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Abstract: During the last half of the twentieth century John Howard Yoder emerged as one of the most influential theologians and ethicists of his generation. In addition to his formidable intellectual gifts, Yoder's prominence derived in part from his ability to speak coherently from within the perspective of several theological traditions. Born and raised a Mennonite, Yoder always understood the believers church theology of Anabaptism to be his primary point of departure. But he was equally comfortable within evangelical circles; and he spent a significant portion of his academic career teaching and writing out of a Catholic context at the University of Notre Dame. Yoder's ultimate point of reference, however, was never any one of these various traditions but rather the person and the gospel of Jesus Christ.
John Yoder is largely responsible for putting Mennonites on the theological map at the end of the twentieth and now at the beginning of the twenty-first century.[1] If anyone mentions "Yoder" in academic theology circles in North America-for instance, at the annual meetings of the American Academy of Religion or the Society of Christian Ethics-most people in attendance know not only that the speaker meant John Howard Yoder but also that this very influential theologian was Mennonite and pacifist. In fact, in most academic theology circles in the United States, the name of John Yoder is largely synonymous with what it means to be Mennonite.
Of course, Mennonites themselves know Mennonite theologians other than John Howard Yoder. In fact, the variety of Mennonite theologians includes those who would distance themselves in significant ways from Yoder's theology. But beyond doubt Yoder's theology has deep roots in Mennonite soil. John Yoder sometimes emphasized that his theological or ethical approach was not peculiarly Mennonite. Nonetheless, as he well knew, John Yoder was nothing if not Mennonite.
According to a Swiss encyclopedia the Yoder family name is traceable to a St. Theodore who traveled across the mountains from Italy to Switzerland: "A Swiss clan, who loved their missionary saint, took his name, abbreviating it . . . to Saint Joder." At least in 1968 "the Swiss almanac still list[ed] St. Joder's Day (August 16); and a mountain peak near the Swiss-Italian border still bears the name-St. Joderhorn."[2] Joders can be found among the sixteenth-century Anabaptists. For example, "In 1531 one Heini Joder was imprisoned at Basel as one of those defiantly spreading Anabaptist doctrine."[3]
I never heard John Yoder refer either to the traditions surrounding St. Joder or to any Anabaptist Joders in the early sixteenth century. But he was well aware that he was born into a rich Christian heritage. Long ago, missionaries willing to suffer for the sake of the Gospel were a part of that heritage, as were people whose names and faces he knew.
The book on the history of the Oak Grove Mennonite Church, the church of John Yoder's childhood, includes a wonderful 1928 picture that shows five generations of Yoders.[4] Baby John Howard is being held by Jemima, the widow of Bishop John K. Yoder, John's great-great- grandfather (born 1824). Standing around them are Howard, John's father; John S., John's grandfather; and C. Z., John's great-grandfather. As he grew into a young man John was aware of his immediate familial and Mennonite heritage rooted in Virginia and Pennsylvania, Illinois and northern Ohio-and especially in the Oak Grove church. John was closely connected to the nineteenth-century Amish Mennonite heritage through the physical presence of his great-grandfather C. Z. Yoder, who was alive and active within the Oak Grove church until John was about eleven years of age.
John Yoder understood that the Mennonite heritage of his own church and family was progressive. He knew, for instance, that his parents were close friends with some ex-Mennonite men who, when they were young, had pushed some boundaries and been shoved to the edge of Mennonite life-finally finding themselves on the outside. He also knew that his great-grandfather C. Z. was instrumental in founding both the Mennonite Board of Missions and Charities and the Elkhart Institute, the predecessor of Goshen College. Furthermore, John likely would have concurred with James Lehman's assessment of John's great-great-grandfather, John K. Yoder. According to Lehman, Bishop John K. was "forward-looking in his progressiveness, but his deep respect for meaningful patterns and traditions of the past gave him restraint and caution. . . ."[5] John K. was responsible for providing wise leadership at a crucial time, in the second half of the nineteenth century. He led one segment of the Amish Mennonites into the twentieth century in such a way that they could simultaneously leave behind the more enclosed world of the Old Order Amish yet remain profoundly Amish Mennonite while engaging the larger world.[6]
From the 1920s through the 1940s-more or less during John Yoder's childhood and into his youth-the Oak Grove congregation probably was, as John himself has said, "one of the most liberal [i.e., educated] and acculturated Mennonite communities." During the mid-1920s the Oak Grove church supported Goshen College financially when leaders in the denomination closed it for a year because it was too liberal. The first editor of the young people's magazine The Christian Exponent, which began publication in January of 1924, came from Oak Grove. When given the opportunity, in 1927, Oak Grove refused to join with the (Old) Mennonite Church partly because the congregation considered it too legalistic in its interpretations of nonconformity. Later in 1947, and with the leadership of John's father Howard, the congregation was ousted from the Mennonite Church conference because they refused to abide by conference rulings on who they could ordain to the ministry. Howard and the Oak Grove congregation in general, rooted in the Amish Mennonite tradition, were fiercely congregational in their polity.
Largely because of the nature of the church in which he was reared and because of his parents' wisdom, John could look back on his upbringing in 1980 and say:
I grew up in a relaxed relationship to that culture, never needing, as many do, to prove my independence of it. Never sensing any coercion to stay within it. So that my choice to stay within it, although predisposed obviously by generations of ethnic continuity and by the church faithfulness of my parents, was by no means a matter of bowing to superior pressure but was rather a willing choice made in small stages in young adulthood. That makes it difficult to this day for many Mennonites, especially younger ones, to understand me when they, although chronologically younger than I, are, in a sense, representative of an earlier phase of the denominational quarrel with culture because they still had to fight Mennonitism in its more conservative forms to prove their independence of it. Whereas I had a greater freedom and was therefore able progressively to accept that as my story without being coerced to do so.[7]
Many Mennonites will understand immediately what John Yoder meant. For those who do not know this Mennonite world well, this "Mennonite culture" of John Yoder's childhood was one in which nonconformity, nonresistance and service were not only part and parcel of the Christian vocabulary but were also embodied, with all attendant particularities, in the Amish Mennonites who constituted the Oak Grove Mennonite Church.
In 1945, just after the end of World War II, John began studies at Goshen College, determined to attend the college for only two years. He had taken four courses at the College of Wooster while in high school. But in order to finish Goshen College in two years he registered for approximately thirty-three semester hours each semester, in addition to numerous extra-curricular activities.[8] On average he arose at 4 a.m. every morning and went to bed at 10 p.m.
This rush to finish in no way prevented Yoder from learning from-or catching the vision of-his chief teachers in his major, Bible. His commitment to peacemaking was deepened by Guy Hershberger and he caught Harold Bender's vision for the ways in which the beginnings of the Anabaptist tradition could serve to bring renewal to the Mennonite church-deepening discipleship, cultivating community and renewing the commitment to nonresistance.[9]
During the following year John worked in his uncle's greenhouse in Barberton, Ohio, near Akron. The following summer of 1948, on a team with John A. Hostetler and Willard Hunsberger, John traveled from eastern Iowa to western Pennsylvania doing peace education among Mennonite churches. This experience helped raise in John's mind the possibility of doing overseas service.[10]
John applied for such an assignment with Mennonite Central Committee. During the year he waited to be assigned, he wrote his first academic article (on the Amish), took more classes at the College of Wooster (including a course on Reinhold Niebuhr) and passed an exam in Hebrew after not more than ten days of intensive preparation.
On the first of April 1949 John arrived in France. From 1949 until 1954 he oversaw the work of two children's homes connected to the French Mennonites.[11] In addition, beginning in 1950 John became a part-time student at the University of Basel and, about the same time, became involved in ecumenical discussions about peace. In 1952 he married Anne Marie Guth, who worked in the children's home at Mont-des-Oiseaux. The wedding ceremony, on July 12, 1952, began at two-thirty in the afternoon on the front lawn, where approximately 150 guests were seated, including the children from the home. Pierre Widmer performed the ceremony in French, accompanied by a translation into German. During the ceremony the Geisberg chorus sang two songs and the children from the home sang one song. Instead of wedding gifts, the guests were invited by John and Annie to give money to the children's home. Their first child, Rebecca, was born a little less than a year later, in Belfort, France. Rachel, born in August of 1954, would die within two months, of pneumonia. Martha was born in Basel about one and a half years later, followed by four more children born in the U. S. In the autumn of 1954 John, Annie and Rebecca had moved to Basel, where John became a full-time student at the university. He continued to be involved in ecumenical peace education and in theological meetings of Mennonite graduate students in Europe. He also served as one of the editors of the Concern pamphlet series that began in 1954. Beginning in 1955 he administered a relief program for the (Elkhart) mission board in Algeria, responding to the damage caused by an earthquake there that year. He also wrote numerous lectures and essays during this time.
From 1950 until 1957 Yoder took sixty-three structured courses and five colloquiums at the University of Basel. They included nine courses with Oscar Cullmann (New Testament), eleven courses with Walter Eichrodt (Old Testament), one course with Karl Jaspers (philosophy) and five courses and five colloquiums with Karl Barth (dogmatics). His doctoral thesis, directed by Reformation historians Ernst St"helin and Fritz Blanke, was on the disputations between the magisterial Reformers and the Anabaptists in Switzerland from 1523-1538.
In 1957 the Yoders returned to the U. S., with John spending the first year working in the family greenhouse business in Wooster, Ohio. In the 1958-59 school year Yoder was hired at Goshen College for one year to serve as a sabbatical replacement for J. C. Wenger, teaching New Testament Greek and Contemporary Theology (while also doing research on church and state issues). The following summer he was hired by the mission board as the administrative assistant for overseas missions, a position he held until 1965. Beginning in 1959 he taught part-time at the Mennonite seminary, at first teaching systematic theology. Beginning in 1965 he taught at the seminary full-time and worked at the mission board part-time as an associate consultant (until 1970). He continued to teach at the seminary until the spring of 1984.
