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Oh, Djin-Yea,*; Baumann, Konstantina; Hamouda, Osamahb; Eckert, Jana Ka; Neumann, Konradc; Kücherer, Claudiab; Bartmeyer, Barbarab; Poggensee, Gabrieleb; Oh, Naria,d; Pruss, Axele; Jessen, Heikod; Schumann, Ralf Ra
aInstitute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité University Medical Center, Germany
bRobert Koch Institute, Germany
cDepartment of Medical Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité University Medical Center, Germany
dThe Berlin Trial on HIV and TLR SNPs, Gemeinschaftspraxis Jessen-Jessen-Stein, Germany
eInstitute of Transfusion Medicine, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany.
* Present address: The Floating Hospital for Children, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Received 22 August, 2008
Revised 8 October, 2008
Accepted 14 October, 2008
Correspondence to Ralf R. Schumann, MD, PhD, Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Dorotheenstr. 96, 10117 Berlin, Germany. Tel: +49 30 450 524141; fax: +49 30 450 524941; e-mail: email@example.com
Objectives: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the innate immune response to pathogens. TLR7 recognizes RNA of various viruses including HIV. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of individual genetic variations of TLR7 on the susceptibility to and progression of HIV disease.
Method: We genotyped a population of 734 HIV-positive adults and 545 healthy controls for three TLR7 single nucleotide polymorphisms. The frequency of TLR7 genetic variations was assessed and related to HIV disease progression. Furthermore, we analyzed peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from healthy individuals differing in their TLR7 genotype and assessed their response to a TLR7-specific ligand ex vivo.
Results: Presence of the most frequent TLR7 polymorphism, TLR7 Gln11Leu, was associated with higher viral loads and accelerated progression to advanced immune suppression in HIV patients. Furthermore, in women this polymorphism may be associated with increased HIV-1 susceptibility as it was found more frequently among patients as compared with controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from polymorphism carriers secreted significantly less IFN-α following TLR7 activation, whereas IL-6 production remained unaltered.
Conclusion: This is the first report of a functional TLR7 variant to be associated with susceptibility to and a more severe clinical course of HIV-1 disease. These results may have implications for the risk assessment of individual patients as well as for HIV-1 therapy and vaccination strategies in the future.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) playing a key role in innate immune defense against a wide diversity of pathogens [1,2]. TLR-mediated recognition of highly conserved so-called 'pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)' initiates complex signaling cascades, culminating in the activation of transcription factors such as nuclear factor (NF)κB and interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-7 [3,4]. The resulting differential gene expression, which varies depending on which TLR has been activated, leads to potent innate immune responses against the pathogen and modifies the adaptive immune response.
Ten human TLRs have been identified [5]. Although TLR research initially concentrated on bacterial PAMPs, it is now firmly established that viruses also interact with the TLR system [6]. TLRs implicated in the response to viral stimulation include TLR7 and TLR8 sensing viral single-strand RNA [7–9]. The outcome of viral TLR activation exhibits wide individual variation ranging from effective antiviral response to viral replication and spread [10].
Individual variation of the host response is particularly important for HIV. HIV-1 RNA activates TLR7/8 [8,11,12]. For both, TLR7 stimulation and TLR8 stimulation, an anti-HIV effect has been demonstrated depending on an enhancement of the adaptive [13,14], and also the innate immune response [15,16]. In acute HIV-infection, TLR8-induced HIV-restriction depends on unknown soluble factors [15], whereas TLR7-induced HIV-constraint is governed mainly by IFNα [16]. HIV-1 RNA induces the release of IFNα in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) via TLR7 activation [11]; type I interferons induce a wide range of antiretroviral factors and potently restrict HIV-1 replication in vitro [17–23] and in vivo [24–26].
Conversely, TLR ligands have been demonstrated to mediate a continuous activation of the immune system driving viral replication and progression to AIDS [27–29]. As the HIV-long terminal repeat (LTR) contains NFκB transcription sites, TLR-triggered NFκB activation leading to LTR-dependent transcription is viewed as one of the mechanisms for increased HIV-1 replication [15,27,29–31]. Furthermore, immune activation has been implicated with natural killer (NK)-cell activation in viremic HIV infection and is regarded as a hallmark of chronic HIV-1 disease [32]. Recent evidence suggests that HIV itself contributes substantially to this process by TLR7/8 ligation of viral RNA [12,33,34]. The progression of HIV disease might therefore depend on the complex balance of TLR7/8-mediated-immune activation, a mechanism favorable to the virus, and TLR7/8-mediated induction of IFNα and other soluble factors, a mechanism favorable to the host.
TLR7 employs the adaptor molecule MyD88 for the induction of both IFNα and inflammatory responses. Downstream, the signaling pathway splits: IFNα is induced through the activation of IRF7, whereas inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 are induced through activation of NF-κB. The IRF7/IFN and the NF-κB/IL6 pathway have common as well as distinctive signaling mediators [35–38]. In certain experimental settings, it has been shown that the signaling threshold of the TLR axis is higher for IFNα induction than for NF-κB-dependent interleukin induction [39].
The importance of TLR7/8-mediated innate immune responses for HIV-1 disease outcome has become increasingly evident during the last years. The use of TLR7/8-specific agonists and antagonists is discussed as a novel approach for HIV-1 treatment [15,32,33]. Genetic variants of TLRs and downstream signaling molecules can influence the ability of the affected individual to respond to TLR ligands resulting in an altered susceptibility to or course of infectious disease [40–42]. Regarding HIV, it is established that variations within the host's genome contribute to the risk for acquiring infection as well as the individual rate of disease progression [43–48].
However, data on the relation between HIV-1 infections and TLR 7/8 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are scarce and there is currently a lack of studies on the functional effects of TLR7/8 genetic polymorphisms [49]. We were recently able to show that a common TLR8 mutation restricts HIV-1 disease progression, possibly by decreasing NFκB activation [50], and that the course of another RNA viral disease, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, correlates with the presence of certain TLR7 genotypes [51]. We hypothesized that genetic variations of TLR7 might be functionally relevant and influence the progression of HIV disease. Here we show that a common TLR7 genetic variant restricting IFNα but not inflammatory responses is associated with higher viral loads as well as accelerated disease progression in HIV-1-infected individuals. This is the first functional study of a TLR7 genetic variant affecting the progression of HIV-1 disease.
Three coding nonsynonymous TLR7 SNPs were determined in the study group by real-time PCR assays. Of these, two (Gln11Leu, Ala448Val) are coding nonsynonymous SNPs reported at an allelic frequency of more than 1% in the Entrez dB SNP database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=snp and http://www.ensembl.org/); the third (T-120G) was previously identified to be related to another RNA-viral disease, HCV infection [51]. Whereas Gln11Leu and Ala448Val are located to exon 3 of the TLR7 gene, T-120G is an intronic polymorphism. The detailed PCR curve and melting curve analysis methodology is available online in the Supplementary Methods section.
The study group comprised a total of 1279 individuals of either White or African ethnicity, 734 HIV-1-positive adults [men 671 (91%); women 63 (9%); Whites 708 (96.5%); Africans 26 (3.5%); median age, 39 years (interquartile range, IQR, 34–43 years)], and 545 seronegative controls [men 489 (90%); women 56 (10%); Whites 510 (94%); Africans 35 (6%); median age 38 years (IQR 30–43 years)].
Seropositive individuals are HIV-1 patients either enrolled in the German HIV-1 Seroconverter Study (n = 646) or in the Berlin Trial on HIV and TLR SNPs (n = 88). The German HIV-1 Seroconverter Study is a nationwide study based on a cohort of HIV-infected individuals for whom the date of seroconversion can be reliably estimated as the midpoint between the last negative and the first positive HIV-1 antibody test within a maximum interval of 3 years, or the date of the first reactive test if acute seroconversion was documented [52–54]. The Berlin Trial on HIV and TLR SNPs was established for the purpose of this study and enrolled seroconverters (n = 24) and seroprevalent patients (n = 64) for whom the date of seroconversion has not been documented. Further details on both study cohorts are provided online in the Supplementary Methods section. For disease progression analyses, set point viral loads (available for 302 HIV-1 infected individuals; see Statistical Methods for definition) and, in Kaplan–Meier analysis of 464 seroconverters, the time from seroconversion to advanced immunosuppression as defined by a CD4+ T-cell count less than 350 μl were assessed. To preclude confounding effects, CD4+ T-cell count and viral load values gathered before the start of any antiretroviral treatment were considered only. Furthermore, carriers of the established HIV-protective CCR5Δ32 deletion [43,55–60] were excluded in a second step of both viral load and survival analysis.
The HIV-negative control collective consisted of 425 anonymized seronegative White blood donors and 120 healthy, unrelated volunteers. This group has been previously described [50]; for the survey reported here, 53 individuals (48 cases, five controls) were excluded from analysis, either because TLR7 genotyping was not feasible or because they were of rare or unknown ethnicity. Informed consent has been obtained, and written approval from the relevant ethical boards has been granted for all studied participants.
Genotype frequencies of seropositive and seronegative individuals were compared using χ2 tests. Viral set points, defined as the median of all values of log10-transformed copies of HIV-1 RNA measured in plasma between 100 days and 2 years postseroconversion [47,61], were available for 302 therapy-naive patients. To evaluate the correlation between TLR7 genotypes and viral load, individual set points in each genetic group were compared by the nonparametric Mann–Whitney test. Survival analysis was conducted using the Kaplan–Meier method with an endpoint of less than 350 CD4+ T cells/μl. Differences between genotypes were analyzed by the log-rank test. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. We used SPSS14.01 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) for data management and statistical analyses, and PRISM 4 for figures.
Whole blood was obtained from age-matched pairs of healthy volunteers differing in their TLR7Gln11Leu genotype. All donors were healthy White males negative for the TLR7 T-120G, TLR7 Ala448Val and TIRAP Ser180Leu polymorphisms who had given written informed consent before donation. Detailed protocols for isolation and cultivation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are provided online in the Supplementary Methods section.
After seeding, cells were stimulated with 100 μl supplemented medium per well containing the respective ligands Imiquimod (Invivogen, Toulouse, France) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (Re595; Sigma, Deisenhofen, Germany) at the indicated concentrations. IFNα and IL-6 protein levels were measured from cell culture supernatants in a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedure, which is supplied in detail in the Supplementary Methods section.
To test the hypothesis that TLR7 genetic variation is related to the risk for, or the course of HIV-1 infection, distribution of three polymorphisms was analyzed in a total study population of 1279 participants. Of these, 734 were HIV-1 positive individuals and 545 were seronegative controls, matched according to age, ethnicity and sex.
If presence of a certain gene variant modifies the susceptibility to HIV-1, its frequency should vary between seropositive and seronegative populations. Thus, we compared TLR7 polymorphism frequencies for HIV-1-infected patients and controls. Because of the X-chromosomal localization of the TLR7 gene, analyses were conducted separately according to sex (Table 1).
The TLR7 T-120G polymorphism was found in White participants only and was absent in Africans. In White males, the proportion of hemizygotes ranged between 4.9% in seronegatives and 5.8% in seropositives; this difference was not significant. In women, the frequency of heterozygotes among HIV patients (12.7%) was similar as observed for healthy controls (10.7%).
The TLR7 Ala448Val alteration was found to be rare, with a total of eight SNP carriers detected in the entire study collective. All of these were White males. Two of them were HIV-infected, whereas the other six hemizygotes belonged to the seronegative control group corresponding to proportions of 0.3 and 1.3%, respectively.
Regardless of serostatus, ethnicity, and sex TLR7 Gln11Leu represented the single most common genetic variation in all subgroups examined. In men, frequencies of hemizygotes were roughly similar in HIV-patients (23.4%) and in HIV-negative controls (20.9%; P = 0.305). By contrast, in HIV-infected women the mutant allele carriage frequency was significantly higher than that observed in healthy controls (P = 0.002). This distinction remained significant when analysis was restricted to women of either White or African ethnic background. The association might represent a stochastic event, given the low number of women in our study collective. However, it may also indicate that female carriers of the TLR7 Gln11Leu variant allele are at an increased risk of being infected with HIV-1.
We next examined whether either of the two common TLR7 SNPs examined here, TLR7 T-120G and TLR7 Gln11Leu, were related to the severity of HIV-1 disease. To this end, we first analyzed baseline CD4+ T-cell counts and observed lower CD4+ T-cell counts in male TLR7 Gln11Leu mutation carriers as compared with carriers of the common allele (Supplementary Table S1). To assess the influence of these polymorphisms on disease progression, we examined their association with set point viral loads and with the endpoint of less than 350 CD4+ T cells/μl, which signifies immunologically advanced HIV-1 infection. Because of the low number of women with these parameters available, analysis was confined to male seropositives.
We observed no association between TLR7 T-120G genotype and set point plasma viral loads (see Material and Methods for a definition), implying that this polymorphism does not play a role in establishing steady-state levels of HIV-1 after seroconversion (Table 1).
Regarding TLR7 Gln11Leu genotype, however, males hemizygous for the rare 'Leu' alteration displayed significantly higher set point viral loads implying a deleterious effect of the minor gene variant (P = 0.017; Fig. 1a). To exclude confounding issues resulting from different ethnic backgrounds, the analysis was limited to Whites and this difference remained significant (P = 0.013; data not shown). When individuals heterozygous for the HIV-1 protective CCR5Δ32 deletion were excluded from analysis, the distinction between genotypes was more pronounced (P = 0.006; Fig. 1b).
A CD4+ T-cell count less than 350/μl is the immunological criterion for advanced HIV-1 disease in adults; it firmly indicates the need to initiate antiretroviral therapy according to the revised European [62] and American [63] guidelines. We hypothesize that the time until the CD4+ T-cell number reaches 350/μl depends on TLR7 genetic variation.
Although no such association was observed for the TLR7 T-120G SNP (data not shown), Kaplan–Meier analysis of 464 seroconverters revealed that TLR7 Gln11Leu hemizygotes took a median time of 17 [95% confidence interval (CI): 12–22] months to reach the study endpoint of less than 350 CD4+ T cells/μl, whereas carriers of the normal gene variant took a median 32 [24–40] months, indicating an accelerated disease course in Gln11Leu mutation carriers. This difference was significant (P = 0.021; Fig. 2a), remained so when only Whites were considered (P = 0.020; data not shown), and was more pronounced in the subgroup of individuals negative for the CCR5Δ32 deletion (P = 0.011; Fig. 2b).
We conclude that presence of the TLR7 Gln11Leu genetic variation is associated with a detrimental effect on HIV-1 disease progression as defined by viral set points and the time in reaching a stage of immunologically advanced infection. This prompted us to study the functional impact of the Gln11Leu polymorphism by use of ex-vivo cell stimulation assays.
This SNP is common in White populations providing a chance to examine its functional relevance ex vivo. We obtained PBMCs from healthy volunteers that had been genotyped for the TLR7 SNPs, stimulated the cells employing the TLR7-specific ligand Imiquimod and measured IFNα as well as IL-6 secretion in the supernatants. Donors hemizygous for the rare 'Leu'-allele were compared with matched donors hemizygous for the common 'Gln' variant.
Following Imiquimod treatment at 5 μmol/l, a time-dependent IFNα response was observed which was lower in 'Leu' hemizygotes than in 'Gln' hemizygotes (P = 0.05). Regarding IL-6 response, the difference was weak and did not reach statistical significance (Fig. 3a). Next, we assessed dose-response relationships following 8 and 24 h of Imiquimod treatment. Again, presence of the 'Leu' allele was associated with decreased IFNα levels, whereas IL-6 levels were similar in donors of both genotypes (Fig. 3b,c). After normalization according to LPS-induced IL-6 levels, a TLR7-independent measure of cell activation, significance levels did not change (data not shown). These findings imply that TLR7 activation leads to a weakened IFNα response in TLR7 Gln11Leu SNP carriers as compared with wild type controls.
Of interest, the shapes of IFNα and IL-6 dose-response curves differed. Depending on TLR7 genotype and incubation time, maximum IFNα concentrations were induced by Imiquimod-doses between 5 and 10 μmol/l, whereas higher doses led to diminished IFNα levels; a cytopathic effect of the higher Imiquimod doses seems unlikely because for IL-6, at doses up to 100 μmol/l, a steadily increasing response was observed.
TLRs are of crucial importance for the detection of viruses and the subsequent elicitation of an antiviral response [6]. Clearance of a variety of viral infections, for example, vesicular stomatitis virus, cytomegalovirus and hepatitis B virus is critically dependent on TLR activation [64–66].
TLR7/8 stimulation has been demonstrated to confer anti-HIV activity in vivo [13,14] and ex vivo [15,16]. On the other hand, TLR7/8 triggering has recently been implicated with persistent immune activation, a hallmark of progressive HIV-1 infection [32–34]. It therefore has been suggested by others that modulation of TLR7/8 signaling may represent a novel concept for future antiviral therapy [32–34]. We have recently identified a functional TLR8 variant associated with a restriction of HIV-1 disease [50] and in the present study present evidence for the association of a functional TLR7 variant with HIV-1 disease progression.
We detected a robust relationship between the TLR7 'Leu' genetic variant and higher set point viral loads. Progression to an advanced stage of immune suppression was accelerated in TLR7 'Leu' carriers. We observed that presence of the TLR7Gln11Leu SNP was associated with lower baseline CD4+ T-cell counts and possibly increased HIV-1 susceptibility in women; these results are suggestive of a strong effect on the initial stages of HIV infection. Assuming that the deleterious effect of the TLR7 Gln11Leu genetic alteration depends on a diminished IFNα induction, these findings would be in line with the fact that IFNα production is of importance for the control of HIV replication during early, rather than late disease stages [24–26].
We observed an overrepresentation of the rare TLR7Gln11Leu genetic variant in HIV-1 infected females as compared with HIV-negative controls implying an increased risk for HIV-1 acquisition. This association was found in female but not male study participants; possible explanations may involve the significant gender-specific variation of IFNα levels induced by TLR7 ligands [67]. The number of women included in our study is less and the observed effect may well be due to a stochastic event only. Thus, confirmatory studies involving higher numbers of female participants are needed; however, in a cohort of female patients with chronic HCV infection, a significantly increased frequency of this SNP was also reported [68]. Taken together with these findings, our results suggest that, in vivo, presence of the TLR7 'Leu' variant is associated with a gender-dependent increase of susceptibility not only to one but to various RNA viral diseases.
In our stimulation assays, the presence of the TLR7Gln11Leu variant was associated with decreased IFNα production. The induction of IL-6 was only marginally impaired. Although these data do not allow for direct conclusions on how this SNP exacerbates the course of HIV-1 disease, they suggest a selective impairment of the IRF7-dependent signaling pathway in TLR7Gln11Leu variant carriers. As a consequence, these individuals might suffer from a restriction of the antiretroviral IFNα response, leading to higher viral loads and accelerated disease progression. Moreover, the NFκB-dependent pathway culminating in the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines appears to remain unaltered. Thus, the mutant TLR7 protein would still be able to recognize HIV-1 RNA and contribute to chronic activation of the immune system, which is of major importance in AIDS pathogenesis [27,33]. pDCs are of paramount importance in linking innate and adaptive immunity to HIV and many other viruses. They are also the PBMC sub-population responsible for the bulk of IFNα production following TLR7 stimulation [37]. Further studies are needed and currently underway in our laboratory to examine the effect of the Gln11Leu SNP on the IFNα and inflammatory cytokine response in pDCs.
At this point, we can only speculate about the molecular mechanism underlying the effect of the TLR7 Gln11Leu SNP on cytokine and interferon responses; possible explanations for its relevance include linkage disequilibrium with another genetic variation accounting for functional implications. However, this SNP is located in the signal sequence of TLR7, adjacent to the typical basic residues in the N-terminal part of this sequence. Signal peptide degeneracy, even when subtle, is known to modulate posttranslational modification, localization, quantity and thus the functionality of the affected protein [69]. The IRF-7 dependent pathway is characterized by a higher signaling threshold than the NF-κB dependent pathway [39]. Thus, lower quantities or impaired functionality of the variant TLR7 protein would indeed disturb IFNα rather than interleukin production.
The substantial impact of the host's genetic variation on the individual course of HIV-1 infection has been established during the last years and is subject of ongoing major studies [43,47,70,71]. The important role of TLRs, in particular TLR7, in HIV pathogenesis is currently being elucidated [11,12,15,16,34]. The data presented here demonstrates for the first time that TLR7 genetic variability influences HIV-1 progression. The whole genome association studies [71] that are currently underway will be needed to assess the relative contribution of genetic variation of this and other TLRs to the total genetic impact.
In summary, our results demonstrate the effect of a TLR7 genetic polymorphism on HIV disease progression in a German seroconverter cohort. Furthermore, presence of this polymorphism might lead to a gender-specific increase of the risk to acquire HIV-1. In TLR7-specific stimulation assays, we show ex vivo that presence of this mutation is associated with decreased production of IFNα but normal production of IL-6. This combination of limited antiretroviral IFNα activity with an unaltered degree of immune activation is a potential underlying mechanism for the exacerbated disease course in SNP carriers. The data presented here may help define an individual patient's HIV-1 risk profile. They are of interest with regard to the potential of TLR7 agonists and antagonists as immunomodulatory antiretroviral drugs.
We gratefully acknowledge the patients, their families and the clinicians whose participation in the German HIV-1 Seroconverter Study and in the Berlin Trial on HIV and TLR SNPs made these investigations possible. We thank Fränzi Creutzburg and Diana Woellner, Charité, Berlin, for outstanding technical support; Sabrina Neumann and Hanno von Spreckelsen for skillful technical assistance in preparation and asservation of DNA samples of seroconverters (German Seroconverter Study); TIBMolBiol/Genexpress for probe design and excellent genotyping support; Wolfgang Hoehne for the critical reading of the manuscript; Ulrike Schulz of MediMath for helpful discussions; and Martin Meixner of Cyano Biotech for outstanding help on sequence analysis. Carmen Zedlack (Gemeinschaftspraxis Jessen-Jessen-Stein, Berlin), Christian Kollan and Parvin Ghassim (Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin) provided invaluable data management support. This work forms part of the doctoral thesis of K.B. D.-Y.O. is a recipient of a Rahel Hirsch Grant of the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin. R.R.S. was supported by grants obtained from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). All authors state that they do not have any conflict of interest.
D.-Y.O. performed TLR7 genotyping, data analysis, recruitment of PBMC donors, obtained the ethical vote for PBMC stimulation experiments, and wrote the manuscript; K.B. performed TLR7 genotyping, data analysis, and PBMC stimulation assays; O.H. designed, supervised and conducted the German HIV-1 Seroconverter Study; J.K.E. performed PBMC stimulation assays; C.K., B.B. and G.P. provided DNA samples of the German HIV-1 Seroconverter Study patients, collected patient's data, and obtained the ethical vote for this collective; K.N. performed statistical analysis; H.J. and N.O. recruited patients of the Berlin Trial on HIV and TLR SNPs, provided EDTA blood samples and clinical data of these patients, and obtained the ethical vote of the Berlin Medical Association for this collective; A.P. recruited healthy controls; R.R.S. designed and supervised the project, and wrote the manuscript.
Aachen: Dres. Habets and Knechten; Augsburg: Dr Hammond (Klinikum Augsburg); Berlin: Dres. Mayr, Schmidt, Speidel, and Strohbach (Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum, Ärzteforum Seestraße), PD Dr Arasteh (Auguste-Viktoria-Krankenhaus/Vivantes), Dres. Bieniek and Cordes, Dr Claus, Dres. Baumgarten, Carganico, and Dupke, Dres. Freiwald and Rausch, Dres. Gölz, Klausen, Moll, and Schleehauf, Dr Hintsche, Dres. Jessen and Jessen, Dres. Köppe and Krauthausen, Dr Reuter; Bielefeld: Dr Pfaff (Krankenhaus MARA II); Bochum: Professor Dr Brockmeyer (St. Joseph-Hospital); Bonn: Professor Dr Rockstroh (Universitätsklinik Bonn); Dortmund: Professor Dr Gehring and Dr Schmalöer (Klinikum Dortmund, ID-Ambulanz); Dresden: Dr Sawatzki (Städtisches Krankenhaus Dresden-Neus); Duisburg: Dr Becker-Boost, Dr Kwirant; Düsseldorf: Professor Dr Häussinger and Dr Oette (Universitätsklinik Düsseldorf); Frankfurt/Main: Professor Dr Helm (Universitätsklinik Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität); Frankfurt/Oder: Dr Markus; Halle/Saale: Dr Kreft (Universitätsklinik Martin-Luther-Universität); Hamburg: Professor Dr Plettenberg, Dr Stoehr, Dr Graefe, and Dr Lorenzen (ifi, Allgemeines Krankenhaus St. Georg), Professor Dr Burchard, Dr Lippert, and Dr Manegold (Bernhard-Nocht-Institut); Dres. Adam, Schewe, and Weitner, Dr Fenske, Dr Gellermann, Professor Dr Stellbrink (Universitätsklinik Eppendorf); Hannover: Professor Dr Schmidt (Medizinische Hochschule Hannover), Dres. Buck and Leugner; Koblenz: Professor Dr Eisenhauer and Dr Rieke (Krankenhaus Kemperhof); Köln: Dr Bihari, Dr Ferdinand, Professor Dr Fätkenheuer (Universitätsklinik Köln); Leipzig: Dr Pfeil (Universitätsklinik Leipzig); Magdeburg: Professor Dr Malfertheiner and Dr Wolle (Universitätsklinik Otto-v.-Guericke-Universität); Mainz: Professor Dr Galle (Klinikum der Joh.-Gutenberg-Universität); München: Dres. Jäger and Jägel-Guedes, Dr Malm, Dr Rieger, Städtisches Krankenhaus München-Schwabing, Professor Dr Fröschl (Technische Universität München); Münster: Professor Dr Rahn, (Universitätsklinik Münster); Norderstedt: Dr Soldan; Nürnberg: Dr Brockhaus (Klinikum Nürnberg); Osnabrück: Dr Mutz (Städtische Klinik Natruper Holz); Regensburg: Professor Dr Salzberger, Professor Dr Schölmerich, and Dr Schneidewind (Universitätsklinik Regensburg); Remscheid: Dr Steege; Rostock: Dr Kreft, Professor Dr Ziegler and Professor Dr Reisinger (Universitätsklinik Rostock); Stuttgart: Dres. Ißler, Schaffert, Schnaitmann, and Trein, Dres. Frietsch, Müller, and Ulmer; Dr Wagner-Wiening (Landesgesundheitsamt Stuttgart); Ulm: Professor Dr Kern and Professor Dr Kreidler (Universitätsklinik Ulm); Viernheim: Dr van Treek; Wiesbaden: Dr Starke.
cytokines; disease susceptibility; genetics; HIV; innate immunity; single nucleotide polymorphism; toll-like receptors
© 2009 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
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Creatinine Blood Test Index
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Creatinine is a chemical waste molecule that is generated from muscle metabolism. Creatinine is produced from creatine, a molecule of major importance for energy production in muscles. Creatinine has been found to be a fairly reliable indicator of kidney function. As the kidneys become impaired the creatinine level in the blood will rise. Normal levels of creatinine in the blood vary from gender and age of the individual.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Villa Aman Adem - Puncak - Indonesia
Villa Aman Adem - PuncakVilla Aman Adem
Address: Jl. Joglo, Cibeureum - Cisarua
West Java
Phone Number: +6281284051222
Geolocation: -6.710017, 106.944382
Villa Aman Adem Rates & Reservations
- Book your room
- Book your room
Villa Aman Adem Reviews
Villa Aman Adem average rating
6.8 out of 10 based on 11 user reviews.
6.8 out of 10 based on 11 user reviews.
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Villa Aman Adem - Puncak Description
Stop at Villa Aman Adem to discover the wonders of Puncak. The hotel offers a high standard of service and amenities to suit the individual needs of all travelers. Car park, room service, meeting facilities, family room, restaurant are just some of the facilities on offer. Guestrooms are designed to provide an optimal level of comfort with welcoming decor and some offering convenient amenities like non smoking rooms, desk, television, kitchenette, refrigerator. To enhance guests' stay, the hotel offers recreational facilities such as garden. Villa Aman Adem combines warm hospitality with a lovely ambiance to make your stay in Puncak unforgettable.
Villa Aman Adem - Puncak classifies itself as a 4 star hotel.
N.B. Please note that the star ratings are interpreted generously by the hotels in many countries.
N.B. Please note that the star ratings are interpreted generously by the hotels in many countries.
Villa Aman Adem - Puncak Facilities
N.B. Please note that these are considered correct at the time of publishing, but may no longer be available. If any of the facilities are absolutely essential for you please check when booking. Please do not assume that all are included in the room rate.
Villa Aman Adem Hotel Facilities
- Bicycle Rental
- Car Park
- Family Room
- Meeting Facilities
- Room Service
Villa Aman Adem Room Facilities
- Balcony / Terrace
- Coffee / Tea Maker
- Desk
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- Kitchenette
- Refrigerator
- Seating Area
- Separate Dining Area
- Shower
- Television
- Washing Machine
Villa Aman Adem Sports and Recreation
- Garden
Online Reservation - click here
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reserve your discounted Villa Aman Adem room now!


