remember to submit your proposals on time and submit all supporting documentation via Google Docs. Award recipients will notified in January 2012.
If you have questions about how to apply or the eligibility of your proposal, please review the RISE site <http://www.google.com/edu/rise/> or email firstname.lastname@example.com
Global Challenge Opportunity: Harness the Value of Solid Waste in India by Developing a Biodigester
Without a low-cost and low-tech methodology for processing organic waste, methane from anaerobic decomposition on dumping grounds will continue to destroy the atmosphere. The challenge is to design a low-cost, technologically simple and environmentally sound system to centrally process waste into biogas (or bio-methane) and distribute for fuel consumption to households, restaurants, as a replacement for CNG gas in transportation uses, or for generating electricity.
This design challenge presents MIT students with an opportunity to change the direction of municipal solid waste management and waste picker empowerment across the globe. This is a chance to make an indelible impact on designing for social enterprise as well as in the environmentally critical clean energy space.
Interested in connecting with Waste Ventures and getting started? Drop us a note at globalchallenge (at) mit.edu and we'll connect you. Weblink: http://globalchallenge.mit.edu/problems/view/59
Help Develop an Exciting and High Impact Disaster Relief Tool!
Do you enjoy problem solving or writing? Have an interest in disaster relief or international development? Then join our team and help produce a high impact disaster relief tool!
Relief Labs International is a nonprofit consulting and technology group focused on optimizing the field operations efficiency of disaster relief organizations. We have recently released aidReg (www.aidreg.org), a free web-based logistics tool that aims to revolutionize the way NGOs coordinate the transport of small mission critical items into areas with limited or destroyed supply chains.
We are actively looking for volunteers who want to help us transition this project from a limited beta release into a tool used by every disaster relief NGO around the world! We are interested in driven individuals who can help in one or more of the following areas: website content creation, search engine optimization, social media marketing, or statistical analysis of generated data. This opportunity has the potential to turn into a paid position.
For more information please visit www.aidreg.org or contact Bill Dixon at firstname.lastname@example.com. Relief Labs is located in the CIC, right in Kendall Square. www.relieflabs.org
MIT/Wellesley Upward Bound Program
Volunteers are needed to provide academic assistance in the areas of Math, English, Science, Social Science, and World Language, to disadvantaged high school students in our after school tutorial program. High school level tutoring experience is preferred.
Tutors are needed on Mondays/Thursdays from 3-6PM, and Tuesdays/Wednesdays from 3-8PM.
We are looking for individuals who are able to commit to at least one day per week, with a minimum commitment of 2 hours per day. For consideration, please forward a letter of interest and a resume to firstname.lastname@example.com. For more information please contact Evette Layne at email@example.com 617-253-5124
Fellowship/Internship Opportunities
Fellowship Announcement: Asia Pacific Leadership Program at East-West Center in Hawaii (deadline 12/1)
We are writing to inform you about a Fellowship opportunity at the East-West Center. The Center is announcing fellowships for its respected Asia Pacific Leadership Program (APLP) and I am writing to you personally to request your assistance in identifying potential candidates for the 2012 - 2013 class. Now in its 11th year at the East-West Center, the APLP has created a network of 400 dynamic leaders in 53 countries throughout the Asia Pacific region.
The 40 participants selected each year have strong leadership experience or exhibit high leadership potential. All participants have at least a bachelor's degree and most have a master's degree. APLP participants come from virtually all Asia Pacific countries and a tremendous range of professional backgrounds (for example, science, business, development, politics, government, civil society, medicine, religious orders, art, finance, academia, and research). The age of participants ranges from mid-20s to mid-40s, with an average age of 32. Peer learning between participants and alumni is a centerpiece of program design.
Applications for the 2012 - 2013 cohort, also known as Generation 12, are now being accepted. The priority application deadline for the 2012 – 2013 APLP class will be December 1, 2011. This is about two weeks away and so time is getting tight. Applications mailed by that date will receive a decision no later than March 1st, 2012. Applications sent after December 1, 2011, will be accepted and reviewed on a rolling basis.
Our website is at: http://www.eastwestcenter.org/education/aplp
Develop a proposal for a Davis Projects for Peace $10,000 fellowship! (deadline 2/2)
Davis Projects for Peace offers a $10,000 fellowship for an MIT undergraduate student project that promotes peace, to be implemented in the summer. The aim is to "help young people launch some immediate initiatives that could bring new thinking to the prospects for peace in the world." MIT will select several compelling proposals to send forward, and at least one is guaranteed to be funded! Think creatively, innovatively, and entrepreneurially — this is a chance to formulate and test ideas for peace.
The award will be made to an MIT undergraduate, but the undergraduate may use the funds to also support team members as appropriate.
Find the details at: http://mit.edu/mitpsc/opportunities/davis/index.html Deadline to apply: noon, Thursday, Feb 2, 2012
Have questions? Need help planning or writing? Contact Alison at firstname.lastname@example.com
The Priscilla King Gray Public Service Center is not responsible for the quality or safety of outside service agencies, and does not screen volunteer placements or projects. The Community Service Opportunities bulletin is published once a week by the staff of the Priscilla King Gray Public Service Center. If you have questions, feel free to call us at 617-253-0742, or stop by 4-104.
To subscribe to or unsubscribe from the email list, please visit mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/psc-volunteers.