John Yoder was-to the depths of his soul-Mennonite. He gave a lifetime of very hard and patient work to the Mennonite Church. I am impressed by the number of years John worked in Mennonite institutions, the many committees he was on, the many articles he published in Mennonite publications and the many lectures he gave to Mennonite groups.[12] He worked tirelessly. In putting Mennonites on non-Mennonite Christian and theological maps, Yoder has made us intellectually respectable and has gotten us a hearing in many Christian circles.
But I also know that John had a love/hate relationship with the Mennonite Church. Although he gave himself generously to the church and in very helpful ways often called it to faithfulness, nonetheless he could be critical of it as well.[13] Since he knew the Mennonite Church began with the radical Anabaptist movement in the sixteenth century, he wanted his church to be more radical, to be better, to be more faithful than it often was. He criticized it for conforming to the world and for borrowing uncritically from other Christian traditions. Of course, some Mennonites also wanted John Yoder to be more, to be better, to be other than he was.
In some ways the Mennonite Church did not quite know what to do with John. He was brilliant. Someone like him comes along very seldom. Many brilliant people are odd characters-each in their own way, of course. John too was different. He often seemed awkward among people, not quite knowing how to relate to them. Nor did John always know what to do with the Mennonite Church. But it was a church that he loved, served and submitted to.
John submitted to the authority of the church at three key junctures in his life. First, in the early 1940s John enjoyed being in a high school in Wooster where he was surrounded by non-Mennonites, at a time when he was beginning to find the world of ethnic Mennonites overly confining. He had been admitted by and received scholarships from two non-Mennonite universities whose curriculums were formed around the so-called "great books" of the centuries. He could enter university after only two years of high school, which was exactly what he wanted. However, he knew that his parents, both alumni of Goshen College, very much wanted him to go to Goshen for his college training. In the end John submitted to the strong wishes of his parents and went to Goshen College. Who would John Yoder have become and what would his theology have been like if he had not gone to Goshen College in 1945 and not been under the influence of Harold Bender?[14]
Second, in the early 1970s J. C. Wenger thought that anyone teaching at a Mennonite seminary should be ordained. John, largely because of his views about ministry, protested. Nonetheless in 1973 John was ordained as a "minister of the Word" at his home church, Oak Grove. Even if the ordination did not alter his life course greatly, it did underscore John's self-understanding that his intellectual and teaching gifts were to be devoted to the life of the church.
Third, beginning in 1992 John endured the most painful years of his life (as, no doubt, his wife did, too). In June of 1992 Yoder was put under the discipline of the Indiana-Michigan Conference of the Mennonite Church for allegations of sexual misconduct. Since I was relatively close to John at this time, I knew it was very painful for him. I and other of John's friends encouraged him to continue to submit to this very long and difficult discipline process. The process concluded in the summer of 1996, with the Church Life Commission and the Indiana Michigan Conference of the Mennonite Church saying that they encouraged "Yoder and the church to use his gifts of writing and teaching."[15] However difficult it was for Yoder and however inadequately the process may have been handled (from his side or the church's), nonetheless the fact that he saw the process through to the end showed his integrity, his commitment to live by principles that he had long taught.
Some might be surprised that in April 2000 Christianity Today, a flagship magazine of American Evangelicalism, listed The Politics of Jesus by John Yoder as one of the ten best books of the twentieth century![16] Some might also be surprised to see Yoder pictured along with Billy Graham, Carl F. H. Henry, Francis Schaeffer and George Marsden on the cover of The Christian Century, when that journal did a cover story in February 1989 on "The Years of the Evangelicals."[17]
By instinct, John Yoder knew the world of evangelicalism as well as any Christian world outside that of the Mennonite Church. And he had some appreciation of it since he respected the evangelistic work of his great-grandfathers, C. Z. Yoder and Christian Good. He also appreciated the work his grandmother Maimie had done in the Mennonite city mission in Chicago, a context that influenced his mother while she was growing up there. As mentioned above, his own home congregation at Oak Grove had substantial progressive elements in it. However, during much of his childhood there were also substantial evangelical and fundamentalist influences within his church. At Oak Grove during the early ministry of William G. Detweiler, a pioneer of Mennonite radio broadcasts, twelve-year old John "accepted Christ as his Lord and Savior," according to his mother.[18] Detweiler placed a strong emphasis on evangelism, encouraged regular revival meetings, believed in dispensationalism and, in general, tended toward fundamentalism-and he provided pastoral leadership in the Oak Grove church during much of John's youth.[19]
Therefore, John Yoder would always have an appreciation for the world of American evangelicalism, a world not dissimilar to elements of the world of his childhood in Oak Grove. Though he would express it differently in different periods of his life, this world taught him not to be ashamed of the Gospel.
For at least one of his years at Goshen College John did door to door evangelism. As his evangelism partner recalls:
John and I walked the streets of the Locust Grove community in Elkhart, Ind., every Sunday morning to share the Good News about Jesus. With Bibles in hand, this very intelligent young man and I knocked on doors and sat with low-income, poorly educated, wonderful people and shared our lives. He was able to do this in a beautiful way. I wish you could have heard his comments and prayers.[20]
When, two decades later, in the late 1960s, he looked for a publisher for his manuscript of The Politics of Jesus, Yoder approached the Evangelical Reformed publisher, William B. Eerdmans. Given the eventual popularity of the book, that appears to have been a good choice. Early on in his work at the Elkhart mission board John Yoder established ties with the National Association of Evangelicals. In 1971 when a group of students at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School (a conservative evangelical school) began a magazine called Post-American (later Sojourners), John Yoder was one of its earliest supporters. In 1973, at a national evangelical conference in Chicago on social issues, John Yoder was one of the featured speakers. From the early 1970s Yoder became, according to Samuel Escobar, "a key interlocutor and fellow pilgrim for members of [the Latin American Theological Fraternity], even for those who did not accept some points of his Anabaptist perspective."[21] Yoder also participated in numerous discussions regarding social issues conducted by the International Evangelical Fellowship, beginning with the Lausanne Congress on Evangelism in 1974.[22] In early 1980 Yoder was asked to give the Morgan lectures at Fuller Theological Seminary, the largest independent evangelical seminary in the world. Fourteen years later the president of Fuller, Richard Mouw, would write the forward to Yoder's book, The Royal Priesthood. In 2000 when InterVarsity Press in England decided to do a Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals, they decided they needed an entry on Yoder.[23]
However, Yoder was also critical of the American evangelical world and certainly, after he was an adult, did not see himself as fully a part of it. But it seems not to have bothered him to be considered a part of it by others. Certainly he was not unwilling to use the word "evangelical" for his own approach, not only because he knew the word was used differently in Europe but also because he refused to allow the subculture of American evangelicalism to own the label, since he knew that the word "evangelical" is simply an adjectival form of the word "gospel." Yoder refused to allow the flaws of the American evangelical tradition to dictate how he related to evangelicals, to dictate his ability to appreciate some things about that tradition, or to dictate his use of the word, knowing that the tendency was broader than this one American tradition.[24]
For all of these reasons, John Yoder was satisfied that his most famous book was published by an evangelical publisher, that he could often be referred to by more than a few as an evangelical, and that his picture would appear with Billy Graham to illustrate the cover story for "The Years of the Evangelicals." John Yoder knew that anyone who was really paying attention would not confuse him with Billy Graham.
Probably no one ever mistook John Howard Yoder for a Roman Catholic, even though he taught courses at the University of Notre Dame for thirty years. His first invitation to teach at Notre Dame, in the autumn of 1967, was orchestrated by the well known Roman Catholic Old Testament scholar (and pacifist) John L. McKenzie, then himself a faculty member at Notre Dame. In 1973, while still only teaching there marginally, Yoder became the chairman of the Program in Nonviolence at Notre Dame, a program he helped to create. Four years later, in 1977, he was hired to teach full-time (with the Associated Mennonite Biblical Seminaries buying a portion of his time from Notre Dame). He remained at the University of Notre Dame until his death at the end of 1997. By the time he traveled to Poland in 1983 to give some lectures, it was obvious that John Yoder had thoroughly familiarized himself with the Catholic peace tradition, for most of these eleven lectures were on that subject. Also in 1983 the U.S. National Conference of Catholic Bishops issued their pastoral letter, The Challenge of Peace, which served to justify a stronger emphasis on peace in the Catholic Church and in Catholic theology departments.[25] Yoder had already been the team coordinator, since 1978, of the interdisciplinary course for future military officers on "The Legality and Morality of War." However, this pastoral letter presented new opportunities that Yoder could not ignore. He coordinated a multi-disciplinary course on "The Nuclear Dilemma: the Bishops' Letter," and also participated in a number of symposia on the letter. In addition, he became a member of a committee that helped establish the Joan Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at Notre Dame, himself becoming a fellow of the Institute in 1986 and remaining one of the most active fellows until his death. Drew Christiansen, a Jesuit colleague of Yoder's in ethics and peace studies at Notre Dame, says that his relationship with Yoder provided him with "the most nourishing intellectual dialogues of my lifetime." He also said that "[Yoder's] influence on my generation of Catholic moral theologians has been profound."[26]
Stanley Hauerwas, a colleague of Yoder's at Notre Dame for about seven years, was often frustrated with Yoder at faculty meetings because he was so often silent. According to Hauerwas, Yoder always saw himself as a "guest" at Notre Dame, which made him think it inappropriate to tell Catholics how they should do their theology. Perhaps Yoder felt considerable distance from Roman Catholic theology, and therefore felt not fully part of a Roman Catholic theology department (even while being a tenured full professor). Or perhaps since he felt like an outsider, his ecumenical sensibilities prevented him from pressing his opinions.[27]
By referring to Yoder as "catholic" I do not primarily mean Roman Catholic. I mean what he meant when he said, in The Priestly Kingdom, that "the vision of discipleship projected in this collection is founded in Scripture and catholic tradition."[28] Throughout his adult life John Yoder sought to be broadly catholic or ecumenical, both seeking to understand various Christian traditions and also engaging them. Within a year of going to Europe Yoder was involved in ecumenical conversations there. A series of conferences that came to be called "the Puidoux theological conferences" began in 1955. As Albert Meyer says, they "were the first extended theological conversations in over four hundred years between the Historic Peace Churches. . . and the official churches in Central Europe."[29] According to Donald Durnbaugh, Yoder was "the key spokesperson from the Historic Peace Church side in the series of Puidoux conferences."[30] During his last three years in Europe Yoder was a member of the ecumenical committee of the German Protestant Kirchentag and the Europe Council of the International Fellowship of Reconciliation.