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A piece of history flew in Hubbard Dec. 7 for the first time in exactly 70 years.
Gary Lynn, an employee of Hubbard Township Police Department, presented at 48-star United States flag that has been in storage since Dec. 7, 1941, the day Japanese fighter planes attacked Pearl Harbor.
That day, the flag flew outside the home of Lynn's grandparents, Steve and Julia Tickey at 351 Erie St, .
Article Photos
Gary Lynn, right, and Township Police Chief Todd Coonce, center, watch as Lynn's flag is lowered to half-mast Dec. 7 at the township police station during a Pearl Harbor memorial ceremony. the 48-star flag has not been flown for 70 years, since it was mounted outside Lynn's grandparent's house that day in 1941. Lynn's grandmother, Julia Tickey, later gave it to Lynn for safekeeping.
Lynn said after hearing of the attack, his grandparents knew the flag had become a piece of history. They folded it and stored it. Lynn's grandmother later gave him the flag.
Following a Dec. 7 ceremonial lowering of the flag to half-mast, Lynn spoke of the flag's meaning with historical and personal perspective.
"As we gaze at the 48-star flag today, it means something different to everyone. It means more to me than just a memento from my grandmother," he said. "To me, I see a place and time in history that is fading."
Lynn said he felt the historic flag would serve as a tangible reminder of 3,317 service people and civilians that were killed the last time the flag was flown. He also reminded those in attendance that the United States swiftly responded.
"I just want you to know one thing," he said. "Of the six Japanese aircraft carriers that were there, within six months the United States sunk four of them at the Battle of Midway."
The flag lowering was accompanied by the playing of Taps and a 21-gun salute, issued in three volleys from seven guns by Hubbard VFW Post 3767.
Following Lynn's remarks, Tony Kavalesy of the VFW post offered a brief historical synopsis of the 48-star flag and thoughts on Lynn's contribution.
"The 48-star flag flew longer than any other flag in U.S. history," Kavalesy said. "The future of this flag is in the hands of Gary and his descendants."