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October 14, 2007, 01:55 PM
for years i've been happy with my .22 high standard, highly modified 1911, sig 220, and keep a md 15 cause its so darn accurate. never really paid attention to the "which nine" threads. however, i won't explain, i'm thinking about a nine. please update me. i hate making a fool of myself.:o thanks rjk


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On Tuesday, January 21, the Supreme Court heard oral arguments in Petrella v. Metro Goldwyn Mayer, a case involving an individual copyright owner suing a movie studio for copyright infringement of the screenplay for the 1980 movie Raging Bull. Stephanos Bibas (University of Pennsylvania Supreme Court Clinic) argued for Petrella; Nicole A. Saharsky (Assistant to the U.S. Solicitor General) argued for the U.S. Government, and Mark A. Perry (Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher) argued for MGM. The arguments and the justices' questions focused on the history and applicability of equitable doctrines in general and the applicability of the equitable doctrine of laches in the context of copyright law in particular.
The Case
In 1963 and 1973, Frank Petrella wrote and registered two screenplays on the life of boxer Jake LaMotta. Petrella assigned the rights to Chartoff-Winkler Productions in 1976 whom in turn sold the rights to make a movie to MGM in 1978. In 1980, MGM registered the movie with the U.S. Copyright Office. Petrella died in 1981 and his renewal rights passed to his only heir, daughter Paula Petrella. In 1998, Petrella's attorney contacted MGM, asserting that Petrella had obtained the rights to the 1963 screenplay and that the exploitation of any derivative work, including Raging Bull, was an infringement of these exclusive rights.
In 2009, Petrella sued MGM for copyright infringement. The Central District of California (in an unpublished opinion) and the Ninth Circuit concluded that Petrella's suit was barred because she took too long to sue. Petrella petitioned the Supreme Court to resolve the issue of "whether the nonstatutory defense of laches is available without restriction to bar all remedies for civil copyright claims filed within the three-year statute of limitations prescribed by Congress, 17 U.S.C. § 507(b)."
Some Legal Concepts
The doctrine of laches — sleeping on one's rights — is one of several equitable defenses such as estoppel and unclean hands. The policy underlying the doctrine of laches is that waiting too long to bring suit might cause evidentiary prejudice as well as prejudice to the defendant who relies on the validity of his rights. Depending on the circuit, laches may allow a defendant to preclude a copyright infringement suit or limit the amount of damages a plaintiff can recover. The Fourth Circuit forbids any application of laches. The Eleventh Circuit recognizes laches as a bar to damages in exceptional cases, but never as a bar to prospective relief. The Second Circuit's rule is the reverse. The Sixth Circuit generally does not accept laches as a bar to damages or injunctive relief, but allows it in exceptional cases for other remedies not explicitly authorized by the Copyright Act. The Ninth Circuit does not restrict laches or the remedies to which it can apply.
The statute of limitations is the maximum amount of time that an injured party has to bring suit. It generally starts running on the date of the injury and is determined by statute. For copyright cases, Title 17 Section 507(b) provides that any civil suit pursuant to the Copyright Act must commence "within three years after the claim accrued." Each act of infringement triggers a new three-year period for a plaintiff to bring suit.
The Oral Arguments
Petitioners' main argument is that Congress intended to exclude the defense of laches by including a three-year statute of limitations in the Copyright Act. Petitioners also claim that the Court has repeatedly held that laches cannot shorten the statute of limitations. Justice Scalia observed that even if the Court were to decide that the laches defense did apply, the statute of limitations would not be frustrated. Justice Alito added that the Copyright Act did not expressly exclude the laches defense. Justice Breyer asked petitioners to clarify why laches does not apply but other equitable doctrines, such as tolling, do. Justice Kagan observed that with a copyright term of life of the author plus seventy years, it would make sense to allow copyright owners the possibility to wait twenty years to sue.
Assistant to the U.S. Solicitor General also addressed the Court. The Government explained that laches should only be available in extraordinary circumstances and only to limit remedies, but not to bar a suit. Justice Kennedy asked why this distinction should apply when another equitable doctrine, estoppel, would preclude a suit. Justice Ginsburg referred to the applicability of laches in the context of patents, where the defense bars monetary relief but allows for injunctive relief.
Respondents' main argument for affirmance is that equitable doctrines, such as laches and tolling, are read into every statute with a statute of limitations. Respondents also highlighted the investment that MGM made in making the movie and the evidentiary prejudice that Petrella's delay caused as key witnesses passed away during this time. Justice Sotomayor observed that the Court has applied laches only where there was no statute of limitations and inquired as to why MGM had not obtained a declaratory judgment from the time it began to hear Petrella's complaints in 1998. Justice Scalia pointed out that the Court has never held that equitable defenses do not apply but showed reservation on the possibility that laches can shorten the statute of limitations. Chief Justice Roberts asked whether laches would bar future suits.
During rebuttal, petitioners concluded that allowing laches to apply would create uncertainty as copyright owners would not know when it is appropriate to sue.
The Supreme Court will likely issue a decision later this year.