For more than two decades, beginning in the early 1960s, Yoder was involved in the World Council of Churches in various capacities, including as adjunct staff. In the U. S. he was also involved for almost a decade in the National Council of Churches. As a way to bring together a variety of Protestants (and occasionally Catholics) Yoder served for three decades as the co-convener, along with Donald Durnbaugh, of the "Believers Church Conferences." According to Durnbaugh, Yoder "played the leading role in convening the several Believers Church conferences." "There is no doubt," Durnbaugh continues, "that [Yoder's] commitment and energy played a large role in the continuation of the series of conferences."[31] All of this ecumenical activity is in addition to the ways in which Yoder's many, many writings reflect his serious engagement with a broad range of Christian traditions.[32] And it is in addition to his learning of French, German, Dutch and Spanish in order more fully and broadly to serve the Church. Finally, one of John Yoder's theological passions was his commitment to the Church universal. He believed that the Church was not bound to or defined by national boundaries. Thus he gladly traveled throughout the world to serve the Church catholic.
Without question John Yoder had a tremendous influence during his lifetime and it continues unabated. On an academic level his influence is beyond doubt. J. Philip Wogaman, in his history of Christian ethics, names Yoder as one of a handful of "formative Christian moral thinkers" within the twentieth century.[33] At least seven master's theses and eighteen doctoral theses (with several more underway) have been written in which Yoder is a major component. The Politics of Jesus, first published in 1972, is still in print and has sold approximately 90,000 copies in English and been translated into ten other languages.
Many of us could testify to the profound (sometimes transformative) influence that John Yoder has had on our lives. I have heard numerous testimonies, from theologians, graduate students, pastors, Christians from all walks of life and every continent, of the influence of John Yoder.
John Howard Yoder bequeathed his theological legacy to us. That legacy is Mennonite-reminding us to be willing to live and die faithfully for the sake of the Gospel. It is evangelical-urging us not to be ashamed of the Gospel. And it is Catholic-showing us that Christians move into the future together, united as a people by the Gospel of Jesus Christ.
But the legacy is not finally about John or any of his books. Rather, it expresses a hope that "we do see Jesus, revealing the grace of God tasting death for everyone" (Heb. 2:9).[34] Not only do we "see" Jesus, but we recognize the ongoing call to embody the politics of Jesus in the midst of a wondrous world created by a gracious God-who gave us the gift that was John Howard Yoder.[35]
[*] Mark Thiessen Nation is Associate Professor of Theology at Eastern Mennonite Seminary, Harrisonburg, Virginia. His doctoral thesis on Yoder, soon to be published by Eerdmans, is tentatively entitled John Howard Yoder: Mennonite Patience, Evangelical Witness, Catholic Convictions. 1. This is true especially in North America but it is also true in many other countries as well. Return to Text
[2] . Rachel W. Kreider, "A Yoder Patron Saint?" Mennonite Life (July 1968), 103. Return to Text
[3] . Ibid. Return to Text
[4] . James O. Lehman, Creative Congregationalism: A History of the Oak Grove Mennonite Church in Wayne County, Ohio (Smithville, OH: Oak Grove Mennonite Church, 1978), 52. Return to Text
[5] . Lehman, Creative Congregationalism, 78. Return to Text
[6] . John Umble says that "John K. Yoder was one of the most powerful, influential, and widely known bishops in the Amish Mennonite church during the last four decades of the nineteenth century."-John Umble, "The Oak Grove-Pleasant Hill Amish Mennonite Church in Wayne County, Ohio, in the Nineteenth Century [1815-1900]," MQR 31 (July 1957), 209. Return to Text
[7] . John Howard Yoder, "1980 Autobiography," unpublished transcript of an autobiographical tape made by Yoder for James Wm. McClendon, Jr. and Karen Lebacqz, 1980, pp. 3-4. Return to Text
[8] . Over the two years, at various times, these included A Cappella Chorus, French Club, German Club, The Devotional Life Committee, the college debate team, the Mennonite Historical Society, editing the college newspaper and teaching Sunday school. Return to Text
[9] . Only a year before Yoder began attending Goshen College, Guy F. Hershberger had published his important book War, Peace, and Nonresistance (Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1944) and Harold Bender had published his extremely influential article, "The Anabaptist Vision," MQR 18 (April 1944), 67-88, also published as the pamphlet The Anabaptist Vision (Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1944). Return to Text
[10] . Yoder, "1980 Autobiography," 9. Return to Text
[11] . In December 2001 I visited and interviewed a number of French Mennonites, most of whom had known John and his French Mennonite wife Anne since the early 1950s. Almost to a person they said: "John came to know us better than we knew ourselves." John worked very hard for these homes and at getting to know the French Mennonite families who were/became supporters of the homes. The affection with which they hold John is almost palpable; they had a warm relationship with him. Additionally, they spoke of how John helped them re-claim the peace witness, which had mostly been lost within French Mennonite life when John came on the scene. Some of them indicated they might have lost their faith if it had not been for John. Return to Text
[12] . My bibliographies of Yoder's writings give some indication and the quantity of lectures of writings in Mennonite contexts and publications. Return to Text
[13] . This is perhaps most obvious in a 1969 lecture, which was published as John Howard Yoder, "Anabaptist Vision and Mennonite Reality," Consultation on Anabaptist-Mennonite Theology: Papers Read at the 1969 Aspen Conference, ed, by A. J. Klassen, 1-46 (Fresno, CA: Council of Mennonite Seminaries, 1970). Return to Text
[14] . What might John Yoder have become if he and Richard Rorty had been students together in the 1940s? One of the schools to which Yoder had been accepted was the University of Chicago, in their "great books" program. Rorty began there only a couple of years after Yoder would have. (See Richard Rorty, "Trotsky and the Wild Orchids," in his Philosophy and Social Hope (London: Penguin Books, 1999), 8. Return to Text
[15] . "Disciplinary Process with Yoder Concludes," Gospel Herald, June 18, 1996, 11. Return to Text
[16] . "Books of the Century," Christianity Today 44, April 24, 2000, 92-93. Return to Text
[17] . Martin E. Marty, "The Years of the Evangelicals," The Christian Century (Feb. 15, 1989), 171-74. (Also see the cover picture.) Return to Text
[18] . Ray Geigley, "John Howard Yoder," unpublished paper written for J. C. Wenger for the Associated Mennonite Biblical Seminaries course, Mennonite History, Elkhart, IN, 1974. Return to Text
[19] . But there were also "evangelistic meetings" within the church much earlier. See John Umble, "The Oak Grove-Pleasant Hill Amish Mennonite Church in Wayne County, Ohio, in the Nineteenth Century (1815-1900)," 198-201. Return to Text
[20] . Geraldine Harder, "Who Is to Blame for Misconduct?" [letter], Mennonite Weekly Review (July 23, 1992). Return to Text
[21] . Samuel Escobar, "Latin America and Anabaptist Theology," in Engaging Anabaptism: Conversations with a Radical Tradition, ed. John D. Roth (Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 2001), 78. Yoder was also invited to become a member of LATF.-Ibid, 77. Return to Text
[22] . On the Lausanne Congress in particular see Escobar, 79. Return to Text
[23] . See Mark Thiessen Nation, "John Howard Yoder," in Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals, ed. Timothy Larsen (Leicester: InterVarsity Press, 2002). Return to Text
[24] . On some of Yoder's reflections on the word "evangelical" and American evangelicalism, see: John H. Yoder, "The Contemporary Evangelical Revival and the Peace Churches," in Mission and the Peace Witness, ed. Robert L. Ramseyer (Scottdale, PA: Herald Press), 68-103 and "On Not Being Ashamed of the Gospel: Particularity, Pluralism, and Validation" Faith and Philosophy 9 (July 1992), 290ff., among other examples that could be given. Return to Text
[25] . National Conference of Catholic Bishops, The Challenge of Peace: God's Promise and Our Response (Washington, D.C.: United States Catholic Conference, 1983). Return to Text
[26] . Drew Christiansen, "Afterword: A Roman Catholic Response," in John Howard Yoder, When War Is Unjust: Being Honest in Just-War Thinking, rev. ed. (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1996), 102. Return to Text
[27] . In one period of time during Yoder's tenure at Notre Dame, there was an attempt to re-Catholicize the theology department. Perhaps during that time, it might have been communicated that his opinions were less than welcomed. Return to Text
[28] . John Howard Yoder, "Introduction," in The Priestly Kingdom (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1984), 8. Return to Text
[29] . Albert J. Meyer, "Mennonites," in On Earth Peace: Discussions on War/Peace Issues Between Friends, Mennonites, Brethren and European Churches, 1935-1975, ed. by Donald F. Durnbaugh (Elgin, IL: The Brethren Press, 1978), 14. Return to Text
[30] . Donald Durnbaugh, "BC and JHY," e-mail, February 8, 2002, p. 1. He goes on: "I found it justifiable [in On Earth Peace] to publish more of his presentations than any other single person."-See Donald Durnbaugh, ed., On Earth Peace (Elgin, IL: Brethren Press, 1978). Return to Text
[31] . Donald Durnbaugh, "BC and JHY," E-mail to author, February 8, 2002, p. 1. Return to Text
[32] . See Mark Thiessen Nation, A Comprehensive Bibliography of the Writings of John Howard Yoder (Goshen, IN: Mennonite Historical Society, 1997) and Mark Thiessen Nation, "Supplement to 'A Comprehensive Bibliography of the Writings of John Howard Yoder'," in The Wisdom of the Cross, ed. by Stanley Hauerwas, Chris K. Huebner, Harry J. Huebner, and Mark Thiessen Nation (Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1999), 472-91. Return to Text
[33] . J. Philip Wogaman, Christian Ethics: A Historical Introduction (Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox Press), 1993, 233-235. Return to Text
[34] . This is the biblical basis for the title of Yoder's essay, "'But We Do See Jesus': The Particularity of Incarnation and the Universality of Truth," in The Priestly Kingdom (Notre Dame, IN: U. of Notre Dame Press, 1984). Return to Text
[35] . This essay was presented as a lecture at the conference, "Assessing the Theological Legacy of John Howard Yoder," March 7-9, 2002, The University of Notre Dame. An earlier version was presented at a conference on the work of Yoder, September 8-10, 2001 near Basel, Switzerland, at the Bienenberg Theological Training and Conference Center. That version was published as Mark Thiessen Nation, "John Howard Yoder-Mennonit, Evangelikaler, Katholik," in Jesus folgen in einer pluralistischen Welt, ed. Hanspeter Jecker (Weisenehim am Berg: Agape Verlag, 2001) (essay translated into German by Gabi Boller). For another fuller, treatment of John Yoder's life, with fuller documentation, see Mark Thiessen Nation, "John H. Yoder, Ecumenical Neo-Anabaptist: A Biographical Sketch," in The Wisdom of the Cross, eds. Stanley Hauerwas, Harry Huebner, Chris K. Huebner, and Mark Thiessen Nation (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1999), 1-23. 370 The Mennonite Quarterly Review 373 John Howard Yoder: Mennonite, Evangelical, Catholic 357


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While NMR has proven to be an efficient technology for molecular imaging, it is also known for being expensive. This is related to the expensive labeled media required during the fermentation process. The study highlighted in this article shows that high cell density fermentation (HCDF) may provide an efficient alternative to traditional protein labeling methods.