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Deepika Padukone is Bollywood's tallest actress who got fame from Shah rukh Khan's Om Shanti OM and before this, she was a model and had done videos for Himesh Reshammiya's remixes. Being a model, she appeared in bikinis before her acting career BUT after having place in Bollywood, she left appearing in bikinis for bollywood movies or item numbers. Hope you have seen our previous collection of Deepika Padukone at Beach, Deepika Padukone without Makeup and Today, i wana show you Deepika Padukone's new HOT Pictures in Bra where you can see her TOP ASSETS are poping out. These are Sexy Deepika Padukone Pictures from Brazil. Other Pictures are with Upen Patel. Enjoy These Pictures and also download deepika padukone wallpapers.
Home » Deepika Padukone » HOT Pictures » Deepika Padukone's Sexiest Pictures - Never Seen Before
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deepika is looking hot & beautiful & she is deserve to become top of the list.ReplyDelete
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- AnonymousJanuary 28, 2013 at 4:02 PM
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Dell Tries To Put Out The Fire
Investors don't hear much negative comment about Dell Computer Corp. So Kidder, Peabody & Co. analyst David R. Korus caused a stir on Nov. 20 when he suggested in a conference call with investors and brokers that Dell may have used foreign-currency speculation to buttress its earnings. The day before the call, Dell stock surged on the news that profits and sales for the quarter ended Nov. 1 had more than doubled from a year ago, to $28.6 million earned on sales of $570 million. After the call, Dell stock began dropping, falling five points in two trading days (chart).
Dell Chief Executive Officer Michael S. Dell responded quickly. On Nov. 20, he denied any improprieties in the company's currency trading. Dell's law firm warned Kidder and Korus they faced legal action and alerted the Securities & Exchange Commission to Kidder's "false allegations." Dell also asked the SEC to investigate the stock's movement, noting that shares were losing value even before the conference call.
QUESTIONS. Korus, who declined to comment, said in his conference call that he had been concerned for months about Dell's foreign-exchange trades. In August, Dell reported that, based on option contracts outstanding on Aug. 2, it was facing a $38 million currency-trading loss. It said in March that it had $435 million in forex contracts outstanding.
Korus began asking questions. Were some of the currency trades profitable? If so, did Dell account for the profits properly? He worried that if Dell had to change its accounting, the restatement could wipe out its rosy gains.
"There is no danger of a restatement," says a Dell news release. That was enough for some analysts. Dell, says James Poyner of Rauscher Pierce Refsnes Inc., "has gone to great lengths in the last two days to come out with an unequivocal rebuttal." But that hasn't stopped some investors from asking the same questions raised by Korus.