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- Song Title
- Movie Name
- Singer
- Lyricist
- Year
- Decads
- Music Director
- Cast
Jai Santoshi Maa 2006 is a Hindi bollywood Movie which is directed by and produced by . The Jai Santoshi Maa casts are Rajnibala, Anita Guha, Kanan Kaushal, Ashish Kumar which is leading Main Role in the Jai Santoshi Maa Movie. Jai Santoshi Maa has been shot in Shooting location by . The songs of Jai Santoshi Maa Movie has been composed by Anu Malik, C Arjun with Music Label. The Jai Santoshi Maa Releas Date was 06 Jan 2006 in India. Total 13 Songs is available in this Movie and the most popular song of Jai Santoshi Maa Movie is "Yaha Waha Jaha Taha" Which is sing by Pradeep and lyricists by .
Total 13 lyrics is available of Jai Santoshi Maa Movie. to read a particular song lyrics of this Movie please click on the song title listed in this section below.
yaha waha jaha taha - Pradeep
aisa vardaan de do hame maa - Lata Mangeshkar, Chorus
main to aarti utaru re - Usha Mangeshkar
taro taro taro taro maiyyaji - Kumar Sanu
yahaan wahaan jahaan tahaan - Mahendra Kapoor
he maa santoshi - Usha Mangeshkar
bigdi bana do (with shlok) - Alka Yagnik, Vijay Prasad, Vijay Prasad
lal chudiya chadhaau chunaree gote walee laau - Lata Mangeshkar
na chhithi aayi ma aaya bulawa - Lata Mangeshkar
mai toh aaratee utaru re santoshee mata kee - Usha Mangeshkar
lal chudhiyan - Lata Mangeshkar
bigadi bana do santoshi maata - Karunya Nc
bigadee bana do santoshee mata - Karunya Nc