2H-, 13C-, 15N-labeled outer-membrane protein G (DCN-OmpG) over-expressed in E. coli was needed for structural studies by solid-state (ss) magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR. The protocol for production, purification, refolding, and reconstitution for NMR purposes and method development has been established at the FMP lab (www.fmp-berlin.de). Typically a 20-mg preparation starting from 2-L E. coli shaking culture grown to an OD600nm of 2 is used to produce one sample for ssNMR. This implies the consumption of 2-L D2O as well as the 15N and 13C isotopes for the preparation of one triple (DCN) labeled ssNMR-sample. To generate higher yields of labeled protein, Dasgip's (www.dasgip.com) fermentation system fed batch pro® was adapted to produce recombinant protein for NMR analysis and other studies.
Dasgip bioreactor systems allow a fully automated HCDF process—growing the cells in the batch phase, starting the fed-batch after the substrates have depleted, switching on the labeled feed 1 h before protein expression is induced, maintaining the feed during protein expression, then cooling down for harvest. Each step can be controlled with one system and can be integrated into one process.
The OmpG gene was cloned into the pET-26b vector (kanamycin resistance). The cloning procedure and all traditional protein expression and purification protocols were published previously.
For HCDF, Dasgip's bioreactor system was used with four parallel fermentation vessels, each contained 200-mL medium. A modified M9 minimal medium was used for the cultivation.
The expression experiments for OmpG using HCDF were performed on nondeuterated, unlabeled media for optimization. The batch medium contained sufficient substrates (8 g/L glucose, 2 g/L NH4Cl) for growing the E. coli to OD600nm of about 8. Before induction, a biomass accumulating phase was introduced. First the effects of 0, 2, 4, and 6 h additional unlabeled feeds were studied. Six hours of additional cell growth from unlabeled substrates resulted in an OD600nm of about 13 (Figure 1).
The effects of enhancing cell density on the expression level were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The specific protein production rate was kept constant over the time tested, and the generation of higher biomass leads to more recombinant protein yields.
The four deuterated HCDF set-ups for production of DCN-OmpG were programmed with a biomass accumulating feed that lasted 6 hours (Figure 2). After a prolonged lag phase the cells grew at an easy rate, finally attaining ODs comparable to the nondeuterated experiments. The automatic switch from batch to fed-batch was initiated by the rising dissolved oxygen (DO) once the substrates had depleted.
The signal triggered the start of DO-based feeding (deuterated medium with unlabeled N- and C-sources) for further biomass enrichment. The DO allowed adjustment to the requirements of the cells. After six hours the feed automatically switched to labeled feed. The feeding rate was kept constant for sufficient protein production. After one hour the IPTG as inducer for protein production was automatically added. The duration of expression was another six hours, after which the feeding was stopped by the process control. The reactors were cooled for later cell harvest.
The specific protein production rate was even better than that of the shaking culture, producing an 11-fold higher yield of protein from the same volume of culture.
Two different NMR-spectra are shown in Figure 3. Spectrum A reflects 15N labeling as 1H-15N correlations. The original deuterated nitrogens were protonated due to the purification procedure with water-containing buffers. Spectrum B shows missing 1H-13C-proton correlations, as deuterated carbon atoms keep the deuteron bound, even in water. The spots to be seen in spectrum B originated from the natural abundant 1H-13C-proton correlation of the nondeuterated detergent used for refolding.
These results show that the HCDF labeling protocol is a useful tool for 2H13C15N -labeled protein production under the requirements of NMR spectroscopy.
Due to the toxic effects of D2O, deuteration of proteins is a challenge. Data from the literature often underline a required adaptation of cells to deuterated conditions via stepwise enhancement of the D2O content in the medium. This is time consuming and expensive.
We inoculated 99% deuterated medium relatively thickly (starting at OD600nm 0.25–0.3) with cells collected from preculture grown on nondeuterated rich medium. That led to good and reproducible results for cell growth and protein production. Following this strategy the HCDF was initialized at OD600nm 0.5 growing with about one-half of the speed of the water-based preliminary experiments. Nevertheless the same yield of recombinant protein could be achieved.
The depletion phase and the head start of the labeled feed with respect to the induction is essential to ensure high labeling of the protein of interest. The NMR-spectra demonstrate the successful labeling of OmpG, producing a product suitable for NMR-supported structural biology, while the protocol shows the reduction of costs down by 25%.
The HCDF was used for a relatively difficult application of isotopic labeling of recombinant proteins. The system is applicable to all variants of unlabeled expression as well.
Sebastian Fiedler and Anne Diehl ([email protected]
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Holiday Recipes
Balsamic Roasted Brussels Sprouts and ShallotsEasy! Brussels Sprouts roasted with shallots, tossed with balsamic vinegar and toasted walnuts.
Beef Roulades with Walnut Parsley PestoFlank steak pounded and stuffed with pesto, wrapped in bacon, rolled into a roulade or pinwheel and roasted.
Beef WellingtonBeef tenderloin fillet, coated with mustard, mushroom duxelles, ham, wrapped in puff pastry and baked. Based on Gordon Ramsey Beef Wellington recipe.
Bourbon Mashed Sweet PotatoesSweet potatoes, boiled in water, mashed and mixed with bourbon whisky, butter, and sugar.
Braised Red Cabbage with ChestnutsSweet and sour red cabbage, cooked with bacon, apples, onions, and roasted chestnuts. Great holiday side!
Broiled Lobster Tail with Brown Butter SauceBroiled lobster tail with a sauce of brown butter and toasted hazelnuts
Brussels Sprouts GratinBrussels sprouts blanched and baked in a cheesy white sauce with pancetta and gruyere. A perfect Thanksgiving side!
Candied YamsCandied yams, garnet sweet potatoes, glazed with a brown sugar, ginger, cinnamon, orange sauce. Perfect for Thanksgiving and the holidays!
Caramelized Pecan TartCaramelized pecan tart, pecans baked in a tart shell with brown sugar, butter, egg, and vanilla. Brown sugar caramelizes around pecans. So good!
Cauliflower GratinCheesy cauliflower gratin with nutty Gruyere cheese, sautéed leeks, and butter toasted breadcrumb topping!
Celery, Blue Cheese and Hazelnut SaladFestive salad, perfect for entertaining, with sliced celery, dates, blue cheese, topped with maple-glazed hazelnuts.
Champagne SorbetChampagne sorbet recipe, perfect dessert for the holidays or special occasions.
Chard and Prosciutto Stuffed Turkey BreastTurkey breast, butterflied, rolled with prosciutto, chard, pine nut stuffing, and roasted. Perfect for holiday meal!
Cider Vinaigrette Roasted Root VegetablesBeautiful roasted root vegetables—garnet yams, parsnips, carrots, beets—tossed in an apple cider vinaigrette and roasted until tender and caramelized.