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This article was corrected | View correction
A correction has been published | View article
To define the optimal approach to identify patients with thyroid dysfunction.
The 8-member Standards of Care Committee of the American Thyroid Association prepared a draft, which was reviewed by the association's 780 members, 50 of whom responded with suggested revisions.
Relevant published studies were identified through MEDLINE and the association membership's personal resources.
Consensus Process
Consensus was reached at group meetings. The first draft was prepared by a single author (P.W.L.) after group discussion. Suggested revisions were incorporated after consideration by the committee.
The American Thyroid Association recommends that adults be screened for thyroid dysfunction by measurement of the serum thyrotropin concentration, beginning at age 35 years and every 5 years thereafter. The indication for screening is particularly compelling in women, but it can also be justified in men as a relatively cost-effective measure in the context of the periodic health examination. Individuals with symptoms and signs potentially attributable to thyroid dysfunction and those with risk factors for its development may require more frequent serum thyrotropin testing.
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Sea to Summit Gear Trip Cockpit Cover
Where to Buy
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Retailers' Descriptions
Here's what other sites are saying:
In addition to performing all the functions of a regular travel cockpit cover, the Gear Trip also functions as a removable gear bag, so there's no need to shuffle through your kayak to find your gear.
Some brands offer a protective cover for your kayak's cockpit, but the Sea To Summit Gear Trip Cockpit Cover provides that and a secure spot to store your smaller paddling essentials during storage or transport.
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Film screening
HOLYOKE - Filmmaker Jim Marbrook and Anne Helm, who appears in his documentary, "Mental Notes," will join the Western Massachusetts Recovery Learning Community to present a screening of the film on July 8, from 4 to 6 p.m., at Holyoke Community College, Kittredge Center, 303 Homestead Ave.
The documentary is about the secret, often shameful history of New Zealand's psychiatric hospitals, and includes the testimony of five survivors of the system. It explores the use of storytelling and reparations, as a part of the process of moving forward.
For more information, call (413) 539.5941 or visit www.westernmassrlc.org
DOT certified
Doctors Express, which has locations in Springfield, and West Springfield has Department of Transportation certified physicians on staff at all its clinics, according to a release.
All professional drivers, including long-distance truckers, limousine drivers and taxi drivers, must be physically qualified to operate their vehicles. Recently, the DOT added the requirement that all physicians performing exams for such drivers, must be certified and registered by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. The certification material was presented in an online course provided by the National Academy of DOT.
Noble appointment
WESTFIELD - Laura Smigel, Noble Hospital Gift Shop manager, has also been named coordinator for the more than 100 volunteers and interns who donate time at the hospital She will also supervised a new Hospital Greeter program.
"We are so happy to have Laura take over as the volunteer coordinator and the new Hospital Greeter program. She has exemplified creativity, organization, and
leadership as the Gift Shop manager and I know she will be a great asset
to Noble in this new position," said Allison Gearing-Kalill, vice president of community development, of Smigel, the former owner of retail shop.
The Hospital Greeter will welcome patients, answer questions, and give directions to visitors. In 2013, some 96 Noble volunteers gave more than 13,000 hours of service, which is the equivalent to $156,000 in salary expense.
If you would like to volunteer or intern at Noble Hospital, contact Laura Smigel at firstname.lastname@example.com or (413) 568-2811, ext. 5526. Visit the volunteer page at noblehospital.org/volunteer
Free yoga
SOUTHWICK - The Dhira Yoga Center is offering free Sunset Yoga on four Wednesday evenings in July. The outdoors classes will be held on the lawn in front of The Daily Grind Coffee House and Cafe, 568 College Highway, just a few doors down from the Dhira Yoga Center.
The classes will be held on July 2, July 9, July 16 and July 23, and will start at 7 p.m. and end at 8:15 p.m. Bring your own mat (or blanket if you don't have a yoga mat). All who participate in any of the four free sessions must complete a release, which they can do when they arrive. Donations are welcome, with a suggested donation of $5 per person. Donations will be reciprocated with a coupon for a free cup of coffee or iced coffee at The Daily Grind. For more information, call (413) 998-3463 or visit www.DhiraYogaCenter.com
Philanthropy officer
GREENFIELD – Kelli Barry has joined Baystate Franklin Medical Center as a philanthropy officer with the Baystate Health Foundation. Most recently, Barry was vice president of development for Easter Seals Massachusetts, where she oversaw special events, foundation grants, and giving campaigns.
Barry spent 14 years with the American Cancer Society, including as the national director for mission integration for the Relay For Life. Later, as the societyt's vice president of income development for Massachusetts, New England division, Barry managed a statewide fund-raising team, oversaw budget development and management and promoted volunteer and constituent engagement.
In 2012, Barry was awarded the Massachusetts Unsung Heroine Award by the Massachusetts Commission on the Status of Women, for her work with the society.
A graduate of St. Anselm College in Manchester, N.H., with a degree in political science, Barry earned her master's degree in public administration from American International College in Springfield. She and her family live in Hatfield.
Dream workshop
NORTHAMPTON - The average person dreams from four to seven times every night. That means that by the time a person reaches age 80, they will have had between 116,800 and 204,400 dreams. In "Dreams 101," a workshop with Tzivia Gover, on July 9, from 7:30 to 9 p.m., on the third floor of 98 Main St., participants will learn to recall and understand the messages of their dreams.
The workshop will draw on psychological, mystical, and scientific perspectives.
Gover is a certified dream therapist. Her website is http://www.thirdhousemoon.com
The workshop fee of $10 can be applied to an individual dreamwork session with Gover. To register, contact Tzivia at email@example.com, or Clinic Alternative Medicines at (413) 341-5224
Alzheimer program
SPRINGFIELD -- Melissa Grenier, a licensed social worker, of the Alzheimer's Association, will present "The Basics: Memory Loss, Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease" on July 2 at 9 a.m. at Eastfield Mall Food Court, 1655 Boston Road.
Free blood pressure screening will be provided by Redstone Rehabilitation and Nursing Center, after the free presentation hosted by the Eastfield Mall Walkers Club.
Participants may also enter to win a $25 Ninety Nine Restaurant gift card donated by the mall.