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The Flint Journal's Brendan Savage noted that the IHL's Flint Generals re-signed Josef Fojtk despite the fact that the Grand Rapids Griffins may employ him during the 2008-2009 season:
July 26, Flint Journal: The Generals announced today that they've re-signed veteran forward Josef Fojtik and rookie defenseman Kyle Deck. They join defenseman Kris Mallette and forwards Greg Bullock, Justin DePretis, John DiPace and Steve Rymsha as Generals under contract.
All but Rymsha played in Flint last season.
Coach Peter South said he expects the Generals to bring back between 60 and 70 percent of last season's team, which finished third in the regular season standings with a 34-28-5-9 record. The Generals were near the top of the IHL heap at midseason before getting hit with a rash of injuries in the second half.
[Josef] Fojtik, who earned a contract with Grand Rapids of the AHL at midseason last year, will attend the Griffins training camp. If he doesn't earn a full-time spot in Grand Rapids, South said it's likely Fojtik will spend time with both the Griffins and Generals.
Fojtik, 22, had 28 goals, 21 assists and 68 penalty minutes in 63 regular-season games before bagging two goals, one assist and two PIM in five playoff games.


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By Hunter S. Thompson
Writers should use fun words, but getting them in the right order is just as important. Dr. Gonzo's sort-of memoir, a blurry hash of unlikely adventures usually involving shooting, shouting, and getting naked, drunk or arrested, is essentially Jackass with a thesaurus. Some episodes are funny (Thompson leaves a bleeding elk heart on his pal Jack Nicholson's doorstep while blasting a tape of "a pig being eaten alive by bears"), and Thompson's style still gleams darkly: "Things are no longer what they seem to be. My telephones are haunted, and animals whisper at me from unseen places." But the plausible tales are familiar, the made-up ones are just silly, and Thompson's politics may seem a tad facile to those who don't believe President Bush is a Nazi. Much of this is just bull in search of a china shop. Thompson could have been Tom Wolfe, but he settled for tomfoolery. (Simon and Schuster, $25)
BOTTOM LINE: Old dog, old tricks
Picks and Pans Review: Kingdom of Fear
updated 02/10/2003 AT 01:00 AM EST
•originally published 02/10/2003 AT 01:00 AM EST


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This encyclopedia is projected as a 4-volume set that will be published in a traditional print edition in 2008. In addition this work is a central component of Oxford's comprehensive African American reference set which includes this encyclopedia (the pre-20th century volumes are already published), Africana, African American National Biography, Black Women in America, and a collection of primary sources and other materials. All of these items will be available in print editions as well as on-line, by subscription, at the Oxford African American Studies Center web site (http://www.oxfordaasc.com/public/).
I will be happy to answer any questions about this project.


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The unhurried pace and absence of consumer pressures make small, dry, rocky KO SI CHANG an engaging place to get away from it all for a day or two. Unlike most other east-coast destinations, it offers no real beach life – it's a populous, working island with a deep-sea port, rather than a tropical idyll – and there's little to do here but explore the craggy coastline by kayak or ramble up and down its steep, scrubby contours on foot or by motorbike. The island is famous as the location of one of Rama V's summer palaces, a few parts of which have been restored, and of a popular Chinese pilgrimage temple, as well as for its rare white squirrels, which live in the wooded patches inland.
Ko Si Chang
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Ko Si Chang festivals
Ko Si Chang celebrates three particularly interesting festivals. Songkhran is marked from April 17 to 19 with sandcastle-building, greasy-pole-climbing and an exorcism ritual for any islanders who have suffered unpleasant deaths over the previous year. At Visakha Puja, the full-moon day in May when Buddha's birth, death and enlightenment are honoured, islanders process to the old palace with hand-crafted Chinese lanterns. And on September 20, Ko Si Chang honours its royal patron King Chulalongkorn's birthday with a son et lumière in the palace grounds and a beauty contest staged entirely in costumes from the Chulalongkorn era.


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An estimated 200 000 to 500 000 people in the United States receive a diagnosis of transient ischemic attack (TIA) each year (1). TIA is as an important warning that a person is at increased short-term risk for stroke, and early recognition and rapid treatment may significantly reduce this risk. Assessment of a patient with suspected TIA is challenging because the physical examination is often normal, and there are no easy methods to confirm the diagnosis at the bedside. However, the recent development of clinical risk scores and an increasing amount of data on the prognostic value of early magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) now provide an evidence-based foundation for clinical decision making in TIA.
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