CioppinoSan Francisco-style cioppino Italian fish stew, with fresh halibut, sea bass, Dungeness crab, shrimp, clams, mussels, and oysters in a savory tomato-based broth.
Classic Rack of LambTender oven-roasted rack of lamb, seasoned with rosemary, thyme, garlic, salt and freshly ground black pepper, and slathered with olive oil.
Cranberry ApplesauceHomemade cranberry applesauce made with apples, fresh cranberries, lemon juice, sugar, and cinnamon.
Cranberry Glazed HamPerfect glazed ham for the holidays! Spiral cut ham with cranberry, orange, mustard glaze.
Cranberry Glazed Turkey MeatballsTurkey meatballs with thyme, fennel seeds, ricotta, glazed with a spicy-sweet ruby red cranberry sauce.
Cranberry SauceClassic, easy and delicious Thanksgiving cranberry sauce recipe. How to make cranberry sauce from scratch. Perfect with turkey.
Cranberry Upside Down CakeCranberry upside down cake with caramel cranberry topping and orange zest speckled sour cream cake.
Crown Roast of PorkCrown rib roast of pork with an apple and Italian sausage stuffing.
Duchess PotatoesClassic Duchess potatoes, mashed with butter, nutmeg and cream, then baked until the tops are golden brown.
Easy "Fantasy" FudgeEasy-to-make fantasy fudge recipe with semi-sweet chocolate, evaporated milk, sugar, butter, and marshmallow cream.


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You are eligible to join the Louisiana National Guard if you meet the following criteria*:
- You meet the physical, academic, and legal qualifications.
- You must be in good health and have no major physical handicaps.
- The minimum age to join the National Guard is 17. Persons under age 18 must obtain the consent of a parent or legal guardian.
- You must currently be in high school OR have a high school diploma OR have a GED*.
- You must obtain a minimum qualifying score on the Armed Forces Vocational Aptitude Battery exam (ASVAB). Soon after you contact a recruiter, he or she will administer this test to see if you are qualified. Your ASVAB score will also determine which job or career filed, known as a Military Occupational Specialty (MOS), you are qualified for. Your recruiter will provide you with more exact information and make recommendations regarding your qualification status.
- High school juniors/seniors as long as they meet the age requirement
- You are between the ages of 17 and 36
- Meet citizenship requirements (see details below)
Citizenship Details:
- Persons who were born in the 50 United States including the commonwealths, Guam, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands and the District of Columbia, are eligible for enlistment.
- Persons born abroad on a military installation, or born abroad of U.S. parents who were citizens at the time are also eligible for enlistment.
- Persons considered to be aliens who have been lawfully and permanently admitted to the United States and requested permanent residence may enlist BUT not for any Military Occupational Specialty requiring a security clearance. These applicants will incur a Military Service Obligation (MSO), and they should apply for citizenship within four years after enlistment. Those who do not apply for citizenship by the end of their MSO will not be eligible for extension or reenlistment and will be discharged upon completion of their MSO.
- Aliens who have been admitted on a temporary basis are not eligible for enlistment.
- Nationals of the United States, such as the American Samoa, are eligible for enlistment.
- Not all the enlistment criteria are shown here; contact your recruiter for exact details.
You are eligible to join the Louisiana National Guard if you meet the following criteria:
- Meet citizenship requirements
- Are at least 17 and less than 42 years of age, or individuals that are 42 years of age and older must have sufficient prior service time to attain 20 years of qualifying service for retired pay prior to age 60
- Non-high school graduates must obtain a high school diploma or GED certificate within one year after the date of enlistment.
- Must meet the military physical fitness standards Must qualify for the desired job / career field enlisting in
- Applicants, who may be otherwise eligible for enlistment options, monetary incentives, educational benefits, or any combination of these, must enlist for the periods stated by the program from which they desire to benefit.
* Not all of the enlistment criteria are shown here; call your career counselor for exact details.


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I am surprised the quarterly dividend has not been declared yet for AB...does anyone have any insight over when this will happen?
Yes you are right. That was market appreciation offset by continued outflows. January was a big up month for the stock market (biggest start to the year since 1987 or something). That does help a business like this a lot. I think the market performance going forward will be hard to predict. But outflows will continue almost assuredly.
A fascinating stat is that outflows in equities have been more than $200B over the last 3 years. There are only $130B of equity assets left!
Not entirely true. Equity AUM also grew from Dec to Jan
DEC11 Jan12
Equity $125 $129
Fixed Inc $218 $225
The other thing to consider here is the company is losing high fee AUM -- in equities, and gaining lower fee AUM -- in fixed income. So today's AUM is less profitable than yesterdays.
This kind of analysis ignores the operating leverage in the business (i.e. incremental margins are very high in this business).
The reason AB had only 7% adjusted operating margins in Q4 is because money is leaving, and they can't cut compensation and SG&A fast enough.
Eventually over the long term, you are right -- they will hack the place up enough to restore margins. But what will AUM be then?
Although it is not a precise calculation because quite a bit goes into the final earnings number, an historical ratio of $distribution to AUM will give you a sense of what the future distribution will be.
As an example, the January AUM was higher than the Q4 average AUM and if it continues to increase, or even hold at the current $421B the Q1 distribution should be in the $.23 range. The average AUM for Q3 was $438B with a $.26 distribution.
Thanks. I realize that the distribution goes up and down with earnings/cash flow each quarter. My point is that the current true run rate of earnings/cash flow is really down to only about $0.12/qtr...I don't think that number was artificially depressed by one-offs...but let me know if you think otherwise. AB will cut a bunch of costs to try and get margins up, but its tough.
You cannot extrapolate the $.12 to every quarter. Check the past distribution history. As an LP the distribution depends on earnings/cash flow each quarter. You need to recalculate. Good luck with your investing. You might also "google" limited partnerships to learn more about this asset class.
The new quarterly distribution is $0.12. This is what it will likely be, all else being equal, going forward, as last quarter the company earned only $0.07 after adjusting for all the charges etc. Earnings are so low because the big negative operating leverage the business has when assets leave.
I'm guessing the company will cut a lot of costs (heads) so that will help earnings, but assets will continue to leave as well.
$0.12*4 = $0.48/yr. At the current price, this is only a 3.5% yield.
Similarly on earnings, as distributions and earnings are roughly the same, the company is currently trading at 25-30x where earnings estimates for the year will be revised to. Clearly, this is a rich valuation.
In my opinion, a great chance to get out of the stock for those that own it.
A lot of "noise" in the numbers. I expected the $587 Million non-cash charge but not the full charge ($159.9 Million)for the December Unit awards. see below:
"During the quarter, the Company recorded a $587 million one-time, non-cash charge for all unrecognized deferred incentive compensation on outstanding awards from prior years. Operating expenses, including the charge, were $1.2 billion for the fourth quarter, a year-over-year increase of 87%. In addition, the Company recorded 100% of the expense associated with its 2011 deferred incentive compensation awards of $159.9 million."
Will definitely be announced on Feb. 10 prior to 8AM when the quarterly results conference call begins. The dividend is always announced as part of the quarterly results release.
great, thank you...hopefully it is an increase over the 26 cents last quarter


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Which fighter of this last decade do you think will make the best future trainer?
I gotta go with Bernard.
Shut em DOWN
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I could see Floyd being a great trainer once his career is over and his celebrity has dead down a little. His boxer IQ is greater than most trainers and his ability to dissect styles and pinpoint flaws would help any fighter that decided to use his expertise. Bernard Hopkins is another fighter that I'd pick as a trainer.
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Barrera or Mosley, Whitaker too but I think he's already doing that.
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It's probably gonna be someone with the not so amazing career. Someone that had the right boxing mind, but not the best skills to match.
I'm gonna say I could see Paul Malignaggi being a trainer one day in the distant distant future proudly teaching his style and living vicariously through fighters with the pop he was never blessed with.
I was born ready
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Its hard for great athletes to be great coaches or trainers sometimes because they have those extra intangibles that other players or fighters don't.
Whitaker could never teach someone to be as effective on defense as he was because what he had was natural. Floyd couldn't teach anyone to counter like he does because his speed and reactions are natural.
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I would have Floyd Jr.
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First name that came to mind was Floyd actually, but every name that has been mentioned i agree with - Hopkins, Paulie, Marquez, maybe Mosley. Sadly i cant think of any British fighter.
- Possibly Calzaghe but he was just natural, he adjusted throughout fights rather than studying tapes and making game plans.
- Def not Hatton, he isnt smart enough.
- I dont think Haye is smart enough either, he still makes basic mistakes e.g. Backs off in a straight line every single time if he gets pushed back.
- Khan.....well no....thicker than Hatton.
- Lewis would actually IMO, but hes decided to go off down another road.
- Prince Naz just doesnt seem interested in the sport anymore, plus i dont think he had a clue himself about what he was gonna do on fight night lol.
- The we have the jokes of the British HW scene, Skelton, Audley, Williams, Sprott etc
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His style was unorthodox but I think Roy Jones would make a very good trainer, listening to him talk about boxing and his commentary on HBO makes me believe he'd be a really good trainer as long as he doesn't try to make the fighters he's training become like him.
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Pawnee has office furniture available for sale. Office furniture is geared a little differently from residential furniture. Its basic functions are to provide places to sit, work and store necessary items. The material used for the furniture can vary widely, such as wood, leather, fabric, vinyl, moulded plastic and so on. The idea is to provide functional comfort for the employees so that their productivity is enhanced. For example, ergonomical furniture are popular for seating options, which reduces the strain on the back and shoulders for jobs that need extensive sitting. Some of the usual furniture pieces needed in an offiice include desks, chairs, bookcases, storage cabinets and tables. The furniture can be manufactured by a number of companies, one of more of which can be available in Pawnee. The pricing can also vary. Delivery services may also be offered which may or may not be charged. Pick furniture pieces that go well together and serve their basic functions well. Durable, cost-effective solutions are desirable.