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Hello, could you tell me what is happening with "Original Xbox Tutorials" in tutorials section?
I cant expand anything.
Best regards.
Sorry for my english
Can't Read "original Xbox Tutorials"
Started by Szamot83 , May 26 2009 10:09 PM
1 reply to this topic
Posted 26 May 2009 - 10:09 PM
Posted 27 May 2009 - 04:53 AM
The situation is being worked on, and will be back online as soon as possible.
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Tasting Notes
Medium deep reddish gold. Intense aromatic, rich, malty, fruity, spicy, nutty, vanilla, dusty dark chocolate, good age complexity. Really deep and complex, nutty sherry maltiness, fruity, dusty dark chocolate, spicy, pleasant woodiness, vanilla notes, slightly peppery, some sweetness, mellow and rounded. Nice sherried maltiness, some sweetness and dark chocolate lingering.
Wine Maker Notes
The greater age of this Knappogue expression serves to enhance and intensify the flavour of this single malt whiskey; and the sherry finish adds a further layer of taste complexity. The result is an Irish malt whiskey that ranks with the very best of the world's single malts.


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A 65-year-old Amarillo man died Thursday morning in a pre-dawn 42-vehicle pileup on Interstate 40.
Police identified the victim as Jesse Deramas Moses, who was driving a gold 1998 Saturn when the chain reaction occurred in blowing snow at 5:42 a.m. in the eastbound lanes of the 6700 block of East I-40, just west of Whitaker Road.
At least two people were transported to a local hospital with injuries that were not life-threatening, police said.
Police said nearly white-out conditions, blowing snow and ice on the highway caused the chain of crunched vehicles, which included an Amarillo Fire Department engine.
During the time of the pileup, the National Weather Service in Amarillo reported sustained winds of 35 mph and falling snow, which accumulated to 2.6 inches before it quit about two hours later.
"Visibility was bad," said Richard Laxson of Amarillo, who escaped unharmed from the ordeal that happened as he drove to work in Borger.
"A semi pulling two trailers was blowing in and out of traffic, changing lanes, and the next thing I know, I see cars going off the side of the road," Laxson said. "The roads were pretty clear. I was going 30 miles an hour. The truck was going 60. ....
"There was so much blowing snow that I started seeing cars spinning out. A van in front of me hit the median, bounded back, and I hit them."
Laxson said he didn't know what happened to the truck.
"I know what I hope happened to him," said Laxson, whose car received minor damage.
Officials closed eastbound I-40 but reopened the highway about 10:30 a.m.
Bumper-to-bumper traffic was snarled along the south I-40 frontage road as far west as Grand Street for hours after the deadly wreck.
At the accident site, firefighters, police and towing crews set to the grim task of clearing away wrecked cars, SUVs and pickups.
A steady stream of tow trucks hauled smashed vehicles from a makeshift wrecking yard just off the south Interstate 40 frontage road, where about 20 damaged vehicles waited to be moved.
The left side of a silver Dodge Charger buckled from the impact. Its driver's side air bag, dotted with dried blood, flapped in a chilly, stiff Panhandle wind.
A few yards away, a white Chevrolet Sonoma pickup was bent like a wet noodle. Streams of lime-green antifreeze and pinkish transmission fluid dripped from a white Chevrolet SUV, heavily damaged in front and back.
Engine 6, a red-and-white Amarillo fire truck, rolled over while approaching the accident and lay upside down on its top.
Capt. Bob Johnson of the Amarillo Fire Department said the truck was responding to the disaster when it swerved to avoid vehicles in the road and tipped over when it reached the slope on the right side of the highway.
No one on the truck's four-member crew was injured, Johnson said.
"They're firemen. You can't hurt them," he said.
The City of Amarillo Emergency Operations Center set up an assistance station at Rick Husband International Airport.
Cpl. Jerry Neufeld of the Amarillo Police Department said officials helped motorists involved in the melee obtain rental cars, flights and other assistance.
Neufeld said no one who arrived at the aid stationed received serious injuries.
"Some might have some bumps and bruises," he said.
Neufeld said about 16 travelers arrived at the airport by bus from the crash site.
Jeff King of Phoenix was among them.
King was traveling with family members from Phoenix to Tahlequah, Okla., for his sister's wedding on Saturday. No one was injured, but their car, a 2005 Volkswagen Jetta, was totaled, he said.
"People were driving way too fast for the conditions," King said. "Visibility was maybe 50 feet."
King said he was driving the Jetta when he saw a car directly in front of him and could not avoid a collision.
"I'm told I hit a little Toyota," he said.
King's mother-in-law, Elizabeth Barthelemy, was asleep in the back seat with her grandson, 2-year-old Sane King, the son of Jeff King.
Barthelemy said she heard her son-in-law shout "hold on" moments before the impact.
When the Jetta came to rest, Barthelemy said she saw a car that came to a stop just inches from her passenger door.
"I believe we were really protected," she said.
Jeff King said the family planned to rent a car and continue their trip to Oklahoma.
Thursday's multi-vehicle wreck followed a similar incident that occurred Dec. 23, 2007, on ice-covered I-40 near Pullman Road. The chain reaction involved as many as 80 vehicles and took the life of an Amarillo man.
"This one was a lot smaller scale," Johnson said, "but anytime you have a fatality, it's not minor."
- Business Editor Jim McBride contributed to this report.
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The jury -- in the homicide case of a woman accused of killing her husband and making it look like a carjacking in Sacramento -- is now deliberating.
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Searching employees personal belongings?
your employers are allowed to search your bag and your car, it will be written in your contract, all the best
because....How about finishing the question
You should detail this question a little better simply because there are rights and wrongs to it. Employers do have the right in SOME situations, but they are limited. I managed a restaurant for 4 years, I can help but I'd need to know a bit more about the situation.
Not sure what your question is... If its can you search them, then yes, as long as you have their permission to do so. We make it part of their contract that they will have their bags searched every time they leave the store (we're a retailer). You can't remove items from their bag to have a better look, but you can ask them to move things or take them out.
Seriously finish your questions, I know a lot about the law, our rights and the rights of your employer. And could probably answer your question for you if you be a little more specific.
Uh oh, what have you been doing, Sandra??
Scottish Law- it is illegal to search someone unless you are a police officer, security guards in shops do not have any right to search you or touch you as this can be classed as assault.
If you are asking is it legal, check out this link it should answer any questions you have;
The Answers post by the user, for information only, FreeLawAnswer does not guarantee the right.
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A body was pulled from the water Monday afternoon near the Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge.
Officials didn't immediately release an identity.
Several people saw somebody jump from the bridge about 2 p.m., Charleston police spokesman Charles Francis said.
Pedestrians reported seeing the body floating in the water near the aircraft carrier Yorktown at Patriots Point.
Police closed the outside lane of the bridge toward Charleston while the body was recovered from the water. The body was brought to land at Remleys Point.
No other information was immediately available.
Police officers and pedestrians on the Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge look southward into Charleston Harbor after someone jumped from the bridge around 2 p.m. Monday.×


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"It was a happy accident," Wentz, 29, tells the December issue of Details. "But I think that certain things happen for a reason in your life, and maybe it was time to put the wild child in a cage."
Wentz says his wild-child days involved experimentation with prescription drugs, including one attempted overdose on Ativan (an anti-anxiety medicine) in 2005. But the drug-overdose death of Heath Ledger in January was an eye-opener for the Fallout Boy bassist.
"Dude, after Heath Ledger," he says, "I was just like, Man, this is not going to end up good."
Simpson-Wentz, 24, who married the rocker in an Alice in Wonderland-themed wedding in May, also played a role in his transformation.
"I realized I'd found my soul mate, and it made me want to be a better person," he says. "Now, with the baby, I want to be the best dad I can be."
"When me and Ashlee are on the red carpet together, I'm like her purse," he jokes.
With the birth of Bronx, a new Fall Out boy album dropping Dec. 16, and a clothing line, Clandestine, on his resume, Wentz vows he won't be following in the footsteps of sister-in-law Jessica Simpson and her ex-husband, Nick Lachey, when it comes to reality TV.
"I get pitched, like, Newlyweds 2 once a week, dude," he says. "For like, move-to-an-island-after-this money. I just can't do it." Newlyweds 2 once a week, dude," he says. "For like, move-to-an-island-after-this money. I just can't do it."
Ashlee & Pete wed in Alice in Wonderland-themed ceremony
Read more about Hollywood's baby boom!