Governor Cuomo Announces Growth Of Clean Technology Companies And Creation Of 980 Jobs
$14 million Investment in Cleantech Business Incubator Initiative Supports the Development of 141 Clean Energy Companies across the State (Long Island, NY) Governor Andrew M. Cuomo today announced that 141 clean technology companies have been supported and primed for further growth through the Governor's Cleantech Business Incubator initiative. The initiative has attracted more than $215 million in private capital..


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4th Quarter 2011 Commentary - ASTON/DoubleLine Core Plus Fixed Income Fund
4th Quarter 2011
The Fund outperformed its Barclays Capital U.S. Aggregate Index benchmark during the fourth quarter of 2011. Holdings in investment-grade credit outperformed the market, while the government portion of the Fund performed in-line with the index. Both of these sectors continue to be underweight allocations in the portfolio relative to the benchmark. The Fund's overweight allocation to Emerging Market fixed-income added to returns as well. Finally, the mortgage-backed securities (MBS) portion of the portfolio continued to outperform that area of the benchmark despite prices on non-Agency MBS remaining stagnant. Holdings in Agency MBS outperformed due to positions in longer duration Agency collateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs).
Global Developed Credit
It was a volatile year for corporate credit markets in 2011. Excess returns for both investment-grade and high-yield Corporate bonds were difficult to come by as corporate credit was unable to rival the returns posted by U.S. Treasury securities. Spreads widened for both areas during the year, and while issuance was active it was primarily at the front-end for high-yield. Volatility in early August shut down the high-yield market almost completely with only a fraction of new high-yield priced during the final five months of the year.
Investors seeking yield had little choice but to increase their risk exposure and, as a result, all-in yields in the high-yield market fell to their lowest level in history in May 2011. As market participants became increasingly focused on Europe, volatility escalated and performance suffered. In addition, default activity picked up during the fourth quarter and ratings migration momentum has decidedly swung downward, strongly suggesting that default rates may soon begin to rise.
We believe another year of global uncertainty awaits investors in 2012, driven not only by concerns in Europe but also by slowing domestic economic growth. During the fourth quarter, European Union (EU) leaders unveiled the fifth plan since May 2010 to address the sovereign debt problems in the region. The implementation of such a plan remains elusive and the immediate problems remain—Europe has approximately €1.1 trillion of EU government debt maturing in 2012, with half of that maturing in the first six months. Slowing European growth may be expected to impair U.S. exports and further cause the U.S. dollar to strengthen, thereby pressuring corporate profitability and corporate bond spreads. Added to that is a recent Bloomberg report highlighting that U.S. corporate profit growth in 2011 was the lowest in two years. Structural domestic economic issues persist, including a stubbornly high unemployment rate, deflating home prices, and huge state and local government budget gaps. Domestic economic concerns coupled with continuing problems in the eurozone will likely foster another year of low interest-rates and heightened volatility in the capital markets.
U.S. Government Securities
Volatility during the fourth quarter was sharply lower compared with the third quarter. The 10-year Treasury yield moved only five basis points during the period, while the 5-year Treasury yield dropped 13 basis points and the 30-year bond moved only 3 basis points. November and December were especially subdued, with only the occasional market-moving announcement from the eurozone and a gradual downtrend in yields. The Federal Reserve's so-called 'Operation Twist' went forward without causing any turmoil in the marketplace.
Opportunities for profitable relative value trades declined during the quarter. Sliding volatility and the Federal Reserve's buying drove this decline. In response, the portfolio's government holdings shifted to more closely resemble that of the benchmark. Looking forward to 2012, we expect to favor the 7- to10-year maturity range. We think these issues offer the best risk/return tradeoff and stand to benefit most if the Federal Reserve adopts an inflation-targeted or interest-rate targeted strategy.
Emerging Markets Fixed-Income
Emerging Markets (EM)—external sovereign, corporate debt, and local currency—performed well overall during the fourth quarter, overcoming mixed returns for the month of December and throughout 2011. EM assets remained hostage to the European debt crisis that continued to unfold throughout the year. Securities traded in sympathy with news flowing out of the eurozone, with EM local currency bonds being most affected, while EM sovereign bonds were the most insulated. Uncertainty arising from the global macro backdrop in Europe, Asia, and the U.S. generally led investors to flock to the safe haven of U.S. Treasuries.
Late in December, the European Central Bank (ECB) provided a massive liquidity injection of €489.2 billion in cheap funding to more than 500 eurozone banks through its long-term refinancing program (3-year long-term refinancing operation—LTRO). The market briefly rallied and then traded off as it appeared banks were likely to recycle the liquidity back to the ECB and not put it to work in the economy. Rating downgrades, or the threat of downgrades, uncertainty surrounding the effectiveness of Europe's most recent plan announced in early December, the magnitude of Europe's ongoing slowdown and the seasonal "risk-off" trade all contributed to year-end market weakness. Going forward market participants want to know whether favorable sales, consumer sentiment, and improving job data out of the U.S. can be sustained, or if it is just seasonal strength waiting to slip away in the first quarter of 2012.
Mortgage-Backed Securities
There seemed to be four major causes of the "risk-on/risk-off" trade during 2011. First, the European turmoil, which affected all markets, has affected the non-Agency MBS market significantly due to that market's credit sensitivity. Additionally, there is no good estimate on how much some of these European banks hold in the non-Agency MBS space and how much they could be forced to sell. Even considering some of the more aggressive estimates, we believe the amount could be absorbed going forward if the supply was not released all at once. It is our anticipation that the supply would be released on a more orderly basis.
Second, layer that turmoil with the new Basel 3 accords and the questions continue as to how much additional supply could be force sold into the market by those same banks. Basel 3 will increase the reserves in all these banks, and even though its full implementation does not begin until 2015, most European banks are already starting to implement these changes.
Third, throughout the year, the continuing decline in the value of housing has put pressure on the non-Agency market. Looking at some of the price action, we see a clear indication of this housing price decline. Granted, some of the price decline was the realigning of the underlying bond prices with overstated index prices, yet it isn't hard to see that the value of most American real estate still hasn't seen the bottom. This situation shows itself in the high level of delinquency and severity prints which continue to persist, especially in the subprime sector.
And finally, the potential introduction of the "Volker Rule", a portion of the Dodd-Frank legislation passed by Congress in 2010, has had its potential unintended consequence on Wall Street. Non-Agency MBS positions have been reduced by more than 50% and Wall Street's risk appetite cut back significantly. The result of this has been to remove a major price support in this space that has allowed prices to seek levels that investors are actually finding more compelling. Of course a reduction in liquidity is not the most sought after condition, but it can provide opportunistic situations to investors.
Although there were lawsuits, congressional investigations, more attorneys general headlines, and even more legislation introduced in 2011, nothing really came to adjudication in terms of Washington significantly affecting the MBS markets. Only the Bank of America settlement with 22 institutional investors actually came to fruition in 2011, and even that settlement has been called into question by the likes of the FDIC and the Federal Home Loan Bank that has sought to intercede in the settlement. This settlement is now in the appeals court to determine which jurisdiction (state or federal) has the final say in the matter, which could extend the outcome for at least six months.
The Agency MBS market underperformed the broader Barclays Capital U.S. Aggregate Bond Index during the fourth quarter and the Barclays Capital MBS Index was the worst performer out of the major sectors of the index in 2011. This underperformance is as expected given the fall in interest-rates during the year, since the Barclays Capital MBS Index has the lowest duration.
One substantial legislative process that found its way into the market, however, was the October FHFA announcement that provided an update to the Home Affordable Refinance Program (HARP) whose final guidelines were formally announced mid-November. Most borrowers have an economic incentive to refinance but cannot afford to make the changes in underwriting standards and/or loan-to-value (LTV) ratios. This dilemma is not lost on the U.S. government and there were multiple rumors throughout 2011 regarding a "Great Refi" plan to offer historic low rates to all mortgagees. What the market received instead was FHFA, which included eliminating the LTV cap of 125%. We think this change will only lead to an increase in Agency MBS prepayments by a 5 to 10 Conditional Prepayment Rate (CPR) per year, spanning the next few years. We expect that if there is further weakening in the national housing market, then the government will intervene. This intervention could lead to higher prepayment speeds, especially in higher coupon securities.
Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities
The CMBS market experienced quite a tumultuous ride in 2011, a year where prices across the credit spectrum whipsawed alongside with macro markets and ultimately ended December with a fairly strong rally at the top of the capital stack. We continue to see tiering across deals in addition to a steepening credit curve as credit "cuspy" tranches, such as junior AAA CMBS (AJs) and below, continue to lag behind the outperformance in mezzanine AAA super senior CMBS (AMs) and last cash flow (LCF) super seniors. With that said, the market continues to chug along, albeit on a technical basis, as investors appear skittish on broader economic headlines.
On the commercial real estate (CRE) fundamental side, delinquency rates remained flat to slightly down due to a slower pace of deterioration coupled with servicer loan modifications. There continues to be increasing trends of servicer loan modifications which effectively splits a loan into pieces: an A note pays interest and a B note does not pay interest and is effectively a hope note. We view these types of modifications as worrisome due to the fact that the hope notes are effectively a delayed write-down for the trust and in the interim may show lower cumulative losses on a deal level then what is occurring in reality. On the commercial property valuation side, the latest Moody's Commercial Property Price Index (CPPI) showed a 1.4% decrease in September. This may be skewed as transaction volume continues to remain low such that any large transaction may cause significant change in the index whether positive or negative.