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OAKLAND, Calif. (AP) - The six-game winning streak is over. The drive to their second playoff berth since 1982 is delayed. And, after a record-setting loss, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers once again must figure out how to revive a stagnant offense.
Hoping their offensive woes were erased by the emergence of rookie quarterback Shaun King, the Bucs regressed Sunday in a 45-0 loss to the Oakland Raiders that prevented Tampa Bay (9-5) from clinching a playoff spot.
It was the worst loss in Bucs history and the biggest margin of victory for the Raiders since they joined the NFL in 1970.
Lance Johnstone returned King's fumble 13 yards for a score and Tyrone Wheatley ran 30 yards for a TD following Mike Alstott's fumble for the Raiders (7-7), who got two touchdowns apiece from Wheatley and Napoleon Kaufman.
Kaufman had scoring runs of 75 and 17 yards, Wheatley added a 3-yard scoring run, Tim Brown caught a 20-yard scoring pass from Rich Gannon and Joe Nedney kicked a 26-yard field goal in his Raiders debut.
Kaufman had 122 yards on eight carries and Wheatley had 111 yards on 19 rushes against a defense that entered the game ranked No. 2 in the NFL.
Titans 30 Falcons 17 NASHVILLE, Tenn. (AP) - Maybe it was the new uniforms or the new nickname.
Either way, the Tennessee Titans are in the NFL playoffs for the first time since 1993 when they were the Houston Oilers.
Steve McNair threw for one touchdown and ran for a second, and Al Del Greco kicked three field goals as the Titans beat the Atlanta Falcons 30-17 and clinched a playoff berth in their first season since changing nicknames.
The Titans (11-3) still have a shot at their first AFC Central Division title since 1991. They remain two games behind Jacksonville with two games left and play host to the Jaguars next week.
But Tennessee didn't look like a team ready for the playoffs against the Falcons (3-11). They forced a season-high six turnovers and wound up settling for just two field goals. They jumped offsides repeatedly on both offense and defense, and even McNair got into the act with a false start as he moved slightly before taking a snap out of the shotgun.
The Falcons, who looked lifeless in a loss last week to the San Francisco 49ers, tried to play the spoiler with Danny Kanell starting in place of the injured Chris Chandler. He easily picked up the pressure from Tennessee's blitzing defense and had the Falcons trailing 20-17 in the third quarter when he was knocked out of the game.
Ravens 31 Saints 8 BALTIMORE (AP) - The improving Baltimore Ravens are at .500 in December for the first time. The woeful New Orleans Saints are one game closer to finishing an awful season that could end the troubled reign of coach Mike Ditka.
Tony Banks threw three touchdown passes and the Ravens tied a team record with four interceptions Sunday in a 31-8 rout of the listless Saints.
The victory gave Baltimore (7-7) a three-game winning streak for only the second time in the team's four-year history. The Ravens had never won more than six games in a season.
New Orleans (2-12) has lost five straight and 12 of 13. The Saints, who played without injured running back Ricky Williams, finished with 11 yards rushing and eight first downs.
Ditka is under contract through 2002, but he's 14-32 at New Orleans. Owner Tom Benson has said he will make changes at the end of this season.
The Ravens built a 17-0 halftime lead, holding the Saints to 96 yards and three first downs. Banks hooked up with Qadry Ismail for a 47-yard touchdown with 14:14 remaining to make it 24-0, and at that point the only suspense was whether Baltimore would record the first shutout in franchise history.
Banks went 24-for-36 for 298 yards and three harmless interceptions before leaving early in the fourth quarter. Ismail, who caught three touchdown passes last week in Pittsburgh, had seven catches for 115 yards and a score.
Eagles 24 Patriots 9 PHILADELPHIA (AP) - The New England Patriots can pretty much say goodbye to their playoff hopes. The NFL can say hello to a new showboating gesture.
Koy Detmer threw a career-high three touchdown passes Sunday and celebrated each time by cracking an imaginary whip as the Philadelphia Eagles beat the Patriots 24-9.
Detmer, the Eagles' third-string quarterback, did more than fill in well for injured starter Donovan McNabb and backup Doug Pederson. He produced the Eagles' most entertaining victory since, well, the last time he won a game late last season.
Celebrating with an emphatic flogging motion some players call "whippin' it," Detmer created quite a stir with three TD passes including a 50-yarder to Torrance Small. Detmer was 10-for-29 for 181 yards, raising questions about why he didn't start for the Eagles (4-11) sooner.
Drew Bledsoe, on the other hand, saw a disappointing season come crashing down with six sacks, four interceptions and one of New England's three lost fumbles. The Patriots, who started the season 6-2, lost for the fifth time in six games to fall to 7-7. A victory by Seattle or Buffalo would eliminate New England from playoff contention.
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Gilder Lehrman Center's 14th Annual International Conference
November 8-10, 2012
Thursday, November 8, Linsly-Chittenden Hall, 63 High Street, Room 102
Friday and Saturday, November 9-10, Luce Hall Auditorium, 34 Hillhouse Ave.
Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
In order to put past and present in lasting dialogue, this conference combines some of the world's most distinguished historians of slavery and abolition with many of the most important activist-leaders in the current movement to counteract and abolish modern forms of slavery. The gathering will be one effort toward forging a field of study about the origins and nature of current human trafficking and bonded labor systems in the world. By use of rich historical analogies, comparative perspectives, international contexts, and real world examples of intervention, we will explore the past in order to see deeper into the challenges faced by governments, non-governmental organizations, scholars, writers, and concerned citizens. We further hope to place the complex problem of contemporary slavery within the history of modern ideas and regimes of human rights. This is a conference where the worlds of scholarship and international activism meet.
The conference is free and open to the public, but registration is required. Please visit http://www.yale.edu/glc/modernslavery/index.htm for more for a full conference schedule and to register.


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This weekend was partly spent devouring Julie Powell's JULIE and JULIA, 365 days , 524 recipes, 1 Tiny Apartment Kitchen: How One Girl Risked Her Marriage, Her Job, and Her Sanity to Master the Art of Living
For food bloggers and their significant others (ahem, yes Sweets, I'm forcing this one on you) I cannot recommend this book enough! It has so many a-hah moments and shared giggles (she refers to her blog-readers as bleaders).
Julie's musings on her path in life as a 29-30 year old secretary hits true in this reader and fit in perfectly with my birthday musings as I take stock of where I am in life.
This is a fun peak into a what may seem to be a familiar kitchen full of outbursts, breakdowns, and big dreams.
A favorite revealed Julia Child tidbit from the book:
One of my favorite Julia Child stories comes from a letter her husband Paul wrote to his brother, Charlie. He tells of sitting in their kitchen in Paris while she boiled cannelloni. She reached into the boiling water- he mentions this astounding feat only in passing, as if it were the most natural thing in the world for his wife to boil herself- and said with a yelp as she pulled out the pasta,
"Wow! These damn things are as hot as a stiff cock.*"
*Excerpted from a letter from Paul Child to his brother, Charles, 1949.
5 Comments
I saw it for sale at B&N a few weeks back. I have to admit I must have looked like a nut when I saw it. I actually jumped and grinned and wowie zowie! – "Babe look! It's julie/julia!!!!" My husband thought I was crazy.
- I felt that way when I went to Powells to look up a book link and found a brief interview with her on the front page. I was also responding with excitment at seeing the picture of Julie. I like to see my action heros!
I forgot about this book. Remember wanting to read when I first of it. I recently finished Eating Heaven so not sure if I am in the mood for another food book just yet. Love the cover.
Hi McAuliflower – I just tagged you for the kitchen meme…if you have time, I'd love to see where you do all this yummy cooking!
McAuliflower – I'm dying to read this book now that you've so graciously passed it on to me! Thank you!
- I hope you like it- its not everyday we have a (good!) book out about a blogging foodie!
Julie made a widely-publicized comment that most food blogs were boring and not worth her time…hellooooooo why would she say that? I don't really respect her anymore.
Not knowing the quote…
Well… Food blogs have had some interesting booms; maybe her comment came at a time when there was a particular lack of quality, or maybe her comment reflects the glut in the food blog market.
Also, we're in this food blog thing because we're all distinct and individual in our tastes. I don't expect to like all food blogs, as I'm a picky eater!
For me, I see personal (food) blogs as having two main flavors- those that are expert in a particular subject, and those that deal in the common everyday subjects. Sometimes one's blog may shift from specialized to everyday and vice versa. Ones that revel in the common everyday findings, or report what they ate everyday, can come across as monotonous. However, these blogs can also learn how to sing when they delve beneath the surface of their blogging act (I think MFK Fisher's writings fit like that). As a group, we bloggers are often very young in our "for public" writing skills, and fail to find gold in our entries. For me, that's ok because I'm learning, and my aims in my blog are not to appeal to the widest market possible.
To critically look at Julie's comment about most food blogs as boring shows a possible reflection of herself. She's staring at a world of many flavors and declaring that she only drinks Breakfast Tea, and everything else is boring? Maybe when she has more time on her hands will she discover more blogs that suit her!
I respect her because she had the nerve to state this opinion, one that could possibly strike through her core audience for her book. That takes balls.