Our investment focus for this sector remains largely the same, with an emphasis on security selection and in shorter duration assets. Unemployment continues to be a large contributing factor for CRE fundamentals and without any real improvement in the unemployment picture, real recovery in the CRE sector will be limited.
DoubleLine Capital LP
Los Angeles, California
Note: Bond funds are subject to interest rate and credit risk similar to individual bonds. As interest rates rise or credit quality suffers, an investor is susceptible to loss of principal.
Before investing, carefully consider the fund's investment objectives, risks, charges and expenses. Contact 800 992-8151 for a prospectus containing this and other information. Read it carefully. Aston Funds are distributed by BNY Mellon Distributors Inc.
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Welcome! Don't hesitate to ask if you have any questions/concerns. Generally, the community here is really good about helping out a fellow Grok in need.
Hello there, my name is Pete, but I'll be going as PeteTheMeat in this community! I just received my copy of the Primal Blueprint in the mail yesterday, so I'll be absorbing that information over the coming week or so along with all the online content.
I'm 6' with my spine uncurled (lousy posture), 165 lbs which is mostly skinny-fat. I have been very into endurance events like marathons and distance cycling for a few years, but I am pretty much completely bored of running and probably done with major events in cycling (still love riding, though). I am looking for a major change in lifestyle: from a chronic cardio adherent to (hopefully) a lean, HEALTHY, well-defined muscular guy. I want people to notice that I'm fit based on my personal appearance, not based on the number of racing medals I have hanging on the wall. I understand that my diet and type of exercise has been unhealthy to this point; I know, I can feel it.
I know I can be stronger, healthier, more athletic, and more versatile than I was when I was always wolfing down the noodles and training for the next big racing event. I want fitness to be fun, not work, and I want to feel recharged rather than sleepy after mealtime. From what I have read, PB is a great system for achieving my goals, and I can't wait to get started!
See you on the forums!
Welcome! Don't hesitate to ask if you have any questions/concerns. Generally, the community here is really good about helping out a fellow Grok in need.
Welcome Pete! Glad to have some more Primals up here in the North. I live in Fond du Lac. Whereabouts are you? Be sure and join our Wisconsin group too!
Hey folks, thanks for the responses! The community seems overwhelmingly positive and helpful from what I've gathered via lurking.
I'm currently in River Falls, WI, about 8 miles from the state line with MN and basically due east of Minneapolis/St. Paul (I work in St. Paul... don't worry, I'm a tried and true Cheesehead though). I was just in Fond du Lac in August for the Race the Lake! I will look for the Wisconsin group and join up!
I'm from Manitowoc County, WI. I haven't officially begun my paleo journey, but it really makes sense to me and I plan on doing so soon. I'd love to set some goals or plan a kick-off with anyone else who'd be interested. Let me know!
Kickoff will be after I feel that I fully grok (to use another meaning of the word!) PB and what it all entails. I'm kind of a big planner, always planning and never doing, but I will have to cut that out and just jump in once I'm ready! For now, I'm still reading.
We can keep in touch about it, if you like!
Nice to meet you !
I was impressed by your introduction !
Let's join and share your idea
Last edited by ltm0807; 10-19-2010 at 01:40 AM.
Yes, strength in numbers! Let us all join!
I figure it's time to start getting healthy. I am very bummed when I hear people like my [younger] brother tell me "You know, only two more years and your muscles are going to start dying." (I'm 28) Basically saying: your physique improves until age 30 and then you start withering away. I aim to change that, personally.
I'm not finished with the book yet, but I am taking steps toward primal. I cut grains everywhere I can in meals, and I am 90% successful so far (doing it about 2 weeks). I have been following the PB Fitness ebook for "lift heavy things" about 3 times a week. I feel like I'm off to a good start. Now, to finish that book!


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The Malay Kingdom
Muzium Negara Gallery B
Page 1 - The Malay Kingdom
| Holographic Dioramas
Fishing Village
The Malay Kingdoms - Continued
These kingdoms were already in existence as early as the 2nd century AD. They were found throughout the Malay World or the Malay Archipelago, which consists of the
- Malay Peninsula
- Borneo
- Sumatra
- Java
- Sulawesi
- the Moluccas
- other islands in modern Indonesia and the Philippines
- and also parts of Indochina (Funan and Champa).
Historical records and surviving artifacts show that these kingdoms possessed organised systems of government. The historical records and surviving artifacts also show that they have established relations with foreign powers, especially China and India.
Some developed into large empires as they succeeded in expanding their political and economic power.
Together with Melaka, the other kingdoms grew with it. They subsequently formed the basis from which several modern nations developed.
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text: Pic: Justin Bieber New Tattoo -Roman Numeral on the Right Chest (Pec)! by jbz 12/01/2013 | 9:50 89 Posted in News Apparently Justin got another tattoo which appears to be a roman numeral of the year he was born "1994" her mom's birthday. What do you think of Justin's new tatt? Do you like Justin Bieber's new Tattoo? (polls) Tags:poll, roman number, roman numeral, tattoo Related Bieber News Justin Bieber Getting New Letter "G" Tattoo after Georgia, Not GOMEZ! Justin Bieber's New "LL" – Low Lift Tattoo -VIDEO Justin Bieber Roast – Comedy Central Promo! Justin Bieber gets a HUGE Bulleye Target Tattoo for Comedy Central Roast -VIDEO! Comments Newer Comments » JaylaBieber 12/01/2013 | 9:52 Why are y'all so damn late with things? God. Anyway, I actually like this tattoo but I thought it said TV when I first saw it earlier today. Isabella Bieber 12/01/2013 | 11:02 i love it! khloe99 13/01/2013 | 7:21 Me too! Araibian belieber 13/01/2013 | 12:09 He looks like Miley Mrs.Bieber 12/01/2013 | 9:55 I LIKE IT JKJKJK 12/01/2013 | 10:48 It looks good (from the pic), but soon i think its going to go "Overboard" 😉 oxBelieberxo 13/01/2013 | 12:08 I like it too. He gets cool tatoos which represents him Madison Bieber 15/01/2013 | 7:55 I love it!! Real Alisha 12/01/2013 | 9:56 Cool! I like it, luv u justin <3 Mrd. Bieber. Forever 12/01/2013 | 9:59 Sooooooooooo hot Believe 12/01/2013 | 9:57 Nice tatoo, Justin looks hella cute. Jsha bieber 12/01/2013 | 10:50 Yup,i agree. bianca 12/01/2013 | 9:57 Oh wow Justin zebra pants Marissa 12/01/2013 | 9:58 He's sexy!!!! But seriously !!! ZEBRA PANTS bianca 12/01/2013 | 9:58 SO HOT!!!!! bianca 12/01/2013 | 9:59 Justin you got that sexy body bianca 12/01/2013 | 9:59 Lol bianca 12/01/2013 | 10:00 We should hook up sometime bianca 12/01/2013 | 10:00 Sexy thang Marissa 12/01/2013 | 10:01 I know Bianca and we are the biggest bieber fans !!!!! All of u other girls don't actually love him!!!! WE ARE REALY BELIEBERS!!!! We have the worst case of bieber fever!!! And HE'S SOOO SEXY I WANT HIM TO BE SHORTLESS IN THIS PHOTO!!! Lol SEXY JKJKJK 12/01/2013 | 10:45 I KNOW!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! X Mrs.Bieber♥ 13/01/2013 | 11:41 BITCH PLEASE! JUSTIN LOVES US ALL! THERE IS NO `BIGGEST FAN`OR ANYTHING STUPID LIKE THAT,WE ALL LOVE AND SUPPORT HIM AND THAT`S ALL THAT MATTERS! Marissa 12/01/2013 | 10:02 I mean shirtless not SHORTLESS !!!! nandra 12/01/2013 | 10:02 Iam a bit disSapointeD , to him cuz he hurting him self. BuT Iam a beliberS so I will supPort Whatever he does.. Love u Justin Rachel 12/01/2013 | 10:03 I like his new tattoo. Did he dye his hair and get a tan too? oxBelieberxo 13/01/2013 | 12:10 I dont know. That's what I was thinking too @Rachel ivan 12/01/2013 | 10:07 He must have skinned a zebra at the zoo and made pants out of it-never a dull moment with the biebs! retarted fangirls II 12/01/2013 | 10:08 What a random place to put a tattoo. Where is he getting his next tattoo on? His buttocks? Pen*s? Oh wait he is a girl. Va*ina I mean 😛 Rue b 12/01/2013 | 10:20 oh wow…I have nothing to say but welcome and whatever you say… im not going to bash on you because it will be a waste of both our time plus I don't do all of that YOU BITCH moments because its unnecessary but if it wont be by me then one of these girl will so welcome to the belieber version of hell! JaylaBieber 12/01/2013 | 10:24 I can tell your parents must have done a ton of acid before you were born… swag swag swag on you! 12/01/2013 | 11:24 Haha! Kailua 13/01/2013 | 2:09 adorable, he looks cute, and very sweet. BIEBER's Shawty 12/01/2013 | 11:31 @retarted fangirls II, dnt blame u, i just blame those who didn't teach u respect and manners .. ur soo sad oxBelieberxo 13/01/2013 | 12:11 What the hell? 0-o He's not a girl. You're comments is totally unecesary and rude Mrs.Bieber♥ 13/01/2013 | 11:44 Hi,yeah,why are you here? Cause no one wants you:) biebAAh 13/01/2013 | 2:24 bitch please this is a fansite not a hatersite so shut up! Bieber Love 12/01/2013 | 10:15 I love Justin's tattoos but i think he's adding to much! I think he should ease up on it… but its his choice.. i'll love him no matter what! 😀 #belieber4ever! 😉 Mwahzz! Love you Justin! 