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AT LEAST 14 Pittsburgh Steelers participated in a shooting party with Pennsylvania State Police troopers at the Greensburg barracks, using state police ammunition and illegal assault weapons from the evidence room, sources say.
Although the gun-fun day was three years ago, someone recently began circulating photographs of the pistol-packing players among state troopers, prompting outraged calls for an outside investigation.
Critics contend it is proof of a pattern of state police ignoring or covering up misbehavior by superiors.
"It's a state police firing range used for state police to train. When we're there, it's downright military," said one state police official, who requested anonymity. "But at this event, it's chaos. Everybody's throwing contraband assault weapons around like they're toys; it's like they're having G.I. Joe tryouts. Not only is this totally unethical, but it's totally illegal."


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Bahcesehir University, Department of American Culture and Literature is organizing a conference on memory, history and literature.
Place: Bahcesehir University, Istanbul Turkey
Date: 6-7-8-9 May, 2009.
There has been a growing awareness of evaluating history, memory and literature and culture on the same ground over the last years. A rapidly growing interest in memory studies is shared today by different academic disciplines. The French sociologist and master of memory studies Maurice Halbwachs writes that "remembrance is paramount." Many of the scholars coming from different academic fields examine the past and memory in order to analyze the contemporary or understand the current politics, ideologies and identities better. It is obvious that the most popular of sources for looking at the past are documentaries, historical novels, fictional biographies, fiction, art, and museums. Literary, cultural, intellectual and political history is highly interested in individual, collective, national and cultural memories and their influences both on history and societies themselves.
This conference will discuss how practices of representing and interpreting the past are being reshaped by different disciplines. This conference opts for an academic view of the creation, transmission, causes and consequences of memories. It focuses on the ways in which memories were recurred to and used in the discourses and practices of various academic disciplines.
Researchers from all disciplines are invited to participate: literary and historical studies, women and gender studies, museum studies, media and cultural studies, political sciences, philosophy, sociology, geography and history. Interdisciplinary perspectives are especially welcomed since all these topics in themselves cover several disciplines: history, literary studies, linguistics, psychology, political sciences, cultural studies, anthropology, and sociology.
The conference aims to develop into a unique international academic forum for interpretative approaches in the humanities and social sciences. The conference is designed to be a forum for discussing literal, historical and political memory, remembering and forgetting of the past.
Keynote speakers:
Within this general framework, papers should address one of the following themes:
• Autobiography/ biography as/ and memory
• War and memory (War literature)
• Holocaust and memory
• Novel and/as memory
• Film, adaptation and/as memory
• Imperialism, colonialism and memory (imperial colonial literature)
• Traumatic events and memory (Memory of catastrophe)
• Space, environment, landscape and memory
• Ideologies and memory (religion, politics)
• Re- imaging history
• Oral history and memory
• Race and memory
• Representation and memory
• Museum as an artifact of memory
• Diaspora and memory- placement, displacement
• Collective/individual memory
• Communal heritage and use of memory
• Origin, Text, Memory
• The History, Literature and Memory of Gender
• The Poetics of Remembrance and Forgetting
• Memory and Studies of the Development of Consciousness in literary texts
• Memory and Metaphor in the literary works
• Poetics and Politics of Memory
• Myth, memory and history
• Identity, Culture and memory
• Migration, ethnicity and memory
• Iconography, cult, heroism and memory
Conference attendees should submit:
1. Paper titles
2- Abstracts (1000 words). Accepted formats are Word and PDF.
3- Short biography for each participant and the panel chair (100-150 words),
4- Institutional affiliation and address for each participant,
5- Audio-visual and other technical requirements.
Please send proposals not less than 1000 words for 20-30 minute duration papers to: firstname.lastname@example.com - email@example.com
Abstract submission deadline: January 15, 2009
Paper acceptance notification: March 1, 2009
Organizers: Prof. Dr. Gönül Ucele, Yar. Doc. Dr. Gönül Bakay
Dr. Övgü Tüzün, Ögr. Gör. Burçin Çakýr , Ögr. Gör. Elif Baţ


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These workshops work on bringing practical information to parents in five main areas:
* Career and education development
* Financial literacy
* Health & wellness
* Healthy relationships
* Legal matters
SMO is currently forming a committee to help Program Director Cheryl Stabler plan these important classes.
This committee will help Stabler:
* Find speakers to teach a class in a given focus area
* Publicize event in local media outlets to help us get the word out to single parents living in the SCV.
* Create materials to promote event.
* Coordinate childcare needs (we provide free childcare and want to make this a fun experience for the children who attend.)
* Help set up, register, sign in attendees, and take children to childcare area.
* Plan the workshop calendar
* Gather supplies needed for the workshop


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A school in Altamonte Springs has been closed for the day after a suicide attempt Thursday morning, police said.
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WBB Loses at Wyoming Despite 20 from Fontaine
LARAMIE, Wyo. - The Ball State women's basketball team (3-5) suffered a 71-51 loss at Wyoming (7-2) Saturday afternoon in Arena Auditorium.
Wyoming came out of the gates strong in the second half, building a 49-34 lead with 11:13 left in the contest. The Cardinals were held to a 26.9 percent shooting mark from the field, while Wyoming shot 41.7 percent.
Ball State was led by sophomore forward Nathalie Fontaine who had 20 points, while teammate junior guard Shelbie Justice added 10. Senior forward Katie Murphy contributed eight points on the day. Freshman center Renne Bennett led the Cardinals defensively with six rebounds.
After Ball State opened the game with a quick basket from Bennett, Wyoming quickly answered back with a 15-7 run to take an 18-10 at the 8:34 mark.
The Cardinals regained control in the last 5:34 of the half, putting together a 13-4 run to make the score 29-27 with 1:29 remaining. During that run, Fontaine knocked down a three pointer while also going 4-for-4 from the charity stripe. Justice also added a three pointer and Murphy would hit a layup. Despite the Cardinals efforts, the Cowgirls would head into intermission up 33-27 over Ball State.
The Ball State women's basketball team hosts No. 7 Louisville at 7 p.m. Tuesday in a White Out game at Worthen Arena. Fans are encouraged to wear white to the game. To purchase tickets to the game, go to www.ballstatesports.com or call the ticket office at 1.888.BSU.TICKET.


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Indians Insider: Punchless Tribe puts in call for Buffalo outfielder Francisco
Outfielder Ben Francisco appears to be coming back to Cleveland.
After the second game of the Class AAA Buffalo Bisons' doubleheader Sunday, Francisco told Buffalo News reporter Mike Harrington that he would be recalled in time for the Indians' series in New York that begins Tuesday.
Francisco told Harrington that he had been informed by Buffalo manager Torey Lovullo of the promotion.
Francisco was called up to Cleveland on April 22 when Jake Westbrook was placed on the disabled list, then sent down April 26. Ten days needed to elapse before he could be called up again. A roster move will need to be announced before Tuesday's game to create space for Francisco's addition.
"Baseball's a crazy game, but things happen," Francisco told Harrington. "I guess those 10 days weren't the right time for me. Now my opportunity is here, and I have to make the most of it."
Francisco was scratched from the second game of the doubleheader. He is batting .228 with the Bisons.
Francisco made his major-league debut with the Indians last season, during which he batted .274 in 25 games for the Tribe. He batted .318 in 95 games for the Bisons, good enough for the International League batting crown.
Stay alert: After the Indians' 2-0 loss to Kansas City on Sunday afternoon, manager Eric Wedge put members of his sickly offense on notice.
"We're right in the middle of evaluating," Wedge said. "We're looking at everything. We're going to do everything we possibly can to make the adjustments we need to make."
Wedge has used 26 different lineups in 31 games. The Indians are batting .242.
"We've already done things with the lineup," he said. "If we have to look beyond that, we're going to do it."
The first look, apparently, was to Francisco in Buffalo.
Another option would be Josh Barfield at second -- if Barfield were hitting. But Barfield, the Indians' regular second baseman for the majority of last year, had a .258 average with the Bisons through Sunday.
Asdrubal Cabrera, the man who took Barfield's job, is in a 1-for-20 skid, dropping his average to .191.
A perfect ninth Sunday gave him eight saves in eight opportunities. In 13 appearances covering 13 innings, Soria has given up three hits and no runs. He has walked one and struck out 15.
Still going: Victor Martinez extended his hit streak to 15 games with a fourth-inning single past diving third baseman Alex Gordon. He finished 1-for-4.
Martinez is batting .344 (21-for-61) with five RBI during the streak, which is two shy of his career-high set in July 2005.
Martinez owns the longest hit streak in the American League this season.
Gark the shark: Ryan Garko went 2-for-3 Sunday as the only Indian with multiple hits. He recently ended an 0-for-25 and is batting .242.
"You can't reinvent the wheel," Garko said of his team's offensive woes. "We all know how to hit. We just have to do a better job."
Garko said the club can find solace in the fact that it is hitting far below par yet remains in the Central race. The Indians are 14-17; first-place Minnesota is 16-14.
Tough luck: Aaron Laffey is 0-2 in two starts this season despite a 2.84 ERA and seven hits allowed in 12 2/3 innings. He gave up three hits in 5 2/3 innings to the Yankees and four hits in seven innings to the Royals.
"There's no reason for Aaron to feel frustrated," Wedge said. "He needs to feel really good about his two starts. He's given us a chance to win."
Something had to be done. This team needs a wake-up call. Hopefully this signifies the end of the Jason Michaels Era in Cleveland.


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Wii-bernation ?
i wish i could sleep 'till the wii launch day.. lol
Wii-bernation ?
*Image Removed By Moderator*
Just the usual
i guess that works, i thought u said a different word when i first read it, mastur(u kno the rest)Originally Posted by Flip
You sicko Although the Wii does have that effect on me aswell. Can't it be both ?
*Image Removed By Moderator*
lmao. and im the sicko
I never said I wasn't
*Image Removed By Moderator*
i havent pre-ordered it yet im still trying to get the money and im in my 5th year of high school so i have a lot of work so im not really impatient about it coming out.
I hate Photobucket
I work, play Tetris DS, and work some more. When it comes, it'll come with a bang and i'll remember about my preorder then.
WiiSports (obviously) / Redsteel / Excite Truck / TC:SO / Rayman RR / Wii Play / Sonic and the Secret Rings / Mad Catz Skinz
I'm just passing the time anyway I can. I'm getting so tired of hearing how everyone has pre-ordered and I can't. Apparently no retailers in the USA are smart enough or able enough to start pre-orders like they have in various other countries.
I'm also tired of pre-order people telling me not to worry and that there will be enough. I'm tired of reading that Amazon thread where all the people that got a pre-order are telling everyone not to worry . . . then why did you pre-order?
Also I recently read an article that says the Wii supply might go fast (even with the larger than expected production).
I was at WiiSpace (a similar site) when someone was talking about advertising and they were lamenting that Nintendo didn't advertise enough on T.V. They said they were worried about not enough people buying the Wii and it dying out because of lack of interest. Pfffft!
I replied and told them, "You don't need to worry about that. WORRY ABOUT GETTING ONE AT RELEASE."
I'm tired of people telling me not to worry. They usually are the people that have pre-orders. No reason to pre-order if there is an ample supply. This machine is going to fly off the shelves.
I'm the guy that doesn't go two days early and form a line waiting for the console. I'm the guy who walks in excited and asks for something then walks away disappointed everytime because it is sold out.
My little rant. Just tired of people telling me matter of factly that there will be enough Wii (while they drool and stare at their pre-order receipt). I don't think a lot of people understand the frenzy this system has created.


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Ramada Inn
Elk City, OK 73644
Phone: 580-225-8140
Toll Free: 800-272-6232
Fax: 580-243-5199
Ramada Inn in Elk City features an on-site restaurant, indoor heated pool and hot tub. Some rooms offer a microwave, fridge and recliner. Pets are allowed, and RV and truck parking is available. Other amenities at the Ramada Inn of Elk City include one free hot cooked-to-order breakfast per room. Military, government, group and corporate rates are offered. The Ramada Inn of Elk City is located just half a mile from the National Route 66 Museum.
Discounts: AAA Discount, Group Rate Discount, Military Discount, Senior Discount
Facility Amenities: ADA Compliant, ADA Rooms, Credit Cards Accepted, Exercise/Fitness Facilities, Free Breakfast Served, Hot Tub, Pool Indoor, Restaurant on site
General Information: Number of Units: 55
Group Amenities: Bus/Motorcoach Parking
Highway Corridors (within 5 mi.): I-40, Route 66
Internet Connectivity: Facility WiFi
Location: Expressway/Interstate
Room Amenities: Cable/Satellite TV, Climate Control, Microwave, Refrigerator
Room Type: 1-Bedroom Units, 2-Bedroom Units, Double, King, Queen
Special Rating: AAA 2 Diamond
Cowboy Cafe Restaurant open Monday-Friday 6am-9pm; Saturday-Sunday 6am-3pm.
From I-40 take Exit 38 and drive 1/4 mile south.
Primary Contacts:
Mina McGowne
Email: email@example.com


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Montgomery High School
The habitat is 30 by 6 by 15 cm. The crickets food (a large carrot 7 1/2 cm) is glued to the floor. Water is provided by sponges glued to the floor. The astronauts will have to add water to the sponges occassionally. We included three cardboard rolls because we have observed that crickets like to hide. We have also observed that crickets create a whole lot of waste. We have air constantly flowing through the habitat through a screen. This air will hopefully push all the cricket wastes through another screen on the far side of the cage. The wastes will pass through layers of absorbent paper, carbon, a desicating agent and finally be stored in a container until the shuttle returns to earth. The habitat is made out of plexiglass so that the crickets can be observed.


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Give to Millsaps | Athletics | Alumni & Friends | Parents | Library | Faculty | Administration
Now known as the Irwin Russell Memorial, the building that was constructed as the Port Gibson Academy, Collegiate Institute and Female College, as it was variously known 1839-1928, serves today as the City Hall and public library, as well as fire department for the city of Port Gibson. Renovated in recent years, the building is a striking facility which stands within a few blocks of the Methodist Church on College Street.
Millsaps College is a member of the Annapolis Group. Visit Liberal Arts Success to learn more.


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There are four options for child care in Australia:
Child care is mainly designed for children aged up to five years, but can also include before-school or after-school hours and holiday care for primary school-age children. These extra services can be a real help for working parents.
From the age of three years, children can attend kindergarten or preschool programs in some centres. These usually offer short sessions, from about one hour at three years, up to four hours for four-year-olds. Some long day care centres also run kindergarten programs alongside their child care services.
Care, learning and education are a vital part of all child care settings. Programs focus on play-based learning, communication, language (including literacy and numeracy), social skills and emotional development.
When you're trying to decide what type of child care is right for your family, you might want to consider:
If child care is of high quality, your child will do best in the style of care that reflects your family's specific interests or values.
So if your family loves outdoor activities, you might prefer to use a centre that supports that. Or you might want a home environment, or a structured program, or somewhere that music is a strong part of learning, or a setting that can cater to Halal food choices. You might be looking for a place that has a cross-section of different activities – whatever fits well with your family's values.
There can also be advantages to exposing your child to different styles of care and having your child mix with kids from a wide range of social and family backgrounds. This can help your child understand and accept the many different interests, perspectives and values out there in the world.
Boyd, W. (2014). Parents' choices of child care in Australia. New Zealand Research in Early Childhood Education, 17, 51-70.
Wise, S., & Sanson, A. (2000). Child care in cultural context: Issues for new research [Research Paper No. 22]. Melbourne: Australian Institute of Family Studies. Retrieved September 23, 2014, from http://www.aifs.gov.au/institute/pubs/RP22.pdf.


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"I made eight cakes in six days," the celebrity chef, 67, tells PEOPLE exclusively in this week's cover story.
Deluged with German chocolate and coconut confections, Deen says her husband, Michael Groover, 58, told her, "'Honey, I don't know if I'm going to survive this.' "
"I have been eating way too much lately and I have to get back on [a healthy diet] again," she says.
As for her health, "It's good," she says. "My last bloodwork, my A1c [blood sugar level] was 5.4 percent, and my blood pressure is 120 over 70."
Reporting by LIZA HAMM
For much more on Paula Deen's life post-scandal, pick up this week's issue of PEOPLE.


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MANSFIELD — On Feb. 11 at about 2:05 p.m., police arrested Kathleen D. Kanane, 34, of the township at Walmart and charged her with shoplifting.
Police said the arrest came after surveillance video showed her loading a shopping cart with $618 worth of merchandise and walking out of the store without paying for the items. She was released pending an appearance in Superior Court.
More Warren County news: NJ.com/Warren • Facebook • Twitter


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Hi! My name is Hawkfrost
I am a Norwegian Forest Cat from southington, OH
Nicknames: baby boy
Age: 9 years old
Gender: M
Coat: long haired
Education: no not really, well when you tell him to do something, like meow or go and get _______up, he will.
My favorite tricks and treats are: no...not really, he is lazy and when he is not, he is uasually mean lol :) and uhhhh probably chicken
Where I hang out: upstairs in my room or outside in the garage or bt the bird feeder
My favorite grubs: pedigree canned cat food:chanken and strips with gravy :P
My pet peeves: thw two dogs because he gets jealous when they are getting the attention :)
What I love about my owners: i love my owner because
My cat hobbies: sleep, bite/attack you or something, kill the birds outside, eat, and torment my one dog
Pet motto: What a cat would say: If you cant eat it all, save it, dont give it away. My motto: There are mysteries in thus world that shalnt be discovered...:)
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i found his mother and then later she got pregnant with her first litter, then a year later. pregnant with the first litter in which he was in :)
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The swing era will come alive in the Forest City High School Auditorium on Monday, February 18, with the signature harmonies of Five by Design. Showtime is 7:30 p.m.
Dr. Timothy Schmidt, Waldorf Professor Emeritus of Music and an acclaimed concert pianist, will perform in the Odvin Hagen Music Center on the Waldorf Campus at 7:30 p.m. on Tuesday, January 29.
Waldorf College will debut its third art gallery exhibit of the academic year on Jan. 7, 2013. The exhibit will feature works by Ted Bieth, a teacher at Northwood Kensett Community Schools and North Iowa Area Community College.
Dr. Kristín Jónína Taylor, Associate Professor of Music at Waldorf College, has been selected by The College Music Society (CMS) to serve as their inaugural ambassador to Iceland.
Reserve your Theatre tickets online or by contacting Dr. Robert AuFrance at 641-585-8288, or by emailing firstname.lastname@example.com
Download our most recent performances on iTunes University.
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