😉 No Name 13/01/2013 | 4:16 gee, somebody is a mom Ari 12/01/2013 | 10:21 Its actually Patties Birthday, Alfredo confirmed it on twitter. Marley 12/01/2013 | 10:22 Ew. Tattoo ain't cute this time. I like his Indian one better, even though I hate most of his tattoos. Desss 12/01/2013 | 10:29 but this one is Patties birthday which is cute i love how much of a mammas boy he is DaTruth 12/01/2013 | 10:39 He's going to be the next lil wayne with tattoos. JKJKJK 12/01/2013 | 10:46 lol oxBelieberxo 13/01/2013 | 12:13 I don't think so Asanka 13/01/2013 | 12:29 ya foodybU 12/01/2013 | 10:49 No one is mentioning his blond hair?? Desss 12/01/2013 | 10:53 Its the lighting i think even if wasnt he still looks cute Hello 12/01/2013 | 10:52 It actually doesn't look like it's 1994 cause that would be MCMXCIV in roman numerals. If you look close, it looks like it ends in an IIV…so it does end in four but not sure what the first half is. oxBelieberxo 13/01/2013 | 12:15 The first half is being covered with his tank top. that is why Beliber4ever 12/01/2013 | 11:04 I love u 4. U but please lay off the tatts just a little pretty please :|?! No Name 13/01/2013 | 4:18 yeah like he'll ever listen to a 12 year old wining pretty please ivan 12/01/2013 | 11:07 It's the year of his birthdate I believe :3 12/01/2013 | 11:08 it's pattie's birthday jbiebersgirl 12/01/2013 | 11:13 I love it but people need to stop sayin hes gonna turn out like lil wayne cause hes not. his tats are small and meaningful not stupid like some people get lol. and even if he did get that many tats (he wont) I would still love him no matter what Beliber4ever 12/01/2013 | 11:19 Agree able 😉 $ Victoria 12/01/2013 | 11:21 Justin stop getting new tats No Name 13/01/2013 | 6:47 u think hes gonna listen 2 u justinbiebergirlllllll 12/01/2013 | 11:25 Justin I love you but please stop adding tattoos! You are so beautiful so please stop ruining your body. You will regret this in a couple years so please stop. you have enough. I still love you no matter what just please stop! <3 Newer Comments »


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Los Blancos continued their capital city domination on Saturday evening, maintaining their pace behind Barcelona and their faint title hopes. Atletico de Madrid have struggled against their neighbors, having not beaten Real Madird since 1999 and failing victim to Mourinho's side four times this campaign. Atleti's lackluster season aside, the rojiblancos have shown some brief spells of brilliance at the Vicente Calderon. With Madrid coming off an emotionally draining midweek Champions League fixture, the derbi madrileño could have very easily become a trap game; however, Madrid came out focused and took care of business. As we head into a short international hiatus, Madrid are still afloat in the league and in the final eight of Europe for the first time since 2002.
Through to the last eight; it has been a while since Real Madrid have been able to stake that claim in Europe's top competition. Wednesday night, however, Madrid broke their six-year drought and overcame a Lyon side that had seen the Spanish giants off only a year before.
The first leg bore witness to a very inconsistent Madrid, but Los Blancos left little doubt at the Bernabeu, completely out playing their French opponents. The controversial Jose Mourinho continued his European success, advancing in a tournament in which many predecessors (in the last decade) had failed. A league victory against Hercules, combined with news from Sevillas' draw at the Sanchez Pizjuan had stolen two points from leaders Barcelona, have very quickly revitalized Madrid's season in only a matter of days.
There is still a load of work to be done with Madrid still very far off from any sort of silverware; nevertheless, breaking a jinx and creeping closer to their Catalan rivals has optimism high in the Spanish Capital.
Sporting Gijon gave Real Madrid new life, stealing points from Barca, only to have Deportivo and their anti-football tactics take it away from the capital side a fortnight later. The dour draw, coupled with a Barcelona win, sent the holder's seven points clear at the top yet again; however, since the disappointing result in Galicia, Karim Benzema and Madrid have seemingly rediscovered their potent goal scoring form. A seven goal route was Madrid's response to Manuel Pelligrini's return to the Bernabeu with the often maligned French striker's double (in compliment to Ronaldo's hat-trick) setting the table for an embarrassing return for the Chilean manager, who only a year early was at the helm for a record year at the Beranbeu. Unfortunately, Barcelona also set records, at just a better pace to win the league, leaving Los Blancos trophy-less. Sunday, the Frenchman's double again powered Jose Mourinho's side, earning the visitors a very crucial three points, faintly maintaining hope of a league title with Barcelona winning the day before.
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Hyatt Regency Monterey Hotel & Spa
The cozy charm of the Monterey Peninsula is everywhere... and especially in our beautifully redecorated rooms and suites. There is also superb dining and entertainment... TusCA Ristorante for contemporary Italian cuisine influenced greatly by the local region and golf course views... Fireside Lounge for snacks, lighter fare, and spectacular golf course views... and sporting fun at Knuckles Historical Sports Bar, where microbrews and tasty refreshments await. Steps away is The Pebble Beach Company's Del Monte Golf Course, offering 18 fabled holes that meander through picturesque cypress groves. Hyatt Regency Hotel... experience the enchantment of the Monterey/Carmel area as only the people of Hyatt can deliver.
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God of War II
God of War II PS2 game review by GameNTrade Ltd.By GameN Trade Score:
Feb 04, 2013 6:32AM PST
God of War 2 (PS2)
After finishing the review for the first installment, I couldn't help but to play through both games back to back. The first game leaves such a great aftertaste, you just got to continue the story, it's not every day you get to play as the anti-hero, and feel good regardless of your morality alignment in videogames, and trust me, I'm a guy who tries to do everything like a goody-two-shoes, the paragon way.
Ares is dead. The curse should be lifted, but it remains. The nightmares, the visions still haunt Kratos. Now, rejected by gods, he joins the Spartan army, and they attack Rhodes. Swooping down from the sky and eagle strips Kratos of his powers and awakens the Colossus of Rhodes. Now he's nothing but a mere mortal, standing face to face with the Colossus. He receives a gift from the king of the gods, Zeus himself, the Blade of Olympus, and hints Kratos to use what's left of his powers to defeat the Colossus. He is triumphant, but his feeble, now human body couldn't take the damage received in the bout, and he is dying. It turns out the eagle was Zeus all along, he felt obligated to get involved and take action for the intervention, and offers Kratos to once more be a divine hand of gods, a loyal servant, but Kratos rejects, leaving Zeus no choice but to kill him. While dragged to the depths of the underworld, Kratos is saved by Gaia, who raised Zeus, and tells a tale of his vengeance and betrayal. Gaia gives Kratos instructions to find the Sisters of Fate, in order to go back in time and prevent his own death.
From the gameplay aspect, you get more of the same, with some minor tweaks in the mechanics; it's a third person hack and slash game. It has complex puzzle sections, you execute the enemies with light and heavy attacks, you chain them in combos for maximum efficiency, but this time around, you get more tools of destruction for Kratos to use. This is really neat, each weapon offers a different style mechanic for gamers to choose from, which is a nice feature, but it's kind of rendered useless, since the majority of players stick to chain-blading enemies, since they got used to it by now. Abilities are useful in combat, but they revolve more around the puzzles them this time, you'll slow down time, hover form place to place, and such. The new Rage ability now allows usage even when the rage meter in empty. During the gameplay you find Gorgon Eyes and Phoenix feathers to upgrade Kratos' health bar and Magic meter, making Kratos the ultimate warrior. The icing on the cake is the quick time events, which are used to abolish weakened foes and make way with the ladies, if you know what I mean. Kratos is the ultimate badass.
God of war is the undisputed champion of this genre. Every fight is intense, the scores and the scenery are epic, and the boss fights, especially the ones with the Titans are massive and thrilling. True, those Titan fights are just a bunch of sequenced QuickTime events, but even so, the whole "David vs. Goliath" style looks awesome, and maintains, if not boosts, the immersion factor.
- Fun Gameplay
- Sequel to the epic story
- Stunning esthetics
- Repetitive
- More of the same from the first game.
There is no excuse to skip on God of War 2 in you tried the first part. For people who are picking up the story from the beginning, it might feel that Kratos was, is, and forever will be fueled by rage, hatred, and vengeance, so I strongly recommend blasting through the first installment in order to feel the true burden of Kratos' suffering and ascension.
Rating: 8.5
-Peter Jovanchevic, GameNTrade LTD.
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What's Russell Worth?
Remember Russell Crowe's sour reaction to Steve Martin's jokes at the Oscars? Well, the best actor's surly attitude may cost him money when it comes to setting his movie fee, reports the Wall Street Journal. Even with his win for "Gladiator," says the paper, Crowe, 37, may have a hard time entering the elite $20-million-per-picture club, already occupied by such friendly film folk as Mel Gibson, Julia Roberts, Tom Hanks and Tom Cruise . . . all of whom smile for fans, appear on talk shows and sign autographs. The Aussie actor, meanwhile, reportedly flipped the bird to a student at Princeton while on campus to film a scene for his current movie, "A Beautiful Mind," for which Crowe is receiving $15 million. (The picture's director, Ron Howard, confirmed that his leading man made the hand gesture, but termed it uncharacteristic.) The Journal, in its analysis of Crowe's future financial prospects, also suggests that the box office performance of his last film, "Proof of Life," was hurt because many ticket buyers found the off-screen romance between the picture's stars, Crowe and Meg Ryan, distasteful.